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عزل وتشخيص بعض انواع من بكتريا المايكوبلازما من عينات سريرية في مدينة البصرة == Isolation and identification of some Mycoplasma species from clinical samples in Basrah city

Author name: رواء صادق مجيد
Supervisor name: غيداء جاسم عبد النبي الغزاوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In the present study , a total of 150 clinical samples were collected (50 samples of sputum ,50 swabs of gingiva and 50 vaginal swabs ) from patients visited Basrah general hospital and from the 1st specialized center of dental medicine in the city of Basrah . This study extended from January 2015 to May 2015. Samples were taken from males and females (except vaginal swabs where were collected from females only) .Their ages ranged from 6 - 70 years old. These samples were collected and cultured in a method monophasic - diphasic culture setup ( MDCS ) . Three types of Mycoplasma were isolated : Mycoplasma pneumoniae from sputum , Mycoplasma salivarium from gingival swabs and Ureaplasma urealyticum from vaginal swabs .These isolates diagnosed by biochemical tests and PCR. Mycoplasma spp. were isolated from 76 individuals out of 150 enrolled in this study, infection rate was 50.5% , 25 cases were diagnosed as M. pneumoniae (50%) , 13 cases were diagnosed as M. salivarium (26%) and 38 cases were diagnosed as U. urealyticum (76%).Mycoplasma was studied in related with two factors : sex and age . In this study, the Mycoplasma medium is modified , egg yolk was used instead of horse serum as source of cholesterol and also used two amino acids Arginine and Cysteine as well as urea ( when diagnosing U. urealyticum ) to support Mycoplasma growth. Besides that , thallium acetate was replaced by sodium benzoate , finally , magnesium sulfate was used as a sign of ammonia when diagnosing U. urealyticum.In this study , PCR technique used to diagnose species of Mycoplasma using ATPase gene ,16s rRNA gene and Urease gene .Sixty - eight isolates were identified by PCR technique , 25 of them were M. pneumoniae , 13 were M. salivarium and 32 were U. urealyticum.

دراسة مجتمعات اللافقريات القاعية الكبيرة في ثلاث بيئات مائية مختلفة في جنوب العراق == Synecology of Macrobenthic Invertebrates of Three Different Aquatic Habitat at Southern Iraq

Author name: رغد زيدان خلف
Supervisor name: هيفاء علي حمزة | مرتضى يوسف العباد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Invertebrates
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aimed macrobenthic invertebrats communites in three different aquatic environments southern Iraq. Eight stations were chosen for this purpose, Four of them distinction by being with running water and affected with the tide of Arabian Gulf,these include two stations on each of Shatt Al - Arab River (Al - Mohamadiat and Al - Salihia) and east part of Al - Hammar marsh (Al - Burgah and multaqaa Al - Mashab and Al - Sallal).the other four stations were not affected with the tide and located on the central marshes, two stations on each of Aum Al - Showaich marsh (Al - Sibitia and Al - Badria) and Al - Chebaeish marsh (Abu Sobat and Al - Sihaqee).The samples of water and sediment were collected monthly during the period from April 2014 to March 2015.Some environmental factors for each station were measured these include air and water temperatures, pH ,electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total dissolved soild, total hardness, Calcium, nitrate , reactive phosphate, sulphate, total organic carbon and soil texture. The macrobenthic invertebrates samples which collected by Three replicates monthly for each station were isolated and identified,then densities and relative abundance were calculated.Some ecological indices such as diversity, richness, evenness, dominance, beta diversity and similarity indices(qualitative and numerical) were studied. Canonical correspondence analysis was adopted to evaluate the effect of the measured environmental factors on the occurrence and density of the studied macrobenthic invertebrates.The results showed that the variables of the stations were ranged as below : Air temperature (12 - 44)C̊ ,while the water temperatures (10.6 - 35)C̊ , PH (7.5 - 9.1), EC (2.07 - 13.7) mS /cm, Turbidity (4.2 - 199) NTU, DO (5 - 11.5) mg/l , BOD5 (0.3 - 3.5)mg/l , TDS(1245 - 10220)mg/l , TH (531 - 2928) mg/l , Ca+2 (80.2 - 320)mg/l , NO3 - (0.26 - 15.25) mg/l , PO4 - 3 (0.032 - 2.9) mg/l , SO4 - 2 (250 - 910)mg/l , and for sediments : TOC (9.3 - 22.5)% and soil texture ranged between sandy silt to muddy silt.The total number of recorded taxes were 80,representing by 16 species belonging to Annalida, 36 genus to the Aquatic insects (28 genus of them were first record in the middle wetlands), 16 species to Crustacea and 12 species to Mullosca. The species Pomacea canaliculata was recorded for the first time from Shatt Al - Arab river. The recorded taxes were classified according to its occurrence periods into four classes : dominant, fluctuated, less abundant and rare.The monthly density of each taxa of macrobenthic invertebrate and for each main macrobenthic invertebrate group in all stations was calculated. The results revealed that the densities were ranged from( 0 - 7115, 0 - 485 , 0 - 703 and 0 - 1199) ind/m2 for the groups of annelid, aquatic insect, crustacean and mollusca respectively. While the total density of all macrobenthic invertebrate groups was ranged between( 0 - 7367) ind/m2.The results of annual relative abundance for each main macrobenthic invertebrate group in all study stations referred that the value 66.3% was recorded for the annelids, while the lowest one 6.1% was recorded for the aquatic insects. On the other hand, the annual relative abundance for each main group in each station was investigated, and was ranged between (0.9 - 68)% recorded in Shatt Al - Arab river stations for the groups of aquatic insects and annelids respectively,( 0.4 - 67)% recorded in east Hammar marsh stations for groups of water insects and mollusks respectively, and (1 - 82)% recorded in Middle marshes stations for the annelids. The annual relative abundance for total macrobenthic invertebrate group in all stations was ranged from (2 - 27)% recorded in Al - Sibitia and Al - Sihaqee stations respectively. The annual relative abundance for the species and genus which recorded during our study revealedthat all highest values (94, 96.58 and 100)% were recorded for the species Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri in stations of Shatt Al - Arab River, east Hammar marsh, and Middle marshes respectively.The monthly relative abundance for main macrobenthic invertebrate groups in all station was studied. The highest value which recorded from Shatt Al - Arab river stations (Al - Salihia station) was reached 95.8% and recorded for the annelids, while reached 100% either in east Hammar marsh stations(Al - Burgah) for the mollusks and in Middle marshes stations (Al - Sibitia) for the crustaceans.Some ecological indices for each for each main macrobenthic invertebrate group from all stations totally were calculated. About the spatial diversity the range of Shannon - Wiener diversity index were between 0 - 0.6674 for annelids, 0.8718 - 1.92 for aquatic insects,0.5404 - 1.917 for crustaceans and 0.3035 - 1.15 for mollusks, while were 1.076 - 2.085 for all the benthic groups totally.The values of Richness index were from 0 - 1.127 for annelids,0.778 - 3.683 for aquatic insects, 0.5212 - 2.104 for crustaceans and 0.2543 - 1.277 for mollusks, while were 2.321 - 5.225 for all the benthic groups totally. The values of Evenness index were ranged between 0 - 0.9629 for annelids,0.4649 - 0.7419 for aquatic insects ,0.3016 - 0.8327 for crustaceans, and were 0.2189 - 0.8974 for mollusks, while were 0.3121 - 0.77 for all benthic groups totally. The values of Dominance index were ranged from 0.6129 - 1 for annelids, 0.343 - 0.7736 for aquatic insects ,0.2991 - 0.8772 for crustaceans,0.5075 - 0.9845 for mollusks while were 0.2638 - 0.7762 for all benthic groups totally.About the temporal diversity the values of Shannon - Wiener diversity index were between 0 - 0.99 for annelids, 0 - 2.01 for aquatic insects, 0 - 1.5 for crustaceans and 0 - 1.637 for mollusks, while were 0 - 1.981 for all benthic groups totally. The values of Richness index were from 0 - 0.969 for annelids, 0 - 2.717 for aquatic insects, 0 - 1.314 for crustaceans and 0 - 731 for mollusks, whilewere 0 - 3.047 for all the benthic groups totally. The values of Evenness index were ranged between 0 - 1 for each of annelids, aquatic insects and crustaceans, and were 0 - 0.992 for mollusks, while were 0 - 971 for all benthic groups totally. The values of Dominance index were ranged from 0 - 1 for each of four benthic groups, while were 0.3 - 1 for all benthic groups totally.Whittaker Beta index between the three different aquatic habitats for each main macrobenthic invertebrate group was calculated. The lowest value 1.14 was recorded for the mollusks between the middle marsh of um Al - Shoowaich and Al - Chebaeish, and highest value 1.66 was recorded for the aquatic insects between the east Hammar marsh and marsh of Al - Chebaeish, while the index values for all groups of macrobenthic invertebrate totally were ranged from 1.33 between the Shatt Al - Arab river and east Hammar marsh to 1.54 between the Shatt Al - Arab river and marsh of Al - Chebaeish.Jaccard Similarity index for each main macrobenthic invertebrate group for each stations was calculated.The values of index for annelids were ranged from( 0 - 89)% the lowest value recorded between Al - Burgah and Al - Sibitia stations and the highest value between Al - Salihia and Multaqaa of Al - Mashab and Al - Sallal stations, for the aquatic insects the values of index between (8.3 - 46.7)% the lowest value between Al - Salihia and Al - Sibitia and the highest value between Al - Mohammediat and Al - Badria stations, for the crustaeceans values ranged(14.3 - 77.8)% the lowest value between Al - Mohammediat and Al - Badria stations while the highest value between Al - Sibitia and Al - Badria,and for mollusks were between(18 - 80)% the lowest value between Al - Mohammediat and Al - Burgah stations while the highest value between Multaqaa of Al - Mashab and Al - Sallal and Abo Sobat stations.The index for all macrobenthic invertebrate groups totally also calculated and its values were from (15 - 58.5)% recorded between Al - Mohammediat with Al - Sibitia stations and between Al - Mohammediat with Al - Salihia stations respectively.Bray - Curtis index was calculated monthly for each main macrobenthic invertebrate group in each stations .Also the Bray - Curtis index was calculated annually between stations and the results refer that the highest values as the following : 0.993 for the annelids between Al - Badria and Al - Sihaqee stations, 1 for the crustaceans between Al - Salihia and Al - Sibitia stations, and 0.96 for the mollusks between Al - Sibitia and Abo Sobat stations.The highest value for all benthic group totally was 0.983 between Al - Salihia and Abo Sobat stations.On other hand Bray - Curtis index was calculated for all macrobenthic invertebrate groups totally between the three aquatic habitats and the values were ranged from 0.5 recorded between the wetlands of um Al - Shoowaich and Al - Chebaeish to 0.875 recorded between the east Hammar marsh and wetlands of um Al - Shoowaich.The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) by using Canoco application revealed the clear effect of different ecological factors on numbers of the individuals and species of each group of macrobenthic invertebrate in all stations during the study period.

تاثير المركبات الثانوية لاوراق نبات كف مريم Vitex agnus - castus L.مع مبيد بولو500 في بعض جوانب الاداء الحيوي لذبابة التبغ البيضاءBemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera : Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) == Effect Of secondary Plant compounds of Vitex agnus - castus L. With PoLo500 Insecticide in Some Biological aspects of Tabacoo Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera : Homoptera : Aleyrodidae

Author name: رشا حطاب عبد الله الاسدي
Supervisor name: ناصر عبد علي المنصور
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Immunology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية لتقييم كفاءة المستخلصات النباتية والمركبات الفعالة لاوراق نبات كف مريمL. Vitex agnus - castus في الاداء الحيوي لذبابة التبغ البيضاء Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) من خلال حساب معدلات الهلاك عند كل معاملة وبتراكيز وفترات زمنية مختلفة من دور البيضة الى دور الحشرة الكاملة وحساب معدلات الهلاك التراكمية للادوار غير البالغة وحساب معدلات الهلاك باستخدام مبيد بولو 500 واوضحت النتائج ان النبات والمبيد المستخدمين في هذه الدراسة لهما تاثير كبير في حياتية ذبابة التبغ البيضاء وكما يلي : A - المستخلصات النباتبة : تمثل نسب هلاك البيوض اقل المستويات مقارنة مع الاطوار الاخرى اذ كان مستخلص خلات الاثيل الاكثر تاثيرا ، اذ بلغ معدل الهلاك %83.67 يليه المستخلص الكحولي 70.60% واقل المستخلصات تاثيرا المركبات الفينولية بلغ معدل هلاكها 48.5% .كانت اغلب المستخلصات المستخدمة ذات تاثير كبيرفي هلاك الطور الحوري الاول ، اذ بلغ اعلى معدل للهلاك باستخدام المستخلص الكحولي وبلغ 95.87% يليه خلات الاثيل بمعدل 78.52% واقل معدل للهلاك كان عند استخدام المستخلص المائي بمعدل 49.57 %.تفوقت المستخلصات النباتية الاتية في الطور الحوري الثاني وهي : الكحولي والهكسان وخلات الاثيل والقلويدات وبمعدلات هلاك 96.33 و89.74% و76.93 و72.27 %على التوالي،اما المستخلص المائي فكان الاقل تاثيرا اذ بلغ معدل الهلاك 55.9%.اما الطور الحوري الثالث كانت اغلب المستخلصات النباتية والمركبات الفعالة ذات تاثير كبيرفي معدل هلاك هذا الطوراذ بلغت معدلات الهلاك93.29% للمستخلص الكحولي و82.83% لمستخلص خلات الاثيل و75.55% للقلويدات واقل معدل للهلاك سجل عند استخدام المستخلص المائي وبلغ %59.54 .سجل الطور الحوري الرابع (العذراء) اعلى معدل للهلاك عند استخدام المستخلص الكحولي وكانت النتيجة 91.41% تليه المركبات الفينولية 89.28% واقل معدل للهلاك سجل عند استخدام المستخلص المائي بلغ %59.12 .وكان اعلى معدل لهلاك الحشرة الكاملة عند استخدام المركبات القلوانية بمعدل90.94% تليها المركبات الفينولية بمعدل 89.93% وخلات الاثيل بمعدل89.85 % والكحولي 87.69% والهكسان 80.17% واقل معدل للهلاك عند استخدام المستخلص المائي وبلغ معدل الهلاك %69.03. - B معدل الهلاك التراكمي : اوضحت النتائج تفوقا واضحا للمركبات القلوانية في معدل الهلاك التراكمي للادوار غير البالغة لذبابة التبغ البيضاءB. tabaci يليها مستخلص الهكسان ومستخلص خلات الاثيل والمستخلص الكحولي واقلها كان المستخلص المائي . - C مبيد بولو 500 : تبين من خلال النتائج ان استخدام مبيد بولو500 له تاثير كبير في معدل هلاك ذبابة التبغ البيضاء من دور البيضة لحين الوصول الى الحشرة الكاملة ،اذ بلغت معدلات الهلاك كما يلي : البيوض 58.51% والطور الحوري الاول 44.70% والطور الحوري الثاني 64.41% والطور الحوري الثالث 70.49% والطور الحوري الرابع (العذراء) 73.48% واخيرا الحشرة الكاملة 72.30 %. | The current study was conducted in order to evaluation efficiency of plant extract and effective compounds to plant Vitex asgnus - castus L. on the biological performance of Bemisia tabaci(Genn.)whitefly through calculating mortality rate for each treatment with different concentration and period from egg stage until adult stage and calculate the cumulative mortality rate for immature stages and calculate mortality rate by use Polo500 insecticide Ressults demonstrated that the plant and insecticide used in current study had more effective important role in life of the B. tabaci as follow A - Plant Extract Mortality rate of egg : represent ratios of egg mortality in the lower levels compare with other stages , mortaiity rate of ethyle acetate extract has more effective (83.67%) than alcohol extract mortality rate (70.60%) and lower extract effective was phenol compounds mortality (48.50%) First Nymphal instar : in this instar most of used extracts had more effective in mortality of this instar, more mortality rate were by alcohole extract (95.87%) the ethyl acetate (78.52%) and lower mortality rate was by aqueous extract (49.57%) Second Nymphal insrar : most effective was to following plant extracts; Alcohol, Hexan , Ethyl acetat , Alkaloid with mortality rate (96.33%) , 89.74% , 76.93% , 72.27% Aqueous extract has the lower effective mortality rate 55.90% Third Nymphal instar : most plante extracts and effective compounds had large effect in mortality rate in this stage (93.29%) for alcohol extract , 82.83% for ethyl acetat ,75.55% for alkaloid and lower effective was to aqueous extract 59.54% Fourth Nymphal instar ( pupa) : in this stage alcohol extract was more effective in mortality rate 91.41% , then phenol compound 89.825 and lower perdition average was to aqueous extract 59. 12% .Adult : the highest mortality rate was when used alkaloid compounds 89.93% , then ethyl acetat 89.85% , alcohol 87. 69% , Hexan 80.17% and lower average to aqueous extract 69.03% .B - The accumalative perdition : Results demonstrated more effective to alkaloid compounds in inmature stage of B.tabaci , then to hexan extract , ethyl acetat , alcohol extract and lower average was to aqueous extract .C - POLO500 Insecticide : Results show this insecticide has significant effect in motality rate of B. tabaci starting from egg to adult . egg 58.51% , first instar 44.70% ,second instar 64.41% , third instar 70.49% , pupa 73.48% and adult 72.30%

دراسة التغيرات النسجية المرضية في اعضاء سمكتي البلطي الزيلي Coptodon zillii والكارب البروسي Carassius auratus في بعض انهار ابي الخصيب وعلاقتها ببعض العناصر الثقيلة == Study of Histopathological changes in organs of fish, Coptodon zillii and Carassius auratus in Abo Alkhaseeb Rivers and relationship with some type of heavy metals

Author name: خالد عبد الصمد عبد الرضا السلمي
Supervisor name: علي عبد اللطيف عبد الحسن العلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Histology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية جمع نوعين من الاسماك النهرية هي سمكة البلطي الزيليCoptodon zillii والكارب البروسي Carassius auratus من اربعة انهار في قضاء ابي الخصيب وهي نهر( السراجي وحمدان ومحيلة وابو مغيرة )وعلى فترتين ,امتدت الاولى من شهر حزيران 2013 ولغاية شهر تشرين الثاني 2013 وامتدت الثانية من شهر كانون الاول 2013 ولغاية شهر مايس 2014 . اجريت الدراسة الحالية بمحورين شمل المحور الاول دراسة التغيرات النسجية المرضية في اعضاء الغلاصم والكبد والكلية والعضلات وللسمكتين اما المحور الثاني فتضمن دراسة تراكم اربعة من العناصر الثقيلة(الرصاص والنحاس والنيكل والكوبلت) في انسجة الكبد والعضلات وذلك لغرض ايجاد علاقة بين المحورين . قد بينت الدراسة النسجية للاعضاء المدروسة ظهور تغيرات نسجية مرضية اختلفت في شدتها بين نوعي الاسماك اذ تبدو انسجة اسماك الكارب اكثر تضررا من انسجة اسماك البلطي فضلا عن اختلافها بين افراد النوع الواحد , ففي الغلاصم تمثلت التغيرات المرضية بتغير شكل الصفائح الغلصمية الثانوية وفرط تنسج hyperplasia النسيج االظهاري وانفصاله detachment ولوحظ تضخم hypertrophy الخلايا الظهارية وانتفاخها swelling وتضخم وزيادة اعداد خلايا الكلورايد فيها فضلا عن ظهور فرط تنسج الغضروف في الهيكل الساند للخيط الغلصمي الذي رافقه في بعض الاحيان تجمع خلايا بيضوية طرفية النواة في غلاصم اسماك الكارب . في الكبد تمثلت التغيرات المرضية باحتقان congestion اشباه االجيوب الكبدية وتليفات fibrosis في نسيج الكبد وتنكس degeneration وتنخرnecrosis الخلايا الكبدية وتغيرات نووية تمثلت بانحلال النواة وتكتل مادتها الكروماتينية karyopiknosis ولوحظ وجود ودمات oedema وتراكم مواد غير حية بنية ووردية اللون داخل وخارج الخلايا الكبدية . اما في الكلية فقد شملت التغيرات المرضية النسجية جميع مكوناتها اذ تمثلت بتنكس الخلايا الظهارية للنبيبات الكلوية وانتفاخ بعض منها مما يؤدي الى ضيق تجويف النبيب ولوحظ حدوث انسلاخ بطانة بعض النبيبات الكلوية , وظهر فرط تنسج النبيبات الكلوية في كلية اسماك البلطي فقط بشكل كتل كبيرة بيضوية الشكل , ولوحظ وجود مواد غير حية في النسيج المكون للدم يحاط البعض منها بمحفظة ليفية من عدة طبقات في سمكة الكارب ,اما في الكبيبات فقد لوحظ احتقان وتوسع aneurism اوعيتها الدموية, وشوهد ضمورatrophy بعض الكبيبات وتضخم بعضها الاخر مما يؤدي الى توسع او تضيق حيز محفظة بومان. تمثلت التغيرات المرضية النسجية في الامعاء بتنكس خلايا النسيج الظهاري وتنخر قمم الزغابات ولوحظ ان التنكس والتنخر يصل في بعض العينات الى النسيج الضام للصفيحة الاصيلة وشوهد ارتشاح infiltration الخلايا البدينة mast cells باعداد كبيرة في الطبقة تحت المخاطية لامعاء اسماك البلطي وارتشاح انواع اخرى من الخلايا الالتهابية في اسماك كلا النوعين , وكثيرا ما شوهد تاثر الخلايا العضلية في طبقة العضلات لجدار الامعاء. اما انسجة العضلات فقد شهدت ظهور العديد من التغيرات تمثلت بتنكس اسفنجي spongy degeneration يتبعه تنخر الخلايا العضلية وكثيرا ما شوهد تعرج الليفات العضلية وانعدام التخطيط العرضي . قد تعزى هذه التغيرات الى تلوث مياه الانهار المدروسة بمختلف الملوثات ومنها المعادن الثقيلة وذلك من خلال قياس التراكم الحيوي لهذه العناصر في عضلات واكباد هذه الاسماك واكد وجود هذه العناصر تقنية الكيمياء النسجية اذ لوحظ ان المعادن المتراكمة في النسيج تعطي انعكاسات لونية مختلفة بحسب نوع العنصر الثقيل ,و لوحظ عند قياس التراكم الحيوي ان معدلات تراكم بعض هذه العناصر(الرصاص والكوبلت) في انسجة العضلات يفوق الحدود المسموح بها عالميا . اختلف تراكم هذه العناصر من عضو الى اخر ومن نوع الى اخر ومن فترة الى اخرى ,فقد وجد ان معدلات تراكم عناصر الرصاص والنيكل والكوبلت في العضلات كان اعلى من معدله في الكبد وبفرق معنوي عند مستوى احتمالية p<0.05 في حين اظهر النحاس نتيجة معاكسة اذ كان معدل تراكمه في الكبد اعلى من العضلات وبفرق معنوي عند مستوى احتمالية p<0.05 , اما بالنسبة لفترتي الدراسة فقد سجلت الفترة الاولى في كبد سمكة البلطي معدلات تركيز اعلى من الفترة الثانية لكل من عناصر النحاس والنيكل والكوبلت وبفرق معنوي عند مستوى احتمالية p<0.05 . اما في مياه الانهار المدروسة فقد كان اعلى تركيز بلغه عنصر الرصاص 602 مايكروغرام\لتر واقل تركيز له 141 مايكروغرام\لتر,واعلى تركيزلعنصر النحاس كان 77 مايكروغرام\لتر واقل تركيز 25 مايكروغرام\لتر, واعلى تركيز لعنصر النيكل كان 392مايكروغرام\لتر واقل تركيز له214 مايكروغرام\لتر,واعلى تركيز لعنصر الكوبلت كان 173مايكروغرام\لتر واقل تركيز72مايكروغرام\لتر | The current study includes collection of two species of fish. a tilapia fish (Coptodon zillii) and Prussian carp ( Carassius auratus) from four rivers in Abu Alkhaseeb region which are Sarraji, Hamdan, Mhella and Abu Mugherra River at two periods, the first period starts from June 2013 till November 2013 and the second period from December 2013 to the end of May 2014. After bringing the fish to the lab dissecting to rescet excised organs of the gills, livers, kidneys , intestines and muscles. the current study have been performed on two axis .The first axis includes the study of histopathological changes in the organs above for two species The second axis guarantees the study of the bioaccumulation of four heavy metals (lead ,copper, nickel ,cobalt) in the tissues of the liver and muscles for the purpose of finding a relationship between the two axes. The histological observations showed histopathological changes different in severity between the two specis of fish , the tissue of C.auratus seems to more be affected than the tissue of C.zillii , In the gills, the pathological changes are represented in the shape changes of secondary lamella of gills , hyperplasia and detachment of epithelial tissue . Hypertrophy and swelling in epithelial cells , hypertrophy and increase the number of chloride cells where noted . Hyperplasia cartilage in Bracket structure of gills thread which coincide with some gathering terminal oval cell nucleus often in gill, carp was seen. In the liver has represented pathological changes like congestion of liver sinusoid , fibrosis in liver tissue , degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes and the nuclear changes represented in the dissolution of the nucleus and conglomerate chromatin material ( karyopiknosis), the appearance of some oedema and accumulation of non - living material inside and outside the hypatocytes . In kidney ,the histopathological changes included represente by epithelial cells degeneration of the renal tubules and swelling some of them leading to a narrow tubules cavity, also observed shedding the epithelial layer lining of some renal tubule, while in the glomeruli, congestion and aneurism its veins atrophy of some glomeruli was obsererved and that leads to expansion or narrowing Bomans space . In addition non - living materials in the component tissue of blood were observed, some of which are surrounded by a fibrous capsule of several layers in C.auratus kidney only. Some of non - liver materials in the cytoplasm of some of renal tubule cells were seen, while, intestinal histopathological changes were represented by degeneration of epithelial cells and necrosis of villi peaks and it was observed that the degeneration and necrosis reach in some samples to the connective tissue and often spotted muscle cells affected in the muscle layer of the intestinal wall. Also it is observedin a large numbers of mast cells infiltration in the submucosa layer of the gut C.zillii and infiltration other types of inflammatory cells in both fish species, while muscle tissue were less affected than the other organs. There were several changes represented by spongy degeneration followed by necrosis of muscle cells , and often were seen in the limping of muscle fibers and the lack of cross - planning in this muscle. These histological changes were due to water pollution of rivers under studing by various pollutants such as heavy metals that were included in thestudy and that by measuring the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the tissues of the muscles and liver of these fish and was assured that by Histochemistry technique as it was observed that the accumulated metals in the tissues give different reflections of color by heavy element type. It was observed that when measuring bioaccumulation , the accumulation rates of some of these elements (lead and cobalt) exceeds the permitted globally border. It was observed that the accumulation of these elements vary from one organ to another and from one specis to another and from one period to another, it was found that the rates of accumulation of elements ;lead , nickel and cobalt in the muscle were higher than that in the liver and at significant difference of 0.05 level of probability, while copper showed the opposite conclusion, as its rate of accumulation in the liver was higher thane at significant differenc of 0.05 level of probability. Regarding the two periods of the study, the first period recorded higher concentration in the liver of C.zillii than the second period for copper ,Nickel and cobalt elements at significant 0.05 difference are level of probability. . The rates of concentration of heavy elements that included in the study of the water of the rivers were nearly the same to former studies, as the highest concentration recorded for lead was 602 micrograms \ liter and the less concentration was 141 micrograms \ L, while the highest concentration of copper was 77 micrograms \ liter and less concentration was 25 micrograms \ L. The highest concentration of the nickel was 392 micrograms \ liter and its less concentration was 214 micrograms him \ l. The finally highest concentration of cobalt was 173 micrograms \ liter and its less concentration was 72 micrograms \ L

الكساء الخضري والتنوع الاحيائي النباتي في منطقة الصحراء الجنوبية في محافظة البصرة / جنوب العراق == Vegetation and Plant Biodiversity in the Southern Desert in Basra Governorate, Southern Iraq

Author name: حيدر راضي مالح حسين
Supervisor name: عبد الرضا اكبر علوان المياح
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant - Environment
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تناولت الدراسة الحالية الغطاء النباتي والتنوع الاحيائي والمجتمعات النباتية في منطقة الصحراء الجنوبية ضمن محافظة البصرة, وتم دراسة الخصائص الكمية والنوعية للغطاء النباتي , فضلا عن خصائص الترب والهواء في 12 محطة, 6 منها خصصت للمسح الشهري للانواع للفترة بين كانون الاول 2012 وكانون الاول 2014.تم دراسة الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية للعوامل البيئية في منطقة الدراسة وشملت حساب قيم درجة حرارة الهواء والرطوبة النسبية, وكذلك دراسة خصائص الترب ومنها قوام التربة ودرجة حرارة التربة ورطوبة الترب والاس الهيدروجيني والمادة العضوية والتوصيلية الكهربائية وقيم الملوحة, وتبين انها اظهرت تباينا موسميا في المحطات الستة. اوضحت الدراسة الحالية وجود 185 نوع و136 جنس تعود الى 41 عائلة, منها 159 نوع و115 جنس و36 عائلة تعود الى مجموعة نباتات ذوات الفلقتين, في حين ضمت مجموعة نباتات ذوات الفلقة الواحدة 26 نوع تقع في 21 جنس و5 عائلات, وكانت اغلبها نباتات حولية حوالي 66% , بينما كانت نسبة النباتات المعمرة 44 %, كما تم تسجيل حوالي 20 نوع لاول مره في مناطق الدراسة, كما اكدت التوزيع الجغرافي وسجلت انتشار العديد من الانواع في مناطق لم تسجل فيها سابقا.وبينت دراسة اشكال الحياة في منطقة الدراسة ان مجموعة Therophytes قد امتلكت اعلى نسبة بلغت 71.19%, بينما ضمت مجموعة ال Geophytes اقل نسبة بلغت 4.3 %. كما تغايرت الاصول الجغرافية النباتية Chorotype للانواع,عكست اهمية الموقع الجغرافي لمنطقة الدراسة, وسجلت العناصر ثنائية وعديدة المناطقBi & Pluri regional 70.7 elements % منها, وشكلت العناصر الصحراوية - العربية Sahara - Arabia elements نسبة 20.54%.وبينت النتائج ان اكبر العائلات انتشارا وتوزيعا وبعدد الانواع في منطقة الدراسة هي العائلة المركبة Compositae التي تعد اكبر العائلات في المنطقة, ثم العائلة الصليبية Cruciferae , والعائلة النجيلية Gramineae , والعائلة البقوليةFabaaceae , والعائلة الرمرامية Chenopodiaceae , كما تبين ان الاجناس Astragalus وPlantago وErodium كانت اكبر الاجناس بعدد الانواع في منطقة الدراسة, واظهر ت دراسة التوزيع الجغرافي ان بعض الانواع سجلت انتشارا واسعا في مناطق الدراسة ومنها Hammada salicornica Moq. وRhanterium epapposum Oliv.و Stipa capensis Thunb. وIflago spicata (Forssk) Sch. Bip. وFilago pyramidata L. وSpegularia diandra (Guss.) Heldr & Sart. وStrigosella grandiflora ( Bunge.) Boch. .كما تضمنت الدراسة وصف وتمييز المجتمعات الرئيسة وتحديد مناطق انتشارها في مناطق الدراسة وضمت Hammadetum salicornici وCornulacetum auchraeو Rhanterietum epapposi وZygophyllietum propinqun وAstragalietum spinosi وSalsoletum setiferaeو Convolvulietum oxyphylliو Salsoletum rosmarini وStipetum capensiو Ziziphetum nummulariaeو Teucriutum oliveriو Stipagrosis plumosi وLycetum barburae وSuaedetum aegyptiaci . واظهرت الدراسة التغيرات الموسمية في طبيعة الغطاء النباتي وتاثر السيادة بالتغيرات الموسمية في الظروف المناخية والتي ساهمت في ظهور المنطقة بعدد من المظاهر الموسمية للغطاء الخضري ( Seasonal Aspect) . وبينت نتائج الدراسة الحالية وجود تباين موسمي ومكاني بين غالبية محطات الدراسة في قيم ادلة الكثافة والوفرة والتغطية والتنوع والسيادة والتجانس والغنى النوعي والتشابه والكتلة الحية والتصاحب والاهمية.

دراسة تعدد الاشكال الوراثية لجين GSTPI في مرض السكري من النوع الثاني لعينة مرضى في محافظة البصرة وعلاقتها بدهون مصل الدم == Genetic Polymorphism of Gultathion - S - Transferase GSTPI in Type2 Diabetes Mellitus and it's Correlation with Blood Serum lipid Profile in Basrah Province

Author name: حنين صباح عبد الصمد
Supervisor name: فائزة عبد الوهاب احمد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out to investigate the relationships between the T2DM patients and the genotypes of glutathione S - transferase P1, and the measurements of blood serum lipid profile of patients and control. The study included 60 blood samples from patients and 40 blood sample from controls of Iraqi individuals. The sixty individual with T2DM were diagnosed according to the American diabetes Association criteria (American diabetes Association, 2007), their age ranged were between 35 - 75 years randomly selected from those attending the Diabetes Center /Al - Moanaa Hospital for treatment with history of hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Sera and blood were used as sample, The measured parameters in serum included (Biochemical testes) : Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Total Cholesrtol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), High density lipoprotein (HDL), Very high density lipoprotein (VLDL). In Addition to Body Mass Index (BMI) .Moreover, the correlation between genotyping of glutathione S - transferase P1 and all studied parameters was carried out. Molecular studies involved DNA extraction and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Retraction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). to investigate the genetic polymorphism of glutathione S - transferase pi gene class for individuals of this study .Molecular study was conducted in the laboratory of molecular Biology, Department of Biology for pure Sciences college at Basra University .The result showed that Sex, BMI, HDL, LDL and VLDL values for patients and control were not significant while for the level of FBG in patients and control it showed significantly difference (P=0.000). This study revealed significant Positive Correlation between cholesterol and triglyceride (P=0.01). while the Correlation coefficient between Triglyceride & HDL,VLDL individually also between HDL and LDL ,VLDL and LDL with VLDL individually was not significant furthermore FBG and Cholesterol showed positive significant Correlation .The result of genetic polymorphism of GSTPI distribution among studied groups showed rise developing risk of Type 2 Diabetes in patients about 2 - fold in carries heterozygous Ile/Val genotype with an ( OR=2.90; 95% Cl= 1.077 - 7.827, p=0.31) and allele frequency 0.69.,and there is an increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes in patients about 2and half - fold in carries of The homozygous Val/Val genotype in patients with an (OR=2.58, 95%CI=0.625 - 10.662, p=0.171). the heterozygote distribution (2Pq ) of Patients was 0.427 while in control 0.268 and it was not stable according to Hardy - Winderg question.According to data mentioned above the GSTPI genotype polymorphism may play an important role in the pathogenesis of T2DM while its effect on all lipid profile indicator did not show any significant difference.

دراسة جزيئية لتعدد الاشكال الوراثية لجين TAS2R38 (جين تذوق مادة PTC) بين سكان محافظة البصرة وعلاقتها بمرض السكري == A Molecular Study of TAS2R38 (PTC Tasting Gene) Polymorphism Among Basrah Population and It's Association With Diabetes Mellitus

Author name: حسنة عامر مهوس
Supervisor name: فائزة عبد الوهاب احمد | اسعد يحيى عايد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Genetics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study dealt with the genetic polymorphism of Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) tasting from phenotypic and genotypic (Molecular of TAS2R38(P49A) gene ) prospective,among sample of Basrah Population from 2014 - 2012. Also, a comparative Molecular study for the gene TAS2R38(P49A) and some biochemical parameters was made in a group of Diabetic patients for the first time in Iraq /Basrah and the world .Phenotypic study using the gradient dilutions of PTC substance method, was established among 317 individual : 96Males and 221 Females from different regions of Basrah. Increased sensitivity with low threshold 6 of Males than Females 5 was observed which indicate that the Males were more sensitive than Females in this region from Iraq .However, the tasters percent among Females still higher73.3% than Males72.9% ,and the whole population 73.2% as well .This study recorded different tasters percent in different regions : 62.1%,71.8% ,60.6%, 82.3% for the North ,AL - Zubair and Safwan, Abu - ALChaseab and AL - Fao and the center of the city respectively, although ,the whole population of Basrah found to be under Hardy - Weinberg Equilibrium . Allelic frequencies according to phenotypic analysis showed : recessive allele t had higher frequency (0.53) than dominant allele T (0.47), with elevated Heterozygous frequency Tt among all studied regions and the whole population(0.53) .The results recorded also , high BMI for non tasters tt as a whole and for both sexes in this phenotype : 28.32 ,28.26 for males and females respectively. While it had the lowest value among heterozygous 23.40 ,Statistical analysis for phenotypic study of this locus reveald an additive effect of the two alleles T,t by 81.33% with responsibility of 83.10% for the phenotypic variation found in this trait . Genetic (Molecular) analysis was done for comparative individuals and diabetic patients by sequencing the hTAS2R38(P49A) the PTC gene, among 127 individual : 59 healthy individual as a comparative group and 68 diabetic patients from both sexes and same age ranges. The results recorded a C/G allele in the position of the first SNP (145 C/G) which encode for Proline amino acid (C) or Alanine amino acid (G) : CC , CG refer to Tasters genotypes while GG refer to Non - tasters genotype. High frequency of C allele as compare to G among both healthy people and diabetic patients : 0.55, 0.53 for both respectively . Frequency of heterozygous genotype CG recorded a significant access as 0.76 among the comparative group which may implies a selective heterozygosity advantage among Iraqi population at this region. A significant differences in genotypic distributions was recorded between comparative and diabetic groups with high incidence of non tasters phenotypically tt 41% and genotypically GG 20.5 % among diabetic patients compare to healthy people : 25 % , 7% respectively . Interestingly non taster GG genotype had the lowest BMI among diabetic patients compare to othertwo taster genotypes CC, CG respectively. . Study of Genotype - Phenotype Association revealed significant correlation (p<0.0001) between them among comparative group as 86.9% and diabetic group as 48.8%. A comparative study of Biochemical analysis betweendiabetic and non diabetic individuals from different genotypes for TAS2R38 (P49A) gene showed significant elevated value of cholesterol among diabetic from the GG genotype 191.85 ± 6.57 mg/dl with non significant elevated values of Hb1c 8.93 ±1.77 and triglyceride 149.57±6.53 mg/dl. However, all these parameters were significantly more higher among diabetic than non diabetic . Significant differences(P<0.05) were recorded between diabetic and non diabetic according to their thyroid hormones levels with low values of T3 , T4 and high values of TSH among diabetic than non - diabetic. TSH hormone recorded its highest significant values among diabetic of CC genotype with 4.39 ± 0.16 μUI/ml as compare to the other two genotypes heterozygous CG and recessive homozygous GG . Although non significant , T4 recorded its lowest values among diabetic of the CC genotype .However, significantly (P <0.05 ),T3 hormone found to have lower values in the two homozygous genotypes; CC genotype for diabetic 0.54± 0.03 ng/ml and non diabetic 0.53±1.64 ng/ml ; GG genotype : 0.72± 0.04 ng/ml ; 1.82± 0.59 ng/ml for diabetic and non diabetic respectively . while individuals with CG genotype found to be non significantly different .Lastly it could be concluded that this trait may have some effect on BMI and may play a role the variation found among peoples in biochemical parameters (cholesterol, thyroid hormones ) changing's especially among diabetic patients. Ministry of High Education and Scientific Research Basrah University/ College of Education for Pure Science Department of Biology A Molecular Study of TAS2R38 (PTC Tasting Gene) Polymorphism Among Basrah Population and It's Association With Diabetes MellitusA Thesis submitted to the Council of the College of Education for Pure Science/ University of Basrah as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Philosophy of Doctor of Science in Biology / Genetics By Hasna Amir Mohaus BSc. Biology / 1994MSc. Biology / 1998 Supervision by Assist.Prof.Dr. Prof.Dr.Faizah A.

دراسة بعض التغيرات الفسيولوجية والنسجية لسم الافعى ذات الحراشف المنشارية (افعى سيد دخيل Echis carinatus) في الجرذان المختبرية == A study of some physiological and histological effects of venom Saw Scaled Viper (Said Dakhil) Echis carinatus in laboratory rats

Author name: بيداء ريحان علي الموسوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Histology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was designed search of some physiological and histological effects of the venom of Echis carinatus sochureki (Said Dakhil snake) in male and female rats, and the role of antivenom (anti - venom) in the treatment of these effects. The while study was divided into two parts, the first part included the effect of [0.04 mg/kg (the second group) and 0.08 mg/kg (the third group)] of venom in rats. While, the second part related with the effect of [0.25ml/animal (the second group) and 0.5ml/animal (the third group)] antivenom in male and female rats treated with 0.04mg/kg and 0.08mg/kg of venom. After 24 hours of injection, blood samples collected for the hematological and biochemical parameters, and taking the right epididymis and epididymis left removed to examine the count and maliformations of sperm. Also, liver, kidney, testes and ovary were collected for sections. The results of the present study showed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in RBC in the third group (0.08) mg / kg when compared with the first group (control) and second group (0.04) mg / kg. Also was there a significant decrease in HCT and MCV in the second and third groups compared with the first group, while there was a significant increase in the platelets of the third group compared with the first and second groups in in both sexes. The results indicated a significant decrease in RBC in the second and third groups compared with the first group, also a significant decrease in HCT in the second and third groups compared with the first group. The results showed a significant increase in the HCT in the second group compared with the third group. The results showed a significant decrease in the MCV in the third gr oup compared with first and second groups in female rats. The present study (P≤0.05) showed a significantdecrease in total WBC, lymphocytes and neutrophils in the second groups (0.04) mg / kg and the third (0.08) mg / kg, and a significant decrease in monocytes, acidiophils and basophils of the second and third groups compared with the first in the male rats. The results indicated a significant decrease in neutrophil in the second and third groups compared with the first group, and a significant decrease in lymphocytes, monocytes and acidiophils of the third group compared with the first and second groups in the female rats. The present study showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the level of glucose and urea in the third group (0.08) mg / kg compared with the first (control) and second (0.04) mg / kg groups. There was a significant increase in creatinine and albumin in the second and third groups compared with the first group, also a significant decrease in the total protein, cholesterol and HDL in the second and third groups compared with the first group.There was a significant decrease in the level of TG, LDL and VLDL in the third group compared with the first and second groups, The results showed a significant decrease in ALT and AST in the third group compared with the first and second groups, and a significant increase in the ALP in the third group compared with the first and second groups in the male. The hormonal study showed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the level of FSH, LH, testosterone and estrogen in the second and third groups compared with the first group in male and female rats. The present study a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the count of sperms in the second and third groups compared with the first group, while, there was a significant increase in the maliformations of sperms in the third group compared with the first and second groups. The present study showed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the level of immune globulins (IgA - IgG - IgM) in the second and third groups compared with the first group in both sexes. The results of the effect of (0.5 - 0.25) ml / animal antivenom in male and female rats treated with (0.04) of snake venom showed a significant decrease in RBC and HCT in the second and third groups compared with the first groups,and there was a significant increase in the MCV in the second and third groups compared with the first group in male. The study results showed a significant increase in RBC, HCT and MCV in the second and third groups compared with the first group in the female rats.The current study showed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in total WBC of the second group compared with the first and third groups, and a significant decrease in the lymphocytes and monocytes in the second and third groups compared with the first group, also the results showed a significant increase in total WBC in the second and third groups compared with the first in the male. Also, found a significant decrease in lymphocytes and monocytes in the secon d and third groups compared with the first, it was observed a significant rise in monocyte in the first group compared with the second and third groups. The results showed a significant increase in the percentage of granular white blood cells in the second and third groups compared with the first group in the female rats.Results of the present study indicated a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the level of glucose, urea, albumin and total protein in the third group compared with the first and second groups, and there was a significant increase in the level of cholesterol HDL - VLDL in the third group compared with the first and second groups, also a significant decrease in TG in the second group compared with the first and third groups, The results showed a significant decrease in the level of HDL in the second and third groups compared and second groups with the firstgroup. the results showed a significant increase in the level of albumin and total protein in the third group compared with the first and second groups, and the results indicated a significant in increase cholesterol level, LDL and VLDL in the third group compare with the first and second groups, There was a significant decrease in the level of TG in second group compared with the first and third groups, and a significant decrease in the level of HDL in the second and the third groups compared with the first group in the female rats.The results indicated the effect of (0.5 - 0.25) ml / animal antivenom in male and female rats treated (0.08) mg / kg of snake venom, showed a significant decreased (P≤0.05) in RBC, HCT , MCV, lymphocyte and monocyte in the second and third groups compared with the first group, a significant decrease MCH in the second group compared with the first and third groups in male rats, showed a significant decrease in RBC HCT and MCV in the second and thirdgroups compared with the first group.The present study showed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the level ofglucose and urea, ALT and ALP in the third group compared with the first and second groups, also a significant decrease in the level of creatinine, LDL, VLDLand AST in the second and third groups compared with the first group, and asignificant increase in the level of albumin, total protein and HDL in the thirdgroup compared with the first and second groups. a significant increase in levelof cholesterol and TG in the second and third groups compared with the firstgroup in the male rats, While showed a significant decrease in level of glucose,urea and ALT in the third group compared with the first and second groups,there was a significant decrease in the level of creatinine, LDL, VLDL, AST and ALP in the second and third groups compared with the first group, a significant increase in albumin and total protein in the group third compared with the first and second groups, while a significant increase in level of cholesterol, TG and HDL in the second and third groups compared with the first group in female.The histological results showed changes in the liver of male and female rats treatment I n venom snake and constrictions consisted obtaining inflammation and blood congestion and enlarged nuclei of hepatic cells and degeneration in the cytoplasm and necrosis of liver cells, as well as, changes in the kidney tissue such as having a bleeding and hyperplasia and congestion blood and inflammation and analyze the entire glomerulus and necrosis of the cortical cells.The current study showed the incidence and clear changes in testicular tissue treatment venom snake of obtaining vascular congestion and analyze the interconnection fabric between the tubule and the decay of some nuclei and abnormalities tubule and testicular and shrinking and analyzes and the presence of multiple nuclei giant cells in the wall of tubule.The current study for histological changes in the ovary as sections showed the presence of large numbers of corpus luteum and the decrease numbers of ovarian follicles and the disappearance of the evolutionary stages of ovarian cysts.

