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اثر اضافة الكبريت الزراعي واليوريا والسوبر فوسفات في نشاط انزيمي اليوريز والفوسفاتيز وحاصل الذرة البيضاء Sorghum bicolor L. == Effect of Agricultural Sulfur , Urea and TSP application on the activity Of Urease phosphatase and yield of (Sorghum bicolor L. )

Author name: رشاد عادل عمران الزبيدي
Supervisor name: هيفاء جاسم حسين التميمي | عبد الزهرة طه ظاهر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water - Fertility
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تقييم مستوى التلوث العضوي وتاثيره في تنوع الطحالب الخيطية القاعية واصابة الاسماك بمجذافية الاقدام في ثلاث محطات في محافظة البصرة، العراق == Evaluation of organic pollution level and its effect on diversity of the filamentous benthic algae and fishes infected with copepods from three stations in Basrah province, Iraq

Author name: رشاد عبد الزهرة احمد
Supervisor name: ازهار علي عبد الله الصابونجي | خالدة سالم النعيم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Three Stations were selected based on its pollution level, first station was (Ashar chanel N : 30 º 31 13.31, E : 47º 50 13.63) the second station was (Shatt Al Arab N : 30 º 30 0. 29, E : 47º 51 36.31) and the third station was (Qurna N : 31 º 0 12. 79, E : 47º 26 37.11). Samples of waters, fish and sediments were collected monthly, collection of these samples started from Nov. 2013 till Oct. 2014 during the ebb time, group of physical and chemical variables had been measured like air and water, temperature, salinity, electrical conductivity, light penetration, pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, Total alkalinity (TA), Total hardness (TH), reactive nitrite, nitrate and phosphate, chlorophyll a in water, total organic carbon (TOC) in sediments, Soil texture was identified for each station through knowing the ratios of its components. Also, through the current study banthic algae were identified in areas of intertidal area, the parasitic copepod on fish also identified as biological indicator for the pollution at the selected stations.The study revealed that the air temperature varied between (17.5 - 43.2)Co while water temperature varied between (12 - 31) Co, the salinity varied between (0.57 - 4.16) ‰, while the electrical conductivity ranged between (0.9 - 6.5) mellisemince/ cm, while light penetration values were varied between (17 - 90) cm, pH values varied between (7.2 - 8.5), dissolved oxygen values were ranged between (3.5 - 11.2) mg/ l, while the biological oxygen demand varied between (1.2 - 9) mg/ l, value of TA and TH were varied between (81 - 190) mg/ l and (822 - 2123) mg/ l, respectively. The current study also recorded the concentrations of nutrients, that the values of nitrates and reactive nitrites ranged between (0.1 - 2.71) μg N - NO2/ l, (12.11 - 42.1) μg N - NO3/ l, respectively, while the reactive phosphate valuesbwere ranged between (1.31 - 9.98) μg P - PO4/ l, on the other hand the value of chlorophyll a were from (8.12 - 20.13) mg/ l.It was recorded in the current study a recognizable raise in values of total organic carbon (TOC) in the first station due to its highly exposed to the organic pollutants in comparison with the second and the third station, the values of (TOC) varied between (15.33 - 45.63)%, (4.4 - 22)%, (9.02 - 44.6)% for the three stations respectively.The current study demonstrated that the prevalence of green algae, all over study time in the second and the third station like (Cladophora fract, C. glomerata, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Schizomeris liblenii) also it was nocied that the Rhizoclonium crassipellitum was available more in the second station than the first and the third station, due to that the second station was featured with less contamination with organic materials. Some of the blue - green algae like (Lyngbya Birgei, L. major, Oscillatoria, amoena O. tenuis) showed prevealance in the first station because of the abundance of the organic pollutants, the red algae Compsopogon coeruleus, was recorded at three stations, the highest percentage was in the third station, the lowest percentage was recorded in the first station. It was also found in current study based on using algae as biological indicator for pollution, which prepared by Palmer. The first station was highly polluted with organic matter in comparison with other two stations, due to abundant of species which used as organic indicator of pollution. Results reavaled monthly variations in total number of benthic filamentous algea, which increased during two periods (Bimodel). Values of diversity ranged from 0.626 in station two to 2.15 in station two.The monthly variations in Organic Pollution Index (OPI) were different between three stations and ranged (25.54 - 48.72), (4.52 - 38.9), (15.14 - c28.69), in three stations respectively. The highest value 48.72 (Poor) was recorded in Ashar chanal at August and the lowest value 4.52 (Good) in Shatt Al - Arab river at December.Aquatic systems are affected by a variety of anthropogenic activities that decrease water quality through the introduction of organic pollutants. To investigate the relationship between fish parasite communities and water quality, copepods parasites were examined in 856 specimens of the fishes (Acanthobrama marmid, Acanthopagrus arabicus, Alburnus mossulensis, Carasobarbus luteus, Carassius auratus, Chelon subviridis, Coptodon zillii, Cyprinus carpio, Garra variabilis, Gambusia halbrooki, Leuciscus vorax, Liza abu, Luciobarbus subquincunciatus, Luciobarbus xanthopteru, Nematalosa nasus, Oreochromis aureus, Poecilia latipinna, Silurus triostegus, Tenualosa ilisha), sampled in three sites in the Basrah Province, Quran site (unpolluted), the Shatt Al - Arab (moderately polluted) and Al - Asher canal site (polluted). Six species of copepods, Ergasilus rostralis, E. mosulensis, E. ogawai, Ergasilus sp, Lernaea cyprinacea and Mugilicola kabatai were found in unpolluted site, and four species of copepods, E. rostralis, E. mosulensis and Lernaea cyprinacea were found in moderately polluted site, but the distribution of copepods was limited to the polluted site (Ergasilus rostralis, E. mosulensis and Lernaea cyprinacea). The variability of the calculated infection indices (prevalence and mean intensity) are affected by the pollution levels of the water. The unpolluted site had the highest species and the highest overall parasite abundance values.

دراسة استعمال الكايتوسان المستخلص من قشور الروبيان كمادة لازالة بعض الملوثات من محلولها المائي == Studying using extracted chitosan from shrimp shell is excellent as for removing the pollutants from the water their solutions

Author name: رسول عقيل عبد العظيم الخاقاني
Supervisor name: منير عبود جاسم الطائي | علي حسين عبد الكريم العامري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study aimed to find simple, cheap and successful methods to remove copper (II), lead (II) iron (II) and zinc (II) from their solutions by using chitosan prepared from shrimp shell (Penaeus semisulcatus) via deacetylation of chitin during four hours with sodium hydroxide solution. The yield of chitosan was about 16.4%. Chitosan contained 6.7% moisture, 0.75 ash and 2.84 protein. Deacetylation degree for chitosan recorded (74,88%)Values of viscosity, density, molecular weight, refractive index and wave length of chitosan where(86.22 centipoise, 0.98 g/cm3, 852 k Da, 1.332 and 320 nm), respectively. Functional properties, fat binding and water holding, for the mentioned compound were estimated by using ten categories of commercial oils (sun flower, thyme, olive, almond, fenugreek, pumpkin, flax, parsley, saffron and sesame). High binding was recorded with pumpkin oil, 618% and low binding was with sesame oil 437.84%Capacity of chitosan to absorbe water was 628.96% After measuring the deflection of X - rays, three peaks were recorded, angles of incidence for two of them were at (2ɵ=10)°,(2ɵ=23)° and Sharp peak at (2ɵ=20 Diagram of thermogravimetric analysis of chitosan showed presence of three phases of pyrolysis, first at 300°C, second stage starts directly at 360°C. Optimum conditions of chitosan for adsorption and its ability for adsorption to remove Pb (II), Fe (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions from water solutions were studied. Good results recorded at pH=7, while Fe (II) was adsorbed at pH=4, ability of adsorption increased with weight of adsorbent, also temperature influenced the adsorption process, good results recorded at 50°C. while zinc was at 40°C. Also found that time required to reach equilibrium was 30 min, except iron was 40 min agitation speed was 200 rpm /min, best concentration for adsorb studied metals was 1000 ppm. Destaning of methylene blue from its water solution was studied, and it was found thatIIadsorption influenced by several conditions. Results showed that best contact time, pH, concentration, temperature, and agitation speed was 30 min, 8, 100 ppm, 50°C, and 200 rpm/min, respectively. It was noticed that adsorption capacity increased with increasing the adsorbent material, so, the adsorption capacity and its percentage were 4.772 ppm and 95.458%, respectively. In addition, an experiment was carried out to treat tap water with chitosan, about 0.4 g, to remove heavy metals. Results showed that lead represented the highest efficient adsorption, 81.176%, while less adsorption was found for iron,16.326%. In the other side, when 0.6 g of chitosan was used, lead represented the highest adsorption percentage, 90.588% and the lowest percentage of adsorption found in iron 20.408% at pH=7.62. Also chitosan was added with amount 0.6 g at pH=6, as a result the percentage of the adsorption was (95.94, 91.30, 75.82 and 25.51) %, respectively for lead, copper, zinc and iron, respectively, and this indicates the possibility of using chitosan to removecontaminant metals.

تقييم الاداء الانتاجي والفسلجي لطيور السمان الياباني المغذاة على مستويات مختلفة من زيت وبذور وثمار الحنظل المحلي == Evaluation of Productive ,Performance Physiological of Japanese Quail Fed Different Levels of Oil, Seeds and Fruits of Local Bitter Melon ( Citrullus Colocynthis

Author name: رسول عبد علي عباس الصبيحاوي
Supervisor name: ربيعة جدوع عباس
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Tow experiment were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with different levels of seed, fruits meal, oil and their combination of bitter melon(Citrullus Colocynthis) on productive, physiological and immunological peformance of Japanese quail. The first experiment was carried out at the Quail farm, College of Agriculture, University of Basra from 1/11/2015 to 26/12/2015. A total of 288 unsexed one day old quail chicks were used in this study from private hatchery which located on the Omara City Road . The rate of weight was 8g / chick.At14 days were randomly distributed on 24 cages (12 chick/cage) ,with three replicate for each treatment in a Complete Randomized Design(CRD) and the treatments were as follows : T1 Basal diet without any addition(Control). T2, T3 : Basal diet supplemented with%1.5,%3 bitter melon seed powder. T4, T5 : Basal diet supplemented with %1.5,%3 bitter melon seed oil. T6, T7 : Basal diet supplemented with %1.5,%3 bitter melon fruit powder. T8 : Basal diet supplemented a mixture of seeds, fruit and oil at level of %1 each.The results showed : 1. The chemical analysis of bitter melon composition reveled that fruit containing the highest percentage of protein (%29.87) ,fat (%6.33),ash (%12.08)and crude fiber (%16.06) as compared to seeds which higher inavailable carbohydrate (%62.35) and metabolisable energy value(3243.58Kcal/Kg).2. Significant differences (P≤0.05) between the experimental treatments in average final body weight (8wks) and weight gains at 5 - 6 and 2 - 8weeks of Japanese quail.3. No significant differences were revealed in the amount of feed consumption at 5 - 6 weeks of age, whereas there were significant differences(P≤0.05) at the other remaining experimental periods.4. No significant differences were observed in feed conversion ratio during the period 4 - 5 weeks of age, whereas there were significant differences(p≤0.05) at 3 - 2,3 - 4,5 - 6,6 - 7,7 - 8 and 2 - 8 weeks of age .5. There was significant increase (p≤0.05) in carcass weight, dressing percentage, relative Wight of thigh in T4 and T5 which recorded theSummary الخلاصةhighest percent as compared to control. There was no significant differences observed in relative weight of gizzard and heart, while there was significant decrease in relative weight of liver in T4,T5,T6,T7 and T8 and in amount of abominate fat in all supplemented diet as compared to control.6. No significant differences on relative weight and length of ileum relative weight of duodenum and jejunum, while there was significant differences(p≤0.05) on relative weight and length of duodenum, jejunum and in the gastrointitian at tract.7. There was no any case of mortality recorded between the experimental treatment at all time of study.8. There was significant increase (p≤0.05) in proactive, economic index and in protein efficiency ratio in all supplemented treatment as compared with control.9. No significant effects in bursa of fabricius gland index while there was significant differences in the relative weight of spleen.10. There was significant decrease (p≤0.05) in total bacteria and E.coli bacteria count, while there was significant improvement (p≤0.05) in the number of lactic acid bacteria in the treatment T5,T4,T3 and T8 as compared to control.11. There was significant increase (P ≤0.05) in the number of RBC and WBC cells in T5,while there was significant differences in RBC number in treatment T2,T3,T6,T7 and T8 also in WBC number in T6,T7 and T8 and in PCV in T2,T3,T6,T7 and whereas T6,T7 andT8 recorded the lowest Hb concentration as compared to decrease in H/L ratio as compared to control.12. Significant improvement (P≤0.05) concerning in the serum biochemical parameter , which included glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride, while there was significant decreased in total protein concentration as compared to control.Summary الخلاصةThe second experiment was carried out at the Quail Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Basra from 2/1/2016 to 30/1/2016 . A total of 168 laying quail, average weight185.33 (g), were randomly distributed on 24 cages(7 hens/cage)with three replicates for each treatment in a Complete Random Design ( CRD) .Hens in each treatments received the same experimental diets as described in first experiment .The results showed the following : 1. There was no significant differences in the amount of feed consumption in treatment T2and T3 ,where as ,there was significant decrees (P ≤0.05) in feed intake in all the period in comparison with control.2. There was significant improvement (P ≤0.05) in the feed conversion ratio in treatment which contain seed, fruit, oil and their combnation as compared to control.3. significant differences(P ≤0.05)were revealed in egg production %, egg mass at 0 - 1,1 - 2 and 1 - 4 weeks, as well as in the relative weight of egg shell, yolk, albumen and yolk to albumen ratio and in shell thickness4. There was significant improvement in egg weight at 0 - 4 weeks in supplemented treatment as compared to control.5. No significant differences were observed among treatment in egg width ,yolk index and egg shape index ,while there was significant differences(P≤0.05)in egg length, yolk diameter and height, and in albumen diameter and height .

تاثير التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية لطائر السمان الياباني (Coturnix japonica) == The effect of early quantitative feed restiction on Some Productive and Physiological Traits of Japanese Quail(Coturnix japonica)

Author name: رسول حسن خلاطي السراي
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Management
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة في حقل السمان/كلية الزراعة/جامعة البصرة للمدة من 1/11/2015 لغاية 12/1/2016 وذلك لمعرفة تاثير التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر(28 - 7) يوما في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية لطائر السمان وخلال مدتين، المدة الاولى الممتدة من عمر (7 - 42) يوما استخدم فيها (300) فرخ بعمر يوم واحد وزعت عشوائيا على خمسة معاملات وبواقع ثلاث مكررات(20) فرخا لكل مكرر . اما المدة الثانية (المدة الانتاجية) استمرت (30) يوما بعد عمر البلوغ الجنسي ، استخدم فيها(180) طائر لكل معاملة (36) طائر وبواقع (8 اناث + 4 ذكور) لكل مكرر ، وعلى النحو التالي : .1المعاملة الاولى : السيطرة (تغذيه حره) .2. المعاملة الثانية : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 10% من التغذية الحرة ..3 المعاملة الثالثة : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 20% من التغذية الحرة . .4المعاملة الرابعة : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 30% من التغذية الحرة ..5 المعاملة الخامسة : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 40% من التغذية الحرة .اشارت نتائج الدراسة الى ما يلي : .1وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤ 0.05) للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في بعض الصفات الانتاجية حيث تفوقت معاملة التغذية الحرة في معدلات وزن الجسم لغاية عمر (5)اسابيع والزيادة الوزنية لغاية الفترة (4 - 3)اسبوع وفي كمية العلف المستهلكة لغاية عمر (6)اسابيع وكمية العلف المستهلكة التراكمية. .2وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤ 0.05) للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في معامل التحويل الغذائي للطيور حيث ظهر تحسن معنوي في هذه الصفة في المعاملة التي قدم لها العلف المقنن بنسبة (40)%من التغذية الحرة مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى لغاية الاسبوع الرابع ، بينما سجلت معاملة التقنين الغذائي (20)% من التغذية الحرة افضل كفاءة تحويل للاسبوع ( 5،6 ) وفي كفاءة التحويل التراكمية وفي مقياس دليل الاداء . .3وجود تاثير معنوي للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في ذبائح الطيور فقد سجلت معاملة التغذية الحرة وفي كلا الجنسين اعلى فرق معنوي في نسبة التصافي والاوزان النسبية لقطعية الصدر والكبد ، بينما لم يكن هناك فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في الاوزان النسبية للفخذ , القلب , القانصة وفي كلا الجنسين ونسبة الهلاكات الكلية . .4وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤ 0.05) لنظام التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر على صفات الدم الخلوية للطيور عند عمر (42) يوما حيث سجل اعلى معدل لخلايا الدم الحمر, تركيز الهيموغلوبين وحجم خلايا الدم المرصوصة في دم الطيور المرباة تحت تاثير نظام التغذية الحرة مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى ولكلا الجنسين ، بينما لم يتاثر عدد كريات الدم البيض ونسبة الخلايا المتغايرة الى اللمفية بتاثير نظام التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر وفي كلا الجنسين . .5 سجلت معاملة التغذية الحرة اعلى فرق معنوي في تركيز البروتين الكلي والالبومين والكلوبيولين في مصل دم ذكور واناث السمان مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى ، بينما لم يتاثر تركيز الكلوكوز والكولستيرول وحامض اليوريك في مصل دم الطيور باستخدام التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ولكلا الجنسين وعند عمر (42)يوما . .6عدم وجود فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في تركيز البروتينات الدهنية العالية الكثافة , البروتينات الدهنية واطئة الكثافة , الكلسيريدات الثلاثية في مصل دم الطيور ولكلا الجنسين وعند عمر (42)يوما. .7وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤0.05) للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر على العمر والوزن عند البلوغ الجنسي للذكور ، حيث سجلت معاملة التغذية الحرة بلوغ جنسي مبكر ، اما معاملة الطيور المقنن غذائها بنسبة (40)% من التغذية الحرة قد سجلت اقل معدل وزن الجسم عند البلوغ الجنسي في الذكور ، بينما لم يكن هناك فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في العمر والوزن عند البلوغ الجنسي للاناث . .8عدم وجود فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في كمية العلف المستهلكة التراكمي ومعدل وزن البيض التراكمي ومعدل وزن اول بيضة خلال الفترة الانتاجية(30)يوما. .9وجود تحسن معنوي (p≤ 0.05) في كفاءة التحويل الغذائي لمعاملة الطيور المقنن غذائها بنسبة (20)% من التغذية الحرة مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى ..10 سجلت معاملة الطيور المقنن غذائها بنسبة (20)%من التغذية الحرة تفوقا معنويا (p≤ 0.05) في عدد البيض التراكمي ونسبة انتاج البيض التراكمي وكتلة البيض التراكمي خلال الفترة الانتاجية(30)يوما مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى . | This study was conducted at quail Farm / Agriculture Collage/ University of Basra from 1/11/2015 to 12/1/2016. The aim of study was to investigated the effect of early quantitative feed restriction (7 - 28)days at the some production and physiological traits of quail during two periods the first from (7 - 42) day used (300) one day old chicks, were randomly disterbuted to five treatments , three replicates (20 chicks for each replicate). Second period (30) days after sexual maturity treatment (180) chicks were used (36) chicks for each treatment (8 female + 4 male) From each replicate follows : 1. First treatment : Control adlibitum feeding .2. second treatment : Restriction feeding 10% from control .3. Third treatment : Restriction feeding 20% from control .4. Fourth treatment : Restriction feeding 30% from control .5. Fivth treatment : Restriction feeding 40% from control .The results of study as follow : 1. There was significantly (p≤0.05) proceeding for the early quantitative feed restriction of some productive traits, adlibtum feeding treatment have better live body weight until (5) weeks age , weekly body weight gain until (4 - 3) week age , feed intake and cumulative feed intake compared with feed restrction treatments . 2. There was a significantly (P≤0.05) effect of early quantitative restriction feeding on feed conversion ratio , significant improvement showed in treatment reared under (40)% restriction feed from control until (4)weeks age compared with other experimental treatments , while treatment reared under (20)% restriction feed from control recorded best feed conversion ratio on (5 , 6)weeks age and cumulative feed conversion ratio and performance Index .3. Significantly increase (P≤0.05) on carcasse of male and femal on dressing percentage and the relative weight of breast and liver for both sexes , while no significant difference between the early quantitative restriction feed treatment and the control in relative weight of thigh , heart , gizzard and mortality . 4. There was significant (P≤0.05) effect at early quantitative restriction feed on cellular blood characteristics, adlibitum feeding treatment have better RBC, Hb, PCV% compared with other experimental treatments , for both sexes while the WBC, H/L ratio don’t effected with early quantitative restriction feed for both sexes . 5. significant increase (P≤0.05) in total protein albumin and globulin concentration in the blood serum of both sexes quail reared under adlibitum feeding system compared with other expermantal treatments while glucose , cholesterol and uric acid concentration in blood serum for both sexes no affected by feeding system at (42)day age . 6. No significant difference between early quantitative feed restriction and control treatment on HDL , LDL and Triglyceridc concentration in blood serum for both sexes at (42) day age .7. There was significant (P≤0.05) effect for early quantitative feed restriction in age and weight at sexual maturity for male , adlibitum feeding treatment recorded early sexual maturity age, while restriction feed (40)%from control recorded better body weight at sexual maturity, there for no significant difference between early quantitative restriction feed treatments and control in age and weight of femal at sexual maturity . 8. No significant difference between early quantitative restriction feed treatment and control in cumulative feed intake , cumulative egg weight rate and first egg weight during production period (30) days .9. significant (P≤0.05) improvement in feed conversion showed on (20)% early restriction feed from adlibitum feeding compared with other expermintal treatments during production period (30) days . 10. significant(p ≤0.05) improvement in cumulative number of egg , cumulative egg production rate and cumulative egg mass recorded in (20)% restriction feed from control compared with other expermintal treatments during production period (30) days

تحضير بعض المستخلصات النباتية وتشخيص مركباتها الفعالة ودراسة تاثيرها على الصفات النوعية لاقراص اللحم البقري المخزنة بالتبريد والتجميد == Preparation of Some Plant Extracts and Identification of it¸s Active Compounds and Study the Effect on Quality Characteristics of Beef Patties During Refrigerated and Frozen Storage

Author name: رسل علي عدنان العذاري
Supervisor name: البشر حميد جابر الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة تحضير مستخلصات مائية وكحولية لكل من الزنجبيل Zingiber officinale والفلفل الاسود Piper nigrum والقرفة Cinnamomum verum والقرنفل Eugenia caryophyllata والكركم Curcuma longa ثم تم دراسة فعاليتها المضادة للاكسدة والقوة الاختزالية واقتناص بيروكسيد الهيدروجين وقابليتها على ربط ايون الحديدوز، اذ اعطت المستخلصات المائية فعالية مضادة للاكسدة اعلى مقارنة من المستخلصات الكحولية عدا القرنفل لذلك تم تشخيص المركبات الفعالة في هذه المستخلصات بواسطة جهاز كروماتوغرافيا الغاز المتصل بمطياف الكتلة ((GC - MS Sepctrometry Mass/ Gas Chromatography ادخلت المستخلصات المائية بتراكيز 0.05% و0.1% و0.15% في اقراص اللحم البقري وخزنت بالتبريد ( 4±1) م لمدة 12 يوما تم خلالها متابعة الصفات الكيميائية التي شملت قيمة البيروكسيد وحامض الثايوباربتيورك ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة والصفات الفيزيائية التي شملت قابلية حمل الماء والرقم الهيدروجيني، ونسب صبغة المايوغلوبين والاوكسي مايوغلوبين والميتامايوغلوبين للمدد 0 و4 و8 و12 يوما وقد اعطى تركيز 0.15% افضل النتائج لذلك تم ادخاله في اقراص اللحم المفروم وخزنت بالتجميد لمدة 100 يوم وثم متابعة التغيرات الكيميائية والفيزيائية المذكورة اعلاه للمدد 1 و10 و40 و60 و80 و100 يوم وقد كانت نتائج الدراسة كالاتي : 1 - احتوت المستخلصات المحضرة على عدد من المركبات الفعالة التي تفاوتت نسبها بحسب نوع المستخلص، فقد احتوى مستخلص الزنجبيل على مركب Gingerol بنسبة 60.47% وـمـــــــــــــــــــــركب Piperine بنسبة 57.25% في الفلفل الاسود ومركب Cinnamic acid بنسبة54.54% في القرفة ومركب Caryophllene بنسبة 25.81% في القرنفل ومركب 3 - Decen - 5 - one بنسبة 14.50% في الكركم.2 - اعطت مستخلصات الزنجبيل والفلفل الاسود والقرفة والقرنفل والكركم فعالية مضادة للاكسدة بلغت 84.24% و56.0% للزنجبيل و83.2% و57.6% للفلفل الاسود و85.3% و59.6% للقرفة و63.2% و88.4% للقرنفل و72.9% و48.0% للكركم والقوة الاختزالية بلغت 88.6% و102.64% للزنجبيل و88.18% و109.77% للفلفل الاسود و113.4% و113.39% للقرفة و81.05% و114.09% للقرنفل و83.7% و102.29% للكركم وربط ايون الحديدوز بلغت 88.5% و71.37% للزنجبيل و93.41% و61.37% للفلفل الاسود و89.65% و63.7% للقرفة و70.8% و94.22% للقرنفل و79.91% و55.3% للكركم واقتناص جذر بيروكسيد الهيدروجين بلغت 88.73% و65.33% للزنجبيل و86.22% و69.76% للفلفل الاسود و90.5% و63.86% للقرفة و56.44% و89.0% للقرنفل و74.81% و52.7% للكركم للمستخلصات المائية والكحولية على التوالي.3 - انخفضت قيم كل من قيمة البيروكسيد(PV) Peroxide Value وحامض الثايوباربتيورك Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة (FFA) Free Fatty Acids معنويا(P<0.01) في اقراص اللحم المفروم المعامل بالمستخلصات النباتية المحضرة مقارنة بعينة السيطرة وكانت اقل قيم لهذه المؤشرات عند معاملة اقراص اللحم البقري بمستخلص القرفة، اذ بلغت 42.0 ملي مكافئ/كغم و35.0 ملغم مالون الديهايد/كغم و26.0% ثم مستخلص الزنجبيل 47.0 و38.0 و29.0 ثم مستخلص الفلفل الاسود 56.0 و41.0 و30.0 ثم مستخلص الكركم 57.0 و41.0 و32.0 واخيرا مستخلص القرنفل 59.0 و0.46 و37.0 اما في عينة السيطرة فقد بلغت 61.0 و51.0 و41.0 لكل من رقم البيروكسيد وحامض الثايوباربتيورك ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة على التوالي كما تاثرت هذه المؤشرات معنويا(P<0.01) عند الخزن سواء بالتبريد او التجميد، اذ ارتفعت قيم كل من رقم البيروكسيد وحامض الثايوباربيتيورك ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة بتقدم مدة الخزن ولكن هذا الارتفاع كان اقل مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة.4 - لوحظ انخفاض معنوي (P<0.01) في قيم الرقم الهيدروجيني لاقراص اللحم البقري المعاملة بالمستخلصات مقارنة بعينة السيطرة ولكنها ارتفعت بتقدم مدة الخزن سواء بالتبريد او التجميد كما لوحظ ارتفاعا معنويا (P<0.01) في قابلية حمل الماء (WHC) Water Holding Capacity لاقراص اللحم المعاملة بالمستخلصات مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة اذ بلغت اعلى WHC عند المعاملة بمستخلص القرفة للتركيز 0.15% 15.1 مل في نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد والتجميد. 5 - لوحظ انخفاض معنوي((P<0.01 في تكوين صبغة الميتامايوغلوبين في اقراص اللحم المعاملة بالمستخلصات النباتية مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة وازدادت نسبة الصبغة معنويا(P<0.01) بتقدم مدة الخزن سواء بالتبريد او التجميد ولكن هذه الزيادة كانت واضحة جدا في عينة السيطرة، اذ وصلت بعد 12 يوما من الخزن بالتبريد الى 68.35% و33.%65 بعد 100 يوم من التجميد اما بالنسبة لصبغة المايوغلوبين والاوكسي مايوغلوبين فقد لوحظ ان الانخفاض فيها نسبتيهما كان اقل مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة خلال مدة الخزن بالتبريد والتجميد.6 - اظهرت النتائج ان هناك انخفاضا معنويا(P<0.01) في نسبة الفقد بالوزن اثناء التذويب ونسبة الفقد بالوزن اثناء الطبخ ونسبة الانكماش في اقراص اللحم المعاملة بالمستخلصات النباتية مقارنة مع معاملة السيطرة ولكنها ارتفعت معنويا ((p<0.01 باستمرار مدة الخزن بالتجميد وكان الارتفاع عند المعاملة بالمستخلصات اقل بالمقارنة مع عينة السيطرة كما لوحظ ارتفاع معنوي (P<0.01) في نسبة حاصل الطبخ لاقراص اللحم البقري المعاملة بالمستخلصات مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة وانخفضت تدريجيا بتقدم مدة الخزن بالتجميد.7 - اظهرت النتائج ان اضافة المستخلصات الى اقراص اللحم البقري ادت الى تحسين صفاتها الحسية التي شملت اللون والنكهة والطراوة والعصيرية والقبول العام مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة ، وقد تفوق مستخلص القرفة في الحفاظ على الصفات الحسية لاقراص اللحم لغاية انتهاء مدة الخزن بالتجميد البالغة 100 يوم. | The study included preparation of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of plants included Zingiber officinale , Piper nigrum ,Cinnamomum verum , Eugenia caryophyllata and Curcuma longa. Antoxidant activity, reducing power chelating ions and scavening hydrogen proxide were assessed. Aqueous extracts were the highest antioxidant activiy comparing with alcoholic extracts except clove. Bioactive compounds of these extracts were identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Sepectrometer GC/MS. Aqueous extracts were used in three concentration 0.05% , 0.1% and 0.15% in beef patties and stored under(4±1)Cº for 12 days and thiobarbituric acid and free fatty acid, Physical properties included water holding capacity, pH , hmyoglobin, oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin pigments were assessed. Concentration 0.15% was the best their for it used in beef patties and stored in freezing for 100 days during this period the chemical indicators and physical properties were studied. The resultus showed : 1 - All extracts containing many bioactive compounds differented in their percentage. Ginger contained Gingerol , %60.47 Black piper contained Piperine 57.25% , Cinnamon contained Cinnamic acid 54.54% ,Clove contained Caryophllene 25.81% and Turmeric contained 3 - Decen - 5 - one .%14.50 2 - All aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibited antioxidant activity as following ginger 84.24% , 56.0% , Black piper 83.2% , 57.6% , Cinnamon 85.3% ,59.6%, Clove 63.2% , 88.4% and Turmeric 72.9% , 48.0% , Reducing Power as following ginger 88.6%, 102.64%, Black piper 88.81%, 109.77%, Cinnamon 113.4%, 113.39% , Clove 81.05%, 114.09% , Turmeric 83.7%, 102.29% , Chelating ferrous Ion as following ginger 88.5%, 71.37%, Black piper 93.41%, 61.37%, Cinnamon 89.65%, 63.7%, Clove 70.8% , 94.22%, Turmeric 79.91%, 55.3%, Hydrogen Peroxid Scavenging as folloing ginger 88.73% , 65.33%, Black piper 86.22%, 69.76%, Cinnamon 90.5%, 63.86% , Clove 56.44% , 89.0%, Turmeric 74.81% , 52.70% respectively.3 - Significant decrease (P<0.01) in peroxide value , thiobarbituric acid and free fatty acid percentage in beef patties treated with plant extracts compared with control the results showed that the lowest value was in Cinnamon extract 0.42, 0.35, 0.26% then Ginger extract 0.47 , 0.38 , 0.29 , Black piper 0.56 , 0.47 , 0.30 , Turmeric 0.57 , 0.41 , 0.32% , Clove 0.59 , 0.46 , 0.36% and this indicators increased during refrigerated and frozen storage but this increase was lowest in beef patties treated with plant extract compared with control.4 - Values of pH were significantly (P<0.01) decresed in all treated beef patties compared with control but it incrcased duning the storage periode. The result showed that their is significantly (P<0.01) increased in WHC, cinnamon extract exhibit the highest value in the end of freezing storage. 5 - There is significant decrease (P<0.01) in metmyoglobin formation in beef patties treated with plant extracts compared with control and also noticed thein is decrease in percentage of myoglobin and oxymyoglobin was lower that control during storage.6 - There is asignificant decrese (P<0.01) in pecentages of thawing loss , Cooking loss and shrinkage in treated beef patties compared with control but these percentages increased during storage period in control highest treated patties. Significant increased (P<0.01) in cooking yield for treated beef patties compared with control but decresed during frozen storage.7 - The results showed that addition of plant extracts to the beef patties improved sensory characteristics (Color , Flavor, Tendernees , Juicness and overal acceptability) compared with control and the highest significant effect in improving patties characteristics to the end of frozen storage 100 days was to cinnamon extracts