تاثير PTU على بعض الجوانب النسيجية والفسلجية في الاجنة والاناث الحوامل Rattus norvegicus == Effect of PTU on some aspects of histological and physiological in fetus and pregnant rats(rattus norvegicus

Author name: انوار ناذر صيوان
Supervisor name: مها خليل الملاك | علاء عبد الخالق حسين
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Histology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Aim of study was to evaluated the effects of propylthiouracil (Ptu) drug on both maternal and fetus rats, used experimental animals (Rattus norvegicus) and after housing, breeding and adapting, (50) of virgin females choosen, isolated and then divided into two groups each group contain (25)rats, The mean weight of the animals was(200 ±50) gm and (8 - 10) week of age. Females on first group regarded as control and treated with distilled water while animals in second group were treated with (Ptu)dose as (0.05 %) and left for(14.5, 16.5, 18.5, 20.5, 21.5)for each group. Macroscopic observations on each group were recorded including changes in thyroid gland morphology, hypertrophy and enlargement at each period (14.5, 16.5, 18.5, 20.5, 21.5) days of gestation for both pregnant rats and embryos,the shape of uterine hornes,and uterus with changes of fetus number, resorption, atrophy, malformation of body parts, indifferentiation of fore and hind limbs, skin abnormalities were noticed. The changes in placenta which appeared irregular, pale colour, congested with white fibrous regions were noticed in hypothyroid rat comparing with placenta of control group animal, which looked red, discoid shape and normal surface without any abnormal signs, in addition fatty ovaries with large amount of adipose tissue was accumulated in abdomen cavity, the ovaries irregular and showed structures in most pregnant rats of hypothyroid group comparing with control pregnant females.Present showed significant decreased at (P≤0.05) in mean length, weight and number of fetus at (14.5, 16.5, 18.5, 20.5, 21.5) days of gestation in all embryos related to hypothyroid rats compared to control. Histological study with light microscopy on sections from thyroid gland related to rats with induced hypothyroid showed reduced, small follicles with empty or little colloid substance, each follicle lining simple cuboidal or flat epithelium, an increased with stroma, variable size of follicles most of them smaller compared to control thyroid gland from control rats, which showed normal lobules, large follicles filled with colloid, and poorly stroma.Sections from uterus, ovaries, oviduct related to hypothyroid rats showed variable histological changes ranged from mild to severe like abnormal reduced layers of uterus, irregular uteri folded, degenerated with simple epithelial tissue that lining the uterus villi, haemorrhage in uterine gland, deposition of collagenous fibers, infiltration of lymphocytes and accumulation of adipose tissue. Ovaries from hypothyroid rats showed variable changes with ovaries follicles maturation, accumulated of adipose tissue, decreased graffian follicles, infiltration of lymphocytes and deposition of collagenous fibres with degenerated of lining epithelial layer compared with control ovaries.Microscopic observations of placenta sections from hypothyroid rats at different period of gestation revealed loss tissue, reduced placental layers thickness, necrosis in the peripheral regions, degenerated cytotrophoblasts that surrounding capillaries, the trophoblast giant cells appeared with degenerative changes in labyrinth and spongiotrophoblasts regions. undifferentiated fetal blood capillaries compared to control which the sections have normal structure differentiated to decidual basalis and labyrinth zones, the junctional zone composed of outer giant cells that separated the decidua basalis and trophospongium.In this study the ultrastructural changes in thyroid gland from maternal and fetus related to hypothyroid rat at (14.5, 16.5, 18.5, 20.5, 21.5) days of gestation were identified by electron microscopy and included changes in apical cytoplasm of follicular cells to microvilli, blebs and protrusions also dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, increased lysosomes, the empty vacuoles more than the dense vesicles, increased mitochondria and Golgi apparatus cisternae, changes chromatin and more cellular debris. Biochemical results in thyroid hormones revealed to significant increase in mean concentration of (TSH) in pregnant females with hypothyroidism during gestation periods in compared with control group, also there was an decrease in both (T3, T4) non significant, significant increased concentration in serum of pregnant rats on treated group with (Ptu) compared with their concentration of control pregnant rats.Levels of some oxidative enzymes (GSH & MDA) was estimated in this study and there was significant increased,non significant in their concentrations in serums of rats with induced hypothyroidism comparid to control group during each period of gestation (14.5, 16.5, 18.5, 20.5, 21.5) day. The study determined some of haematological parameters such as (R.B.Cs) count, (H.b) level and (P.C.V) ratio which showed non significant at (P≤0.05) hypothyroidism rats compared with control rats at the same period of gestation. Also the results revealed non significant with (T.L.C), (D.L.C) in all pregnant rats with hypothyroidism compared to control rats, the data showed an increased with lymphocytes and Neutrophils and Esoinphils cells in smears prepared from hypothyroidism rats compared to control group

بعض الجوانب الحياتية للروبيان الدخيل والروبيان Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan,1849) من Metapenaeus affinis (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) بعض المواقع المائية في محافظة البصرة == Some Biological aspects of the Invasive Shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan,1849) and The Shrimp Metapenaeus affinis (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) from some Aquatic sites of the Basrah province

Author name: انوار مالك جبار المالكي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study intended to shed the light on some biological aspects of the invasive oriental river Shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense compared with that of Jinga shrimp Metapenaeus affinis . For this purpose, Monthly samples were collected and chosen from four Aquatic sites was chosen in the Basrah province (one at each of Al - Mashab and Al - Sallal Marshes and two at Al - Garmah River) during the period from July 2015 to June 2016. collection was done by Fishnet pulled by a boat .The Shrimp numbers were calculated during the time unit (ind./hour) .The Water’s temperature and salinity were studied, it ranged from 15 - 33 ͦ c and 2 - 9.1psu respectively. From a total of 3326, individuals were collected during the study period, only 7% were belong to the first shrimp (M. nipponense ) Compared with 93% to the second shrimp( M. affinis ).The number of each species studied shrimps, varied the monthly. The high number of M. nipponense was 38(ind./hour) recorded during July 2015 and June 2016, while the lowest was 2 (ind./hour) recorded during October and November 2015 . For M. affinis The number of individuals ranged between 980(ind./hour) during August 2015 and 29 (ind./hour) during November 2015 .The comparative monthly percentages were high during seven and six months in the marshes sites recorded for first and second shrimp respectively. The monthly variation in percentages of the two species of shrimps was studied, It ranged (for M. affinis) from 98.8% during August 2015 to 56.8% during July 2015 , while for M. nipponense , It ranged from 43.2% during July 2015 to 1.2% during August 2015 .The results of Frequency showed that the highest percent (100%) was recorded in four months for M. nipponense , these are July, October 2015 February and May 2016. While M. affinis was recorded in most months.Summary bThe population sizes for the two species were studied. For the first species( M. nipponense ), the size class 50 - 60mm dominant during all months of the study period, While for the second species (M. affinis), the size classes 40 - 50, 50 - 60, 60 - 70, and 70 - 80 were recorded during all the months for the first shrimp, the highest percent was 47.3% recorded for the size class 70 - 80 mm , While there is no individuals recorded for the size class 10 - 20 mm during all the months except July 2015 for the second shrimps ,the percentage ranged between 41.4% and less than 1% recorded during May 2016 to March 2016 respectively. On the other hand , the total Frequency for M. nipponense ranged from 83.3% to 0% for the size classes 70 - 80 mm and 10 - 20 mm respectively, While for M. affinis was from 100% recorded for the classes 40 - 50, 50 - 60, 60 - 70 and 70 - 80mm to 8.3% for the class .The Length - Length and Length - weight relationships for the two species were studied The results showed positive correlation between the total length and each of cephalothorax length and abdomen length (r= 0.932 and r= 0.945 respectively, P≤0.01 ) for M. nipponense , Also M. affinis , the correlation was positive for the total length and each of cephalothorax length(r= 0.938) and abdomen length (r= 0.971) (P≤0.01 ) . The correlation was positive between the total length and wet weight for each M. nipponense (r= 0.918 P≤0.01) and M. affinis (r= 0.913 P≤0.01).The Statistical analysis for the weight - weight relationships showed positive correlation between dry and wet weight for M. nipponense (r= 0.966, P≤0.01) and M. affinis (r= 0.918 P≤0.01).The correlation between the lengths of the body and the 2nd chela for male & female of M. nipponense (r= 0.909 and r= 0.823 respectively), these values of correlation refer to the continuous growth of the 2nd chela in male even after the adult stage .Summary cThe concentrations of ten heavy and light metals in shells & muscles of the two shrimps were studied. The results showed a significant differences in eight of them (Cadmium, Potassium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Nickel, Zinc and Sodium) . While there is no significant differences recorded for Lead and Cobalt .The study of some biological aspect which concerned with distribution of eggs on pleopods of females of M. nipponense , showed that the highest mean of eggs was 547.3 (38%) carried on the 2nd pleopod while there are fewer means carried on 1st and 3rd pleopods , and no carry eggs (0%)were carried on the 5th pleopod. The Statistical analysis showed that there was significant differences between the eggs carried on 4th and 5th pleopods and each of the rest ones . lengths of pleopod was positively correlated with the number of eggs (r= 0.661, P≤0.01) The weight of ovigerous female was positively correlated with weight of eggs (r= 0.835, P≤0.01) .The combined effects of salinity and temperature on survival of newly hatched larvae (zoea1 and zoea2) of M. nipponense for 24 & 48 hours’ were tested.The highest survival percentage (100%) for zoea1 was recorded in 12 psu salinity in each of 18, 22 and 26 ͦ c ,While the lowest survival (0%) was recorded in distal water in each 30 and 34 ͦ c . the highest survival percentage was recorded in 12 psu salinity in each 18, 22, 26 and 30 ͦ c. While the lowest one recorded in distal water and 34 ͦ c. The Statistical analysis showed that the percentage survival correlates negatively with temperature and positively with salinity each alone. the combined effect of salinity and temperature on survival was positive with percentage ranged between 38 - 56 % .

عزل وتشخيص بعض الانواع الجرثومية من مياه الانهر الداخلية في مدينة البصرة ودراسة قابليتها على المعالجة الحيوية للعناصر الثقيلة == Isolation and identification bacterial species from inner rivers in Basra governorate and study their ability to Bioremediation of heavy metals

Author name: انوار عبد الوهاب مكي
Supervisor name: علي عبود شريف
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted during November and December 2013.It included studying six inner rivers branching from Shatt al - Arab river in Basrah governorate.These rivers are Abu Al - khasseb, Al - Ribat, Al - Khandaq, Al - Ashar, Al - Khura and Al - Sarraji .The study included isolation and identification of three species of genus Bacillus which are B. licheniformis,B. megaterium and B. badius ,and two species of genus Micrococcus which are M. halobius and M. kristinae .Physical and chemical characteristics of the water samples were measured, which including pH,temperature,electric conductivity and Dissolved oxygen. The results showed that there were not correlation between physical and chemical characteristics and the concentrations of the heavy metals except for water temperature which had a negative significant correlation with the concentrations of nickel and lead.The concentrations of heavy metal dissolved in water (copper, nickel , lead and cadmium ) were measured. The concentrations of Cu+2 and Pb+2 were higher than that of Ni+2 and Cd+2 in the water .However,in general the concentrations of Cu+2, Ni+2, Pb+2 and Cd+2 were high in comparison with the local and international standards.All species of bacteria showed high resistance to the heavy metals ions starting from concentration of 1 mg/l. B. licheniformis was recorded high resistance to Pb+2, Cu+2 and Ni+2 which reached 2600 mg/l, 500mg/l and 300mg/l respectively. M. halobius was also recorded a high resistance to Pb+2 and Cd+2 with 2600mg/l and 400mg/l respectively. The highest resistance was recorded by M. kristinae to nickel with 300 mg/l . The mid resistance was by B.badius to all studied heavy metals and the lowest was by B. megaterium to all heavy metals studied in comparison with the other species of bacteria.The identified bacteria were used in the process of bioremediation of the heavy metals (Cu+2, Ni+2, Pb+2, Cd+2) with different concentrations (25, 50 and100 ) mg / l. B. licheniformis showed high ability to remove Ni+2, Cu+2 and Cd+2 than other species of bacteria, which reached (28.30%, 44.34% and 24.27%) mg/l. . respectively. B. badius showed a high capability for removing Cu+2 with 45.78% mg / l .Where as B. megaterium showed a high capability for removing Pb+2 with 23.43% mg / l.. M. halobius had the highest capability for removing Cd+2 with 25.42% mg / l. and M. kristinae had a mid capability to remove the heavy metals under studied.The study included observing the effect of the incubation period on removing the heavy metals ions.The results found that the best period was 72 hours in comparison with 24 and 48 hours.Also, the study included the effect of initial concentration in the process bioremediation.The results showed that the concentration of 25mg/l was the best for removing the heavy metals ions among the other concentrations, 50 and 100 mg/l.

عزل وتشخيص احد قلويدات الايض الثانوي لبعض الطحالب ودراسة فعاليته الحيوية == Isolation and identification one alkaloid of secondary metabolites from some algae and study of biological activity

Author name: انفال نوري عباس اللفتة
Supervisor name: احمد محسن عذبي | اقبال جاسم الاسدي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study includes an isolation, Identification and purification of three species of algae, two of them belonging to cyanobacteria they are Oscillatoria brevis and Nostoc carneum . The third one was Enteromorpha intestinalis which belong to green algae which was from different location in Basrah .There are two extract were prepared from the algal species Alcohol , and alkaloid extracts , Alcoholic extract prepared to know what was compound it had and alkaloid extracts to test bioactivity of algae Cytotoxcity also was carried out on human red blood cells, the results revealed that alkaloid extract from E.intestinalis was nontoxic, whereas bioactive compounds isolated from O.brevis , N.carneum. Showed hemolytic action .The bioactivity of alkaloid extract was examined to elucidate their on ability to inhibit the growth of gram Positive and negative bacteria. .Biological activity of alkaloid extracts of three algae isolated were determined by using the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) againsttwo bacterial isolates. And also test the effect of filtrate pure algal culture on growth of plant pathogenic fungi ,also apparently that the algal alkaloid extract and isolated compounds exhibits antioxidant.The antitumor activity of the algal alkaloid extract from E.intestinalis against Rhabdo myosarcoma cell line was examined. The results showed that crude alkaloid extract possessed an antitumor bioactivity at low concentration 0.78mg / ml .In this study also was carried out to investigate the possibility of preventing the hypercholesterolemia by using alkaloid extract of E.intestinalis .it also aimed to study the effect of use this extract in reducing the Plasma Total Cholesterol (TC) , Triglyceride (TG), Low - Density Lipoprotein (LDL) , Very Low - Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and no effect on High - Density Lipoprotein (HDL).The identification of the compound was made depending on the active groups test and spectroscopic analyses including : Infrared (IR) and Gas Chromatography / Mass spectrum (GC - MS). The results of such analyses showed that alkaloid extract from E.intestinalisa has three compound these are Hexadecanamide , Methenamine and Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl est and alkaloid extract from N.carneum showed that has three compound 1,2 - Benzenedicarboxylic acid diisooctyles,ا9 - Octadecenamide, (Z) - )ااااا and Didecyl phthalate .Hexadecanamide purification from alkaloid extract of E.intestinalis depended on physical and chemical properties The identification of the compound was made depending on the active groups test and spectroscopic analyses including : Infrared (IR); Gas Chromatography / Mass spectrum (GC - MS) and this component showed bioactivity on gram. Positive and negative bacteria and it has also antioxidant activity

استخدام عوامل استحثاث لانتاج مؤيضات ثانوية من بعض عزلات انواع الفطر واختبار فعاليتها الضد بكتيرية والخلايا السرطانية Penicillium والكولسترول == Use of inducing agents in secondary metabolites production from some Penicillium isolates and assay their activity against bacteria , cancer cells and cholesterol

Author name: امل صالح عبد الرضا
Supervisor name: توفيق محمد محسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study was designed to investigate active compounds from different Penicillium isolates ,that isolated from different sources , using different media . Eleven isolates related to five species : P. chrysogenum, P.paxilli , P. citrinum, P. cosmopolitanum, P. digitatum were isolated. After primary screening was performed , the best isolates that have high antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacterial was selected. The selected isolates were cultured on fermentation media according to the suitable media for each isolate, and the active compounds were extracted using ethyl acetate as a solvent. P. cosmopolitanum and P. chrysogenum were cultured on penicillin production medium (PPM) , P. paxilli was cultured on Aspergillus complete medium (ACM) and P. digitatum and P. citrinum were cultured on solid state fermentation media consist of wheat bran . The efficiency of fungal crude extracts from each isolate against the reference strains S. aureus NCTC 6571 and E. coli ATCC 25922 and against Candida albicans (pathogenic and reference strain)was examined, and the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determinated for each extracts.The inhibition zone of fungal extracts against E. coli and S. aureus ranged between (20 - 50) mm , and they had high activity against C. albicans ( reference and pathogenic isolate) ranged between 25 - 45 mm.Induction of secondary metabolite production by the selected fungi was carried out using biological factor (Streptomyces sp.) , chemical agent (colchicine) and physical agent by UV radiation. Apparently that the biological induction by Streptomyces isolate was the best compared with the other treatments.The results revealed that the two fungal extracts ALO1 and Apax exhibit a high antioxidant activity at low concentrations and volumes of the extract compared to ascorbic acid as control. ALO1 had radical scavenging activity (RSA%) reach 99.9% at volume 3μl , and Apax had RSA 91.6% at concentration 500μg/ml. Also, the fungal extract ,ALO1, showed a significant activity as anticancer agent against RD - cell line. The IC50 of ALO1 was 8.5μl after 24h and 23.76μl after 72h. The hypercholesterolemia ability of ALO1 in vivo and in vitro was assayed . In vivo experiment designed using female albino mice and divided into three groups each one contain 8 mice : group 1 treated with 10μl , group 2 treated with 20μl of ALO1 , and group 3 treated with normal saline as control group. The results showed that total cholesterol , triglycerides, LDL and VLDL were significantly reduced when compared with control group while the HDL level was increased in comparing with control group. The chemical analysis of the crude extracts showed that Apen2 contained 259 μg/g of penicillin G when analyzed with HPLC apparatus . Also the GC mass analysis of ALO1 showed that Docasadionic acid initialize area76.18% and Palmitic acid initialize area 15.09% from the total identified compounds.Whereas the GC mass analysis of Apax showed that Hexandioic acid initialize area40% and Stearolic acid initialize area 35.57% from the total identified compounds.In addition , it was detected the presence of penicillin biosynthetic gene cluster : pcbAB, pcbC and penDE in P. cosmopolitanum and P. chrysogenum.The result showed that gene pcbC and penDE were found in the genomic DNA but the gene pcbAB was not amplified by PCR.

دراسة تصنيفية وبيئية لحشرات نصفية الاجنحة المائية وشبة المائية Heteroptera : Hemiptera في محافظة البصرة == Taxonomical And Ecological Study of Aquatic And Semiaquatic Insects(Heteroptera : Hemiptera) In Basrah Provience

Author name: اسماء عبد الزهرة سبع العيداني
Supervisor name: ضياء خليف كريم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Present studies dealing with the taxonomical and ecological studies of the aquatic Hemiptera : Heteroptera in eight stations in Basrah provience ,which are : Al - Medina , Al - Qurna , Basrah center ,Shat Al - Arab , Al - Zubair , Abu Al - Khasib , Al - Faw and Sullein Marsh, collection was done twise monthly during the period from April 2012 to March 2013 .Results showed the presence of nine species belonging to aquatic Hemiptera , three belonging the group Gerromorpha and six the group Nepomorpha,as follows : Group : Gerromorpha(Popov,1971)Family : Gerridae ( Leach , 1815)1 - Aquarius nebularis(Schellenberg,1800)Family : Mesoveliidae(Douglast and Scott , 1867 )2 - Mesovelia vettigera( Horvath , 1895 ) ( apterous )M .vettigera( Horvath , 1895 ) ( macropterous )Family : Macroveliidae3 - Macrovelia hornii(Uhler , 1872 )Grouop : Nepomorpha(Popov,1968)Family : Nepidae ( Latreille , 1802 )4 - Nepa cinerea( Linnaeus , 1758 )Family : Corixidae ( Leach,1815 )Subfamily : Cymatianiae ( Walton , 1940 )5 - Cymatia bonsdorffii(Sahlberg , 1819 )Subfamily : Corixinae ( Leach , 1815 )6 - Sigara(Vermicorixa) latelaris ( Leach , 1815 )Family : Belostomatidae ( Leach , 1815 )7 - Lethocerus fakir(Mayr , 1852)Family : Notonectidae ( Latreille , 1802 )8 - Anisops sardeus(Herrich - Schaeffer , 1849)AbstractBFamily : Pleidae ( Fieber , 1851 )9 - Plea leachi(McGregor and Kirdaldy,1899)Among the collected species ,six were regarded as new records to the Iraqi fauna of this order,they were : A. nebularis,M. vettigera( macrpterous) , M . vettigera( apterous), Ma.hornii , N.cinerea , C.bonsdorffii andP.leachi.Study also deal with the measuring of some ecological aspects like air and water temperatures , salinity , pH and dissolved oxygen ,and their effected on the monthly distribution of the aquatic Hemiptera. Temperature was the most effective aspect in the monthly distribution of the insects ,as the lowest numbers were recorded in Summer months and the highest number were in Winter months , the ranges of the air temperatures were 9 - 43º C and water temperatures were 2 - 33º C .The highest concentrations of salinity was recorded in Al - Zubair , Abu Al - Khasib and Al - Faw reached to 35g/l in Al - Zubair in July , the pH ranges were the same in all stations and was alkalid , their ranges were 7.3 - 7.8 , about the dissolved oxygen it was low and same in all stations except in Sullein Marsh which reached to 11 mg/l in January .The concentration of some heavy metals in water also studied like Fe, Pb, Cu and Zn , the highest concentrations were to Fe and Zn in Basrah center and Al - Zubair, and the highest concentration for Fe in Al - Zubair reached to 6362.21μ/L in August, while highest concentration for Zn in Basrah center reached to 1365.92μ/L in July, while in the other stations the concentrations were lowest .The study also used the water boatmen Sigara latelaris(Leach,1817) as bioindicators of heavy metals pollution in the water of Basrah provience , and taken Sullein marsh as control , and measuring the concentrations of the heavy metals in insects tissues , water and sediments , the results showed that the insects collected from the water of the center of the city can accumulate Fe andAbstractCZn in their tissues and the highest concentrations reached to 3562.16 and 3778.12 μ /gm for Fe and Zn in July , while in the insects taken from Sullein marsh were 286.25 and 285.17 μ /gm .The concentrations of heavy metals in water and sediments of the city center were measured and the highest concentration was for Fe and Zn , and reached to 1569.91 and 1365.91 μ /L of the water of city center , while reached to 215.01 and 223.14 from the same metals in the water of Sullein marsh , the concentrations of the same metals were recorded in sediments of the city center and reached to 2865.16 and 1982.56 μ /gm for Fe and Zn , and the highest concentrations of the same metals in Sullein marsh were 418.57 and 393.74 μ /gm .

دراسة تاثيرالسمية النباتية والوراثية لتراكيز مختلفة من الاوكسينات ومضادات التلوث في استحثاث الكالس الاولي لنخيل صنف الحلاوي. (Phoenix dactylifera L.) التم == Assessment of Phytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of different Auxins concentrations and decontamination agents on initiation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) primary callus of Hillawii cv.

Author name: اسراء عبد الرزاق حميد السامر
Supervisor name: صبيح داود محمد العطبي | محمد حمزة عباس
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant - Tissue
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of the growth regulators 2, 4 - D; Dicamba and NAA on the induction of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) primary callus Hillawii cv., by analyzing morphological, biochemical; anatomical and molecular responses. Three concentration of 2, 4 - D (10; 50 and 100 mg/L), Dicamba (1; 5 and 10 mg/L) and 30 mg/L of NAA were examined during the course of this study. in addition, several antimicrobial agents were selected to evaluate their morphological and biochemical impacts on the primary callus of date palm including the antibiotics (Gentamycin 50 mg/L and Chloramphenicol 50 and 100 mg/L), as well as, the fungicides (Switch 1 g/L and Beltanol 1 ml/L), After induction of the primary callus from each treatments, the following results were obtained : 1. The results showed that the treatments with 2, 4 - D at 10 mg/L and Dicamba at 1 and 5 mg/L did not stimulate any callus growth over the time of incubation on MS medium.2. It was evident that the treatments of different growth regulators have a significant effect on the initial period (day) for callus initiation, the shortest period have been obtained with the low concentration of 2, 4 - D (50 mg/L) and Dicamba (10 mg/L) which were 67.57 and 66.75 days, respectively, while the high concentration of 2, 4 - D (100 mg/L) led to increase this period significantly up to 120 days.3. Both fresh and dry weight of date palm primary callus decreased significantly at the treatment of high concentration of 2, 4 - D (100 mg/L) up to two folds compared to the treatment at low concentration of 2, 4 - D (50 mg/L), similar trend of results were found with browning percentage and intensity.4. Biochemical analysis of produced date palm primary callus revealed that the high concentration of 2, 4 - D (100 mg/L) led to a significant increase in the total content of carbohydrates; Proline, Peroxidase activity and Phenolic compounds which considered as a stress indicators, and another decrease of total soluble proteins and free amino acids was accompanied with this treatment compared to the same growth regulator at low concentration and Dicamba treatments.5. Anatomical study revealed that asignificant damage was caused by the high concentration of 2, 4 - D (100 mg/L) on date palm primary callus, this damage was evident from the abundant and distribution of tannins compounds across the primary callus tissues, thus, was accompanied with high percent of browning, compared with the treatments of 2, 4 - D at low concentration, Dicamba and NAA.6. The analysis of Protein profile revealed the similarity between the patterns of control treatment (juvenile leaf of Hillawii cv.) and 2, 4 - D at low concentration, as well as, Dicamba. Similarity indices results for protein profile of date palm primary callus proved the genetic similarity of 100% between control treatment and both 2, 4 - D (50 mg/L) and Dicamba ones, while, the lowest similarity percentage was observed with high concentration of 2, 4 - D (100 mg/L).7. The results of RAPD marker analysis of the extracted genomic DNA form date palm primary callus using four deca oligonucleotide primers showed the efficiency of three primers (OPAR3; OPAR8 and P.650) in their amplification of examined DNA,. RAPD profile revealed an identical matching between control treatment and 2, 4 - D at low concentration, followed by Dicamba and NAA auxins, while, the increasing in 2, 4 - D concentration up to 100 mg/L led to disappearance and the appearance of new DNA bands compared to control treatment, with a highest genetic distance among other treatments.Similarity coefficient analysis showed that the highest genetic similarities were found between control treatment and 2, 4 - D (50 mg/L) with similarity index of 96% , followed by Dicamba and NAA treatments with indices of 74 and 66%, respectively, the lowest similarity index was obtained between control and 2, 4 - D at high concentration which was 27%.8. The screening results of antimicrobial agents showed that the treatment with Switch fungicide (1 g/L) and Gentamycin antibiotic ( 50 mg/L) did not stimulate any callus growth over the time of incubation on MS medium supplemented with either 2, 4 - D or Dicamba.9. Beltanol fungicides (1 ml/L) treatment had a negative effect on the initiated primary callus either by 2, 4 - D or Dicamba, its treatment led to a high significant reduction in total solubleprotein and free amino acid content compared to control results, while an increase of total carbohydrates, Phenolic compounds, Proline and Peroxidase activity was detected with Beltanol fungicide.10. The Chloramphenicol treatment at low concentration (50 mg/L) showed positive results on the growth of primary callus at 2, 4 - D or Dicamba auxins according to morphological and biochemical analysis.

عزل وتشخيص بعض انواع البكتريا المكسرة للهيدروكاربونات النفطية الاليفاتية في الترسبات النفطية لمحافظة البصرة == Isolation and Identification of some species of degradable Bacteria of N - Alkanes hydrocarbons compounds in oil sludge at Basrah Governorate

Author name: استبرق عبد الحسين سلمان جدي البوغازي
Supervisor name: ميثم ايوب عبد القادر الحمداني
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In the oil industries, large amounts of oil sludge are generated through the refining of crude oil. The main reason for its composition that is when exporting crude oil various kinds of oils (heavy and light ones) are mixed together for the purpose of exportation. But , the mixing process between different types cannot be fully , due to the lack of homogeneity among different quality of crude oil . So, the heavy parts of oil are precipitated to the bottom of tank and with passage of time they accumulate to be sediments that’s known as oil sludge stated at the bottom of the oil storage tank in the cleaning process , oil tanks are emptied and discharged in some spaces or reservoir (pits) located near the tanks called "oil pits". Which are places of dump excess oil of various types of oil from different oil tanks or they are close places from oil / water separating unites .From these spots, samples of two kinds of oil sludge : the bottom of oil tank (during the maintenance of the tank) and oil pits (near the unities of separating water from oil) are collected. Also, samples of soil surrounding the oil pits from five oil locations in Basrah city are collected too. Those locations are : west of Gurna, Northern Rumela, Southern Rumela, Nahar Umar, Alzubeir.At the rate of redundantly for each location and for each type of the study samples.This investigation is considered as the first which conducted in Iraq which include firstly the isolation and identification different types of bacterial species from different oil sludge, and secondly use some of them in biodegradation studies for two kinds of carbon sources of oil sludge : (oil sludge of tank bottom , oil sludge of oil pits) .Oil degrading bacterial species have been isolated on a selective mineral salt medium Bushnell and Hass Mineral Salt Medium (BHMS), supplemented with a carbon source. They are also identified depending on the Morphology and biochemical characteristics; four genus of bacteria (out of 89 bacterial isolates of oil sludge from the tank bottom)Bare identified. They include : 32 Pseudomonas spp. , 27 Rhodococcus spp. 21 Bacillus spp. , 9 Arthrobacter spp. , Also four genera of bacteria (out of 101bacterial isolates of oil sludge from the oil pits) are identified. They include : 41 Pseudomonas spp. 27 Rhodococcus spp. , 22 Bacillus spp. 11 Arthrobacter spp. , , While 8 species and 3 genus of bacteria (out of 259 bacterial isolates of the soil surrounding the oil pits) are identified. They include : 41 Aeromonas spp., 39 Corynebacterium spp., 39 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 36 Bacillus spp., 33 Micrococcus leteuc, 23 Enterobacter intermedius, 22 Pseudomonas fluorescens, 12 Micrococcus varians 7 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 4 Staphylococcus saprophyticus,3Staphylococcus aureus .The biodegradation percentage of the lost in the concentration of the hydrocarbon compounds of the normal alkanes and two compounds of Pristane and Phytane are measured. Also, the biodegradation of mole percentage of the lost in the area of the hydrocarbon compounds of the normal alkanes and the two compounds of Pristane and Phytane are measured for each four genus which were isolated from the oil sludge pits, and it is also done for one isolated genus from the soil surrounding the oil pits. The measuring process was fulfilled as a comparative study with the control flasks. Thus, the oil sludge (tank bottom ) was used as a source of carbone in the first experiment While, the oil sludge (oil pits) was used as a source of carbone in the second experiment . The incubate time of the experiment is 27 days during which a lost of the percentage of hydrocarbon compounds each 9 days are recorded by using( Capillary Gas Chromatography ). The results showed the biodegradation percentage of the lost in the concentration of the hydrocarbon compounds of the normal alkanes of the oil sludge (tank bottom ) with regard toCbacteria 73.8 % Pseudomonas spp., 70.3 % Rhodococcus spp. 65.7 % Arthobacter spp., 55.6 % Aeromonas spp.,51.5 % Bacillus spp., Whereas, the biodegradation percentage of the lost in the concentration of the hydrocarbon compounds of the normal alkanes of the oil sludge (oil pits) with regard to bacteria 80 % Pseudomonas spp., 74.9 % Aeromonas spp., 70.4 % Rhodococcus spp., 64.8 % Arthobacter spp.,55 % Bacillus spp., While , The results showed of the biodegradation of mole percentage of the lost in the area of the hydrocarbon compounds of the normal alkanes of the oil sludge (tank bottom ) with regard to bacteria 73.7 % Pseudomonas spp.,70.3 % Rhodococcus spp. 65.6 % Arthobacter spp., 55.3 % Aeromonas spp. ,51.2 % Bacillus spp., Whereas, The results showed of the biodegradation of mole percentage of the lost in the area of the hydrocarbon compounds of the normal alkanes of the oil sludge (oil pits) with regard to bacteria79.2 % Pseudomonas spp., 73.8 % Aeromonas spp., 69.2 % Rhodococcus spp.,63.7 % Arthobacter spp., 53.7 % Bacillus spp. It was found that there is approximately match between the biodegradation of mole percentage by using the area and those by using the concentration for each component .

التحلل والمعالجة الاحيائية للمركبات الهيدروكاربونية النفطية بوساطة سلالات Streptomyces وNocardiopsis المعزولة من الترب الملوثة بالنفط في محافظة البصرة - العراق == Biodegradation and bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons by Streptomyces and Nocardiopsis strains isolated from oil contaminated soil of Basrah Governorate - Iraq

Author name: احمد عبد برغال الاسدي
Supervisor name: كوثر هواز مهدي | نادية عبد الامير المظفر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: سبعة سلالات من البكتريا الخيطية تعود الى جنسي Streptomyces وNocardiopsis عزلت من ترب شركة مصافي الجنوب الملوثة بالنفط الخام في البصرة جنوب العراق، وقد تم اختبار قدرتها على النمو بوجود النفط الخام باستعمال وسط ملحي سائل مزود بالنفط الخام كمصدر وحيد للكربون. شملت السلالات على S. variabilis 7525 وS. variabilis SW75 وS. cellulosae XFB - T وS. parvus S86 وS. bacillaris S4BW2 وS. flavoviridis VITHM - 1 وN. synnemataformans ITD - 3 بنسبة تشابه من 99٪ الى 100٪. في هذه الدراسة تم العثور على سلالات جديدة من البكتريا الخيطية المعزولة من التربة الملوثة شخصت باستعمال تحديد تتابعات جين الحامض النووي الريبوزي 16S rRNA وقد اظهرت السلالات قدرات مختلفة على تحلل النفط الخام في الوسط الملحي السائل من 50.2٪ الى 72.4٪. كما تم تقييم تاثير الظروف الزرعية من درجة الحرارة والدالة الحامضية وتركيز النفط الخام والعناصر النزرة في نمو سلالات البكتريا الخيطية وتحلل النفط الخام، وقد لوحظ ان اعلى نمو للخلايا واعلى تحلل للنفط الخام كان 80٪ في ظروف زراعة مثالية ( درجة حرارة 30 ᵒم ودالة حامضية 7 بعد 10 ايام من الحضن وزادت هذه النسبة الى 85٪ من قبل السلالة S. cellulosae XFB - T بعد اضافة العناصر النزرة.في حين اظهرت نتائج اختبار التحلل الحيوي للنفط الخام في التربة من قبل سلالات البكتريا الخيطية منفردة بعد 60 يوما من الحضن تحت ظروف مختلفة ، اظهرت ان اعلى قيمة للتحلل كانت 87 ٪ من قبل النوع S. bacillaris عند درجة حرارة 30 ᵒم وحجم لقاح مضاف 10مل/ 25غم تربة ومستوى رطوبة 40٪.المعالجة الاحيائية هي ستراتيجية فعالة لتنظيف المواقع الملوثة بالهيدروكربونات. ونتيجة تاثر الكائنات الحية الدقيقة من تلك التربة يحدث لها اضطراب وبالتالي يتم انتقاء الاحياء المجهرية القادرة على استهلاك الهيدروكربونات لاستخدامها في هذه التقنية الفعالة في التعامل مع الملوثات الهيدروكربونية. الهيدروكربونات التي تتفاعل مع نسجة التربة والكائنات الحية الدقيقة هي التي تحدد مصير الملوثات وطبيعتها الكيميائية والقدرات الهادمة للميكروبات. الاثار المحتملة لنشارة الخشب، وخليط من روث الابقار والغنم وتعديل المكملات الغذائية لتحفيز الكائنات الدقيقة الاصلية وزيادة المعالجة البيولوجية للهيدروكربونات، هذه العملية تم اجراءها باستعمال طريقة المعالجة خارج الموقع بطريقتي الكومة والمفاعل الحيوي، بخلط التربة الملوثة مع نشارة الخشب والروث الحيواني ودعم التربة بالمغذيات والعناصر النزره مع توفير الرطوبة الملائمة والظروف المواتية لنمو الكائنات الحية الدقيقة كما قدمت التهوية الصناعية للتربة في الكومة والمفاعل بوساطة شبكة من الانابيب المثقبة لمحاكاة المعالجة الحيوية التي استمرت مدة 90 يوما.خلال تلك الفترة، رصدت الهيدروكربونات النفطية الكلية (TPHs) وازالة الالكانات الاعتيادية والتغيرات في المجتمعات البكتيرية. وقد اظهرت النتائج ان (TPHs) قد انخفضت من 52غم/كغم الى 10.6 غم / كغم بمعدل تحلل بلغ 79.6٪ ومعدل تحفيز كان 71.4٪ في تجربة الكومة ومن 52غم/كغم الى 13.5 غم / كغم بمعدل تحلل بلغ 74٪ ومعدل تحفيز كان 63.5٪ في تجربة المفاعل الحيوي. وخلال مدة 45 يوما من الاختبار بلغت اعداد الكائنات الحية الدقيقة من البكتيريا المضافة والمستوطنة التي تحلل المواد الهيدروكربونية اعلى مستوى لها 2 × 710 خلية/ غم و1.1 × 710 خلية/ غم في الكومة والمفاعل الحيوي على التوالي.بناء على هذه المعطيات، نستنتج ان المعالجة الحيوية خارج الموقع افضل ستراتيجيه غير مكلفة وفعالة وصديقة للبيئة وبالتالي قد توفر خيارا قابلا للتطبيق لمعالجة التربة من الملوثات الهيدروكربونات النفطية. | Seven actinomycetes strains from genera Streptomyces and Nocardiopsis isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated soil in Basra Governorate, Iraq were selected for their capacity to grow in the presence of crude oil. Their growth rates and biodegradation ability were investigated in mineral salt media supplemented with light Remella crude oil. These strains consist of Streptomyces variabilis 7525, Streptomyces variabilis 5W75, Streptomyces cellulosae XFB - T, Streptomyces parvus S86, Streptomyces bacillaris S4BW2, Streptomyces flavoviridis VITHM - 1 and Nocardiopsis synnemataformans ITD - 3, that the sequence identity range from 99% to 100%. Our study find a new actinomycetes strains isolated from contaminated soil. these strains appears different capacity on the degradation of crude oil in mineral salt media , the highest was found to vary from 50.2% to 72.4%.The effect of the cultivation factors (temperature, pH, and concentration of crude oil and trace elements ) on growth of the actinomycetes strains and crude oil degradation was evaluated. The highest cell growth and the amount of crude oil degraded 80% were observed in optimized cultivation conditions (30oC and initial pH 7) after 10 days, this ratio reached to 85% by addition of trace elements solution at same condition by S. cellulosae XFB - T.The biodegradation test lasted 60 days in soil by actinomycetes strains at different factors shown the highest of the crude oil was removed in experiment that inoculums with 10ml of each bacterial strain, value 87% by Streptomyces bacillaris S4BW2 at 30oC. Bioremediation is an efficient strategy for cleaning up sites contaminated by hydrocarbons. Microorganism of soil is affected by hydrocarbon disturbance thus selective enrichment of hydrocarbon utilizers occurs. The technology is very effective in dealing with petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Hydrocarbons react with the soil matrix and microorganisms determining the fate of the contaminants relative to their chemical nature and microbial degradative capabilities. The potential effects of sawdust, and mixture of cow and sheep dung as amendment nutrient supplements to biostimulate autochthonous microflora and augmentation for hydrocarbon bioremediation were investigated in test biopile and bioreactor. The soil was ground and fluffed by admixture of 1.5% sawdust, then supplemented with the necessary minerals and watered to provide conditions favoring microorganism growth industrial aeration was provided in pile by system of a abundant perforated drainage - pip network to simulate bioremediation treatments through a 90 - day period. During this period, we monitored total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and n - alkanes degradation and changes in bacterial communities. The (TPHs) had been reduced from 52 to 10.6 g/kg (79.6 %), the rate of Biostimulants Efficiency (BE) was (71.4%) in biopile and from 52 to 13.5 g/kg (63.5 %) in bioreactor . In soil, the dominant microorganism population comprised Gram - positive bacteria from actinomycete group and autochthonous microorganisms which decompose hydrocarbons reached highest level 2 x 107 and to 1.1 x 107 CFU/g at 45 days in biopile and bioreactor respectively . Based on these data, the study conclude that is ex situ ( Biopile and bioreactor ) experiment the best strategy, inexpensive, efficient, and environmentally friendly and may thus offer a viable choice for petroleum hydrocarbons - contaminated soil remediation.

دراسة للطفيليات المعوية المعزولة من الخضروات المطرية من بعض اسواق مدينة بغداد

Author name: وسن عداي مهدي المرسوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: A study was carried out during the period from November 2010 to October 2011 to detect the intestinal parasites which contaminate the common fresh vegetables. A total of 303 samples were taken from three wholesale markets and three retail markets, in Baghdad province. Ten kinds common vegetables were selected. These vegetables were Celery (Apium graveolens); Parsely (Patroselinum crispum); Garden cress (Lepidium sativum); Leek (Allium porrum); Radish (Raphanus sativus); Lettuce (Lactuca sativa); Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica); Beet (Beta vulgaris); Mint(Mentha spicata) and Cabbage (Brassica oleracea).Sedimentation and floatation techniques were used for samples examination. Three different solutions (ZnSO4, saturated NaCl , saturated sucrose ) were used in floatation technique. The present study has been shown that the collected samples of vegetables were contaminated with sixteen species of intestinal parasites. It was found that the percentages of contamination with these parasites were as following : (Giardia lamblia) (29.4%), Entamoeba histolytica(24.5%), Entamoeba coli(16.9%), Balantidium coli (8%), coccidia(9.9%) and Blastocystis hominis(0.7%). For intestinal helminthes Ascaris lumbricoides (15.6%), Toxocara spp.(10.3%), Fasciola spp. (5.3%), Schistosoma haematobium (1.7%), Schistosoma masnsoni (1.4%), Taenia spp. (4.7%), Diphyllidum caninum (3.9%), Trichuris trichiura (3.3%), Enterobius vermicularis (6.9%) and Nematoda larvae (6.3%).The present study revealed that the percentage of contaminated vegetables by using sedimentation technique (72.3%) was significantly higher than that of flotation techniques (53.1%). Additionally it was found that, the different kinds of vegetables showed a significant difference in the percentages of contamination with the parasites in both techniques. Thus, the percentage of contaminated Garden cress was (93.5%), (72.4%) in both sedimentation and flotation technique respectively, while Cabbage showed (50%), (36.7%) respectively.A significant high percentage of contamination was recorded in Al - Nahrin wholesale market (89.2%) in comparison with low percentage (59.4%) in Al - Rasheed wholesale market. Additionally, it was found that the percentages of contaminated vegetables in wholesale (76.26%) were significantly higher from that of retail market (64.76%).The present study, also, showed that the percentage of detection of parasites by using ZnSo4 solution (31.2%) was more efficient than that showed by saturated sucrose (8.9%). Additionally; the soaking with normal saline (47.83%) showed a higher percentage of contamination than that by using distilled water (17.39%).The percentages of seasonal contamination were varied significantly, therefore, it was found that spring showed the highest percentage (29.7%) while summer the lowest (20.9%). The washed samples of Garden cress which obtained from the three wholesale markets, reduced the percentages of contamination with parasites but did not remove the parasites completely. Therefore, a significant difference has been noticed between washed (56.76%) and unwashed samples (76.66%).Concerning, the percentages of infections with intestinal parasites, it was found that the medical center (14 July) showed (29.4%) while Al - Ameria center (19.2%). Furthermore, the percentage of parasites infections was significantly higher in the summer (46%) than in winter (12.67%).The present study indicated that there were a positive coordination between the high percentages of contaminated vegetables and the high percentages of infection in the medical centers as in the case of G.lamblia and E.histolytica.Finally, it could be conducted that the contaminated vegetables played an important role in transmission of intestinal parasites to human, particularly, when these vegetables were eaten fresh without sterilization or good washing.

دور بعض اجناس الساينو بكتريا في التحلل الحيوي لبعض المركبات النفطية

Author name: محمود خلف صالح الجبوري
Supervisor name: علي صالح حسين الجبوري | اياد محمد علي فاضل العبيدي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تناولت الدراسة عزل وتشخيص ثلاثة اجناس من السيانوبكتريا من بيئات التربة والمياه العذبة في محاولة لمعرفة دور هذه الاحياء في عملية التحلل الحيوي للمركبات الهيدروكاربونية وهذه الاجناس هيNostoc sp. , Anabaena sp. ,Microcyst sp. واستخدم نوعان من المركبات الهيدروكاربونية هي نفط كركوك الخام وزيت الغاز.بينت النتائج ان لجميع عزلات السيانوبكتريا المختبرة القدرة على استحلاب واسع للمركبات الهيدروكاربونية في النسب 2%,1%,0.5% في العزلات الحاوية على الحويصلة المغايرة ، بينما كانت النسب 1%,0.5% هي اكثر استحلابا في الجنس Microcyst sp. غير الحاوي على الحويصلة . في حين لم تكن العزلات ذات قدرة عالية على الاستحلاب في التركيز5% . وقد اظهرت التحاليل المجراة باستخدام جهاز طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء تغيرا واضحا في تركيب هذه المركبات النفطية.كما تناولت الدراسة تاثير هذه المركبات في بعض الفعاليات الفسلجية للسيانوبكتريا مثل كمية الكلوروفيل(A) وبعض التغيرات المظهرية والخلوية في السيانوبكتريا مثل تكرار الحويصلات المغايرة ، وقد بينت النتائج ان المركبات النفطية ادت الى اختزال كبير في نسبة الكلوروفيل (A) حيث كان التناسب عكسيا بين نسبة الكلوروفيل وتركيز المركب الهيدروكاربوني . كما ادت المركبات الهيدروكاربونية الى زيادة كبيرة في عدد الحويصلات المغايرة ، وان النسب 1%,0.5% من هذه المركبات كانت الاكثر تاثيرا في زيادة عدد الحويصلات .كما تناولـت الدراسة اجراء اختبار البقائية للـسيانوبكتـريا في التراكيــز 80,60,40,20 ) % ) من النفط الخام وزيت الغاز وقد لوحظ ان بقائيـة الاجناس في زيت الغاز كانت اعلى منها في النفط الخام مما يدل على ان تاثير زيت الغاز كان اقل من تاثير النفط الخام .