العلاقة بين بعض العناصر الثقيلة وانتاجية الهائمات النباتية والكتلة الحية لبعض النباتات المائية السائدة في مناطق مختارة من شط العرب / جنوب العراق == Impact Of Some Heavy Metals On Qualitative And Quantitative Of Producer Organisms In Shatt Al - Arab River

Author name: رجاء عبد الكاظم حنف
Supervisor name: عبد العزيز محمود عبد الله | صالح عبد القادر العيسى
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة اثر بعض العناصر الثقيلة ( النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت ) على انتاجية الهائمات النباتية وبعض النباتات المائية فضلا عن قياس تراكيز تلك العناصر في المياه والرواسب في شط العرب للفترة الممتدة من كانون الثاني 2014 لغاية كانون الثاني 2015 . تم انتخاب اربع محطات ، تقع المحطة الاولى في منطقة الشرش والثانية في السندباد والثالثة في الصالحية والرابعة في منطقة العامية بالقرب من ميناء ابي فلوس في محافظة البصرة . اختيرت ثلاثة انواع من النباتات المائية السائدة في تلك المحطات الشمبلان Ceratophullum demersum والقصب Phragmites australis ونبات بربين الماء Bacopa moniera وحددت الكتلة الحية الهوائية لتلك الانواع . كما درست الهائمات النباتية كموانوعا ، وتم قياس دليل التنوع ودليل سمبسون (السيادة) ودليل التشابه للهائمات النباتية والنباتات المائية . كما قيست بعض العوامل الفيزيائية والكيميائية لمحطات الدراسة المختارة .تراوحت درجة حرارة الماء بين 10.1 و33.9 ºم، وانحصرت قيم الاس الهيدروجيني بين 7.6 و8.6 ، وتراوحت قيم الملوحة بين 0.9 و7.8 جزء بالالف ، وتراوحت قيم الاوكسجين الذائب بين 5.9 و16.9 ملغم/لتر، بلغت قيم المواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية بين714 الى 4282.8 ملغم/لتر ،وتراوحت قيم القاعدية الكلية بين 87 - 391 ملغم كاربونات الكالسيوم /لتر، وقد سجلت العسرة الكلية قيم تراوحت بين 214 و596 ملغم كاربونات الكالسيوم /لتر. سجلت تراكيز النتريت والنترات قيم تراوحت بين 0.07 - 1.01 و5.64 - 19.63 مايكغم ذرة نيتروجين/لتر على التوالي ، وبلغت قيم الفوسفات بين 0.17 - 3.72 مايكغم ذرة فسفور/لتر كان تركيز النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت الكلي في الماء 3.22 - 53.99 و7.11 - 120.06 و3.09 - 49.05 و23.24 - 1130.35 و42.54 - 257.00 مايكغم/لتر على التوالي .تراوحت قيم المادة العضوية المتمثلة بالكاربون العضوي الكلي بين 27.8 - 119.2 و28.2 - 128.04 و28.4 - 176.9 و26.3 - 127.14 ملغم/غم وزن جاف لمحطات الشرش والسندباد والصالحية والعامية على التوالي . بلغ تركيز عناصر النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت في الرواسب بين 7.02 - 55.16 و18.16 - 165.11 و101.40 - 616.16 و19.34 - 469.12 و98.19 - 463.76 مايكغم/غم وزن جاف على التوالي ، وقيم دليل التجمع الجيولوجي بحدود (1.11 - - 0.62) و(1.17 - 1.56 ) و( - 2.10 - - 1.65) و(0.35 - 0.54 ) و( 2.56 - 2.87) للعناصر السابقة على التوالي ، مما يشير الى ان رواسب محطات الدراسة غير ملوثة بالنحاس والمنغنيز وغير ملوثة الى متوسطة التلوث بالرصاص والخارصين ومتوسطة الى شديدة التلوث بالكوبلت . اظهرت نتائج الدراسة الحالية سيادة انواع الهائمات النباتية التي تعود لصنف الطحالب الدايتومية (العصوية) Bacillariophyceae، تلتها الطحالب الخضر - المزرقة Cyanophyceae ، ثم الطحالب الخضر Chlorophyceae واخيرا الطحالب اليوغلينية Euglenophyceae في محطات الدراسة كافة ولجميع الاشهر . سجلت محطة الشرش 36 نوع تعود الى 31 جنس، وسجلت محطة السندباد 46 نوع تعود الى 38 جنس،بينما سجلت محطة الصالحية 48 نوع تعود الى 39 جنس ، اما محطة العامية فقد سجلت 30 نوع تعود الى 26 جنس .سجل تركيز الكلوروفيل في محطات الدراسة الشرش والسندباد والصالحية والعامية 0.12 - 2.65 و0.21 - 3.10 و0.31 - 3.89 و0.11 - 2.10 ملغم/لتر على التوالي ، اما تركيز العناصر الثقيلة (النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت) في الهائمات النباتية فقد كان11.55 - 48.26 و18.84 - 97.22 و139.80 - 659.01 و77.14 - 477.36 و43.55 - 216.02 مايكغم /غم وزن جاف على التوالي.تراوحت قيم الكتلة الحية الهوائية للنباتات المائية المدروسة بين 5.34 - 199.52 و34.45 - 465.77 و22.90 - 98.23 غم/م2 لنباتات الشمبلان C. demersum والقصب P. australis وبربين الماء B. monniera على التوالي ، وبلغ مدى تركيز العناصر الثقيلة (النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت) في نبات الشمبلان 1.04 - 88.53 و2.14 - 66.36 و36.05 - 1466.04 و56.56 - 197.14 و23.07 - 216.75 مايكغم/غم وزن جاف للعناصر على التوالي . وفي نبات القصب تراوحت تراكيز العناصر الثقيلة بين 6.17 - 66.34 و1.19 - 66.50 و32.76 - 467.02 و23.78 - 176.32 و7.11 - 98.11 مايكغم/غم وزن جاف على التوالي ، اما في نبات بربين الماء فقد كانت التراكيز 0.44 - 56.15 و0.81 - 67.04 و12.56 - 99.15 و33.34 - 116.55 و0.14 - 10.44 مايكغم /غم وزن جاف على التوالي . بلغت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي لمحطة الشرش في نبات الشمبلان 2.03 و1.22 و35.00 و1.25 و0.72 لعناصر النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت على التوالي ، بينما في نبات القصب كانت المعدلات 1.60 و1.05 و14.36 و0.83 و0.36 لنفس العناصر على التوالي . اما نبات بربين الماء فقد كانت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي تبلغ 0.57 و0.92 و4.47 و0.71 و0.01 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي ، وقد بلغت المعدلات في الهائمات النباتية 3.08 و2.58 و79.51 و1.29 و0.57 لنفس العناصر على التوالي ولنفس المحطة . بينما بلغت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي في محطة السندباد لعناصر النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت لنبات الشمبلان 3.01 و1.19 و39.16 و1.61 و0.90 على التوالي ، ولنبات القصب 2.02 و0.89 و12.99 و0.94 و0.36 ولنبات بربين الماء 0.94 و0.80 و4.00 و0.85 و0.02 لنفس العناصر على التوالي ، اما في الهائمات النباتية في نفس المحطة فقد كانت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي 2.93 و2.65 و67.13 و1.64 و0.58 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي . وفي محطة الصالحية سجلت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي لتلك العناصر في نبات الشمبلات 2.27 و1.23 و46.11 و1.31 و0.92 على التوالي ، وفي نبات القصب 1.97 و0.96 و15.76 و0.87 و0.41 على التوالي ، اما في نبات بربين الماء فقد كانت المعدلات 0.85 و0.95 و4.61 و0.69 و0.64 للعناصر على التوالي ، وقد كانت في الهائمات النباتية لنفس المحطة 2.07 و2.64 و63.71 و1.24 و0.72 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي . اما في محطة العامية فقد كانت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي للعناصر الثقيلة المدروسة في نبات الشمبلان 2.11 و1.34 و25.67 و1.08 و0.70 على التوالي ، ولنبات القصب 1.91 و1.20 و16.21 و0.86 و0.43 على التوالي ، وفي نبات بربين الماء 0.95 و0.85 و7.34 و0.78 و0.03 على التوالي ، اما في الهائمات النباتية فقد كانت 2.98 و1.77 و117.96 و1.26 و0.92 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي . بينت النتائج ان نبات الشمبلان هو الاكثر تركيز للعناصر وان عنصر المنغنيز هو العنصر المتميز بمعدل التراكم الاعلى ، كما بينت ان الهائمات النباتية اكثر مراكمة للعناصر الثقيلة من النباتات المائية . | The study was conducted to determind the effect of some heavy metals (Cu , Pb , Mn , Zu and Co) on productivity of phytoplankton and aquatic plants , as well as measurred their concentrations in water and sediments of Shatt Al - Arab river for a period from January 2014 to January 2015 . Four stautas were sellected from Shatt Al - Arab river , Frist (Al - Sharresh) , Second (Al - Sendibad Island) ,Third (Al - Salehia) , and Forth (Al - Ameia Region) near Abu - Floos port. Three types of dominanted aquatic plants were selected from these stations, Ceratophyllum demersum, Phragmites australis and Bacoba monniera .The areial biomass of aquatic plants and the quantitative , qualtitative and chlorophyl a of phytoplankton were determind . some of diversity indices for phytoplankton and aquatic plants were measured . Also some physical and chemical properties were measured for selected study stations .Water temperature was ranged between 10.1 - 33.9 Cº, pH 7.6 - 8.6 , salinity 0.9 - 7.8 ppt , DO ranged between 5.9 - 16.9 ml/L , TDS ranged between 714 - 4282.8 ml/L . The alkalinity showed values ranged between 87 - 391 ml CaCO3/L . The total hardness was record values between 214 - 596 ml CaCO3/L .. The investigated study showed nitrite and Nitrate values 0.07 - 1.01 and 5.64 - 19. 63 µg n/L respectively , phosphorus concentration ranged from 0.08 - 4.59 µg P - PO4 - 3/L . The concentration of Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co in water ranged between 3.22 - 53.99 , 7.11 - 120.06 , 3.09 - 49.05 , 23.24 - 1130.35 and 42.54 - 257.00 µg/L respectively.TOC values in sediments were ranged 27.8 - 119.2 , 28.2 - 128.08 , 28.4 - 176.9 and 26.3 - 127.14 µg/gm dry wet for four station respectively . The concentrations of heavy metals Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co in sedements ranged 7.02 - 55.16 , 18.16 - 165.11 , 101.40 - 616.16 , 19.34 - 469.12 and 98.19 - 463.76 µg/gm dry wet respectively .The values of Igeo index were ranged between - 0.26_ - 0.62 , - 1.17_ 1.56 , - 2.10_ - 1.65 , 0.35_ 0.54 , 2.56_ 2.87 for the heavy metals respectively.The present study was showed that the dominant types of phytoplankton belong to class Bacillariophyceae , followed Cyanophyceae , then Chlorophyceae and last Euglenophyceae to all station and through all monthes . Al - Sharresh station was recored 44 species belong to 28 genus , and Al - Sendibad Island was recorded 54 species belong to 35 genus , while Al - Salehia station recorded 60 species belong to 37 genus , and Al - Ameia station was rcorded 35 species belong to 24 genus . The concentration of chlorophyll values were recorded in the four stations 0.12 - 2.65 , 0.21 - 3.10 , 0.31 - 3.89 , 0.11 - 10.2 ml/L. respectively, and the concentraions of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn and Co) in phytoplankton were ranged betwen 11.55 - 48.26 , 18.84 - 97.22 , 139.80 - 659.01 , 77.14 - 477.36 and 43.55 - 216.02 µg/gm dry wet respectively. The biomass of aquatic plants were ranged between 5.35 - 199.52 , 34.45 - 465.77 , 22.90 - 98.23 gm/m2 for C. demersum , P. australis and B. monniera respectively. The concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn and Co) in C. demersum were 1.04 - 88.53 , 2.14 - 66.36 , 36.05 - 1466.04 , 56.56 - 197.14 and 23.07 - 216.75 µg/gm dry wet for the Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co respectively, and in P. australis were 6.17 - 66.34 , 1.19 - 66.50 , 32.76 - 467.02 , 23.78 - 176.32 and 7.11 - 98.11 µg/gm dry wet respectively , while in B. monniera were 0.44 - 56.15 , 0.81 - 67.04 , 12.56 - 99.15 , 33.34 - 116.55 and 0.04 - 10.44 µg/gm dry wet respectively. Averges of BCF in the C. demersum were 2.03 , 1.22 , 35.00 , 1.25 and 0.72 for Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co respectively , while in P. australis were 1.60 , 1.05 , 14.36 , 0.83 and 0.36 respectively , and in B. monniera were 0.57 , 0.92 , 4.47 , 0.71 and 0.01 for heavy metals respectively , and in the phytoplankton the ranges were 3.08 , 2.58 , 79.51 , 1.29 , 0.57 respectively. The results showed that the aquatic plant C. demersum was most concentration for heavy metals and Mn was more accumulation , and showed that phytoplankton was more accumulation to heavy metals than aquatic plants.

بعض الاستجابات الفسلجية لتغير الملوحة في سمكة البلطي الازرقOreochromis aureus (Steindacher, 1864) == Some Physiological Responses of Blue Tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Steindacher,1864) to Salinity Changes

Author name: رافع عبد الكريم فارس
Supervisor name: سمية محمد احمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) was used to investigate the effect of salinity on Osmoregulation and growth. One hundred ninety fish were collected from Al - Sweeb River / Qurna. Acclimation on laboratory conditions was done for 24 days. The abrupt salinity transfer experiment was done using the following salinities : 1.5, 5,10,15,20,25 and 30 g/l during 96 h. Survival rate was calculated and reached to 90% in salinity 20 g/l , while it decrease to 0% in salinity 25 g/l. LC50 was calculated and was 20.44 g/l. Gradual salinity increase was conducted and was shown that survival rate increased to 80% in salinity 30 g/l, while it was 0% in salinity 35 g/l. Growth experiment was conducted for 120 days using the following salinities : 1.5, 5,12g/l. the results showed that food intake decrease to 18%, 37%, 43% with increasing salinity to 5, 12 and 20 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control. The role of gut and muscles in water and ionic regulation, chloride cell aggregation in gills and operculum, oxygen consumption rate, energy usage was also studied during salinity acclimation.The results showed that water content decreased in the muscles to 80.1%, 79.58% during salinity increasing to 5 and 12g/l (respectively) comparing with the control. While the water content in the gut increased to 90.4% and 91.44% with increasing salinity to 5 and 12 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (83.05%). Ionic content also affected with increasing salinity to 5 and 12 g/l , as Na+ concentration in the muscles increased to 30.33, 38.18 m Mol /kg tissue water (respectively) comparing with the control (19.14 m Mol/kg tissue water). While in the gut, Na+ increased to 34.02 and 42.26 m Mol/kg tissue water (respectively) comparing with the control (18.04 m Mol/kg tissue water). K+ concentration in the muscles also increased to 59.23 and 60.23 m Mol/kg tissue water when salinity increased to 5 and 12 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (49.3 m Mol/kg tissue water). While in the gut ,K+ concentration increased to 68.61 m Mol/kg tissue water with increasing salinity to 5 g/l and decreased to 57.30 m Mol/kg tissue water in salinity 12 g/l ,comparing with the control.bWith increasing salinity, the percentage of chloride cells in the gill epithelia increased to 7.5% and 9.39% with increasing salinity to 5 and 12 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (5.7%). In the Opercular epithelia the percentage of chloride cells also increased to 3.33% and 4.04% with increasing salinity to 5 and 12g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (3.07%).After 24 hours of salinity increasing to 5, 12 and 20 g/l, the rate and percentage of oxygen consumption increase to 267.71 mg/kg/h (17%), 306.38 mg/kg/h (34%) and 404.21 mg/kg/h (77%) (Respectively), comparing with the control (228.57 mg/kg/l). The increase in oxygen consumption rate was coincide with increasing in the rate and percentage of energy usage to 0.90 Kcal/kg/h (16%), 1.03 kcal/kg/h (33%) and 1.36 Kcal/kg/h (77%) with increasing salinity to 5, 12 and 20 g/l (respectively) comparing with the control (0.77 Kcal/kg/h).Food intake after four days of increasing salinity decreased to 2.27, 1.73 and 1.58 g/100 g fish when salinity increase to 5, 12 and 20 g/l, comparing with the control (2.76 g/ 100 g fish ).The results of the growth experiment after 120 days of transfer to higher salinities (5 and 12 g/l) showed that the growth rate was affected largely with salinity and temperature, as the weight of fish declined during the first 10 weeks when water temperature was ranged between 24 - 30o c , while significant increase in fish weight was recorded with increasing water temperature to above 30o c.The results of chemical compositions of the whole body at the end of the growth experiment showed a decrease in the fat and protein content with increasing salinity. This may be explained as the fish depend on body storage of protein and fat as

علاقة بعض الخصائص البيئية بطبيعة غذاء اسماك الشلك Leuciscus vorax والحمري Carasobarbus luteus والجري Silurus triostegus في النهايات السفلى لنهر الفرات == Relation of some ecological characteristics with food habits of three fish species (Leuciscus vorax; Carasobarbus luteus and Silurus triostegus (at lower reaches of Euphrates River

Author name: خلود عبد علي حسن المنسي
Supervisor name: صادق علي حسين | جبار خطار عبد الحسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: انجزت دراسة بيئية وحياتية على اساس شهري للمدة من كانون الاول 2013 الى تشرين الثاني 2014. وتهدف لدراسة العادات الغذائية لثلاثة انواع من الاسماك متواجدة في القاطع الجنوبي من نهر الفرات وهي الجري Silurus triostegusوالشلك Aspius (Leuciscus) vorax والحمري Barbus (Carassobarbus) luteus عند منطقة المدينة ضمن خط عرض"53 .41 ′57°30 شمال "18.81′°47 عرضا. لمعرفة مدى تاثير بعض العوامل البيئية اللاحياتية على هذه الخاصية الحياتية المهمة. واعتمدت ثلاث طرق لتحليل مكونات الغذاء المتناول من قبل الانواع الثلاثة وهي الطريقة الحجمية volumetric والطريقة العددية numerical وطريقة تكرار الوجودfrequency of occurrence. وكانت اعلى قيمة لدرجة حرارة الماء 33م˚ واوطئها 10.5م˚ اما قيم نفاذ الضوء فتباينت اذ كانت اعلى القيم 67 سم وادناها 15 سم. وكانت اعلى القيم للاس الهيدروجيني 8.6 وادناها 7.7. وتراوحت الملوحة بين1.4 و2.8 جزء بالالف. وحسب التوزيع التكراري للاطوال والاوزان للمصيد لانواع الدراسة الثلاث وحسبت نسب المساهمة الشهرية للانواع والاحجام. اذ اصطيد اصغر فرد لسمكة الجري بطول كلي 340 ملم ووزن كلي 238غم في شباط واب وتشرين الاول. واكبر فرد في تموز وكان طوله الكلي850 ملم ووزنه 3675غم. واستحصلت اصغر سمكة شلك في حزيران وكان طولها الكلي 110ملم ووزنها الكلي8 غم واكبر سمكة455 ملم اصطيدت في كانون الثاني وكان وزنها 1064غم. واستحصل اصغر فرد من سمكة الحمري في نيسان بطول 65 ملم ووزنه 5غم واصطيد اكبر فرد (280 ملم) في تموز ووزنه257غم. حسبت التغيرات الشهرية في نشاط التغذية وشدة التغذية لانواع الدراسة وكانت اعلاها خلال اشهر الربيع والصيف وادناها في اشهر الشتاء اذ كان اعلى نشاط في ( ايار) للجري والشلك اما للحمري فكان في نيسان وايار وحزيران. وكانت اعلى درجة لشدة التغذية في حزيران للجري والشلك اما للحمري فسجلت في تشرين الاول. وسجلت اعلى النسب للمعد الفارغة في اشهر الشتاء وادناها في الصيف والربيع. اذ وجد ان هناك علاقة طردية بين درجات حرارة الماء ودليل الامتلاء ونشاط التغذية للانواع الثلاثة. واظهرت النتائج استمرار الانواع في التغذي على مدار العام بالرغم من تدني كمياتها مع انخفاض درجات الحرارة. وحللت محتويات المعد باستخدام طرق التحليل الثلاث الحجمية والعددية وتكرار الوجود ولتجاوز مساوئ كل طريقة تحليل اعتمد دليل الاهمية النسبي للغذاء المتناول للانواع الثلاثة فكانت الاسماك هي الاعلى اهمية في غذاء الجري فتراوحت نسبها بين 97 - 100% تلتها القشريات والنباتات المائية. وجاءت الاسماك بالمقدمة كذلك في غذاء الشلك فتراوحت نسبها بين 74.9 - 99.6% تلتها القشريات والحشرات، اما النواعم فكانت ضئيلة الاهمية. وكانت النباتات هي الاكثر اهمية في غذاء الحمري (49.3 - 99%), جاءت بعدها القشريات والحشرات المائية ( 0 - 20.2%)، تلتها النواعم (0 - 16.3%), والاسماك (0 - 10.1%)، والطحالب (0 - 5.7%). واظهرت النتائج ان سمكة الجري مفترسة تتغذى بشكل رئيس على الاسماك والقشريات. اما الشلك كان لحمي التغذية لكنه اكثر تنوع في المحتويات الغذائية اذ احتوت القناة الهضمية على الاسماك والقشريات والنواعم والحشرات المائية. واستنتجت الدراسة ان اسماك الحمري قارته اعتمدت في غذائها على ست مكونات غذائية وجاءت النباتات المائية بالمقدمة تلتها باقي المكونات من طحالب وحشرات مائية وقشريات ونواعم واسماك لكنها تميل بالاساس الى الغذاء النباتي اكثر من ذو المصدر الحيواني. وتناولت الدراسة اختلاف طبيعة التغذية في الاحجام المختلفة من انواع الدراسة وانتخب حجمين للجري اكثر من 450 ملم ودون 450 ملم وحجمين للشلك والحمري اكثر من 200 ملم ودون 200 ملم. اظهرت النتائج تباين طفيف بين المكونات الغذائية للاحجام المختلفة لانواع الاسماك الثلاث خلال اشهر الدراسة. وبينت الدراسة وجود تداخل غذائي بين نوعي الاسماك لحمية التغذية (الجري والشلك) اذ بلغ (0.88). وكان التداخل الغذائي ضعيف ومتماثل بين اسماك الجري والحمري(0.2) واسماك الشلك والحمري( 0.2). | An ecolo - biological study was accomplished on a monthly basis for the period from December 2013 to November 2014. It aims to study the food habits of three fish species coexisting in the southern sector of the Euphrates River, namely the cat fish (jerry) Siluru striostegus, cyprind fishes (shilling) Aspius vorax and (himri) Barbus luteus within an area at Mudayna district situated between the latitude of " 53 . 41 '57 ° 30 North " and 18.81' ° 47 south . The study aimed to find out the extent of the impact of some abiotic environmental factors on this vital biological aspect . Three analytical methods was adopted to analyze food components ingested by the three investigated species, i.e. volumetric, numerical and frequency of occurrence methods.The highest value of water temperature was 33˚ C and the lowest ( 10.5 c˚ ). Light penetration varied among periods as the highest of 67 cm and a minimum of 15 cm . The highest pH value was 8.6 and the lowest 7.7 . Salinity ranged between 1.4 and 2.8 ppt . Lengths and weights frequency distributions of the catch of the three investigated species were also their calculated and monthly contribution of species and sizes were calculated. The youngest individual of jerry was of 340 mm total length (T.L) and a total weight (T.W) of 238g collected in February, August and October.The largest encountered in July with total length of 850 mm and a weight of 3675 g.The smallest shillig specimens was obtained in June of 110 mm T.L and of 8 g T.W. and the biggest of 455 mmT.L collected in January and was weighing 1064 g . The youngest member of himri ( 65 mm, 5 g) encountered in April, while the largest ( 280 mm, 257 g) collected in July . monthly changes in feeding activity and feeding intensity of the studied species were calculated, the highest recorded during the spring and summer months and the lowest in the winter. The highest activity, however, was in May for jerry and shillig, whereas for himri was in April, May and June . The highest degree of food intensity for jerry was in June and in October for shillig and himri.The highest percentages of empty stomachs was recorded in the winter months and the lowest in summer and spring. It was found that there is a correlation between water temperatures (jerry : r=0.301, shilling : r=0.111, himri : r=0.397) and fullness index and feeding activity of the three species. Results showed the continuation of the species in feeding throughout the year in spite of the decline in the food quantity with low temperatures. Stomachs contents were investigated by using the three methods of analyses. volumetric, numerical and the frequency of occurrence in order to overcome the disadvantages of each method. Index of relative importance was adopted to calculate the relative importance of each food item of the three species. Fish were of the highest importance food item in the diet of jerry which ranged between (97 - 100%) and followed by crustaceans and aquatic plants. Fishes also came first in shilling diet ranged between 74.9 - 99.6% followed by crustaceans and insects, while mollusca was insignificant in the diet.Aquatic plants were of the most importance in himri diet (49.3 - 99%) followed by crustaceans and aquatic insects (18 - 20 %) mollusca (0 - 16.3%) fish (0 - 10.1%) and algae (0 - 5.7%) . Results showed that jerry was a predator feeding mainly on fish and crustaceans. whereas shillig was carnivore but it's diet was more diverse as its alimentary canal contained fish, crustaceans, aquatic insects mollusca. The study also concluded that himri was omnivore as relied on six food components where aquatic plants came first, followed by the rest of the categories, namely algae, aquatic insects, crustaceans, fish and molluscs, but they tend mainly to consume vegetation more than diet of animal source.The study also examined the difference in food habits nature of various sizes of the studied species.Two sizes were elected for jerry i.e. of more than 450 mm and less than 450 mm. Two sizes of shillig and himri were also chosen, namely more than 200 mm and below 200 mm . Results showed a slight discrepancy infood items among the different sizes of the investigated species of fish. The study showed diet overlap between the two carnivore species ( jerry and shillig ) , amounting to ( 0.88 ) . Diet overlap was low and symmetric between jerry and himri (0.2 ) on one hand and shillig and himri (0.2 )on the other

تشخيص ومكافحة الادغال النامية في حقول الحنطة . (L (Triticum aestivumوتاثير ذلك في صفات النمو والحاصل والبروتين == Identification and control of weeds grown in wheat fields (Triticum asetivum L.) and their effect on growth , yield and protein

Author name: خضير قاسم خضير الحداد
Supervisor name: علي فرهود ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at a private field in AL - qurna site about (65) Km north of Basrah city during winter season of 2013 - 2014 in clay loam soil to study the effect of weed control methods grown in wheat fields on growth , yield characters and protein. by use three herbicides (Chevalier ,Topic and Lintur) and use two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) (IPA - 99 and Abu - Graib). The experiment included 12 treatment came from the combination between treatments weed control and wheat cultivars .A Split - plot was used in randomized complete block design with three replicates. the main plots included wheat cultivars , while Sub - plots included treatments control.Results of the study showed that the use of Chevalier herbicide led to a significant reduction of the Broad leaves weeds reached (9.81gm m2) compared to the untreated which gave highest ratio (61.69 gm m2), and gave best inhibition ratio of weeds Broad reached (83.96%), it also excelled in giving the highest ratio for each of the number of tillers (613.67 mˉ2) , number of spikes (551.30 mˉ2) , weight of 1000 seeds ( 33.42 gm ), seed yield ( 5.70 ton hˉ¹ ) and biological yield (15.81 ton hˉ¹ ). While )Topic+Lintur( treatment herbicide was superior in plant height (89.88 cm ) , flag leaf area ( 32.98 cm2 ), spike length ( 11.57 cm ), number of seeds per spike(60.33) , harvesting index (36.06) , protein content (14.13%) and protein yield (797.98 kgm hˉ¹). and led to reduction of the dry weight of Narrow leaves weeds reached (1.77 gm m2 ) compared to the untreated which gave highest ratio (12.11 gm m2) and gave best inhibition ratio of weeds Narrow reached (84.48%).Results showed a variance among cultivars in it's characteristics .As the Abu - Graib cultivar was superior in weeds competition and gave less dry weight of weeds Narrow leaves which were (4.02 gm2), gave less dry weight of weeds Broad leaves which were (22.87 gm2 ). and gave best ratio of plant height (90.57cm ), number of tillers (622.78 mˉ2), number of spikes (572.80 mˉ2) , weight of 1000 seeds ( 32.67 gm ), seed yield ( 5.56 ton hˉ¹) , biological yield (15.33 ton hˉ¹), harvesting index(36.18 %) and protein yield (721.78 kgm hˉ¹). Either IPA - 99 cultivar was superior in gave best ratio of flage leaf area (32.46 cm 2), spike length ( 11.44 cm ), number of seeds per spike (60.73) and protein content ( 13.55% ).AbstractBThere were an interaction between treatments control and wheat cultivars in all characteristics except the spike length , number of seeds per spike , protein content and protein yield . Results of the study showed that the use of the spray (Topic +Lintur) herbicides with Abu - Graib cultivar give the highest ratio of seed yield (6.10 ton hˉ¹) and protein yield (829.66 kgm hˉ¹)

تاثير مسافة الزراعة والمعاملة بالمحفز الحيوي Bio Health والسماد العضوي Vit.Org في نمو وحاصلي البذور والزيت الطيار لنبات الينسون Pimpinella anisum L. ودور مستخلصاته في تثبيط بعض ممرضات تعفن الجذور == Effect of plant spacing , Spraying with BioHealth and Vit.Org in Growth, Seeds yield and volatile Oil of Pimpinella anisum l. and the inhibitory role of its extracts against the growth of some root rot pathogens

Author name: حيدر جواد كاظم الجنابي
Supervisor name: عصام حسين علي الدوغجي | ونر نعمة مهدي الجابري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير الشعير المنبت وبذور الكتان والالمازة كاغذية وظيفية في حفظ اقراص اللحم المفروم المخزن بالتبريد والتجميد == Effect of germinated barley ,Flaxseed and jerusalum artichoke as Functional foods in Keeping minced meat storage Cooling and Freezing

Author name: حوراء حامد شاكر علي الطفيلي
Supervisor name: اميرة كاظم ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The aim of present study was to add some functional foods included germinated barley , flax seed and Jerusalum artichoke to minced meat . two experiments were done , the first used 5,10 and 15 % concentrations of plants to the meat and preserved under 4 c° . chemical tests were measured which included free fatty acid percent , peroxide number and cholesterol , the physical teste was cooking lost percent . Microbial tests included total loacterial number , psychiophless Drganoleptic teste included colour , falvor , tenderness , guciness and total acceptance . The best concentoate from first lexperimant was chosen to intiate the second experiment . storing temperature of - 18° c was used for three months . chemical tests included free fatty acid % , peroxide number , thiobarbutaric TBA, cholesterol , total thyrosin ,non - protein thyrosin and protein thyrosin , total dissolved nitrogen , non - protein nitrogen and protein nitrogen . physical tests included total free liquid , cooking loss % and hydrogenic number . Organdeptic test included color , flavor , tenderness , juinceness and total acceptance . The results can be summarized as follow : Summary ]b[1 - Significant (p<0.05) decrease in free fatty acid % of meat treated with studied plants of the nineth day of germinated barley and tenth dayof flaxseed and Jerusalum artichoke the 7th day from preservation because highest contamination2 - Significant (p<0.05) decrease in peroxide number of meat samples treated with all plants in comparison with contor Which recorded 3.76 melimequavtent/Kg fat on the 7th day of preservation and was discarded because of contamination , oxidation and hydrolysis . peroxidenumber of other treatments were 2.38, 2.36 and 2.33 meq/kg of germinated barley ,flaxseed and Jerusalum artichoke respectively on 6th3 - Adding plants to the meat resulted in significant decreae in total bacteria number and psychiophless in comparison with contant which was discarded on the 7th day while treated groups shoused standard characteristics till the 9th day of preservation germinated barley and the 10th day,flaxseed and Jerusalum artichoke4 - An increase (p<0.05) in hydrogegnic number was observed for all treatments except control group.5 - There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in free liquid of all treatments in comparism with control free liquid of and control was 28.31 ml when stored at frozen temperatureSummary ]c[6 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in cooking loss of treated groups as storage period increases in comparison with control7 - There was significant (p<0.05) increase in total nitrogen% of treated groups in comparison with control group.8 - All treated groups showed significant (p<0.05) total value of Tyrosine/Trptophan , non - protein T/T and protein T/T in comparison with control group.9 - A significant (p<0.05) decrease in meat cholesterol concentration of groups treated with different plants in comparison with control when meat cooling and freezing.10 - Results have showed that samples treated with flaxseed and Jerusalum artichoke reveated better organoleptic traits ( color, flavor , tenderness , guciencss and total acceptance in comparison with control group

استخدام بعض المرشحات في خفض الملوحة والبورون في مياه شط العرب وابار جنوب البصرة لاستعمالها في ري نبات الطماطة Lycoperscion esculentum Mill == Using of Some Filters in Dercreasing Water Salinity and Boron Toxicity of Satt Al - Arab River and Basrah Southern Wells and Reuse of Tomato Plant (Lycoperscion esculentum Mill) Irrigation

Author name: حنان عبد الوهاب سعيد الحكيم
Supervisor name: هيفاء جاسم حسين التميمي | نجلة جبر محمد الاميري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Thirteen water sample of Shatt Al - Arab river and its tributaries were collected starting with Madania at (north of Basrah ending with Al - Fao south of Basrah) according to the following areas (Medania , Gurna , Sharesh, Deyar/ near paper plan, Hartha (near thermal electric station), Garmat Ali (Basrah university), Tenoma/Sahehia , near teaching hospital, Abul - Khaseeb /Hamdan, Abul - Khaseebl Abu - Floose, Sebha, Al - Dora, and Al - Fao. Fifteen well's water sample were collected from Al - Zubair , Al - Berjesia and Safwan during Dec.2014. Chemical and physical properties of water samples were conducted (ECiw), soluble ions (calcium, mangnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, boron, and nitrate), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness. After water sample properties determination, they were classified to three classes according to electrical conductivity (1 - 4, 4 - 8, and 8 - 12) dSm - 1 , and three classes of boron concentrations (< 0.7, 0.7 - 3.0, and > 3.0) mg L - 1 . For the purpore of study of studies filter efficiency, two type of filter were used, mineral filter (sand, charcoal, porcelin, and cement klint dust) and organic filters (rice hust ash, barley straw, sawdust, plam leaf, and poultry rnanure). Two experiments were conducted, one of them laboratory experiment in soil science and water resources laboratories /College of Agriculture /University of Basrah) other was biological experiment in wooden canopy to achieve the objectives of the study.Nine type of mineral and organic types of filters were selected for studying their efficiencies in decreasing water salinity and boron toxicity of Shatt Al - Arab river and Wells, after passing water through them. Chemical and physical properties of water were determined after passing water through filters and water quality was calculated. A number ofBcriteria and international standards were used for evaluation water quality after and before passing through filters.For studying the efficiency of water treatment by the most efficient filters according to laboratory experiment results were rice husk ash, cement klint dust, sand, and control treatment. Biological experiment was conducted by using plastic pots with capacity of20 kg soil according to factorial experiment with three replicates for each treatment with 24 empirical units (2×3×3) (soil * No. of filters * replicates) besides control treatment and six classes of water to be 144 empirical units. Two soils were used one of them from Agricultural field of Agricultural Research Station, and the other from Garmat Ali field during agricultural season 2014 - 2015. Mineral fertilizers were used with rates, 320 Kg N ha - 1as urea (46 % N) with two doses, phosohate fertilizer was applied at rate 90 kg P ha - 1 as concentrated supper phosphate (20.21 % P), potassium at rate of 120 kg K ha - 1 as potassium sulfate (43 % K) one dose at planting. Peatmose fertilizer was applied at rate 2% for all treatment mixing with soils. For getting erough water for irrigation, plastic coloumns wereduplicated in their dimentions for studied filters. Shatt Al - Arab and wells water were passed through most efficient filter besides sand filter separately with equal quantities. Water was collected after one minute to conform the properties of laboratory experiment.Tomato plants (Lycopersiconesculintium M.)were planted on 22/9/2014 and irrigated with water treated with filters besides control treatment at field capacity (20 % for Berjesia Research Station soil) and (30 % for Garmat Ali soil). Leaching requirement was calculated for each treatment. After 176 days, plants were harvested with space 2 cm from soil surface avoiding contamination. Tomato plants were fractionated into three parts, roots, shoots, and fruits. Dry matter of roots and shoot wasBCcalculated. Boron concentrion of (roots, shoots and fruits) was determined. Fruits yied of tomato was calculated. Electrical conductivity and available boron of residual soils in pots were determined after tomato plants growth Period.Results obtained could be summarized as : 1. Adoption of rice husk ash and cemenentklint dust in treatment of Shatt Al - Arab and wells water because of their high efficiency in decreasing boron concentration and water salinity and reuse for tomato plant irrigation and Plants irrigated with water treated with rice husk ash were surpassed over other plants in dry matter and yield, and gave lowest boron concentration in tomato plant tissues for all parts roots, shoots, and fruits. Same treatment gave the lowest concentration residual boron in soil and lowest value of soil salinity as compared with water treated with cementklint dust filter and sand filter besides control treatment.2. loamy sand soil was surpassed over clay loam soil in dry matter and yield of tomato and lowest concentration of boron in their tissues, while clay loam soil was surpassed over loam sand soil in residual boron concentration and soil salinity.3. Results indicated that there were significant differences between type of filters and soil texture in dry matter, yild , boron concentration in roots , shoots, and fruits of tomato plants. Residual boron concentration and soil salinity.4. Results indicated that there was no boron contamination in both studied soils treated with water of Shatt Al - Arab and wells treated with two filters (rice husk ash and cementklint dust)

تاثير بعض معاملات السيطرة الطبيعية قبل الحصاد وبعده في تحسين الصفات النوعية والقابلية الخزنية لثمار نخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنفي البرحي والبريم == EFFECT some pre and post - harvest natural control treatments on improving the qualitative characteristics and storage ability of date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L. ) cvs. Barhi and Bream

Author name: حمزة عباس حمزة عباس
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم | ضياء احمد طعين
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Research were divided into two experiments, field and storage , field experiment was conducted in private orchard at Abu - Alkhasib south of Basrah . Date palm fruits( Phoenix dactylifera L.) cvs. Barhi and Bream were used during the growing seasons 2014 and 2015. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of spraying chitosan at the concentrations of 0% , 1% , 2% on yield and some physical , chemical and physiological characteristics of fruits. The experiment included 9 trees for both cvs. Complete Randomized Block Design was used with three replicates . The results were analyzed by the analysis of variance of factorial experiment and mean values were compared using the Revised Least Significant Difference Test at 0.05 probability level. The results of study showed significant effect of spraying chitosan at the concentrations of 2% on the most of the studied parameters (fresh weight , size of fruit , yield , water content, total acidity ,tannin and pectin) in addition to delay the ripening and respiration rate of fruits for both cvs. Untreated fruits retain the highest percentage of total soluble solids , total sugars , reducing sugars and total protein. Invertase and cellulase activities decreased in fruits treated with chitosan as compared with untreated fruits which recorded the highest activity of invertase and cellulase for both cvs.Storage experiment was conducted in Al - Moussawi dates factory situated at Abu - Al - Khaseb District , Basrah Governorate to study the effect of some pre and post harvest natural control treatments in improving the qualitative characteristics and storage ability of date palm fruits cvs. Barhi and Bream. Fruits that treated with chitosan at the concentrations of (0, 1, 2) % were harvested in the early morning and carried to Al - Moussawi dates factory. Then every one of the three parts divided into five groups ,the first was treated with ultraviolet light (UV) at the concentration of 1KGY for periods of (0, 5, 10) minutes ,while the second group were treated with (1 - MCP) at the concentration of ( 0,0.5,1) ppm for 24 hour at 0 ºc .third was treated with ozone (O3) at the concentration of 5 ppm for the periods of (0, 0.5, 1) hour ,while the fourth group were soaked in chitosan at the concentrations of ( 0,1,2) % , the fifth were without treatment .Fruits were packed in plastic bags.Both of the two parts were stored at two storage temperatures (room temperature 25±2ºc and freezing temperature - 10±2ºc for three weeks and six months respectively . Storage characteristics were studied before andBduring storage and at the end of storage period . the results can be summarized as follow : 1 - spraying chitosan at the concentrations of 2% in the field reduced the percentage of deteriorated fruit , ripening process, TSS , total and reducing sugars and increased the percentage of water content, sucrose and total acidity in addition to elongation the desirable color of fruits and keeping good flavor and taste for Barhi and Bream fruits until the end of storage period at - 10±2ºc and 25±2ºc for the both of growing seasons 2014 and 2015 .2 - Treating with ultraviolet light (UV) for 5 minutes reduced percentage of decay for Barhi ,whereas fuel west percentage of Bream fruits decay was in fruits treated wish ozone for 1hour for both growing seasons .3 - Treating with (1 - MCP) at the concentration of (1) ppm reduced the progress of ripening and total sugars and increased water content, sucrose and total acidity in addition to elongation the desirable color of fruits and keeping good flavor and taste for Barhi and Bream fruits up to the end of storage period at - 10±2ºc for the both of growing seasons .4 - The percentage of decay of fruits , ripening progress, loss in weight , TSS , total and reducing sugars increased whereas the percentage of water contents, sucrose and acidity decreased with increment of storage period for both cultivars and seasons at 25±2ºc and - 10±2ºc.5 - The interaction between field treatments and storage treatments had significant effect on percentage of fruits decay. Fruits sprayed with chitosan at the concentrations of 2% in the field and treated with ultraviolet light (UV) for the periods of 10 minutes had the lowest percentage of fruits decay for both growing seasons .6 - The interaction between spraying chitosan and storage period significantly effected on studied parameters . Fruits sprayed with 2% chitosan in the field were superior in keeping water content and delaying ripening process but they had the lowest TSS , total and reducing sugar at the end of storage period at 25±2ºc and - 10±2ºc compared with untreated fruit for both cultivars and seasons .7 - The interaction between storage treatments and storage period significantly effected on studied parameters. Fruits treated with (1 - MCP) at the concentration of (1) ppm were the best in keeping water content and delaying ripening process but they had the lowest TSS , total and reducing sugar at the end of storage period at 25±2ºc and - 10±2ºc compared with untreated fruit for both cultivars and seasons .C8 - The interaction among field treatments, storage treatments and storage period had significant effect on percentage of fruits decay. Fruits sprayed with chitosan at the concentrations of 2% in the field and treated with ultraviolet light (UV) for the periods of 10 minutes had the lowest percentage of fruits decay , at the end of storage period at - 10±2ºc for both cultivars and seasons .9 - Gel electrophoresis for protein showed that in Barhi and Bream fruits treated with pre and post harvest natural control treatments and stored at - 10±2ºc , the process of gene expression has occurred , since there was a number of bands , which differed both in number as well in their position on the gel , depending on treatments and cultivar . There was very clear differences between treatments in the number , position and the timing of the appearance of the protein bands for both cvs. during which Bream fruits treated with chitosan recorded the highest number of bands ( seven bands).

استعمال قشور بيض المائدة في ازالة بعض الصبغات والايونات المعدنية من محاليلها المائية وامكانية تطبيقها في بعض الانظمة الغذائية والصناعية == Usage egg shells of table’s egg in removing some dues and metal ions from it,s aqueaus solutions and possibility application in some food and industrial systems

Author name: حسنين نجم عبود السوداني
Supervisor name: علي حسين عبد الكريم العامري | خديجة صادق جعفر الحسيني
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In the current study was used eggshell chicken eggs components (internal membranes only, eggshell without membranes and non - activated eggshell with internal membranes and activated eggshell with membranes by concentrated sulfuric acid) as natural adsorbent vital materials to removed organic dyes such as methylene blue, methyl orange dye and metal ions such as lead, copper, cadmium and zinc from their water solutions, and then used as clearifing materials to removed turbidity from apple juice considering and removed metal ions from municipal waters, The results of chemical composition for eggshell showed that increased on percentage of moisture, protein and fat for internal membranes reaching to (3.100, 58.85 and 1.834) % respectively comparison with eggshell without membranes which reaching to )1.813, 0.984 and 0.301) % respectively and on eggshell with internal membranes were (2.198,4.810 and 0.513) % respectively, while there was increased on percentage of ash on eggshell without membranes and eggshell with internal membranes reaching to (96.451 and 94.780)% respectively comparison with internal membranes was 26.200 %, metal ions in ash estimated, It also the percentage of calcium, potassium, magnesium , iron, copper, zinc and manganese in internal membranes reaching to (23.30, 7.20, 8.42, 3.00, Nil, 1.14 and 0.14) % respectively, for the eggshell without membranes (29.80, 8.80, 8.65, 0.11, 1.77, 0.40 and 0.01) % respectively, and for the eggshell with internal membranes (28.70, 6.90, 8.64, 1.86, Nil, 0.04 and 0.58) % respectively.Study of infrared (FTIR) for components was observed absorption bands that related to many active groups such as group (OH - ) and a (NH)it were ( 3423.66,32987.28 and 3423.65) cm - 1 centralized on internal eggshell with internal membranes and (C - H) , (C - H, C = O) , (CH2, CH3) and (C - C, C - O) which were (2983.88, 2879.72, 1799.58, 1643.35 and 1797.66) cm - 1 respectively centralized on eggshell without membranes and eggshell with active internal membranes.Also when examination using diffraction X - ray technique, results indicated the finding a number of peaks vary in intensity and location, but being in similar sharp peaks and this shows the possession of eggshells microcrystalline structure. conducted aAAbstractstudy using Microscope electronic scanning, results showed the eggshells components do have a porous surface as well as her crystalline that making it an effective and well suited material to linked with a material to be removed.Factors affecting on the adsorption of dyes and ions were studied, Ability of internal membranes, eggshell without membranes and non - activated eggshell internal membranes to remove of methylene blue dye was Studied. the results showed that the best conditions for the adsorption was to be the initial concentration of the dye was (10) ppm for the non - activated eggshell with the membrane and (5) ppm for internal membranes and eggshell without membranes in size (50)ml ,the degree of heat (20) C and (pH = 8) for the eggshell without membranes and non - activated eggshell with membrane and (pH=6) for the membranes only, also the time to contact (60) min for each of the membranes only and non - activated eggshell with membrane and (45) min for eggshell without membranes, also showed a positive relationship between the percentage of the speed of adsorption of the dye with the increased weight of adsorbent material and reached the highest percentage when using the internal membranes, eggshell without membranes and eggshell with internal membranes (94.240, 97.680 and 97.170) % respectively, when the weight (1.25) g.Ability of eggshell with internal membranes activated by concentrated sulfuric acid (1 : 1) to removed methyl orange dye was studied, the results showed that the best conditions for the process of adsorption was to be the time of the contact (20) min, temperature (30) C, primary and concentration (25) ppm in size (50) ml and the weight of adsorbent material (0.5) g, The percentage of removal decreases with increasing pH and the highest percentage for the removal was reaching to 50.30 % when (pH = 2) and the lowest percentage of removing was 37.50 % when (pH = 8).Removal of divalent ions (Cu+2,Cd+2,Pb+2,Zn+2) by eggshells components and the best component used as material for removing (Pb+ 2, Cu+ 2) ions was eggshell without membranes. But the best component to removed (Zn+ 2,Cd+ 2) ions was the inner membrane, and that the best conditions for adsorption was to have weight of adsorbent material (1) g and the degree of temperature (60) C for copper and cadmium and (80) C for lead and zincBAbstractand the initial concentration of the dye was (20, 40, 100 and 100) ppm for zinc, lead, copper and cadmium respectively, and the contact time (60) min for (Cd+ 2,Pb+ 2) and (40) min for (Cu+2 , Zn+ 2) also (pH = 4) for lead and (pH = 8) for (zinc, copper and cadmium), it was observed that the increased in contact time helps to increased the speed of the removal process ions, as found the time to reach equilibrium for lead and cadmium was when (60) min and percentage of removing them (99.38, 81.86) % respectively, and for copper and zinc was reached to (99.76, 99.24) % respectively, at the time (40 ) min and solution volume (50) ml. When study of the isotherms adsorption. The study showed that the adsorption to methyl orange dye by eggshells with non - activated internal membranes was submitted to Gliese,s classification because the isotherms take shape (S) as well as submitted to the equation Langmuir apparently at (pH = 7) within the range of concentrations of the dye (10 - 30) ppm and the degree of temperature (30) C and time of (30) min and the weight (1) g. For the methylene blue dye ,the adsorption by internal membranes powder was submitted to the form (L) of Gliese,s classification, but adsorbed it by using eggshell without membranes and non - activated eggshell with the membrane was submitted to the shape (S) as well as the adsorption submitted to equation Langmuir apparently at (pH = 8) for powders of eggshells without membranes and the non - activated eggshell with membrane and at (pH = 6) for internal membranes when contact time was (30) min, degree of heat (35) C , weight (0.5) g and the size (50) ml within the range of concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20) ppm.The results showed that the adsorption of ions was submitted to equation Langmuir because it's had shape (S) at (pH=8) for (Cu+2, Zn+2) ions and at (pH=4) for (Pb+2) ion. And the size of molecules of powder of adsorption material was (500) μm and speed of mixing was (200) rpm except( Cd+2) apparently .A study was conducted to identify their ability to bleaching natural apple juice using peels components, and founded that the best material was non - activated eggshell with internal membranes, the natural apple juice was treated with weight of (0.25) g, as that the turbidity dropped from 2.625 % to 1.101 %, and total soluble solids decreased from 13 % to 10.1 % , andCAbstractpH raised from (pH = 3.9) to (pH = 4.6) .Also sensory evaluation of the juice as results showed superiority of the juice plant material clarification and receiving a degree (8.768) compared to juice untreated who got the degree evaluate (6.37). This demonstrates the efficiency of bleaching material in improving the qualities of natural juice.Also study was conducted to determine the efficiency of the components in the removal of ions from municipal water, and it founded that the best component was eggshell without inner membrane, and the percentage of removal of 100 % of the lead an cooper for tow weighit (0.5 and 1) g respectively and for eggshell with the inner membrane weighit (2) g for tow ions, but for zinc the highest removal percentage up (95~ 97) % for all eggshell component, and better weight was (0.5) g ,the best time to contact (40) min and best degree of heat (80) C, this shows the efficiency of the eggshell with the internal membranes to removal of ions from polluted waters.D

تاثير اضافة الزيوت النباتية كمصادر للاحماض الدهنية (الاوميغا) الى العليقة في الاداء الانتاجي والفسلجي لفروج اللحم

Author name: حسن هادي حسين سبع
Supervisor name: جعفر محمد جاسم عبد الله عبد المنعم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted at poultry farm , Animal Resources Department, College of Agriculture , University of Basra from 14/11/2014 to 18/12/2014 to investigate the effect of adding vegetable oils as sources of essential fatty acids (FA) omega in diet on productive and physiological performance of broiler chickens. A total of 270 unsexed chicks of Ross 308 strain aged one day were used in this study from private hatchery which located on the Al - Zubair city road .The rate of weight was 40gram/chick. Chicks distributedrandomly to nine treatments with three replicates per treatment and by 10 chicks embryos for each replicates based on complete random design (CRD) and the treatments were as follows : (T1) basal diet without any addition (control). (T2 and T3) adding 1and 2% flaxseed oil as source of FA omega/3. (T4 and T5) adding 1and 2% sunflower oil as source of FA omega/6. (T6 and T7) adding 1and 2% olive oil as source of FA omega/9. (T8 and T9) adding 1and 2% mix oils as sources of FA omega 3,6 and 9.The results pointed : - 1 - There was significant increase (P<0.05) in the final live body weight and daily weight gain in all treatments provided with vegetable oils compared to the control .2 - There was significant decrease (P<0.05)in the amount of feed consumed in groups of broiler feeding on 1 and 2% vegetable oils .3 - There was significant improvement (P<0.05) in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in treatments which contain vegetable oils in their diets.4 - There were significant improvement (P<0.05) in digestibility of protein, fat and dry matter in treatments added 1 and 2 % vegetable oils.5 - No significant difference in mortality percent age between groups, whil e there wasn't any case of death in T4 ,T6 ,T7 , and T8 . 6 - There were significant increase (P<0.05) in production coefficient and performance index and significant improvement (P<0.05) in the economical cost in all groups treated with vegetable oils.7 - There were significant increase (P<0.05) in protein coefficient percent and in amount of abdominal fat and it’s percentage to the body weight in all treatments contain vegetable oils in their diets.8 - No significant effects in addition vegetable oils on dressing percentage and relative rate of breast, wings and neck , while there were significant increase (P<0.05) in relative rate of back comparison with control and significant difference (P<0.05) in relative weight of thigh between all groups.9 - No significant influenced of adding vegetable oils on relative rate ofpancreas. while there were significant difference (P<0.05) on relative rate of heart , liver and gizzard between all treatments.10 - There was significant increase (P<0.05)in number of red blood cells (RBC) for all groups provided with vegetable oils and significant improvement (P<0.05) in WBC , PCV and Hb in T3 , T4,T5, T6 and T9. 11 - No significant influenced of using vegetable oils on albumin, globulin and glucose , but significant decrease (P<0.05) were revealed in concentration of cholesterol and tri glycerid to all groups provided with vegetable oils and significant difference (P<0.05) in value of total protein , high and low density cholesterol and uric acid between all groups.12 - No significant effects on immunological traits ( fabricia gland weight, it's index and spleen) between all groups of broiler .13 - No significant difference in sense traits(color, tenderness, flavor and juiciness) of cuts of breast and thigh between all groups, but there was significant improvement (P<0.05) in trait of overall acceptability to cuts of thigh in T9, T8, T6, T5 and T4 .14 - The level of linoleic acid, linolenic acid and PUFA were increased significantly (P<0.05) in fatty acids composition of abdominal fat and significant reduce (P<0.05) in (SFA) in treatments of the study compared to control.15 - There were significant increase (P<0.05) in level of linolenic acid (C18 : 3) in T2 and T3 which provided with 1 and 2% flaxseed oil and in percent of (MUFA) in T6 (1% olive oil) and there was significant difference(P<0.05) in level of FA composition of blood serum between all treatments.

تصميم وتصنيع وتقيم اداء جهاز لازالة الكولسترول والدهون من اللحوم المفرومة == Designing , Manufacturing and Performance evalution a Device for removal cholesterol and fats from the minced meats

Author name: حسن هادي مهدي الربيعي
Supervisor name: اسعد رحمان سعيد الحلفي | منير عبود جاسم الطائي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A device to remove cholesterol and fats from minced meat by using supercritical CO2 has been designed and manufactured . This device removes cholesterol and part of the fat from the meat and operates by static and dynamic methods . This device consists of a pump run by compressed air that increases CO2 pressure to supercritical pressure , and from a CO2 cylinder size 20 kg . It also consists of three units : the first unit separates cholesterol and fat from the meat , the second unit separates cholesterol and part of the fat from supercritical CO2 , and the third unit absorbs cholesterol only by using Calcium carbonate . Other Components of the device are the cooling unit, heating unit, pressure and temperature gauges and control valves distributed among the parts of the device , in addition to the safety valve .The parameter of the device performance such as pressure, temperature, time, density, viscosity, solubility, compression coefficient and diffusion coefficient were measured , and cholesterol percentages in fresh minced meat were calculated before and after supercritical CO2 treatment in both the static and dynamic methods . Moreover, the chemical , micrological , and sensory characteristics and the storage period of samples which undergo the pressure, temperature, and time conditions have been measured as well is studying the economical quality of the manufactured device .The results have shown the following : 1. The maximum time to get the supercritical pressure for CO2 75,85,and 95 bar by using a pressure increasing pump was 35,40,55 minutes respectively.2. The density of supercritical CO2 increased by increasing the pressure, and decreased with high temperatures . The highest value was 667.525 kg\ m3 at 95 bar pressure and a temperature of 35 Celsius.3. The viscosity of supercritical CO2 increased by increasing the pressure and decreased with high temperatures . The highest value get 52.71×10 - 6 Pa. sec. at 95 bar pressure and a temperature of 35 Celsius.b4. The compression coefficient of supercritical CO2 increased at high temperature and decreased by increasing pressure. The highest value was 0.6607 at 75bar pressure and a temperature of 55 Celsius .5. A new equation has been suggested to calculate the solubility of cholesterol in the supercritical CO2 where the time factor has been considered. This solubility reached 0.17803505 and 0.14450794 g. L - 1 by using the static and dynamic methods respectively at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time .6. The diffusion coefficient of cholesterol in supercritical CO2 increased at high temperature and decreased by increasing pressure . The highest value were 3.12107 × 10 - 9 and 9.36322 ×10 - 9 m2. sec - 1 by using the static and dynamic methods respectively at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time .7. The highest loss ratio of fat and cholesterol by using supercritical CO2 were 92.72 and 61.96 % for fat and 87.10 and 70.69% for cholesterol respectively by using the static and dynamic methods at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time .8. The percentages of moisture, protein, fat , ash , and carbohydrate in fresh meat samples untreated with supercritical CO2 were 74.43, 19.1, 4.48, 1.21,0.78 % respectively, while in fresh meat samples which have been treated with supercritical CO2 have reached 72.50, 22.68, 1.56, 2.4,0.86 % and 71.67, 24.41, 0.4, 2.6 , 0.92 % by using dynamic and static methods respectively . The cholesterol loss ratios of samples treated with supercritical CO2 were 72.28 and 89% by using the dynamic and static methods respectively at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time.9. The values of peroxide of a meat chilled samples untreated with supercritical CO2 have increased from 6.22 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat in fresh meat to 9.45 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat after 12 days of freezing period storage. The values of peroxide of frozen meat samples treated with supercritical CO2 , on the other hand ,have slightly increased from 3.46 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat (before storage) to 4.1 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat (after storage) and from 0.76 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat (before storage) to 1.1 Mlamkavi \ kg of fat (after storage) using the dynamic and static methods respectively at the same period of storage and the same temperature.10. The microbiological tests result of meat treated with supercritical CO2 have shown that there were no colonies can be counted in the total countof bacteria, coliform bacteria, gold aurous, and yeasts and molds. The detection has shown a negative value about the existence of Salmonella.11. The results sensory evaluation of barker made by meat that is treated with supercritical CO2 have shown that the dynamic method samples are may accepted among experienced arbitrators followed by the static method samples at 95 bar pressure , a temperature of 35 Celsius, and 80 minute hold time .12. the maximum production value of the manufactured device was 10kg/day of cholesterol - free meat and the part of fat ,and that it is economical

التوصيف الجزيئي والتعبير الجيني لجين بروتينات الصدمة (الحرارية 00 hsp70) في السائل المنوي لثيران الهولشتاين العراقية والكباش العرابية == Molecular Characterization and Gene Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 (hsp70) Gene in the Semen of Iraqi Holstein Bulls and Arabi Rams

Author name: حسن نعمة حبيب السنيسل
Supervisor name: عماد فلاح حسن | بسام ياسين خضير
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Livestock
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted at the Animal Farm of College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, (longitude 47.7433690, latitude 30.5627250 north of Basrah), and the fields of Artificial Insemination Center in Abu Ghraib, the General Company for Livestock Services (longitude 44.1922070, latitude 33.3095550 northwest of Baghdad), during the winter season for the months November, December 2015 and January 2016, and the summer season for the months April, May and June, 2016. To achieve all the study requirements, the laboratories work at the Laboratory physiology, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah; the Central Research Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah; the Criminal Laboratory Department of Investigation, Criminal Evidence Directorate, Basrah Governorate Police; as well as laboratories of the Abu Ghraib, Artificial Insemination Center; in addition to the First BASE Laboratories, Laboratory in Selangor Malaysia, were used. The study included two experiments : The first experiment : This experiment was designed to detect the genetic polymorphism of hsp70 gene in the semen of Bulls, their relationship to certain physical and chemical semen characteristics, the level of gene expression in the season winter and summer, and the evaluation of the bulls by finding the breeding value of certain traits in the fresh and frozen semen of the Iraqi Holstein Bulls, back to the Artificial Insemination Center / Abu Ghraib / Baghdad, 30 bulls were used in this experiment.Second Experience : This experiment was designed to detect the genetic polymorphism of hsp70 genes in the semen of Rams, their relationship with some physical and chemical semen characteristics, the level of gene expression in the season winter and summer, and the evaluation of the rams by finding the breeding value of some traits in the fresh and frozen semen of local Arabi rams, back to the Agricultural Research Station / College of Agriculture / University of Basrah, 20 Rams were used in this experiment.Results of the study : I. The first experiment : 1) After DNA extracted, the quantity and purity of the DNA were determined by the Nano drop device, the purity ratio was 1.8. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) carried out, the amplification product was approximately 1926bp. Nucleotide Sequence analysis was done to detect polymorphism and compared with the genotypes of the hsp70 gene in the Gene Bank. There are three Genotypes of hsp70 gene were obtained in bulls : : The Genotype A, this genotype is the closest to heat shock protein hsp70 gene in the Holstein bulls in Gene Bank. This polymorphism was exposed to be genetic mutations at position No. 6, the Nucleotide (C < G), No. 174 (C < G), No. 282 (A< G) and position No. 1339 (T < C). All mutations are silent that did not encodingto any new amino acid, (16 Bulls).B : The Genotype B, the nucleotides were substituted at different positions, position No.114 (G < A), No. 174 (C < G), No. 282 (A < G), No. 1339 (T < C),No.1451 (C < A), No.1590 (A < G), No. 1695 (C < T) and position No. 1719 (G<T), these genetic mutations are all silent except the mutation at the position No.1451 is a missense mutation, encoding for new amino acid, (6 Bulls).C : The Genotype C , the nucleotides were substituted at different positions, position No. 114 (G < A), No. 174 (C < G), No. 282 (A < G) No.1339 (T < C),No. 1590 (A <G), No. 1695 (C <T) and position No. 1719 (G <T), all mutationsare silent, ( 8 bulls).2) The results of the Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) of hsp70 gene in the bulls showed that the convergence ratio of A, B and C were 99.73%, 99.51% and 99.56%, respectively, with the same gene in the Holstein bulls recorded in Gene Bank. The MSA results also showed that the B genotype gave the lowest ratio to the studied genotypes, followed by the C genotype and the A genotype, which showed the highest approximation with the genotypes studied in the Gene Bank for the Holstein bulls, sheep, goats, pigs and humans.3) Genotype B, has shown significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the C genotype and A genotype in all physical semen characteristics studied, it gave the highest rate of mass and individual motility, the highest percentage of live sperm and thelowest rate of abnormalities, both in fresh and frozen semen in a period of onemonth and two months freezing and in both seasons of the study.4) Genotype B showed Significantly higher (P < 0.05) towards the C and A genotypes in all chemical semen characteristics studied, It gave the highest percentage of the Acrosome integrities and gave the lowest level of concentration of enzymes ALT, AST and ALP in the frozen semen and freezing periods in a month and two months and in both seasons of the study.5 ) After RNA extraction, synthesise of cDNA and carry out Quantitative Realtime PCR (qRT - PCR) analysis, genotype B showed Significantly higher (P < 0.05) than genotype C and A in the level of gene expression of heat shock protein hsp70 gene in the summer season.) The bulls belong to genotype B were superior in the valuation on the basis of the breeding value of motility, live sperm and the abnormalities in the fresh and frozen semen for a month and two months followed by the C than A.II. Second Experience : 1) After DNA extracted, the quantity and purity of the DNA were determined by the Nano drop device, the purity ratio was 1.8. A PCR carried out and the amplification product was in approximately 1926bp, bands were visualized by gel electrophoresis. Nucleotide sequence analysis was done to detect polymorphism compared to that of the hsp70 gene in the Gene Bank. There are two genotypes ofhsp70 gene were obtained in rams : A : The A genotype, showed no match with other nucleotides sequence of other group neither heat shock protein hsp70 gene in Gene Bank, the nucleotide in position 1308, the nucleotide T was substituted by C (T < C), a silent genetic mutation that did not encoding a new amino acid, (10 rams).B : The B genotype, in comparison with the A genotype , the Nucleotide C was substituted with G (C <G), a missense genetic mutation that resulted from change the amino acid encoding at the site 514, a genetic mutation not previously recorded in rams except in inese sheep. In addition, nucleotide G was substituted by nucleotide A (G < A) in the position 1524, a silent genetic mutation (10 rams).2) The results of the (MSA) of hsp70 gene in the rams showed that the ratio of Aand B genotypes were 99.89% and 99.84% respectively with the same gene inrams in the Gene Bank. The MSA of the genotype B gave the lowest ratio to thesame gene in sheep, Holstein bulls, goat, pig and human3) The genotype B Significantly higher (P <0.05) than the genotype A in allPhysical semen characteristics studied, it showed the highest rate of mass andindividual motility and the highest percentage of live sperm and the lowest rate ofabnormalities, in fresh and frozen semen in a period of a month and two monthsfreezing and in both seasons of the study.4) The genotype B Significantly higher (P <0.05) than the genotype A inall chemical semen characteristics, it showed the highest percentage of theAcrosome integrities, and showed the lowest level of concentration of enzymesALT, AST and ALP in the frozen semen and freezing periods of month and twomonths and in both seasons of the study.