الخصائص البيئية لمياه الصرف في معمل دباغة بغداد - العراق

Author name: علياء سلمان مهدي
Supervisor name: ميسون مهدي صالح الطائي | مجيد حسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:

دراسة تشريحية ونسجية وكيمونسجية مقارنة للغدة الدرقية وجار الدرقية في نوعين من الفقريات العراقية (بيز ابن عرس، Herpestes javanecus والقنفذ طويل الاذن ، Hemiechinus auritus) باستعمال الواسم Anti - Calcitonin, code 140778) ) == Study of Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland in Two Iraqi Vertebrates ( Weasl , Herpestes javanicus and Long - Eared Hedgehog , Hemiechinus auritus) Using Marker (Anti - Calcitonin, code 140778)

Author name: رنا علاء عبد الحميد هايس العامري
Supervisor name: حسين عبد المنعم داود
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Anatomy
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الحالية التعرف على الوصف التشريحي والتركيب النسجي والكيمو نسجي - المناعي للغدتين الدرقية وجار الدرقية لنوعين من اللبائن العراقية ممثلة ب بيز ابن عرس ( ( Herpestes javanicus والقنفذ طويل الاذن ( Hemiechinus auritus ) وقد استعملت تقنيات مختلفة لانجاز الدراسة .• الغدة الدرقية Thyroid Glandاظهر الفحص التشريحي للغدة الدرقية في حيوان بيز ابن عرس (H. javanicus) البالغ (ذكور, اناث) ان الغدة تتكون من فصين (ايمن, ايسر) وتاخذ موقعا في منطقة العنق اسفل الحنجرة. ويتموضع فصا الغدة على جانبي الرغامى عند الحلقات (5 - 1) من حلقات الرغامى ولم يلاحظ وجود تركيب البرزخ (Isthmus) الذي يربط بين فصا الغدة , ويتباين لون الغدة بين البني والاحمر وفي الغالب تظهر بلون بني محمر(Reddish brown) يظهر فصي الغدة في شكل بيضوي او اهليجي, اظهرت نتائج الدراسة الحالية في حيوان القنفذ ( H. auritu ) تماثلا واضحا مع حيوان بيز ابن عرس فيما يخص الوصف التشريحي باستثناء كون فصا الغدة بيضويتي الشكل.تحاط الغدة في حيوان بيز ابن عرس بمحفظة من نسيج ضام (Connective tissue) تتكون من طبقتين, طبقة خارجية External layer)) تتالف من الياف مغراوية (Collagenous fibers) وقليل من الياف مرنة ((Elastic fibers ويتخللها ارومات ليفية Fibroblast)), وطبقة داخلية ((Internal layer تتالف من الياف مغراوية يتخللها الياف عضلية ملساء Smooth muscle fibers) ) ,كما تتضمن المحفظة اوعية دموية ((Blood vessels واعصاب (Nerves), تمتد من المحفظة الداخلية حويجزات رقيقة تقسم الغدة الى فصيصات غير مكتملة . اظهرت المحفظة في حيوان القنفذ تماثلا مع المحفظة في حيوان بيز ابن عرس.يتكون نسيج الغدة الدرقية في حيوان بيز ابن عرس بصورة رئيسية من الجريبات (Follicles) والخلايا الجنيب جريبية (Parafollicular cells) واوعية دموية واعصاب. تتخذ الجريبات اشكالا متعددة منها بيضوي (Oval), ومنها دائري ((Rounded, واحيانا تظهر بشكل غير منتظم (Irregular shape), وتكون الجريبات باحجام مختلفة صغيرة, متوسطة وكبيرة . اظهر القنفذ تماثلا مع حيوان بيز ابن عرس فيما يخص حجم وشكل الجريبات. تبطن الجريبات في بيز بن عرس اما بنسيج ظهاري مكعبي واطئ بسيط ( Low simple cuboidal epithelial tissue) او نسيج ظهاري مكعبي بسيط (Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue) , بينما في حيوان القنفذ يظهر نسيج ظهاري عمودي بسيط (Simple columnar epithelial tissue) فضلا عن النسيج الظهاري المكعبي الواطئ البسيط والظهاري المكعبي البسيط . تحتوي تجاويف الجريبات على مادة جيلاتينية هي الغروان Colloid)) , وتظهر الجريبات تباينا في كمية الغروان اذ ان بعض الجريبات تكون مملؤة بالغروان والبعض الاخر يحتوي على كمية قليلة والقليل منها يظهر خاليا تماما من الغروان في كلا الحيوانين موضوع الدراسة, تنتشر في نسيج الغدة خلايا تدعى بالخلايا الجنيب جريبية (Parafollicular cells) او تسمى خلايا الكالسيتونين (Calcitonin cells) او (C - cells), وتظهر هذه الخلايا باشكال متباينة يتراوح بين الدائرية (Rounded) الى مضلعة الشكل ( (Polygonal shape, وهي تظهر اما بشكل مفرد (Single) او بشكل تجمعات (Clusters) في نسيج الغدة, وتحتل هذه الخلايا موقعين اساسيين في نسيج الغدة , الاول داخل جريبي Intrafollicular position) ) وتكون بين الغشاء القاعدي والخلايا الظهارية الجريبية والثاني بين جريبي Interfollicular position)) وتكون بين جريبات الغدة الدرقية , وتكون قليلة العدد ولم تظهر اختلافا في حيوان بيز ابن عرس عن القنفذ .اظهر التفاعل الكيمونسجي المناعي في حيوان بيز ابن عرس والقنفذ استجابة واضحة للتفاعل المناعي مع الاجسام المضادة للكالسيتونين, وظهرت الخلايا متقبلة للون البني وهو دليل التفاعل المناعي .• الغدة جار الدرقية Parathyroid Gland توجد الغدة جار الدرقية بتماس مع الغدة الدرقية وتحاط بمحفظة من نسيج ضام وهي امتداد لمحفظة الغدة الدرقية والتي تتكون من الياف مغراوية والياف مرنة ((Elastic fibers والياف عضلية ملساء واوعية دموية واعصاب . توجد الغدة جار الدرقية في موقعين طرفي قمي وطرفي جانبي. تمتد من محفظة الغدة جار الدرقية حويجزات الى داخل الغدة لتفصلها الى فصيصات غير كاملة، وتنتشر داخل نسيج الغدة. اما في القنفذ ( H.auritus ) فانها تقع ضمن نسيج الغدة الدرقية وتظهر بشكل فصوص (4 - 2) فصوص دائرية او بيضوية الشكل محاطة بمحفظة رقيقة تفصلها عن جريبات الغدة الدرقية.تم تمييز ثلاثة انواع من الخلايا في نسيج الغدة جار الدرقية في حيوان بيز ابن عرس اذ تمثلت الخلايا الاكثر انتشارا بالخلايا الرئيسة ((Chief cells، والخلايا الحمضة (Oxyphil cells) وخلايا الماء الشفافة ( (Water - clear cellsوهي تماثل الخلايا في نسيج القنفذ وتترتب بشكل حبال خلوية ضمن نسيج الغدة.اظهرت الغدة جار الدرقية في بيز ابن عرس استجابة للتفاعل الكيمو نسجي المناعي, اذ ظهرت خلايا الغدة متقبلة للون البني دليل التفاعل المناعي اذ تظهر الاستجابة المناعية للخلايا على مستوى السايتوبلازم والغشاء البلازمي في الخلايا الرئيسة ( (Chief cells, واظهرت الاستجابة المناعية في الغدة للقنفذ اختلافا بالنسبة لشدة استجابة الخلايا حيث كانت اقل من حيوان بيز ابن عرس .اوضحت نتائج الدراسة الحالية الخاصة بتحليل الاحماض الامينية في مستخلص الغدة الدرقية وجار الدرقية في حيوان بيز ابن عرس (H.javanicus ) (ذكور، اناث), تشخيص (13) حامضا امينيا في الذكور و(11) حامضا امينيا في الاناث, اما في حيوان القنفذ H.auritus (الذكور، الاناث), فقد تم تشخيص (12) حامضا امينيا في كل من الذكور والاناث. | Anatomical examination of thyroid gland in adult (males &females) H. javanicus revealed that the gland consist of two lobes (right & left), situated below the layrnx in neck region. The two lobes located at the sides of trachea (1 - 5) rings of trachea. they appear without Isthemus. The colour of the gland is reddish brown. The shape of the lobes either to be oval or elliptical. On the other hand the thyroid gland in H. auritus showed a clear similarity with that of H. javanicus with the exception of the oval shape of the gland. Thyroid gland of H. javanicus surrounded by capsule of connective tissue consist of external layer of collagenous and elastic fibers, fibroblast and internal layer consist of collagenous fibers with smooth muscle fibers, the capsule also contain blood vessels and nerves. Thin trabeculae extend from the capsule divided the gland into incomplete lobules. The capsule of thyroid gland in H. auritus showed clear similarity with that of H. javanicus with the exception of the adipose tissue between the capsule and gland tissue in H. auritus.Histologically thyroid gland in H. javanicus consists of follicles, parafollicular cells, blood vessels and nerve. The follicles appear in different shapes (oval, rounded and irregular shapes, and have different size (small, medium and large). The thyroid gland tissue in H. auritus has the same appearance of that in H. javanicus. The follicules in H. javanicus lined by epithelial tissue either to be Lwo simple cuboidal or simple cuboidal epithelium. In H. auritus lind by Lwo simple cuboidal, simple cuboidal or even simple columnar epithelial tissue. The follicular cavities contain different quantities of colloid, and few of them lack of collid in both under investigated animals. Parafollicular cells are spreading in gland tissue; they also called calcitonin cella or c - cells. These cells have different shapes either to be rounded or polygonal shape, and found as single or clusters. They are either to be interfollicular or intrafollicular position. The immunohistochemistry reaction revealed clear positive reaction for calcitonin , and the appearance of brown colour represented evidence for the immune reaction .• Parathyroid glandResults of the present study revealed that parathyroid gland situated closely with thyroid gland in both animals under investigatin . The gland surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue represented as an extension from the capsule , which consist of collagenous fiber, elastic fibers, smooth muscles fibers and blood vessels and nerves. The parathyroid gland situated at two position (lateral terminal / apical terminal) the trabeculae wich exted from the gland capsule to the gland tissue separated the gland into incomplete. In H. auritus the parathyroid gland formed from (2 - 4) lobes with rounded or oval shapes and surrounded by thin capsule separated from the thyroid gland follicles.Three types of cells have been differentiated in the parathyroid tissue in H. javanicus represented by chief cells wich apper the most abundant in comparison with the other two types, the second type are the oxyphil cells and the third are water - clear cells, they are similar in both animals and appear as a cellular cords within the gland tissue. The immunohistochemical study in parathyroid gland of H. javanicus reveald positive reaction for calcitoninin, where ̛s the cells appear ̛s in brown color giving the evidence for the immune reaction in cytoplasm and plasma membrane of the chief cells In H. auritus there was clear immune reaction but less than H. javanicus . Result of the present study related with the amino acid analysis of the thyroid and parathyroid glands extraction in H. javanicus (mals &females) declear (13) amino acid in males and (11) in female while in H. auritus (male &females) there were (12) amino acid in both male and females.

دراسة نوعية للبكتريا السالبة لصبغة كرام المعزولة من بيئة واخماج مستشفى عفك العام == Qualitative Study of Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Environment and Infections of Afak General Hospital

Author name: زينب عبد الكريم عليوي الفرحاني
Supervisor name: علي عبد الرحيم الناشي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: شملت الدراسة جمع 400 عينة سريرية وبيئية من مستشفى عفك العام في محافظة الديوانية للفترة من 1/11/2012 ولغاية 31 /3/2013 لغرض دراسة نوعية البكتريا السالبة لصبغة كرام والملوثة لبيئة واخماج المستشفى ومدى حساسية العزلات البكتيرية ومقاومتها للمضادات الحيوية والمطهرات شائعة الاستخدام .اظهرت هذه الدراسة ان 236 عينة وبنسبة 59% قد اعطت نتيجة موجبة للفحص البكتيري للبكتريا السالبة لصبغة كرام توزعت بين 31 عينة من مصادر سريرية وبنسبة 56.37 % و206 عينة من مصادر بيئية وبنسبة 59.43% بينما كانت 164 عينة وبنسبة 41% سالبة للفحص البكتيري للبكتريا السالبة لصبغة كرام توزعت بين 24 عينة من مصادر سريرية وبنسبة 43.63% و140 عينة وبنسبة 40.57 % من مصادر بيئية من مستشفى عفك العام .كانت العزلات البكتيرية السالبة لصبغة كرام المشخصة والبالغة 236 عزلة قد توزعت على اربعة اجناس وهي Pseudomonas شملت نوعين : P.aeruginosa 12.7% ، P. flourescens 8.5 % ، Klebsiella شملت K. pneumoniae 10.5% ، K.oxytoca 10.5% ، Serratia marcescens 3.4% ، Acenitobacterشملت A. baumanni 2.1% ، A.lwoffii 1.2% ، A.calcoceticus 0.8 %، Escherichia شملت E. coli 45.5% ، E.hermanni 4 % . كانت نسبة التلوث البكتيري في العينات السريرية الحروق والجروح قد بلغت 53.3 ، 60 % على التوالي ، بينما التلوث البكتيري في العينات البيئية المتمثلة بردهات دخول المرضى ، المطبخ ، صالات العمليات الجراحية ، ردهات الخدج وملابس العاملين في المستشفى قد شكلت النسب 66.6 ، 53.8 ، 60 ، 54.6 ، 40% على التوالي . كما اختبرت حساسية العزلات البكتيرية السالبة لصبغة كرام اتجاه 13 مضادا حيويا وقد اظهرت العزلات البكتيرية مقاومة وحساسية مختلفة تباينت حسب نوع العزلات البكتيرية وطبيعة المضاد الحيوي .كانت اعلى مقاومة اظهرتها بكتريا K.pneumoniae تليها K.oxytoca اتجاه مضاد Tetracycline اذ بلغت النسبة 96% و92% على التوالي . كما تميزت كل من بكتريا E.hermanni ، A.baumanni بمقاومتة عالية اتجاه ال Gentamycin اذ بلغت 80.3% ، 80% على التوالي اما P.aeruginosa فقاومت ال Tobramycin بنسبة عالية بلغت 90 %، بينما تميزت جميع البكتريا المعزولة في هذه الدراسة بحساسيتها اتجاه مضاد ال Imipenem . اما اختبار حساسية العزلات البكتيرية اتجاه المطهرات فقد ابدت مقاومة متفاوتة حسب نوع العزلات البكتيرية وتركيز وطبيعة المطهر وشملت المطهرات المستخدمة في التضاد الجرثومي كلا من الفورمالين والبوفيدين - ايودين والهبتين والديتول حيث كانت اعلى مقاومة اظهرتها E.coli اتجاه مطهر الفورمالين بتركيز 12.5% اذ بلغت 93.4% . درست بعض عوامل الضراوة المنتجة من الانواع البكتيرية ومنها انتاج المحفظة فوجد ان عزلات كل من بكتريا A. baumanni، P. aeruginosa ، K. pneumoniae وE.coli منتجة للمحفظة وبنسبة 40 ، 33.33 ، 100 ، 23.36 % على التوالي ، اما انزيم الهيمولايسين فوجد ان جميع عزلات A.baumanni غير منتجة لهذا الانزيم في حين جميع عزلات P. aeruginosa كانت منتجة لهذا الانزيم بنسبة 100% ، اما انزيم البروتيز فوجد اعلى نسبة لانتاجه في P.aeruginosa بنسبة 100 % وادنى نسبة في بكتريا E.coli وبنسبة 14 % ، كانت اعلى نسبة لانتاج انزيم الجلاتينيز من قبل كل من A.baumanni وP.aeruginosa وبنسبة 100 % وتميزت عزلات K.pneumoniae بعدم القدرة على انتاجه . | The study included the collection of 400 clinical specimens and environmental from Hospital Afak General in the province of Diwaniyah for the period from 1/11/2012 until 3/31/2013 for the purpose of study quality the gram negative bacteria and contaminated environment and hospital infections and the sensitivity of the bacterial isolates and their resistance to antibiotics and antiseptics commonly used . This study showed that 236 sample and 59% gave a positive result for the examination of bacterial for bacteria gram negative distributed among the 31 sample sources of clinical and increased by 56.37% and 206 samples from environmental sources and increased by 59.43% while the 164 sample and 41% negative for screening bacterial for bacteria gram negative distributed among the 24 samples from clinical sources, and by 43.63% and 140 sample and by 40.57% from environmental sources of Afak General Hospital. The bacteria gram negative isolates diagnosed, amounting to 236 isolation has distributed over four genera Pseudomonas They included two types : P.aeruginosa 12.7%, P. flourescens 8.5%, Klebsiella included K. pneumoniae 10.5%, K.oxytoca 10.5%, Serratia marcescens 3.4% , Acenitobacter included A. baumanni 2.1%, A.lwoffii 1.2%, A.calcoceticus 0.8%, Escherichia included E. coli 45.5%, E.hermanni 4%. The percentage of bacterial contamination in clinical samples of burns and wounds had reached 53.3,0.60% respectively, while bacterial contamination in environmental samples of lobbies entry of patients, the kitchen, Eat surgeries, lobbies premature and clothes of hospital personnel had formed ratios of 66.6, 53.8 0.60 , 54.6 0.40%, respectively. The sensitivity of the bacteria gram negative isolates tested for direction 13 have shown antibiotic - resistant bacterial isolates and different sensitivity varied by type of bacterial isolates and the nature of the antibiotic. The highest resistance exhibited by the bacteria K.pneumoniae followed K.oxytoca direction Anti Tetracycline as the percentage reached 96% and 92%, respectively. It also marked by both bacteria E.hermanni, A.baumanni resisting the trend of high Gentamycin reaching 80.3%, 80%, respectively, and P.aeruginosa resisting the Tobramycin high proportion reached 90%, while all characterized bacteria isolated in this study sensitivity counter direction the Imipenem . The test of the sensitivity of the bacterial isolates direction disinfectants have shown resistance varying according to the type of bacterial isolates and the concentration and nature of the cleanser included disinfectants used in contrast bacterial both Formalin and Povidin - Iodine and Hibtin and Dettol had the highest resistance exhibited by E.coli direction antiseptic Formalin concentration of 12.5% reaching 93.4% . I studied some of the virulence factors produced by bacterial species, including the production of the wallet and found that all isolates of bacteria A. baumanni, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and E.coli producing capsule and by 40, 33.33, 100, 23.36%, respectively, while the enzyme was found haemolysin that all isolates A.baumanni unproductive for this enzyme, while all P. aeruginosa isolates were producing this enzyme by 100%, while the enzyme protease and found a higher proportion of production in P.aeruginosa 100% and the lowest percentage in the bacteria E.coli and 14%, the highest percentage for the production of an enzyme gelatinase by both A.baumanni and P.aeruginosa and 100% K.pneumonae isolates were characterized by the inability to produce it

تجميع وتشخيص واستخدام الهائمات الحيوانية الدقيقة من نهر الحلة في تغذية يرقات اسماك الكارب الشائع (L., 1758) Cyprinus carpio

Author name: ازهار عبد الحميد عبد الحسن
Supervisor name: مؤيد جاسم ياس العماري | عدي جاسم عبد الرزاق
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Environment
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was carried out in AL - Hilla River near Al mahaweel district in the middle of Iraq during autumn 2016 to summer 2017. The study included a collection of high density from microzooplankton by use special device then identified and used it as live food for early feeding common carp larva (Cyprinus carpio). The environmental factors of Hilla river tested for four seasons and ranged between 6 - 44 ˚C of air temperature, 9.5 - 30 ˚C of water temperature, 7.03 - 8.58 of pH, 921 - 1090 µm/cm of conductivity, 654.33 - 772.00 mg/l of total dissolved solids and 550.00 - 636.33 of salinity, 5.43 - 13.03 mg/l of total suspended solids, 7.5 - 10.31 mg/L of dissolved oxygen, 1.96 - 6.30 mg/l of BOD5, 1.61 - 2.49 m/s of water velocity, 5.17 - 16.80 µg/L of chloropyll - a - . The taxonomic and ecological study is done to the microzooplankton specially rotifer. There are few studies of rotifer in Hilla river, The result showed that the density of rotifera was ranged between 23ind. /L in the summer season to 65.66 ind. /L in winter season, included 65 rotifer taxa (62 species +2genera +1 class) were recorded in this study, 10 taxa (9 species + 1 genus) were recorded for the first time in Iraq and 14 taxa (13 species + 1 genus) were recorded for first time in Hilla River compared with available local studies. Keratella tropica showed the highest density of the rotifera, Lecane genus showed the highest species number (10 species). Canonical correspondence analysis showed Physico - chemical parameters of water affected on the density of rotifer both positively and negatively. There was positive significant correlation between density rotifer with electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and salinity, while pH showed the lowest effect on the density of rotifer than other environmental factors. Different species of rotifer showed some variations of the correlation with environmental factor, such as the density of Bdelloidea class correlated positive significant correlation with water temperature, while Keratella cochlearis species negative significant correlation with water temperature. Special system (multi - filtration system) designed and made by researchers in our study for collection high density of microzooplankton with size sample range between 50 - less 200 µm, with short time, less effort and low cost. The multi - filtration system that consists of three stages : pumping stage, multi - filtration stage and sample collection stage. The density of the samples was measured seasonally by comparing the density of the microzooplankton in Hilla river and the density of the microzooplankton sample obtained by the multi - filtration system. The highest density of multi - filtration system rotifer was 1023033 ind./L and the highest density of multi - filtration system total microzooplankton was 1052000 ind/L and measured chlorophyll - a - of sample multi - filtration system that ranged between 23.54 - 1931.09 µg/L. The density of rotifer and total microzooplankton that collect by the multi - filtration system were concentration up to 20222.22, 17558.81 times than what is in the river. After collection of the high density of microzooplankton by using the multi - filtration system, this microzooplankton was used as live food for early feeding fish larvae. A special experiment was designed to feed common carp of fish larvae (Cyprinus carpio) using three types of food : first live diet collected by the multi - filtration system that microplankton most rotifer, second soybean meal and third mixed food (rotifer and soybean meal). Some growth indicators for fish larvae were studied; the results showed that the highest growth rate and best survival rate were larvae fed on live food, highest increased weight and increased length, relative growth rate, specific growth rate and lowest survival rate (33.53 mg, 3.33mm, 87.78, 30.11, and32.38 % respectively) for larvae fish feeding on rotifera, while lowest increased weight and increased length, relative growth rate, specific growth rate and lowest survival rate (27.00mg, 1.43mm, 85.23, 27.39, and 61.90 % respectively) for fish larvae feeding on soybean meal.

دراسة تصنيفية لبعض اجناس العويئلة الفراشية Papilionoideae في العراق == Comparative Taxonomic study of some genera Papilionoideae subfamily in Iraq

Author name: شيماء محي حسون
Supervisor name: نداء عدنان ابو سراج
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في مختبرات كلية العلوم / جامعة بابل للفترة من شهر شباط 2016 الى شهر اب 2017 . وقد جمعت العينات من اماكن مختلفة من شمال العراق ووسطه . وقد تناول البحث الحالي دراسة تصنيفية مقارنة شملت بعض الصفات المظهرية العامة والدقيقة للبذور وكذلك دراسة صفات حبات اللقاح , ودراسة الصفات التشريحية لبعض الاجزاء النباتية , فضلا عن الدراسة الجزيئية . وشملت الدراسة تسعة عشر نوعا تعود تسعة اجناس مختارة من عشائر مختلفة من العويئلة الفراشية في العراق , وتضمنت نوعان للجنسAstragalus L. هما A.kahiricus DC. وA.rhodosemius Boiss.and Hausskn ونوع واحد لكل من الاجناس L. Coluteaالنوع Col.cilicica Boiss. ; Coronilla L. النوع Cor. scorpioides (L.)W.D.Koch. ; Glycyrrhiza L. الضرب G.glabra var. glandulifera (Waldst. et Kit) Regel et Herd. ; Hippocrepis L. ; النويع Hi.unisiliquosa L. subsp.bisiliqua (Forssk.)Bornm. ; Hymenocarpos Savi. النوع Hy.circinnatus (L.) Savi. ; Pisum L. النويع P.sativum subsp. elatius (M.Bieb.) Aschers. بالتحديد الضرب var.pumilio Meikle ; والجنس Scorpiurus L. الضرب S.muricatus var.subvilosus (L.) Lam. , فضلا عن تسعة انواع للجنس Onobrychis Mill. هي O.acaulis Bornm. , O.caput - galli (L.) Lam. , O.crista - galli (L.) Lam. , O.carduchorum Townsend , O. megatophros Boiss. , O.haussknechtii Boiss. , O. galegifolia Boiss. , O.ptolemaica subsp. macroptera Townsend. , O.ptolemaica subsp. ptolemaica (Del.) DC. , O.schahuensis Bornm.. اقتصرت الدراسة المظهرية على الصفات المظهرية العامة والدقيقة للبذرة باستعمال المجهر الضوئي Light microscope والمجهر الالكتروني الماسح Scanning electron microscope لسطح غلاف البذرة , وقد دلت النتائج على اهمية صفات البذرة من الناحية التصنيفية , اذ تم تحديد ابرز الصفات والاكثر اهمية في عزل العشائر والاجناس زيادة على عزل الانواع , لاسيما شكل البذرة ولونها وعدد البذور في البقلة , علاوة على الزخرفة السطحية لغلاف البذرة والتي لها الدور البارز في الفصل بين افراد العشيرة Coronilleae , كما كان لها الدور في فصل كل من العشائر المدروسة عن بعضها . اما صفات حبات اللقاح فقد كانت من الصفات المظهرية ذات القيمة التصنيفية العالية لعزل العشائر والاجناس , فقد دلت النتائج وجود اثنان من الطرز المختلفة هما : Colpate وColporate اذ امكن تمييز حبات لقاح الجنس Onobrychis بكونها ذات حبات لقاح من النوع Colpate , كما فصلت حبات لقاح النوع Hymenocarpos circinnatus عن باقي الاجناس بالاستناد الى عدد فتحات الانبات فقد تميز بكون حبات لقاحه سداسية وسباعية فتحات الانبات , كما كان لشكل وحجم الحبة وشكل الاخدود فضلا عن صفات الزخرفة السطحية لجدار الحبة المدروسة تحت المجهر الالكتروني الدور التصنيفي الجيد في فصل الانواع قيد الدراسة. اما جانب الدراسة التشريحية فقد شملت الدراسة صفات البشرة للوريقات والكاس الزهرية والتويج (ورقة العلم) والسيقان , فضلا عن دراسة المقاطع المستعرضة للسيقان ونصول الوريقات والسويقات وحاملات النورات والثمرة (البقلة) . كما شملت الدراسة طبيعة الكساء السطحي وانواع البلورات المنتشرة وانماط اﻠﺗﻌﱠرق Venation patterns. وقد دلت النتائج الى اهمية كل الجوانب التشريحية المدروسة في الفصل بين الاجناس المدروسة وكذلك بين الانواع. وتضمنت الدراسة ايضا التصنيف الجزيئي باستعمال تقانة البلمرة المتسلسل Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) من خلال معرفة تتابع Sequencing المنطقة النووية ITS اذ كان للدراسة الجزيئية اهمية تصنيفية لمعرفة علاقات التقارب والتباعد بين انواع الاجناس المدروسة , وتم التعرف على النوع A.rhodosemius كتسجيل جديد للجنس ضمن الانواع المنتشرة في العراق . | This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Faculty of Science / University of Babylon for the period from February 2016 to the month of August 2017. Samples were collected from various parts of northern Iraq as well as in the central regions .The present investigation deals with a comparative taxononmic study , included some gross and micromorphological characters , as well as the pollen grains characteristics and anatomical characteristics of some plant parts , as well as the molecular study . The study included nineteen species belonging to nine selected genera from different tribes of papilionoideae subfamily in Iraq , and included two species of genus Astragalus L. ( A.kahiricus DC. and A.rhodosemius Boiss.and Hausskn ) , and one species of each genera Colutea L. (Col.cilicica Boiss.) , Coronilla L. (C.scorpioides (L.) W.D.F.Koch) , Glycyrrhiza L. (G.glabra var.glandulifera (Waldst. et Kit) Regel et Herd) , Hippocrepis L. ( Hi.unisiliquosa L.subsp.bisiliqua (Forssk.)Bornm. ) , Hymenocarpos Savi. (Hy.circinnatus (L.) Savi. ) , Pisum L. (P.sativum subsp. elatius (M.Bieb.) Aschers. var.pumilio Meikle. ) and Scorpiurus L. ( S.muricatus var.subvilosus (L.) Lam. ) , in addition to nine species of genus Onobrychis , O.acaulis Bornm. ; O.caput - galli (L.) Lam. ; O.crista - galli (L.) Lam. ; O.carduchorum Townsend. ; O. megatophros Boiss. ; O.haussknechtii Boiss. ; O. galegifolia Boiss. ; O.ptolemaica subsp. macroptera Townsend. ; O.ptolemaica subsp. ptolemaica (Del.) DC. ; O.schahuensis Bornm. The morphological study was limited to gross and micromorphological characters of seed using light microscopy and a scanning electron microscopy for the surface of seed coat . the result indicated the taxonomic importance of the seed characteristics , the most important valuable in isolating the tribes and genera , also species. Especially the seed shap , colour and the number of seeds in the pod . In addition to the surface ornamentation of seed coat , Which had a important role in the separation of members of the tribe Coronilleae, and had a role in the separation of each of the studied tribes. The characteristics of pollen grains have good taxonomic value in isolation of tribes and species . the results indicated that there are two different types of pollen grains , colpate and colporate , the polle grains of Onobrychis can be distinguished from other genera by lacking germinating aperture ,pollen grains of Hymenocarpos circinnatus was separated from the other of the species based on the number of germination pores , The shape and size of the grain and the shape of the colpus as well as the characteristics of the surface ornamentation of the grain wall studied under the electronic microscope, the role of good classification in the class of species under study. pollen grains of other genera were separated based on the characteristics of germination pore , the shape , size of the grain and the shape of , in addition to the characteristics of ornamentation of studied grain wall under the electron microscope . As the anatomical study , included the characteristics of the epidermis of leaves , the calyx , corolla and stems , as well as the study of transverse sections of stems , leaflets petioles , peduncles and the pod . also the nature of indumentum , types of crystals , and venation patterens . the results showed the importance of all anatomical aspects studied in separation between the studied genera as well as between species. The study also included molecular systematic using polymerase chain reactions (PCR) through sequencing of nuclear (ITS) region . it was clear that the molecular study has taxonomical significance to know the phylogeny and relationships of convergence and divergence between species . A.rhodosemius was identified as a new species registry in Iraq.A.rhodosemius is recognized as new species for Iraq.

دراسة جزيئية للجينات البيتا - لاكتاميز في بكتريا Acinetobacter baumannii المقاومة للمضادات الكاربابينيم == Molecular Study of ? - lactamase Genes in Carbapenem Resistant Acienetobacter baumannii (CRAB)

Author name: ربيع عبد الاله مجيد عبد علي الهنداوي
Supervisor name: ايمان محمد جار الله
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: During the period between April 2016 and January 2017, a total of 1100 clinical specimens (burns, wounds, throat, urine, blood) were collected from two hospitals in Babylon province Al - Hillah Teaching Hospital and Medical City of Mirjan Hospital. All specimens were cultured and 17 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were obtained from clinical specimens in a percentage of (1.5%) distributed in burn 11 (2.8%), wound 1 (0.6%), throat 1 (2%), urine 3 (0.7%) and blood 1 (0.9%).This study was conducted to determine the presence of carbapenem resistance Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) isolates and the prevalence of β - lactamase genes responsible for carbapenem - resistance among clinical isolates of A. baumannii collected from two hospitals in Hillah City. Isolates were identified according to VITEK2 system. Antibiotics susceptibility was assayed by using disks diffusion method according to CLSI recommendations and it’s found 8 isolates was carbapenem resistant.The eight CRAB isolates were tested for biofilm formation by using the tube adherence test and the results showed that 5 of 8 tested isolates (62.5%) were strong for biofilm formation. Two genes related to biofilm formation was investigated (bap & blaPER - 1 genes). Six isolates were positive for the bap gene (75 %) and no isolates had positive for blaPER - 1 gene. The eight CRAB isolates were tested also for the presence of two virulence factor genes include espA (K1 capsular polysaccharide) and ompA (outer membrane protein A), this detection was performed by the conventional PCR technique. The positive result for espA and ompA genes was (62.5%) and (75%) respectively.IIPhenotypic detection of carbapenemase production was performed using the imipenem - EDTA disk and modified Hodge's test (MHT). Then isolates were subjected to monoplex PCR targeting blaCTX, blaTEM, BlaSHV, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaSPM, NDM - 1, NDM - 2, AmpC, OXA - 23, OXA - 24, OXA - 48, OXA - 51, OXA - 58 and OXA - 235 genes, all CRAB isolate gave positive result with MHT and (50%) of these isolates were positive to the imipenem - EDTA disk. PCR experiments showed ; all CRAB isolates were harbored blaOXA - 51 gene, six (75%) isolates were harbored blaCTX gene, four (100%) isolates were harbored blaTEM gene, four (50%) isolates were harbored blaVIM gene, four (50%) isolates were harbored blaSPM gene, seven (87.5%) isolates were harbored NDM - 2 gene, seven (87.5%) isolates were harbored ampC gene, six (75%) isolates were harbored OXA - 23 gene, one (12.5%) isolates were harbored OXA - 24 gene, two (25%) isolates were harbored OXA - 48 gene and one (12.5%) isolates were harbored OXA - 235 gene, while none of these isolates harbored BlaSHV, blaIMP, NDM - 1, NDM - 2 genes. All isolates of A. baumannii appear as MDR, while two isolates appear to be as XDR.These results revealed that CRAB isolates constitute 47% of all A. baumannii that had been isolated from Al - Hillah Teaching Hospital and Medical City of Mirjan Hospital in Babylon province and some of carbapenemase were detected in both phenotypic and genotypic methods (PCR). This underlies the importance of their accurate identifications and reporting to prevent the emergence of complete resistance to the most potent drugs against A. baumannii in Babylon province.

انتاج وتوصيف لنقي المنتجات الايضية لعزلة Streptomyces ودراسة تاثيراتها المضاد حيوية والسرطانية == Production and Characterization of Purified Metabolites from Streptomyces Isolate and Study

Author name: ليندا حميد تركي عطية الغزالي
Supervisor name: رباب عمران راضي الجيلاوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: شملت الدراسة الحالية جمع 100 عينة من الترب بواقع 50 عينة من ترب صحراوية جمعت من المناطق التي تبعد مسافة 3 كيلومترات من بحيرة الرزازة و50 عينة من ترب زراعية جمعت من مناطق مختلفة من محافظه كربلاء المقدسة. حيث عزلت 26 عزلة من البكتريا الخيطية من الترب الصحراوية و36 عزلة من البكتريا الخيطية من الترب الزراعية ودرست الفعالية التضادية لهذه العزلات ضد اربعة انواع من البكتريا المرضية ( بكتريا الموجبة لصبغة كرام Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae وبكتريا السالبة لصبغة كرام (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeru¬ginosa وبطريقة التخطيط العمودي, واظهرت النتائج ان جميع actinomycetes المعزولة من الترب الزراعية ليست لها اي فعالية مضادة للبكتريا المرضية بينما كانت لبكتريا actinomycetes المعزولة من الترب الصحراوية فعالية مضادة للبكترياالمرضية وبمديات مختلفة تبعا لنوع البكتريا المرضية المدروسة, وقد وجد ان لثمانية من عزلات actinomycetes الصحراوية فعالية مضادة للبكتريا المرضية السالبة والموجبة لصبغة كرام وتبعا لذلك المدى الواسع في التثبيط اختبرت فعاليتها المضادة بطريقة الانتشار بالحفر, واظهرت النتائج ان العزله LHR 9 actinomycetesلها فعالية مضادة للبكتريا المرضية اعلى من العزلات الاخرى المختبرة وباستخدام طريقة الانتشار بالحفر, لذلك اختيرت لاكمال محاور الدراسة المتقدمة. درست الصفات المظهرية والبايوكيمياوية والزرعية للبكتريا actinomycetes LHR 9 بعد زرعها على اوساط زرعية مختلفة من وسط استخلاص Streptomyces الدولي واعتمادا على الفحص المجهري باستخدام المجهر الضوئي المركب وتحت قوى تكبير 1000و400مره لدراسة شكل المايسليوم الهوائي والارضي, وقد تبين ان للعزلة مايسليوم هوائي متفرع له مظهر مفصص وغير مجزا وباستخدام المجهر الاليكتروني الماسح تبين ان المايسليوم يحمل ابواغا ملساء وغير متحركة, وبالاعتماد على مجمل الصفات الزرعية والفسيولوجية المدروسة تبين ان البكترياLHR 9 actinomycetes المعزولة تعود لجنس Streptomyces. درست عدد من الظروف الزرعية والغذائية المثلى لتحسين انتاج مواد الايض الثانوي من البكتريا في وسط التخمر وقد كان وسط فول الصويا الحاوي على الدكستروز كمصدر كاربوني والبيبتون كمصدر نتروجيني وK2HPO4 كمصدر فوسفاتي وبظروف تخمر : بدرجه حراره 35م0 , وحموضه 7 , وقوه اهتزاز 200دوره \ دقيقه ولمده 7 ايام كفتره حضن هو وسط الانتاج الامثل . استخدمت مذيبات عضوية مختلفة القطبيةn) - بروبانول وكلوروفورم وخلات الاثيل ووالاسيتون والميثانول والايثانول (في استخلاص مواد الايض الثانوي المنتجة من بكتريا Streptomyces sp. LHR 9 المضادة للبكترياالمرضية وقد كان المذيب العضوي خلات الاثيل افضل المذيبات العضوية في الاستخلاص اذ اعطى مستخلصه البكتيري اعلى قيم في التثبيط البكتيري . نقيت مواد الايض الثانوي بعد استخلاصها بخلات الاثيل بعمود الفصل : جيل السيليكا ذو الابعاد (1.6× 14) سم وباستخدام الميثانول والكلوروفورم بنسبه 8 : 2 حجم\حجم كمحلول الغسل لسم3 واحد من المستخلص البكتيري , وقد جمع 50 جزء من المحلول الناتج بعد الغسل واختبرت فعاليتهاالتثبيطية لنمو البكتريا المرضية , وقد اعتمدت الاجزاء الفعالة لقياس التركيز المثبط الادنى باستخدام طريقة الانتشار من القرص, وقد كانت التراكيز (4.5 , 5 , 2.5 ,3)مايكروغرام/مل هي التراكيز المثبطه الدنيا لبكتريا Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aurues , Streptococcus agalactiae على التوالي. قيمت السمية الخلوية لمواد الايض الثانوي والمنقاة جزئيا لتحديد مدى فعاليتها المضاده للسرطان وبالاعتماد على فحص MTT (3 - (4, 5 - dimethylthiazol - 2 - yl) - 2 - 5 - diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) وباستخدام خطوط خلايا الثدي السرطانية وخطوط خلايا سليمة, وقد اظهرت النتائج بان التركيز 400مايكوغرام\ مل هو التركيز الامثل لتثبيط نمو الخلايا السرطانية بنسبه 60% مع المحافظة على 80% من الخلايا السليمة. اعتمدت الكروماتوغرافيا السائلة Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy (LC - MS) في تنقية المركب الفعال وتوصيفة اذ اظهرت نتائج المخطط اللوني ان هنالك خمسة قمم وبالمقارنة مع الاطياف الكتلية للمركبات حسب المعهد الامريكي للمعايير والتقنية National Institute of Standards and Technology ان للمركب صيغة كيمياوية C18H32O2 ووزن جزيئي 282دلتن . درست الفعالية المضادة للاكسدة والمضادة للاورام لمستخلص Streptomyces sp. LHR 9 (المنقى جزئيا) في اناث الجرذان المختبرية المحفزة للاصابة بسرطان الثدي كيمياويا باستخدام مادة 7,12 dimethyl Benz (A) anthracene (DMBA) واظهرت النتائج ان لمستخلص LHR 9 Streptomyces sp. (المنقى جزئيا) القدره على المحافظة على تركيز الانزيمات المضادة للاكسدة في مصل الحيوانات المعاملة بمادة DMBA وبقيم مقاربة لما هي موجودة في مصل الحيوانات السليمة وقد تمثلت اثار ذلك بصغر وزن وحجم الورم فيى منطقة الثدي والتغيرات النسيجية الملحوظة, وعلى مستوى جزيئ ايضا اذ لوحظ وباستخدام تقنية Polymerase Chain Reaction - Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism(PCR - SSCP) التغيرات الوراثية الحاصلة للجينين ( Bcl - 2 وCaspase - 3) بفعل مادة DMBA ودور مستخلص Streptomyces sp. LHR 9 (المنقى جزئيا) في الحفاظ على الشكل الطبيعي للجينين اذ تبين ان هناك83.66% من الحيوانات السليمة و50% من الحيوانات المعاملة بالمستخلص البكتيري تمتلك جين Caspase - 3 بشكله الطبيعي بينما 66.66% من الحيوانات التي عوملت بماده DMBA فقط تمتلك جين Caspase - 3 من النوع الطافر وكذلك بالنسبة للجين Bcl - 2 اذ تبين ان هناك 78.66% من الحيوانات السليمة و60% من الحيوانات المعالجة بالمستخلص البكتيري تمتلك جين Bcl - 2من النوع الطبيعي بينما لوحظ وجود نفس الجين ولكن من النوع الطافر بنسبة 66.67% في الحيوانات المصابة بسرطان الثدي بتاثير مادة DMBA. | The present study included the collection of 100 soil samples from desert regions away from about 3 km from Al - Razzaza lake and agricultural regions at Karbala Province, Iraq. From these samples 26 and 36 actinomycetes isolates were obtained from desert and agricultural regions respectively . All actinomycetes isolates were tested for their antibacterial activity using primary screening against pathogenic bacteria by perpendicular streaking method .The results were showed that all the actinomycetes isolates were isolated from agricultural regions hadn't any antibacterial activity while the 26 isolates isolated from desert regions were had antibacterial activity in different spectra . Eight actinomycetes isolates from all the 26 desert regions isolates were selected for secondary screening due to their antibacterial activities with wide spectrum against pathogenic bacteria namely Gram positive (Staphylococ¬cus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeru¬ginosa) by the agar diffusion methods and the results revealed the selection of actinomycetes LHR 9 isolate for farther studies because it gave us the highest inhibition against the tested pathogenic bacteria growth. The active actinomycetes LHR 9 isolate was identified using several morphological and biochemical methods. The morphological characterization was involved the study of aerial and substrate mycelium on many International Streptomyces Project agar medium and using light microscopy at 1000X and 400X to study the mycelium morphology, as well as using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine the spore surface. The results exhibited that the isolate had the aerial mycelium which formed unfragmented, branched, looped and rectus - flexibilis hyphae type bearing non - motile spores with smooth surface. In addition to results of biochemical tests we could revealed that the isolate was belong to Streptomyces genus . The active isolate Streptomyces sp. LHR 9 was selected for optimization critical cultural and nutritional parameters for increasing the antibiotic production titer in fermentation medium (Soybean broth medium), the results showed the dextrose as carbon source , peptone as nitrogenous source and K2HPO4 as a phosphate source with fermentation cultural condition included ; temperature of 35 °C, pH 7 with agitation rate 200 rpm for 7 days as incubation period gave high values in active secondary metabolites production. The antibacterial compound from fermentation medium was extracted using liquid - liquid extraction method with various organic solvents n - propanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and ethanol) 1 : 1 (v/v) . the results was revealed the ethyl acetate the most efficient in extraction . The Streptomyces sp. LHR 9 crude extract was purified by using silica gel column (1.6 X 14) chromatography. Chloroform and methanol (4 : 1) (v/v), was used as an eluting solvent. The active fractions ( had the antibacterial activity ) were selected for determination the minimum inhibitory concentration and evaluation the cytotoxic activity using MTT (3 - (4, 5 - dimethylthiazol - 2 - yl) - 2 - 5 - diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The results of the MIC of partially purified Streptomyces sp. LHR 9 extract were 4.5 µg/ml for Escherichia coli, 5 µg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2.5µg/ml for Staphylococcus aurues and 3µg/ml for Streptococcus agalactiae . In vitro screening for cytotoxic activity was done by MTT assay for evaluation the anticancer activity of the partially purified antibacterial compounds produced by Streptomyces sp. LHR 9. The cytotoxic activity of the partially purified Streptomyces sp. LHR 9 extract was determined against established MCF - 7 cell line ( breast cancer cell lines ) and WRL cell as a representative of normal breast cell line, depending on their viability ratio. The viability of MCF - 7 cell line was decreased dramatically with the increasing in extract concentration in the same time the viability of WRL cell was decreased in slowly manner. The using of multiple purification methods Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy (LC - MS) along with a sensitive measuring method and possibly isolation of these compounds should allow us to evaluate the entire potential of secondary metabolites production, the results from LC - MS chromatogram of the partially purified Streptomyces sp. LHR 9 extract showed five peaks, on comparison of the mass spectra of the constituents with the National Institute of Standards and Technology( NIST) library the compound was had the Formula : C18H34O2 and molecular weight : 282 D. The partially purified Streptomyces sp. LHR 9 extract was evaluated for its in vivo antioxidant and antitumor activity depending on the ability of 7,12 dimethyl Benz (A)anthracene (DMBA) to inducing breast tumor in female rat model, the results revealed the partially purified Streptomyces sp. LHR 9 extract had the ability to keeping the enzymatic antioxidant in approximately its natural concentrations (as the same concentrations in serum of negative group) in serum of tested rats which were induced breast cancer by DMBA and treated with partially purified Streptomyces sp. LHR 9 extract, so these results were more studied on histological plane and the results of that were achieved by decreasing in weight and size of the breast tumor of tested rats and other histological change in breast tissue. In addition to that partially purified Streptomyces sp. LHR 9 extract effect was more studied on molecular plane depending on the Bcl - 2 and Caspase - 3 genes mutation using Polymerase Chain Reaction - Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism ( PCR - SSCP) analysis. The results were two conformations polymorphism in both Caspase - 3 gene ( about 83.66 % of negative group and 50% of treated group had three bands (wild type) where's positive control had 66.66% four bands (mutant type)) and Bcl2 gene (the wild type had one band such as negative group was 78.66% and test group 60%, compared with positive group (60.67%) have two bands(mutant type)). so these results suggest the active apoptotic property of Caspase - 3 and Bcl - 2 and the role of partially purified Streptomyces sp. LHR 9 extract effect in keeping them in their wild type.