تحضير اغشية قابلة للاكل من قشور الروبيان وتوصيفها واستعمالها في اطالة حفظ الجبن الابيض الطري العراقي == Preparation of Edible Film from Shrimp shell and it Characterization and use it in extending Iraqi Soft Cheese shelf life

Author name: حسن كاظم علي الكناني
Supervisor name: علي خضير جابر الركابي | علاء جبار عبد ال منهل
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Prepared types of Chitosan designated as (A,B,C,D) that prepared from chitin the extracted from shrimp shells Penaeus semisulcatus by treatment chemical different. Different this types the physiochemical characteristics, using in Preparation edible film form simple and Composite with whey proteins. Properties edible film physical and chemical barrier and were studied, there use it in extending Iraqi Soft Cheese shelf life .The results showed studying contain chemical of shrimp shells high parentage moisture and protein and ash 65.77% and 34.25% and 37.48% respectively while parentage chitin 20.11% and fat 8.16%.Analyze composition chemical the chitin of parentage moisture 5.8% and protein 3.2% and ash 3.3% and fat 2%.Give chitosan A high the yield 15.01% while decrease for types other B,C,D 14.23,13.3,11.18% respectively. Composition chemical the types of chitosan A,B,C,D , high parentage moisture and ash and fat for chitosan A comparing types other(11.6%,1.75%,0.95%) respectively and were types B(9.28%,1.15%,0.76%) and C(7.55%,0.78%,0.54%) and D(6.13%,0.43%,0.36).Showed of chitosan D high parentage Degree of Deacetylation 85.16% while (62.51,75.82,80.12)% for chitosan B,C,D respectively. Molecular weight decrease for chitosan D 897 kDa and increase for types chitosan other was high for chitosan A 1753 kDa. It was observed that a relationship is existed between physiochemical and functional characteristics for each type of chitosan.The nitrogen content , solubility, water and fat binding capacity increased with higher rate of Deacetylation Offset by a decrease in molecular weight and viscosity. Showed chitosan D high rate nitrogen 7.22% and solubility 95.16% some shown high value for water binding capacity 700% was lower for chitosan A 581% some give chitosan D high for fat binding capacity compared by types other was higher with ricinus oil 665% andgive rate different with almond oil and flower sun oil and Olive oil(621,551,526)% respectively. Decrease viscosity for chitosan D 62.84 centipoise while was (78.99,88.45,98.73) centipoises for chitosan A,B,C respectively. Showed of chitosan activity inhibitory for bacteria gram negative higher positive was rate inhibitory for bacteria E.coli وsp.Pseudomonas و%100 and %88 and %100 and %100 at concentrations 1250 and 2500 um/m respectively while rate inhibitory for bacteria gram positive Staphylococcus aureus وcereus Bacillus وBacillus subtilis %95.51 and %100 and %79.21 and %78.7 and %91.54 and %9.53 at concentrations 1250 and 2500 um/m respectively. Show the results cycle chitosan in inhibitory growth mulds of increase rate inhibitory with increase concentration was at concentration 2500 um/m 67.71% and 51.89% for muld Penicillium .sp and Aspergillus niger respectively. Shown higher activity antioxidation at concentration10 um/m from chitosan 72.85% compared for activity antioxidation industrial 78.89%. Preparation films simple from chitosan type B,C,D while eliminating treatment A characterized with self - standing, transparent, tasteless and odorless, clear, homogenous, bendable, glossy and flexible. Increase film thickness chitosan B compared by chitosan D,C 0.044,0.046, 0.048 mm respectively at concentration 1% and glycerol by rate 30%. Shown higher value for tensile strength for chitosan B reach 46.55 Mega Pascal lower was for chiosan D reach 34.19 Mega Pascal and decrease tensile strength with increase concentration the glycerol. Give chitosan D higher percentage elongation at break 22.44% lower was for chitosan B reach in 18.71% increase percentage elongation at break with increase concentration the glycerol .Range rate Solubility of simple chitosan film in water between higher Solubility for treatment D 17.24% and lower for treatment B 10.51% and increase Solubility with increase concentration the glycerol. Range Water vapour permeability between 10..32 - 13.59 gm· mm/m2 h .k Pascal. Composite films It is easy to be removed from the mold. Thefilm were fine texture and the transparent of the films was lowered and it has taken the color of whey protein. increasing tensile strength composite films with whey protein with increased whey protein concentration from 0.5 - 1% with reached 22.34 - 26.73 Mega Pascal while the decrease percentage elongation of composite films with increased whey protein concentration from 0.5 - 2% reach 21.45 - 15.31%. Range The percentage of water solubility was for composite films 21.15 - 36.37% and increase Water vapour permeability for Composite films with increased whey protein concentration from 14.71 - 26.65 gm.mm m²/ h. k Pascal . Shown results Coating of Soft cheese by films chitosan the simple(T3) and compound (T4) activity in percentage lost moisture decreased during time storage14 day on heat 5 - 7C excellent treatment (T3) in treatment (T4) percentage lost moisture decreased 36.50% and 32.03% respectively . Increase rate protein in Soft cheese and all treatments during storage 19.83 and 19.69 and 19.28 and 19.71% for treatments T1,T2,T3,T4 respectively. Decrease in PH during time storage 5.45,5.50,5.65,5.60 for treatments T1,T2,T3,T4 respectively. Get increase in rate in soluble nitrogen to total nitrogen for treatments T1,T2,T3,T4 reached 4.97,4.94,3.02,3.14% after weeks from storage. Decreased of peroxide value by cheese coated by films chitosan simple and coated compared cheeses uncoated. Total bacterial counts were generally higher in uncoated cheese in comparison with cheese samples coated with chitosan. Bacterial total numbers in treated samples of Soft cheese were decreased with an approximate average of 1 - 2 log CFU/g in comparison with uncoated Soft cheese. And decreased average of Psychrophilic , proteolytic ,lipolytic , coliform bacteria in coated cheese of all treatments in comparison with uncoated Soft cheese and too molds were decreased in average numbers coated cheese of all treatments in comparison with uncoated Soft cheese. .The results of examination revealed no Staphylococcus aureus growth of this group. The results showed the sensoryevolution of samples : coated and non - coated, the high value was observed in pieces cheeses coated , because it get the high evaluation sensory from where (color , outside appearance, body and texture, taste and flavor) degree from the judges as compared with non - coated pieces.

استجابة نبات الذرة الصفراءZea mays L. للتلقيح ببكتريا الازوتوباك Azotobacter chroococcum في التربة المعاملة بالمادة العضوية ومستويات من النتروجين == RESPONSE OF CORN (Zea mays L.) TO INOCULATION WITH (Azotobacter chroococcum )IN SOIL TREATED WITH ORGANIC MATTER AND NITROGEN

Author name: حسن علي طاهر الهلالي
Supervisor name: عبد الزهرة طه ظاهر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Soil Sciences And Water Resources
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Twelve isolates of Azotobacter as free nitrogen fixing bacteria were isolated from rhizosphere of different plants and soils in (Thi - Qar and Basrah province) ,two strains were brought from (Thi - Qar university - College of Sciences) and one strain was brought from Ministry of Agriculture ( imported from Italy), all strains were diagnosed by studying biochemical , microscopical and morphological characteristcs .strains (A1,A21and AB) gave maximam efficiency of nitrogen fixation then were used for inoculanting seeds of corn.Agricultural experiment was carried out during spring season 2014 in research station of College of Agriculture - Basrah University in loam soil using CRD design with three replicates to study response of corn for inoculation with Azotobacter intergraded with organic fertilizer (0, 30) ton hectar - 1 and nitrogen fertilizer levels(0,80,120and160) kg N hectar - 1of which represented of (0,50,75,100)% of recommended completed of nitrogen fertilizer(160)kg N hectar - 1.After tow months of growing ,plants were scythed .then dried and estimated : heigh plant, length of root , dry weigh for plant and root, (N,P,K) uptake in plant and root , number of Azotobacter, total residual nitrogen in soil polts.Results obtained from this study : - 1 - A1 locally isolate showed superiority over the rest used isolates in height plants , length root,dry weight of plant and root, (N) uptake in vegetative part in corn and soil total nitrogen residual percentage 18.3%,56.1%,13.6%,64.4%, 56.9% respectively compared with control.2 - Use treatment(A1N2M1) lead to increase height plants , length root,dry weight of plant and root, (N) uptake in vegetative part in corn, number of Azotobacter and soil total nitrogen residual 3 - A21 strain showed superiority over the rest used strains in phosphorus and potash uptake of vegetative part percentage 62.6% and 61.2% respectively.4 - Treatment(A21N2M1) excelled significantlly in phosphorus and potash uptake of vegetative and root of plant .5 - Inculation whith three isolates and adding organic matter (singular or mixed) lead to significant increase all characteristcs studied.

تاثير بعض مضادات الاكسدة ومدة الخزن في الصفات النوعية والقابلية الخزنية لثمار الموز Musa spp. == Effect of Antioxidants and Duration of Storage on Quality Characteristics and Storage Ability of Banana Fruits Musa spp

Author name: حسن عبد الامير علي المايح
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم | ايمان عبد العالي السريح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Studies were conducted at the private cold storage for ripening and maturation of Banana in Al - Basrah province to study the effect of two Antioxidant types (Citric acid and Ascorbic acid) and stages of maturing on fruits on organoleptic , quality and improvement storage ability of banana fruits (Musa spp.) var. Rosa at different storage periods.The study included two separate experiments to study the effect of different concentrations of antioxidants on Banana fruits during maturing and ripening stages , the fruits treated by three concentrations of Ascorbic and Citric acids in addition to the control treatment at different storage periods. A factorial experiments by using Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D.) with three replicates (21 fruit/replicate) and the comparison was done using least significant difference at 5% level for analyses the results of maturing study. Results can be summarized as follows : - First Experiment : 1 - The 300 ppm concentration of Ascorbic and Citric acids treatments and duration storage 7 days and their interaction significantly improved the taste and color of peels.2 - The 100 ppm concentration of Ascorbic and Citric acids and duration storage 14 days caused highest loss of weight. While the control treatment for 7 days gave highest average of weight loss.3 - The treatment of 100 ppm concentration of Ascorbic acid and duration storage 14 days were superior in T.S.S. While the interaction treatment of 300 ppm ascorbic acid and 14 days were significant in same characteristic.4 - The two treatments 300 ppm concentration of citric and ascorbic acids delayed color development of fruit peel and gave highest erage of total a and b Chlorophylls and carotene. As for duration storage 14 days was significantly decrease to amount of total , a andb Chlorophylls but the duration storage 7 days was significantly increased fruits peels from carotene. While (300 ppm from citric acid for 7 days) gave highest average of total chlorophyll and treatment (100 ppm from citric acid for 7 days) significantly increasedchlorophyll b. While the treatment (300 ppm from ascorbic acid for 14 days) was significantly increase to carotene.5 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic and citric acid treatments and storage duration 7 days were superior in total reducing , non reduced sugars , and carbohydrates. While, it was significantly decrease in the percentage of starch. As for interaction treatmentsbetween (200 and 300 ppm from ascorbic acid for 14 days) gave superiority in percentage of total sugars , reduced and total carbohydrates and decreased percentage of starch. While non reduced sugars at the control treatment and storage duration 7 daysgave significantly superiority in it. Second Experiment : 1 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic acid with storage duration 14 days and their interaction gave superiority in organoleptic characteristics.2 - The 300 ppm concentration from ascorbic and citric acids were significantly decrease in average of weight loss. As for storage duration period of 21 days caused highest of weight loss. The control treatment with 21 days gave significant superiority in weight loss.3 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic and citric acids with storage duration 21 days and their interaction gave highest percentage of T.S.S.4 - The 300 ppm concentration of ascorbic acid gave highest average of total chlorophyll and carotene while the 100 ppm concentration of ascorbic acid gave highest average for chlorophyll a and b. While storage duration 7 days gave significantly superiority in total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b. As for storage duration 21 days gave significantly superiority in chlorophyll a and carotene. As for interaction treatment (300 ppm from citric acid for 7 days) gavehighest average for total chlorophyll. While control treatment for 7 days gave significantly superiority in for chlorophyll a and b , and the treatment (300 ppm from ascorbic acid for 21 days) gave significantly superiority in content of fruits from carotene.5 - The 200 and 300 ppm concentrations from ascorbic and citric acids with storage duration 21 days and interaction its caused superiority in percentage of total sugars and reduced and decreased percentage of starch and non reducing sugars. The treatment (100 ppm of ascorbic acid for 7 days) gave significant increase in percentage of total carbohydrates.

ستراتيجية تكاثر نوعين من الاسماك الغضروفية في المياه البحرية العراقية == Reproductive strategy of two cartilaginous species from Iraqi marine water

Author name: جنان حسن جاسم اللامي
Supervisor name: ساجد سعد حسن النور | امجد كاظم رسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Investigation of the reproductive strategies of Arabian carpetshark Chiloscyllium arabicum (Gubanov, 1980) and Arabian whipray Himantura randalli (Last, Manjaji - Matsumoto et Moor, 2012) were conducted in Iraqi marine water from January, 2014 to December, 2014. A total of 365 Arabian carpetshark (200 female and 165 male) with total length ranged from 141 - 750 mm and 321 Arabian whipray (176 female and 145 male) with disk width ranged from 70 - 429 mm were cached. Trawling nets of Bahith Ship (owned by Marine Science Center) or other fishing boats were used to cached these fishes.Sex ratios of these fishes were investigated during study period. The cycle of gonad maturation was followed - up throughout the period of investigation by defining stages based on colour, shape and size of gonads. Fecundity was estimated and spawning period detected depending on gonado somatic index (GSI), hepato somatic index (HIS), histological study and sonar inspection.The length frequency distribution of Arabian carpetshark was dominated by group of 300 - 399 mm that appeared in all months except October. Smallest fish (142 mm, 20 g) was during October and biggest fish (750 mm, 1668.5 g) during June. The length - weight relationship was represented by the following equations : Male W= 0.000007 ×L 2.88Female W= 0.000005 × L 2.93 Both Sex W= 0.000006 × L 2.91Values of HSI was differ depending on the maturing conditions of males and females, where highest value (11.906) of HSI for females was recorded at October and lowest value (6.908) was recorded at June, while highest value (12.5) of HSI for males recorded at January and lowest value (9.14) recorded at March. There were negative correlation between oil ratioof liver and maturing condition of females, while in males this relation was not clear.Distinguishing of sex was carried out according to presence or absence of claspers. Smallest matured female was 421 ml in total length and 785.23 g in weight, while smallest matured male was 401 in total length and 693.14 in weight. Females were dominant on males during all months except February, August and November with equal sex ratio during March, while overall sex ratio was 1 : 1.26 toward females.The cycle of gonad maturation was divided into three stages : immature, maturing and mature for males and females. Linear relationship was found between total length (TL) and clasper length (x) and it was represented by following equation : TL=211.3479 + 0.013883 x X, with significant (P<0.05) correlation (r= 0.899) between them.The GSI values were different during study period, where highest values (8.84 and 7.93) for females recorded during April and May respectively and lowest value (0.73) during June, while highest value (6.74) for males recorded during March and lowest value (0.66) during May. Monthly differences in GSI especially for females refers that spawning period extended from May to June. This result supported by the results of frequency occurrence of germ cells. Results appeared that ovary of Arabian carpetshark contain 44 - 52 eggs with diameters between 22 - 48 mm. Depending on histological inspection of gonads, spermatocytes cells for males are divided into eight maturing stages, while spermatocytes cells for females into four maturing stages.Disk width (DW) frequency showed fife groups for Arabian whipray with dominant of 300 - 399 mm group that appeared in all months except October, while group of 200 - 299 mm was appeared in all months. Group of0 - 99 mm appeared in July and August, so it was concluded that reproduction occurred in July. Smallest fish (70 mm, 20 g) was cached during July and biggest fish (490 mm, 3834 g) was cached during June. Relationships between disk width and weight were as follow : Male W= 0.00031 x DW2.59 Female W= 0.0031 x DW2.31 Both Sex W= 0.0006 x W2.4HSI differed according to maturing conditions of males and females, where highest value (11.85) for females recorded during January and lowest value (6.04) recorded during June, while highest value (11.66) for males recorded during November and lowest value (7.48) recorded at March. There were negative correlations between gonad weight and liver weight of females and also between oil ratio of liver and maturing condition of females.Smallest matured female was 115 ml in disk width and 1936 g in weight, while smallest matured male was 355 in disk width and 1249 g in weight. Sex ratio was differ from the ratio of 1 : 1 during different months and at reproduction period the ratio of females was 64.5% and of males 35.5%, while the ratio was 50% for each sex after reproduction period at August. Females were dominant on males during all months except September and December and overall sex ratio was 1 : 1.26 toward females.Maturing cycle were divided into three stages : immature, maturing and mature for males and females. For males the dividing depending on morphological characteristics (length, size and colour) of claspers. Linear relationship was found between disk width and clasper length (x) and it was represented by following equation : DW=92.4133 +0.2233 x X .GSI showed differences throughout study period for both sexes. The highest value (8.63) for females recorded during June and lowest value (0.81) during July, while highest value (7.59) for males recorded duringJanuary and lowest value (0.97) during March. It was concluded, according to GSI especially for females, that birthing occurred between June and July.Number of eggs in the Arabian whipray ovary was ranged between 10 - 35 eggs and diameters between 5 - 28 mm, while the uterus contain 2 - 5 embryos that surrounded by strong covers and there wasn’t any placenta intelligence between embryos and female, so this fish considered as Ovoviviparous. Depending on histological inspections of gonads, spermatocytes were divided into seven maturing stages, while oocytes into four maturing stages.

تاثير محسنات التربة والتناوب في ميه الري مختلفة الملوحة في بعض خصائص التربة وانتاجية محصول الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L. باستعمال منظومة الري بالتنقيط == Effect of Soil Conditioners and Alternative Irrigation Water with Different Salinity on Some Soil Properties and Productivity of Corn Zea mays L. By Using Drip System

Author name: جمعة عبد الزهرة نافع الحلفي
Supervisor name: داخل راضي نديوي | صلاح مهدي سلطان
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study is conducted in the field of the college of agriculture / Basrah university site / Karmat Ali during spring season of 2015 where the soil texture of the field is clay and classified as a fine mixed , calcareous , hyberthermic , typic , torrifluvent .The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of irrigation water treatment and their interaction with soil conditioners application by using drip irrigation system on some physical and chemical properties of the soil and water use efficiency and its impact on some growth parameters and productivity of maize crop ( fital varity, Holland origin,(Zea mays L.).Two factors are used : four different irrigation waters and two types of soil conditioners . Irrigation water treatments included four ones : high saline water (7.5 - 8.0 dS m - 1) , mixing water ( 4.5 - 5 dS m - 1) , alternative water ( irrigation with high saline water followed by low saline one ) during the period of growth season and low saline water( 3.5 - 4.0 dSm - 1 ) . Irrigation process is applied according to evaporation pan ( class A) measurements with addition to 20% of water as leaching requirements . As to the second factor , it consists of two conditioners : compost and polymer where the first one is at two levels 1% , 2% and the second one is at two levels 0.01% , 0.02% in addition to control treatment .The experiment treatments are distributed into three replicates by using factorial experiment conducted in a randomized complete block design ( RCBD ). The planting is achieved in 20/03/2015 . At the end of the experiment are collected soil samples from the experiment location for studying some physical and chemical properties of studied soil for the depth 0 - 10 cm , 10 - 20 cm , 20 - 30 cm and a distance 0,15,30 cm from the emitter . During the experiment are used piezometers connected to the water supply pipe of each experimental unit together with water gauges for measuring water discharge in each irrigation period . And the results are as follows : 1.The results showed a significant decrease in the values of bulk density soil resistance for penetration whereas there is an increase in mean weight diameter by using low saline irrigation water , alternative waterBhigh saline irrigation water followed by low saline irrigation one ) , and mixing water in contract with high saline irrigation water. While concerning the impact of soil conditioners on the soil properties above , where the use of the compost at two levels 1% , 2% and polymer at 0.01% , 0.02% lead to significant decrease the values of bulk densityand soil resistance for penetration but there is an increase in mean weight diameter value .2. The results showed that there is an increase in the values of saturated hydraulic conductivity , accumulative infiltration , infiltration average and basic infiltration average by application compost and polymer in the studied levels , whereas usage high saline irrigation water leads to a reduction in these values above. But application alternative , mixing , and low saline irrigation water lead to an increase in all soil properties as mentioned above respectively as contrast with usage high saline irrigation water.3. The results revealed that a higher weight moisture content was close to the emitters and is decreased far away from emitters horizontally and vertically for all treatments . On the other hand , the moisture content increases by application compost at 1% , 2% and polymer at 0.01% . 0.02% where was as an average 29.83% , 31.43% , 28.76% , 29.22% respectively .Through this context , moisture content decreases significantly by application low saline irrigation water and increases significantly by the use of alternative , mixing , and high saline irrigation water where was as an average 27.48% , 28.76% , 30.06% , 31.04% respectively .4. The results showed that addition of the compost as a conditioner at 1% , 2% levels and the polymer at 0.01% , 0.02% ones leads to decrease in the values of soil salinity close to the emitters in contrast with control treatment where they were 6.49 , 5.86 , 7.13 , 6.80 dSm - 1 respectively. In addition , the results showed that there is a higher salt accumulation on usage high saline irrigation water where was7.84 dSm - 1 as contrast with mixing , alternative , and low saline irrigation water were they were 7.07 , 6.58 , 5.83 dSm - 1 respectively.5. The results revealed that there is a significant increase of the plant height of maize , fresh weight , dry weight , and the productivity by application compost and polymer with the increase of their levels . More growth parameters as mentioned above increased by usage mixing , alternative , andClow saline irrigation water as contrast with application of high saline irrigation water respectively .6.The results showed that there is a significant increase of water use efficiency values of the plant by application compost at two levels 1% , 2% and polymer at 0.01% , 0.02% where the values were 0.81, 0.88 , 0.71 , 0.75 Kg ha - 1 m - 3 respectively. However, water use efficiency values increased significantly by usage mixing , alternative and low saline water treatment where they were 0.74 , 0.80 , 0.85 Kg ha - 1 m - 3 respectively as contrast with high saline irrigation water treatment where it was 0.66 Kg ha - 1 m - 3 . In short the higher water use efficiency was on low saline irrigation water treatment, whereas the lower value was on application high saline irrigation water one .7.The results revealed that there is a possibility for the application of alternative irrigation ( by using high saline water followed by low saline water ) , taking into consideration the usage of compost 2% without any great effect on physical and chemical soil properties and plant growth with save 50% of low saline water .8.The results showed that there is a possibility for representing water infiltration results as an accumulative infiltration and infiltration average according to Philip's equation ,( 1957) with high significant limiting factor and determining the values of Philip's equation constants . In this context , the results showed that water infiltration increased with the rising of conditioner level and decreased with the low conditioner one .

تاثير خف الثمار والرش بسماد الجاتون والتداخل بينهما في بعض الصفات النوعية والانتاجية لنخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنف الحلاوي == Effect thinning of the fruits and spray fertilizer gaton and overlap between them in some quality and productivity characteristics of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. CV. Hillawi

Author name: جاسم محمد ضمد عبود البزوني
Supervisor name: ابتهاج حنظل التميمي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This Study was conducted in one of the orchards civil in Al - bradaah area in the province of Basra to the growing season 2014 on the date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. CV. Hillawi in order to study the effect of spraying fertilizer Gaton (seaweed extract) and concentrations (0, 2.5 0.5 ml) . L - 1 after inoculation and hold process sock both types manual Spikelet flowering (25% and 40%) of the number Spikelet flowering after inoculation and chemical thinning benzyl adenine (growth regulator) and concentrations (100 and 200) mg . L - 1 in addition to treatment comparison (no thinning), was carried out spraying the total vegetative and fruiting date palm of Gaton and benzyl adenine after inoculation two payments for the first five weeks and the second after ten weeks of the date of vaccination and the overlap between them in the physical and chemical characteristics and physiological and productivity of the date palm class Hillawi, which was Gaton factor with three levels and thinning five levels. Used Factorial Experiment According to Randomized Complete Block Design ( RCBD) with three replicates per treatment were compared according to the test averages less significant difference average (RLSD) at the level of probability (0.05). The results were as follows : - Results showed superiority of treatment overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml . L - 1) and thinning benzyl adenine (200 mg . L - 1) significant superiority in fruit weight and gave the highest averages in terms of (7.55 and 7.05 and 6.450) g of the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date on the relay and the weight of the seed reaching (1.380 and 1.290 and 1.280) g of the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date on the relay and the weight of stromal layer where was (6.170 and 5.760 and 5.170) g of the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date on the relay and also outperformed significantly in size and the length and diameter of the fruit and gave the highest averages reaching (7.60 cm 3 and 3.83 cm and 2.11 cm) on the relay to the stage of Khalal, (7.10 cm 3 and 3.86 cm and 2.00 cm) on the relay to the stage of Ritab, (6.56 cm 3 and 3.89 cm and 1.96 cm) on the relay to the stage of Date compared to transactions other under study. The results also showed superiority ofBtreatment overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml . L - 1) and thinning manual (removal of 40% of the floral Spikelet) superior moral in chemical characteristics (T.S.S college faculty and sugars and shorthand) and gave the highest averages for the stages of Khalal and Ritab and Date of (51.08 and 63.52 and 56.01%) on the relay to the stage of Khalal, (62.51 and 72.12 and 65.12%) on the relay to the stage of Ritab, (72.51 and 84.47 and 79.81%) on the relay to the stage of Dates, as results showed a decrease in the chemical characteristics (sucrose and the element nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) for the same treatment of overlap (5 ml Gaton .L - 1 + 40% removal of Spikelet floral) and gave less averages reaching (7.51 and 0.72 and 0.69 and 0.095%) on the relay to the stage of Khalal, (7.00 and 0.54 and 0.51 and 0.072) % on the relay to the stage of Ritab, (4.66 and 0.39 and 0.39 and 0.060%) on the relay to the stage of Date. The results also indicated for the treatment of overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml \ L) and manual thinning (removing 40% of the Spikelet floral) a decrease in physiological traits (breathing) rate of speed, where the average rate of respiration rate of speed (130.19 mg CO2 . Kgm - 1.saah) The average ratio maturity and moral superiority that showed the rate of (75.80%). The results showed there outweigh the moral to spray Gaton(5 ml . L - 1) and thinning benzyl adenine (200 mg . L - 1) in the qualities of productivity (average bunch weight of Yield the total for Palm), also outperformed the treatment of overlap to spray in Gaton (5 ml . L - 1) and thinning benzyl adenine (200 mg . L - 1) the rate of bunch weight and Yield the total gave the highest averages in terms of (13.33 and 66.67 kg) on the relay

تصميم وتصنيع جهاز لاستخلاص الزيوت العطرية بالطاقة الشمسية ودراسة خواصها النوعية والكمية == Designing and Manufacturing of Solar Apparatus for Essential oils Extraction and study it’s Quality and Quantity Properties

Author name: ثامر كاظم امويشل البهادلي
Supervisor name: اسعد رحمان سعيد الحلفي | عبد الهادي كريم احمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Solar essential oil extraction apparatus has been designed and manufactured to extract aromatic oils. The device operates by solar energy and consists of two units. The first is steam production unit, which is a solar collector provided with pipes and covers an area of 1.566 square meters. The second is extraction unit, which is a stainless steel cylinder, the height of which is 0.320m and its diameter is 0.105m. In addition to these two units, the device is fitted with a glass steam condenser and a separation unit to separate the aromatic oil from the condensing water. The device also contains a balance tank.The solar collector is directed towards the south with an inclination of 30˚ and the testing data of the solar collector were gathered for the period from February to June 2014. Daily tests are conducted from 9 : 00am to 3 : 00pm. The solar radiation energy and temperature of the weather, absorbing plant and the incoming and outgoing steam of the extraction unit along with the temperature of the botanical parts are measured. Calculations are done for the practical and theoretical effeciency of the solar collector and for the proportions of the oil yield for every plant.The study uses some plants such as;clove buds, cinnamon barks, orange and lemon , eucalyptus leaves and cardamom seeds to extract their aromatic oils using this method, which is called Solar Distillation (SOD). In addition, another common extraction method is used, which is Hydrou Distillation (HD) to extract the aromatic oils from the plants under study for the purposes of comparison. The study included the evaluation of the chemical compounds of the aromatic oils using GC - MC technology; along with conducting chemical tests and check - ups for the physical properties and also included the evaluation of peroxideBvalue and the possibility to use these aromatic oils in some food systems. A feasibility study for the device is included too.The study shows an increase in solar radiation energy while the day hours go onward, and reaches its highest degree at midday then decreased. The average of solar radiation energy reached 902.66 W/m2 . This was recorded midday in June 2014. The results of the study reveal that the highest average for solar radiation energy is 1044 W/m2. However the lowest is 682 W/m2 and is recorded at 3 : 00pm in February 2014. The results showed an increase in the practical effeciency in summer months (April, May and June) more than in winter months (February and March). The highest average of the practical effeciency reaches 37.96% recorded at midday in June; whereas for the theoretical capacity is 44.78% recorded at midday in March. The results showed that the average of temperature of the absorbing plant has increased gradually till it reaches the highest degrees at midday then decreased till it reaches the lowest degrees at 3 : 00pm and the highest averages were recorded in June and reached 101.8C°. The highest and lowest averages of temperature of the steam produced from the solar collector were recorded in June and February and reached 96.84C° and 90.4C° at 12 : 00pm and 3 : 00pm respectively.The percentage of the extracted aromatic oils using Solar Distillation (SOD) method from the plants under study reaches 15.6, 3.6, 0.9, 1.0, 3.2, 4.4% however for those extracted using (HD) method, the percentage reaches 13.4, 3.3, 1.0, 1.1, 3.4, 4.1% respectively. Qualitative tests of the aromatic oils extracted using the above mentioned procedure show that they contain compounds of aldehyde, Ketone, terpines, steroides, phenolics, and was void of alkaloid, resins, saponines, flavones, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates, peptides, and proteins. Peroxide value change for the aromatic oils was slight and reached 1mm equivalent during storage period which lasted for 60 days in aCtemperature 5 - 7c˚. It was observed from the analysis of aromatic oils extracted using SOD method in addition to GC - MS technology that the main compound of carnation, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus and cardamom are; Eugonol, cinnamaldehyde, D - Limonene, D - Limonene, beta - cymene and equaliptol in the following proportions; 78.19, 64.8, 62.97, 47.50, 24.17, 41.74% respectively. The results showed that the highest and lowest specific gravity average at 25C˚, recorded using SOD method are 1.0410 and 0.8322 for carnation and orange; whereas the highest and lowest specific gravity average at 25c˚, recorded using HD method are 1.0470 and 0.8336 for carnation and orange oils also and respectively. The results also showed that the majority of the aromatic oils extracted using HD method have refractive index slightly higher than those extracted using SOD method. The highest refractive index is attained with carnation oil and reached 1.5322, while the lowest was with cardamom oil and reached 1.4614 under 20c. The Optical Rotation for orange oil is higher than other extracted oils and reached +98, +93 using SOD and HD; while the lowest is recorded with cinnamon oil and reached - 2, - 1 using the above mentioned methods respectively. All the extracted aromatic oils in both methods dissolve in ethanoic alcohol in different proportions. The degrees of dissolution for all of them are approximate with no much disparity between them. Aromatic oils entered the cake industry replacing vanilla. According to the results of the study no significant disparity related to the colour, substratum, or appearance is existed amongst cake types which contain aromatic oils and those void of them. However, there are some significant differences related to the taste and smell. As shown by the results, the cake that contain cardamom oil got the highest marks, followed by those containing lemon oil

تاثير السواد الورقي ومعدلات البذار في نمو وحاصل ونوعية الحنطة (Triticum aestivum L.) == The effect of the foliar fertilizer and seeding rate in growth, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Author name: تحسين يونس عبود
Supervisor name: ميثم عبد السلام علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: An experiment was conducted in a field at AL - Qurna shire located at 65 km north Al - Basra province during 2013 - 2014 winter season in a Silty Loum soil, to study The effect of the foliar fertilizer and seeding rate in growth, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using four foliar levels of 0, 2, 4, and 6 liter h - 1 which were given the following symbols F0, F1, F2, and F3 respectively. Three levels of seeding rates of 100, 120, and 140 kg h - 1 were used which were given the following symbols R1, R2, and R3 respectively. The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design in a split plot arrangement with four replicates. The sub plots have been allocated for foliar rates whereas the seeding rates have been allocated for main plots. The experiment consists of 12 treatments resulting from the combinations between foliar and seeding rates.The results showed that F2 foliar level gave the highest flag leaf area of 36.79cm2, number of tillers of 708.42tiller m - 2, number of spikes of 575.75spikes m - 2, number of grains per spike of 77.22 grains spike - 1, 1000 seed weight of 41.3g, grains yield of 8.16ton h - 1, biological yield of 21.5ton h - 1, percentage of protein of 14.8%, and crude protein yield of 1.21ton h - 1. Whereas F3 foliar level gave the highest plant height of 97.4cm. The F1 level gave the heights spike efficiency of 83.57%. While F0 foliar level gave the highest harvest index of 40.32%.The result also showed that the R3 seeding rates gave the highest plant height of 96.5cm, number of tillers of 674tiller m - 2, number of spikes of 567.81spike m - 2, spike efficiency of 84.33%, grains yield of 7.95ton h - 1, and biological yield of 21.05ton h - 1. The R2 seeding rate gave the highest harvest index of 40.16%. Whereas the R1 seeding rate gave the highest flag leaf area of 36.76cm2, number of grains per spike of 75.62seed spike - 1, 1000 grain weight of 40.17g, The (F0 x R2) interaction treatment gave the highest, and crude peotein yield of 1.05ton h - 1.The (F2 x R3) interaction treatment gave the highest number of spikes of 616.75spike m - 2, grains yield of 8.41ton h - 1, and biological yield of 23.25 ton h - 1. Whilst (F2 x R1) interaction treatment gave the 1000 grain weight of 41.88g

عزل وتشخيص الفطريات المصاحبة للحامول Cuscuta spp. في البصر وامكانية مكافحته كيميائيا وحيويا == Isolation and Identification of fungi associated with dodder Cuscuta spp in Basrah and evaluation its biological and chemical control

Author name: بيداء غازي عوفي التميمي
Supervisor name: يحيى عاشور صالح | طه ياسين مهودر العيدان
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study has been conducted at the labs. Of plant protection department , and the fields of Agriculture College/ Basra university to determine the potentiality of dodder (Cuscuta planiflora Ten.) integrated control on Alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa L.) at Basra governorate.Results proued a wide range for dodder hosts , which were 38 different plant families , including three new records in Iraq which were conocarpus ; radish and leek.Twenty six different fungal species belong to twelve different genera have been180 lated from dodder stem; flower ,as well as seeds, with special emphasize on the following species : Exserohilum rostratum Bipolaris bicolar, Altrenraia longipes, A.tenuissima , Acremonium restrictum ,Bipolaris australliensis, Cladosporium oxysporiumA new record on dodder in Iraq . Hence , two species were isolated for first time in the world which were E.rostratum and B.bicolarFour different fungal species (A.terreus , E.rostratum , T. viride , A.alternata and B.bicolar ) Showed strong in hibition for dodder seed germination which were 10; 13.4 ; 16.7 and 23.4%, respectively .Fungal cultural filtrates results proved that the highest seed germination inhibition were observed at the treatments of Tricoderma viride ,Which were 38.7, 38.4 and 43.8%, respectively, while the lowest inhibition percentage was seen at E.rostratum culture filtrate treatment (13.4%) .Regarding the effect of pesticides treatments , the lowest seed germination of dodder was observed at Glyphosate treatment (36%), while a percent of 9.4% was seen at kerb pesticide .The analysis of GC - MS results revealed the existence of sereval compounds while believed to be a potential inhibitors on dodder seed germination ,such as 1,4 - Dioxin,2,3 - dihydro - 5,6 - dimethyl ,Diacetic acid , Benzoic acid ,As well as ,Ascorbic acid and a group of fatty acids.Pot results showed that the highest hight of Alfalfa plant was observed at dodder with glyphosate 350ppm treatment which was 27.56cm, hence ,the lowest average (15.34cm) was seen at dodder treatment .the highest leavesSummarynumber were observed at dodder with T.viride treatment which were 25 leaf / plant ,respectively, while , the lowest leaves number (16.78 leaf / plant )was reported at alfalfa with dodder treatment . Regarding , Alfalfa tilling parameter .the hight value was reported at dodder with T.viride with glyphosate treatment (9 tillers ) , hence ,the lowest one ( 5 tillers ) was observed at alfalfa and dodder treatment (5tillers). statistical analysis revealed that low the highest dodder severity index was observed at Alfalfa with dodder + T.viride+350 ppm of pesticide treatment (73.34%) while the lowest seventy percentage (0%) was seen at Alfalfa with dodder treatment .Field experiments showed that the highest Alfalfa hight was observed in dodder with glyphosate 350 ppm treatment (30cm), the lowest height was reported at Alfalfa with dodder treatment (21.34cm).Regaling the leaf number per plant ,Our result that the treatment of Alfalfa+dodder with T.viride showed the highest average (28.67 leaf/plant ) the lowest leaf number was observed at Alfalfa with dodder treatment (13.34 leaf/plant ).Tillering analysis proved that the treatment of dodder with T.viride scored the highest average (9tillers/plant ) , while the lowest average (5.34tillers/plant) was observed at the treatment of Alfalfa with dodder. The highest severity percentage on dodder was reported at dodder with E.rostratum +glyphosate 350ppm (100%) while the lowest percent (0%) was seen at dodder treatment .

تاثير المحراث تحت سطح التربة الاعتيادي والمطور وعمق الحراثة في بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية للتربة الطينية ونمو وانتاجية زهرة الشمس Helianthus annus L. == The effect of the conventional and modified subsoilers and operating depth on the soil physical and chemical properties in clay soil and yields and growth (Helianthus annus L

Author name: بهاء عبد الجليل عبد الكريم النصار
Supervisor name: كوثر عزيز حميد الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water - Soil Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

فصل وتنقية الكلايكوماكروببتايد من شرش حليب الابقار والماعز وتوصيفه كمضاد اكسدة == Separation and Purification of Glycomacropeptide From Whey Protein of Cow and Goat Milk and its Characterization as Antioxidant

Author name: بشائر عبد المطلب محمد حسن
Supervisor name: علي خضير جابر الركابي | حيدر ابراهيم علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in order to purify glycomacropeptide from both whey goat and cow. Thereafter, The molecular properties of purified glycomacropeptide and its effects as antioxidant were studied. Furthermore, the ability of pasteurized milk, unpasteurized milk, and whey protein for each used milk were studied to measure their effects as antioxidants. The results were as follow : 1 - Glycomacropeptide protein was separated using TCA method and boiling temperature method with alcohol. The TCA method showed sufficient results by giving more production with high activity for isolated protein compared to temperature method with alcohol, thus TCA method was used in this study. Sephadex G - 25 was used to purify both whey goat and cow. After that, electrophoresis technique was assigned by using polyacrylamide gel in order to be sure about the purity of isolated protein (one band).2 - The percentage of carbohydrate, protein, sialic acid of glycomacropeptide from both whey goat and cow were 27.5%, 32 %, 19.9%, 25%, 12% and 17 %, respectively.3 - The molecular weight of glycomacropeptide protein was 27 kDa and 29 kDa for both cow milk and goat milk, respectively.4 - The ability of pasteurized milk, unpasteurized milk, and whey protein for each used milk were studied to measure their effects as antioxidants. The results were as follow : A : The antioxidant activity of glycomacropeptide protein from goat milk was more effective to prevent linoleic acid oxidation compared to cow milk, while whey protein had less antioxidant activity compared to glycomacropeptide.B : Glycomacropeptide protein exhibited high values of H2O2 scavenging activity. The scavenging activity was 92.145 % and 95.678 % at concentration 5 mg/ml compared to ascorbic acid and rutin, which were 76.955 % and 66.920%, respectively.C : The reducing power was 139.21 % and 96.13 % compared to others samples, while the reducing power was less than tocopherol and BHT, which were 195.8 % and 226.48 %, respectively.D : Glycomacropeptide protein exhibited higher ferric - reducing activity at 5 mg/ml, while ferric - reducing activities of goat and cow milk were 89.696 % and 98.269 % for EDTA and citric acid, respectively.E : The stability of Glycomacropeptide protein and whey protein was determined as antioxidants through controlling three variables (temperature, pH and synergistic factor). Glycomacropeptide protein of goat milk showed higher stability compared to the whey at 75 mg/ml in all used variablesF : Glycomacropeptide protein from goat and cow milk was added to stored fish oil at 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 g/ g at 45 C for 50 days. The results revealed that the hydrogen peroxide and TBA were decreased using 0.08 g/g .

السليكون في خفض تاثير ملوحة مياه الري وسمية بعض العناصر الثقيلة في نمو نبات الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L. == Role of Silicon in Decreasing Salinity of Irrigation Water and Toxicity of Some Heavy Metals in Growth of Corn Crop (Zea mays L.)

Author name: بسام مزهر كاظم محمد علي السعيدي
Supervisor name: محمد مالك ياسين
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Two agricultural experiments were conducted to study the role of silicon in reducing the effect of salinity of irrigation water and toxicity of some heavy metals (Cd,Mn, and Pb) and growth of maize plant ( Zea mays L. ). The first experiment was consists five levels of silicon ( 0 , 75 , 150 , 225 and 300 mg Si Kg - 1 soil ) as the form of potassium silicate ( K2SiO3 ) which was added with irrigation water prepared previously in four saline levels with electrical conductivity ( 2 , 4 , 6 and 8 dSm - 1 ) to field capacity level. These four levels of saline water were added to two different soils , Abu - Al khasib soil (silty clay loam) and Al - Zubeir soil ( loamy sand) soil .The experiment was conducted in plastic pots by using factorial experiment with three factors 2 × 5 × 4 (soils × silicon levels × irrigation water salinity levels ) with three replicates to be 120 units for all experiment . After two months of planting, the shoot and root of plant were collected and dry weight of each them was recorded. Silicon , nitrogen , phosphorus , potassium , calcium , magnesium and sodium concentration were measured, at the same the time uptake of these elements and potassium to sodium ratio were measured . leaf area , electrolyte leakage , and electrical conductivity ( EC ) of soil were measured after planting.In general and in most of them, the results pointed out that there was an increasing in all studied parameters with the increasing of silicon levels with statistical differences especially in the level 300 mg Si Kg - 1 soil where the percentage of this treatment was superior in contrast with control where was more than 209% of dry weight of shoot and nearly 200% of dry weight of root.The results indicated that Abul - Kaseeb soil was surpassed with most studied parameters significantly. There was a significant effects of salinity water in decreasing all plant parameters, while the bi and tri interactions treatments didn't reach significant effect for shoots and roots accept cadmium and magnesium concentration .Four levels of silicon ( 0 , 75 , 150 and 300 mg Si Kg - 1 soil ) with three heavy metals ( Cd , Mn and Pb ). Cadmium ( 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 mg Cd Kg - 1 soil ) , manganese ( 0 , 200 , 400 , 800 mg Mn Kg - 1 soil ) lead ( 0 , 200 , 400 , 600 mg Pb Kg - 1 soil ), in second agricultural experiment were used in pot experiment for Abu - Al khasib soil with complete randomized design of factorial experiment with two factors ( 4 × 4 ) ( silicon level × element level ) with three replicates to confirm 48 units for each element . After 60 days of planting , the plants wereharvested and collected for both shoot and root , dry weight of each of them were recorded . ( Si , Cd , Mn and Pb ) contention in shoot and root were measured. The results appeared that there was superior of dry weight, Si contention of root and shoot due to Si addition in contrast with the control in all studied treatments of heavy metals specially level 300 mg Si Kg - 1 soil . As well , addition heavy metals in its most lead to decreasing weight of shoot and root with statistical differences whereas this addition of heavy metals leads to increasing of plant concentration from them with significant levels. As regards twofold interaction effect , of addition Si with heavy metals on growth parameters was no statistical differences of most of treatments except interaction effect of ( Cd contention ) in Cd treatment , dry weight of Mn experiment , Si contention , Pb concentration in Pb experiment for both of shoot and root were significant differences .

استجابة اصناف من محصول الباقلاء Vicia faba .L لمستويات من سماد NPK والعناصر الصغرى == Response of brod bean Cultivars ( Vicia faba L.) to NPK fertilizer levels and trace elements A ThesisA

Author name: بسام مفتن اوحيد
Supervisor name: وليد عبد الرضا جبيل السباهي | كفاح عبد الرضا جاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment was hold during the winter growing season (2015 - 2016) in Al - Qurna district located 80 km north of Basra city in clay - loam soil. The aim of this scenario was to study the effect of four levels of compound fertilizer with some of trace elements in the growth characteristics and yield quality for three cultivars of broad bean (Vicia faba L.). Split - plot was arranged in Randomized complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The main plots had the first factor that was fertilizer (10 - 10 - 30) NPK levels (zero, 100, 200 and 300 kg NPK ha - 1), which its symbolized by (F0, F1, F2 & F3) respectively. Sub plots had the second factor (the cultivars), which they were Aquadeljy (Turkish), Wakwadolus (Holland) and Los De Aotono (Spanish), which its symbolized by (V1, V2 & V3) respectively. The results showed the V1 cultivar significantly superior in number of days from planting to the first flower appearance by (61.25 days), but the highest level of 100 seed weight (119.80 g) was recorded by V2 cultivar. On the other hand, V3 cultivar recorded the highest level of seed yield, biological yield, protein yield and protein percentage in which they was (3717, 7623, 1171.4 kg ha - 1 and 30.50%) respectively. The other characteristics (plant height, plant tillers, number of pods in plant, seeds number per pod, yield per plant and harvest index) was not significant among the cultivars. On the other hand, treatment F0 of fertilizer showed the significant affect in the days from planting to the appearance of the first flower (58.67 days), but the treatment F3 appeared the highest level of plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, yield per plant, seeds yield, protein yield and protein percentage, which they was (82.2 cm, 10.10 pods plant - 1, 40.03 seed pod - 1, 47.2 g plant - 1, 4673 kg ha - 1, 1451.6 kg ha - 1 and 30.70 %) respectively. While the 100 seeds weight was recorded at the treatment F1, the other characteristics such as biological yield and harvest index did not affected by the fertilizer treatments . The combination among the treatments wassignificant just in number of pods in plant and protein percentage, whereas the combination of V3F3 gave the highest number of pods per plant (11.80 pod plant - 1) and protein percentage (32.7%) .

تاثير التلقيح ببعض الاسمدة الحيوية والمبيدات الكيميائية في احياء التربة المجهرية واثرها في نمو نبات الشعير Hordium vulgare. L == Effect inoculation of some Biofertilizer and chemical pesticide on soil microorganisms and barley (Hordium vulgare. L. ) growth

Author name: بدور سهيل نجم هواز الكطراني
Supervisor name: عبد الزهرة طه ظاهر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تنقية وتوصيف انزيم اللايبيز المستخلص من بذور فول الصويا المنبتة واستخدامه كمحسن للخبز == PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPASE EXTRACTED FROM SOY BEAN SEEDS AND USED IT AS IMPROVER IN BAKING

Author name: بتول محمود محمد الانصاري
Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي | ضياء فالح الفكيكي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة استخلاص وتنقية انزيم اللايبيز من سبعة انواع من البذور الزيتية قبل وبعد الانبات وهي(فول الصويواالسلجم وزهرة الشمس والعصفر والدخن والذرة الصفراء والخروع). اظهرت نتائج تقدير الفعالية النوعية ان افضل نوع للبذور الزيتية هو بذور فول الصويا اذ اعطت اعلى فعالية نوعية للانزيم في البذور قبل الانبات وبعد الانبات 3.58 و11.20 وحدة / ملغم بروتين على التوالي مقارنة مع بقية الانواع الاخرى. استخلص اللايبيز من بذور فول الصويا قبل وبعد الانبات باستعمال تسعة محاليل استخلاص ووجد ان افضل محلول للاستخلاص هو محلول Tris - HCl تركيز 0.1 مولاري الحاوي على 0.01 مولاري كلوريد الكالسيوم و0.001 مولاري اثلين داي امين تترا استك اسد و0.001 مولاري كلوريد المغنسيوم وبدالة حامضية 8 , اذ انه اعطى اعلى فعالية نوعية. درس التركيب الكيميائي لبذور فول الصويا قبل الانبات وخلال مدة الانبات المختلفة اذ لوحظ ارتفاع نسبة البروتين في البذور المنبتة لتصل ذروتها عند نهاية اليوم الخامس من الانبات والذي بلغ 41.60% مقارنة بنسبة البروتين قبل الانبات 35.57 %. اما نسبة الدهن والكاربوهيدرات والرماد فقد انخفضت في البذور خلال مدد الانبات اذ بلغت 17.75 و30.18 و5.97 % على التوالي مقارنة بالبذور غير المنبتة 20.74 و32.5 و6.26 % على التوالي. تم متابعة تطور اللايبيز في مدة الانبات لبذور فول الصويا, اذ امتلك اعلى فعالية في اليوم الخامس من الانبات حيث بلغت 38.00 وحدة/ مل . اجريت خــــــــــــطوة الترسيب التدريجي للانزيم باستعــــــــمال نسب اشباع متدرجــــــــــــــــة من كبريتات الامونيوم 30 - 90 %, اذ لوحظ حدوث ارتفاع واضح بشكل تدريجي للفعالية النوعية للانزيم في الراسب الناتج لغاية نسبة اشباع 80 % وقد اعطت هذه الخطوة فعالية نوعية مقدارها 324.44 وحدة / ملغم بروتين وحصيلة انزيمية بلغت 29.20 % بعدد مرات تنقية مقدارها 10.78 مرة. اما خطوة التنقية بالترشيح الهلامي باستعمال عمود الترشيح الهلامي Sephadex G - 100فقد بلغت الفعالية النوعية 366.66 وحدة/ ملغم بروتين وبحصيلة انزيمية 17.83% وبعدد مرات تنقية 12.18 مرة. وبينت نتائج تحديد نقاوة اللايبيز ظهور حزمة بروتينية واحدة عند الترحيل الكهربائي في هلام متعدد الاكريلامايد بغياب العوامل الماسخة, في حين بلغ الوزن الجزيئي 41.687 كيلو دالتون بطريقة الترحيل الكهربائي في هلام متعدد الاكريلامايد بوجود العوامل الماسخة . وجد ان الدالة الحامضية المثلى لفعالية الانزيم كانت 8 , في حين تراوحت الدالة الحامضية المثلى لثبات الانزيم بين 7 - 9 اذ احتفظ الانزيم بـ 90 % من فعاليته. بينما لوحظ ان درجة الحرارة المثلى للفعالية الانزيمية للانزيم المنقى هي 40 م وان الانزيم يفقد 67 % من فعاليته على 90 م . اظهرت نتائج تاثير الايونات المعدنية والعوامل المختزلة والكلابية على فعالية اللايبيز ان لايونات الزئبقيك والخارصين والحديدوز بتركيزي 1 و5 ملي مولاري تاثير تثبيطي في فعالية الانزيم ،اذ بلغت الفعالية المتبقية 63.2 و68.9 و66.1 % على التوالي, في حين احتفظ الانزيم بكامل فعاليته عند تركيز 5 ملي مولاري بوجود ايونات الكالسيوم والبوتاسيوم. كمااظهرت العوامل الكلابية والمختزلة ان للـ EDTA دورا تنشيطيا عند حضنه مع اللايبيز بتركيز 1 و5 ملي مولاري. ولوحظ ان اللايبيز لا ينتمي الى مجموعة الانزيمات الفلزية (metalloenzyme). اما اليوريا فكان لها دور تثبيطي على فعالية الانزيم عند تركيز1 و5 ملي مولاري, في حين بلغت الفعالية المتبقية للانزيم 86.2 % عند حضنه مع 1% Mercaptoethanol 2 - , بينما كانت الفعالية المتبقية للانزيم عند حضنه مع Hydrogen peroxide وSodium hypochlorid 74.7 و75.8 % على التوالي بتركيز1 % .ولوحظ ان لمواد الشد السطحي تاثيروااضحا على فعالية الانزيم عند تركيز 1 و5 %, اذ احتفظ الانزيم بكامل فعاليته عند حضنه مع Triton X - 100 وTween 20عند تركيز 1% . في حين تاثرت فعالية اللايبيز باضافة المنظفات التجارية, ولكنها اظهرت ثباتية عالية في وجود المنظف Sar حيث بلغت الفعالية المتبقة 99.1 %. بينت النتائج تباين النسبة المئوية للاحماض الامينية الموجودة في اللايبيز اذ لوحظ ان اعلى تركيز كان لليوسين Leu بلغ 16.4 % بينما اقل تركيز كان للاسبارتك ASP 1.5 % في حين تفاوتت الاحماض الامينية الاخرى في نسبها المئوية. اظهرت نتائج فحص الفارينوغراف وجود فروق معنوية بين قيم متوسطات نسب امتصاص الماء للمعاملات واظهر تركيز 0.004 ملغم لايبيز / 100 غم طحين و0.75 % محسن Ovalette اعلى نسبة امتصاص للماء 61.7 و59.9 % على التوالي , في حين ازدادت فترة الاستقرار معنويا 9.6 و9.9 دقيقة عند تركيز 0.002 و0.004 ملغم لايبيز/ 100 غم طحين و13.3 و11.6 دقيقة عند تركيز0.50 و0.75 % محسن. اما قيم متوسطات فترة النضج للعجين فقد ازدادت مع زيادة تركيز الانزيم 0.002 و0.004 ملغم لايبيز/ 100 غم طحين معنويا اذ كانت 7.2 دقيقة وارتفعت فترة نضج العجين عند جميع تراكيز المحسن 6.8 و8.5 و6.2 دقيقة على التوالي مقارنة مع العجين الخالي من اية اضافة. وجد من العلامات النهائية للتقويم الحسي ان افضل معاملة كانت عند اضافة اللايبيز بتركيز 0.002 ملغم لايبيز/ 100 غم طحين و0.5 % Ovalette وكان المجموع النهائي للمعاملات 95 و94 % على التوالي. لوحظ من نتائج فحوصات تاثير اللايبيز على تجلد الخبز ان قيم كل من حجم الراسب في عالق اللب المائي وقوة التشرب ورطوبة اللب انخفضت تدريجيا مع زيادة مدة حفظ الخبز, اما نسبة الرطوبة في القشرة فقد ازدادت مع تقدم مدة الحفظ. وكان تاثير اضافة اللايبيز والمحسن Ovalette ايجابيا على الصفات النوعية ( الحجم ولون ونضارة اللب) والخزنية (تاخر تجلد اللب) للخبز المختبري | The study included extraction and purification of lipase enzyme from seven kinds of oil seeds before and after germination, those were (soy bean ,rapeseed, sunflower, safflower, pearl millet, yellow corn and castor bean seeds). The results of spcific activity estimation showed that , the best kind of oil seeds are soy bean seeds, they gave the highest specific activity of enzyme before and after germination 3.58 and 11.20 unit/ mg protein respectively comparing with other varieties. Lipase was extraction from soy bean seeds before and after germination using nine extraction solutions the best extractant solution was Tris - HCl 0.10 M containing 0.01M calcium chloride and 0.001mM ethylene di amin tetra acetic acid and 0.001 mM magnesium chloride pH 8. Lipase improvement was monitored through the germination period of soy bean seeds, it reached the highest activity of lipase after five days of germination ,which was 38.00 unit / ml .The chemical composition of soy bean seeds studied before germination period and through different germination period , higher protein percentage was noticed in the germination seeds where it reached its peak at the end of five days of germination 41.60 % compared with protein percentage before germination 35.57 %. For the percentage of fat, charbohydrates and ash they decreased in the seed through germination periods, down to 17.75 %, 30.18 % and 5.97% respectively compared with non - germinated 20.74 % and 32.50 and 6.26% respectively. The gradually precipitated by addition of ammonium sulphate to final saturation of 30 - 90%. Agradual obvious higher specific activity of the enzyme in the precipitate resulted ,till saturation level 80% , this step gave aspecific activity of 324.40 unit/ mg protein and an enzyme yield of 29.20% ,purification folds 10.79 time. While purification step of gel filteration using Sephadex G - 100 where the specific activity 366.66 Unit / mg protein , enzyme yield of 17.83 % and purification fold 12.18. Results for determination of lipase purity showed an appearance of a single protein band by poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis with out of denaturizing agent . The molecular weight of enzyme was 41.687 kilo dalton by poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis with denaturizing agent . The optimum pH for enzymtic activity of the purified enzyme were 8 while the optimum pH stability profile of the enzyme was between 7 - 9, and the enzyme kept 90% of its activity, while notes that the optimum temperature for the enzymatic activity of the purified enzyme was 40 C ͦ, and that enzyme loses 67% of its activity at 90 C ͦ. The resulte of effectness of metal ions and reducing and chelating agent was showed that ions of mercury and zinc ions and ferrous at concentrations of ( 1 and 5 ) m M have an inhibition effect on enzyme activity, as the remaining activity reached the values 63.2 .68.9 and 66.1% respectively , while the enzyme kept its total activity at concentration of 5 m M in the presence of calcium and potassium ions. The chelating and reducing agents showed that EDTA has an active rule when the enzyme incubated with 1 and 5 mM of lipase. And it was noticed that lipase dosn΄t belong to the metalloenzyme group. For urea , it has an active rule on the enzyme activity at 1 and 5 M ,where remaining activity for the enzyme reached 86.2% when incubated with 1% 2 - mercaptoethanol while it was 74.7 and 75.8 % respectivly when incubate with 1% of Hydrogen peroxide and Sodium hydrochloride respectively. Concentration ,for enzyme kept its total activity when incubated with Triton X - 100 and Tween 20 at concentration 1%. While lipase activity did n΄t effected by adding commercial detergents, it also showed a high stability in present of Sar detergent where as residual activity reached 99.1 % . Results cleared the contrast of amino acids existin lipase because it is noticed that the highest concentration reached by leucine was 16.4% where as lowest concentration was that reached by aspartic acid 1.5% ,the other amino acids differed in their percentage . The results of pharinograph test showed that there were significant differences between the mean of water absorption the ratios showed that the concentration of 0.004 mg / 100 g flour of enzyme and 0.75% improver give highest absorption of water with significant of moral 61.7 and 59.9% respectively, while the stability period increased to 9.6 and 9.9 minutes at a concentration of 0.002 to 0.004 mg / 100 g flour of enzyme and 13.3 and 11.6 minutes at a concentration of 0.50 and 0.75% improver with significant differences. The average values of maturity period of the dough increased with increasing concentration of the enzyme 0.002 and 0.004 mg / 100 g flour with significant difference as it was 7.2 minutes and increased the maturity period of the dough at all improver concentrations of 6.8, 8.5 and 6.2, respectively, compared with the dough without any addition. Found from the final marks of sensory evaluation ,it is found that the best process was when add lipase at 0.002 mg / 100 g flour concentration and 0.5 % Ovallete ,the final marks were 95 and 94 % respectively. Its has been noticed that the values of volume of sediment in the crumb aquous suspended ,absorption power and crumb moisture, all reduced gradually with the increasing of loaf storage time. While the moisture content of crust was increased The effect of adding enzyme and improver Ovallete was positive regarding the specific characteristics of loaf such as ( volume ,color and softness of crumb) for loaf.