تاثير مستخلص نبات الكجرات Hibiscus sabdariffa على عوامل الضراوة لبكتيريا المكورات العنقودية الذهبية المعزولة من التهابات المجاري البولية == Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract on the Virulence Factors of Staphylococcuss aureus Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection

Author name: صمود عبد الكاظم سلمان عبد
Supervisor name: وجدان رضا تاج الدين
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تم جمع 163 عينة ادرار من المرضى المصابين بالتهاب المجاري البولية لكلا الجنسين باعمار تتراوح من شهر واحد الى 60سنة من المراجعين في مستشفى القاسم ومستشفى الهاشمية العام خلال الفترة من اب 2016 الى كانون الاول 2016. وقد وجدت 112 (68.71%) عينة اعطت نموا بكتيريا ومن هذه النسبة وجدت36 (32.14%) عزلة موجبة لصبغة غرام و76(67.86%) سالبة لصبغة غرام . وقد تم تشخيص 23(20.5%) عزلة بكتيرية تعود للبكتريا العنقودية الذهبية Staphyllococcus aureus، تم تشخيص جميع هذه العزلات مظهريا ومجهريا وحيويا.تم اختبار حساسية المضادات الحيوية لجميع هذه العزلات. وكانت جميعها مقاومة 100% للامبسلين، يليها سيفوكسيتين 91.3 %. واظهرت هذه العزلات اعلى حساسية للمضاد الحيوي الكليندامايسين 78.2% , في حين كانت نسبة المقاومة للاميكاسين هي39.1% . وقد وجد ان نسبة المقاومة للتراسايكلين هي 47.8% . وقد اظهرت النتائج ان 20 (86.9%)عزلة مقاومة للمضاد الحيوي المثسيلين (MRSA) وقد تم الحصول على هذه النتيجة باستخدام تقنية تفاعل انزيم البلمرة التسلسلي (PCR).درست فعالية المستخلص المائي الحار والبارد لاربعة نباتات (كاس الكجرات جذور العاقول وقشور الرمان واوراق الخباز) ضد البكتريا العنقودية الذهبية ووجد من خلال التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنويه 0.05 P< في حالة المستخلص المائي البارد للكجرات حيث اعطى فعالية تثبيطية تجاه هذه البكتريا لذا تم اختيار هذا المستخلص لدراسة تاثيره على عوامل الضراوة لهذه البكتريا. بعدها تم التحري عن المركبات الموجودة في هذا المستخلص وقد اظهرت النتائج ان المستخلص المائي يحتوي كلا من الفينولات , القلويدات , الفلافونات والتانينات.درست فعالية المستخلص المائي البارد الخام لكاس الكجرات المضادة للبكتريا بطريقه الانتشار بالحفر (agar well diffusion method) باستخدام التراكيز 2,5 و5و10و20و40و80 ملغم / مل. بعدها تم تحديد MIC لهذا المستخلص بطريقه الانتشار بالحفر( The modified broth macro dilution method) فكانت قيمته 25ملغم/مل.وقد اظهر المستخلص المائي البارد فعالية تثبيطية تجاه البكتريا العنقودية الذهبية بقطر 18 ملم بتركيز 40و80 ملغم /مل .تم استخلاص المركبات الفينولية من المستخلص المائي البارد للكجرات بعدها تم استخدام تقنيه الفصل الكروموتوكرافي عالي الجودة لعزل وتشخيص المركبات الفينوليه وقد تم الحصول على عدة مركبات. بعدها تم دراسة الفعالية التثبيطية لهذه المركبات ووجد بان المركب الفينولي الكويرسيتين قد اعطى اعلى فعالية تثبيطية تجاه البكتريا العنقودية الذهبية بتركيز 4 ملغم /مل وايضا تم تحديد MIC لهذا المركب وهي 2ملغم /مل .كما درس تاثير المستخلص الخام والكويرسيتين على عوامل الضراوة وقد اظهرت النتائج ان كلا منهم قد كان له تاثير على انتاج الهيمولايسين وعلى فعاليته وذلك بعد تنمية البكتيريا مع قيمة MIC للمستخلص الخام والكويرسيتين كلا على انفراد.كذلك تم دراسة تاثير هذه المستخلصات على تكوين البايوفيلم من قبل البكتريا وقد وجد ان 15 عزلة بكتيرية منتجة للبايوفيلم قد تحولت الى غير منتجة او الى منتجة ولكن من النوع الرقيق بعد تنميتها مع هذين المستخلصين.وقد اظهرت النتائج ايضا ان المستخلص الخام والكورسيتين للكجرات قد اثرا على فعالية كلا من الستافيلوكاينيز والبروتيز.تم التحري عن انتاج السموم المعوية من قبل البكتريا العنقودية الذهبية باستخدام تقنية الفار الرضيع وقد وجد بان جميع العزلات غير منتجة لهذه السموم.كذلك تم دراسة تاثير هذين المستخلصين على تسرب ايون البوتاسيوم من الخلايا البكتيرية خلال فترات زمنية معينة وقد وجد بان هذين المستخلصين قد عملا على زيادة تسرب هذا الايون من الخلايا البكتيرية مما يدل على ان هذين المستخلصين قد اثرا على نفاذية الغشاء الخلوي للخلية البكتيرية .كذلك وجد ان الجرعة القاتلة لنصف حيوانات التجربة قد زادت من 5,6 × 106 الى 3,9× 107 بعد معاملة البكتريا بالمستخلص المائي البارد لكاس الكجرات . ايضا تم دراسة تاثير المستخلصين الخام والكورسيتين على معايير الدم في الفاران المعاملة بالعالق البكتيري الذي يحتوي مستخلص نباتي والفاران المعاملة بالعالق البكتيري الذي يحتوي على الكورسيتين وقد وجد بان المستخلص الخام كان له تاثير اكبر من الكورسيتين في تحسين معايير الدم مقارنة بالبكتريا المعاملة بالعالق البكتيري بدون مستخلص نباتي ,كما تم دراسة امكانية استخدام النبات كعامل مختزل عن طريق معرفة الفعالية ضد التاكسدية وكانت قيمتها 3566,97 مايكرو مولاري بواسطة استخدام اختبار (CUPRAC). ايضا تم دراسة الفعاليه الخلويه السمية للمستخلص الخام على خلايا الكبد الطبيعية للانسان وعلى الخلايا السرطانية في الثدي وقد وجد بان هذا المستخلص ليس له فعالية سمية على خلايا الكبد الطبيعية وايضا له تاثير قاتل للخلايا السرطانية في الثدي .

دراسة مناعية ووراثية للمرضى المصابين بالتهاب المرارة في مدينة الحلة == Immunogenetic Study on Patients with Gallbladder Infection in Hilla city

Author name: رواء عداي علي السلطاني
Supervisor name: عبد النبي جويد عبد المعموري
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science For Girls - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة جمع ( 100 عينة ) اخذت بشكل اعشواني ( 87 اناث , 13 ذكور ) اجريت لهم عملية استئصال المرارة بمستشفى الحلة التعليمي للفترة من ايلول 2016 الى شهر حزيران 2017. تضمنت العينات (عينات دم وحصى) لتحقق من دور بعض المعايير المناعية والوراثية المتعلقة بمرض التهاب المرارة .بينت نتائج الدراسة الحالية ظهور الاصابة بالتهاب المرارة في كلا الجنسين(الاناث والذكور) وكانت الفئة العمرية ( 31 - 40 ) سنة الفئة الاكثر عرضة للاصابة , لكن نسبة اصابة الاناث في مجتمع الدراسة اعلى من الذكور ( 87% ) بينما الذكور ( 13%) كما ان التهاب المرارة المزمن هو الاكثر شيوعا ,اذ شكل نسبة ( 84% ) ثم التهاب المرارة الحاد اذ شكل نسبة 60%)).كما كشفت الدراسة قلة تكوين الحصى المرارية عند الاطفال بعمر اقل من عشر سنوات ويزداد تكوين الحصى مع تقدم العمر وينخفض تدريجيا بعد عمر 60 سنة . اكثر انواع الحصى المرارية الشائعة والتي عزلت الحصى الكوليسترولية تليها الحصى الصبغية ثم الحصى المختلطة.اما الدراسة المناعية فتضمنت تقدير مستويات T6F - β1 , IL - 8 في مصل مرضى التهاب المرارة باستخدام تقنية الاليزا لوحظ زيادة مستوى TBF - β1 في جميع المرضى( التهاب المرارة الحاد والمزمن) على نقيض مجموعة السيطرة مع مستوى احتمالية. P< 0.05 P=0.007 . كما اظهرت النتائج الحالية زيادة بمستوى T6F - β1 في كلا الجنسين) للاناث والذكور) مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة بمستوى احتمالية P=0.002 . P< 0.05 للاناث وP=0.003 . P< 0.05 للذكور. اما بالنسبة للحصى المرارية فقد لوحظ زيادة في مستوى T6F - β1 في مصل المرضى المصابين بالحصى الكوليسترولية تليها الحصى الصبغية ثم الحصى المختلطة .اظهرت النتائج الخاصة بتقدير مستوى انترلوكين 8 ,زيادة في مستوى IL - 8 في جميع المرضى( التهاب المرارة الحاد والمزمن )على نقيض مع مجموعة السيطرة مع مستوى احتمالية عالي ( P=0.005 . P<0.05 ) .كما ظهرت النتائج الحالية زيادة في مستوى انترلوكين 8 في كلا الجنسين(الاناث والذكور) مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة مع مستوى احتمالية ( P=0.01 . P< 0.05 ) للاناث و<0.05) ( P=0.2 . P للذكور. اما بالنسبة للحصى المرارية فقط لوحظ زيادة في مستوى IL - 8في جميع المرضى المصابين بالحصى المختلطة تليها الحصى الكوليسترولية ثم الحصى الصبغية .تضمنت الدراسة الوراثية ( - 869 T C ) T6F - β1 و( - 251 T A ) L - 8 ذات الصلة مع مرضى التهاب المرارة لل85 عينة متضمنة عينات للمرضى وعينات لمجموعة السيطرة باستخدام تقنية (PCR - ARM ) .اظهرت نتائج التنوع النيوكليوتيري المفرد 76.6%) 46 : T6F - β1 ( - 869)T⁄C ) من متباينة الاشكال (T∕C) و9 (15%) متماثلة الاشكال (TT) و(8%) 5 متماثلة الاشكال (CC) ,واظهرت النتائج ان(Tallele) الاكثرعددا ونسبة مقارنة مع( C allele) . كما اظهرت الاليلات والمورثات عدم وجود فروق معنوية ذات دلائل احصائية بين المرضى ومجموعة السيطرة بين نوعي المرضى ( المزمن والحاد ) كما لوحظ ان المرضى المصابين بالحصى المرارية الاكثر صلة بالموروثات متباينة الاشكال (T⁄C) للحصى الكوليسترولية تليها المختلطة ثم الصبغية . واظهرت نتائج التنوع النيوكليوتيدي المفرد (41.6%)25 : IL - 8( - 251) T/A من متماثلة الاشكال متباينة الاشكال من متماثلة الاشكال (TT) واظهرت النتائج ان هو الاكثرعددا ونسبة مقارنة مع لمرضى التهاب الحرارة كما اظهرت الاليات والموروثات عدم وجود فروق معنوية ذات دلائل احصائية بين المرضى ومجموعة السيطرة بين نوعي المرضى )المزمن والحاد ( كما لوحظ ان المرضى المصابين بالحصى الاكثر صلة مع الموروثات متماثلة الاشكال((AA للحصى الكوليسترولية تليها الصبغية ثم المختلطة . | The study included 100 patients taken randomly (87 females and 13 males) undergoing cholecystectomy at the general teaching Hilla Hospital from September 2016 to June 2017. For each patient, two samples were taken which included the blood samples and gallstone for immunogenetic tests. The infection appears in both sexes with age group (31 - 40) years 30% but the rate of infection in female was higher than males 87%, 13% respectively.Clinically, chronic cholecystitis was the most common (84 %) and acute cholecystitis (16 %). The study displayed that the formation of gallstones is less than 10 years old. The gallstones are formed by age and gradually decrease after age 60. The most common types of gallstones were cholesterol stones and pigment stone followed by mixed stone The immunological study included estimatation the level of IL - 8, TGF - β1 in patients serum by using ELISA technique. The estimation of TGF - β1level explained a significantly increased in all patients (chronic and acute inflammation) compared with the control group with a significant difference . P=0.007, p<0.05. Estimation of TGF - β1 level showed increases in both the sexes (females and males) compared with the control group with a significant difference . (p=0.002. P< 0.05) for females, (p=0.003. P< 0.05 for males). As for the stone, the results of the present study revealed increased levels of TGF - β1 in serum patients had cholesterol stone with value followed the pigment stone and mixed stone. The estimation of IL - 8 level explained a significantly increased in all patients(chronic and acute inflammation) compared with the control group with a significant difference. P=0.005 , p<0.05. Estimation of IL - 8 showed increases in both sexes (females and males) compared with the control group with a significant difference (p=0.01. P< 0.05) for females, (p=0.02. P< 0.05 for males). As for the stone, the results showed that IL - 8 concentration was increased in patients serum had mixed stone followed cholesterol stone and pigment stone. The genetic study involved screening of TGF - B1 ( - 869 T/C) and IL8 - ( - 251 T/A) related to gallbladder infection patients for 85 samples, including patients and the control group by using (ARM - PCR) technique. The single nucleotide polymorphism of TGF - β1 ( - 869 T/C) showed : TC heterozygous was a higher rate with 46 (76.6%), TT homozygous with 9 (15%) and CC homozygous with 5 (8%) and the result revealed that the T allele more predominant than the C allele. The genotype and allelic association of TGF - β1 appeared no significant differences between the patients and the control group. The gallstone types association with genotype of TGF - β1 for patients appeared the genotype of T/C higher percentage in patients with who had cholesterol stone followed by mixed stone and pigment stone. An another single nucleotide polymorphismof of IL8 - (251T/A) showed : AA homozygous was a higher rate with 25 (41.6%), TA heterozygous with 23 (38%) followed by the TT homozygous just 12 (20%) and the result revealed that the A allele more predominant than the T allele. The genotype and allelic association of IL - 8 appeared no significant differences between the patients and the control group. The gallstone types association with genotype of IL - 8 for patients showed : The genotype of AA appeared higher percentage with patients who had cholesterol stone followed by pigment stone and mixed stone

دراسة فعالية انزيمات الفوسفاتيز القاعدي, الاسبارتيت ناقل مجموعة الامين واللاكتيت منزوع الهيدروجين في البلازما المنوية للمرضى العقيمين == Study the activity of Alkaline Phosphatase, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Aspartate Aminotransferase in the Seminal Plasma of Infertile Men

Author name: كرار صالح مهدي جاسم الخفاجي
Supervisor name: فارس ناجي عبود الهادي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تعتبر بلازما السائل المنوي مهمة في العمليات الحيوية للنطف لابقائها حية وانتقالها خلال القناة التناسلية الانثوية, كما وتحتوي على العديد من المكونات المختلفة ومنها الانزيمات مثل انزيم الفوسفاتيز القاعدي (ALP) واسبارتيت ناقل مجموعة امين (AST) واللاكتيت منزوع الهيدروجين (LDH) التي تدخل في العمليات الايضية المختلفة لتجهيز الطاقة اللازمة لحركة النطف. اجريت الدراسة على مرضى عدم الخصوبة الذين راجعوا مختبر مستشفى بابل للنسائية والتوليد والمختبرات الاهلية في محافظة بابل, شملت الدراسة 122 عينة من السائل المنوي لمرضى عدم الخصوبة و10 عينات للرجال الخصبين, خلال المدة من تشرين الاول 2016 الى اذار 2017. هدفت الدراسة الى مقارنة مستويات فعالية الانزيمات المذكورة في البلازما المنوية لحالات عدم الخصوبة المشمولة بالدراسة وهي مجاميع سويي النطف ووهن النطف ووهن وتشوه النطف وقلة النطف وقلة ووهن النطف وانعدام النطف مع مجموعة الخصوبة, بالاضافة الى دراسة العلاقات بين الانزيمات مع معالم النطف وتشمل حركة النطف عند مستوى( ا+ب) وتركيز النطف والنسبة المؤية للنطف غير السوية . اظهرت النتائج فروق معنوية (P˂0.05) في مستوى فعالية انزيم الفوسفاتيز القاعدي في المجاميع المختلفة حيث لوحظ اعلى مستوى في مجموعة الخصوبة تتبعها مجموعة سويي النطف ,بينما لم يلاحظ فروق معنوية (P˃0.05) بين مجموعتي وهن النطف ووهن وتشوه النطف, كما لم تظهر النتائج فروق معنوية بين مجاميع قلة النطف وقلة ووهن النطف وانعدام النطف التي اظهرت اقل مستوى للفعالية. بينت النتائج فروق معنوية (P˂0.05) في معدل فعالية انزيم اسبارتيت ناقل مجموعة امين في مجاميع عدم الخصوبة المختلفة, حيث كان اعلى معدل للفعالية في مجموعة الخصوبة ومجموعة سويي النطف ولم يلاحظ فروق معنوية (P˃0.05)بين مجموعتي انعدام النطف ووهن وتشوه النطف, كما لم يلاحظ فروق معنوية (P˃0.05) بين مجاميع وهن النطف وقلة النطف وقلة ووهن النطف التي اظهرت اقل مستوى للفعالية. كما واظهرت النتائج فروق معنوية (P˂0.05) في معدل فعالية انزيم لاكتيت منزوع الهيدروجين بين مجاميع عدم الخصوبة مقارنة مع مجموعة الخصوبة وسويي النطف التي اظهرت اعلى مستوى للفعالية , في حين كان اقل مستوى للفعالية في مجاميع قلة النطف وقلة ووهن النطف وانعدام النطف بينما لم يظهر فرق بين مجموعتي وهن وتشوه النطف ووهن النطف. كذلك بينت النتائج العلاقات بين مستوى فعالية الانزيمات ومعالم النطف حيث لوحظت علاقة سلبية بين فعالية انزيم الفوسفاتيز القاعدي وحركة النطف مستوى ا+ب في مجاميع سويي النطف وقلة ووهن النطف مقارنة بالعلاقات الايجابية في مجاميع وهن النطف ووهن وتشوه النطف اضافة الى مجموعة الخصوبة, كما ان لذات الانزيم علاقة سلبية مع تركيز النطف في مجموعتي سويي النطف وقلة النطف بينما ظهرت العلاقات الايجابية في مجموعة الخصوبة وقلة ووهن النطف, كما تم ملاحظة العلاقات السلبية لفعالية الانزيم مع النسبة المؤوية لتشوه النطف في كل من مجموعة الخصوبة وسويي النطف اضافة الى مجموعة وهن وتشوه النطف. نلاحظ ايضا من خلال النتائج وجود علاقة سلبية معنوية (P˂0.01) في مجموعة سويي النطف وعلاقة ايجابية معنوية ((P˂0.01 في مجموعة وهن النطف بين مستوى فعالية انزيم اسبارتيت ناقل مجموعة امين وحركة النطف مستوى (ا+ب), كذلك نلاحظ وجود علاقة سلبية في مجموعة وهن وتشوه النطف بينما اظهرت مجموعة الخصوبة وقلة ووهن النطف علاقة ايجابية, كذلك بينت النتائج وجود علاقة ايجابية معنوية (P˂0.05) في مجموعة سويي النطف بين فعالية الانزيم المذكور وتركيز النطف, اما مجموعتي قلة النطف وقلة ووهن النطف اظهرت علاقة سلبية بينما كانت العلاقة الايجابية في مجموعة الخصوبة, بينت النتائج ايضا وجود علاقة سلبية معنوية (P˂0.05) في مجموعة سويي بين فعالية انزيم اسبارتيت ناقل مجموعة امين والنسبة المؤوية للنطف المشوهة, اما العلاقة الايجابية فظهرت في مجموعة وهن وتشوه النطف والعلاقة السلبية في مجموعة الخصوبة. اظهرت النتائج وجود علاقة سلبية بين فعالية انزيم لاكتيت منزوع الهيدروجين مع حركة النطف مستوى (ا+ب) في مجموعتي سويي النطف وقلة ووهن النطف بينما لوحظت العلاقات الايجابية في مجاميع الخصوبة ووهن النطف ووهن وتشوه النطف, بينت النتائج ايضا وجود علاقة سلبية معنوية (P˂0.05) بين فعالية الانزيم وتركيز النطف في البلازما المنوية لمجموعة قلة ووهن النطف بينما العلاقات السلبية كانت في مجاميع سويي النطف وقلة النطف بالمقارنة مع العلاقة الايجابية في مجموعة الخصوبة , كذلك بينت النتائج وجود علاقة سلبية بين فعالية الانزيم والنسبة المؤوية للنطف المشوهة في مجاميع وهن وتشوه النطف وسويي النطف ومجموعة الخصوبة. كذلك اظهرت النتائج العلاقات بين الانزيمات في المجاميع المختلفة فكان لفعالية انزيم الفوسفاتيز القاعدي علاقة ايجابية مع مستوى فعالية انزيم اسبارتيت ناقل مجموعة امين في البلازما المنوية لمجاميع وهن النطف ووهن وتشوه النطف وقلة النطف , كذلك العلاقة السلبية لوحظت في مجاميع سويي النطف وقلة ووهن النطف ومجموعة الخصوبة , بينما اظهرت النتائج وجود علاقة سلبية معنوية (P˂0.05) في مجموعة انعدام النطف. نلاحظ ايضا وجود علاقة ايجابية بين مستوى فعالية انزيم الفوسفاتيز القاعدي وانزيم لاكتيت منزوع الهيدروجين في مجموعة سويي النطف بالمقارنة مع مجموعة الخصوبة وباقي مجاميع قلة الخصوبة التي اظهرت علاقات سلبية بين فعالية الانزيمين. بينت النتائج ايضا وجود علاقة سلبية بين مستوى فعالية انزيم اسبارتيت ناقل مجموعة امين ولاكتيت منزوع الهيدروجين في البلازما المنوية لكل من وهن وتشوه النطف وقلة ووهن النطف عندما تقارن بالعلاقة الايجابية في مجاميع الخصوبة وسويي النطف وقلة النطف وانعدام النطف, كذلك بينت النتائج وجود علاقة ايجابية معنوية (P˂0.05) بين مستوى فعالية الانزيمين في مجموعة وهن النطف. | A wide variety of biochemical components and enzymes are presented in the seminal plasma, the enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate amino - transaminase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are proved to be important for various metabolic processes which provide energy for livability, motility, and fertility of spermatozoa. This study aimed to compare the activity levels of Alkaline phosphates, Aspartate - aminotranferase and Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in the seminal plasma of infertility patients include : normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, terato - asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, oligo - asthenozoospermia, azoospermia and fertile men, in addition to study of inter relationships between these enzymes and with sperm parameters include : sperm concentration, motility )grade A+B(, and morphologically abnormal sperm. This study was conducted in the laboratory of Babylon Maternity and children teaching hospital and private laboratories during the period from October 2016 to March 2017. The study included 122 samples from different types of infertility and 10 samples from fertile men The results showed that there was a significant difference (p˂0.05) between the different groups of alkaline phosphatase enzyme. The fertile men have the highest level, followed by normozoospermia. No significant differences were observed between the oligozoospermia, oligo - asthenozoospermia and azoospermia which have the lowest level of activity and no highly significant differences between asthenozoospermia and terato - asthenozoospermia. A significant increase (P˂0.05) in the level of aspartate - aminotransferase enzyme between the different groups, the highest level of activity was observed in the group of fertile and normozoospermia. While no significant differences (P˃0.05) between the groups of azoospermia and terato - asthenozoospermia, the results also showed no significant differences (P˃0.05) between the groups of asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia and oligo - asthenozoospermia which owns the lowest level of activity. The results revealed significant increase (P˂0.05) in an average of the activity level of Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme between the different groups, the highest level was shown in the groups of fertile and normozoospermia and the lowest level in the azoospermia, oligozoospermia and oligo - asthenozoospermia but asthenozoospermia and terato - asthenozoospermia have the same level of activity. The results showed a significant negative correlation (P˂0.01) between AST activity and sperm motility (grade A+B) in the normozoospermic patients, and significant positive correlation (P˂0.01) in the group of asthenozoospermia, also the results revealed significant positive correlation (P˂0.05) in the normozoospermic men between AST activity and sperm concentration. The morphological abnormal sperm has significant negative correlation (P˂0.05) with AST activity in the group of normozoospermia, and it was revealed a significant negative correlation (P˂0. 05) between LDH activity and sperm concentration in the seminal plasma of oligo - asthenozoospermia. Also the results showed a significant negative correlation (P˂0.05) between the activities of ALP and AST in the azoospermia, and significant positive correlation (P˂0.05) in the seminal plasma of asthenozoospermia between AST and LDH activity. It was concluded the importance of ALP, AST and LDH levels in detecting the ability of gland secretion and normal semen components

دراسة فسلجية وجزيئية للتغاير الجيني لمستقبلات فيتامين د في النساء المصابات بمرض السكري من النوع الثاني == Physiological and Molecular Study of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Type II Diabetic Women

Author name: نورا ماجد حميد ابو خمرة
Supervisor name: حيدر كامل زيدان السعدي | محمد عبد الله جبر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت هذه الدراسة الى تقييم دور تعدد اشكال مستقبلات فيتامين (د) وارتباطها بتطور مرض السكري وتاثيرها في الاناث قبل وبعد سن الياس. جينات مستقبلات فيتامين (د)، تتضمن (Apa - I, Taq - I, Fok - I وCdx2) و(جين الفاEstrogen receptor - ) التي حددت بواسطة تفاعل سلسلة البوليميريز - تباين اطوال قطع التقييد وتقنية تفاعل سلسلة البوليميريز المتعدد المتخصص في الاليل, في حين ان الهرمونات والتي تتضمن (الاستراديول والانسولين) والمؤشرات الفسيولوجية (فيتامين د، الكولسترول، البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة، الدهون الثلاثية، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا، الهيموجلوبين A1C، الجلوكوز الصيامي في الدم، مقاومة الانسولين، الحساسية للانسولين ، ضغط الدم الانقباضي وضغط الدم الانبساطي). اجريت هذه الدراسة في الفترة من اذار 2016 الى تشرين الاول 2016، حيث تم جمع العينات من مستشفى الصدر التعليمي في محافظة النجف. وقد بلغ عدد العينات (80) مريضا مصابين بداء السكري من النوع الثاني بمتوسط عمر (36 - 65 سنة ، وقسمت العينات الى مرحلة ما قبل انقطاع الطمث وبعد انقطاع الطمث, كذلك قسمت حسب مدة المرض وحسب التاريخ العائلي، ومؤشر كتلة الجسم، ومضاعفات المرض (ضغط الدم المرتفع). كما تضمنت الدراسة 40 شخصا اصحاء على ما يبدو بمتوسط عمر (36 - 65 سنة)، حيث ان مجموعة السيطرة تقارن مع مجموعة المرضى. قسمت الدراسة الحالية الى جزئين رئيسيين : الاجزاء الفسيولوجية والجزيئية. واظهرت النتائج ان المرضى الذين يعانون من مرض السكري من النوع الثاني، كان لديهم معنويا (p ≤ 0.05) مستوى اعلى من الكوليسترول ، الدهون الثلاثية، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا، الهيموغلوبين A1C، الانسولين، مقاومة الانسولين ونسبة السكر الصيامي في الدم مقارنة بمجموعة السيطرة، في حين ان معدلات الحساسية للانسولين تنخفض معنويا (P≥0.05) في مرضى السكري من النوع الثاني عند مقارنتهم بمجموعة السيطرة. كان معدل الاستراديول معنويا ( ≤ 0.05) اعلى في الاناث قبل انقطاع الطمث في حين انخفض في الاناث بعد سن الياس لكل من مجموعة السيطرة ومرضى السكري من النوع الثاني. واظهر الضغط الانقباضي والانبساطي فرقا معنويا بين المرضى الذين يعانون من السكري النوع 2 ومجموعة السيطرة. وفقا للمقارنة بين النساء قبل انقطاع الطمث وبعد سن الياس في كل من مرضى السكري ومجموعة السيطرة، اظهرت النتائج ارتفاع معنوي (p ≤ 0.05) في معدلات مستوى هرمون الاستراديول، ومعدلات مستوى هرمون الانسولين ومقاومة الانسولين في كلتا المجموعتين. من ناحية اخرى، اظهرت المقارنة بين المرضى قبل انقطاع الطمث الذين يعانون من السكري ومرحلة ما قبل انقطاع الطمث ارتفاع معنوي (p ≤ 0.05) في معدل مستويات الكوليسترول، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة، هيموغلوبين A1c معدل مستويات (HBA1c)، الجلوكوز الصيامي في الدم , ومستويات هرمون الاستراديول، ومعدلات مستوى هرمون الانسولين، ومقاومة الانسولين، وحساسية الانسولين وضغط الدم الانبساطي. وفقا لمقارنة مرضى السكري بعد انقطاع الطمث ومجموعة السيطرة بعد سن الياس، كانت هناك اختلافات معنوية (p ≤ 0.05) في معدل مستويات الكوليسترول، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة، معدل هيموغلوبين A1c، الجلوكوز الصيامي في الدم , هرمون الاستراديول ومعدلات مستوى هرمون الانسولين، ومقاومة الانسولين وحساسيةالانسولين. اظهرت نتائج تحليل الارتباط وجود ارتباط معنوي (p ≤ 0.05) بين فيتامين (د) مع الدهون الثلاثية والبروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا في النوع الثاني من مرضى السكري. في مرضى السكري قبل انقطاع الطمث، اظهرت نتائج تحليل الارتباط وجود علاقة عكسية معنويه بين فيتامين (د) مع كل من الدهون الثلاثية والبروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا في حين تم العثور على علاقة ايجابية معنوية بين فيتامين (د) والبروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة في مرحلة ما بعد انقطاع الطمث في مرضى السكري. في مجموعة السيطرة بعد انقطاع الطمث تم العثور على علاقة عكسية معنويه بين فيتامين (د) ومستوى السكر الصيامي في الدم. اظهر تحليل الارتباط وجود علاقة معنوية عكسية بين معدلات مستوى الكالسيوم وضغط الدم الانقباضي في مجموعة السيطرة، وبينما في مرضى السكري قبل انقطاع الطمث، اظهرت نتائج تحليل الارتباط وجود علاقة ارتباط معنوية بين الكالسيوم ومؤشر كتلة الجسم، بينما وجدت علاقة معنوية عكسية بين الكالسيوم وكلا من البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة والعمر بالاضافة الى ارتباط ايجابي معنوي مع الاستراديول في المرضى بعد سن الياس. من ناحية اخرى، في مجموعة السيطرة قبل انقطاع الطمث، تم العثور على ارتباط عكسي معنوي بين الكالسيوم وضغط الدم الانقباضي، في حين وجود علاقة طردية معنوية مع هرمون الانسولين ومقاومة الانسولين. في حين لوحظ وجود علاقة عكسية معنوية في مجموعة السيطرة بعد سن الياس بين الكالسيوم ومستوى السكر الصيامي في الدم ومؤشر كتلة الجسم. هنالك ارتباط معنوي كبير بين هرمون الانسولين مع البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة والعمر وحساسية الانسولين، في حين كان هناك علاقة طردية معنوية بين الانسولين مع مؤشر كتلة الجسم ومقاومة الانسولين في النوع الثاني من مرضى السكري. في مجموعة السيطرة كانت هناك علاقة ارتباط معنوية طردية بين الانسولين ومقاومة الانسولين، ارتباط معنوي عكسية مع حساسية الانسولين. في كل من مرضى السكري قبل انقطاع الطمث وبعد انقطاع الطمث ومجموعة السيطرة كانت هناك علاقة سلبية كبيرة جدا بين الانسولين وحساسية الانسولين، في حين وجود علاقة طردية معنوية مع مقاومة الانسولين. في مرضى السكري قبل انقطاع الطمث، كانت هناك علاقة ايجابية كبيرة بين الانسولين والدهون الثلاثية , البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا ومؤشر كتلة الجسم. في مرحلة ما بعد انقطاع الطمث مرضى السكري، كانت هناك علاقة سلبية كبيرة بين الانسولين والهيموغلوبين .A1c ايضا هنالك علاقة طردية معنوية كبيرة بين الهيموغلوبين A1c والسكر الصيامي في الدم في مجموعة السكري. في مجموعة السيطرة كان هناك ارتباط طردي كبير بين الهيموغلوبين A1c والسكر الصيامي في الدم ,وعلاقة عكسية معنوية مع الكولسترول وحساسية الانسولين. وفقا لمجموعة السيطرة قبل انقطاع الطمث، كان هناك ارتباط ايجابي كبير بين الهيموغلوبين A1c والجلوكوز الصيامي في الدم، في حين وجود علاقة عكسية كبيرة مع الكولسترول، الدهون الثلاثية، البروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا وحساسية الانسولين. من ناحية اخرى، في مجموعات مرضى السكري قبل انقطاع الطمث وبعد انقطاع الطمث وجدت علاقة طردية معنوية بين الهيموغلوبين A1c والسكر الصيامي في الدم , وارتباط ايجابي كبير مع الدهون الثلاثية والبروتين الدهني منخفض الكثافة جدا في مجموعة ما قبل انقطاع الطمث فقط. اظهرت نتائج التحليل الوراثي لتباين النوكليوتيدات المفردة، للجينات المستقبلة لفيتامين د باستخدام تقنية تفاعل سلسلة البوليميريز - تباين اطوال قطع التقييد ان هناك فرقا غير معنوي في الاشكال الجينية (Apa - I, Fok - I, Taq I - ) و(Estrogen receptor - alpha ) بين المرضى ومجموعة السيطرة باستخدام نفس التقنية اعلاه. بينما وجد فرق معنوي بين المرضى ومجموعة السيطرة وفقا للتغاير الجيني في الجين (CdxII)وفقا الى الجين (Apa - I)، كان النمط الوراثي المتماثل (AA) اكثر تواترا في المرضى الذين يعانون من داء السكري من النوع 2 (41٪) من مجموعة السيطرة ، في حين ان النمط الوراثي المتغاير (CA) اكثر تكرارا في مجموعة السيطرة من المرضى. نتائج الجين (Taq - I)، كان النمط الوراثي المتماثل (TT) اكثر تواترا في مجموعة السيطرة من المرضى الذين يعانون من السكري من النوع 2 ، في حين ان النمط الوراثي المتغاير (TC) كان اكثر تكرارا في المرضى من مجموعة السيطرة. وفقا الى الجين (Fok - I)، كان النمط المتماثل (CC) اكثر تواترا في مجموعة السيطرة من المرضى الذين يعانون من داء السكري من النوع 2 ، في حين ان النمط المتغاير (CT) اكثر تكرارا في السيطرة من المرضى ، والنمط المتماثل (TT) كان اكثر تواترا في المرضى من مجموعة السيطرة بينما الجين (ER_alpha)، كان النمط المتماثل (AA) اكثر تواترا في المرضى الذين يعانون من داء السكري من النوع 2 من مجموعة السيطرة ، في حين ان النمط المتغاير (AG) اكثر تواترا في السيطرة من المرضى ، والنمط المتماثل (GG) كان اكثر تكرارا في المرضى من مجموعة السيطرة | This study aimed to evaluate vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism role and its correlation with the development of diabetes disease and its effect in pre and post menopausal females. Vitamin D receptor gene including ( APA - I, FOk - I, Taq - I and CdxII) and (Estrogen receptor alpha gene) determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) , restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR - RFLP) and Allele specific multiple (ASM - PCR), while the hormones including (Estradiol and Insulin) and the physiological parameters ( Vitamin D, Cholesterol, High density lipoprotein, Triglyceride, Low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, Hemoglobin A1c, Fasting Blood Glucose, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, systolic and diastolic blood pressure). This case - control study was done in a period of March 2016 to October 2016 ,where the samples collected from Al - Sadr Teaching Hospital in Najaf Province. The number of samples was (80) females with type 2 diabetes with an average age (36 - 65 year), all of them were with type 2 diabetes are divided to pre menopause and post menopause, also divided according to duration of disease and according to age groups, family history, body mass index and complications with disease (hypertensive blood pressure). Also, the study included 40 apparently healthy people with an average age ( 36 - 65 year) , as control matched with disease group. The present study divided into two main parts : physiological and molecular parts . The results showed that patients with type 2 diabetes , had significantly( p ≤ 0.05 ) higher cholesterol, Triglyceride, Low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, Hemoglobin A1c, insulin, insulin resistance and Fasting blood glucose levels rate than control group, while the levels rate of insulin sensitivity is decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in type 2 diabetic patients when compared with control group . The Estradiol levels rate was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in premenopausal females while it decreased in postmenopausal females of both control and type 2 diabetic patients. Systolic and diastolic pressure showed significant difference between patients with type 2 diabetic and control. According to the comparison of premenopausal and postmenopausal women in both diabetic patients and in control group, the results showed significant ( p ≤ 0.05) elevation in Estradiol hormone level rates, Insulin hormone level rates and insulin resistance in both groups. On the other , the comparison of premenopausal patients with diabetic and premenopausal control groups the statistical analysis showed significant elevation (p ≤ 0.05) in cholesterol levels rate, Low density lipoprotein (LDL), HemoglobinA1c levels rate (HBA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), Estradiol hormone level rates, Insulin hormone level rates, insulin resistance ,insulin sensitivity and diastolic blood pressure. The results of correlation analysis in pre menopausal diabetic patients showed there are significant negative correlation between vitamin D with both Triglyceride (TGC) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) while significant positive correlation has been found between vitamin D and high density lipoprotein (HDL) in post menopausal diabetic patients. In post menopausal control group a significant negative correlation has been found between vitamin D and fasting blood glucose (FBG) level.In pre menopausal diabetic patients, the results of correlation analysis showed there were significant positive correlation between calcium and BMI, while significant negative correlation has been found between calcium and both high density lipoprotein (HDL) and age in addition to significant positive correlation with Estradiol in post menopausal diabetic patients.On the other hand, In pre menopausal control group, a significant negative correlation has been found between calcium and systolic blood pressure, while a significant positive correlation with insulin hormone and insulin resistance. While, in post menopausal control group a significant negative correlation has been found between calcium and fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and body mass index. In both premenopausal and postmenopausal diabetic patients and control group there were highly significant negative correlation between Insulin and insulin sensitivity, while highly significant positive correlation with insulin resistance. In pre menopausal diabetic patients, there were significant positive correlation between insulin and Triglyceride (TGC), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and BMI. In post menopausal diabetic patients, there were significant negative correlation between insulin and HBA1c.On the other hand, in premenopausal and postmenopausal diabetic patients groups there were highly significant positive correlation between hemoglobinA1c (HBA1c) and fasting blood glucose (FBG), and significant positive correlation with TGC and VLDL in premenopausal group only. The genetic analysis of the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms , for vitamin D receptor gene by using RFLP - PCR technique showed that there non - significant difference in the genotype polymorphisms of (APA - I, FOk - I and Taq - I) and (Estrogen receptor - alpha gene) between patients and control by using the same technique above, While there were significant differences according to (Cdx - II gene) by using (ASM - PCR) technique. According to (Apa - I gene), the homozygote pattern (AA) were more frequent in patients with type 2 diabetes than control group, While the heterozygote (CA) pattern more frequent in control than patients.The results of (Taq - I gene), the homozygote pattern (TT) were more frequent in control than patients with type 2 diabetes group, While the heterozygote (TC) pattern more frequent in patients than control. According to (Fok - I gene), the homozygote pattern (CC) were more frequent in control group than patients with type 2 diabetes, While the heterozygote (CT) pattern more frequent in control than patients, and the homozygote (TT) pattern was more frequent in patients than control group.While the (ER_alpha gene), the homozygote pattern (AA) were more frequent in patients with type 2 diabetes than control group, While the heterozygote (AG) pattern more frequent in control than patients, and the homozygote (GG) pattern was more frequent in patients than control group

التباين الوراثي في جينات TNF - ?, VEGF - A and IL - 10 المصاحبة لداء الصدفية == Genetic Polymorphism in TNF - ?, VEGF - A and IL - 10 genes associated with Psoriaasis

Author name: خالد عبد الكاظم هادي الطائي
Supervisor name: علي حمود السعدي | وسام علي امين عوض
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت هذه الدراسة الى تقصي بعض التغايرات الوراثية لكل من (TNF - α, VEFGF and IL10) لدى مرضى داء الصدفية وعلاقتها بشدة الاصابة باستخدام تقنيات تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل وتباين اطوال قطع التقيد . بينما قدر مستوى الحركيات المناعية باستخدام تقنية الايلايزا.اجريت هذه الدراسة في الفترة من نيسان 2016 الى اذار 2017، حيث جمعت العينات مرضى داء الصدفية المراجعين لمستشفى مدينة مرجان الطبية، محافظة بابل / العراق. شملت الدراسة 64 عينة لمرضى داء الصدفية 40) ذكر و24 انثى) يبلغ متوسط اعمارهم (9 - 70 سنة)، كما شملت الدراسة 38 شخصا من الاصحاء (21 ذكر و17 انثى) يبلغ متوسط اعمارهم 15 - 65 سنة كمجموعة السيطرة جارت مجاميع المرضى.اظهرت النتائج زيادة معنوية في مستوى كل من TNF - α وIL10 في المصل لدى مرضى داء الصدفية مقارنة بمجموعة السيطرة (P<0.01) . كما اظهرت الدراسة ارتباط معنوي بين مستوى TNF - α وشدة الاصابة ( - r=0.49, p=0.0001) بينما كان معامل الانحدار عكسي غير معنوي بين مستوى IL10 في المصل وشدة الاصابة ( - r= 0.29, P=0.0109) , وكان الانحدار عكسي معنوي بين مستوى IL10 و( - r= - 0.29) (p=0.0028) TNF - α. كما اظهرت النتائج ارتفاعا معنويا (P<0.01) في مستوى VEGF في المصل لدى مرضى داء الصدفية مقارنة بمجموعة السيطرة بينما كان الانحدارغير معنويا بين مستوى VEGF وشدة الاصابة( - r= - 0.05) .اظهرت النتائج وجود ثلاث انماط وراثية للتغايرات في موقع الجين TNF - α - 308 حيث كانت النسب AA 5 (7.81%) ,AG 24 (37.50% وGG 35 (54.69% في مجموعة السيطرة كانت 10 (26.31%) , 16 (42.11% و12 (31.58% اما توزيع الانماط الوراثية الناتجة من تحليل جين VEGF+405 كان النمط الوراثي CG هو السائد 24 (37.05) لدى مرضى الصدفية والنمط الوراثي CC هو الاقل ظهورا 1 (1.56%).. اضافة الى ذلك اظهر نتائج تحديد تتابع النيكليوتيدات للموقع الوراثي IL10 - 1082 نمطين وراثين حيث كان النمط الوراثي GG هو الاكثر تواجدا لدى مرضى داء الصدفية ( 47.5%) والنمط GA بنسبة (28.5%) مقارنة بمجموعة السيطرة التي جاءت جميعها بالنمط الوراثي GG. | Psoriasis is an immune mediated skin disease with a wide - world prevalence involves both genders and different age, it is a multifactorial disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The current study aims to evaluate the association of (Interleukin 10, Tumor Necrosis Factor - α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) genes polymorphism in psoriasis. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR - RFLP) and DNA sequencing techniques, while there serum levels determined by ELISA. This case - control study is done in a period of March 2015 to December 2017, where the samples collected from Marjan Medical City in Babylon Province. The number of samples was (64) patients psoriasis (40 males and 24 females ) with an average age ( 9 - 70 year), (50) of them were with type 1 psoriasis and (14) type 2. In addition, the study included 38 apparently healthy people who were (21 males and 17 females) with an average age (15 - 65 year), as control matched with disease group. The present study revealed a significant increasing (P<0.01) of Tumor Necrosis Factor - α (TNF - α) and Interleukin 10 (IL10) in patients compare with controls. In addition, there is a significantly regression between severity of disease and TNF - α serum level (r =0.49, p=0.0001) and non - significant invers regression with IL10 serum level (r= 0.29, P=0.0109). In addition, the results established an A significant negative correlation which has been found between IL10 and TNF - α (r= - 0.29) (p=0.0028). Physiological, the study shows significant increasing in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) level in patient compare with control (P<0.01). There is no correlation between Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) serum level and severity or onest of disease (r= - 0.05).Genetically, analysis of the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms PCR - RFLP genotyping for TNF - α - 308 G/A (rs1800629) SNP, Genotype distribution in patient were GG 35 (54.69%), AG 24 (37.50%) and AA 5 (7.81%) while in control were AG16 (42.11%), GG 12 (31.58%) and AA10 (26.31%).The genetic analysis of the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of VEGF +405 SNP, genotype distribution CC homozygous was predominant in patient 39(60.94%) and GG homozygous was 24 (37.05) While the GCwas the least 1 (1.56%). Comparing with the control group was CG 18(47.37%), CC 13(34.21%) and GG 7(18.42%).On the other hand , the statistical analysis for the role of genotyping for TNF - α - 308 SNP in the Serum levels of TNF - α were different between TNF - 308 AA (126.90 ± 14.96) patients and TNF - α GA(106.55 ± 16.42) and GG (57.94 ± 7.72) genotypes (p < 0.01). Analysis for the role of genotyping for VEGF +405 SNP non - significant difference between homozygous CC (408.30 ± 0.00), homozygous was GG (326.00 ± 34.81) and heterozygous CG (376.41 ± 58.63).This result promotes that the both of TNF - α - 308 SNP polymorphism and VEGF +405 SNP strongly implicated in the pathogenicity, severity and onest of psoriasis.PCR - sequencing for IL10 - 1082 A/G (rs1800896) locus shows a significant difference of percentage distributions of alleles and genotypes for IL10 - 1082 (rs1800896) locus between patient and control, GG homozygous was predominant in patient (71.5%) while the AG heterozygous was (28.5 %). Comparing with control group GG (100%).

تحضير وتوصيف المركبات النانوية ودراسة الفعالية المضادة للبكتريا == Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Synthesized Nanoparticles

Author name: علي جبار عبد الحسين رضا الكواز
Supervisor name: فريال جميل عبد عطية | اياد فاضل محمد القيم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:

الفعالية الحياتية لبعض مستخلصات النباتات الطبية على بعض انواع البكتريا والتعبير الجيني لانزيمات الكيراتينز المنتج من قبل Trichophyton rubrum == Biological Activity of some Medicinal Plant Extracts on some Bacteria and Gene Expression of Keratinases Produced from Trichophyton rubrum

Author name: علي جليل عبيد حسن عينون
Supervisor name: جواد كاظم عبود علي الجنابي | وجدان رضا محمود محمد تاج الدين
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aimed to search for safe and effective antifungal agents through investigation of the phytochemical characterization and bioactive properties of medicinal plants (Pimpinella anisum essential oil and Moringa oleifera and Malva sylvestris leaf extracts) and their effect on gene expression of keratinases produced by T. rubrum using Real Time PCR.Phytochemical analysis of active materials of P. anisum essential oil and M. oleifera leaf extracts were carried out, through TLC accompanied autobiography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and GC - MS analyses were proceeded to relate the chemical profile with their antifungal activity. Also, the cytotoxic effects of active compound and crude extract for both plant extracts were determined using MTT (3 - (4,5 - dimethylthiazol - 2 - yl) - 2,5 - diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye) assay. Screening the antifungal activity of Pimpinella anisum essential oil, Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and four traditional antifungal agents against growth and development of two strains of T. rubrum differed in their virulence were conducted. MIC for crud extracts and antifungal agent were also determined using microdilution plate, moreover, the effects of crud extracts and active compounds on gene expression was evaluated.Qualitative TLC, HPLC analysis for the anise essential oil extract revealed the presence of anethole which was identified as a main volatile compound in this extract which was identified as anethole. GC - MS analysis also revealed that trans - anethole is the major compound (96.8%), then Himachalene (1.84%), other components were also present but less than 1% e.g. Estragole, cyclohexene and 2 - Methoxy - 5 - (1 - propenyl) phenol. On the other hand, LC - MS analysis were showed the existence of that keratinase inhibitor (extracted from Moringa oleifera leaf)IICryptochlorogenicacid (C16H18O9), Astragalin (C21H20O11), so the presences of these compounds reflected the inhibitory effects on keratinase enzyme.The results upon screening, revealed that the anise oil inhibited both strains of T. rubrum, since the growth inhibition for first strain were 21, 30 and 39 mm at 15.6, 31.2 and 62.5 μl/ml respectively, while in second strain were 24, 32 and 39 mm at 15.6, 31.2 and 62.5 μl/ml respectively. The tested strains of this fungus revealed substantial sensitivity pattern toward crude extract of essential oil and anethole as well. Results showed that there was considerable growth inhibition for both strains of T. rubrum at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) between 15.6 μg/mL for crude oil and 7.5 μg/mL for anethole. The inhibition in radial growth due to the effect of anise essential oil increased from 56% at 3rd day to 86% at the 7th day. Sporulation was substantially decreased by anise oil treatment. Anise oil was significantly inhibited conidial germination for both strains. Treatment with anise oil induced morphological changes in the conidial group where the conidia were absent in treated sample. Protease inhibitor isolated from mature leaves of M. oleifera showed great ability to inhibit keratinase activity of T. rubrum.MTT assay revealed that anethole is safe as phototherapeutic agents, when it is having no effects on normal cell, but shown anticancer activity against cancer cell.Anise oil, anethole, M. oleifera crud inhibitor, Cryptochlorogenic acid and Astragalin showed high inhibitory effects on gene expression of keratinase enzyme in both strains of T. rubrum KP979791 and KP979787.

دراسة مقارنة، مجهرية ، جزيئية، بين الاميبا الحالة للنسيج E. histolytica والاميبا المتغيرة E. dispar في مرضى محافظة بابل == Comparative Study , Microscopic and Molecular , Between Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in Babylon Patients

Author name: شمس حامد كاظم خليل السلطاني
Supervisor name: ماهر علي جتان القريشي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية في الفترة من شهر ايلول2015 ولغاية اب 2016 للتحري عن وبائية الطفيليات المعوية الاميبا الحالة للنسيج Entamoeba histolytica والاميبا غير الممرضة Entamoeba dispar بطريقة الفحص المجهري وطريقة تفاعل سلسلة البلمرة PCR والمقارنة بين كلا الطفيليين في بعض جينات عوامل الضراوة السستين بروتينيز 5 وamoebapor A ، Ap - B ، Ap - C . كذلك تضمنت الدراســـــة تقدير تركـــــيز الضــــد الافرازي S - IgA ، وكذلك قياس تركيز الاضداد IgA ، IgG ، IgMفي مصول المرضى والسيطرة.بلغ عدد العينات المفحوصة 200 عينة خروج لمرضى يعانون من الاسهال لفئات عمرية مختلفة تم جمعها من المستشفيات والمراكز الصحية وبعض العيادات الخاصة في محافظة بابل، تم فحص العينات بطريقة المسحة المباشرة وطريقة تفاعل تسلسل البلمرة باستخراج الدنا الخاص بالطفيليات منها ، في مختبرات المستشفيات والمراكز الصحية ومختبر الطفيليات المتقدم في كلية العلوم/ جامعة بابل .اظهرت نتائج الفحص المجهري ان نسبة الاصابة الاجمالية بالطفيليات المعوية اميبا الزحار 20% ) 40عينة) ، بينما بلغت 73% بطريقة تفاعل تسلسل البلمرة في حين كانت نسبة الاصابة 27.5 % لطفيلي E. dispar باستخدام البرايمر الخاص بهذا الطفيلي Ed - 1. وتضمنت الدراسة الحالية ارتباط عامل العمر والجنس ومنطقة السكن واشهر السنة بنسبة انتشار كلا الطفيليين وباستخدام الفحص المجهري وPCR واوضحت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي عدم وجود فروق معنوية في عدد المصابين بين العمر والجنس الريف والمدينة وباختلاف نوع الطفيلي، بينما وجدت فروق معنوية لنسب انتشار كلا الطفيليين حسب اشهر السنة .بينت نتائج الفحص المجهري حسب الفئة العمرية ان اعلى نسبة اصابة بلغت 37.5% للفئة العمرية (1 - 10) سنة ، بينما بلغت اقل نسبة اصابة 2.5 % للفئة العمرية (31 - 40) سنة، في حين اشارت الدراسة الجزيئية الى ان اعلى نسبة اصابة36.36 و41.3 % للفئة العمرية (1 - 10) سنة واقل نسبة اصابة هي 9.09 و3.4% لكلا من طفيلي E. dispar وE. histolytica ، على التوالي.حسب الجنس بلغت اعلى نسبة اصابة لطفيلي E. histolytica للذكور67.5 % في حين كانت في الاناث32.5 %بطريقة الفحص المجهري ، اي كانت اعلى من نتائج الـــ PCR ، اذ بلغت 41% ، 59 % للاناث والذكور على التوالي ، مقارنة بطفيلي E. dispar 73% للذكور اعلى من الاناث 27%.بلغت نسبة الاصابة بطفيلي اميبا الزحار حسب منطقة السكن في الريف 75% اعل من المدينة 25% بطريقة الفحص المجهري ، مقارنة بنتائج الـــ PCR كانت نسب الاصابة في الريف 69% اعلى من المدينة 31% ، بينما لطفيلي E. dispar في المناطق الريفية 64% اعلى من المدينة 36%.وفقا للاشهر السنوية للدراسة كانت الاصابة اكثر شيوعا في يونيو ويوليو 20و 27.5% على التوالي بطريقة الفحص المجهري، واقل نسب في نوفمبر وديسمبر ويناير ومارس بنسبة 2.5% , مقارنة لنتائج الـــPCR لاميبا النسيج كان الاصابة اكثر شيوعا في يونيو ويوليو 16.6 ، 33.3 % على التوالي، وكان اقل تواترا في اكتوبر، نوفمبر، ديسمبر، ومارس 3.3% ، في حين لطفيليE. dispar كان معدل الاصابة مرتفع في مايو ويوليو 36.36% ، واقل في سبتمبر9.09٪، مع وجود فروقات معنوية بين الطفيليات لكلتا الطريقتين.اوضحت نتائج الدراسة الجزيئية ان هناك تغاير في الدنا الخاص بعوامل الضراوة في كلا الطفيليين ، اذ كانت جميع عينات طفيلي اميبا الزحار موجبة للجين البادئ سستين بروتينيز 5 CP5 وكذلك لــ amoebapor A ، Ap - B، Ap - C، في حين لطفيلي E. dispar وجدت سبعة عينات 63.6% موجبة لــ amoebapore A ، وستة عينات 54.5% لــ Ap - B ، وثلاث عينات 27.2% لــ Ap - C، مع وجود فروق معنوية لكلا الطفيليين . اظهرت نتائـــــــــــــــــج الدراسة المناعية وجود فــــــــــــــروق معنوية للمرضــــــى المصابيــــــن بطفيلي اميبا الزحار مقارنـــــــــــــــة مع مجموعــــــــــة السيطــــــــــرة ، وبلـغ مستوى تركيز الكلوبيوليــــن المناعي S - IgA (8.582 ± 0.351) مايكروغرام/ ديسيلتر لطفيلي E. histolytica و(5.213 ± 0.421) مايكروغرام/ ديسيلتر لــ E. dispar و(1.935±0.03) مايكرو غرام/ ديسيلتر لمجموعة السيطرة ، كذلك بلغ اعلى تركيز لـــــ IgA , IgG, IgM (387.9 , 707.4, 294.9) ملغ/دل لطفيلي اميبا الزحار مقارنة مع طفيلي E. dispar مع مجموعــــــــــة السيطــــــــــرة ، مع وجود فروق معنوية للمرضى المصابين باميبا الزحار . | The present study conducted in the period from September 2015 to Augusts 2016 to determination of epidemiology for Entamoeba histolytica and nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar by microscopic examination and conventional PCR and compromise some virulence factors cysteine proteinase CP5 gene , amoebapore A , Ap - B, Ap - C, for both parasites and estimate immunoglobulin G,A,M, and S - IgA in serum of patientsAll stool samples (200) collected from patients for different ages suffering from diarrhea or bloody diarrhea and attended to some hospitals and medical centers in Babylon governorate . All samples were examined by direct wet preparation method and polymerase chain reaction by extract the parasites DNA, in hospital and medical centers laboratories and the advanced parasites laboratory in the Biology Department / College of Science / Babylon University. The microscopic examination results show out of 40 stool samples had E. histolytica with percent 20% ,in compromise to PCR product infection rate was higher 73% , and for E. dispar 27.5% by Ed - 1 primer specific for this parasite.This study includes the relation of age, gender, and residence for both parasites infection, without significant differences for both parasites, while the annual study months had significant differences for both parasites by two methods . The microscopic study results according to ages group the highest infection percentage 37.5% for ages (1 - 10) year and the lower percentage was 2.5% for ages (31 - 40) year, while by PCR technique higher percentage 41.3 , 36.36 % for ages (1 - 10) , while the lower percentage was 3.4% , 9.09 % for (21 - 30) years, for E. histolytica and E. dispar , respectively . According to the gender, the infection Percentage in male and female 67.5% , 32.5% respectively by microscopic examination ,is higher than infection rate by PCR product 59% , 41%, for E. histolytica respectively, in compromise for E. dispar in male 73 % is higher than female 27 %.E. histolytica infection according to rural regions was 75 % higher than urban regions 25 % by microscopic examination ,in compromise to PCR product ,infection rate in rural regions was 69 % higher than urban regions 31 %, while for E. dispar in rural regions was 64% higher than urban 36 %.According to annual months of the study, the most frequent infection was in June and July 20 , 27.5% respectively by microscopic examination , and lower frequent was in November , December , January and March 2.5%, in compromise to PCR product results for E. histolytica the most frequent infection was in June and July (16.6 , 33.3)% respectively , and lower frequent was in October, November , December , and March 3.3% , while for E. dispar The high infection rate was in May and July 36.36%, and lower frequent was in September 9.09 %, with significant differences between parasites for both methods. For molecular study results, out of (40) stool samples, only (29) sample showed positive for CP5 gene marker for E. histolytica and 11 (27.5%) samples showed negative for this gene, moreover (11) stool samples showed also positive for (Ed) primer which is specific for E. dispar ,all samples of E. histolytica were positive for cysteine proteinase CP5 gene , amoebapore A , Ap - B, Ap - C, while for E. dispar only seven samples 63.6% positive for amoebapore A, six samples 54.5 % for Ap - B, and three samples 27.2% for Ap - C , with significant differences between both parasites virulence factors genes. The level of secretory IgA showed significant differences in patients with E. histolytica compared with control group, The level of secretory - IgA was (8.582 ± 0.351) μg /dL for E. histolytica and (5.213 ± 0.421) μg /dL for E. dispar and (1.935±0.03) for control group.The result of the present study, revealed the concentrations of immunoglobulin IgA , IgG , IgM, (387.9 , 707.4, 294.9 mg/dl), were higher in E. histolytica patients group compared to E. Dispar patients and control group , with a significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 for E. histolytica group

تقدير الاسبارجين في مرضى سرطان الدم بوساطة الاسبارجينيز المقيد والمنقى من Portulaca oleracea L == Estimation of Asparagine in Serum Leukemia Patients by Immobilized L - asparaginase Purified from Portulaca oleracea L

Author name: هادي ساجد عبد العباس عبد الله
Supervisor name: محمد عبد الله جبر جاسم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: جمعت عينات النباتات قيد الدراسة من منطقة الرارنجية \مدينة الحلة\العراق. وصنفت النباتات من قبل د.نداء عدنان في قسم علوم الحياة \كلية العلوم \جامعة بابل بالاعتماد على الصفات المظهرية للنباتات . تم التحري عن فعالية انزيم الاسباراجينيز والمحتوى البروتيني في المستخلص الخام لهذه النباتات , تبين ان اعلى فعالية نوعية لانزيم الاسباراجينيز في نبات البربينة Portulaca oleracea L., ثم قدرت الفعالية الانزيمية في اجزاء النبات والتي شملت (الاواق, السيقان,الجذور, نبات كامل) حيث ظهرت اعلى فعالية في النبات الكامل مقارنة بالاجزاء الاخرى ,بالاعتماد على هذه النتائج استخدم نبات البربينة Portulaca oleracea L. كمصدر لانتاج وتنقية وتوصيف والاستخدام الطبي لانزيم الاسباراجينيز.درست الظروف المثلى لفعالية انزيم الاسباراجينيز من النبات الكامل وقد اشارت النتائج الى ان اعلى فعالية للانزيم قد تحققت بحضن الانزيم الخام مع الاسبراجين بتركيز 200mM بنسبة 1 : 3 في محلول دارئ فوسفات البوتاسيوم المنظم بتركيز 0.05 مولار بدالة حامضية 8 وبدرجة حرارة 37 م مع الانخفاض التدريجي في الفعالية النوعية للانزيم الخام بعد خزنه لفترات زمنية محددة .تم تنقية انزيم الاسباراجينيز الخام المستخلص من نبات البربينة بثلاث خطوات تضمنت الاولى الترسيب بكبريتات الامونيوم بنسبة 90% ثم التنقية بكروماتوغرافيا الترشيح الهلامي باستحدام السيفاديكس G - 100 وبعدها التنقية بكروماتوغرافيا الترشيح الهلامي باستخدام السيفاديكس G - 150 وقد ظهرت ثلاثة اشكال للانزيم حيث بلغت الفعالية النوعية للانزيم النقي 7440 وحدة\ملغم وعدد مرات التنقية 4.08 وبحصيلة انزيمية بلغت 22.7%.تم توصيف الاسباراجينيز النقي ,اذ بلغ الوزن الجزيئي52±1 كيلو دالتون باستخدام كروماتوغرافيا الترشيح الهلامي باستخدام السيفاديكس G - 100 بوجود البروتينات القياسية والتي هي Trypsin (23 KD), Pepsin (34.5 KD), Egg Albumin (43KD) , and Bovine serum albumin (67 KD) وكان الرقم الهيدروجيني الامثل لفعالية وثبات الانزيم هو 8 في حين كانت درجة الحرارة المثلى لفعالية وثبات الانزيم هي 37 م وعند دراسة الثوابت الحركية للانزيم , ظهر ان معدلات قيم ثابت ميكالس (Km) والسرعة القصوى (Vmax) وعدد التحول(Kcat ) كانت 250 ملي مولار و100 ملي مولار \دقيقة و350 1\ثانية على التوالي. قيد الانزيم باستعمال الاكار,الاكاروز والجيلاتين وتم توصيف الانزيم المقيد ومقارنته مع الانزيم الحر. اظهرت نتائج الدراسة كفاءة التقييد باستعمال مادة الاكاروز والاكار والجلاتين حيث بلغت ( (70,72,78 % على التوالي وكما تبين من النتائج ان اعلى فعالية للانزيم الحر والمقيد بالاكاروز كانت عند الدالة الحامضية 8 اما الانزيم المقيد بالاكار والجيلاتين فكانت اعلى فعالية عند الدالة الحامضية 9. بالمقابل كانت درجة الحرارة 37 م هي المثلى للفعالية للانزيم المقيد بالاكار والجيلاتين والحر و40 م للانزيم المقيد بالاكاروز. واستخدم الانزيم المقيد في تقدير تركيز الاسبارجين في مصل الدم , اظهرت النتاج ارتفاع واضح في تركيز الاسباراجين لمرضى اللوكيميا (سرطان الدم) حيث بلغت〖10〗^( - 2) - 〖10〗^( - 3) مولار مقارنة مع الاشخاص الطبيعيين حيث بلغت〖10〗^( - 4) - 〖10〗^( - 7) مولار | Plants samples were collected during 2016 (August to September) from Al - Raranjia Hamlet field / Al - Hilah city / Iraq. These samples were classified by Dr. Nidaa Adnan Muhammed ,Biology Department/ Collage of Science / University of Babylon , according to their morphological characteristics. Activity of asparaginase was detected in whole plant, leaves, steems and roots extracts. Results showed that Portulaca oleracea L. was the best one from group of tested plants for research due high yield of L - asparaginase enzyme . Maximum asparaginase activity was detected in whole plant extracts which was 43.55 U/ml in comparison with 37.74,33.16 and 36.8 U/ml in extracts of leaves, steems and roots respectively. According to these results whole plant of Portulaca oleracea L. were used as a source for asparaginase production, purification , characterization, and medical application . Activity of crude asparaginase extracted from whole plant were under optimal conditions studied. Results revealed the maximum activity of asparaginase was achieved when the enzyme was incubated with asparagine 200mM at 37°C in the presence of potassium phosphate buffer 0.05 M solution/plant sample (g) (3 : 1 ratio) at pH8 , with gradually increase in activity with increase of the substrate and gradually activity decrease after particular storage period. Crude asparaginase extract was purified in three steps ( Ammonium sulfate precipitation (90%), gel filtration chromatography technique by Sephadex G - 100 and gel filtration chromatography method by Sephadex G - 150. There are three isoform of enzyme while Specific activity of the purified asparaginase was 7440 U/mg and 4.08 Purification folds, 14.5 % yield. Characterization of the purified asparaginase showed that the molecular weight of the enzyme was 52±1 Kilo Dalton by gel filtration chromatography using Sephadex G - 100 in the presence of four standard proteins which they are Trypsin (23 KD), Pepsin (34.5 KD), Egg Albumin (43KD) , and Bovine serum albumin (67 KD). pH 8 was the optimum pH for enzyme activity and stability, while 37°C was the optimum temperature for both enzyme activity and stability, with Km of 250 mM toward L - asparagine as substrate and the maximum velocity (Vmax) and Kcat of 100 mM/min, 350 sec^( - 1) respectively . The activity of immobilized enzyme was determined and compared with free enzyme ,where immobilizing Efficiency of agar , agarose and gelatin techniques was ( 72 %,78 % and 70 % ) respectively, all immobilizing technique proved that the activity of the enzyme was increased significantly compared with free enzyme, where agar and gelatin methods showed more stability of enzyme at alkaline pH (pH 9) , whereas only agarose method get the enzyme more heat stability to enzyme than other immobilizing methods. There are significant elevation level of asparagine concentration in leukemic human serum samples than normal human serum samples , where reached to 〖10〗^( - 4) - 〖10〗^( - 7) M of asparagine in normal human serum samples while it was 〖10〗^( - 2) - 〖10〗^( - 3) M of asparagine in leukemic serum blood samples.

تاثير النحاس النانوي والمستخلص حيويا في بعض المؤشرات الحيوية لنبات الفجل Raphanus sativus L. == Effect of copper nanoparticles and copper nanoparticles that extract biologically in some biochemical parameters of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Author name: سمية يحيى عبد عبيس
Supervisor name: رحاب عيدان كاظم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تمت هذه الدراسة في مختبر النبات المتقدم لقسم علوم الحياة/كلية العلوم/جامعة بابل خلال السنة 2016 - 2017، وقد تضمنت هذه الدراسة بيان تاثير اربعة عشر معاملة من النحاس بالتراكيز (0.1 و3.5 و63.5) جزء بالمليون والنحاس النانوي الجاهز بالتراكيز (0.1 و0.3 و1.5 و23.5 و43.5 و63.5) جزء بالمليون والمستخلص المائي لاوراق نبات الدمس Conocarpus erectus L. (5%) والمحلول المزيج (مستخلص نباتي 5%+ كبريتات النحاس 0.1 مل مولر) وللمقارنة (الماء المقطر) على انبات ونمو بذور نبات الفجل Raphanus sativus L. في تجربتين احدهما في اطباق والثانية في اصص.وفي اوراق نبات الدمس تم انتاج النحاس حيويا وباستعمال تقنيات UVS وXRD وFTIR وSEM وEDX لتشخيص عنصر النحاس النانوي وتحديد مجاميعه الفعالة وخصائصه الاخرى وقد تم التوصل الى النتائج التالية : 1. ظهرت قمة الامتصاص بحدود 395 نانوميتر من خلال تقنية UVS، وكان معدل حجم دقائق النحاس النانوي 39 نانوميتر وفقا تقنية XRD وSEM وظهر وجود مجاميع فعالة سببت ثباتية لدقائق النحاس النانوي وفقا لما اشرته تقنية FTIR. 2. سبب المستخلص النباتي انخفاضا معنويا لمعظم المؤشرات الحيوية المدروسة في تجربتي اطباق بتري والاصص عدا المساحة الورقية ومحتوى البروتين اللذان ارتفعت قيمهما معنويا مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة.3. سبب المزيج تشجيع بعض المؤشرات الحيوية التي ثبطت بتاثير المستخلص النباتي او تاثير النحاس بالتركيز الاعلى (63.5 جزء بالمليون والمحضر من كبريتات النحاس) عند المقارنة مع كل من المستخلص النباتي لوحده او عند المقارنة مع التراكيز الاعلى للنحاس، ولكن معظمها بقيت ذات تثبيط معنوي عند المقارنة مع عينة السيطرة مثل النسبة المئوية لمعامل سرعة الانبات وطول المجموع الجذري ومحتوى الكاربوهيدرات ومحتوى السايتوكروم P450، وكانت مثبطة اكثر عند المقارنة مع التركيز الاعلى للنحاس مثل البرولين والميتالوثايونين. وثبطت بعض مؤشرات النمو بتاثير المزيج عند المقارنة مع كل من المستخلص النباتي لوحده او النحاس بالتركيز الاعلى او عند المقارنة مع السيطرة مثل الوزن الطري للمجموع الخضري ومحتوى الكلوروفيل الكلي. في حين ازداد بعضها عن عينة السيطرة بعد ما خفض تاثيره مقارنة مع التركيز الاعلى للنحاس مثل الوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري والمساحة الورقية ومحتوى الكاروتينات والبرولين والكلوتاثيون. 4. اختلفت كبريتات النحاس في التاثير تبعا لتركيزها وقد ازدادت قيم بعض مؤشرات النمو مع انخفاض التركيز مثل النسبة المئوية للانبات وطول المجموع الجذري والوزن الطري للمجموع الجذري، والوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري والمساحة الورقية ومحتوى البرولين ومحتوى السايتوكروم. وكان التركيز 3.5 جزء بالمليون للنحاس مشجعا لطول المجموع الخضري والوزن الطري للمجموع الخضري والوزن الجاف للمجموع الجذري بصورة معنوية عن عينة السيطرة. 5. اختلفت دقائق النحاس النانوية في تاثيرها باختلاف التركيز. ولوحظ ان مؤشرات النمو شجعت مع انخفاض التركيز مثل النسبة المئوية للانبات وسرعته وطول المجموعين الخضري والجذري والوزن الطري والجاف لهما والمساحة الورقية ومحتوى الكلوروفيل الكلي والكاروتينات والبرولين والكاربوهيدرات والسايتوكروم. وتبين زيادة تلك المؤشرات عند التركيزين 1.5 و0.5 جزء بالمليون لدقائق النحاس النانوي اذ اعطيا افضل نتيجة، وعند التركيزين الاخيرين (0.3 و0.1 جزء بالمليون) انخفضت قيم المؤشرات المدروسة ولكن لم يحدث فرق معنوي عند المقارنة مع عينة السيطرة لمعظمها. ازداد محتوى البرولين والكلوتاثيون ومضادات الاكسدة معنويا عند زيادة تراكيز النحاس النانوي وانخفضت بانخفاضها. | A Laboratory study, the study was conducted to study the effect of copper at concentration 0.1, 3.5, 63.5 ppm (a Copper sulphate CuSO4) and the effects of available nano - copper at concentration 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.5, 23.5, 43.5 and 63.5 ppm, with study the effects of leave water extraction of Conocarpus erectus (5%) and the effect of mixture solution (plant extraction + CuSO4 0.1milimolar) and for comparison the distilled water used, experiment was carried out with fourteen treatments. At first stage of research, the nano copper was produced biologically from mixture solution and observation, the fast color changes with appearance of red residue. And with utilize UVS, XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX technologies was detected the nanocopper elements and absorption peak was appeared at 395nm by using UVS technology. The average size of nanoparticle of copper was approximately 39 nm by using XRD and SEM, the technology of FTIR showed the present active groups due to stability of nanoparticle of copper. At the second stage of research, plant extraction was added, mixture solution , concentrations of CuSO4 and concentrations of nanocopper rather than control sample for the seed of plant Raphanus Sativus L. for two experiments, the first was cultured at petri dish and continued for 5 days, and the second was cultured in pots and continuous for 30 days, the results showed the following : 1. The plant extraction caused significantly increased for most biomarker whereas in experiment of petri dish or in pots experiment except the area of leave and protein content were significantly increased as compared with control .2. The mixture caused stimulation of some biomarkers that are inhibited by the effects of plant extraction or the effects of copper at highest concentration (63.5 ppm that are prepared from CuSO4). But non significantly for most of it as compared with plant extract or with highest concentration for copper, but most of them remained with significantly inhibited as compared with control such as indice of seed emergence speed, length of root system, carbohydrate content and cytochrome p450, or more inhibited as compared with highest concentration such as proline and metallothionien. Some indices growth were inhibited by mixture effects as compared with plant extraction alone or with the copper at highest concentration compared with control such as vegetative system of fresh weight and the total content of chlorophyll. While some of them were alleviated as compared with control after decreasing its effect as compared with highest concentration of copper such as dry weight of vegetative systems, area leave, carotenoid content, proline and glutathione. 3. The copper as Copper Sulphate was caused different effects according to its concentration. The values of some growth indices were increased, with decreased the concentration such as % of germination, length of roots systems, fresh weight of roots system, dry weight of shoots systems, leave area, proline content and cytochrome contents. While the concentration 3.5 ppm of copper was important due to increase the length of vegetative system, fresh weight of vegetative systems, dry weight of root system as significant with control. Chlorophyll a and b were significantly decreased as well as total chlorophyll content compared with the control, Carotenoid, carbohydrates, proline, glutathione, total antioxidants, metallothionien with concentration were also decreased. 4. Preparation of nanparticle copper was at different concentrations caused, different effects according to concentration, observation, the growth indices were stimulated by lower concentration such as % of seed germination, % of speed seed germination, length of both vegetative and roots systems, fresh weight of both vegetative and roots, dry weight of vegetative and roots systems, leave area, contents of each chlorophyll a and b (non significant), total chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, carbohydrate and cytochrome p450, each of these parameters at the concentration (1.5, 0.5) ppm for nanoparticle of copper gave the best results, while they were decreased at the (0.1 , 0.3) ppm concentration , but occur significant as compared with control, it remained better than control although its value decreased. The highest concentration of nanocopper caused significantly increased of proline content, glutathione, total antioxidants metallothionien which gave the best values that similar for control at the concentration 23.5 ppm and these values were decreased with the lowest concentration

تاثير السموم الكبدية الـMicrocystin - LR على الصفات البايوكيميائية والجزيئية في الكارب الاعتيادي والجرذ == The Effects of Hepatotoxic Microcystin - LR on Biochemical and Molecular Characteristics of Cyprinus carpio and Rattus rattus

Author name: ماهر محمـــد خضـــيري الجبــــــوري
Supervisor name: مؤيد جاسم ياس العماري | اياد محمد جبر المعموري
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Pollution
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: صممت الدراسة الحالية لدراسة تاثير السموم الكبدية الـMicrocystin - LR على الصفات البايوكميائية والجزيئية في الحيوانات المختاره (الكارب الاعتيادي والجرذ) حيث كان تركيز microcystin - LR المنقى من Anabaena circinalis وOscillatoria splendida 74.832 مايكروغرام / مل61.85 مايكروغرام/ مل على التوالي الذي تم الكشف عنه وجمعه بواسطة الكروماتوكرافية السائلة فائقة الاداء التحضرية بينما كان تركيزه في Westiellopsis prolifica وStigonema sp هو 28.385 مايكروغرام/مل و23.591 مايكروغرام/مل على التوالي. استخدمت تراكيزالــmicrocystin - LR للجرذ واسماك الكارب الاعتيادي عن طريق حقنها تحت الغشاء البريتوني خلال التعرض الحاد الحادة (96 ساعة) , كانت ( 60 , 40 , 20 ) مايكروغرام /200 غرام من زون الجسم , ومن ثم تحديد الجرعة المتوسطة المميتة للجرذ واسماك الكارب الاعتيادي وكانت (52.48 و67.95) مايكروغرام / 200 غرام من وزن الجسم على التوالي . بينما في التعرض المزمن ( 30 يوم ) ،كانت التراكيز المستخدمة هي (3 و6 و9) مايكروغرام/ 200 غرام من زون الجسم. بينت نتائج الدراسة الحالية زيادة معنوية في كل المؤشرات البايوكيميائية مع زيادة الجرعة الــMicrocystin - LR في دم وكبد الجرذان واسماك الكارب الاعتيادي خلال التعرض الحادة ، لكن خلال التعرض المزمن ايضا ازدات كل المؤشرات البايوكيميائية زيادة معنوية مع زيادة تركيز الــMicrocystin - LR ، بينما قلت تركيز مضادات الاكسدة الكلية والسايتوكروم P450 والفوسفيتيز القاعدي في الدم والكبد والـGOT في دم الجرذ بشكل معنوي مع زيادة تركيز الجرعة الــmicrocystin - LR بالمقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة ، بينما في اسماك الكارب الاعتيادي ، تركيز فيتامين C والسايتوكروم P450 في الدم والكبد ، والفوسفتيز القاعدي والـGPT في الكبد حيث قل بشكل معنوي مع زيادة تركيز الـmicrocystin - LR بالمقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة. بينت ايضا نتائج الدراسة الحالية الحصول على ست انواع من التشوهات الكروموسومية هي الكروموسومات الحلقية والكروماتيد المتكسر وكروموسومات المتقطعة وكروموسومات القلة وثنائية المركز خلال الفترة المزمنة في نخاع العظم للجرذ والكبد الاسماك الكارب الاعتيادي ، فان عدد كل نوع من التشوهات الكرموسومية في الجرذ واسماك الكارب الاعتيادي ازدادت بشكل معنوي مع زيادة تركيز الــmicrocystin - LR ، اظهر التحليل الاحصائي ارتباط معنوي موجب بين التشوهات الكروموسومية والمؤشرات البايوكيميائية ومؤشرات تحطم الـDNA ، اما دليل الانقسام الخلوي ازداد بشكل معنوي مع .زيادة الجرعة في نخاع عظم الجرذ وكبد الكارب الاعتيادي بالمقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة . المؤشرات الجزيئية للــDAN المتحطم كالطول المذنب Comet lengthو طول الذنب Tail length وهجرة الذنب Tail moment في دم وكبد الجرذ واسماك الكارب الاعتيادي ، والتي ازدادت بشكل معنوي مع زيادة جرعة الــmicrocystin - LR ، ايضا اظهرت النتائج ارتباط معنوي موجب مع المؤشرات البايوكيميائية والتشوهات الكرموسومية ، ايضا بينت الدراسة الحالية بان تحطم الـDNA في الكبد اكثر مما في الدم . | The presents study was designed to study the effects of hepatotoxic microcystin - LR on biochemical and molecular characteristic of selected animals (Cyprinus carpio and Rattus rattus) Whereas the concentration of microcystin - LR obtained from Anabaena circinalis and Oscillatoria splendida that purification and collection by utilizing preparative high performance liquid chromatography was 74.832 µg/ml and 61.85 µg/ml respectively. While its concentration in Westiellopsis prolifica and Stigonema sp was 28.385 µg/ml and 23.591 µg/ml respectively The concentrations of toxin that used for rats (Rattus rattus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) via intraperitoneally injection during acute period (96 h) was (20, 40, 60) µg/200g body weight and then determination of median lethal dose for rats and C. carpio was (52.48, 67.95) µg/200g body weight respectively, While in chronic period (30 days), the concentrations used for above animals was (3, 6, 9) µg/200g body weight . The results of presents study was showed all biochemical markers significantly increased with increasing dose of microcystin - LR in blood and liver of rats and C.carpio during acute period, but in chronic period also all biochemical markers in blood and liver of rats and C.carpio have been significantly increased with increasing concentration of microcystin - LR, Whereas the total antioxidant concentration, Cytochrome P450 and Alkaline phosphatase in blood and liver, and GOT in blood of rats were significantly decreased with increasing concentration of dose of microcystin - LR as compared with control groups, While in C. carpio, the concentration of vitamin C and Cytochrome P450 in blood and liver, and Alkaline phosphatase and GPT in liver were significantly decreased with elevated concentration of microcystin - LR as compared with control groups. The presents study was shown six type of chromosome aberration which are ring chromosomes, chromatid break, fragmented chromosomes, aneuploidy and dicentric chromosomes that are obtained during chronic exposure period in bone marrow of rats and liver of C. carpio, the number of each type of chromosome aberration in rat and C .carpio have been significantly increased with increasing microcystin - LR concentration, the statistical analysis appeared positive significant correlation between chromosome aberration, biochemical markers and marker of DNA damage. The mitotic index was significantly increased with increasing microcystin - LR concentration in bone marrow of rats and in liver of C .carpio as compared with control groups. The molecular makers of DNA damage such as comet length, tail length and tail moment in blood and liver of rats and C .carpio were significantly increased with increasing concentration of microcystin - LR, also appearance of results positive significant correlation with biochemical markers and chromosome aberration and also presents results shown the DNA damage in liver more than in blood.

استخدام دقائق الفضة النانوية المنتجة من بكتريا الزوائف الزنجارية Pseudomonas aeruginosa كنظام لتسليم الممنع == Silver nanoparticles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an immunogen delivery system

Author name: احمد جمال حسين السرحان
Supervisor name: فريال جميل عبد عطية
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الدراسة تم جمع 155 عينة شملت العينات السريرية والعينات البيئية من مستشفى الحلة التعليمي . بلغ عدد العينات السريرية 58 عينة عزلت من المرضى الذين يعانون من اصابات الحروق والتهاب المجاري البولية وتجرثم الدم وجمعت العينات البيئية 97 عينة من الاسرة والمطهرات وغرف المرضى في مستشفى الحلة التعليمي من اذار 2016 الى ايار 2016 . شخصت العزلات بالاعتماد على الاختبارات المزرعية والكيموحيوية باستخدام نظام Api 20E فضلا عن تاكيد تشخيصها بوساطة جهاز VITEK 2 . ومن مجموع 155 عينة كانت 30 عزلة عائدة لبكتريا Pseudomonas aeruginosa بنسبة 19.35% . تم التصنيع الخضري لدقائق الفضة النانوية (AgNPs) باستخدام عالق بكتريا P. aeruginosa . كما تمت دراسة صفات دقائق الفضة النانوية باستخدام الاشعة فوق البنفسجية - المرئية الطيفي وحيود الاشعة السينية (XRD) وتشتت طاقة الاشعة السينية (EDX) والاشعة تحت الحمراء الطيفي ( FTIR ) والمجهر الالكتروني الماسح (SEM) . اظهر التحري الجزيئي للسموم الخارجية للبكتريا بوساطة تقنية تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل وباستعمال بادئات متخصصة للجينات ( EXO A , EXO T and EXO S )امتلاك جميع العزلات جين للسم الخارجي A والسم الخارجي T بينما اظهرت 22 عزلة نتيجة موجبة للسم الخارجي S. هذه النتائج اشارت الى ان وجود جينات السموم الخارجية هي عوامل ضراوة بارزة لعزلات P. aeruginosa . وتم انتاج السم الخارجي A من بكتريا Pseudomonas aeruginosa في وسط مرق الصويا المديلز وتنقيته باستخدام نسبة اشباع 85٪ من كبريتات الامونيوم ثم بواسطة عمود كروماتوغرافيا السائلة عالية الاداء لانتاج سم عالي النقاوة بعد ذلك تم تحديد الوزن الجزيئي للسم المنقى ليكون 71 كيلو دالتون . تضمنت الدراسة المناعية دراسة الخصائص المستضدية للسم المضعف ودقائق الفضة النانوية والمستضد المختلط المكون من التوكسويد ودقائق الفضة النانوية ثم التحري عن الدورالمناعي لدقائق الفضة النانوية كنظام اعطاء .اذ تمت باستخدام20 ارنب قسمت الى اربعة مجاميع كل مجموعة تضمنت 5 ارانب ,حيث حقنت المجموعة الاولى بالتوكسويد فقط اما المجموعة الثانية فقد حقنت بدقائق الفضة النانوية فقط والمجموعة الثالثة فقد حقنت بالمستضد المختلط ,اما المجموعة الرابعة فحقنت بالمحلول الملحي الفسلجي واعتبرت كسيطرة, وبعد انتهاء مده التمنيع تم التحري عن بعض المعايير المناعية . اظهرت نتائج جميع الفحوصات المناعية المستخدمة في هذه الدراسة ان كل من للسم المضعف ودقائق الفضة النانوية والمستضد المختلط قد اعطت زيادة معنوية بالمقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة وعلى مستوى احتمالية P<0.05 .فقد اظهرت نتائج اختبار اختزال الصبغة ( NBT ) التي تم الحصول عليها لهذه المستضدات الثلاثة في هذا الاختبار بمعدل(66.8%, 60.6% 73.6% ) على التوالي بينما مجموعة السيطرة بمعدل(46.8%) . وتم استخدام اختبار الجلد حيث اظهرت النتائج ان هذه المستضدات الثلاثة اثرت في تفاعل الحساسية sensitivity للارانب وقد ادت المستضدات المحقونة الى زيادة معنويه في قطر الانتفاخ بعد 4),24,48,(72 ساعة مقارنة مع مجموعه السيطرة على مستوى احتمالية P<0.05. وتم استخدام اختبار معامل الانقسام ايضا والنتائج التي تم الحصول عليها بمعدل(26.96%, 22.8%, 32.11%) على التوالي بينما مجموعة السيطرة بمعدل(13.33%). بالاضافة الى ذلك فقد تم استخدام طريقة الانتشار المناعي لتقدير مستوى الانتشار المناعي للكلوبيولينات المناعية في المصل, واظهرت النتائج بان مستوى الكلوبيولينات المناعية بمعدل (17, 19.8 و19.4 ( ملم على التوالي بالمقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة عند P <0.05. وايضا تم استخدام تقنية الامتزاز المناعي المرتبط بالانزيم (ELISA) لتقدير تركيز عناقيد التمايز في المصل CD4 وCD8, وقد كان تركيزCD4 بمعدل (47.49 , 43.82 و63.61 ) نانوغرام/مل على التوالي بينما مجموعة السيطرة بمعدل(26.59) نانوغرام/مل في حين تركيزCD8 بمعدل (2.79 , 3.21و 6.08) نانوغرام\مل بينما مجموعة السيطرة بمعدل (1.6) نانوغرام/مل . وقد اظهرت الدراسة النسيجية بان ليس هنالك افات مرضية في مجاميع الارانب الممنعة بانواع مختلفة من المستضدات . حيث اظهر الكبد ارتشاح للخلايا الالتهابية في المنطقة البوابية والتهاب نقطي في الفصيصات الكبدية في مجموعة السم المضعف ومجموعة المستضد المختلط بينما اظهرت مجموعة دقائق الفضة النانوية ارتشاح للخلايا الالتهابية في المنطقة البوابية فقط . كما اظهر الطحال فرط تنسج للمفاويات في منطقة اللب الابيض لمجاميع الارانب الممنعة . | The study included (155) samples which collected from both clinical and hospital environmental samples. Fifty eight specimens were collected from patients suffering from wounds , urinary tract infections and bacteremia. Ninety seven hospital environmental samples were collected from beds , disinfectants and patient’s rooms at Al - Hilla Teaching Hospital from March 2016 to May 2016. The isolates were identified according to cultural , biochemical test using Api 20 E system and confirmed by VITEK 2 system compact. The results showed that 30/155 (19.35%) gave positive culture for Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared using P. aeruginosa suspension . The characterization of silver nanoparticles was carried out using UV - Visible spectroscopy, X Ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X - ray Crystallography (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Genotypic detection of P. aeruginosa exotoxins by polymerase chain reaction was done by using specific primers for exotoxin A, exotoxin T and exotoxin S . All isolates were positive to exotoxin A and exotoxin T whereas (22) isolates gave positive result for exotoxin S gene. These results indicated that the presence of exotoxins genes were prominent virulence factors for P.aeruginosa isolates. Exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has produced in tryptic soy broth dialysate and purified using 85% saturation of ammonium sulphate then by HPLC column to yield highly purified toxin then molecular weight of purified toxin has determined to be 71 KD . The immunological study involved studying the antigenicity properties of the toxoid alone , AgNPs alone and mix antigen then investigating the immunological role of AgNPs as delivery system. It was done by using 20 males New Zealand rabbits and divided into four groups, the first group was immunized with toxoid alone, the second group was immunized with AgNPs alone , the third group was immunized with mix antigen , while the fourth group considered as control group and immunized with normal saline, after the immunization period, some immunological parameters were investigated. In all immunological tests of this study the results revealed that toxoid alone , AgNPs alone and mix antigen were given significantly increased in comparison with control group at P<0.05 . For NBT test , the result that was obtained for these three types of antigens with mean value (66.8%, 60.6% and 73.6%) respectively ,while the control group with mean value (46.8%) . The results of skin test showed these three types of antigens induce the hypersensitivity of the rabbits and the induration diameter of these three types antigen after 4, 24, 48 and 72 hrs. was significantly higher than control at P<0.05. Also , mitotic index test also was used , the result that was obtained for these three types of antigens with mean value (26.96%, 22.8% and 32.11%) respectively ,while the control group with mean value (13.33%) . In addition, the radial immunodiffusion (RID) method was used to detect the immunodiffusion level of the immunoglobulins in serum samples, the results showed that the immunodiffusion level of immunoglobulins with mean values (17, 19.8 and 19.4) mm respectively, in comparison with control group at P<0.05 . The concentration level of the CD4 and CD8 in the serum samples was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, the concentration level of CD4 molecule with mean values (47.49, 43.82 and 63.61) ng/ml respectively while the control group with mean value (26.59) ng/ml. And the CD8 molecule with mean values (2.79, 3.21 and 6.08) ng/ml respectively, while the control group with mean value (1.6) ng/ml . Histopathological study showed that there were no pathological lesions in rabbits groups immunized with different types of antigens . The liver showed inflammatory cells infiltration in the portal area and spotty lobular inflammation in toxoid alone and mix antigen groups whereas in AgNPs alone group showed only inflammatory cells infiltration in the portal area . The spleen showed reactive germinal center in white pulp for toxoid alone , AgNPs alone and mix antigen groups

تاثير عنصر النيكل في الحالة الغذائية لبذور وبادرات نبات الخيار اثناء عملية التشرب == The effect of nickel on nutritional status of cucumber seed and seedling during the imbibition

Author name: مروة خالد رزاق
Supervisor name: رحاب عيدان كاظم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science For Girls - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الى بيان تاثير كلوريد النيكل والمستخلص النباتي (قشور الرمان) على الحالة الغذائية لبذور وبادرات نبات الخيار حيث اجريت تجربة التشرب وتم حساب بعض القياسات المورفولوجية وتقدير بعض المؤشرات الكيموحيوية والجزيئية لبذور الخيار Cucumis sativus L. صنفBETH ALPHAF1 (اردني). نقعت البذور لمده 27 ساعة بتراكيز مختلفة من محلول كلوريد النيكل ( 1*10 - 5و 5*10 - 5 و1*10 - 4و 2*10 - 4 و4*10 - 4 و8*10 - 4 و1*10 - 3 و0.1 ) مولاري, فضلا عن عينة السيطرة (ماء مقطر)، وبثلاثة مكررات لكل معاملة, سجل الوزن الطري للبذور وبمعدل 3 قراءات لكل 3 ساعة والقراءة الرابعة (الاخيرة) تمت بعد 27 ساعة (قبل ظهور الجذير) ولوحظ زيادة الوزن الطري مع زيادة المدة الزمنية (القراءة الرابعة هي الافضل) اذ كانت 7.388غم . كما كان التركيز 5*10 - 5مولاري الافضل في زيادة الوزن الطري مقارنة مع السيطرة اذ بلغ الوزن 6.902غم, وفي حالة التداخل فان القراءة الرابعة مع التركيز 1*10 - 3 مولاري هي اعلى قيمة للوزن الطري اذ بلغ 7.62غم, القراءة الرابعة مع التركيز 0.1 مولاري سبب انخفاض في الوزن الطري بلغ 6.63غم مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة للماء المقطر وللقراءة نفسها. اعيدت التجربة التشرب بتحضير تراكيز النيكل المذكورة سابقا مع المستخلص النباتي (قشور الرمان مستخلص مائي حار تركيزه 1%)، وسجل الوزن الطري مع التركيز, وكان التركيز الافضل في زيادة الوزن الطري للبذرة هو 8*10 - 4 مولاري (7.87غرام) وافضل قراءة كانت الرابعة 6.78 غم، وفي حالة التداخل فكان الوزن الطري الاعلى هو 7.81 غرام عند التركيز 8*10 - 4 مولاري وعند القراءة الرابعة. اخذت القياسات المورفولوجية المتمثلة بالنسبة المئوية للانبات ولمعامل سرعة الانبات للبذور المتشربة لمدة 27 ساعة (20 بذرة في 20 مل ماء مقطر / طبق بتري) وكان اعلاها قيمة عند التركيز 1*10 - 5 مولاري اذ كان 95%, %45 واقلها في التركيز 0.1 مولاري اذ كانت %50, %25 لتجربة تراكيز النيكل بالماء المقطر وتم قياس طول والوزنين الجاف والطري للمجموع الجذري والخضري والمساحة الورقية، ولوحظ زيادة معنوية في اغلبها بالتراكيز الواطئة اذ كانت اعلاها في التركيز 1*10 - 5 مولاري اذ كانت النتائج كالتالي(14.9سم, 5.8سم,10.9 ملغم , 71.3ملغم, 111 ملغم , 265 ملغم, 2.5سم2)لمحلول كلوريد النيكل وتناقصت معنويا مع زيادة التركيز اذ ان التركيز 0.1 مولاري كانت نتائجه سلبية وكانت كالتالي (1.3سم , 0, 1.1 ملغم , 0, 61ملغم, 0, 0 )عند المقارنة مع عينة السيطرة. وفي حالة القياسات المورفولوجية لبذور الخيار المتشربة والمزروعة بطبق بتري فان المستخلص النباتي خفف تاثير النسبة المئوية للانبات ولمعامل سرعة الانبات عند التركيز 0.1 مولاري لكلوريد النيكل المحضر بالمستخلص النباتي(قشور الرمان) (76.67و 33.07%) مقارنة مع كلوريد النيكل المحضر بالماء المقطر (50، %25)على التوالي. محتوى الكاربوهيدرات الكلية ازداد معنويا بالتراكيز الواطئة وكان اعلاها عند التركيز1*10 - 5 مولاري اذ بلغ 748 ملغم/غم واقلها عند التركيز 0.1 مولاري اذ بلغ 210 ملغم/غم ، وكان الانخفاض متدرج في محتوى الكاربوهيدرات الكلية مع زيادة التركيز ايضا, كما انخفض محتوى البروتين مع زيادة التركيز اذ بلغ 28.9 ملغم/غم في التركيز 1*10 - 5 مولاري ، وكان اقله في التركيز 0.1 مولاري اذ بلغ 15.5ملغم/غم وقد زاد محتوى الكلوتاثيون مع زيادة التركيز فكان اعلاه عند التركيز 0.1 مولاري اذ بلغ 26.8 مايكروغرام/غم وكذلك سبب كلوريد النيكل زيادة في محتوى النيكل والبوتاسيوم في لب البذور واغلفتها وكانت هذه زيادة تدريجية مع زيادة التركيز حيث بلغ التركيز1*10 - 5 مولاري في غلاف البذور 18.2مايكروغرام/غم اما في اللب فقد كان 16.1 مايكروغرام/غم اما عند التركيز 0.1 مولاري فقد ارتفع تركيز النيكل اذ بلغ في غلاف البذور 32.1مايكروغرام/غم وفي اللب 27.1 مايكروغرام/غم اما بالنسبة للبوتاسيوم فقد بلغ محتواه في غلاف البذور بالتركيز 1*10 - 5 مولاري 458.00 مايكروغم/غم وفي اللب 558.00 مايكروغرام/غم اما بالتركيز 0.1مولاري فقد كان محتوى البوتاسيوم في غلف البذرة 1175.00مايكروغم/غم وفي اللب 2158.33 مايكروغم/غم, وقد انخفض محتوى الصوديوم في البذور واغلفتها مع زيادة التركيز اذا بلغ محتوى الصوديوم في غلاف البذرة في التركيز 1*10 - 5 مولاري 19.5 مايكروغم/غم اما في اللب فقد بلغ 12.1 مايكروغم/غم اما التركيز 0.1 مولاري فقد كان محتوى الصوديوم في اغلفة البذور 9.1 مايكروغم/غم اما اللب فقد كان 3 مايكروغم/غم تم تقدير تركيز الهرمونات في البذور المتشربة ولوحظ زيادة تركيز الاوكسين والزياتين في التراكيز 1*10 - 5 - 1*10 - 4 مولاري للاوكسين كانت ( 24*10 - 5 - 18*10 - 5ملي مولار) وبالنسبة للزياتين فان التراكيز(1*10 - 5 - 4*10 - 4) مولاري كانت (110*10 - 5 - 204*10 - 5 ملي مولار) وانخفضت قيم كلا الهرمونين بالتراكيز الاعلى الى التركيز 0.1 مولاري اذ بلغ 5*10 - 5 بالنسبة للاوكسين و63*10 - 5 بالنسبة للزياتين, والذي اعطى اقل قيمة. بدا تركيز هرمون الجبرلين بالتناقص تدريجيا مع زيادة التركيز حيث بلغ 44*10 - 3 ملي مولار بالتركيز 0.1 مولاري , في حين ازداد حامض الابسيسك مع زيادة التركيز وصولا الى اعلاه عند التركيز 0.1 مولاري5 23420*10 - ملي مولاري. ان فعالية انزيم الفاامايليز والبروتيز انخفضا تدريجيا مع زيادة التركيز حيث بلغ انزيم الفاامايليز في التركيز 0.1 مولاري 6 ملغم/دقيقة اما انزيم البروتيز فقد بلغ 7.7 وحدة/ مل في حين ان انزيم اليوريز ارتفع معنوياعند المقارنة مع عينة السيطرة عند التراكيز العالية وكان اقلها عند التركيز0.1 مولاري حيث بلغ 21.97 وحدة/مل يزداد تراكم الالنتوين مع زيادة تركيز العناصر الثقيلة الى ان يصل الى حد معين في التركيز 4*10 - 4 مولاري اذ يبلغ محتوى الالنتوين 598مايكروغم/غم ثم يبدا بالانخفاض الى ان يصل الى اقل محتوى في التركيز 0.1مولاري اذ بلغ 207مايكروغموعلى المستوى الجزيئي, فان المؤشرات المدروسة لاختبار الذنب (comet) مثل طول الذنب (comet length) حيث بلغ في التركيز1*10 - 5 مولاري 22 مايكروميتر وبدا بالارتفاع مع زيادة تركيز كلوريد النيكل اذ ب التركيز 0.1مولاري بلغ 169 مايكروميتر اما ارتفاع الذنب (comet high) فقد ارتفع الى 77.8 في التركيز 0.1 مولاري والمعدل الكلي للاجزاء المقطوعة التي تتجمع فيه قطع DNA comet moment)) قد تاثرت بالتراكيز المختلفة لكلوريد النيكل وسببت التراكيز العالية منه ارتفاع في قيم هذه المؤشرات الخاصة بتحطيم DNA اذ وصل الى 3.822 مايكروميتر في التركيز 0.1 مولاري | The study aimed to demonstrate the effect of nickel chloride and plant extract (pomegranate) on the nutritional status of seeds and cucumber seedlings In laboratory, Imbibition in some physiological, biological and molecular experiment conducted for seeds of cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)class BETH ALPHA F1 Jordon. The seeds soaked for 27 hour with different concentrations of Nickel (1*10 - 5 , 5*10 - 5 , 1*10 - 4, 2*10 - 4 , 4*10 - 4 , 8*10 - 4 و1*10 - 3 , 0.1 ) chloride In addition to control (distilled water). In imbibition experiment, recorded 3 fresh weight at different time (soaking every 3 hour) at the last fresh weight were the forth at 27 h.(before emergence the radical). There were increasing in fresh weight with increasing in time of soaking ,the best period is the fourth 7.388 g at the best concentration was 5*10 - 5 M give significant increasing in fresh weight 6.902 g , in interaction between soaking time and concentration, the best were at the forth and concentration 1*10 - 3 M 6.63g The imbibition experiment is repeated with different concentration of Nickel chloride prepared in plant extract pomegranate peel 1% hot extract. The concentration 8*10 - 4 M was increase the seeds fresh weight 7.87g while the best soaking time was the fourth 6.87g. In interaction between the soaking time and concentration, the best was at the forth and at concentration8*10 - 4M 7.81g After 27 hr ,(20 seed in 20 ml d.w/pettri dish),germination percentage and coefficient velocity percentage of germination were indicated the highest value was at 1*10 - 5 M was 95%, 45% the lowest was at 0.1 M was 50%,25% for each imbibed seeds in experiments (Nickle chloride with d.w) Almost low concentration of nickel chloride caused increasing in length of root and shoot ,fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, and increasing the leaf area too at 1*10 - 5 the result was 14.9cm,5.8cm, 10.9mg, 71.3 mg,111mg,265mg, 2.5 cm2 while the high concentration caused decreasing in all these parameters compared with control as 0.1M the result was (1.3cm,0,1.1mg ,0,61 mg ,0, 0) The concentration of nickel chloride which prepared with pomegranate peel extract showed declining in almost physiological parameters but it alleviate the toxicity concentration (0.1) M by increasing the percentage of germinated in control with nickel chloride prepared by d.w. Total carbohydrate content was significantly increased with low concentration and it was the highest in the 1 * 10 - 5 M of Nicl2 748 mg/g and the The decline was graded with increased of concentration at 0.1M was 210mg/g Protein content decreased with increasing of concentration at 1*10 - 5 M was 28.9 mg/g and in the 0.1 M was 15.5 mg/g while glutation content was increased with increase of concentration of Nicl2 at 0.1M was 26.8 mg/g, Nicl2 caused increasing in nickel and potassium in both seed and coat and these increasing was graded with increased of concentration in coat at 1*10 - 5M was 18.2 µm/g and seed was 16.1 µm/g at 0.1M concentration of nickel in coat was 32.1µm/g and in the seed 27.1µm/g , While sodium content in the coat at 1*10 - 5M 458.00 µm/g and in seed 558.00 µm/g while at 0.1M in coat was 1175.00 µg/g and seed was 2158.33 µm/g. The sodium content in the seeds and their coats decreased with increasing concentration of nickel chloride, the sodium content in the coat at 1*10 - 5 M was 19.5 μ g / g and in seed was 12.1 µg/g while at concentration 0.1M in coat was 9.1 µm/g and seed 3µg/g It has been estimating the concentration of hormones in seeds was observed to increase the concentration of auxin and zeatin in low concentration (1*10 - 4 - 1*10 - 5) M for auxin was (24*10 - 5 - 204*10 - 5 mM) The values of both hormones were reduced by higher concentrations to a concentration of 0.1 M was 5*10 - 5 M for auxin and 63*10 - 5M for zeatin .GA3 It began gradually decreasing with high concentration at 0.1M was 44*10 - 5 mM while ABA was increased with increased of Nicl2 Until it reached above 23420*10 - 5mM in0.1 M The effectiveness of the enzyme Alfaamayles and Protease gradually decreased with the increase of concentration where the enzyme Alfamaylese in the concentration of 0.1 M was 6 mg / min either the enzyme protease was 7.7 units / ml, While the urease enzyme was significantly increased in comparison with the control sample at high concentrations. at the concentration 0.1 M was 21.97 units / mL The accumulation of alantoin increases with the increasw concentration of heavy metals until it reaches a certain concentration of 4 * 10 - 4 M, the content of alantoin was 598 µm/g and then starts to decrease until it reaches the lowest content in the concentration of 0.1 M, which reached 207 µm/gAt the molecular level increased in the some parameters such as comet length at 1*10 - 5 M was 22 µM and at 1*10 - 5 M was 169 µM and comet high was increase to 77.8 µM at 0.1 M and comet moment increase with increasing of concentration of Nicl2 compared with D.W was reached to 3.822 µM at 0.1 M