استخدام بروتيز بذور الكتان المنقى جزئيا ومقارنته مع الطرائق الكيميائية في تحضير المركزات البروتينية من بعض مخلفات الحيوانات == Using Of Partially Protease Enzyme Flaxseed And Comparison With Chemical Methods In Manufacturing Protein Concentrations From Some Animals Waste

Author name: باسم صدام محسن الاسدي
Supervisor name: اميرة كاظم ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية تحضير مركزات بروتينية من ريش الدواجن وصوف الاغنام ووبر الجمال باستخدام الطرق التقليدية (القاعدة والحامض) واستخدام بروتيز بذور نبات الكتان المنقى جزئيا وانزيم البابايين كانزيم مقارنة بتراكيز 1 و2 و5 و10 و15%.تم استخلاص البروتيز باستخدام محلول الاستخلاص المكون من حامض البوريك ومحلول كلوريد الصوديوم. تمت تنقيه جزئية للبروتيز باستخدام كبريتات الامونيوم بنسبة تشبع 70% واعطى الانزيم فعالية نوعية بلغت 27.50 وحدة/ملغم بروتين وفعالية تحللية 170.20 وحدة/مل. تم احتساب درجة التحلل للعينات الخام والمركزات البروتينية وتمت دراسة التركيب الكيميائي للعينات الخام والمركزات البروتينية المحضرة وشملت تقدير النيتروجين الكلي والنيتروجين الذائب وغير الذائب والعناصر المعدنية وتقدير نسبة الرطوبة والبروتين والرماد، كما تم حساب كمية الحاصل.اوضحت نتائج الدراسة ما يلي : 1 - ارتفعت درجة التحلل للمركزات البروتينية المحضرة لتصل في مركز الريش 16.50و16.14 و15.77و 15.68% ومركز الصوف 14.69 ، 14.55 و14.13و 14.19% ومركز الوبر 14.92 ، 14.78 و14.64 و58 % 14. باستخدام القاعدة والحامض وبروتيز بذور الكتان المنقى جزئيا وانزيم البابايين كانزيم مقارنة بالعينات الخام والتي كانت 2.57و3.34 و3.05% للريش والصوف والوبر على التوالي .2 - ارتفاع معنوي في نسبة البروتين في المركزات البروتينية المحضرة مع تفوق معنوي للمركز المحضر من وبر الجمال مقارنة بالمركزات الاخرى .3 - ارتفاع معنوي في نسبة الدهن في مركز الريش مقارنة بالمركز المحضر من الصوف ووبر الجمال وبلغت اقل متوسط لنسبة الدهن في المركز المحضر من وبر الجمال .4 - انخفاض معنوي في نسبة الرطوبة في المركزات البروتينية المحضرة كافة مقارنة بالعينات الخام وكان اقل متوسط لنسبة الرطوبة في مركز وبر الجمال.5 - انخفاض معنوي في نسبة الرماد عند تحضير المركزات البروتينية مقارنة بالعينات الخام وتظهر النتائج احتواء مركز الوبر على اقل نسبة .6 - ارتفعت نسبة النيتروجين الكلي الذائب في المركزات البروتينية المحضرة مقارنة بالعينات الخام ولم تظهر النتائج اختلافات معنوية بين المركزات المحضرة .7 - انخفاض معنوي في نسبة النيتروجين الغير الذائب في المركزات البروتينية مقارنة بالعينات الخام ولم تظهر النتائج اختلافات معنوية في نسبة NTSN بين المركزات المحضرة .8 - ارتفاع قابلية حمل الماء للمركزات البروتينية المحضرة والتي لم تظهر اختلافات معنوية فيما بينها مقارنة بالعينات الخام.9 - ارتفاع معنوي لقابلية الذوبان للمركزات المحضرة مقارنة بالعينات الخام ولم تظهر اختلافات معنوية بين المركزات المحضرة .10 - لوحظ عدم وجود فروقات معنوية بين كمية العناصر المعدنية في المركزات البروتينية المركزة والمستوردة . | In this study protein concentrates were prepared from poultry feather, sheep wool and camel hair by following the traditional methods (acid an base) 1,2,5,10,15 % and the use of partially purified protease enzyme from flux seed and Babain Enzyme. The protease was extracted by the use of extraction solution consisting of boric acid and sodium chloride solution. Protease was partly purified by the use of 70% saturation of ammonium sulfate. The obtained quality activity of enzyme was 27.50 unit per mg protein and analytical activity of 170.20 unit/ml. Analytical rates for raw and protein concentration were determined chemical composition of the raw samples and the prepared protein concentrates was determined, namely total nitrogen, soluble and non - soluble nitrogen, minerals, moisture%, protein% and ash%. yield of product was calculated too. obtained results showed that : 1 - Analytical rates of raw samples of feathers, wool and camel hair were 2.57, 2.34 and 3.5 respectively and increased to 16.50, 16.14,15.77 and 15.68 % for the protein consternated of feathers , prepared by the use of acid, base and the protease of flax seed respectively and Babain Enzyme 14.69, 14.55,14.13 and 14.19% respectively for protein concentrate of wool and 14.92, 14.78,14.64 and 14.58% respectively for the concentrate of camel hair.2 - Protein percentage of protein concentrate of camel hair was significantly higher than other concentrate.3 - The lowest mean percentage of fat was recorded for the protein concentrate of camel hair compared with highest percentage of fat of concentrate of feather.4 - Significantly decreased were noticed in the fat percentage of all protein concentrate in comparison with raw samples, the lowest percentage was recorded in protein concentrate of camel hair.5 - Ash percentage were significantly lower in protein concentrate compared with the raw samples , the lowest percentage was in camel hair concentrate.6 - Total soluble nitrogen percentage were higher non - significantly in the prepared concentrate compared with the raw samples. 7 - Significantly decreased in percentage of non - soluble nitrogen in comparison of raw samples , but non - significantly difference in NTSN were obtained between the difference prepared protein concentrate.8 - Water holding capacity was non - significantly higher in the prepared protein concentrates in comparison with the raw samples.9 - Significantly increased in solubility of papered concentrates when compared with the raw samples difference in solubility of the prepared protein concentrates were not significantly. 10 - It was noticed that there is no significant between component quantity in manufacturing protein concentration from and in ported protein from

تقييم التنوع الوراثي في تجمعات الابل العراقية باستخدام تقنية التتابعات الدقيقة == ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN IRAQI CAMELS POPULATION USING MICROSATELLITES TECHNIQUE

Author name: ايوب راضي طعمة زعلان
Supervisor name: طالب احمد جايد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in the Genetic Engineering Lab., College of Agriculture, University of Basrah (UoB). Iraqi camels divided into six provinces namely Basrah, Maysan, Dhi Qar, Qadisiyah, Muthannah and Najaf, aimed to measure the genetic diversity, genetic polymorphism for Iraqi camels, measure the ratio and the amount of heterozygosity in addition to the study of the genetic relationship between these populations. The blood samples were collected from six unrelated Iraqi camels populations by 100 samples by 5 ml from the jugular vein using a medical syringe. The blood was stored in test tubes containing anticoagulant agent like EDTA. Samples were numbered to know the area where the samples were taken. DNA was extracted using Kit from Invitrogen company, U.S.A according to the instructions attached with kit with some necessary modifications. The amount of DNA per sample measured by using Nano drop technique (Thermo scientific company, USA).Twelve microsatellite markers for camels (CMS50, CMS121, CMS13, VOLP67, LCA66, CVRL06, CVRL05, CVRL01, VOLP32, VOLP03, WYLL44, WYLL08) were used in this study. Polymerase chain reaction PCR was done for these microsatellite markers then fragmentations DNA analysis was conducted. Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed using special programs for population genetics such as popgene. can summarize the results as follows : 1. All primers generated pands and polymorphic DNA fragments in all tested samples with the exception of WYLL44 and WYLL08 molecular markers which filled to produce any amplifiable DNA for all populations.2. The total number of alleles for all molecular markers were 119 alleles with an average of 11.9 alleles.Summaryb3. VOLP67 marker had higher genetic polymorphism, as produced 23 alleles size ranged from 161 - 244 bp.4. Rest markers showed genetic polymorphism ranged from 6 to 15 alleles.5. Observed number of alleles No ranged from 16 alleles in Najaf populations for VOLP67 molecular marker to 4 alleles in Muthanna populations for CVRL06 molecular marker.6. The total silent alleles were 51, the rare alleles were 108, frequent alleles were 177 and common alleles were 244 .7. The observed heterozygosity Ho was 1.0 for all molecular markers. The expected heterozygosity He was 0.936 in Maysan populations for VOLP67 molecular marker while it was 0.682 in Dhi Qar populations for CVRL06 molecular marker.8. Effective number of alleles Ne ranged from 2,941 in Dhi Qar populations for CVRL06 molecular marker to 10.958 in Najaf populations for VOLP67 molecular marker.9. The values of polymorphism information content PIC ranged from 0.595 in Dhi Qar populations for CVRL06 molecular marker to 0.919 in Qadisiyah populations for CMS13 molecular marker.10. The lower genetic distance and higher genetic similarity between Basrah and Najaf populations, they were 0.161 and 0.851, respectively. Higher genetic distance and lower genetic similarity between Maysan and Dhi Qar populations were 0.370 and 0.690, respectively.

تاثير التسميد العضوي والبكتيري في نمو وحاصل ونوعية صنفين من الذرة البيضاء bicolor Sorghum (L.) Moench == The Effect of Organic and Bio - Fertilization in the Growth,Yield and the qualityof Two varieties of Sorghum {Sorghum bicolor ( L. ) Moench}

Author name: ايمان علاء الدين غازي
Supervisor name: كاظم حسن هذيلي الوحيلي | هاشم رشيد مجيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2014 at a private field in Al - qurna county in clay loam soil with a salinity 3.2 ds.m - 1 ; to study the effect of interference between organic and biofertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum ) on two varieties of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) (Kafair and NK8817).The experiment was carried out by using two levels of organic manure (without application and 10 ton / ha) and three type of bio - fertilizer (no application treatment, first strain of A.chroococcum (A1), and second strain of A. chroococcum (A2) and two varieties of sorghum local variety (Kafair) and the American hybrid (NK8817).The experiment was d esigned by R.C.B.D. in a split - split plot design in three replicates, the main plot was occupied the organic manure, sub. Plots consist bio - fertilizer levels while the sorghum varieties putted in the sub - sub plots. The results showed significant differences between varieties of sorghum, as outweigh the product was Kafair in both the number of days from planting to 50% flowering ( 44.89 day) and 50% flowering to maturity(29.11day), plant height(141.26 cm) , and protein percent (9.34%),while outweigh American hybrid NK8817 in each of the (leaf area3160cm2, the average number of grain in head2021.5 grain head - 1 , 1000 - grains weight 24.07 gm individual plant yield 46.63 gm, total grain yield 3831.8 kg/ha. The results showed that adding bio - fertilizer (A.chroococcum ) increased the qualities above while reducing the number of days from planting to 50% flowering and 50% flowering to maturity with no significant difference between first strain and second strain (A1 and A2) the yield has arrived (4030.7 kg/ ha) for A2 strain respectively compared with no application who gave 2485.8 kg/ ha .The results also showed that adding manure gave a significant increase of the recipes studied plant height (110.40 cm), leaf area (3874cm2), the average number of grain in head( 2005.7 grain head - 1 ), 1000 - grains weight (22.61 gm) individual plant yield( 45.08gm) , total grain yield (3731.4 kg/ha), protein percent ( 9.63% )and protein yield( 355.7 kg/ha) while it reduced the number of days from planting to 50% flowering ( 46.50 day) and 50% flowering to maturity ( 29.83 day) .There was a significant interaction between organic - fertilizer and Cultivated varieties, the NK8817 variety which treatment with 10 ton/ha gives high grain yield reached 4170.4 kg/ha compared with no fertilizer Kafair who gave 2944.5 kg/ha .There was also a significant interaction between bio - fertilizer and Cultivated varieties, the NK8817 variety which treatment with second strain A2 gives high grain yield reached 4431.4 kg/ha compared with no fertilizer Kafair who gave 2192.4 kg/ha .The results showed the interaction between organic - bio - fertilizer was significant interaction in most traits studied the plant which treated with 10 ton organic matter/ha and treatment with second strain A2 gives high grain yield reached 4315.8 kg/ha with no significant difference with first strain A1 .The results also showed the interaction between the three factors gave a significant differences in most traits studied. The highest seed yield ( 4880.9 kg ha - 1 )was obtained by using NK8817 variety which treated with second strain A2 and using 10 ton organic matter/ha while the control gave 2192.4 kg ha - 1 .

دراسة تركيبة تجمع الاسماك في كرمة علي جنوب العراق == Study of Fish Assemblage Structure in the Garmat Ali River, South Iraq

Author name: انتصار كامل حميد
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق محمود محمد | كاظم حسن يونس
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study describes the composition of fish assemblage of the Garmat Ali River by adopting the ecological indices, and focusing on the changes in the structure of fish assemblage and the environmental factors. The ecological status of the river was evaluated by applying water quality index (CCME - WQI) and fish integrated biological index (F - IBI).Water and fish samples were collected on monthly basis, from the three stations during the period from November 2015 to October 2016.The study showed that air temperature ranged from 17.3ºC in December to 35.7 ºC in September, water temperature varied from 14.3 ºC in December to 32.7 ºC in September, transparency fluctuated from 17.7cm in July to 55.0cm in January, salinity ranged between1.5‰ in June to 6.0‰ in December and the pH varied from 7.2 in August to 8.3 in November. Water quality index of the river was classified as marginal (WQI= 49.5%). A total 34 fish species belonging to 26 genus and 16 families were caught using seine net, fixed gill net and electro - fishing, all species belong to Osteichthyes. Cyprinidae is a dominant family represented by seven species.The number of species caught was 9 in January and 25 in May. The fish fauna consisted of 18 marine, eight native and eight exotic species. The resident species consisted of 14 species, three species seasonal and 17 species occasional. Poecilia latipinna was the most abundant species numerically and in weight comprising 57.66% and 35.45%, respectively, followed by Tenualosa ilisha (15.29%, 22.38%). The third position in number was occupied with Thryssa whiteheadi (7.96%), but Carassius auratus in weight (10.16%). The dominance value (D3) for the more three abundant species in number (P. latipinna, T. ilisha and T. whiteheadi) was 80.91%, while in weight was 67.99% for P. latipinna, T. ilisha and C. auratus.The overall numerical diversity index ranged from 0.47 in February to 1.66 in October, but the weight diversity index ranged between 0.79 in February and 2.05 in April. The overall numerical evenness index varied from 0.23 in February and 0.63 in October, andthe weight evenness ranged between 0.37 in February and 0.73 in November. The overall richness index ranged from 1.05 in February to 2.26 in April.Associations between the numbers of species and individuals of fish and the environmental variables were clarified by using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The analysis was indicated that T.whiteheadi, T. vetrirostris, Coptodon zilli , Oreochromis aureus C. auratus and T. ilisha have been associated with water temperature, and P. latipinna has been associated with salinity.Cluster analysis reveals five main groups according to the Jaccared similarity index and three major groups according to Schooner' s similarity index. The integrated biological index (IBI) scores were calculated from 15 separate assemblage metrics based on the fish species richness, species composition and trophic guilds. The ecological status of the river was found to be impaired (F - IBI=46.5%).The study shows that the deterioration of the water quality of the Garmat Ali River during the last years, which reflects the deterioration of the water quality of both Shatt Al - Arab and East Hammar marsh, has affected on the composition of fish assemblage of the river fish in terms of the decrease in the number of native or endemic species and the increase in the numbers of marine and exotic species. This is confirmed by the value of F - IBI, which reflect the state of the ecological disturbance of the river.

تاثير مصدر الجزء النباتي وتركيز منظمات النمو في اكثار نبات الداليا الهجينة Dahlia variabilis Wild. (Desf.) خارج الجسم الحي == EFFECT OF SOURCE OF EXPLANT AND GROWTH REGULATORS ON IN VITRO PROPOGATION OF DAHLIA PLANT (Dahlia variabilis Wild. (Desf.))

Author name: اسراء عبد المحسن دراج عباس
Supervisor name: ماجد عبد الحميد ابراهيم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study was conducted in the Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah during the period of 2013 - 2015. The aim of this study was micro propagation of dahlia plant (Dahlia variabilis Wild. (Desf.)), using several methods of In vitro culture. This study was conducted several experiments involving test source of explants and the effect of growth regulators in various stages of propagation, and the results of the study are as follows : - 1. The germination percentage of seeds that cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2+0.3 mg.l - 1 combination BA and NAA respectively was 100% , while the seeds did not germinate when they cultured on MS medium provided of concentration of 0+0, 1+0 and 1+0.3 mg.l - 1 each of BA and NAA.2. The germination percent of seeds cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2+0.3 mg.l - 1 BA and NAA that grown in darkness reached 100% . but these seeds did not germinated when they grown in the light.3. Shoot tip was superior significantly on the epicotyl in the percentage of shoot multiplication, which reached in each 86.67% and 43.33% respectively. While cotyledonary leaves, nodal and root segments did not show any response to shoot multiplication.4. The shoot tip cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0+2.0 combination of BA and NAA gave the highest rates for the number of shoots, shoot length, number of leaves and leaf area, which reached 5.00 shoots, 3.33 cm, 5.33 leaves and 0.40 cm2, respectively. This combination was superior significantly on other combinations of BA and NAA (1.5+1.5, 2.5+2.5 and 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1).5. The results showed that the shoot base segment formed direct adventitious shoots when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0+2.0, 2.5+2.5 and 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1 combinations of BA and NAA. But, that shoot base segment cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.5+1.5 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA showed no response to the formation of shoots after eight weeks of culture. Also, theresults showed that the shoot segments cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0+2.0 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA has superior significantly rules on other combinations of BA and NAA in the number and length of shoots (10.00 shoots and 6.67 cm, respectively).6. Shoot tips and nodal segments cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 +3.0 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA were superior significantly on epicotyl in the percentage of callus induction, which reached 75.00%, 60.67% and 23.33%, respectively, after eight weeks of culture. The other explants (cotyledonary leaves and root segments) cultured on the same components of the medium, they did not respond to the induction of callus.7. The shoot tips were growing on MS medium supplemented with 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA gave a large amount of callus. While these shoot tips cultured on MS medium supplied with 1.5+1.5 mg.l - 1 did not give any response to the induction of callus.8. The results showed indirect organogenesis from callus developing from the shoot tip and epicotyl on MS medium added with 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA while cotyledonary leaves, nodal and root segments did not respond to organogenesis when cultured on the same medium components.9. The two combinations of BA and NAA (2.0+2.0 and 2.5+2.5 mg.l - 1) were superior significantly on the 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1 combination in the number and length of shoots producing from the developing callus of shoot tip, which reached : (6.3 and 5.67) shoots and (6. 67 and 5.67) cm, respectively. While the shoot tips did not respond to organogenesis when cultured on MS medium added to 1.5+1.5 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA.10. The shoots cultured on half strength of MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg.l - 1 NAA were superior significantly on other concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 mg.l - 1), in the percentage of rooting, the number of secondary roots and root length which reached 81.67%, 10.33 root and 1.47 cm respectively .11. The adventitious shoots cultured on half strength of MS medium added to 0.6 mg.l - 1 IBA and 45 gm.l - 1 sucrose gave the highest percentage of rooting and the highest rates of the number of primary and secondary roots and root length.12. Dahlia plants were acclimatized a high success rate of 100% when cultured in plastic pods containing a mixture of fine sand and peat - moss sterilized by 2 : 1.

تاثير التلقيح ببعض فطريات المايكورايزا في نمو وامتصاص الفسفور لنبات الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L. في التربة المتاثرة بالملوحة == Effect of inoculation by some fungi Mycorrhiza on growth and phosphorus uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) in saline soils

Author name: استبرق عبد الكريم كحطان البدران
Supervisor name: ميعاد مهدي الجابري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate inoculation efficiency of different two kinds of Mycorrhizae fungi and mixed on effect soil structure and increasing the growth of Zea mays L. plants, grown in saline soil, which was reflected on fertilization of soil and reduction of to meet the need of some plant nutrients.It has been conducting the study.Which included test and propagate Mycorrhizal isolation ( Glomus mosseae and Glomus Spp.) obtained from Agricultural Research Office , Ministry of Science and Technology, using sandy loam soil, brought from Al - Zubair region, Basrah governovate. Soil was air - dried, grinded and sieved by 4mm diameter core sieve, and then autoclaved at atemperature of 121C and pressure of 15 P.Inch2 for 90 minutes to produce soil free of microorganism. Plastic Pots have 5 Kg.Soil for each one and inoculated with both Mycorrhiza and separately.100 gm. of inoculation was put 5Cm bereath the soil surface of the pots and 100 gm. Of inoculation was also added by mixing with soil surface. 10 seeds of Triticum aestivum L. class,Ebaa 99 were stirelized in 2% HgCl and 95% ethanol and sowed in these pots. Seedlings were thirned to seedlings and watered up to 75% of water holding capacity. After 90 days of germination, shoot was cut and left away, whereas the mixture of soil and root pieces were kept in side sterilized sacks and left in the refrigerator use as inoculation . Samples of these were tested under microscope to confirm infection of roots by Mycorrhiza using Acid fuchsin dye. Samples of soil were also tested to insure the presence of Spores using the method of wet sieving and decanting .The second experiment included testing soil samples which were collected randomly from 0 - 30cmdepthsoil of Ashafi region ,vallage of Eshnanah, Al - Qurna region, north of Basrah Governoate. Soil was air - dried, grinded and sieved by 4mm diameter core sieve. The soil was salined from 5 ds m - 1. To reach the saline levels of 10 and 20 ds m - 1.through washing with abalanced solution of 4 chemicals (MgSO4 , CaSO4.2H2O, NaCl and CaCl2.2H2O) until the balance level between the added saline solution and the drained water was reached. The plastic pots were filled with 5 Kg pot - 1 soil inoculated with isolated fungi, each fungi alone, and with both fungus as infected treatments and also control treatment ( without inoculation).50gm layers of Mycorrhiza were put death 5Cm bellow pot surface and 50gm of the same inoculation was mixed with soil surface. Control treatment was contained 50gm sterilized sand layered death 5Cm bellow the soil surface of the pot and 50gm of the same sand was mixed with soil surface layer.Experimental untis were supplied with chemical fertilizers as recommended to Zea mays L. plants , with the exception of phorphorus being added with three concentrations (0,60,120) Kg p ha - 1. 10 sterlized seeds of Zea mays L.,class Bhooth 106 were sowed in each pot , and then thinned to 5 seedlings pot - 1 a week after germination , with control treatment being sowed first to avoid contamination. Pots were irrigated with RO water throughout the experimental time in which pots were watered up to 70% of its water holding capacity. After 90 days of germination, shoot part of plant was cut from the soil surface Balsndan, Rooting part was cleaned and placed in a test tube containing Formalin acetic acid solution and kept till dying and examining under microscope.Determination were made on some growth parameters , such as, percentage of root infection, root length, dry weights of shoot and root growth, Protein and phosphorus up - take and mean weight diameter.Were obtained the following results : 1 - Inoculation by Mycorrhiza (G.mosseae , G.spp. alone and with amixture of both them increase on Percentage of root infection of plant Zea mays L.(88.88% , 64.44% , 77%) as compared with control treatment (18.11%) , inoculation by fungi Mycorrhiza theabove - mentioned significant increases on root length of plant Zea mays L. (39.23, 21.99 , 28.65 cm) as compared with control treatment (12.76 cm) , give inoculation by Mycorrhiza fungi the above - mentioned significant increases on dry weight of root growth (7.02 , 4.02 , 5.48 , gm pot - 1 ) Respectively as compared with control treatment (1.05 gm pot - 1 ), inoculation by Mycorrhiza fungi the above - mentioned give significant increases on dry weight of shoot (10.007 , 6.75 , 7.57 gm pot - 1 ) Respectively ascompared with control treatment (2.36 gm pot - 1), signification increases on Protein percentagr on treatment inoculation by Mycorrhiza fungi the above - mentioned ( 11.82% , 9.80 , 10.61%) Respectively as compared with control treatment (6.13%),give inoculation fungi Mycorrhiza significant increases on phosphorus up - take (23.80 , 16.02 , 21.47 mg P plant - 1) Respectively as compared with control treatment (5.53 mg P plant - 1) and give inoculation with fungi the above - mentioned significant increases on mean weight diameter (0.37 , 0.16 , 0.26 Mm) Respectively as compared with control treatment (0.11Mm ). 2 - Results also showed that the fungi G.mosseae was significantly better than that of fungi G.spp. and also that of mixture of both fungi in all the studied characters.3 - Effect phosphorus fertilizer Added the three levels ( 0 , 60 , 120 kg p ha - 1) significantly in studied characters above the highest result on percentage infection with the level of 60 kg p ha - 1 (72.50%) half of recommendation used in the experiment.4 - The interference between in oculation and fertilization had significant increases on percentage of root infection plant Zea mays L., root length plant Zea mays L., dry weight of shoot and root growth , protein percentage and phosphorus up - take thecombination of inoculation by G.mosseae fungi and 60 kg p ha - 1 (100% , 42.29 cm , 9.25 gm pot - 1 , 12.22 gm pot - 1 , 13.59% , 26.84 mg p plant - 1 ) Respectively. 5 - Deffrent level saline give significant increases on percentage of root infection of plant Zea mays L. at 5 ds m - 1 (69.17%). As compared with studied characters other root length Zea mays L. , dry weight of shoot and root growth , Protein percentage , phosphorus up - take and mean weight diameter significant at 10 ds m - 1 (20.33cm , 5.40 gm pot - 1 , 8.96gm pot - 1 , 10.60% , 22.98 mg p plant - 1 , 14.53%) Respectively as compared with control treatment (5 ds m - 1) , after that decreased studied characters in saline concentration at 20 ds m - 1 . The interference between inoculation and salinity increased on percentage of root infection plant Zea mays L. treatment inoculation with G.mosseae fungi and saline concentration at 5 ds m - 1 (93.33%) , but characters the above mentioned significant increases in all treatment inoculated with G.mosseae fungi and saline concentration at 10 ds m - 1 ( 48.88 cm , 8.47 gm pot - 1 , 12.73 gm pot - 1 , 13.13% , 33.83 mg p plant - 1 , 0.57 Mm ) Respectively.6 - The interference between inoculation , salinity and phosphorus fertilizer different significant increases on percentage of root infection in treatment inoculation with G.mosseae fungi the hevel of 60 kg p ha - 1 and saline concentration at 5ds m - 1 (100%), but other studied charactres root length , Protein percentage and phosphorus up - take in treatment inoculation with G.mosseae fungi, with the level of 60 kg p ha - 1 half of recommendation used in the experiment and saline concentration at 10 ds m - 1 ( 52.75 cm , 11.22 gm pot - 1 , 15.42 gm pot - 1 , 14.53% , 38.04 mg p plant - 1) Respectively.

مظهرية القناة الهضمية وعلاقتها بتغذية ثلاثة انواع من الاسماك في منطقة ابو جولانة جنوب هور الجبايش == Morphology of digestive tract in relation to feeding in three fish species in Abo - Choolana southern AL - Chebayish Marsh

Author name: اسماء عبد الهادي صالح
Supervisor name: عادل يعقوب يوسف الدبيكل | جاسم محسن عبد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Addrressed study in alimentary gut morphology and relationship feeding of three fish species with different food habits i.e. Leuciscus vorax (Shilik) as a carnivore, Planiliza abu (Khishni) as an omnivore and Oreochromis aureus (tilapia) as a herbivore and the activity of alpha - amylase enzyme. Each species was divided into two length groups : 1 - Shilik 300≥ (227 fish) and ˂300 mm (117 fish) .2 - Khishni 100≥ (508 fish) and ˂ 100 mm (706 fish) .3 - Tilapia 150≥ (270 fish) and 150 mm ˂ (309 fish) .Fish were sampled monthly during the period from February 2014 to January 2015 using cast net and an electrical apparatus. Air temperature in the study area during that period ranged between 14 and 33°C and water temperature between 12 and 32 °C, while salinity ranged between 1.42 and 2.9 ppt.Appearance of Shilik mouth was characterized by a superior position, toothless jaws and barbells. The mouth position in Khishni and Tilapia was terminal with an extension of buccal cavity. Khishni lacked mandibular teeth which related to its feeding habits, while 3 - 4 rows of teeth were existed in the lower jaw of tilapia to cut plants parts.The three fish species has four branchial arches which were different in length reflecting the respiratory and feeding needs. the average length of the first arch of Shilik for the two length groups were 34.93 and 73.42 mm, in Khishni 13.96 and 19.41 mm and in tilapia between 22.63 and 37.86 mm, respectively. Gill rakers of the three species differ in length and number to accommodate their feeding habits. The average length of gill rakers in Shilik was 1.78 and 3.78 mm, in Khishni it reached 1.09 and 4.12 mm and in tilapia were between 1.91 and 2.06 mm. The number of gill rakers differed between species and ranged in Shilik between 10 - 12 to 12 - 14, in Khishni between 45 - 55 to 62 - .55 while in tilapia 21 - 22 to 22 - 24. The pharyngeal teeth in Shilik substituted the absence of mandibular teeth and its equation was ( 5.3 - 3.5). Khishni oral cavity contain a pair of pharyngeal teeth with a rough surface helps in grinding sand and mud solid particles with a length ranged from 5.14 to 8.02 mm and a width from 3.34 to 4.78 mm. Tilapia length of pharyngeal teeth were 4.91 and 9.61 mm, and the width was 4.37 and 7.28 mm.It was possible to distinguish two gut areas in the three species depending on diameter, where the anterior was wider than posterior area. The anteriorbintestine thickness were 23.74 , 4.29 and 3.34 mm, while the posterior thickness were 7.28 , 2.42 and 1.62, respectively. These differences confirm the variations in feeding habits. The relative gut length (RGL) of Shilik was 1.11 and 1.08 mm for the two length groups with no significant correlation with the standard length. In Khishni, it was 2.79 and 3.45 mm with 7 - 9 loops and the statistical analysis did not show significant correlation with standard length.The gizzard of Khishni through which food coarse are crushed, reached a width, height and wall thickness of its wall of 8, 4.26, 2.84 and 12.24, 6.24 and 4.59 mm, respectively. Tilapia RGL were 9.50 and 10.25, respectively.The stomach contents of the studied species were examined by dissected and compound microscope, using weight percentages, points and frequency of occurrence methods to calculate the index of relative importance (IRI). The three species showed similar patterns in the feeding intensity and activity during the study period with lowest values recorded during summer and the highest during spring.Result levins index showed That individual of the Shulik were small narrow specialization (0.27) and large (0.25) highly specialized, with fishes Khushnia (0.42 and 0.37) and blu tilapia (0.32 and 0.32) and were narrow specialization of small and large individual, respectively.The results of proximate analysis showed differences in the natural food of the three species depending on the feeding habits of these fish. The moisture content and energy where(%69.47 and 26.82 kcal / gm) ,(% 52.23 and 5.08 kcal/ gm) ,(%61.25 and 5.40 kcal / g) for smaller length , while it was (%68.93 and 11.50 kcal / gm) , (%55.14 and 5.01 kcal/ gm ),( %64.75% and 6.08% kcal/ gm) for larger lengths. The percentages of ash and organic matter rated (%51.57 , 48.43 and %31.96 , 68.0 and %47.53 , 52.46) for smaller lengths and (%23.56, 76.44 and %36.75, 63.24 and %44.57, 55.41) for large lengths. Organic carbon rate was higher (1,72 and 2.94 and 1.61) during summer, winter and autumn for first length group of Shilik, Khishni and tilapia, respectively, while second length group reached higher rate (1.61 and 2.67 and 1.72) during spring and autumn in Shilik, spring, summer and autumn in Khishni, and only autumn in blu tilapia.Alpha - amylase showed an elevated enzymatic activity in herbivorous and omnivorous in comparison with carnivorous fish confirming its main function in the hydrolysis of starch molecules .