تاثير فقر الدم نقص الحديد على التغيرات النسيجية الشكلية لمشيمية النساء الحوامل == Effects of anemia ( iron deficiency ) on morphohistological of placenta pregnant women

Author name: اية حامد حمد الحكيم
Supervisor name: رفاه هادي لطيف
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science For Girls - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:

اختبار كفاءة اوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوي في مكافحة الفطر Rhizoctonia solani في نبات الباذنجان

Author name: رشا سعد فوزي
Supervisor name: امنة محمد علي | مهند مهدي عبد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في مختبر السموم الفطرية / قسم وقاية النبات / كلية الزراعة / جامعة بغداد لسنة 2016 من اجل اختبار كفاءة جسيمات اوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوي في مكافحة الفطر Rhizoctonia solani في نبات الباذنجان صنف (اعجوبة العراق ) .تم اختبار المقدرة الامراضية لعزلة الفطر Rhizoctonia solani في الوسط الزرعي PDA على بذور الباذنجان, اظهرت النتائج ان عزلة الفطر Rhizoctonia solani اعطت نسبة اصابة عالية على بذور الباذنجان مقارنة بمعاملة المقارنة (بدون فطر ) حيث توضح النتائج ان نسبة الانبات في معاملة المقارنة بلغت 97.33 %. اما في معاملة الفطر بلغت 12 % . كما وجد ان اضافة جسيمات اوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوي ( MgO) بتراكيز 1 % و2 % و3 % ادت الى تثبيط الفطر مقارنة بمعاملة المقارنة (فطر ممرض ) وتراوحت نسب التثبيط (96.33 % , 100 % , 100 % ). في حين اظهرت نتائج تجربة الاصص ان معاملة البذور وخلط التربة بجسيمات اوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوية له اثر ايجابي في رفع النسبة المئوية لانبات بذور الباذنجان وكبح نشاط الفطر Rhizoctonia.solani , وكذلك لها اثر ايجابي في معايير النمو المدروسة . اذ ادت المعاملة بجسيمات اوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوية الى زيادة في الوزن الطري والجاف لنبات الباذنجان قياسا بمعاملة الفطر الممرض بمفرده الذي بلغ فيها الوزن الطري والجاف للمجموعين الجذري والخضري 0.18 , 0.06 , 1.60 , 0.52 غم.نبات 1ٙ على التتابع. في حين كانت اوزان المجموعين الجذري والخضري الطري والجاف لمعاملة البذور المعفرة باوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوي 0.81 , 0.29 , 4.74 ,1.39 غم.نبات 1ٙ على التتابع, وفي معاملة التربة المعاملة باوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوي 0.77 , 0.26 , 7.03 , 1.85 غم .نبات 1ٙعلى التوالي . وكانت معاملة المقارنة (بدون فطر ) 0.51 , 0.27 ,4.74 , 1.29 غم .نبات 1ٙعلى التتابع . واظهرت النتائج تاثيرجسيمات اوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوية في نسب العناصرالغذائية (النتروجين , الفسفور , البوتاسيوم , الكلوروفيل ) في نبات الباذنجان فقد تفوقت المعاملات التي تحتوي على جسيمات اوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوية في نسبة النتروجين فكانت نسبة النتروجين في معاملة البذورالمعفرة باوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوي ومعاملة التربة المعاملة باوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوي ومعاملة المقارنة(بدون فطر ) 2.04 , 2.03 , 1.99 ملغم . سمٙ2على التوالي اما في معاملة الفطر فكانت نسبة النتروجين فيها 1.77ملغم . سمٙ2 .اما نسبة الفسفور في معاملات البذور المعفرة باوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوي والتربة المعاملة باوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوي ومعاملة المقارنة (بدون فطر ) فكانت 0.51 , 0.48, 0.49ملغم . سمٙ2 على التتابع , اما في معاملة الفطر فكانت نسبة الفسفور فيه 0.47ملغم . سمٙ2 . وكانت نسبة البوتاسيوم في معاملات البذور المعفرة باوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوي ومعاملة التربة المعاملة باوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوي ومعاملة المقارنة(بدون فطر) 0.37 , 0.41 , 0.36 ملغم . سمٙ2 ,اما نسبة البوتاسيوم في معاملات الفطر فكانت 0.35 ملغم . سمٙ2 ,حيث تفوقت معاملة التربة المعاملة باوكسيد المغنيسيوم النانوي في نسبة البوتاسيوم فيها عن بقية المعاملات . وتفوقت معاملة التربة المعاملة بالنانو في نسبة صبغة الكلوروفيل فيها على بقية المعاملات مقارنة بمعاملة الفطر التي كانت نسبة الكلوروفيل A ( 1.01 , 0.54 مايكروغرام .سمٙ2) على التتابع , في حين كانت نسبة الكلوروفيل B في معاملة التربة المعاملة باوكسيد المغنيسيوم ( 1.17 , 0.71 مايكروغرام . سمٙ2) على التتابع .ان اضافة جسيمات MgO النانوية ادى الى زيادة نسبة كل العناصر الغذائية المهمة في المعاملات التي تحتوي على هذه الجسيمات . | This Study was conducted in mycotoxin laboratory / Defartment of plant protection / Agri - cuiture collage / Baghdad University in 2016 to test the efficiency of Magnesium Oxide - nano particles to combat Rhizoctonia solani fungi in eggplant type (Marvel of Iraq ). The satisfactory ability to isolating the Rhizoctonia solani fungi was tested in the agricultural sector PDA on eggplant seeds , The results showed that isolation of Rhizoctonia solani was given ahigh injury rate on eggplant seeds Compared to the comparison treatment (Without fungi ) . Where the results are shown the germination rate of comparison treatment was reached to 97.33% ,While in fungi treatment was reached to 12%. It was also found that addition of MgO nanoparticles in concentration (1%, 2% , 3%) led to inhibition the fungi compared to the comparison treatment (pathogenic fungi), the rate of inhibition varied (96.33%, 100% , 100%) .While the results of the experiments showed that the treatment of seeds and mixing the soil with MgO nanoparticles has positive effect to increase the percentage of eggplant seeds germination and curb the activity of Rhizoctonia solani fungi , Also it has positive impact on the studied growth parameters .The treatment of the MgO nanoparticles led to increase in soft and dry weight of eggplant compare with treatment of pathogenic fungi alone in which the soft and dry weight of radical and vegetative groups reached to (0.18, 0.06 , 0.52 gm) plant 1 on the relay . while the soft and dry weights of the radical and vegetative groups in the treatment of fermented seeds by MgO nanoparticles (0.81, 0.29 , 4.74 , 1.39 gm ) plant 1 on the relay . And in the soil treatment which was treated by MgO nanoparticles (0.77 , 0.26 , 7.03 , 1.85 mg) plant 1 on the relay .And the comparison treatment (without fungi ) was being ( 1.29 , 4.74 , 0.27 , 0.51 gm ) plant 1 on the relay . The results showed the effect of MgO nanoparticles in ratios of the nutrients (nitrogen , phosphour, potassium , chlorophyll )in eggplant , hence the treatment which containing MgO nanoparticles was excelled in nitrogen ratio subsequenliy the ratio nitrogen in the treatment of fermented seeds by MgO nano particles and soil treatment which treated by MgO nanoparticles and comparison treatment (without fungi )was being (1.99, 2.03 , 2.04 )mg.cm2 respectively. while in the treatment of fungi the ratio of nitrogen was (1.77mg .cm2 ). While the ratio of phosphorus in the treatment of fermented seeds by MgO nanoparticles and soil treatment which treated by MgO nanoparticles and comparison treatment (with out fungi ) was (0.49 , 0.48 , 0.51 mg. cm2) on the relay . while in the treatment of fungi , phosphorus ratio was (0.47 mg .cm2 ).And the ratio of potassium in treatment of farmanted seeds by MgO nanoparticles and soil treatment which treated by MgO nanoparticles and comperison treatment (without fungi ) was ( 0.37, 0.41 , 0.36 mg . cm2).While the ratio of potassium in fungi treatment was (0.35 mg.cm2) , where the soil treatment which treated by MgO nanoparticles was excelled in the potassium ratio than others treatments . The soil treatment which treated by nano was excelled in the chlorophyll dye ratio than others treatment compare with fungi treatment in which the chlorophyll A ratio was (1.01 , 0.54 mg.cm2) on the relay . whilst the chlorophyll B ratio in the soil treatment which treated by MgO was being (1.17 , 0.71 mg.cm2) on the relay . The addition of MgO nanoparticles led to increase ratio of the all nutrients which are important in the treatment containing this particles

اختبار كفاءة العسل المدعم بالمواد النانوية في مكافحة فطر Aspergillus flavus في بذور الذرة الصفراء المخزونة == Testing honey backed efficient nanomaterials in the against ( Aspergillus flavus) in Maize stored seeds

Author name: ديمة ايوب يوسف مرزوق
Supervisor name: امنة محمد علي | حليمة زغير حسين
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الى اختبار كفاءة جسيمات اوكسيد الزنك النانوية( ZnO(NP) ) والعسل والعسل المدعم بجسيمات اوكسيد الزنك النانوية ZnO(NP) ومستحضر الفايلكس في تثبيط الفطر Aspergillus flavus وتحطيم السم المنتج منه تحت الظروف المختبرية . اثبتت اختبارات التضاد ان اضافة كل من جسيمات اوكسيد الزنك النانوي ZnO(NP) بتراكيز 1%, 2%, 3% حققت تثبيطا لنمو الفطر A.flavusعلى الوسط الزرعي PDA بنسبة 98.55%, 100%, 100% على التوالي قياسا بمعاملة المقارنة (فطر ممرض بمفرده والتي بلغت (0.0 , واظهرت نتائج استعمال العسل بتراكيز 10%,20%,%30 الى تثبيط الفطر بنسبة %75.3 ,%78 ,78.6 % على التوالي, في حين بينت النتائج فاعلية العسل المدعم ب NP))ZnO في تثبيط الفطرعند استعماله بتراكيز %10 , %20 , %30 اذ بلغت نسبة التثبيط %85.6, %87 , 87.3 % على التوالي. كما اظهرت النتائج كفاءة مستحضر الفايلكس في تثبيط الفطر بنسبة 74.4%, 100%, 100% عندما كان التركيز المستعمل من الفايلكس 0.1%, 0.2%, %0.3على التوالي. تم اختبار كفاءة جسيمات ZnO(NP)والعسل والعسل المدعم بجسيمات ZnO(NP) ومستحضر الفايلكس تحت ظروف الخزن بينت النتائج ان جميع المعاملات ادت الى خفض معنوي في نسبة الاختزال وتركيز سم الافلا B1))AFB1 في حبوب الذرة الصفراء المخزونة وبفارق معنوي عن معاملة السيطرة اذ بلغت 0.0و 1.13مايكروغرام/كغم باستعمال جهاز High performance liquid chromatography (( HPLC , باختيار افضل تركيز لكل من المواد المستخدمة لتثبيط نمو الفطر , اذ اظهرت نتائج استخدام جسيمات ZnO(NP) ومستحضر الفايلكس اعطى اعلى نسبة اختزال لسم الافلاB1 بلغ% 93.80 وبتركيز 0.07 و91.15% بتركيز 0.10مايكروغرام/كغم على التوالي كما اظهرت نتائج استعمال العسل نسبة اختزال سم الافلا B1 %79.64 وبتركيز 0.23مايكروغرام/كغم , وتلاه استعمال العسل المدعم بجسيمات ZnO(NP) اذ بلغت نسبة اختزال سم الافلا B1 %82.30 وبتركيز 0.20مايكروغرام/كغم . اظهرت النتائج كفاءة جسيمات ZnO(NP)والعسل والعسل المدعم بجسيمات ZnO(NP) ومستحضر الفايلكس في تحطيم الفطر A.flavusومنع انتاج سم الافلا B1 في حبوب الذرة الصفراء قياسا الى معاملة السيطرة التي كانت 1.12مايكروغرام/كغم باستعمال جهاز HPLC , اذ وجد عند استعمال جسيمات ZnO(NP) نسبة اختزال سم الافلا B1 %96.42وبتركيز 0.04 مايكروغرام /كغم , في حين كانت نسبة اختزال السم %72.32وبتركيز 0.31مايكروغرام /كغم عند استعمال العسل , وبينت نتائج استخدام العسل المدعم بجسيمات ZnO(NP) نسبة اختزال سم الافلا %83.92 B1وبتركيز 0.18 مايكروغرام /كغم , اظهرت نتائج استخدام مستحضر الفايلكس نسبة اختزال سم الافلا %94.64 B1 وبتركيز 0.06 مايكروغرام/كغم . | This study was aimed at efficacy assessment of zinc oxide nanoparticles ZnO(NP), honey, honey fortified with ZnO(NP) and phylex chemical against Aspergillus flavus and its toxin at culture media . Antagonism tests revealed all ZnO(NP) treatments at 1%, 2% and 3% inhibited A. flavus growth on PDA by 98.55, 100 and 100%, respectively compared to untreated control (fungus only control) which was 0.0%. Honey treatments at 10, 20 and 30% inhibited the fungus growth by 75.3 , 78 and 78.6 %, respectively. ZnO(NP) - fortifie honey treatments inhibited fungal growth by 85.6, 87 and 87.3 % at 10, 20 and 30%, respectively. Whereas, phylex treatments could inhibit fundal growth by 74.4%, 100% and 100% at concentrations 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, respectively . ZnO(NP), honey, ZnO(NP) fortified honey and phylex efficacy at storage condition were tested. All treatments inhibited A. flavus growth and reduced the aflatoxin (AFB1) production in stored corn. HPLC confirmed ZnO(NP) treatment reduced AFB1 up to 93.80 when aflatoxin concentration was 0.07 μg/kg compared to 1.13 μg/kg for control treatment. Whereas, honey, ZnO(NP) fortified honey and phylex treatments reduced B1 aflatoxin up to 79.64, 82.30. and 91.15%, respectively. B1 concentration values tested for each treatment were 0.23, 0.20 and 0.10 μg/kg compared to1.13 μg/kg for control treatment. The efficacy of ZnO(NP), honey, ZnO(NP) fortified honey and phylex to damage the fungus A. flavus and prevent AFB1 production in corn grains was tested by HPLC. ZnO(NP) reduced B1 aflatoxin up to %96.42 with 0.04 μg/kg concentration compared to 1.12 μg/kg for control treatment. Honey, ZnO(NP) fortified honey and phylex treatments could reduce B1 aflatoxin up to 72.32, 83.92 and 94.64%, respectively. B1 concentration values tested in corn grains were 0.31, 0.18 and 0.06 μg/kg compared to1.12 μg/kg for control treatment indicating presence of significant differences

تاثير الجبرلين والكاينتين والسماد المركب NPK في نمو وحاصل الينسون (.Pimpinella anisum L) ومحتواه من بعض المركبات الفعالة == The effect of Gibberellin , Kinetin and compound NPK fertilizer on growth and yield of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) and some its active compounds

Author name: غفران علاء محمد رضا الخزرجي
Supervisor name: بهاء الدين مكي فيروز الربيعي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت دراسـتان حقليتان في الحديقة النباتية التابعة لقسم العلـوم - كلية التربية الاساسية - الجامعة المستنصرية خلال موسم النمو الشتوي 2015 - 2016 تهدم الدراسة الاولى الى معرفة تاثيرتراكيز من منظم النمو الجبرلين ( (GA3 ومستويات من السماد المركب NPK والتداخل بينهما وتتضمن التجربة الثانية معرفة تاثير من منظم النمو الكاينتين ومستويات من السماد المركب NPK والتداخل بينهما التجربة الثانية في بعض صفات النمو والحاصل والمواد الفعالة للزيت الطيار في نبات الينسون (.Pimpinella anisum L) , زرعت بذور الينسون بتاريخ 1/11/2015 اذ استخدمت ثلاثة مستويات من السماد المركب NPK (0 و200و 400) كغم.ھ - 1 اضيفت الى التربة فضلا عن ثلاثة تراكيز من حامض الجبرلين هي 0) و50 و100) ملغم.لتر1 - رشت على النباتات في التجربة الاولى اما التجربة الثانية فقد تضمنت ثلاثة مستويات من السماد المركب NPK (0 و200و 400) كغم.ھ - 1 اضافة الى ثلاثة تراكيز من الكاينتين (0 و50 و100) ملغم.لتر1 - , صممت التجربة وفق تصميم القطاعات الكاملة المعشاة RCBD وبثلاثة مكررات وبذلك تضمنت كل دراسة تجربة عاملية (3×3) بواقع 27 وحدة تجريبية مساحة كل وحدة تجريبية 1.5×1.5 م2 اتبعت كافة عمليات خدمة التربة والمحصول الخاصة بمحصول الينسون من ري وازالة الادغال وتسميد. اظهرت نتائج التجربة الاولى ان اضافة المستوى 400 كغم.ھ - 1 من السماد المركب NPK ادت الى زيادة ارتفاع النبات (13.24%) ووزن الف بذرة (20.21%) وعنصر البوتاسيوم (20%) والمركبات الفعالة Dianethole وTrase - anethole وLimonene وγ - himachalene , كما ادى رش نباتات الينسون بالتركيز 100 ملغم.لتر1 - من حامض الجبرلين الى زيادة ارتفاع النبات (14.88%) ووزن الف بذرة (7.77%) وعنصر البوتاسيوم (7.81%) , وزيادة تركيز المواد الفعالة Trase - anethole وLimonene وShikmic acid, اعطى التداخل بين السماد المركب NPK وحامض الجبرلين زيادة معنوية في بعض الصفات المدروسة اذ ادى التداخل بين المستوى 400كغم.ھ - 1 من السمادNPK وتركيز 100ملغم.لتر1 - من حامض الجبرلين الى زيادة في ارتفاع النبات (29.38%) ووزن الف بذرة (29.41%) وعنصر البوتاسيوم (27.94%) والمركبات Methyle chavicol وDianethole وTrase - anethole وγ - himachalene وShikmic acid. اما في التجربة الثانية فقد ادت اضافة المستوى 400 كغم.ھ - 1 من السماد المركب NPK الى حصول زيادة في ارتفاع النبات (9.65%) والبوتاسيوم (39.20%) ووزن الف بذرة (10.96%) فضلا عن المركبات Anise - aldehyde وMethyle chavicol وDianethole وTrase - anethole وγ - himachalene . كما عمل التركيز 100 ملغم.لتر1 - من الكاينتين على زيادة عدد الاوراق (26.31 %) وعدد التفرعات (43.54%) والوزن الجاف (28.05%) وعدد النورات (26.26%) وعدد ازهار للنورة الرئيسة (26.14%) وعدد البذور في الزهرة الواحدة (26.72 %) وحاصل النبات الواحد (88.66%) وحاصل النبات الكلي (88.59%) وعنصر النتروجين (62.83%) والفسفور (62.96%) والكالسيوم (62.18%) والمغنيسيوم (60.86%) والبروتين (62.71%) والكاربوهيدرات (38.69%) والكلوروفيل (44.17%) والنسبة المئوية للزيت (37.84%) والوزن النوعي (1.07%) وكثافة الزيت(0.51%) ومعامل الانكسار (0.32%) اضافة الى المركبات Anise - aldehyde وMethyle chavicol وDianethole وTrase - anethole وγ - himachalene وShikmic acid , اما التداخل بين التركيز 100 ملغم.لتر1 - من الكاينتين والمستوى 400 كغم.ھ - 1 من السماد المركب NPK اعطى زيادة في المركبات Anise - aldehyde وDianethole وTrase - anethole وγ - himachalene . يستنتج من هذه الدراسة تفوق المستوى 200 كغم.ھ - 1 من السماد المركب NPK في معظم الصفات المدروسة ولكلا التجربيتن اما الجبرلين فقد تفوق التركيز 50 ملغم.لتر1 - تفوقا في معظم التراكيز المدروسة , واعطى التركيز 100ملغم.لتر1 - من الكاينتين تفوقا في معظم الصفات المدروسة .

دراسـة لبعــض المؤشــرات المناعيــة والدمــوية لمرضى عراقيــين يعانــون من فــرط الحساسيه النــوع الاول == Study of Some Immunological and Hematological Changes in Iraqi Patients Suffering from Hypersensitivity Type - 1

Author name: سرى مسلم داود الاعــــــرجي
Supervisor name: طالب عبد الله حسين
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science For Girls
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: قد تم تصميم هذه الدراسة لتسليط الضوء على دور بعض الحركيات الخلويه ( IL - 13, IL - 18) والكلوبيولين المناعي الكلي ((T - IgE والكلوبيولين النوعي(S IgE) ل 20 مسبب للحساسيه داخلي وخارجي واعداد خلايا الحمضات. وكان مجموع مرضى الحساسية 168، [99 مريضا بالربوالتحسسي (43 ذكرا)، (56 انثى)]، [69 مريض بالتهاب الجيوب الانفيه التحسسي (29 ذكرا)، (40 انثى)]، وجمعت اربعين عينه لاشخاص اصحاء [ (15 ذكور)، (25 اناثا )]. الفئة العمرية (5 - 60) سنة تم جمعها من المركز التخصصي للحساسية في بغداد / الرصافة وخلال الفترة من تشرين الثاني 2016 الى شباط 2017. تمت دراسه بعض التغيرات الدمويه ومنها قياس نسبه ال (Hb) والعدد الكلي لخلايا ال (WBC) واعداد خلايا الحمضه لجميع المرضى والاصحاء عن طريق استخدام محلل الالي (Beckman Coulter) والعده الخاصه بالجهاز . تم قياس الاختبار المناعي (IL - 13, IL - 18, T - IgE) لجميع المرضى والاصحاء باستخدام جهاز (ELISA ) والعدد الخاصه بالاختبارات. تم قياس الكلوبيولين النوعي (Spesific IgE) الخاص بالمحسسات المستنشقه (عث الفراش، الحيوانات الاليفه ,الصرصر، الاعفان، حبوب اللقاح الاعشاب، حبوب اللقاح الاشجار ,حبوب اللقاح الحشائش) لجميع المرضى والاصحاء باستخدام تقنيه (Western Immunobloting Electrophoresis test) والعده الخاصه بالجهاز والفحص (Euro line Inhalation Profile Kits).توصلت هذه الدراسه الى النتائج التاليه : 1 - عدم وجود فروق معنويه بين المجاميع المدروسه طبقا للجنس . 2 - عدم وجود فروق معنويه بين مرضى الربوالتحسسي الذين لهم تاريخ عائلي ايجابي وسلبي. بينما كانت هناك فروق معنويه بين مرضى التهاب الجيوب الانفيه التحسسي الذين لديهم تاريخ عائلي سلبي وايجابي .3 - احصائيا، كانت الفئة العمرية و(21 - 40) الاكثر شيوعا في مرضى الربو التحسسي والتهاب الجيوب الانفيه التحسسي حيث بلغت نسبتها المئويه على التوالي[63، 63.6٪)، (47،68.1٪)].4 - زيادة معنوية في النسبه المئويه لاعداد الحمضات (٪) ومستوى الكلوبيولين المناعي الكلي ( T - IgE) ظمن مجموعتي الحساسية مقارنتا بمجموعه السيطره.5 - اظهرت النتائج وجود فروق معنويه بين اعداد المرضى الذين لديهم الكلوبيولين المناعي الخاص بالمحسسات ((Spesific IgE واعداد المرضى ذوي النتيجه السالبه لدى مرضى الربو التحسسي والتهاب الجيوب الانفيه التحسسي . 6 - سجل محسس الصراصر اعلى نسبة محسس لدى مرضى الربوالتحسسي وتلتها مسببات الحساسية للحيوانات الاليفة وحساسية حبوب اللقاح. بينما في مجموعة التهاب الجيوب الانفيه التحسسي اعلى نسبة محسسات كانت للحيوانات الاليفة وتلتها حبوب لقاح الحشائش .7 - زيادة معنويه كبيرة في مستوى الحركيات الخلويه (IL - 13, IL - 18) عند مرضى الربو التحسسي والتهاب الجيوب الانفيه التحسسي .8 - وجود علاقة ارتباط معنوية كبيرة بين النسبه المئويه لاعداد خلايا الحمضات والكلوبيولين المناعي الكلي( T - IgE) في مرضى الربو التحسسي والتهاب الجيوب الانفيه التحسسي r = 0.424)، (P = 0.00 | This study is designed to shed light on the role of IL - 13, IL - 18, T - IgE, Spesific IgE for 20 Indoor and outdoor inhalant allergens in some of type - 1 allergic disease and Eosinophil cells count . The Total allergic patients have been 168, 99 asthmatic patients (43 male ), (56 female ), 69 Rhinitic patients (29 male ), (40 female) and Apparently Healthy Control AHC 40 (15 male ) , (25 female ). Their age group (5 - 60) years . The groups have been collected from the Specialized Center Of Allergy in Baghdad / AL - Resafa and during the period from October 2016toFebruary2017. Some Hematological changes have been studied, including the measurement the Hb% , total count WBC, and eosinophil cells % for all subject by using automated analyzer (Beckman Coulter Analyzer). Beside some Immunological changes were studies including (IL - 13, IL - 18 and total IgE) which have been measured for all subjects by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) . The measurement of serum specific IgE for some inhalant allergens (HDM, Pits, Cockroach, Mites, Grasses pollen, Tree pollen and Weed pollen ) allergens for all subject by using Western Immunobloting test. The Study has reached the fallowing results.1 - There are no significant differences between the studied groups according to gender.2 - There are significant differences in family history between rhinitis group and control. 3 - Statistically, the age group (21 - 40) are most frequent within allergic asthma and rhinitis are (63, 63.6%), (47,68.1%) respectively. 4 - Highly significant increase in Eosinophil count (%) and total IgE within allergic groups when compared with control. 5 - Highly significant differences between positive specific IgE inhalant allergens (positive) and negative patients in asthma and rhinitis groups. 6 - The cockroach allergen records the highest percentage in asthmatic patients fallowed by pets allergens and grasses pollen allergens. While in rhinitic group the highest percentage is for pets allergens fallowed by grasses pollen , cockroach allergen. 7 - Highly significant increase in IL - 13 and IL - 18 level in asthmatic and rhinitic patients. 8 - Highly significant correlation between eosinophil cells count (%) and total IgE In asthmatic and rhinitic patients (r = 0.424 ), (P=0.00).

دراسة تصنيفية مظهرية لعائلة حشرات الخنافس الحارقة Coleoptera : Meloidae في محافظة بابل == Taxonomical and Morphological study on the Blister Beetles (Coleoptera : Meloidae) in Babilon province

Author name: اميرة ابراهيم عبد الزهرة
Supervisor name: سعدون ابراهيم اسماعيل
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present study deals with morphology and taxonomy of blister Beetles (Coleoptera : Meloidae) in Babylon province.In our investigations ; there were fifteen species representing in nine genera under two subfamilies have been registered, these species are : 1 - Epicauta hirticornis (Haag - Rutenberg) Croscherichia goryi (Marseul)10 - Lydomorphus sp. MaranCerocoma graeca - 1112 - Cerocoma scovitzi Faldermann13 - Lydus mesopotamicus sp. nov.(Linnaeus) 14 - Lydus algiricus Fabricius Lytta nitidula - 2 - Nemognatha chrysomelina (Fabricius)sp. 3 - Nemognatha4 - Zonitis immaculate (Olivier)5 - Zonitis fernancastroi, Pardo Alcaide6 - Mylabris sp.klug 7 - Mylabris syriaca8 - Mylabris tenebrosa Laporte de CastelnauThe species of Lydus mesopotamicus sp. nov. has been described as a new species for science in Iraq, and has been given scientific geographical name.The genus Zonitis Fabricius and its two species; and the genus Lydomorphus Fairemaire have been recorded for the first time in Iraq.Three other species has been diagnosed and recorded for the first time in Iraq, they are : Epicauta hirticornis (Haag - Rutenberg)Fabricius Lytta nitidulaMaranCerocoma graecaThe Epicauta hirticorins (Haag - Rutenberg, 1880) was chosen as a simple type species of this family ; adults are described in details and all species body parts were drawn and pictured.Taxonomic keys for subfamilies, genera and species were desigend according to different of the important characters, especially pronotum, antennae, claws, spines of hind tibiae and pathches of elytra.

دراسة فسلجية وكيموحيوية ونسيجية لمرضى ابيضاض الدم اللمفاوي الحاد غير الوراثي في محافظة كربلاء المقدسة

Author name: همام علي هادي
Supervisor name: ستار جاسم حتروش | رشا حسن جاسم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
Full text from the source: https://uokerbala.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Rp-Aphysiological-Biochemical-and-Histological-Study-to-Non-%E2%80%93-Genetic-Acute-Lymphocytic-Leukemia-for-Patients-in-Karbala-City.pdf
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: The rate of cancer infection has increased with a clear rise in the incidence of leukemia in Iraq's common diseases in 2017, which was the seventh place in 1989, as follows. Generally, about 10 among 100,000 people are infected with leukemia, male have the biggest ratio between the patients with leukemia, finally, Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia is increased at patients with 3 to 7 years old. During the period from the beginning of February 2016 to the first week of 2017 in the Center of Oncology of Hematology in the medical city of Hussein in Karbala', 30 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia their age were ranged from 2 - 13 years old (19 male and 11 female), without familiar history with cancerous disease. The samples were collected before treatment with chemotherapy, and they were follow - up during the stages of treatment. The control group included 30 samples ranging from 1 - 13 years (18 males and 12 females) Numerous biochemical and histological parameters were assessed in the samples of study patients before and after receiving treatment and the recorded results were compared to the control group. The results of the study showed significant results (p<0.05) at the levels of CLEC4E, MDA, Ceruloplasmin Oxidase Concentration and EOP in the group of animals with acute lymphocytic leukemia before receiving treatment compared to healthy individuals. The current study showed decreased concentrations of CLEC4E, Ceruloplasmin Oxidase Concentration, Ceruloplasmin Oxidase Concentration and Ceruloplasmin Oxidase Activity, while EOP levels increased after chemotherapy, while MDA remained at an unrecognized level at diagnosis. The study showed significant differences (p=0.000) when elevating a number of blood parameters, WBC level and Ferritin concentration. When the stud recorded statistically significant rise in the level of platelets and Hb concentration before chemotherapy. At diagnosis, the present study showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in Fe, Cu, Zn and Ni levels in the patients group, before treatment. However, statistical analysis of trace elements in the sera of patients after treatment didn’t show significant differ than their levels at diagnosis. The study the effect of acute lymphocytic leukemia in the function of kidney showed significant increase in the levels of ANP and Urea in sera of patient samples as well as levels of urinary microalbumin comparison to control group levels, contrast to that, Creatinin levels showed significant (p=0.001) decrease in serum of patients group. Comparative study showed that there were statistically significant differences (p=0.000) of ANP, Urea, Creatinin, Uric Acid, and Microalbumin in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia after receiving chemotherapy compared to healthy peers.In order to evaluate liver function, GOT and GPT levels as well as STP levels in patients with leukemia were observed within the range recorded in healthy individuals. On the other hand, the current study showed a rise in the levels of ALP enzyme in patients exceeded twice that recorded in the group of healthy children. After receiving chemotherapy, the study showed a significant increase (p=0.000) for GOT, GPT and ALP levels for the group of patients compared to healthy individuals, a significant decrease (p=0.000) of STP levels in the group of patients compared to healthy patients. The study identified many differences between patients and healthy males as well as between infected and healthy females at the level of implicit comparisons between the two groups at diagnosis and after treatment, as shown in the table below which summarizes the relationship between patients of both ganders with their healthy peers. The current study showed statistically significant statistically associations, the clearest among them was recorded when CLEC4E correlated to EOP, which were positive in 100% of the study samples at diagnosis and negative in the same samples after receiving chemotherapy. The results of the study showed that 80% of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia were with type 1, L1, 17% of type 2, L2 and 3% of the third type L3, the promise of the first type has a good outcome of the disease as the response is good for treatment and go through recovery after treatment.

دراسة بعض المعايير الفسلجية والكيموحيوية لمرضى الهيموفيليا A وفون ويليبراند في محافظة واسط == Study of some physiological and biochemical Parameters of Hemophilia A and Von Willebrand patients in Wasit Province

Author name: شهد قاسم محمد الحمداني
Supervisor name: كاظم جهيد كاطع الطائي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
First pages:
Abstract: Hemophilia A and Von Willebrand are genetic diseases caused by deficiency or malfunction in one of coagulation factors. Hemophilia is caused by the absence of factor VIII (F.VIII),and Von Willebrand is caused by a deficiency or defect of Von Willebrand factor (VWF),Carried out at Department of Biology - College of Science/University of Wasit in cooperation with Al - Karama and Al - Zahra teaching Hospitals affiliated to Wasit Health Department and some private clinics. This study includes 50 patients of both diseases, (35) Hemophilia type A from males aged between (1 - 28) years and (15) Von Willebrand patients from both sexes, (6) males and (9) females aged between (1 - 17)years were compassion with the group of healthy people which includes 25 people (13) male and (12) female aged between 1 - 28 years. Samples were collected from November 2016 to April 2017. Five (ml) of vein blood were taken and divided into two groups : The first group 1 (ml) of blood is placed in EDTA K3 tube for hematological tests,which includes Hemoglobin (Hb),Packed Cell Volume (PCV),Red Blood Cell (RBCs), Platelets (PLT), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC). The second groups (4ml) of blood in the gel and clot activator tubes for biochemical tests, which includes liver enzymes Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) as well as measurement the Total Serum Bilirubin (TSB) and Albumin, kidney function standards that include both Blood Urea and Creatinine, electrolyte standards that includes Potassium (K), Sodium (Na) And Calcium (Ca) as well as hepatitis virus B and C diagnosis. The data were taken for both patients and healthy, and both is divided into two groups, Hemophilia type A depending on ages (1 - 14 and 15 - 28 years) and Von Willebrand depending on sex (males and females) for all the studied criteria, it has been found the following resultssummary Hemophilia Disease The Results show significant decrease in (P<0.05) in the values of Hemophilia type A in the first group (1 - 14 years) Comparison to the second category (15 - 28) years to each of Hb, PCV, RBCs, MCH. with a significant increase (P<0.05) in PLT to first group more than second group , while was not significant differences (P>0.05) between both groups to each of MCHC, MCV. The Results show significant decrease (P<0.05) to Hemophilia type A to first group compared with second group in the level of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP and TSB).While a significant increase (P<0.05) value to patients with each of albumin, creatinine and blood urea in the first group and second group. The Results show a significant increase in (P<0.05) in the level of calcium and sodium ions in Hemophilia type A first group compared with second group while didn’t a significant difference in level of potassium between both groups. Von Willebrand Disease The Result showed significant differences (P<0.05) in Platelet to patients with von Willebrand increased in male and decrease in female while didn’t a significant differences between male and female in each of (Hb, PCV, RBCs, MCV, MCH, MCHC). The Results show significant differences (P<0.05) between male and female to each of AST, ALP and blood urea while didn’t a significant differences between both sexes to each of ALT, albumin ,creatinine, level of total bilirubin TSB in blood serum. The present study show he significant differed between the males and females to each of Na, Ca, K.summary Hemophilia and Von Willebrand The Results show significant difference (P<0.05) between patients with Hemophilia A and Von Willebrand in each of (Hb, PCV). The Result show significant (P<0.05) between Hemophilia A and Von Willebrand in the level of ALT. The Results show he significant difference (P<0.05) between Hemophilia A and von Willebrand to each of Ca, K and Na. Hemophilia and Von Willebrand With control. The Results show significant decrease (P<0.05) in the value of (Hb, PCV, MCH, MCHC) to each of Hemophilia A and Von Willebrand compared with control. The Results show significant increase (P<0.05) in the level of Platelet to each of Hemophilia and Von Willebrand with control. The results show significant increase (P<0.05) in value of (AST, ALP, ALT, TSB) in Von Willebrand compared with control. As well as appeared presence of increase (P<0.05) For all standards above in hemophilia except standard ALT The Result showed significant decreased (P<0.05) in the value blood urea in Hemophilia and von Willebrand with control. The Result show decrease (P<0.05) in the level of Ca in the blood serum to each of Hemophilia and Von Willebrand with control. HBV and HCV The result show increase the percentage infection of Hepatitis with C and B with Hemophilia, Von Willebrand, and the percentage infection of hemophilia which is infected by hepatitis in first group is (45.5%) while the second group (46.15%). The percentage infection of patient with Von Willebrand which is infected with hepatitis (60%) to males and females while the percentage infection to patient with hepatitis (45.71%, 60%) to each of Hemophilia and VonWillebrand respectively

تاثير عقار الديكساميثازون في غرس الكيس الارومي وغضروف وعظم الجنين وبعض المعايير الكيموحيوية في مصل دم الجرذان الحوامل == Effect of Dexamethasone on blastocyst implantation, Cartilage ,bone embryo and some serum biochemical parameters in pregnant rats

Author name: علاء حسين مهدي الصافي
Supervisor name: اكرم يوسف ياسر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
Full text from the source: https://uokerbala.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Rp-Effect-of-Dexamethasone-on-blastocyst-implantation-Cartilage-bone-embryo-and-some-serum-biochemical-parameters-in-pregnant-rats-.pdf
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: Dexamethasone (DX) is considered one of the steroidal drugs which have varieties of clinical application in medicine for treatment of many different cases. The present study was aimed to know the effect of DX on the implantation of blastocyst during the days 7 and ten of pregnancy, and the process of development of cartilage and bones in the fetuses of albino rats during the days 15 and 20 of pregnancy. In addition to that some physiological parameters aimed to be elucidated in the pregnant rats. The study was conducted in the department of Biology \College of Education for Pure Sciences/ University of Karbala in the period of April, 2016 to May 2017. Ninety four albino rats have been used, among them 10 male rats were used for matting with 84 female rats .The females were divided into three groups, with 28 rats for each group . The first control group was injected with physiological normal saline (0.9%) intraperitoneally. The other two groups were received daily injection via the same route with 0.2 and 0.4 of DX \ 250 gm. of body weight respectively. Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups with seven pregnant female rats for each one. The pregnant rats of each subgroup were sacrificed on the following days : 7,10,15, and 20 respectively The subgroups of the latter two days were used to study the development of the cartilage and bones. Half of the embryos on day 20 of pregnancy from the control and treated groups were used for histological sectioning; while the other half were used to stain the embryonic skeleton according to double staining technique of Whitaker and Dix . All the collected samples which include the implantation sites from the pregnant uteri at days 7 and 10, together with whole embryos from days 15 and 20 of pregnancy, were put in two types of fixatives : 10% formalin and Boun's solution. The collected samples then processed according to the traditional methods of paraffin embedding to be cut into sections of five µm thicknesses. The sections were stained by haemotoxylin and eosin (H&E); one step trichrome; periodic acid Schiff's (PAS) with and without diastase; Alcian blue at pH 1.0 and 2.5. Blood samples from pregnant rats were collected on days 7,10,15,and 20 of pregnancy to check for the following biochemical parameters : concentration of calcium ,phosphate and potassium ions ;alkaline phosphatase ,and acid phosphatase enzymes; and estimation of parathyroid and calcitonin hormones. The results of the H&E stained section of pregnant sites of both the control and treated groups have shown that blastocyst was implanted in the antimesometrial side of the uterus. Most of this side of the uterus has become decidualized tissue, where four zones could be identified : the primary decidual zone; secondary decidual zone ;implantation site; and undifferentiated decidual basal zone. On day 10 of pregnancy the embryos have shifted their position from the antimesometrial side to the mesometrial side of the uterus. The decidual tissue has grown wider and included most of stromal cells of the endometrium. The changing of the position of the embryos at day 10 is important for their survival because they will become nearer to the main blood supply to uterus which are running in the mesometrium. The results of the one step trichrome stained sections from both the control and treated groups have shown clear distribution of collagen fibers in the decidual tissues at days 7 and 10 of pregnancy, which gave an indication of the success of pregnancy up to these stages. The primary decidual zone was devoid of collagen fibers but they are evident in the secondary decidual zone. At day 10 of pregnancy the collagen fibers were more in evidence especially at the mesometrial side of the uterus. The importance of collagen fibers was to give support to the blood vessels supplying the placenta which are coursing through the mesometrium. Positive stain has been revealed in PAS reaction in decidual tissue on day seven of pregnancy without diastase, but it was negative with diastase. No reaction ,in the decidual tissue, with and without diastase was noticed at day ten of pregnancy. With Alcian blue pH 1.0 no reaction was noticed in the decidual tissue of both control and treated groups at days seven and ten of pregnancy. On the other hand positive reaction has come out at pH 2.5. The reaction at that pH was more prominent at the antimesometrial decidual tissue. But it was only depicted in the wall of blood sinusoid of the mesometrial decidual tissue. Tongue like extensions of trophoblasts was noticed to be extending from the recently implanted embryo toward the endometrium, at day seven of pregnancy of both the control and treated group. The trophoblasts were pushing themselves in the direction of mesometrial decidual tissue in order to reach and settle nearer and in the wall of the blood sinusoids of that area. The invasion trophoblasts destination was to reach to the spiral arteries supplying the labyrinthine placenta in the rats. At the 15th day of gestation there was no significant change in the cartilage model in the posterior limbs of the two treatment groups from the control group. The important signal indicated by the present study was observation of cartilaginous cell necrosis, hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration, At the age of near the end of pregnancy in the treatment groups, many of the effects on the bone tissue, which are the existence of a vacuum around the bone cells and the infiltration of inflammatory cells in addition to bone erosion and arthritis and the reduction of cartilage and irregularity of medicine Surface area, hyperlipidemias and leavicular necrosis. Bone marrow squeaks in the control group and the first dose group of dexamethasone were found to be more extensive than the second treatment group. The bones of control group embryos stained with alizarin red has acquired much more red coloration than the treated group embryos, which indicated a slowdown of ossification in their bones compared with control group, Showed that the length of the skull, spine, forelimbs and hind limbs of the fetal fetus at the age of 20 days of gestation of from the treatment groups has decreased for length in the control group but the decline was not significantly level (P <0.05) . The calcium, phosphate and potassium ions concentration was low in the blood serum of treated group ( P< 0.05) during the whole period studied. However the phosphate ions was low in the control group .For the alkaline phosphatase level, it was significantly low ( P< 0.05) in the treated groups compare with the control. On the other hand the level of the acid phosphatase was high in the treated group ( P< 0.05). The concentration of both the parathyroid and calcitonin hormones was significantly higher ( P< 0.05) in the treated groups compared with control. In conclusion, the present study has revealed that DX treatment showed no interference with the process of implantation during the days seven and ten, and with chondrogenesis on day fifteen of pregnancy. While the effect on cartilage formation on the fifteenth day and bone on the twentieth day of pregnancy.