كفاءة نبات البردي Pers. Typha domingensis والطحالب الملتصقة به في تحسين نوعية المياه في الجزء الجنوبي الشرقي من هور الحمار == Efficiency of Typha domingensis Pers. and Epiphytic algae for improving the water quality in South east Al - Hammar marsh

Author name: ازهار مكي نزال
Supervisor name: ازهار علي عبد الله الصابونجي | جبار خطار عبد الحسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of aquatic plant Typha domingensis pers. and epipytic algae in improving the quality of water in South east Al - Hammar marsh. Four Stations were Selected , the first two stations are (AL - Mndhuri and AL - Daoudi) due to their location near and lack of vegetation, while the third and fourth stations Al - Zerki and AL - Burgah were selected Depending on the presence of high density of aquatic plants which dominated by T. domingensis , These are Al - Zerki and AL - Burgah. Water, aquatic plant and sediments samples were collected monthly from the selected stations from December 2014 until November 2015. Physical, Chemical and biological variables were measured, Air temperature was between (12.5 - 46.7)C◦ in Dec. and Aug. respectively, water temperature ranged between (11.2 - 42. 4) C◦ in Dec. and Aug. respectively, Salinity concentration ranged between (2.57) ‰ in Feb. and(6.59) ‰ in Sep. , Transparency at ranged between (42) cm in Jun and(74)cm in Dec. , Current velocity ranged between (0.26) m/sce in Feb. and( 0.59) m/sce in Aug. , pH was range between (5.7) in Jul. to(8.4) in Nov. , Dissolved oxygen ranged between (5.64) mg/l in May and(10.72) mg/l in Dec. , while the Biological Oxygen Demand was ranged between (0.72) mg/l in Nov. and(3.71) mg/l in Aug. , nitrate ranged between (2.61) μg/l in Apr. and(12.81) μg/l in Aug. ,while the reactive phosphate ranged from (0.27) μg/l in Sep. and( 0.93) μg/l in Aug. ,Total phosphorus ranged between (0.76) μg atom P/l in Jun and Oct. and(1.68) μg atom P/l in Aug. ,Chlorophyll a in water was ranged value between (4.11) μg/l in Feb. and(19.6 ) μg/l in Sep. ,Coliform of the study area at the ranged between (129) cell/100 ml in Nov. and(1800) cell/100 ml in Aug..Percentage of total nitrogen and total phosphate were determined in T.domingenesis, which collected from Al - Zerki and Al - Burgah stations, results showed that the Total nitrogen content of the aquatic plant which ranged between (1.02)% in Feb. and (2.89 (% in Sep. ,While the content of the aquatic plant of total phosphorus was ranged between(0.2)% in Feb. and (0.83)% in Sep. .As well as determined the Lead and Cadmium elements , as a dissolved part in water and exchangeable part in the sediments, as well as content in T.domingenesis. The concentrations of lead as dissolved part in water rangedBbetween( ( 0.86 μg/l in Jul. and ( 3.1 ) μg/l in Apr. , and in the exchangeable part of the sediment between ( 0.78 ) μg/g in Aug. and ( 2.41 ) μg/g in Apr. , while the content in T. domingenesis ranged between ( 0.38 ) μg/g dry weight in Jan. and ( 0.71 ) μg/g dry weight in Aug. ,Whereas cadmium as dissolved part in water ranged between ( 1.0 ) μg/l in Nov. and ( 2.8 ) μg/l in Apr. ,while in the exchangeable part of the sediment ranged between (0.6) μg/g in Apr. and (2.0) μg/g in Mar. ,and ranged in the T. domingenesis between (0. 3) μg/g dry weight in Jan. and(0.6) μg/g dry weight in Aug. ,The value of organic carbon in sediments ranged between (0.162)% in Nov. and(0.458)% in Jul. .Carlson Trophic State (CTSI) Index were used, based on three variables, namely chlorophyll - a - , total phosphorus and transparency to assess the nutritional status according to the primary productivity, Al - Mndhuri and Al - Daoudi stations were evaluated to be mesotrophic category values ranged between (41.42 - 46.68) for Al - Mndhuri station and between (45.63 - 40.44) for Al - Daoudi station during the months of August and October respectively. while Al - Zerki station were ranged between (42.55) during August which classified as mesotrophic, and 38.69 in February which classified as oligotrophic, AL - Burgah station were evaluated as oligotrophic and values ranged from 39.45 during January and 25.6 during October. The rate of trophic state index were 43.14 , 42.68 , 40.24 and 32.24 for four stations, respectively. Study areas marsh were classified as mesotrophic (39.57).Organic pollution index were measured depending on three variables, namely nitrates, phosphorus and biological oxygen demand to determine the levels of organic pollution for study stations, and to assess the general level of the study area, The values ranged (43.91 - 82.68) at Al - Mndhuri station during the months of May and August, while ranged between (37.65 - 75.76) during the months of November and August for the Al Daoudi station, and values for Al - Zerki station were ranged between (27.88 - 52.51) during the months of October and August respectively, while at AL - Burgah station were (24.60 - 39.22) during September and February.Al - Mndhuri and Al - Daoudi stations were classified in general to be Deteriorated, While stations Al - Zerki and AL - Burgah were classified as Medium, with an annual rate (52.81, 50.29, 38.57, 32.17) for the four stations, respectively. The lower values at Al - Zerki and AL - Burgah stations wasCassociated with decline in values of different factor that used for measuring OPI due to the presence of aquatic plant with high density which acting as filters for water contributed to the improvement of the environmental situation of the study area.Two Laboratory experiments for Free surfaces system static and recycling was done, both of which had lasted for eleven days to compare the efficiency between Epiphytic algae, and T.domingenesis in removing nutrients, which included nitrates and phosphates as well as the reduction of biological oxygen demand. The percentages of removal were calculated for each two days, also the total percentages of removal were calculated at the end of the experiment.Results showed that Epiphytic algae have higher efficiency in removing of nitrates, phosphorus and in reduction biological oxygen demand. than T.domingenesis and at both systems static and recycling. The total percentages of removing nitrate , phosphate and reduction in biological oxygen demand by epiphytic algae were (60.0, 52.91,60.0)% respectively, at the static system, and (68.84, 57.61 , 68.91 )%, respectively, using recycling system, while the total percentages reduction using the aquatic plant for nitrate ,phosphate and biological - oxygen demand were (39.9, 21.42, 63.64)%, respectively, using static system, and ( 48.12, 31.42, 72.87)% respectively, using recycling system. The results showed that the reduction of nutrient by using recycling system is higher than a static system .

تاثير اضافة كلوريد الصوديوم وفيتامين c الى ماء الشرب في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والنسيجية والسلوكية لطائر السمان الياباني الجامبو == Effects of Adding Sodium Chloride and Vitamin C to Drinking Water on Some Productive, Physiological, Histological, and Behavioral Traits of Jumbo Japanese Quail

Author name: ارشد طالب محسن سلطان
Supervisor name: طارق فرج شوكت | خالد جلاب كريدي الصالحي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Livestock
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted at Quail's Field of Agriculture Collage/University of Basrah for the period from 15/11/2015 to 15/1/2016 to examine the effect of adding sodium chloride (NaCl) and vitamin C to the drinking water on some productivity, Physiological, histological, and behavioral traits of Jumbo Japanese quail. A 216 one week old chicks of brown jumbo Japanese quail. They were randomly distributed to six treatments (T) with three replicates of 12 chicks each replicates by Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each liter of drinking water (RO) was treated with 1.5 or 2.5 g of NaCl, T1 and T2, respectively, 1.5 or 2.5 of NaCl plus 1 g of vitamin C, T3 and T4, respectively, only 1g of vitamin C in T5 and RO only in the control. The results indicated the following : 1. A significant increase (p<0.05) of the average of body weight in T3, T4 andT5 treatments at 6 and 8 week, with a significant increase (p<0.05) in the body weight gain at the periods (8 - 0) and (6 - 0) week compared to other treatments, however, there was no a significant difference on average of feed consumption and feed conversion ratio.2. A significant increase) p<0.05) in treatments T1 and T2 in water consumption compared to the other treatments.3. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T1 and T2 in relative weight of kidney, with a significant decrease )p<0.05) in relative weight of testes and ovaries compared to other treatments, however, there was no a significant difference between all treatments on the relative weight of heart, liver and spleen.4. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4and T5 in red blood cell count(RBC), packed cell volume (PCV)and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) compared to other treatments with a significant decrease )p<0.05) in heterophils /lymphocytes ratio.b5. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4and T5 in total protein concentration and globulin blood serum compared to treatments T1and T2.6. A significant decrease )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in concentration of ALT, AST enzyme and uric acid in blood serum compared to treatment T1and T2.7. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in concentration of thyroxin hormone in blood serum compared to other treatments.8. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T1 and T2 in rectal temperature compared to other treatments.9. There was a significant (p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in sexual puberty in male and female of Jumbo Japanese quail, but the treatment T1 and T2 record a late sexual puberty compare with others treatments.10. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in egg shell thickness and relative weight of egg shell compared to other treatments.11. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in calcium and phosphorus concentration of the tibia bone.12. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T1 and T2 in water drinking behavior, whereas, there was no a significant difference between all treatments in feeding behavior.13. A significant decrease )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in Pecking behavior compared with other treatments.From this study we can conclude that most of productive, physiological, and histological characteristics are affected negatively by increase of sodium chloride concentration (1.5 and 2.5 g/l). Also, as the result have shown, level of vitamin c plays a positive role to reduce the negative effect of sodium chloride.

تاثير موعد الزراعة والكثافة النباتية والرش بالمحفز الحيوي في نمو وفعاليتة Ocimum basilicum L. وحاصل نبات الريحان التثبيطية لبعض الاحياء الدقيقة == Effect Sowing date, plant density and spraying with biostimulative on growth and yield of basil plant ?Ocimum basilicum L. and effectiveness of inhibitory some Microbiology

Author name: ابراهیم عباس كاظم عبید
Supervisor name: سمیرة عبد الكریم مطرود | فاطمة علي حسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: An experiments were conducted during spring seasons of 2015 in medicinal and aromatic plant field follow of Agriculture College/ Basrah University to study the effect of date planting , plant density and spraying with sea algae extract kelpak on growth and yield parameters seeds and oil of basil plant ˝Ocimum basilicum var. Cinnamon L.˝ The aim of the experiments was focused on the effect of two date planting (15/2 and 1/3) three plant density 60, 90 and 120 plants.m - 2 and spraying with kelpak 0 and 2 ml.l - 1 . Sprying was done three time 20, 25, 30 days after propagating. Factorial experiments was analysis with Complete Block Design Randomized ( R.C.B.D) was used with three replication, Least Significant Differences Test (L.S.D) was used at probability of 0.05 with Genstat programs. The results could be summarized as follows : - 1. Effect date planting The first date (15/2) increased significantly in plant height, leaves number. plant - 1, leaves area, the number of inflorescences, seed yield.plant - 1 (2.37 gm), total seed yields (1850 kg), weight of 1000 seed (1.39 gm), percentage oil.seeds - 1 ( 9.80%), oil yields.plant - 1 (0.26 gm) and total oil yields (0.21 kg). While the second date increased significantly in the number of vegetative branches and the date of flowering. 2. Effect plant density The first density (60plants.m - 2) increased significantly in plant height, leaves number. plant - 1, leaves area, seed yield.plant - 1 (2.52 gm), oil yields.plant - 1 (0.208 gm), percentage oil.seeds - 1 ( 9.48%) and the specific weight of the oil, while the second date (90 plants.m - 1) increased significantly in weight of 1000 seed (1.37 gm), the refractive index and specific gravity of the oil pilot, while the third days increased significantly in date of flowering, total seed yields (2.329 kg) , total oil yields (0.21 kg).3. Effect biostimulative The sprying with 2 ml.l - 1 of sea algae extract (kelpak) caused significants increasing in plant height, the number of vegetative branches, leaves number.plant - 1, leaves area, the number of inflorescences, seed yield. Plant - 1 (2.58 gm), total seed yields (2020 Kg), percentage oil.seeds - 1 ( 10.96%), oil yield.plant - 1 (0.23 gm ) , total oil yields (0.19 Kg) and specific gravity of the Volatile , in addition to the amount of chlorophyll and total carbohydrates in the leaves, while the plants spraying with distilled water caused effect date flowering. The interactions between the studied factors caused significant increased effects in all characters’.4. The hits inhibitory concentrations of alcoholic extracts of leaves , flowers and seeds of basil plants against the two types of bacteria and fungi pathogenic to humans Test was done to the effectiveness of four concentrations which were50, 100, 150, 200 mg.ml - 1 of the methyl and ethyl alcoholic extracts for leaves, flowers and seeds of the basil plants in vitro on the two types of bacteria tested Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and two types of fungus Candida albican and Aspergillus niger by using filter paper disc diffusion method. The concentration 200 mg.ml - 1 of methyl alcoholic extracts for seeds was effective inhibition the growth of the bacteria Escherichia coli.and leaves and flower weer effective inhibition the growth of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and the leave extracts inhibitory effect against two fungi Candida albican and Aspergillus niger

دراسة مرض الرقعة الفارغة المتسبب عن الفطر Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn في حقول الحنطة شمال محافظة البصرة ومكافحته احيائيا وكيميائيا == A study bare patch disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn on wheat in fields at North of Basrah and its biological and chemical control

Author name: ابتهال رياض مكطوف المعارج
Supervisor name: يحيى عاشور صالح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out in the laboratories of Plant Protection Department / Agriculture College / University of Basrah, while the field experiment has been done at the fields of wheat in, Qurna, North of Basrah during the season of 2013 - 2014. in orderd to know the causal agent of the wheat death and stunting phenomena. The results of isolation, identification and pathogenicity test revealed that Rhizoctonia solani was the causal pathogen agent of wheat bare patch disease. The evaluation of efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum and Moncut fungicide and their interaction were done. The study showed that bare patch disease spread in all fields in Qurna and some fields in Mudainah. The highest percentage of disease incidence was recorded in Jurf - Alsakher which was 7.9%, while the lowest percentage was recorded in Nahr Salih fields which was 2.1% . Pathogenicity test showed that the isolate Rs1 which was isolated from Qurna - Mzeraa was more virulent than Rs2 isolate which was isolated from Jurf - Alsakher. Results also explained that 25ºC and pH 5 were the best temperature and pH values for the growth of the fungus. On the other hand it was found that both isolates RS1 and RS2 were able to grow at high salinity ranges from 6 - 16 ds.m - 1.The results also showed that the bioagent T. harzianum has a high antagonistic ability against isolates of R.solani (Rs1 and Rs2) with antagonism degree reached (1) according to Bell scale . It's also found that both isolates give positive detection for cellulase , protease and polyphenol oxidase enzymes, while they gave negative detection for lipase . It is also noticed that culture filtrate of Rs1 and Rs2 treated or non - treated with heat effected on seed germination and reduced the percentage to 0% compared to 100% in control treatment.BThe laboratorial experiments revealed that Moncut fungicide was the most effective among all tested fungicides , the growth inhibition reached 50.55 and 42.22% for Rs1 and Rs2 isolates respectively, and 7.33% for T. harzianum . On the other hand the concentrations of 150 and 200 ppm of Moncut fungicide were most effective among all concentrations to inhibit growth of RS1 and RS2 isolates on PDA, which reached 62.2, 66.3, 75.7 and 80.9% for both isolates and concentrations respectively.Pot experiment elucidated that the treatment of T. harzianum + Moncut + RS1 or RS2 increased wheat seeds germination up to 74.7 and 60.35% respectively compared to 41 and 29.6% for R1 and R2 alone respectively. It is also found that T+M+R1 and T+M+R2 reduced seed decay to 26.3 and 31.6 respectively compared to 59 and 71.33% for treatments R1 and R2 respectively, also they increased the number of offshoots, plant height, fresh and dry weight for shoot and root systems.Field experiment results revealed that the treatment T+M+R1 and T+M+R2 led to increase seed germination percentage and reduced seed decay percentage to 89.67, 10.33, 82.0 and 12.0% respectively compared to 50, 45.33, 50 and 54.67 for treatments R1 and R2 alone. It's also observed that T+M+R1 and T+M+R2 increased off shoot number , plant height , fresh and dry weight for both shoots and root system which reached 7.2, 6.6, 59.66, 55.89, 25.16, 22.56, 2.76, 2.42, 6.49, 6.37, 0.59, 0.66 respectively in comparison with the treatments of R1 and R2 alone which were 4.4, 4.1,41, 38.33, 10.86, 9.51, 1.28, 1.02, 2.67, 2.55, 0.29,0.23 respectively. Also, these treatments gave best number of spikes which was 476.4 and 461.3 spike/m2 respectively. From other hand the number of seeds also increased it reached 39.67 and 34.7 seed/spike respectively, These treatments also led to increase the weight of 1000 seeds up to 41 and 39.27 gm respectively compared to the pathogen treatments R1 and R2 alon

تاثير الاقلمة والتسميد بنوعين من السماد المركب NPK في نمو نبات الموز (Musa sp.) الصنف الهندي المكثر نسيجي == Effet of Hardening and Fertilization with Two Types of NPK on Growth of Tissue Culture Derived Banana (Musa sp.)

Author name: منى خزعل جابر القطراني
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم | منال زباري سبتي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Tissue
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A study was conducted at the technology tissue culture lab that belong to private sector in Fayhaa / Shatt al - Arab / Basra province and tissue culture lab of college of Agriculture / University of Basra from November 2014 to December 2015, off shoots of Musa acuminate dwarf banana cv. Indian of six months age were used as a source of explants which was propagated by half of Shoot tips on MS medium supplement with Benzyl adenine (BA) to stimulate shoot multiplication and then rooting on medium free of Cytokinin and supplemented by Naphthalene acetic acid NAA at 1 mg . L - 1, Then Plantlets were hardened by two types of covering (Polyethylene cover and glass cover) to find its effect on success of hardening . plants then transferred to greenhouse and treated by two types of NPK fertilizer (NPK+ TE) 20 - 20 - 20+TE and 10 - 20 - 30+TE by four levels : 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 gm .plant - 1 besides the control treatment (without fertilization). Fertilizers were added after two and four months of hardening to find the effect of those fertilizers and interference between them in addition after two months and four months later on vegetative growth and chemical characteristics of banana plants derived from tissue culture. results can be summarized as follows : 1 - Results showed no significant difference between the two types of covering in percent of success of hardening , percent of lost humiditiy and vegetative growth except plant height where glass cover was more effective than polyethylene cover.2 - The results showed the effect of fertilizer type on vegetative growth of banana plants where the NPK (20 - 20 - 20+ TE) ( F1) was superiverالخلاصة SUMMARYBcompared to NPK (10 - 20 - 30+ TE) (F2) in most of vegetative growth (leaf area , plant height, stem diameter) which were (82.6 cm 2, 28.74 cm, 12.16 mm) respectively fo r the first addition and (123.7 cm 2, 34.07 cm, 14.33 mm) respectively for a second addition, where was no significant difference in number of leaves under the two types of fertilizers .3 - Fertilizer level at 2.0 gm .plant - 1 was significantly more effective in leaf area, plant height and stem diameter for both additions and (108.5 cm 2, 31.67 cm, 14.10 mm) respectively for the first addition and (190.8 cm 2, 39.40 cm, 17.13 mm) for a second addition respectively, whereas, 1.5 gm .plant - 1 was superior leaves number for both addition .4 - There were interaction between type and level of fertilizer ,where F1 type and 2.0 g . plant - 1 gave highest leaf area, plant height and stem diameter for both addition which were 121.3 cm 2 , 34.42 cm and 15.19 mm respectively for the first addition and 212.1 cm 2, 41.46 cm and 17.96 mm for a second addition respectively. The interaction between fertilizer type F1 and 1.5 g . plant - 1 level was superior in leaves number for both addition which were 3.40 and 6. 00 laef . plant - 1 respectively5 - Fertilizer type F1 was more effective than type F2 on chlorophyll a , b and total chlorophyll, (0.647, 0.367, 1.014) mg. gm - 1 respectively for addition after two month and (0.731, 0.403, 1.134) mg. gm - 1 respectively for addition after four months later. Fertilizer level at 2.0 gm . plant - 1 was superior in chlorophyll content for both additions after two and four months .6 - The interaction between fertilizer type and fertilizer level was significant effect on the stock content of chlorophyll a , b and total chlorophyll forالخلاصة SUMMARYCboth addition, where F1type and 2.0 g . plant - 1 level ,gave the highest rate (1.098, 0.546, 1.644) mg . gm - 1 respectively for the addition after two months and (1.160, 0.574, 1.734) mg .gm - 1 respectively for the after four months addition .7 - No significant effect for the fertilizer types of carbohydrate , and phosphorus content for both addition, and fertilizer type F1 was more effective than type F2 on nitrogen content for both additions and rate of (27.71, 32.25) mg. gm - 1 respectively . F2 type was superior of potassium content for both additions and give (23.92, 29.10) mg. gm - 1 respectively8 - Results showed the level of fertilizer 2.0gm.plant - 1 was significant effect in carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium level (54.09, 33.57, 2.13, 25.57) mg. gm - 1 after two months addition and (62.51, 39.95, 2.37, 31.37) mg . gm - 1 respectively for the addition after four months .9 - The level interaction between F1type of fertilizer and 2.0 g . plant - 1 level was on carbohydrates and nitrogen (55.35, 35.34) mg. gm - 1 after two months and (63.13, 42.53) mg. gm - 1 respectively for the four months addition .10 - F2 type and 2.0 gm. plant - 1 level give the highest phosphorus level (2.20) gm. gm - 1 after two months addition , while for added after four months may be greater than F1type and 2.0 gm. plant - 1 level a significant Superiority at over all interactions highest rate (2.48 mg .gm - 1) . As for the content of potassium the leaves , F2 type and 2.0 gm. plant - 1 level was significant and give the highest rate (26.10, 33.70) mg. gm - 1 for two addition respectively.

تاثير التقنين الغذائي الكي واضافة المعزز الحيوي وحامض البروبيونك في العلائق على الاداء الانتاجي والفسلجي لفروج اللحم == Effect of Quantitative feed restriction with Addition Probiotic and Propionic Acid on Productive Performance and Some Physiological Characters of Broiler Chicks

Author name: الفريد سولاقه كرومي حنا
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى | عبد الله عبد المنعم محمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted at poultry farm, Animal Resources Department, College of Agriculture University of Basrah from 4/4/2010 to 15/5/2010 for the first experiment and from 8/112010 to 19/12/2010 for the second experiment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early (8 - 21) and late (21 - 34) day of feed restriction by partial 20% with adding IRAQI probiotic at level 0.3% for (first experiment) and propionic acid at level 0.3% for the (second experiment) in productive performance and some physiological of blood and small intestine. One day of 270 unsexed chicks of Ross 308 strain were used in the study. The chicks were randomly distributed into 6 treatments with three replicates. Each replicate contain 15 chicks. Results of first experiment indicated that : 1 - There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in control treatment with IRAQI probiotic on live body weight and body weight gain. While, there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the late feed restriction treatment with, or not adding probiotic.2 - There was a significant (p<0.05) increase for the control treatment with, or not adding probiotic in feed consumption.3 - There was a significant (p<0.05) improvement in feed conversion ratio of early and late feed restriction with, or not adding probiotic.4 - Late feed restriction and early feed restriction with probiotic cause significant (p<0.05) decrease in mortality comparing with control treatment.]b[5 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in abdominal fat for the treatments early and late feed restriction with, or not addition probiotic as compared with the control treatment.6 - There was significant (p<0.05) reduction in Intestine PH for the treatment adding probiotic, but there was no differences between the treatments in Ceca PH.7 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in total protein, albumin, cholesterol and glucose in blood serum for the chicken with early feed restriction (not adding probiotic), and there was significant (p<0.05) increase GOT and GPT levels in the same treatment at the age of 21 days, Addition of IRAQI prpbiotic showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction of serum cholesterol, GOT and GPT as compared with control treatment.8 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in cholesterol, GOT and GPT by the addition IRAQI probiotic compared with control treatment at 42 days.Results of second experiment indicated that : 1 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the treatments (late feed restriction, early and late feed restriction with, or not adding propionic acid) on live body weight and body weight gain.2 - There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in feed consumption for the treatment early and late feed restriction with, or not addition propionic acid. 3 - There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in feed conversion for the treatment early and late feed restriction with addition propionic acid compared with the other treatments.4 - Late, early feed restriction with or not addition propionic acid cause significant (p<0.05) decrease in mortality compared with control treatment, and there was significant (p<0.05) reduction in production index for the treatment early and late feed restriction with addition propionic acid as compared with the other treatments.5 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in abdominal fat for the treatments early and late feed restriction with, or not addition propionic acid compared with the control treatments.6 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in total protein, globulin, cholesterol and glucose in blood serum for early feed restriction with, or not adding propionic acid, but there was significant (p<0.05) increase at the level of GOT and GPT in the same treatment compared with the other treatments at the age of 21 days.7 - Serum cholesterol showed significant (p<0.05) reduction in the late feed restriction with, or not adding propionic acid compared with the other treatments at the age of 42 days.

التشخيص المظهري والجزيئي لانواع الفطرFusarium المرافقة لجذور الطماطا باستخدام تقانة التفاعل السلسلي للبوليمريز Polymerase Chain Reaction == Phenotypic and molecular Identification of Fusarium species associated with the roots of Tomato using Polymerase Chain Reaction technique

Author name: ايمان صباح عبد الامير الجعفري
Supervisor name: محمد عامر فياض | عدنان عيسى البدران
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في كلية الزراعة ، جامعة البصرة للمدة من 2010 - 2011 بهدف تشخيص انواع الفطر Fusarium spp المعزولة من جذور وقواعد سيقان نبات الطماطا مختبريا باستخدام الصفات المظهرية وباستخدام تقنية Polymerase Chain Reaction واجراء بعض الدراسات حول بعض العوامل البيئية المؤثرة في نموها ، اظهرت نتائج العزل والتشخيص للفطريات التي عزلت من جذور نباتات الطماطا التي حصل عليها من مناطق مختلفة من العراق انها تعود الى الفطر Fusarium فضلا عن Monilinia sp ، وفي دراسة تاثير درجة الحرارة في نمو خمس عزلات وجد ان جميع العزلات لا تنمو عند درجة الحرارة المنخفضة البالغة 5 م ودرجة الحرارة المرتفعة البالغة 40 م في حين كان معدل النمو للعزلتين IBR1 Fusarium oxysporum وISM Fusarium oxysporum 9 سم في درجة الحرارة 25 م والتي اختلفت معنويا عن العزلتين IKR Fusarium proliferatum وISF Fusarium oxysporum البالغة 8.5 سم وعن العزلة IAM Fusarium sp البالغة 8 سم ، واظهرت النتائج ان افضل نمو حصل عند pH 7 حيث بلغ نمو العزلة ISF 8.8 سم الذي اختلف معنويا عن العزلات IAM وIBR1 وIKR وISM البالغة 8 و8.3 و8 و8.7 سم على التوالي ، كما اظهرت دراسة اختزال النترات ان العزلة IAM بلغ معدل نموها 0.0 سم مقارنة مع النمو الضعيف لبقية العزلات IBR1 وIKR وISM وISM البالغ 4.5 و3 و3 و3.5 على التوالي ، وعند اختبار اوساط غذائية مختلفة (PDA وCMA وPCA وTJM ) وجد ان افضل نمو لجميع العزلات على الوسط PDA حيث بلغ 8.6 سم ويليه الوسط CMA البالغ 8.2 سم ثم الاوساط TJM وPCA 8 و7.4 سم على التوالي ، كما اظهرت نتائج تجربة تاثير المبيد Carbindazim ان العزلات ISF وIKM وIBR1 وIBR2 وICH2 اظهرت مقاومة للتراكيز العالية من المبيد التي وصلت الى 1000 مايكروغرام / مل ، وفي تجارب الاصص اظهرت النتائج ان العزلة IBR1 اشد العزلات تاثيرا في معدل نسبة الانبات في اصناف الطماطا البالغة 78.5% مقارنـة مع بقية العزلات IAM وIKR وISF وISM البالغة 80 و85.7 و87.6 و91.4 % على التوالي ، كما اثرت عزلة الفطر IBR1 في نسبة موت البادرات حيث بلغت نسبة موت البادرات 19.5 % في حين بلغت في العزلات IAM وIKR وISF وISM البالغة 13.3 و15.9 و13.6 و8.5 % على التوالي ، كما اظهرت نتائج استجابة اصناف الطماطا المختلفة للاصابة بعزلات الفطر Fusarium ان الصنف PS02405099 اكثر الاصناف حساسية حيث بلغ معدل نسبة الاصابة وشدتها 82.6 و48.3 % على التوالي ، بينما الصنف Bingo F1 اقل الاصناف تاثرا حيث بلغ معدل نسبة الاصابة وشدتها 64.6 و25.1 % على التوالي . كما اظهرت نتائج التجربة الحقلية ان اصناف الطماطا تختلف في استجابتها للاصابة الفطر Fusarium المختلفة حيث ظهر ان الصنف PS02405099 اكثر الاصناف حساسية للفطر حيث بلغ معدل نسبة الاصابة وشدتها 79.9 و46.8 % على التوالي في حين كان الصنف Bingo F1 اقل الاصناف حساسية حيث بلغت نسبة الاصابة وشدتها 63.9 و25.5 % على التوالي . كما اظهرت نتائج تاثير عزلات الفطر Fusarium في الوزن الطري للمجموعين الجذري والخضري ان الصنف PS02405099 اكثر الاصناف تاثرا بعزلات الفطر اذ بلغ معدل الوزن الطري للمجموعين الجذري والخضري 1.0 و26.2 غم على التوالي ، بينما اقل الاصناف تاثرا Bingo F1 اذ بلغ معدلهما على 2.56 و42.39 غم على التوالي كما ظهر ان عزلة الفطر IBR1 اكثر العزلات تاثيرا على اصناف الطماطا حيث بلغ معدل الوزن الطري للمجموعين الجذري والخضري 1.2 و28.4 غم على التوالي ، كما اظهرت نتائج تاثير العزلات في الوزن الجاف للمجموعين الجذري والخضري ان الصنف PS02405099 اكثر الاصناف تاثيرا بعزلات الفطر حيث بلغ معدل الوزن الجاف للمجموعين الجذري والخضري 0.2 و6.8 غم على التوالي بينما كان الصنف F1 Bingo اقلها تاثيرا حيث بلغ معدلهما 1.7 و9.2 غم على التوالي كمواجد ان العزلة IBR1 اكثر العزلات تاثيرا في اصناف الطماطا المختلفة حيث بلغ معدل تاثيرها في الوزن الجاف للمجموعين الجذري والخضري 0.8 و5.8 غم على التوالي . كما اظهر التشخيص الجزيئي لانواع الفطر Fusarium عند استخدام تقنية تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل PCR - RAPD باستعمال البادئات الوراثية (OPA - 02 وOPB - 20 وOPF - 05) وSatellite باستعمال البادئات (M13 وCNS1 ) نتائج ايجابية مع 15 عزلة من الفطريات المعزولة من جذور وقواعد سيقان نباتات الطماطا من مناطق مختلفة من العراق والصين ونجح كل بادئ وراثي في التمييز بين عزلات انواع الفطر Fusarium كما اظهرت التشابه الوراثي بين ازواج الحزم لعزلا ت انواع الفطر Fusarium spp المعزولة من العراق والصين البالغة 15 عزلة وجود ستة افرع وخمس مجاميع تمثل الفرع الاول بالعزلة IZE(9) المتمثلة بالفرع Monilinia fructicola والتي استخدمت كعزلة خارجية للمقارنة، وتمثل الفرع الثاني بالمجموعة الاولى التي تتمثل بالعزلة ICH4 (M4) والمتضمنة النوع Fusarium kyushuense وتمثل الفرع الثالث بالمجموعة الثانية المتمثلة بالعزلة ICH2 (M2) المتمثلة بالنوع Fusarium chlamydosporum ، تمثل الفرع الرابع بالمجموعة الثالثة التي تتمثل بالعزلات)IKR 2) وIKM (8) وIBR2 (11) تتضمن النوع Fusarium solani ، كما تمثل الفرع الخامس بالمجموعة الرابعة المتمثلة بالعزلات ICH1(M1) وICH3(M3) وINJ(12) والمتمثلة بالنوع Fusarium moniliforme ، بينما تمثل الفرع السادس بالمجموعة الخامسة المتضمنة العزلات IAM(3) وIAB (7) وILH (6) وISM (5) ISF (1) IBR1(10) والمتمثلة بالنوع Fusarium oxysporum . | This study was conducted at the College of Agriculture - University of Basrah during the period 2010 - 2011 in order to identify the Species of fungus Fusarium isolated from the roots and stems of the plant Tomato laboratory using morphological characteristics and using the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique and work some experments on some environmental factors affecting its growth. The results of isolation and identify of fungi isolated from the roots of Tomato obtained from different parts of Iraq as belonging to the Fusarium species in addition to the type Monilinia sp. In a study of the effect of temperature on the growth of five isolates found that all the isolates did not grow at the low grade of the 5 ° C and the high degree of 40 ° C while the growth of the Isolates Fusarium oxysporum IBR1 and Fusarium oxysporum ISM 9 cm at Temperature 25 ° C, which differed significantly from Isolates Fusarium proliferatum IKR and Fusarium oxysporum ISF of 8.5 cm and isolation IAM of 8 cm. PH experiment also showed that the best growth Obtained in the pH 7, where growth was isolated ISF 8.8 cm, which differed significantly from isolates and IBR1 IAM and ISM IKR and the 8 and 8 and 8.3 and 8.7 cm respectively. The study showed that the nitrate reductase isolated IAM growth rate of the 0.0 cm compared with the weak growth in the rest of the isolates and IBR1 IKR and ISM and ISM of 4.5, 3, 3 and 3.5, respectively. When tested the differents media (PDA and CMA and PCA and TJM) found that the best growth of all isolates on PDA, Reaching was 8.6 cm, followed CMA of 8.2 and then media TJM and PCA 8 and 7.4 cm respectively. The experiment results showed that the effect of the pesticide Carbindazim, isolates ISF, IKM, IBR1, IBR2 and ICH2 showed resistance to high concentrations of the pesticide, which reached to 1000 micro g / ml. In pot experiments the results showed that the isolated fungus spp Fusarium IBR1 isolates were more influential in the rate of germination percentage in classes Tomato amount of 78.5% compared with the IAM and the rest of the isolates IKR and ISF ISM and 80 and 85.7 and 87.6 and 91.4% respectively. The isolation of the affected IBR1 on the proportion of seedling death where the percentage of seedling death of 19.5% while the isolates in the IAM and IKR and ISF ISM and the amount of 13.3 and 15.9 and 13.6 and 8.5% respectively. The results of the response Varieties Tomato different of infection isolates Species of fungus Fusarium that product PS02405099 more species sensitivity, where the rate of incidence and severity of 82.6 and 48.3% respectively, while the product was Bingo F1 less varieties affected with an average incidence and severity of 64.6 and 25.1% respectively . Results of field testing the Varieties Tomato differ in their response to infection isolate fungus Fusarium different showed its PS02405099, the most sensitive to the, where the rate of incidence and severity of 79.9 and 46.8% respectively, while the product was Bingo F1 less species sensitivity, where the percentage of infection and intensity of 63.9 and 25.5% respectively. The results showed the impact of isolates fungus Fusarium on the fresh weight of shoot root and vegetation that product PS02405099, the most affected isoltes, with an average fresh weight of shoot root and vegetative 1.0 and 26.2 g respectively, while fewer species affected Bingo F1 as it was average 2.56 and 42.39 gm respectively, as shown by the isolation of the fungus isolates IBR1 more influential varieties Tomato with an average fresh weight of root and vegetative shoot 1.2 and 28.4 g respectively. The results showed the impact of the isolates on the dry weight of shoot root and vegetation where he showed I class PS02405099 brand, the most influential isolates with an average dry weight of shoot root and vegetative 0.2 and 6.8 g respectively, while the product was Bingo F1 shallowest reaching shoot 1.7 and 9.2 g respectively also found that isolation isolates IBR1 more influence on the different varieties Tomato with an average impact on the dry weight of root and vegetative shoot 0.8 and 5.8 g respectively. Also showed a molecular identify of the species of fungus Fusarium spp when using the technique polymerase chain reaction RAPD - PCR using primers genetic (OPA - 02 and OPB - 20 and OPF - 05) primers and by Satellite - PCR with (M13, and CNs1) primers positive results with 15 isolates of fungi isolated from roots and bases stem Tomato from different regions of Iraq and China, succeeded each first hereditary in the discrimination between isolates species of fungus Fusarium also showed a genetic similarity between pairs of packets for isolated species of fungus Fusarium spp isolated from Iraq and China of 15 isolated and the presence of six branches and five groups represent the first section isolation IZE (9) of section Monilinia fructicola and used external comparison, and a second section the first set, which is isolated ICH4 (M4) and included the type Fusarium kyushuense and represents the third branch the second set of isolated ICH2 (M2) of species Fusarium chlamydosporum, representing Section IV Group C, which is isolates IKR(2) and IKM (8) and IBR2 (11) include the species Fusarium solani, is also a section V Group D of isolates ICH1 (M1) and ICH3 (M3) and INJ (12) and of species Fusarium moniliforme, while the section VI Group E isolates included IAM (3) and the IAB (7) and the ILH (6) and ISM (5) ISF (1) IBR1 (10) and the species of Fusarium oxysporum