تقويم فعالية الخميرة Candida albicans من المسح المهبلية للنساء في حيوية النطف واحداث العقم

Author name: رقية يحيى عبد الشهيد الطفيمي
Supervisor name: زيدان خليف عمران المعموري | فارس ناجي عبود الهادي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aimed to identify some of the molecular dynamic qualities and the type of Candida albicans and determine its virulence factors using some of the phenotypic and molecular techniques and their impact on the semen and causing infertility.The collection of 173 swab of the vagina and the cervix was where 97 women from women with primary infertility, including 78 women with positive and 19 women with a scanning negative.kmaamlh control and 76 women with secondary infertility, including 49 with positive screening women and 27 women with a scanning negative.kmaamlh control, women who Rajan unit infertility in Babylon, a maternity hospital and children and private clinics in the province of Babylon.The use of agricultural methods to isolate and diagnose 127 isolation dating back to Candida vaginal as well as the use of CHROMO agar medium test and test tobacco Agar to distinguish between certain types of Candida, was detected on some virulence factors such as the composition of the Germ tube and spores Alclamadah and production of enzymes case of fat (Alphusfullaypez) and the formation of membrane It was vital to draw your DNA candidiasis and the use of PCR technique where the starters used by the general whiteners, especially for the purpose of diagnosis isolates of Candida albicans and genetic profiling of yeast Candida depending on the variation in the ITS region area. Showed isolate and diagnose types of eggs in women with infertility initial results of 48 women infected with C.albicans by (61.53%), while 30 women is infected Non - C.albicans by (38.46%) either in women with secondary infertility showed the 29 women infected with C.albicans by ((59.18% and 20 women is infected non - C.albican by (40.81%). the results showed the center CHROMO agar medium isolates of Candida species C.albicans was once a green color and isolates C.tropicalis with blue color and with C.krusei color pink and showed C.glabrata violet and C.parapsilosis that showed white.And C.albicans isolates showed C.albicans result is positive for the production of germ tube and spores Alclamadah as well as the center of tobacco Acar which they appear yeast C.albicans white colonies free of filamentous structures, a test of this kind without other types of Candidapositive test.. While the production of enzymes showed a case of fat test (Alphusfullaypez) as a result of the positive isolates C.albicans and C.krusei The results showed that the incidence of candidiasis in women with infertility first was more ratio than the unemployed in secondary infertility. It was the incidence of type C.albicans is the largest in all of the women with primary infertility and secondary infertility women initial rate of 61.53% and 59.18%, respectively, followed by injury type C.glabrata by 17.9% in women with infertility first and 18.36% in secondary infertility. Distributed cases of four age groups and was the highest rates (47.91% (in women with infertility and the first (55.17%) in the women's secondary infertility is located within the age group (30 - 21) years old. In the case of a period of infertility and distributed cases into three periods and was the highest rate of infection is the period (5.1), where the percentage (81.81%) in infertile women was less than the rate of infection is the period (15 - 11), where the ratio of (6.49%) in infertile women. The results showed that the rate of infection C.albicans were higher in women with and who not to say on treatment by (65.33%) of either women with and who took up treatment (53.84%). As well as the incidence is higher in women infertile is Mentzmat appeared menstrual cycle by (63.75%) The women infertile women with regular menstrual cycle and to have a lower rate (55.31%). The incidence of rural women by (67.56%) higher than the women of the city that are represented (58.49%).It was three concentrations preparation 3×107, 5× 107, 7×108cfu/ml of all isolated from C.albicans and raw leach ate Khmer and observe their effect on semen and then finding the value of MED50 effective dose)) concentrations C.albicans way to draw a dose - of responsiveness was found that the concentration curve (107× 5 cfu/ml) top influential focus on movement and Sperm Viability. It was the influence of the C.albicans test on semen Concentration 107× 5cfu/ml over time (after 30 - 60 minutes) and a leaky yeast and after the screening device Alkazh Computer aided sperm analysis (CASA) where he found the impact of the C.albicans on sperm movement, Rapid progressive (a), Slow progressive (b) and Sperm Viability (V) over time after the text of the clock and watch.The pair initiator year ITS4 - ITS5 in the diagnosis of all isolates representing the total isolates succeeded as a return to form of the genus Candida spp. Where the results of the polymerization 520 bp. The pair initiator Specialist in the diagnosis of Candida yeasts belonging to the type C.albicans and succeeded when he polymerization products 344bp, while the rest of the species is C.albicans did not show any polymerization products.Showed genetic profiling products for the ITS using a pair of initiator ITS3 - ITS4 where showed variation in the ITS region area for the pair in the public initiator profiling C.albicans under study

العلاقة بين المشعرات المهبلية والعوامل المرضية التناسلية الاخرى بين النساء في مدينتي كركوك وتكريت == Relationship Betwee Trichomonas Vaginalis And Other Genital Infectious Agents Among Women In Kirkuk & Tikrit Cities

Author name: برهان احمد محمد علي بيباني
Supervisor name: يحيى جرجيس سلمان | ابراهيم شعبان داود
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم خلال الفترة من الخامس عشر من شهر تشرين الاول 2006 ولغاية الثلاثين من شهر حزيران 2007 اجراء دراسة عن وبائية طفيلي المشعرات المهبلية وبعض مسببات الالتهابات المهبلية الافرازية المرافقة وغير المرافقة لها بين النساء المراجعات لقسم الاستشارية النسائية والتول | An epidemiological study was carried out from 15th, October 2006 to 30th, June 2007 for prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis parasite and some causative agents of secretary vaginal inflammations associated or non - associated with the parasite among women attending the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in two General hospitals in Kirkuk city and Tikrit teaching hospital in Tikrit city. A total of 300 samples (200 in Kirkuk, 100 in Tikrit) were colle - cted from (15 - 47) years old women. Two swabs were taken from the vaginal (high vaginal) and the lining of uterus cervix (endocervical) for each woman by Gynecologic physician. A gross examination of the swabs was done to determine the color of vaginal secretions and measurement of pH. A wet preparation was done from the (high vaginal swab) and examined microscopically for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida spp. In addition a Gram stain smear was prepared from a portion of the same swab and examined by oil - immersion for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis. A chemical test was done for the detection of Gardnerella vaginalis bacteria & Candida spores. The swabs prepared from endocervical were treated by ACON - Chlamydia Kit specific for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in vaginal swabs samples. The study concluded the following results : 1 - The infection with various sexually transmitted diseases agents were 68% , 78% in Kirkuk & Tikrit cities respectively (P>0.05).2 - The maximum infection rate for T. vaginalis was 19.5% in Kirkuk city & 16% in Tikrit city among co - infection with other agents and single infections.3 - The percentages of single infections with T. vaginalis alone for various age groups were 16.5%, 8% in Kirkuk and Tikrit cities respectively (P>0.05).4 - The rate of infections with various vaginal micro - organisms were in the following sequence : T. vaginalis (19.5%), G. vaginalis (18.5%), C. trachomatis (14%), Candida spp. (11.5%) & N. gonorrhoeae (4.5%) in Kirkuk city, whereasin Tikrit city the sequence of infection rates were as follows : G. vaginalis (43%), T. vaginalis (16%), C. trachomatis (12%), Candida spp. (6%) & N. gonorrhoeae (1%).(P>0.05).5 - The highest rates of infections with T. vaginalis only as a single infecting agents were 21.27%, 10% among a group age range (36 - 45) years in both Kirkuk & Tikrit cities respectively (P<0.05). 6 - The maximum rate of infection with the T. vaginalis were recorded among women with yellowish vaginal secretions without itching (37%), (31.25%), whereas in those with symptoms of copious secretions onlythe corresponding figures (30.17%), (18.51%) were recorded in bothcities respectively (P<0.05). 7 - The maximum infection rate with C. trachomatis in bloody swabs were (40%), (50%) in Kirkuk & Tikrit cities respectively correlated withclinical signs & symptoms. However, maximum infection rate with G. vaginalis was recorded in women with whitish vaginal discharge (60.86%) or yellowish (53.12%) then greenish (52.94%) in Tikrit city in comparison to Kirkuk city. The maximum infection with G. vaginalis were among women with bloody secretion (40%) followed by whitish secretion (30.35%). (P<0.05). 8 - The maximum infection rate with Candida spp. were recorded in women discharge milky secretions (33.33%), (25%) in Kirkuk & Tikrit cities respectively. Infection with N. gonorrhoeae showed different color vaginal discharge (P>0.05).9 - The maximum rate of infections with T. vaginalis (27.43%), (19.69%) were recorded in women whose pH of vaginal secretion range was between (5 - 6). (P> 0.05). The high vaginal swabs have been revealed to be more efficient in diagnosis of vaginal infection with T. vaginalis than endocervical swabs. The maximum rate of infections recorded by these swabs were (22.22%), (19.73%) respectively. The infection rate of pregnant women were (48%), (22.22%) from positive cases in both cities.10 - The maximum rate of infections with T. vaginalis were recorded in women using various contraceptive, women using intrauterine contraceptive device were the highly infected (33.33%), (31.57%) in both cities. P<0.05

فحص عوامل عنق الرحم باستخدام فحصي اختراق النطف واتصال النطف بمخاط عنق الرحم للازواج العقيمين == Examination The Cervical Factors By Using Sperm Penetration Test And Sperm Cervical Mucus Contact Test In Infertile Couples

Author name: الاء عمران مطلك الحسناوي
Supervisor name: فارس ناجي عبود الهادي | بشرى جابر الربيعي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted in Infertility unit / Babylon Hospital of Gynecology and Children in a period 21/1/2013 to 15/1/2014. The study involved communiqués tests for males and females complaining from unexplained infertility , in which seminal fluid analysis were normospermia. The study include 45 seminal fluid specimens used in connecting test (SCMCT) and penetrating test (SCMPT) with the specimens of cervical mucus of their wives. Cervical mucus aspirating in day 12 - 14 of menstrual cycle. The study aimed to evaluate the husband's sperm activity and concentration in vitro with cervical mucus. Seminal fluid analysis were achieved and then semen specimens used to performed two in vitro tests : SCMCT and SCMPT. sperm parameters ( sperm concentration and sperm motility grade a, b, c, and d) were evaluated in each mentioned test and compared the results with the values of sperm parameters in seminal fluid analysis (control). The statistic results showed 60% of the study specimens of SCMCT was negative and 40% positive, while in percentage of positive results was 33% and 67% negative in penetrating test. The results revealed a significant (p<0.001) decrease of sperm concentration and grade a and b sperm motility, a significant (p < 0.001) increase of sperm motility grade c and immotile sperm grade d in connecting test with cervical mucus compared to control. The results of penetrating test showed significant (P< 0.001) decrease of sperm concentration in the brim, medium and distal region of cervical decrease (p<0.001) of sperm concentration in both medium and distal region compared to brim region, and a significant (p < 0. 001) decrease in distal region compared to medium region ; A significant (P < 0.001) decrease of grade a + b motility percent in all three regions of cervical mucus area compared to control, while no significant differences (P > 0. 05) between brim, medium and distal region of cervical area ; Only grade C sperm motility in distal region showed a significant decrease (P < 0. 001) compared to control and both brim and medium regions. The results revealed significant increase of grade d (P<0.001) in brim and medium region (P < 0.01) compared to control, while there was a significant decrease (P< 0. 001) in distal region compared to control, brim and medium regions. The correlation (r) study of sperm concentration and sperm motility ( grade : a + b, c and d) with age and infertility period in SCMCT showed non significant (P > 0. 05) correlation, except the correlation between a + b grade sperm motility and age it was noticed a significant negative correlation (P < 0. 05) and positive correlation(p> 0.05) between grade c sperm motility and age. The study of linear correlation of sperm parameters in penetrating test showed a significant(P<0.05) negative correlation between grade a+b sperm motility and age in brim and medium region of cervical mucus area. Except this, there are no significant correlation (P>0.05) between sperm concentration and sperm motility for all grades (a + b, c and d) with age and infertility period in both brim and medium regions It was concluded that both test : SCMCT and SCMPT were necessary to diagnosis the causes of infertility when there were normal finding of both seminal fluid analysis and female criteria. mucus area compared to sperm concentration in control, also a significant

دراسة تاثير البروبايويك في تكوين الغشاء الحيوي وانتاج البروتيز لبكتريا Pseudomonas aeruginosa المعزولة من اخماج الحروق والجروح == Study The Effect of Probiotic On Biofilm Formation And Production Protease Enzyme By Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated From Contaminated Burns And Wound

Author name: علا عبد الكريم كاظم النعيمي
Supervisor name: منيرة جلوب اسماعيل العبادي | ضيماء محمود ابراهيم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Basic Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: he study includes the collection of 70 burns and wound swabs from patients of different hospitals, in Baghdad area, for the period from November 2013 to February 2014. 2) 31 isolates characterized as Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9 (45%) from wound and 22 (78.57%) from burn swabs, depending on the characteristics of the colonies phenotypic and microscopic when grown in differential selective media, as well as biochemical tests todiagnose isolates, Then the identification of these species were confirmed by using the system (GN I Card) using Vitek 2 device complementary step.3) The study includes sensitivity test towards 16 antibiotics for each species by using the system (AST Card) using Vitek 2 device, and the isolates ware Multi drug resistance, As results all isolates were resistant by 100 % for each of Piperacillin, Ticarcillin, Ticarcillinclavoulanic acid, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone and Tigecycline. All strains were less resistance to Ceftazidime with percentage 50%. 4) All the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with percentage %100, have ability to produce protease enzyme.5) This study was use tow methods of biofilm formations seen in P. aeruginosa, Micro - titer plate method (MTP) and Tube method (TM), Results revealed that MTP was found to be more sensitiveand specific method for biofilm detection than TM. 6) Well diffusion method revealed the inhibitory effect of bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and its supernatants in the growth of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and P. aeruginosa, and was the supernatant of L. rhamnosus GG isthe largest inhibitory effect on the growth of S. aureus and P.aeruginosa with inhibition diameter 32 and 34 mm respectively, while the inhibition of growth by supernatant of L. acidophilus diameter 25 and 27 mm respectively. 7) Estimated the amount of protein in each of the biosurfactant and bacteriocine producers of L. rhamnosus GG bacteria concentration of 74, 54 Mg/mL respectively, while their concentration in bacteria L. acidophilus 44, 40 Mg / mL, respectively.8) Found that the bacteriocine product of bacteria L. rhamnosus GG and L. acidophilus GG have inhibitory effect on ability of P. aeruginosa to produce the enzyme protease, and the absence of this effect in the Biosurfactants the product of these two types.9) The biosurfactant product from L. rhamnosus GG showed inhibitory effect greater than the effect of the biosurfactant product from L. acidophilus to inhibition (production of biofilm and adhesion to epithelial cells).10) studied the suspension's effect of L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus GG in contrived injuries wounds in mice contaminated with P. aeruginosa, Positive results have been shown to be affected by the contaminated bacteria injuries wounds.

تقييم دور الجين في دم نساء عراقيات مصابات بسرطان الثدي == Evaluation The Rule of Mammoglobin A Gene In Blood of Iraqi Women With Breast Cancer

Author name: نانسي فيصل رشيد
Supervisor name: امنة نعمة الثويني
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Mammaglobin A is a member of the superfamily of secretoglobins. Its expression is highly specific for mammary tissue and has been shown to be overexpressed in breast tumor tissue, indicating that mammaglobin A might confer a growth advantage to mammaglobin A - expressing tumor cells. The present study was undertaken to develop the mammaglobin A as a serum biomarker for the early detection of breast cancer, and breast cancer patients follow up after treatments. This study had taken ten months, it involved 84 patients with age ranged 15 - 74 years who had diagnosed with either stage I to III breast cancer or benign lesions of breast at certain Iraqi hospitals and breast cancer centers, and a total number of 10 apparently healthy individuals, with comparable age range of patients as control group.Ten ml of venous blood was collected from studied groups in order to be used for measuring estrogen and progesterone levels, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT - PCR) test for detection of their serum m - RNA mammaglobin A existence, and serum mammaglobin A levels using Enzyme - Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Demographic study revealed that most cases enrolled in this study were women within their reproductive age 25 - 44 years old. Distribution of patients according to age group, marital status, and lactation status showed no statistically significant association (P>0.05) with any of these variables, in all comparison.The hormonal study states that elevated levels of estrogen were observed in 52 (62%) patients, also decrease in progesterone levels were observed in 50 (59%) patients out of the 84 cases studied. This indicate a highly significant SUMMARYassociation (p < 0.01) between breast cancer risk, elevated estrogen levels, and decrease in progesterone levels. Mammaglobin A protein was detectable by ELISA in 100% of breast cancer patients (65 case), and not in any benign tumor patients (19 case) nor healthycontrol women (10 females) which indicate the highly specificity of ELISA test (P<0.01) for measuring mammaglobin A levels in patients serum. With high concentration of protein in sera of women with late stage of breastcancer compared with a low protein concentration in sera of women with early stage of breast cancer. By applying a statistical analysis on the result it was found that serum mammaglobin A ELISA test is highly significant (P<0.01) for, differentiation between patients with metastatic breast cancer and patients with early diagnosed breast cancer. In this work, SCGB2A2 gene which coded for mammaglobin A was detected in 64 out of 65 breast cancer cases, but not in the benign or healthy individuals indicating its high specificity as a marker gene (SCGB2A2) for cells derived from mammary glands. A statistical analysis was made for comparison between the three groups, E - Malignant Tumors \ Early Stage, L - Malignant Tumors \ Late Stage, and B - benign, (E, L, and B) which show that the results of molecular study of mammaglobin A detected by RT - PCR is statistically high significance (P<0.001) when used for the differentiation between E group and B group, also between L group and B group. The results showed that mammaglobin A can become an important tool for detecting primary and metastatic breast cancer, and predicting disease outcome.

دور الجبرلين والسالساليك والبوتاسيوم في تقليل التاثيرات الضارة لملوحة التربة في صنفين من الحنطة الناعمة Triticum aestivum L. == The Role of Gibberellien And Salicylic And Potassium In Reduce The Harmful Effrcts of Soil Salinity In Two Wheat Cultivars Triticum Aestivum L.

Author name: هدى نافع كريم
Supervisor name: وسام مالك داود
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: نفذت هذه الدراسة في قسم علوم الحياة - كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة للموسم الشتوي 2014 - 2015 لبيان دور الرش بالجبرلين وحامض السالساليك والبوتاسيوم في زيادة تحمل صنفين من الحنطة للاجهاد الملحي.تضمنت الدراسة رش الجبرلين وحامض السالساليك والبوتاسيوم بالتراكيز | This study carried out in the department of Biology - College of Education for pure science in winter season 2014 - 2015 to indicate the role of spray by of gibberellien and salicylic acid and potassium in increased tolerance of two wheat cultivars to salt stress.The study included spray of gibberellien and salicylic acid and potassium with the concentrations of 200, 100 and 3000 mg.Liter - 1 on the vegetative of two wheat varieties Rashid and Diglha to increase the tolerance to the two levels of soil salinity and which are 3 and8 ds.m - 1.Through study of some morphological and physiological traits (germination rate, speed germination coefficient, number of tillers, flag leaf area, plant height, chlorophyll content, proline content, sodium and potassium rate securities, number of spikes, number of spikelet, spike length, grain protein ratio, weight of 1000 grain and grain yield).The results showed that increasing the level of soil salinity led to obtain significant decrease in the most of the traits, the study also showed adiscrepancy between the two cultivars, it was the product growth indicators Rashid best of Diglha and for most of the traits. Where spraying potassium gave the best results for most of the traits through reduce the negative impact of salt stress on plant wheat more than spraying gibberellien and salicylic acid. The study showed that the treatment of spraying potassium it was superior in most of the traits results and of these qualities is the description of the number of tillers where recorded 19.3 branch. Plant - 1 and recipe flag leaf area where the 28.20cm2 and the recipe chlorophyll content 88.181 spad and prescription rate securities where sodium ratio 0.151% and in the number of spikes reaching 14.8 spike. Plant - 1 and the average number of spikelet which is 21.0 spikelet. Spike - 1 and the percentage of protein in grain 18.1% and grain yield reaching 11.497 gm. Planter - 1.

دراسـة بيئيــة للافقريات القاعيـة في هور الدلمج - وسط العراق == An Ecological Study of The Benthic Invertebrates In Al Dalmage Marsh - Middle of Iraq

Author name: ميسون حسن مشجل السراي
Supervisor name: هيفاء جواد جوير
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Invertebrates
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: استهدفت الدراسة الحالية التنوع الاحيائي لمجتمع لافقريات القاع في هور الدلمج / وسط العراق فضلا عن بعض الخصائص الفيزياوية والكيمياوية لمياه الهور، اختيرت ست محطات لجمع العينات وذلك للمدة من بداية كانون الثاني وحتى كانون الاول 2013. استخدم تحليل التوافق CCA | Benthic invertebrate diversity on the Al - Dalmage marsh in the middle of Iraq, in addition to the some physical and chemical properties was the goal of the present study, for a period from January to the end of December 2013. Six stations along the eastern side of the marsh were chosen for monthly samples collection.The results showed water temperature ranged from(9 - 34.1)?C. The pH values were neutral but tends to near alkaline and ranged from (7.2 - 9).The Electrical conductivity values varied from (22735 - 2330) ?s/cm, according to the values of salinity (1.5 - 14.6) ‰ the marsh was classified as mesohaline (TDS) which showed high values ranged from (1820 - 17762) mg/L.This study showed that the marsh were well oxygenated due to the dissolved oxygen values which ranged from 7 - 12 mg/L, the study recorded values to BOD5 were ranging from (1.5 - 3)mg/L, and the marsh classified as very hard according to the total hardness values from (6980 - 825) CaCo3 mg/L. The high perecentage of organic matter in the sediment was 2.7 %. The results showed the station were characterized by sediment texture varied from silt clay sand sediment in the stations 1, 4, 5 , silt clay in St(2) and sand silt in St(3), sand clay silt in St(6).A total of 21286 individual benthic invertebrates was sorted, which represents which 78 taxonomic units, including 9 taxa. The Crustacea was the dominate group representing 29% of the total number of benthic invertebrates. It was noted that there were obvious differences in the total number of sorted individuals in which varied in each location and each month. The highest total number recorded in was st (2) was 4360 including 73 taxonomic units, while the highest total number recorded in April was 2624.The results of The relative abundance index showed that the species insects : Polypedilum sp Were more abundant in St(2 - 6), and dominant in St(6), while the Seinura sp were dominant in St(6), while the other taxonomy units varied from less abundant to rare abundant. Also the results of constancy index showed The which were considered "constant " However the other taxonomy units varied from "accessory " and" accidental" taxonomy units in study stations.The Shanon - Weiner index of totall benthic invertebrates varied from (1.2 - 3.8) bit/Ind, The uniformity index of benthic invertebrates varied from(0.7 - 1), these high values indicate that there is no ecological stress on benthic invertebrates in the study area.The Results of Jaccard Presence - community of similarity showed the highest degree of similarity to be 96% which recorded between St(1) and St(2).The values of the index of spcies richness varied from 1.3 - 15 with the greatest values recorded in April while lower values were in October.Six species of Turbellarian Platyhelminthes that were recorded, from which Stenostomum leucops, Stenostomum bryophilum, Stenostomum unicolor, Gyratrix hermaphrodites, Macrostomum sp, Dalyelliidae, which were considered as new records for Iraq, with Gyratrix hermaphrodites as the most abundant species and representing 25% of the total number of Turbellarian. It was noted that there were obvious differences in the total number of sorted individuals which varied in each location and each month, the highest total number recorded in St 3 was 400, while the highest total number recorded in November was (198).The present study result showed that three species of Nematoda were recorded incuding Seinura sp, Alaimus sp, Dorylaimus sp, Seinura sp as the most abundent species representing 84% of the total number of Nematoda. Spatially the highest total number of 590 individuals was recorded in St (4) , while temporally, the highest total number of 366 was recorded in October.One unidentified species of Gastrotricha was recorded for the first time in Iraq, 102 Ind were sorted these were considered "constant" recording to constancy index 63.8% which were sorted from all stations.A total of 2319 individuals of Rotifera was sorted, these were identified as 15 species that included Philodina sp, Rotaria citrinus, Dipleuchlanis sp, Euchlanis sp, Notholca sp, Ttriploeuchlainis sp, Colurella sp, Lepadella sp, Lecane sp, Proales sp, Cephalodela sp, Synchaeta sp, Hexarthra mira, and finally Brachionus sp which was recorded the highest number of individuals 540 individuals.A total of 1888 individual Annelida were sorted representing 12 species including nine species belonging to the family Naididae (three belong to the sub family Naidinae and six belonging to Tubificoid worms), two species belonged to Aleosomatidae including Aeolosoma hemprichi, Aeolosoma variegatum, and finaly one specie belong to Hirudinea which was Glossiphonia heteroclite, with three 3 ind in all study.The family Aleosomatidae recorded the highest percentage of 58% of the total number of Annelida.The sub family Naidinae including Paranais litoralis, Dero (Aulophorus) furcata, Stylaria lactustris.The highest frequency of 23.6% was recorded by P. litoralis.The Tubificoid worms represent six species which were Limnodrlius hoffmeisteri, Limnodrlius profundicola, L. claparedeianus, L udekemianus, Tubifex tubifex, Branchiura sowerbyi. This study also isolated 6238 individual Crustacea, these were identified as 15 species that included five species belonged to Cladocera, four order belong to copepod, which were recorded the highest percentage 30% of the total number of Crustacea, in addition to Macrobrachium nipponense from Decapoda, Sphaeroma annadalei anndalei from Isopoda, Ostracoda, Amphipoda, Conchostracha. It was noted that there was obvious differences in the total number of sorted individuals which varied in each location and each month, The highest total number recorded in st (2) was 1480, while the highest total number of 730 was recorded in April. The study finds 4297 individual insects groups, were sorted represent seven order includes larvae of Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Odonata, (Zygoptera, Anisoptera) Diptera (Culicidae, Chironomus sp, Polypedilum sp) Lepidoptera larvae Hemiptera (Corixidae, Nepa cinerea), and adult of Coleoptera (Dysitidae, Hydrophilidae Elmidae, Curculionidae, Coleoptera larvae), the Diptera larvae were recorded the highest percentage 55 % of the total number of insects groups, and Nepa cinerea was considered as new records for Iraq.This study showed two class from Mollusca, 1956 Ind were sorted, including Gastropoda and Pelecyopoda.The Gastropoda which were recorded the highest percentage 94% of the total number of Mollusca, these were identified to physa acuta, Lymnaea sp, Melonoides tuberculata, Melnopsis nodosa, Theodoxus sp, physa acuta which was the greatest percentage 41% of the total number of gastropoda. pelecyopoda which were including Pseudodontopsis euphraticus, Tigridis Unio, Corbicula fluminea, Corbicula fluminali

دراسة تشخيصية جزيئية ودمية وكيموحيوية لانواع الاكريات Eimeria spp. في الدجاج المصاب طبيعيا وتجريبيا في محافظة الديوانية == Molecular Diagnosis Study And Haematological And Biochemical of Coccidiosis Eimeria Spp. In Natural And Experimental Infection Chicken In Al - Diwanyia City

Author name: خالد ثامر مطر الشيباني
Supervisor name: خيري عبد الله داود العكيلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في البيت الحيواني التابع لقسم علوم الحياة / كلية التربية / جامعة القادسية للمدة من 1/9/2013 ولغاية 1/9/2014، للتحري عن انواع طفيلي الاكريات المتطفلة على الدجاج المصاب طبيعيا وعزل الطفيلي من الحالات المصابة الواردة الى المسستشفى البيطري | The study conducted in The animal house of the Biology department, College of Education, University of Al - Qadisiyah during the period from 1/9/2013 to 1/9/2014. The study diagnosed the species of Eimeria parasites in naturally infected chickens in poultry farms. Eimeria oocysts was isolated from the infected chickens feaces in Veterinary hospital and Veterinary clinics.Then, the cases diagnosed initially in the laboratory by direct examining stool smears and the positive cases were recorded.Through this study, oocysts were isolated, and two species of Eimeria parasites were diagnosed (E.tenella and E.maxima) by using the technique of Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction technique.There are 186 cases of infected chicken which examined, and the results showed that (186 out of 315)stool Samples(59%), include infected with two species of Eimeria parasites E.tenella was in (135 out of 186, 72.5%) while the species E.maxima was in(51 out of 186, 27.4%). The experimental study was conducting two experiments were done.The first experiment, depend on the experimental infection of E.tenella species which was used for two types of chicken, (Ross type which is foreign, and local breed).The second experiment, includes experimental infection with the species E.maxima also in two types of chickens that mention above. Symptoms and clinical signs of the first experiment on foreign chickens included were recorded it is noticed that infected the chickens with E.tenella have was dull, unorganized feather and loss of appetite in addition to bloody diahrreha, loss weight, emaciated and isolated. The Gross Lesions include congestion of cecum and an increase in their sizes while inside the cecum, many ulcerated lesions were noticed, filling cecum with mucus and blood, liver was congested and enlarged. Microscopicale examination recorded congestion was full with blood cells and necrotic tissues cecum and falling of cells in the cecum lumen. Many different stages of the parasites were noticed as schizonts, merozoites, gametes and oocysts Hematological parameters showed high significant decrease (p?0.05) in Hb (0.38±5.94 mg / 100ml) in the fourth week of infection, PCV (0.68±18.47%) in the fifth week and RBC was (1.58±0.02x106) in the fourth week. Also, the infection led to significant increase difference of WBC (30.19±0.95x103) in the seventh week of infection in comparison of uninfected chickens of the control sample. The biochemical parameters of blood serum showed that significant decrease (p?0.05) in glucose concentration (156.98±1.75mg / 100ml in the fourth week of infection), cholesterol concentration and total protein concentration (62.11±4.40, 1.92±0.92 mg / 100ml respectively in the fifth week of infection).Also, Uric acid increased significantly (p?0.05) to reach(10.19±0.52mg / 100ml) in the fourth week of infection in comparison of uninfected chickens of the control group. Average weight was showed the significant decrease (p?0.05) of the chickens quantity (368.88±3.01gr in the fourth week of the infection), and an increase the percentage of mortality(23.33±0.23% in the fifth week of infection), addition to the decrease of consuming food by bird (282.8±2.19gr in the fifth week of the infection) in comparison of uninfected chickens of the control group. While the results of local breed chickens in the first experiment were less severity than that with the foreign type (Ross) but the colour of the stool was brown mixed with blood. The Gross Lesions showed pathological changes in the cecum as congestion and bleeding. Moreover, ulcers areas were smaller and less in number in comparison with the infected foreign chickens by the same parasite. The microscopic pathological changes of E.tenella in the cecum showed hyperplasia in goblet cells and congestion of blood capillaries with less number of stages of the parasite in comparison with the foreign chickens. The hematological parameters showed significant decrease (p?0.05) in Hb concentration and percentage of PCV (7.13±0.31mg/100ml, 21.26±1.82% respectively in the fifth week of infection), while the RBC count was (2.05±0.12 x 106 in the fourth week of infection and significant increased (p?0.05) in WBC count was (30.63±0.38 x 106 the sixth week of infection) in comparison with the chickens of the control group. The biochemical parameters of blood serum showed the significant decrease (p?0.05) in glucose concentration (169.60±2.16mg/100ml in the fifth week of infection), cholesterol concentration and total protein concentration (70.89±2.01, 2.25±0.39mg/100ml respectively in the fourth week of infection). Uric acid increased significantly (p?0.05) to reach (7.62±0.90mg/100ml) in the fifth week of infection in comparison with the control group. Average of the weight was significant decrease (p?0.05) (190.28±3.81gm), high increase in the average of mortality (10±0.20%), and high decrease in the consuming food average (413.4±3.91gr) in the fourth week of infection in comparison with the uninfected control group. The second experiment of the foreign chicken which infected experimentally by E.maxima showed asymptoms and clinical signs were nearly similar in the foreign chickens that infected with E.tenella, but mild in severity is average. The symptoms include fatigue, fallen wings, loss of appetite, mucus diarhea mixed with blood. The Gross Lesions showed severe changes in the infected part of intestine as congestion and filling of intestine with mucous secretion of bad odour. While the microscopic pathological changes showed the tissues section of intestine were damaged, necrosis of intestine villi due to the large number of different stages of the parasite with hyperplasia of goblet cells. The hematological parameters showed significanty decrease (p?0.05) in Hb concentration, percentage of PCV and RBC count (7.55±0.61mg/100ml, 23.62±0.81% and 2.08±0.10x106 in the fourth week of infection) and significant increased (p?0.05)in WBC count (31.26±0.63x106 in the seventh week of infection) in comparison with the uninfection control group. The biochemical parameters of blood serum showed that there was the significant decrease (p?0.05) in glucose concentration (164.86±2.11 mg /100ml in the fifth week of infection), cholestrol concentration and total protein (77.14± 3.38, 2.24±0.36 mg/100ml) and significant increased (p?0.05) in Uric acid concentration (8.20±0.79mg/100ml) in the fourth week of infection in comparison to the control group. The results of productive characteristics refered to significant decrease(p?0.05) in the weight of chickens (479.28±0.23gr) and significant increase (p?0.05) in mortality (10±0.11%) during the fifth week of infection. Also, there was significant decrease (p?0.05) in the consumed food by birds (368.5±2.10gr) during the fourth week of infection in comparison to the chicken of the control group. While the results of local breed chicken in the second experiment, the symptoms and clinical signs showed no sign of disease, and the chickens were active in spite of presence of infection and the releasing of Oocysts. The Gross Lesions showed the inflammation and congestion, onlargment of the infected part of small intestine, little mucous and liquid inside the lumen.As far as microscopic changes are concerned, the tissue examination showed some necrosis and damage of the villi ends and an increase in the size of the goblet cells. Hematological parameters showed to the significant decrease (p?0.05) in Hb concentration and percentage of PCV (7.86±0.45 mg/100ml, 23.60±0.53% respectively during the fifth week of infection), RBC count (2.10±0.13 x 106 in the fourth week of infection) and significant increased (p?0.05) in WBC count (32.98±0.58 x 106 during the sixth week of infection) in comparison with the control group. The biochemical parameters of blood serum showed that there was the significant decrease (p?0.05)in glucose concentration and cholestrol concentration (170.60 ±2.01, 79.70±2.69 mg/100ml respectively in the fourth week of infection), total protein concentration (2.42±0.31mg/100ml in the fifth week of infection) and significant increased (p?0.05) in Uric acid concentration (6.52±0.82mg/100ml in the fourth week of infection) in comparison to the uninfection control group. Average of the weight referred to significant decrease (p?0.05) of chickens (213.16±3.12 gr) and consuming food (481±3.21 gr) during the fourth week of infection.While there were no differnces in the percentage of mortality comparison with the uninfected chicken of the control group. Also, the results of the number of released oocysts showed significant increase (p?0.05)in number of released oocysts with stool by infected foreign ckicken(Ross) in comparison with the local breed chicken which infected by the same parasite.Also, the number of the dropped oocysts of E.tenella were higher than that of E.maxima.

دراسة بعض جوانب الاداء الحياتي لبعض الحشرات ذات الاهمية الجنائية في مدينة الديوانية == A Study of Some Biological Aspects of Forensically Important Insects In Al - Diwaniya City

Author name: عباس كاظم حمزة الشيباني
Supervisor name: سعدي محمد هلال
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Insects
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was aimed to identify the most forensically important insects species in addition to their distribution and abundance in the Al - Diwaniya province, also the succession pattern on carrion in urban and rural areas in different seasons was studied. The present study included some experiments on the effect of the quality and quantity of food on the development of some blow flies, the effect of rearing on food spiked with different concentration of Paracetamol and Amitriptyline drugs on some biologicalaspects of the blow flies, The result showed the following : ? When using fly sex - attractant poisoned bait used in the field, six dipterans flies were identified : 1 - Calliphora vicina 2 - Lucilia sericata 3 - Chrysomya albiceps 4 - Ch. Megacephala 5 - Sarcophaga africa 6 - Musca domestica the last species was the most abundant during all seasons of the year. However, when natural food bait was used, the same species of flies were recorded in addition to three species of beetles : 1 - Dermestes maculates 2 - Saprinus semistriatus 3 - Necrobia rufipes. the results also showed that the daily activity of different flies species was the varied according to ambient temperature during the day andthere was no activity recording for the flies during the night. ? The succession of insects on rabbit carrion in the urban and rural area in winter season showed that the most abundant fly species attacking the carrion during the active stage, these flies were : : 1 - C. vicina 2 - L. sericata 3 - Ch. albiceps 4 - Ch. megacephala in addition to S. africa, M. domestica and three beetles namely : 1 - D. maculates 2 - S. semistriatus 3 - N. rufipes especially during the late stage of decaying, and recoded fly : Eristalis aeneus (Diptera) accidentally appeared on the carrion. However, less number of fly species were recorded on rabbit carcass during summer season.? In general the present study showed fly species : C. vicina and L. sericata Their numbers in urban area were more than the rural area (urban species) while fly species S. africa was rural species. ? 4) skeletonization time of the rabbit carcass during summer season was three times faster than it was in winter season in both locations, urban and rural.? When C. vicina larvae reared on different animal tissues, the result showed that there were a significant differences between means of larvae weight and development time and in the emergence of adults from pupal stage, thus, the average weight of larvae was 2337 mg 2101 mg when reared on lung and liver tissues as a compared with 998.6, 1194 and 1278 mg when reared on kidney, brain and muscles after eight days of exp - Time. However the longest development period of larvae were : 10.6, 10.3 and 9.3 days and pupae 7.3, 7 and 6.6 days when reared on kidney, brain and muscles respectively, as a compared with : 7.3, 7.6 and 8 days(larvae) 5.3, 5.6 and 6 days (pupae) reared on lung, liver and heart respectively (P? 0.05).The highest emergence percentage of adult were 46.6% and 40% in the lung and liver tissues. ? Larvae of C. vicina reared on 25 and 50gm beef liver /10 larvae were 83.2 and 75.6 mg respectively compared with 67.1 reared on 100gm/10 larvae during the first four days of the experiment. However, the duration period of larvae and pupae were 10.3 and 8 days when reared on 100gm respectively, the highest emergence percentage of adults were 46% and 26.6% for larvae reared on 25 and 50gm of liver. ? Larvae of C. vicina reared on spiked liver with different concentration of Amitriptyline were significantly different to those in the control treatment, the highest means weight of larvae was 1615.3 and1474 mg when reared on liver spiked with 1.25 and o.125mg ofamitriptyline/25gmliver/5larvae respectively the lowest weight mean of larva was 1112 and 1264.6mg when reared on liver spiked with 0.025 and 0.0mg(control) respectively. The development period of larvae and pupa of C. vicina were 14.6 and 10.3 days respectively when reared on liver spiked with 1.25mg of Amitriptyline compared with 9.6 and 6.3 days in the control treatment(p>0.05).The highest percentage of adults emergence 40% was in the control treatment compared with only 13.3 when larvae reared on liver spiked with 1.25mg.amitriptyline. ? Larvae of C. vicina reared on beef liver spiked with different concentrations of Paracetamol showed different results. The highest mean weight of larva was 1735.3mg when reared on beef liver spiked with 25mg/5 larvae compared with 867.3mg in the control treatment, the development period of larvae and pupae were 12.6 and 8.6 days respectively as a compared with 9.3 and 6.3 days in the control treatment. The percentage of adults emergence was 46.6% in the control treatment compared with 13.3% in the highest concentration of drug ? The results also showed that there is a significant increase in the mean weight of larvae reared on different tissues of rabbits oral dosage with lethal dose of Amitriptyline, in the contrary weight of larvae reared on tissues of rabbits orally dosage with lethal dose of Paracetamol were decreased(p>0.05) as a compared with untreated rabbit tissues (rabbit was not dosage - control).

دراسة تصنيفية حياتية مقارنة لانواع من الجنس Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) في العراق == A Comparative Biosystematic Study of Some Species of The Genus Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) In Iraq

Author name: ازهار طاهر صليبي
Supervisor name: عذية ناهي سلمان المشهداني
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تناول البحث الحالي دراسة تصنيفية مقارنة لثلاث وعشرين مرتبة تصنيفية تعود جميعها للجنس Euphorbia L. من العائلةEuphorbiaceae النامية في العراق، تضمنت الجوانب المظهرية العامة والدقيقة ودراسة حبوب اللقاح والمركبات الكيميائية والبيئة والتوزيع الجغرافي فضلا عن ا | The current research deal with twenty - three taxa belong to the genus Euphorbia L., Family Euphorbiaceae grown in Iraq. The study included the gross general morphological and micromorphological characters, the Pollen grains also studied and the chemical compounds, Ecological and geographical distribution and taxonomic treatment have done.Also botanical key was putted to separate the species. General survey for the Phytogeographical districts where the taxa spread in, and the result was a large crowds of samples, and new locations of taxa distribution were recorded. The specimens studied, and correct the mistake naming, specimens were identified and reidentified some miss identified specimens in the Iraqi herbaria. A comparative morphological study was undertaken to all plants parts of taxa appeared from habit and duration of taxa to the quantitative and qualitative attributes the members of the vegetative and floral parts included the roots, stems, leaves, stipules, flowering parts and fruiting parts and drew charts diagrams, tables and accompanying with natural images for different morphological characteristics, as well as the field images. This study showed that all species was herbs, shrubs and succulent and semisucculent annual and perinnal, the major taxonomic importance was for flowering parts includeing the specific Inflorescence, installation of a cupped and its regularity on the branches of the plant, glands forms, numbers, presence or lack of appendages, bractes and bracteoles shapes, dimensions and color fruits shape, indumentum and seeds forms, dimension and her surface sculpturing; and the presence or lack of caruncle, as well as the qualities of roots, stems and leaves, and the morphological characteristics of all plant parts mentioned above have a taxonomic importance in identification and separation of the studied taxa. The study of the micromorphological characters of hairs, leaves epidermal cells and the stomatal complex which included anomocytic, paracytic, anisocytic and tetracytic, have a taxonomic importance of supporting the morphological characters in separation and identification of the genus taxa.The pollen grains have a taxonomic importance because their different in shape, dimensions of polar and equatorial view, the wall thickness and their ornamentation. They are mostly of Tricolporate except two species were Hexacolporate, also the differences in their shape in the polar and equatorial view.They were spheroidal, ovoid and oblate - spheroidal in the polar view and oblate, spheroidal, subprolate and oblate - spheroidal in the equatorial view.The ornomentation they were reticulate, microreticulate and foveoate.The chemical study also importance in separation of the genus taxa four compounds Flavonoids diagnosed in all the studing species but different in concentrations, by using HPLC, they are Myriscetin, Quercetin, Kaempferol and Coumarin esculetin and this confirms that there are a common evolutionary link between the species in terms of their chemical properties, which suggests belonging species to the genus Euphorbia.Through field surveys and information installed on the herbarium samples, the taxa where distributed on their growth areas, and maps have been drawn for taxa distribution in the Iraqi natural geographical districts. the species of Euphorbia were distributed in all Iraqi districts especially in LCA, MSU, MRO, and DWD and some species were farmed in gardens and nurseries either to the beauty of their bractes colors or because their acceleration to the environmental changes such as succulent species, As well as wild species were spread in mountainous areas, oak, nuts forests, in orchards, cultivated fields, flat plains and desert areas in loam soils, clay, gravel, and sand. Through this study some new taxa where founded in Iraq and they are E. cyparissias Kunth ; E. maculata L. ; E. serpens L. ; E. tirucalli L., and this study suggests to recorded them for the first time in Iraq.

تاثـير بـعـض الـعوامل الـبـيـئـية عـلى نمـو الاحياء الدقيقة في بعض القاعات الانتاجية لمصنع ادوية سامراء == The Effect of Some Ecological Factors On The Growth of Microorganisms In Some Production Units In Sammara Drug Industry (SDI)

Author name: خالد محمد عباس
Supervisor name: حميد سلمان خميس المهداوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تم دراسة الظروف الطبيعية الموجودة في القاعات الانتاجية لمصنع ادوية سامراء من خلال العوامل البيئية التي شملت الحرارة، والرطوبة النسبية. وشدة الاضاءة واعداد حجم الدقائق العالقة في الهواء وتاثيرها على الاحياء المجهرية الموجودة في القاعات الانتاجية حيث تم اخذ | The natural environmental conditions existing in the production units of Sammara drug company have been studied. Environmental factors included, temperature, relative humidity, light intensity as well as number and size of suspended particles in the air. From December 2006 through June 2007. 87 sampling visit was made during which 384 swabs were collected from three production buildings : Ibn - Hayan, Ibn - Sina and Al - Zahrawy. Results showed that at different temperature levels during this study dominance of bacterial colony over fungal colony in two buildings Ibn - Hayan and Ibn - Sina, was observed, whereas the dominance of fungal colony over bacterial colony in Al - Zahrawy building was noticed. While the effect of relative humidity on microorganisms showed that in Ibn - Hayan building at low relative humidity (41 - 53%) the dominance of bacterial colony over fungal colony whereas the dominance of fungal colony on bacterial colony at relative humidity (53 - 62%). While in Ibn - Sina building bacterial colony dominante fungal colony except at high relative humidity (63 - 73%), where the fungal colony dominance. The same pattern have shown in Al - Zahrawy building at low relative humidity less than 51% while fungal colony exceeded bacterial colony at high relative Humidity. Result of the effect of light intensity showed that the low light intensity have greater effect on fungal colony than bacterial colony this clear in Ibn - Hayan and Ibn - Sina buildings whereas increases in light intensity showed the reverse while the low light intensity in Al - Zahrawy building shown different effects which the dominance of fungal colony over bacterial colony. This perhaps reflects the different species of fungal colony in production units.The effect of the number and the size of 0.3 micron of particulates on bacterial and fungal colony was also examined. It has been noticed that the dominance of bacterial colony over fungal colony until the number of particulates 49000/foot3 in Ibn - Hayan building, while fungal colony appeared in most swabs in Ibn - sina building, but dominancy for bacterial colony. While in Al - Zahrawy building the swabs showed clear appearance for fungal colony, but some swabs shown high bacterial growth. The effect of 0.5 micron particulates showed that the dominance of bacterial colony with increased number of particulates in Ibn - Hayan building. The same pattern was shown in Ibn - Sina building, while in Al - Zahrawy building it has been the dominances of bacterial colony until 15000/foot3, but with increase in number fungal colony appear very clear. The following bacteria and fungi were identified during the course of this study; Staphylococcus, E.coli and a low genera of fungi like Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor. It has been shown by the collected swabs that the contamination with bacteria and fungi of drug production units never exceeded the standard limits set by the company except in very rare occasions the high contamination rate occurred in the hands of workers and delivery boxes in Ibn - Sina building.

دراسة بيئية وسكانية للقوقع الارضي Candidula gigaxii (L.Pfeiffer, 1850) (Pulmonata : Hygromiidae) في مواقع مختارة من محافظة بغداد == Ecological And Population Study of The Land Snail Candidula Gigaxii (L.Pfeiffer, 1850) (Pulmonata : Hygromiidae) In Selected Locations From Baghdad Province

Author name: بشرى محمد كاظم ديوان البيضاني
Supervisor name: عماد الدين عبد الهادي المختار
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Few studies on terrestrial snails in general, and garden snails in particular, existin Iraq. The group being important apparently for its wide - spread distribution in various habitats. One species of this group which has been previously recorded in Baghdad, is the garden snail Candidula gigaxii, class : Pulmonata, family : Hygromiidae.Available samples of the land snail C.gigaxii were collected from four locations within Baghdad province; a Taji, the Army Canal area, the Zafaraniyah, and Al - Jadiriya district, the study period of June 2013 to May of 2014.Environmental measurements were recordedat each site. Results showed that air temperature range was 10 - 34? C, soil temperature range was 5 - 26? C, pH range of the soil was between 4 - 8.9 and the content of the soil organic matter was between 0.3 - 2.0%.Snail samples were divided into seven size - classes according to the dimension of the shell and these were <2, 2 - 4, 4 - 6, 6 - 8, 8 - 10, 10 - 12, >12 mmPercentages of each size class were calculated. Having measured shell dimensions, shell growth index (Ia) was also calculated. The range of growth index value for this snail was 1.9 - 3.86 where the highest value was recorded at the Taji site in January 2014 which was probably attributed to low temperature range and high soil moisture and organic matter content.Results also showed that C. gigaxii favored soils with moderately high pH values and rich in organic content. Soil moisture appeared to be a limiting factor for growth; and a loamy soil texture for existence of the studied species. Average highest population density of living snails and empty shells were 44 and 32 individuals / m2 respectively. The overall population density was also calculated for the purpose of obtaining realistic population density of the species.

تاثير الاصابة بالاكياس المائية Hydatid cysts على مستويات مضادات الاكسدة في مصول المصابين == The Effect of Hydatid Cysts Infection On Antioxidant Levels In Serum of Infected Individuals

Author name: مريم ماجد محمد النصراوي
Supervisor name: نغم ياسين كاظم البياتي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية في محافظة ديالى اذ تم جمع 100 عينة من اشخاص مصابين وغير مصابين بداء الاكياس المائية للفترة من 2013/10/1 الى 2014/8/10 من مناطق مختلفة تابعة لمحافظة ديالى والتي شملت (حمرين، المقدادية، قزانية، بعقوبة)، وقد توزعت العينات بواقع 54 من ا | The present study was carried out in Diyala province during the period from 1/10/2013 to 01/08/2014 in different areas including : Hamrin, Muqdadiyah, Kasaniya, and Baquba.Blood samples were collected from one hundred individuals who are at risk of hydatid cyst infection (veterinarians, shepherds, farmers, butchers and housewives).The diagnosis of hydatid cyst infection was carried out by Echinococcus IgG ELISA kit. It was shown that the total rate of infection was 16% (6% for male, and 10% for female). The study revealed that the highest percentage of infection was in individual live in urban compared with those who live in rural area.The mean concentrations of antioxidants ; glutathion, catalase and superoxide dismutase were measured in addition to measure the mean concentration of the oxidants.The results showed the presence of malondialdehyde in the serum of studied individuals. The results showed a decrease in the level of glutathion catalase and super oxide dismutase in infected individuals (0.0048±0.0596mmol/L, 0.0220±0.0260mmol/L, 0.0024±0.04430 mmol/L, respectively) compared with non - infected individuals (0.0237±0.2719mmol/L, 0.0024±0.0879mmol/L, 0.0428±0.3069mmol/L, respectively) while there was an increase in concentration of malondialdehyde (0.2245±2.915mmol/L) compared with non - infected (0.025±0.8042mmol/L). There was no significant differences in the concentrations of all these parameters according to age, sex and location of the cysts. The results showed that there was no correlation between each of catalase and superoxide dismutase and the malondialdehyde whil there was a negative correlation between glutathion and malondialdehyde. The study concludes that the infection of hydatid cyst leads to a decrease in antioxidants and to an increase in oxidants which may indicate that there was a damage caused by tissue infection.

انتاج وتوصيف متعدد السكريات الخارج خلوي Lactobacillus plantarum من بكتريا Exopolysaccharide المعزولة محليا ودراسة فعاليته البيولوجية == Production And Characterization of Exopolysaccharide (EPS) From Locally Isolated Lactobacillus Plantarum And Studying Its Biological Activity

Author name: بيداء مهدي عباس الغانمي
Supervisor name: ناجح هاشم كاظم الظويهري
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Bacteria
Degree: Master
University: University of Kerbala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: Twenty - five isolates of Bacillus spp. Were isolated from 15 soil samples collected from different places in the Holly city of Kerbala, 13 isolates lactobacillus spp. Were isolated from 15 milk products and 7 isolates pseudomonas spp. The isolates were screened for their ability to produce Exopolysaccharide.The results showed that isolate number 3 (Lactobacillus lac 3) was found to give the highest production of the polymer, the isolate has been identified as lactobacillus plantarum. The optimal cultural and environmental conditions for EPS production were been identified which include using the production medium (simplified synthetic medium) containing date juice (5%) as a carbon source and yeast extract (0.2%) as a nitrogen source, the media was enhanced with a total concentration 0.9% of magnesium sulphate and potassium phosphate as mineral salts. The primary pH was adjusted to 6.5 and the inoculum size was 3%(v/v), isolates were grown under anaerobic condition at 35 Co for 24 h and the EPS extracted with ethanol 95%. Two steps were used for partial purification of the polymer as follows, the first step by using TriChloroAcitic acid (TCA) solvent and the second step by dialysis. The yields were (77.4 and 63.8)% for the two purification steps respectively. The biological activity of the EPS extraction from L. plantarum has been tested against some species of G+ve and G - ve bacteria and some fungal. The results showed that EPS extrac exhibits an inhibitory activity against Stenotrophomonas, Bacillus cereus and Proteus bacteria with an inhibition zone diameter of 23, 21, 19 mm respectively. While, there was no inhibitory effect against fungi. Antioxidant activity has also been tested, where IC50 value against ABTS free radical at 100 Mg / ml. The characterization of partially purified EPS is investigated by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (F.T.I.R). The molecular weight of the polymer was also measured by using viscometer and the molecular weight obtained by this technique was 2.3 *105 Dalton. The EPS extraction from selected isolate showed two spots when separated by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) which is analyzed as a glucose and galacto

دراسة تصنيفية لحشرات عائلة الخنافس الرواغة Staphylinidae : Coleoptera في بعض محافظات العراق

Author name: كاظم عادل هادي
Supervisor name: سعدون ابراهيم اسماعيل
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Insects
Degree: Master
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تاثير المستخلصات المائية والكحولية لنباتات ليمون البصرة والرمان والبلوط على البكتريا المسببة للاسهال == The Effect of Aqueous And Alcoholic Extracts of The Plants (Aurantifolia Varacidica, Punica Granatum, And Quercus Robur) On The Bacteria Causing Diarrhea

Author name: نور جبار احمد علي
Supervisor name: نجم عبد الله جمعة الزبيدي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة في محافظة ديالى للمدة من 17 اب 2014 ولغاية 15 شباط 2015, اذ اخذت اربع عزلات جرثومية جاهزة بعد عزلها من حالات مرض الاسهال وهي Proteus mirabilis وKlebseilla pneumonia وEscherichia coli وSalmonella typhimurium0تناولت الدراسة تاثير مستخلصات نب | This study was conducted in Diyalaprovince during the period that lasted from 17 August, 2014 to 15 February 2015, four ready bacterial isolates were taken after isolating them from diarrhea disease cases and then they were diagnosed by the bactriology in the bacteriology lab/ Baqubah teaching hospital.The isolates were : Salmonella typhimurum, Escherichia coli, Klebseilla pnumonia, and Proteus mirabilis. The study investagated the effect of the plants extracts of Punicagranatum, Quercusrobur, and aurantifoliavaracidica Citrus on the bacterial isolates that caused diarrhea.The bacterial isolates showed a various sensitivity toward the plants extracts. The sensitivity of isolates against extracts were to alcoholic extract, hot aqueous extracts cold water extracts of all the plants used in the study The study showed that plant extract ofQuercusroburwas the more effect on the growth of the bacterial isolates Punicagranatum extractsand extract of Aurantifoliavaracidica respectively. The high inhibition zone concentration were at 100 and 80 mg /ml. The isolates that had moer sensitivity toward the plants extracts were : Klebseilla pnumonia, Salmonella typhimurum, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli respectively. The study investigated with the qualitative and quantitative of active compounds found in the plants extracts used in the study. The result showed that the plant were rich of many secondary metabolic compounds like : (Taninat, clycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, pheonols and saponins) Also, the present study showed the toxid effect of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts on the red blood cells. it showed also that there was cytotoxic of the cold and hot aqueous extract for all the plants used in the study. The result showed the resistant of the bacterial isolates against some antibiotics such as Ciprofloxacin, Cefotaxime, Amikacin, trimethoprim, Gentamicin and Nalidixic acid. The study showed that the bacterial isolates had a highest ratio of resistance against the antibiotics Amikacin, Trimethoprim, and Cefotaxime

دراســــة الفعالية التضادية لجرثومة Bifidobacterium spp تجاه جرثومة Staphylococcus aureus المقاومة للمثيسلين == Studying The Antagonistic Activity of Bacteria Bifidobacterium Spp Against Bacteria Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus Aureus

Author name: انغام نجاح هادي الخفاجي
Supervisor name: سهام جاسم الكعبي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت هذه الدراسة التحري عن الفعالية التضادية لجرثومة Bifidobacterium spp تجاه عزلات سريرية لجرثومة Staphylococcus aureus المقاومة للمثيسلين، ودراسة تاثير تلك المواد على عوامل الضراوة المنتجة من قبل S.aureus المقاومة للمثيسلين مثل الغشاء الحيوي Biofilm وا | This study included the investigation of Bifidobacterium spp antagonistic activity against Staphylococcus aureus isolates, and the effect of these antimicrobial agent on virulence factors produce by MRSA (Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus) such as Biofilm and Slime layer. One handered different samples were collected to isolate Bifidobacterium spp and 50 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical specimens in AL - Najaf AL - Asharaf governorate during the period of (10/10/2013 - 20/1/2014) by the cultural characteristic colonies, microscopic for cells, biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction PCR technique to detect 16SrDNA, the results showed that 13 isolates belong to Bifidobacterium spp and there are divergent gene content between these isolates and they have been bearing lm26/ lm3 gene. Carbohydrate fermentation test was used to distinguish the species of Bifidobacterium, the results revealed that the B.bifidum is more predominant than the other species; B.thermoacidophilum, B.adolescentis, B.breve, B.longum. Antibiotics susceptibility test to Staphylococcus aureus using antibiotic disc diffusion assay showed that Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus formed 70% and 30% of isolates were sensitive to the same antibiotics, also the ability of MRSA isolates to produce Biofilm and Slime layer was investigated by tube method and Congo red agar, then 10 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were selected as efficient isolates according to the resistance of Methicillin and the high ability to produce biofilm and Slime layer. The antagonistic activity of Bifidobacterium spp was extracted and tested against these MRSA isolates, the results showed that the most isolates of Bifidobacterium spp were effective against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as well as the inhibition of growth and formation of Slime layer by using the wells and disc diffusion agar assay. The inhibition zone was between (10 - 30)mm, and the ability of bacteriocin production of Bifidobacterium spp against MRSA have been conducted by well diffusion broth method, B.bifidum3 was greater than other species in producing bacteriocin with asignificant increase (P<0.05). Furthermore the impact of bacteriocin production to inhibit the development and formation of biofilm was investigated, the results showed that the bacteriocin has ahigh activity against MRSA. The bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic effect of bacteriocin was conducted by using spectrophotometer, the results showed that these effects were bacteriostatic in the beginning of the growth MRSA while it was lethal during other time and 40 minutes is the period needed for killing MRSA bacteria.

تحضير لقاح مضاد للبكتريا المرضية المسببة لالتهاب القــدم السكري باستخدام التشعيع بالليـزر واطئ الطاقة == Preparation of Vaccine Against Diabetic Foot Pathogenic Bacteria Using Low Level Diode Laser

Author name: زينب عواد راضي محمد
Supervisor name: احسان فتح الله رستم محمد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Bacteria
Degree: Master
University: Al-Muthanna University - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Muthanna
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى تحضير نوعين من اللقاح (الحي المضعف، والمقتول) ضد البكتريا المسببة لحالات داء القدم السكري في الانسان، وذلك باستخدام اشعة الليزر ثنائي الصمام. تم جمع العينات من (40) شخص يعانون من التهاب القدم السكري، باستخدام مسحة قطنية معقمة Sw | The objective of this study is to prepare two types of vaccine (Live attenuated and killed vaccines) against pathogenic bacteria of diabetic foot infection in humans, using laser irradiation. Samples collected from forty patients suffered from diabetic foot infection, using sterile cotton tinge (Swab), the samples diagnosed depending on a number of morphological examinations, biochemical tests and culturing on selective media, as well as to use of the API system. The bacterial isolates obtained including the followings : Staphylococcus aureus (24.59 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.95 %), Escherichia coli (21.31 %), S. epidermidis (9.84 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.84 %), Proteus mirabilis (8.20 %), and other species (3.28 %). The sensitivity of the bacterial isolates before irradiation to a number of antibiotics were examined, they all gave high resistance to the antibiotics, except two types (Amikacin & Ciprofloxacin), which the bacterial isolates were sensitive to. The bacterial isolates irradiated with laser using wavelengths (660, 820, and 915nm) to increase their sensitivity reaching to a step of attenuating or killing the bacteria with increasing exposure times. Then the attenuated and killed bacteria from each isolate used to prepare a mixed vaccine. Laser effect on the bacterial isolates showed a significant decrease in the viability of the bacteria of all species when the dose was increased, where occur killing the bacteria after 20 min and more of laser dose. The efficiency of the vaccine was tested by using laboratory animals, fifteen rabbits were used in the current study, they were divided into three groups with five rabbits each, one group for live attenuated vaccine inoculation, and the other one for the killed vaccine while the third group used as a control group. One month after the completion of the vaccination, the concentrations of the immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM C3, and C4) in the rabbit serum measured using Radial Immunodiffusion (RID) method.The results showed very high significant differences P < 0.001 for the level of IgG between the live attenuated vaccine group when compared with the control one, high significant differences P < 0.01 for the level of killed vaccine group compared with the control one.The results of IgA concentrations for the three groups were highly significant, P < 0.01, when comparing the attenuated with control group, while were significant, P < 0.05 between the killed vaccine group and the control one, it was also significant for the level of IgM, C3, and C4, when compared both the live attenuated and killed vaccine groups with the control one respectively. There were no significant differences between the live attenuated and the killed vaccine groups of all measured concentrations.Subsequently the animals inoculated again with a live dose of the bacterial isolates and the levels of (IgM, IgA, IgG, C3, and C4) were measured, the same results as in the vaccinations readings were obtained.Finally the animals were inoculated with the challenge dose of all the isolated live bacteria. The animals of the control group died, while the immunized animals remained healthy revealing the efficacy of the vaccine and the vaccination program.

دراسة وبائية للانماط الجينية لطفيلي الاميبا الحالة للنسيج والجيارديا الامبيلية في منطقة الفرات الاوسط العراق

Author name: صبا فاضل علي مهدي معلة
Supervisor name: علي حسين مكي الكبيسي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kerbala - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted on the 1350 stool samples from diarrhea - suffering patients in three provinces of middle Euphrates region : Karbala, Babel and Al - Najaf (450 samples in each province). Patients ranged in age from 1 to more than 60 years and from both sexes and different regions who were attended to some hospitals, dispensaries and private laboratories in these provinces during the period from the first of May 2013 till the end of April 2014. All collected fresh samples were examined microscopically by wet - mounts method for G. l a mbl i a and E n ta m oeba histolytica detection One third of positive samples in microscopic examination (which was selected to be representative for all positive samples) from each province and ten of negative one as control group were submitted to the nucleic acid (DNA) extraction. Molecular diagnosis of G. l ambl i a and E. h i s to l yti ca were performed using PCR reaction with amplification of the 532 - bp and 355 - bp fragments from the internal transcribed spacer region1 ITS1 for each parasite respectively. The eluted DNA of each positive sample in ITS1 test with its specific primer was also submitted to a traditional PCR and RT - PCR techniques for detection two genes in G. l a m b l ia { Glycoprotein A Repetitions Predominant (GARP) and Adenosine Triphosphate Guanine Tri Phosphate (ATP/GTP) } and two genes in E. histolytica {Acetatekinase (ACK) and Methionine GammaLyase (MGL)} using PCR and RT - PCR techniques. Five positive PCR products in ITS1 test of G. la m blia were used for sequencing. Based on the results of this study, microscopic examination showed that the total percentages of infection with G. l am bl ia were (14.7, 17.3, 16) % and with E. histolytica were (15.1, 13.3, 16.7) % in Karbala, Babel PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.comand Al - Najaf respectively. The infection with G. l am bli a and E. histolytica was more frequent in males than in females and the prevalence of both parasites in rural areas was higher than the urban areas P < 0.05 in all studied provinces. The highest incidence of infection with G. lamblia occurred in age group 11 - 20 years (P < 0.01) and that with E. histolytica occurred in age group (1 - 10) years (P < 0.05) in all studied provinces. This study was revealed uneven percentages of infection with both parasites during different months of a year (P < 0.01), the highest rate of infection with G. lamb l ia and E. h i s t o l y ti ca were in summer. For the molecular diagnosis of G. l a mbl ia and E. hi s t ol y t i ca, using PCR technique, the prevalence of G. l amb l ia and E. his t o l y ti c a in middle Euphrates region were found to be 14.9 % and 12.8 % respectively. The infection with G. l a m b lia and E. hi stol y t i c a was more frequent in male (62.7, 63.8) % than in female (37.3, 36.2)%, the prevalence of the parasites in rural area (67.2, 69.0)% was higher than the urban area (32.8, 31.0) %, the highest incidence of infection occurred in age groups 1120 and 1 - 10 years with the percentages of (28.4, 29.3) %, the highest rates of infection were in August (20.9%) and July (19.0%) respectively. Significant differences were found between the rate of infection with both G. l a m bl i a and E. hi stol y t i ca and the different parameters (gender, residence, age gropes and months of a year). The results of detection the gens (GARP, ATP/GTP, ACK, MGL) by using PCR technique showed that the total percentages of positive samples were (55.0, 70.0, 45.0, 75.0) %, (62.5, 79.2, 47.0, 70.6) % and (65.2, 73.9, 61.9, 71.4) % in samples of Karbala, Babel and Al - Najaf respectively while those percentages by using RT - PCR were (60.0, 80.0, 50.0, 80.0) %, (66.7, 83.3, 58.8, 82.4) % and (65.2, 78.3, 66.7, 71.4) % respectively. For the detection of genes in G. l am bl ia, sensitivities of 91.8 % and 97.8 % and specificities of 94.6 % and PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com81.4% for PCR and RT - PCR respectively were observed when compared to each others, While Sensitivities of 89.9 % and 98.6% and specificities of 97.3 % and 81.8 % for PCR and RT - PCR respectively for the detection of genes in E. hi sto l y t i c a were observed when compared to each others. Multiple sequence alignment analysis and phylogenetic analysis results of this study demonstrated that the G. l ambl ia in Middle Euphrates region - Iraq isolates had nucleotide homology sequence identity percent of 99% with Giardia intestin a l i s (AF199448.1) Australia isolate and with USA isolate Giardia microti

تاثير الاضافة الارضية والتغذية الورقية بالبوتاسيوم في بعض صفات النمو والحاصل للذرة الصفراء (Zea mays L.) == Effect of Potassium Application By Soil And Foliar Fertilizer In Some Growth And Yield of Maize Zea Mays L

Author name: هشام هاشم صالح الزبيدي
Supervisor name: وسام مالك داود
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: نفذت هذه التجربة في المشتل التابع لمديرية زراعة محافظة ديالى خلال الموسم الخريفي لعام 2014 في تربة ذات نسجة طينية رملية بهدف معرفة تاثير الاضافة الارضية والتغذية الورقية بالبوتاسيوم في بعض المؤشرات المظهرية والفسلجية للذرة الصفراء Zea mays.L.. تضمنت التجر | This study has been achieved in a nursery that belongs to the Directorate of Agriculture of Diyala governorate in autumn 2014. The soil in which the corn is grown was Sandy clay. The aim of this study is to know the effect of Potassium application by Soil and Foliar in some morphological and Physiological Parameters of Corn (Zea mays L.) Buhooth 106. The randomize complete block design (RCBD) was conducted in this study with three replications Ground addition 80, 40, 20, 0 kg. k.ha - 1 and foliar applications (0, Spray with water, 3000 and 4000 mg k.L - 1) as Potassium sulfite (41.5% K). The results show that there are differences in the third level (40 Kg.K.ha - 1). The differences are in the Plant height (162.4 cm) , Leaf Area (518. Dsm2) , Stem diameter (10.7 cm) , Weight of 100 grains (22.7 g) , grain yield of plant (107.2 g.plant - 1), number of Leaves per plant (12.8) , ear Length (20.0 cm) number of grain per ear (641.8). number of rows per ear (16.5), dry matter of green plant (46.2.g.plant - 1) Chlorophyll index (48.7 Spade unit) and concentration of protein and Potassium in the leaves. Using K Foliar application treatment was 4000 mg.L - 1 caused Significant difference in the plant high (159.1 cm), Leaf Area (505.1 dsm2) , Steam diameter (10.7 cm) , weight of 100 grain (21.8 g) , grain Yield of plant (109.7 g.plant - 1), number of Leaves (13.0), ear Length (20.4 cm) , number of grain Per ear (633.4) number of rows per ear (16.7) , dry matter yield per plant (39.5) chlorophyll content (50.7) and concentration of protein (2.62%) and concentration of Potassium in Leaves (1.75%) The interaction between the Level 40 Kg.K - 1 as ground addition and 4000 mg.L - 1 as Foliar application gives the best results in all parameters.

التغيرات الدموية والكيموحيوية والنسجية في الدجاج المحلي المصاب تجريبيا بالقمل العاض وعلاقته بنقل طفيلي مقوسات كونداي في الدجاج == Haematological, Biochemical And Histopathological Changes In Experimentally Infected Local Chickens With Biting Lice, And Its Relationship In Transmission of Toxoplasma Gondii In Chickens

Author name: فاطمة ابراهيم محمد الليباوي
Supervisor name: هادي مدلول حمزة الميالي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Master
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: صممت الدراسة الحالية لمعرفة التغيرات الدموية والكيموحيوية والنسجية الناجمة عن الاصابة التجريبية بالقمل العاض Biting lice وكذلك لاثبات دور القمل في نقل طفيلي المقوسة الكوندية Toxoplasma gondiiمن الطيور المصابة الى الطيور السليمة للمدة من الاول من شهر تشرين | The current study was designed to showed the haematological, biochemical and histological changes caused by experimentally infection with biting lice, as well as to prove the role of lice in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii parasite from infected to healthy birds for the period from November 2013 to June 2014. 30 bird were taken from the chickens local chicks Gallus gallus domesticus aged one week purchased from local markets of AL - Diwaniya city divided into three groups included of each 10 birds (two experimentally groups and one control group) it was hit by lice from naturally infected chickens and then measured blood, biochemical parameters and histological changes at the end of experiment about seven months. Then we collected 30 bird from adult local chickens Gallus gallus domestics at age greater than 4 months and infected with dense lice from markets of AL - Diwaniya city, All samples tested by serological test using Latex Agglutination Test to detects of Toxolasma gondii parasite, 17 samples were positive for Toxoplasma gondii parasite with percentage 56.66% and the highest proportion in the birds recorded at the standard 1/80 (41.17%) and the lowest proportion at standard 1/40, 1/640 reached (5.88%) for both. Four species of biting lice isolation after end of the experiment include, Menacanthus stramineus, Menacanthus cornutus, Menopon gallinae and Goniocotes gallinae at infected percentage 53.59%, 17.37%, 22.57%, 6.45% respectively. Results showed the blood parameters at end of the experiment significantly decreased in the number of red blood cells2.29(x106/mm3), packed cell volume 37.99%, Haemoglobin 9.52(g/dl) and Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin concentration 29.09(g/dl) while showed significantly increased in Mean corpuscular volume 143.23(µ/m3), Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin 47.32(pg) and blood platelets24.36(x103/mm3), and the results showed significantly increased in white blood cells count144.05(x103/mm3), percentageMonocytes 9.10%, Eosinophils4.82%, Neutrophils2.80% and significantly decreased in percentage Lymphocytes67.43%. The results showed biochemical parameters significantly decreased Glucose and Cholesterol concentration and significantly increased in uric acid and Total protein concentration and non - significantly increased in creatinin concentration. The pathological changes caused by infection in two group experiment showed abnormal behavioral changes in infected birds with lice such as instability, constant irritability as well as tweezing and the frequent use of the beak, legs and moving the wings as well as the lack of eating and decrease of weight. The results also show the occurrence pathological gross changes in the birds represented by molt of feather and appearance nacked areas free of feather as well as redness and inflammation of the areas of the skin as a result of wounds and scratches and haemorrhage as well as incidence of histological changes in each of (skin, muscle, liver, kidney, spleen, small intestine and lungs) represented by proliferation fibrous connective tissue in layer of the dermis and infiltration of inflammatory cells as well as hyperplasia in epithelial layer of the epidermis also appeared degeneration and necrosis of the muscle fibers where appeared free nuclei with infiltration of inflammatory cells out of the blood vessels in addition to the appearance bleeding within the muscle fibers in the liver there appeared congestion of central veins with loss of the geometric structure of the liver tissue and infiltration of inflammatory cells near the central vein with fatty degeneration of the liver cells as happened atrophy of the intestinal villi and crashing and alienation in the villi that lining the vertical cells. in the kidney, noted presence of severe bleeding in the renal tissue and necrosis of the cell lining of renal tubules twisted with atrophy of the renal glomeruli. in the spleen, the results showed atrophy an exhausted pulp white with severe proliferation in red pulp and incidence of hemorrhage and necrosis widely in the lymphoid tissue of the spleen. also the air sacs appeared in lungs full of red blood cells with a large clot inside a blood vessel. Finally, according to the results of molecular analysis of tissue of biting lice from species Menacanthus stramineus using conventional polymerase chain reaction PCR to the emergence of gene diagnostic B1(399bp) specific Toxoplasma gondii parasite in 12 sample of the total samples tested, about 22 samples percentage 54.54% which indicates presence of the parasite and the lice ability to transfer parasite within his body parts

التشخيص الجزيئي وخصوصية المضيف لداء الابواغ الخبيئة Cryptosporidiosis في بعض انواع الطيور البرية والداجنة ود راسة الاصابة التجريبية في الفئران البيض == Molecular Diagnosis And Host Specificity For Cryptosporidiosis In Some Species of Wild And Domestic Birds And Study of Experimental Infection In White Mice

Author name: اخلاص عباس مرهون الزبيدي
Supervisor name: غيداء عباس جاسم الجبوري
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate of Cryptosporidiosis in some wild and domestic birds, and study some concerned aspect of it such as : Host specificity for Cryptosporidium spp., histo - pathological changes which parasite produced it and molecular analysis for this species. To attainment this purpose we applied our study in three major parts : The First part : Investigation of Cryptosporidium in birdsA total of 236 birds were collected from different regions of Al - Diwaniya province between May 2013 to June 2014, Birds included six species which are : 22 sample from Turkey (Meleagris gallopova), 60 from Quail (Coturnix coturnix) , 40 from Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), 52 from Caged chicken(Gallus gallus), 32 from Common duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and 30 from Feral pigeon (Columba livia). Fecal and bile samples which took from birds were examined by used hot modified Zeihl - Nelseen stain.Results revealed that the birds were infected with two types of Cryptosporidiosis : Intestinal and Biliary Cryptosporidiosis (58.1% and 12.7% respectively).Our study recorded four species belong to Cryptosporidium be responsible for intestinal type which are : C.parvum, C.meleagridis, C.baileyi and C.galli, While just the first three species of them were be responsible for biliary type.Also results showed that no significant difference according to gender of birds in infection with two types of Cryptosporidiosis, while showed a significant difference to study's months in infection, the highest ratio of Intestinal type was in March and April (87.5% and 89.3% respectively) and the lower ratio was in July, it reached 27.8% ; While the highest ratio of biliary type was in April, it reached 39.3%.Also results revealed that all cases of Biliary type were light infection, while the severity of infection with Intestinal type was between heavy and light infection. Quail birds showed a significant difference in severity infection compared with other birds, it was higher in quail which reached 60.9% and lower in common duck(30.0%) and there was no heavy infection in feral pigeon. when reading of preparation histological sections from : intestinal, fabricious bursa and bile sac, the results showed a histological changes that parasite induced it which included : hyperplasia in infection's regions, necrosis and destroyed in infected cells with infiltration of inflammation cells.The second part : Experimental studyTo test a host specificity and to know how incidence of cross transmission of Cryptosporidium species which isolated from birds to human, therefore the laboratory mice were dosage with the four species of parasite and then we determinate of : susceptible of age group to infection, prepatent period and histological changes in experimentally infected mice.Result showed that cross transmission could happened for three species of Cryptosporidium that infected birds to lab. mice which are : C.parvum, C.meleagridis and C.baileyi with total ratio 30% and showed a significant difference compared with control group, and the results recorded a mortality ratio in infected mice (7.5%).The probability of mammalian infection by Cryptosporidium spp. which isolated from birds in our study represent the first record in Iraq. C.parvum and C.meleagridis showed loss of host specificity whereas C.baileyi was opportunist in his ability to infect another host beside their ordinary host (birds), while C.galli showed a high specificity for its host.The third part : Molecular studyThis part in our study studied for the first time in Iraq, which contains the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium species that infected birds and their genetic analysis through : DNA sequence analysis of species by used small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18SrRNA), read of phylogenetic tree of these species and do comparison among genetic trees according to : original host (birds), experimental host (infected mice) and to their parasitic site in their ordinary host.The phylogenic tree of parasite species was drown by used MEGA6 program, the results of neighboring tree revealed two major branches : First branch include C.galli while the second branch include the other three species. Also genetic tree showed presence of two difference strains of C.parvum can infected the birds with neighboring ratio between them reached to 82% and the same thing was found for C.meleagridis but with neighboring ratio reached to 70%.The reading of phylogenetic tree showed that all species of studied birds can infection with isolated Cryptosporidium species excepting C.galli which just isolate from domestic chicken and C.meleagridis which found parasite only in turkey and quail.Results of genetic analysis of neighboring tree among species according to parasitic sites in infected birds showed similarity between species which isolated from fecal and bile, which are : C.parvum, C.meleagridis and C.baileyi, this result corroborate the ability of these species to transfer their infection from intestine to bile sac.The results of comparative concerned with isolated species from infected mice's fecal(experimental host) and from birds' fecal (ordinary host), results showed similarity among three species which isolated from mice's fecal with their analogous species isolated from birds' fecal which are : C.parvum, C.meleagridis and C.baileyi, while C.galli doesn't have ability to infect mice which dosage it.Finally the result of this study give evidence to ability of cross transmission for these three species from the class : Aves to the class : Mammalian, So this fact give to us a hygienic indication for probability of human infection with these species.

دراسة نوعية مياه خزان الحبانية موقعيا والاستشعار عن بعد == Study of The Water Quality In Alhabbaniyah Reservoir In Situ And Remote Sensing

Author name: احمد عطا الله حسن الفهداوي
Supervisor name: عادل مشعان ربيع
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Aquatic Environment
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

العلاقة بين مؤشر الموت الخلـوي المبرمج (ربيطة فاس الذائبة) وقلة النطاف عند الرجال == Correlation Between Apoptotic Marker (Sfas Ligand) And Oligozoospermia In Men

Author name: احمد حسين علي الزاملي
Supervisor name: صباح ناصر العلوجي | انعم رشيد الصالحي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The Fibroblast associated (Fas) system in the testes has been identified as a key regulator of apoptosis, a process that greatly influences the germ cell population of the testes. and the soluble Fas Ligand (sFasL) may be a competitive inhibitor to induce apopto¬sis of the Fas baring cells. Therefore, this study measures the level of sFasL in the semen of oligozoospermic men evaluating the association between seminal plasma sFasL and spermatogenesis.A total 58 oligozoospermic men and 29 normozoospermic volunteers were included in this study. They were attending the Infertility Clinic of the High Institute of Infertility Diagnosis and Assisted Reproductive Technologies, AL - Nahrain University\ Baghdad. Their age mean was 31.77± 5.48 years and a median of 30 years. Semen samples were evaluated according to World Health Organization 2010 standard parameters. The Seminal plasma was separated from the cellular elements after centrifugation and the supernatant was transferred to plane tubes and frozen at - 20 ?C till using for measurement of sFasL. These patients were classified into patients with severe oligozoospermia (sperm concentration ?5 million / ml) which include 29 patients, and patients with mild and moderate oligozoospermia (sperm concentration ranging between 5 - 15 million / ml) which includes 29 patients as well. The control group comprised of 29 men with normospermic parameters according to WHO 2010 standard (Normal volunteers). The sFasL was measured using ELISA enzyme immunoassay for quantitative determination of sFasL Kit. Data were analyzed statistically using Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Least Significant Difference (LSD) and Correlation Coefficient (r).The sFasL level was found significantly higher (P< 0.01) in seminal plasma of oligozoospermic men, with weak correlation of the level of sFasL with the degree of severity of oligozoospermia. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that sFasL is a novel marker found in the seminal plasma of oligozoospermic men. It's level was higher in cases of oligozoospermia regardless of its severity.

انتشار بكتريا Escherichia coli في المرضى في المرضى المصابين بالتهاب المرارة الحصوي في محافظة الديوانية == Dissemination of Escherichia Coli In Patients With Cholecystitis Calculus In Al - Diwanyia Governorate

Author name: احمد رزاق واجد الداوودي
Supervisor name: سيوف خومان علوان الرماحي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Bacteria
Degree: Master
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: The study aims to identify Escherichia coli bacteria, which causes calculus cholecystitis of molecular perspective. The study samples were gathered from 110 patients who undergone cholecystectomy in Diwaniya general hospital for the period October 2013 to April 2014. The sample included bile sap, gall bladder tissues and stone if available. The samples were cultured to identify their culture specifications.The results showed that chronic cholecystitis is the most common one, which has 55.5% then acute cholecystitis by 44.5%. The study results showed that age and sex have an influence on cholecystitis. The highest percentage of infection is the ages 36 - 45 for the two sexes. If the cases distributed according to the patient sex, there is a difference in cholecystitis between male and female, where females infections are 88.2% and males are 11.8%. The total isolated bacteria were 125 bacterial isolates of 52% of gall bladder tissues, 26.4% of bile and 21.6% of the stone. Escherichia coli had 34.4% of the total samples of 51.1%, 36.6% and 29.6% respectively of the above mentioned samples.As far as susceptibility for all Escherichia coli isolates towards 15 types of antibiotics by using disc diffusion for Kerby - Bauer method, bacteria had high susceptibility against ? - lactamases antibiotics where they had susceptibility against Ampicillin+ Clavulanic acid by 38.7% and 79% for Ampicillin. The least susceptibility was for Amoxicillin by 69.7%. Bacteria had no resistance for Imipenem where their susceptibility was 100%. Bacteria had weak susceptibility against Aztreonam by 13.9%. While with cephalosporins, susceptibility for Ceftazidime by 27.9% and for Cefotaxime by 20.9%. With Aminoglycosides, resistance to Gentamicin antibiotics was 34.8% and 30.2% for Amikacin. The results showed that resistance to Quinolones was 16.2 for Nalidixic acid while for fluoroquinolones resistance was 25.5% for Ciprofloxacin and 18.6% for Norfloxacin. Isolates ability to produce CTX - M, SHV, TEM and AMPC extended spectrum ? - lactamases enzymes was tested by investigating the existence of blaTem, blaAMC, blaCTX - M and blaSHV genes in these isolates through Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). There were 23/26 isolates (88.4%) showed their ability to contain blaAmpC gene, and 7/26 isolates (26.9%) contained blaSHV gene. There are 18/26 isolates(69.2%) contained blaTEM gene while 20/26 isolates (76.9%) contained blaCTX - M.Through using Quantitative Real Time - Polymerase chain Reaction (qRT - PCR), gene expression measurement for blaCTX - M, blaTEM and blaAmpC was measured by relative numbers. The results showed that gene expression measurement for ? - lactamases enzymes type AmpC produce by Escherichia coli was the highest if compared with ? - lactamases enzymes type TEM and CTX - M with different periods of incubation, which is T4h for 4 hours, T24h for 24 hours and T48h hours of incubation respectively. It is noticed that genes responsible for producing ? - lactamase enzymes type TEM, CTX - M and AmpC are changed during different periods of incubation through using Real Time - Polymerase chain Reaction (RT - PCR).

دراسة بعض الملوثات الصناعية وتاثيرها في الصفات التشريحية لبعض الانواع النباتية في قضاء سامراء == Study of Some Industrial Pollutants And Their Impact In The Anatomical Characteristics of Some Plant Species In Samarra

Author name: احمد يونس حمادي الكنعاني
Supervisor name: طالب عويد الخزرجي | ياسين محمد احمد الدليمي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: ان نمو النباتات في مواقع ملوثة قد يعرض صحة المستهلك للخطر سواء اكان انسان? او حيوان?، لذلك انجز هذا البحث لتقييم التلوث بالعناصر الثقيلة في مياه المخلفات الصناعية للحي الصناعي في مدينة سامراء وفي التربة والنباتات الواقعة على مجرى هذه المياه الجارية في ساق | The growth of plants in contaminated sites may expose consumers' health at risk, whether a human being or animal so accomplished this research to assess the pollution heavy elements in the waters of industrial waste of the neighborhood's industrial city of Samarra, in soil and plants located on the course of this running water in a stream length of 800 m even downstream Tigris River, as they are put waste industrial district as well as sewage water into the river is directly without treatment, as the study was to take part of the water and soil of that region as well as four types of plants that grow where is the tail of the seven, mint, sugar cane and corporal parents, study Some qualities Physical and chemical soil and water in addition to study some changes anatomical got to plants due to pollution, and that by dividing the study area into four zones as is the region (1) part near the industrial district and region (2) is located just 200 meters from the site of No. (1) towards the river, followed by site number (3), which is 200 m from the site of No. (2) The region (4) is located near the bank of the river and about 200 m from the site number (3) and samples were taken control of the West Bank of the Tigris River, was measurement of both pH and electrical conductivity and salinity in addition to measuring some heavy elements (iron, copper, cadmium) of soil and water, as well as the measured requirement vital for oxygen and the degree of turbidity of the water, also included the study to measure some heavy elements (iron, copper, cadmium) in plant and study the anatomical changes that occur due to the pollution produced by the launch of industrial waste. The results of the study that there is variation among study sites for each of the regions of the east bank of the river (the contaminated samples) and the West Bank of the river (the control) for most attributes Physical and chemical water and soil as well as for changes anatomical plants between contaminated samples and the control and in general has The results are within the limits permitted by the World Health Organization, the results indicate the high concentration of copper in the soil compared with iron and cadmium as the highest concentration has 10 ppm at the site (1), while the concentration of sample control 0.17 ppm The iron was higher focus him in the soil is 5.2 ppm in both locations (3) and (4), while the concentration of sample control 3.3 ppm The cadmium was the highest concentration has 0.43 ppm at the site (2), while the concentration of sample control 0.15 ppm and these concentrations are all not exceeding the allowable limit for the World Health Organization (for cadmium 1.5ppm of iron 120ppm copper 40ppm) respectively, and the results showed variation in pH between the soil and water for study sites on the one hand and sample control on the other hand, as shown soil samples to pH moderate among the four sites studied, where ranged pH between 7.26 - 6.33 The sample control was pH 8.64 As for water, the results showed basal water sites studied ranged pH between 6.8 to 5.8 which is comparable to Las pH for sample control 8.5, As for connectivity electrical has emerged variation between samples studied and sample control for soil and water and showed samples of soil and water at the site (2) the extent of the variation connectivity electrical them at the sites (3, 2, 1) and which are all higher than in the sample control, with varied degrees connectivity for soil samples between 14, 200 - 2860 Maekerosemins / cm The sample control 2300 Maekerosemins / cm The degree connectivity for water samples 2810 - 2450 Maekerosemins / cm The sample control of water was connectivity 1457 Maekerosemins / cm, for salinity, the results showed an increase in salinity of soil samples and water compared to a sample control ranged salinity in the soil between 8.92 - 1.79 g / l, while a control sample was salinity 1.438 g / l The salinity in the water was between 1.759 - 1.532 g / l The control sample was 0.907 g / l The results showed that the sample at the site (2) the degree of salinity have is higher than the rest of the other samples in soil and water. Results showed high copper for iron in the water was the highest percentage of copper in the signatories (4), (3) 0.05ppm The sample control has, (2.1) compared to a control sample, where he was between 55 - 20 mg / L, while a control sample 3.8 mg / liter, while for water Ekorh has ranged between four samples where Ekorh was water between 12.36 - 2.97 naphthalene The control sample was Ekorh water 2.1 Naphthalene. The results showed that the concentration of iron was high in most plants for copper and cadmium, as was the highest concentration of iron in the plant reeds 24 ppm as was assembled in the root zone of the plant which is within the limits permitted by the World Health Organization while the highest concentration of iron in the area of control of the plant reed it reached 17.5 ppm as it was assembled in the root also Copper was the highest concentration in the plant sergeant cock 0.89 ppm as it was assembled in the root while the focus was in control very few samples The cadmium is 0.1 ppm in all plants is within the allowable limits by the World Health Organization, while in the side anatomical has emerged is a difference between the samples studied and samples of control, as happened increase in the dimensions of the vascular bundles of the leg, as well as an increase in the thickness of the crust in the samples studied compared a sample of control as well as an increase in the thickness of the tissue foundation and a decrease in the number of packets Vascular plant roots as well as increase the thickness of the securities, an increase of pollution in the studied plants compared to a control sample..

تكامل جرعة منخفضة من مبيد الترفلان مع مخلفات زهرة الشمس في مكافحة الادغال وتحسين نمو محصول الماش لتقليل الاعتماد على المبيدات والحد من مخاطرها == Integration of Reduced Dose of Trifluralin Herbicide With Sunflower Residues For Weed Control In Mungbean Field

Author name: اﺭﻭﻯ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ
Supervisor name: اﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺷﻌﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺪﺍﻭﻱ
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Two field experiments, several greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted during the course of study to evaluate the allelopathic potential of two sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars on companion weeds and weeds grown in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. R. Wilczek) field alone and in combination with reduced rate herbicide, and to determine the chemical and genetical bases of allelopathic traits in the test cultivars. The aim of the first experiment was to test whether the variation in weed growth between the sunflower cultivars (Shumoose and Sin Altheeb), which was observed in the field, was due to differences in their allelopathic potential. Results showed the ability of both cultivars to reduce weed population and biomass with the superiority of Shumoose cultivar in suppression of weed density at 60 and 120 days after sowing compared to Sin Altheeb. Weed biomass was significantly reduced up to 90 and 71% by Shumoose and Sin Altheeb cultivars, respectively. Stair case experiment indicated that root exudates of Shumoose cultivar showed more suppression to weeds than Sin Altheeb giving additional evidence for the superiority of Shumoose cultivar in its allelopathic weed suppression. Chemical analysis by High performance liquid chromatography indicated the presence of 9 compounds in root exudates of Sin Altheeb and 8 compounds in Shumoose, and all are Phenolic in nature. However, total of the isolated phenolics was doubled in Shumoose than in Sin Altheeb. Most of the isolated chemicals are reported to have inhibiting ability for germination and growth of plants, including weeds. Second field experiment was undertaken to explore the response of weeds and mungbean crop to soil incorporated with sunflower residues in combination with lower rate of a pre - plant herbicide (trifluralin). Sunflower residues of the two cultivars Shumoose and Sin Altheeb at 3.2 and 6.4 t ha - 1 were used either alone or in combination with trifluralin at 1.2 L ha - 1 (50% of label rate). Weedy check (control), trifluralin at full label rate (2.4 L ha - 1), and weed free treatments were also included for comparison. Plots treated with 50% of label rate of herbicide and amended with sunflower residues of cultivar Sin Altheeb recorded least weed density and dry biomass and this suppression was much greater than the residue treatments alone and more than cultivar Shumoose. Application of herbicide at 50% rate in plots amended with Sin Altheeb residue resulted yield 64 % more than with the label rate of herbicide treatment. Chromatographic analysis of sunflower amended field soil revealed the presence of several potent allelopathic compounds in the residues of both cultivars with greater quantity (355.5 µg/ml) in Sin Altheeb than in Shumoose (250.9 µg/ml). Dynamics of release, decomposition and degradation of allelochemicals into the soil showed that different compounds exhibited differential behavior for these processes. Overall quantity of allelochemicals started to increase after 2 weeks of decomposition and peaked at 4 week of decomposition (180.1 ppm) then declined sharply in their quantities thereafter. Periods indicating higher quantities of total phenolics as shown by chromatographic analysis was coincided with the periods in which higher suppressive activity against weeds grown under field conditions. Bioassay of sunflower residues decomposed in soil at different times on Echinochloa colonum L, one of the weeds dominated the mungbean field, revealed that residues of both cultivars suppressed growth of E. colonum weed. The phytotoxicity started after 2 weeks and persisted for 8 weeks. However, Sin Altheeb residues showed greater inhibition than Shumoose cultivar at the last three decomposition periods. Shumoose residues recorded appreciable reduction to the growth of test weed compared to Sin Altheeb. The effect of residues of both cultivars on chlorophyll content and ions uptake in Amaranthus retroflexus L. weed revealed that residues of both species reduced chlorophyll content of leaves and the reduction increased with the increased residue rate. Sin Altheeb cultivar residues were more inhibitory than Shumoose at the lower residue rate. In the same weed, ions uptake was significantly averted by the residues of both cultivars. P and K was significantly increased over control, while Ca, Mg an Fe were found to be decreased over control due to application of sunflower residues in soil at 8 g per kg soil. N was the only test element that did not significantly influence by the residue treatments. No significant differences were found in the test ion uptake between the test sunflower cultivars. Results of using RAPD technique on the sunflower genomic DNA revealed that all the 19 primers used in this study scored different amplification monomorphic and polymorphic bands in the tested genotypes with 12 primers generated polymorphic bands. These bands present in one cultivar and absent in another. They could be responsible for allelopathic trait or secondary compounds associated with this phenomenon. Further work is recommended to analyze the sequence of this band to find out whether it is related to allelopathic trait or not.
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