التركيب النوعي والموسمي لهائمات بعض الاسماك وعلاقاتها الغذائية في الجزء الشمالي من شط العرب == The Spatial and Seasonal composition of Some Ichthyoplankton and trophic relationships in north part of Shatt Al - Arab River

Author name: منى طه خضير العكيلي
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق محمود محمد | سمية محمد احمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: درس التركيب النوعي والموسمي لبيوض الاسماك ويرقاتها في الجزء الشمالي من شط العرب، باعتماد الادلة البيئية للتنوع مع التركيز على العلاقات الغذائية بين انواع يرقات الاسماك وامكانية التداخل الغذائي فيما بينها. جمعت العينات للفترة من كانون الثاني 2008 والى حزيران 2009 ، اذ تم اختيار خمس محطات لجمع العينات. اعتمدت وسيلتان لجمع عينات بيوض الاسماك ويرقاتهواهي شباك الهائمات حجم فتحات الشباك 100 - 300 مايكرون واستخدام مربع خشبي (50 سم Χ 50 سم) لجمع النباتات المائية التي قد تتواجد عليها بيوض الاسماك ويرقاتها. تراوحـت درجة حرارة الماء في منطقة الدراسة بين 11.2 ºم خلال كانون الثاني و33 ºم خلال اب والملوحة بين 1.81 جزء بالالف خلال كانون الاول و3.3 جزء بالالف خلال اب، ونفاذية الضوء بين 20 سم خلال تموز و150 سم خلال كانون الثاني. جمعت 360 عينة هائمات سمكية بواقع 72 عينة لكل محطة وتضمنت العينات 7220 بيضة اسماك و7360 يرقة اسماك. صنفت البيوض الى ثلاث عوائل سمكية متمثلة بعائلة الشبوطيات Cyprinidae التي شملت بيوض الكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio والكارب الذهبي Carassuis auratus وعائلة البياح Mugilidae التي ضمت نوعا״ واحدا״ وهو الخشني Liza abu وعائلة البطريخ Cyprinodontidae التي ضمت نوعا״ واحدا״ Aphanius sp. . سادت بيوض الخشني في محطة كرمة علي (1 ) والشلهة (3 ) والسندباد (4 ) وبيوض الكارب الذهبي والشائع في محطتين النجيبية (2 ) والجباسي(5). تواجدت بيوض الكارب الذهبي والشائع والخشني في اربعة اشهر (شباط - ايار) والبطريخ من نيسان الى تموز. سجل اذار ظهور اكبر عدد لبيوض الخشني والكارب الذهبي والشائع، بينما سجل اكبر ظهور ليرقات البطريخ في نيسان. صنفت اليرقات الى خمس عوائل، شملت عائلة الشبوطيات Cyprinidae يرقات الكارب الشائع C. carpio والكارب الذهبي C. auratus والسمنان الطويل A. mossulensis ، وعائلة البياح Mugilidae الخشني L. abu وعائلة البطريخ Cyprinodontidae ، اذ صنفت يرقاتها الى مستوى النوع Aphanius sp. . تمثلت عائلة الصابوغيات Clupeidae بيرقات الصبور Tenualosa ilisha وعائلة نصفية المنقار Hemiramphidae تمثلت بيرقات القمبرور Hemiramphus sp.. سادت يرقات الخشني على الانواع الاخرى في المحطات الخمسة، وجاءت يرقات الكارب الذهبي في المرتبة الثانية في المحطات 1 و2 و4، واحتلت يرقات البطريخ المرتبة الثانية في محطة 3 ويرقات الصبور في المرتبة الثانية لمحطة 5. ظهرت يرقات الصبور في ستة اشهر خلال السنة (اذار ونيسان وحزيران الى ايلول) وسجل اب ظهور اكبر عدد ليرقاتها في محطة 4، وظهرت يرقات البطريخ في خمسة اشهر (نيسان الى اب) وسجل نيسان ظهور اكبر عدد ليرقاتها في محطة 3. ظهرت يرقات الخشني والكارب الذهبي والشائع في اربعة اشهر (شباط الى ايار) وسجل اذار ظهور اكبر عدد ليرقاتهم عند المحطة 3 للخشني والكارب الذهبي وعند المحطة 1 للكارب الشائع. ظهرت يرقات القمبرور في اب عند المحطة 5. سجلت اعلى وفرة لبيوض الاسماك ويرقاتها تلك التي جمعت من على النباتات المائية مقارنة بتلك التي جمعت باستخدام شباك الهائمات، اذ دلت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروقات معنوية بين المحطة 1 والمحطات 2 و3 و4 و5 في وفرة بيوض الاسماك ويرقاتها التي جمعت بواسطة شباك الهائمات، وبين المحطة 3 والمحطات 1 و2 و5 في وفرة يرقات الاسماك التي جمعت من على النباتات المائية. تم حساب ادلة التنوع ليرقات الاسماك. تراوح دليل التنوع H بين صفر - 1.068، ودليل التكافؤ J بين صفر - 0.884، وقيم دليل الغنى D بين صفر - 0.739. اظهر التحليل العنقودي ان اعلى تشابه في عدد انواع اليرقات بين المحطتين الثانية والثالثة، الثانية والرابعة، الثالثة والرابعة حسب دليل جاكارد. ووجد ان اعلى تشابه في العدد الكلي لليرقات كان بين المحطتين الاولى والخامسة حسب دليل شونر. اعتمدت في تحليل غذاء يرقات الاسماك طريقتان النقاط Points وتكرار الـتواجد Frequency of occurrence. لم تسجل يرقات بمعد فارغة اثناء الدراسة وهناك ارتفاع في شدة ونشاط التغذية. بين تحليل محتويات القناة الهضمية ان اليرقات غـير متخصصة فـي تغذيتها، شمل محتـوى القـناة الهضمية الهائمات الحيوانـية والنباتـية ( دايتومات، طحالب، فتات عضوي، مجذافية الاقدام بمراحل حياتها المختلفة، براغيث الماء وبيوض النواعم). تتغذى يرقات الكارب الذهبي والشائع على الدايتومات ويرقات السمنان الطويل والبطريخ والصبور على مجذافية الاقدام. لوحظ ان اعـلى قيـمة لـدليل التـنوع الغذائي ليرقات الخشني بلغ 1.731 وادناها ليرقات الكارب الشائع اذ بـلغ 0.762 . تباينت يرقات الاسماك في شدة التداخل الغذائي Diet overlap فيما بينها اعتمادا على طبيعة التغذية، وبلغت عدد التداخلات بين اليرقات تسع تداخلات معنوية، وتراوحت قيم التداخل المعنوي بين 67.10% و91.73%. بلغ اعلى تداخل غذائي (91.73 %) بين يرقات الكارب الشائع والذهبي. كان تاثير التداخل الغذائي قويا״ جدا״ بين يرقات السمنان الطويل والبطريخ (101.22) ولم يظهر تاثير للتداخل الغذائي بين يرقات الكارب الذهبي والشائع ويرقات كل من الصبور والبطريخ والسمنان الطويل. بينت الدراسة اهمية الجزء الشمالي من شط العرب ونهر كرمة علي كمنطقة تكاثر وحضانة لبعض الاسماك. | The present work has taken in consideration investigating the spatial and seasonal composition of fish eggs and larvae in north part of Shatt Al - Arab River during the period from January 2008 till June 2009. Five sampling stations were chosen. Ecological diversity indices were adopted, with a focus on the dietary relations among species of fish larvae and the possibility of dietary overlap within larvae. Two sampling methods were adopted to collect the samples, plankton nets with mesh sizes 100 - 300µm and a wooden quadrate to collect aquatic plants that may exist upon fish eggs and larvae. Water temperature of the studied area ranged form 11.2ºC in January to 33 ºC in August. Salinity ranged form 1.81‰ in December to 3.3‰ in August. Light penetration ranged from 20 cm in July to 150 cm in January. A total of 360 samples were collected, 72 samples from each station. These samples included 7220 fish eggs belonged to three families and 7360 fish larvae belonged to five fish families. The eggs were identified Cyprinidae included Cyprinus carpio and Carassuis auratus, Mugilidae (Liza abu) and Cyprinodontidae (Aphanius sp.). The eggs of L. abu were prevailed at stations 1,3 and 4, and the eggs of C. carpio and C. auratus at stations 2 and 5. The eggs of C. carpio , C. auratus and L. abu were presented in four months ( February - May), and Aphanius sp. from April to July with peak during April. The eggs of L. abu , C. carpio and C. auratus were most abundant during March. Larvae were classified into five families included. Cyprinidae, which included the larvae of C. carpio , C. auratus and A. mossulensis, whereas, Mugilidae included a single species ( L. abu), and Cyprinodontidae, where the larvae were classified to the species level Aphanius sp., Clupeidae represented by Tenualosa ilisha, and Hemiramphidae by Hemiramphus sp.. Larvae of L. abu prevailed on other species in the five stations, and the larvae of C. carpio came in second place in the stations 1,2 and 3. Larvae of Aphanius sp. Occupied second place in station 3 and the larvae of T. ilisha in the second place in station 5. Larvae of T. ilisha appeared during six months (March, April and June to August ) with peak during August in station 4, while the larvae of Aphanius sp occurred at five months (April to August), with peak during April in station 3. The larvae of L. abu , C. carpio and C. auratus occurred in four months ( March to May) , with peak in total number during March at station 3, for L. abu and C. auratus and at station 1 for C. carpio. Larvae of Hemiramphus sp. appeared in August at station 5. The abundance of fish eggs and larvae collected from aquatic plants more than provided by using plankton net, as indicated by the results of statistical analysis there were significant differences between station 1 and stations 2,3,4 and 5 in abundance of fish eggs and larvae which were collected by plankton net, and between station 3 and stations 1, 2 and 5 in the abundance of fish larvae collected from aquatic plant. The diversity index (H') for fish larvae ranged between 0 - 1.068, while the richness index (D) ranged between 0 - 0.884 and the evenness index (J) between 0 - 0.739. Cluster analysis show that the highest similarity in the number of fish larvae between station 2 and stations 3, 2 and stations 4, stations 3 and 4. The highest similarity in the total number fish larvae was found between stations 1 and 5, according the Schoener index. The diet analysis was assessed using points and frequency of occurrence methods. No empty larval stomach were recorded during the study period and there is a high feeding activity and feeding intensity. The result of analyzing stomach contents indicated that the fish larvae were generalized feeders, consumed diatom, algae, detritus, copepoda, daphnia and eggs of molluscs. The larvae of C. carpio and C. auratus feed on diatom, while A. mossulensis, Aphanius sp. and T. ilisha on copepoda. The diversity index of gut content ranged form 1.731 for L. abu to 0.762 for C. carpio. The fish larvae differ in intensity of diet overlap depending on the nature of nutrition, and nine significance diet overlaps between larvae were detected. The significance overlaps ranged form 67.10% to 91.73 %. The highest diet overlap (91.73%) between C. carpio and C. auratus. A very strong diet overlap (101.22) between A. mossulensis and Aphanius sp.. No diet overlap were detected between the larvae of C. carpio, C. auratus, T. ilisha, Aphanius sp and A. mossulensis. The study showed the importance of the northern part of the Shatt Al - Arab River as a breeding and nursery ground for some fish

تاثير طريقتي انتاج الشتلات وزراعتها لصنفي نبات الحبة الحلوة Foeniculum vulgare Mill. وتداخلاتها في النمو وحاصل البذور ومحتواها من الزيوت الطيارة وتاثيرهما في مستوى الدهون والكلوكوز في الجرذان المخبرية == Effect of methods of transplants production and planting of two fennel Foeniculum vulgare Mill. varieties and their interaction on growth, seed yield and its content of volatile oils and its influence on the lipid and glucose levels of laboratory rats

Author name: ندى ناصر فارس المذحجي
Supervisor name: عصام حسين علي الدوغجي | سعد شاهين حمادي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت التجربة في الموسم الزراعي 2010 - 2011م في احد الحقول التابعة لكلية الزراعة / جامعة البصرة , اذ استهدفت دراسة تاثير طريقتي انتاج الشتلات وزراعتها لصنفي نبات الحبة الحلوة Foeniculum vulgare Mill.وتداخلاتها في النمو وحاصل البذور ومحتواها من الزيوت الطيارة وتاثيرهما في مستوى الدهون والكلوكوز في الجرذان المخبرية. تضمنت التجربة ثمان معاملات عاملية وهي عبارة عن التداخل بين ثلاثة عوامل هي صنفا نبات الحبة الحلوة الحلو "محلي سوري" var. dulce (Sweet fennel) والمر" محلي لبناني" var. vulgar (Bitter fennel) وطريقتا انتاج الشتلات, اذ زرعت البذور في نوعين من الاطباق الزراعية بلاستيكية ذات 205خلية بابعاد 3,5× 3,5× 6 سم وحجم74 سم3 وفلينية ذات 209 خلية بابعاد2,5 × 2,5× 7,5سم وحجم 47 سم3 وطريقتزاراعة الشتلات في المكان المستديم على مروز وفي سطور داخل الواح. استعمل تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة بتجربة عاملية وبثلاث مكررات , حللت النتائج باستعمال تحليل التباين واستعمل اختبار اقل فرق معنوي (L.S.D) عند مستوى احتمال 5%. وفيما ياتي اهم النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها : - 1 - تفوقت نباتات الصنف المحلي اللبناني(المر) معنويا في ارتفاع النبات وقطر الساق الرئيس والوزنين الطري والجاف للمجموع الخضري ومعدل عدد الزهيرات الكلي . نورة زهرية - 1 والتبكير بعقد الثمار ومعدل عدد الثمار المتكونة . نورة زهرية - 1 والوزن النوعي للزيت. في حين تفوقت نباتات الصنف المحلي السوري (الحلو) معنوياﹰفي عدد الفروع الجانبية .نبات - 1والتبكير بظهور النورات الزهرية وتفتح الزهيرات وعدد النورات الزهرية .نبات - 1 ومحتوى الاوراق من الصبغات الكلية. بينما لم يكن للصنف اي تاثير معنوي في عددالاوراق الكلي.نبات - 1والنسبة المئوية للثمارالمتكونة.نورة زهرية - 1 وعدد الزهيرات الكلي.نبات - 1وحاصل البذور.نبات - 1 ووزن1000 بذرة وانتاجية الهكتارمن البذور وحاصل الزيت الطيار وصفاته الفيزيائية ومحتوى الاوراق من صبغات الكلوروفيل وا ب والكلي وصبغات الكاروتينويدات والكاربوهيدرات الذائبة الكلية والصفات الكيميائية للبذور(النسبة المئوية للنتروجين والبوتاسيوم والفسفور والبروتين).2 - اعطت النباتات الناتجة من الشتلات المزروعة في الاطباق البلاستيكية تفوقا معنويا في التبكير بعقد الثمار ووزن 1000بذرة والنسبة المئوية للزيت الطيار. في حين لم يكن لطريقة انتاج الشتلات اي تاثير معنوي في مؤشرات النمو الخضري وعدد الزهيرات الكلي.نبات - 1والنسبة المئوية للثمارالمتكونة.نورة زهرية - 1وحاصل الزيت الطيار. نبات - 1 (غم) وانتاجية الهكتار من الزيت وصفاته الفيزيائية والصفات الكيميائية للاوراق والبذور. 3 - اظهرت النباتات المزروعة في مروز تفوقاﹰ معنوياﹰفي ارتفاع النبات والوزن الطري للمجموع الخضري. في حين تفوقت النباتات المزروعة في سطور داخل الواح في النسبة المئوية للزيت الطيار والنسبة المئوية للبروتين في البذور . في حين لم يكن لطريقة الزراعة اي تاثير معنوي في عدد الزهيرات الكلي.نبات - 1النسبة المئوية للثمار المتكونة.نورة زهرية - 1وحاصل الزيت الطيار.نبات - 1(غم) وانتاجية الهكتار من الزيت وصفاته الفيزيائية والصفات الكيميائية للاوراق والنسبة المئوية للنتروجين والفسفور والبوتاسيوم في البذور.4 - اظهرت التداخلات الثنائية والثلاثية بين عوامل التجربة تاثيرﴽ معنوياﹰ في معظم الصفات المدروسة .2 - التجربة المختبرية نفذت التجربة وفق التصميم العشوائي الكامل لمعرفة تاثير الزيت الطيار وبذور صنفي الحبة الحلوة في مستوى الكوليسترول في مصل الدم لذكور الجرذان المخبرية . استعمل في هذه التجربة 180 جرذﴽ ابيض ذكرﴽ من نوع Albino rats تراوحت اعمارها بين 4 - 8 اسابيع واوزانها بين 50 - 60 غم , تم دراسة الفعالية البايلوجية داخل الجسم الحيIn - vivo عن طريق التجريع الفموي بالزيت الطيار لصنفي الحبة الحلوة الصنف الحلو "محلي سوري" والصنف المر" محلي لبناني" بالجرعات صفر او20 او30 او40 ملغم . كغم - 1 من وزن الجسم والتجريع بمستحلب البذور بجرعة 1000 ملغم . كغم - 1 من وزن الجسم ولكلا الصنفين ولثلاث مدد هي كل 1 او2 او3 اسابيع من بدء التجربة وبثلاث مكررات وحللت النتائج باستعمال تحليل التباين واستعمل اختبار اقل فرق معنوي (L.S.D) عند مستوى احتمال 1%. وفيما ياتي اهم النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها : - 1 - اظهرت النتائج ان تجريع الجرذان بالزيت الطيار وبذور صنفي الحبة الحلوة السوري (الحلو) واللبناني (المر) ادى الى تخفيض معنوي في مستوى الكوليسترول الكلي والكلوكوز والكليسيريدات الثلاثية والبروتينات الدهنية الواطئة والضئيلة الكثافة ومستوى اليوريا في مصل الدم وزيادة مستوى البروتينات الدهنية عالية الكثافة ووزن الجسم مقارنة بالجرذان الطبيعية والمستحثة. وازداد التاثيربزيادة تركيز الزيت الطيارومدة التجريع مما ادى الى قلة الفعالية الحيوية لجرذان التجربة المجرعة بالزيت الطيار لمدة اسبوعين وهلاكها في الاسبوع الثالث. واظهرت الدراسة النسجية عدم وجود تغيرات نسيجية في مجموعة جرذان المقارنة السالبة (طبيعية) وبقاء الانسجة ضمن الحدود الطبيعية. في حين كان هناك تغيرات مرضية واضحة في مجموعة المقارنة الموجبة (المعاملة بالكوليسترول فقط). واظهركل من الكبد والكلية والطحال في مجموعة الجرذان المعاملة بالكوليسترول ثم بالزيت الطيار وبذورالحبة الحلوة الصنف السوري (الحلو) المجرعة لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع تحسن في الصورة النسجية عند مقارنتها مع مجموعة الحيوانات المعاملة بالكوليسترول فقط. وظهر في مجموعة الجرذان المعاملة بالكوليسترول ثم ببذورالحبة الحلوة الصنف اللبناني(المر) المجرعة لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع تحسن في الصورة النسجية عند مقارنتها مع مجموعة الحيوانات المعاملة بالكوليسترول فقط. | The experiment was conducted during the growing season of 2010/2011 in the fields of the College of Agriculture / Basrah University to study the effect of methods of transplants production method and planting of two varieties of fennel plants( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and their interaction on growth, seed yield and its content of volatile oils, and its influence on the lipid and glucose levels of laboratory rats.The experiment included eight treatments combinations resulted from the interaction between two varieties of fennel plants" local Syrian" variety (Sweet fennel) var. dulce and "local Lebanon" variety(Bitter fennel) var. vulgar, two type of seedling tray for transplants production " plastic of 205 cells 3.5× 3.5 × 6.0 cm. (vol. 74 cm3) and stearopore of 209 cells 2.5 × 2.5 × 7.5 cm. (vol. 47 cm3 )" , two planting methods " rows and plots" . Factorial Experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates was adopted and means were compared according to the Least Significant Differences Test at probability of 5%. Result can be summarized as follow : - 1 - Local Lebanon variety(Bitter fennel) gave a significant increase in plant height , stem diameter, fresh and dry weights of plant , number of florets. inflorescences - 1 , number of the fruits . inflorescence - 1 and the specific gravity of volatile oil and reduces the number of days for fruits setting on first inflorescence. Whereas, the local Syrian variety (Sweet fennel) gave a significant increase in number of lateral branches. plant - 1 , number of inflorescences.plant - 1, the total pigment content of leaves and decreased the number of days to the appearance of the first inflorescence and the number of days of the first florets opening. However, the variety factor have no significant effect on number of leaves. plant - 1, number of florets.plant - 1,percentage of the fruits.plant - 1, seeds yield. plant - 1 , weight of 1000 seed , seeds yield.ha - 1, volatile oil yield and its physical characteristics , contents of carotenoid and chlorophyll a, b, and Total , carbohydrate content in leaves and chemicals characteristics of seeds( phosphorus , potassium , nitrogen and protein contents ).2 - Plants grown in plastic trays significantly increased , weight of 1000 seed , the volatile oil percentage , and decreased the number of days for fruits setting on first inflorescence. Whereas the methods of transplants production have no significant effect on all the parameters of vegetative growth , number of florets.plant - 1 , percentage of the fruits.plant - 1 , yield of volatile oil. plant - 1 and its physical characteristics, and all chemicals characteristics of leaves and seeds.3 - Plants grown in rows gave a significant increase in plant height , fresh weights of plant and number of florets. inflorescences - 1.Whereas, plants grown in plots gave a significant increase in the percent of volatile oil and percent of protein. However, the planting method have no significant effect on the number of florets.plant - 1 , percentage of the fruits.plant - 1 , oil yield and its physical characteristics, and all chemicals characteristics of leaves and the percentage of potassium , phosphorus and nitrogen in seeds.4 - The interaction between all studied factors gave significant increase in most studied parameters. 2 - The laboratory experiment Factorial Experiment in Randomized Complete Design with two replicates was adopted to study the effect of volatile oil and seeds from two varieties of fennel plants on the plasma lipid and glucose levels of laboratory rats. 180 male albino rats weights range 50 - 60 g at age of 4 - 8 weeks were used throughout the experiments, the biological activity studied in vivo by oral administration of volatile oil and grind seeds from both the varieties of fennel plants. sweet fennel (local Syrian variety ) and bitter fennel (local Lebanon variety ) at doses of (0 , 20 ,30 ,40) mg.kg - 1 of body weight and seeds extracted at dose of (1000) mg.kg - 1 of body weight of varieties for the periods of 1 ,2 and 3 weeks. Means were compared according to the Least Significant Difference Test at probability of 1% . Results can be summarized as follow : - 1 - Volatile oil and grind seeds of local Syrian variety(sweet) and local Lebanon variety(Bitter) gave significant decreases in cholesterol , glucose and ,triglycerides,Low Density Lipoprotein , Very Low Density Lipoprotein and urea levels in plasma and increased the levels of High Density Lipoprotein in plasma and body weight. The increased concentration of volatile oil and dosing, led to lack of effectiveness of vital experience of rats with volatile oil for two weeks and died in the third week . Histopathological study illustrate no changes in control(normal rats) and the tissue remain within normal limits. Whereas, the rat treated with cholesterol only, illustrate clear morbid changes. While liver, kidney and spleen in rats treated with cholesterol then with essential oil and grind seed of Syrian variety (sweet) for three weeks, showed amelioration in histological picture compared with group treated with cholesterol only. Group treated with cholesterol then with grind seed of Lebanon variety (Bitter) for three weeks, showed amelioration in histological picture compared with group treated with cholesterol only

تاثير الفصل والموقع والوقت على تركيز بعض العناصر الثقيلة في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل في بعض مناطق البصرة == Effect of Season, Location and Time of Sampling on Concentration of Some Heavy Metals In The Meat of Sheep, Beef and Camel In Some of Basrah

Author name: هند عدنان نوري الاجودي
Supervisor name: محارب عبد الحميد طاهر | اميرة كاظم ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Livestock
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: شملت الدراسة التغيرات الفصلية في تركيز بعض العناصر الثقيلة (الرصاص، الكادميوم، النحاس، الزنك والزئبق) في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل الماخوذة من مناطق مختلفة (الهارثة، الخضارة، الزبير و5 ميل) في محافظة البصرة. بعد ذبح الحيوان الساعة الثامنة صباحا والساعة الرابعة عصرا بعد بقاء اللحوم معروضة في الاسواق المحلية، قيست تراكيز العناصر بواسطة جهاز مطياف الامتصاص الذريFlame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer، كما درست نسب التركيب الكيمياوي للحوم المدروسة (الرطوبة، الرماد، الدهن والبروتين).اظهرت نتائج الدراسة ما يلي : 1 - تاثرت نسبة الرطوبة معنويا (p<0.05) بكل من الانواع والوقت، اذ سجلت في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل خلال وقت الصباح 72,29 و72,61 و75,23% وانخفضت في جميع عينات الساعة الرابعة عصرا الى 69,12 و68,45 و69,36% على التوالي وكانت الرطوبة في لحوم الابل اعلى مما في لحوم الاغنام والابقار. 2 - اظهرت نتائج الدراسة عدم وجود فروق معنوية في نسبة الرماد بين انواع اللحوم المدروسة، في حين لوحظت اختلافات معنوية في نسبة الدهن وكان اعلى متوسط لها في لحوم الاغنام (4,41 و3,38%) واقل متوسط في لحوم الابل (1,58 و1,52%) صباحا ومساءا على التوالي. 3 - سجلت اعلى نسبة للبروتين في لحوم الابقار (22,26 و24,72%) في كلا المدة، فيما لم تختلف معنويا في كل من لحوم الاغنام والابل كما لوحظ ارتفاع نسبة البروتين عند جمع العينات الساعة الرابعة عصرا اذ بلغت 23,60 و24,72 و23,72% في كل من لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. 4 - اوضحت نتائج الدراسة وجود تاثير معنوي (p<0.05) للمنطقة على تركيز عنصر الرصاص في اللحوم، اذ سجل اعلى تركيز في منطقتي الهارثة و5 ميل، في حين ارتفع مستوى هذا العنصر في فصلي الشتاء والربيع وارتفع متوسط تركيزه في العينات التي جمعت الساعة الرابعة عصرا ليصل الى 89,09 و107,31 و97,30 مايكروغم/غم في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. 5 - تراوح متوسط تركيز عنصر الكادميوم بين 0,23 - 11,94مايكروغم/غم في انواع اللحوم الماخوذة من مناطق الدراسة خلال فصول السنة، بلغ اعلى متوسط لتركيز العنصر في منطقة 5 ميل، ومن ناحية التغيرات الفصلية سجل اعلى متوسط في فصل الربيع لكل من لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل (10,99 و10,76 و11,29) مايكروغم/غم على التوالي. لم يظهر للوقت تاثير معنوي على تركيز عنصر الكادميوم في كل من لحوم الابقار والابل عدا تركيزه في لحوم الاغنام اذ سجل متوسط تركيزه خلال وقت الصباح 3,56 وارتفع التركيز ليصل الى 4,14 مايكروغم/غم عصرا.6 - كان للمنطقة تاثير معنوي على تركيز عنصر النحاس، اذ بلغ اعلى تركيز في منطقتي الخضارة و5 ميل خلال فترة الدراسة لانواع اللحوم المدروسة، فيما ارتفع المستوى في فصل الشتاء معنويا (p<0.05) بالمقارنة مع الفصول الاخرى اذ بلغ المتوسط 94,31 و95,54 و51,41 مايكروغم/غم في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. وكان للوقت تاثيرات معنوية في تركيز العنصر في انواع اللحوم المدروسة. 7 - بالنسبة الى تركيز عنصر الزنك لم يكن للمنطقة تاثير معنوي في كل من لحوم الابقار والابل، فقط في لحوم الاغنام اذ سجل اعلى متوسط في منطقة الهارثة (165,79 مايكروغم/غم) واقل متوسط في منطقة الزبير (150,96مايكروغم/غم). في حين ارتفع المستوى في فصل الربيع بالمقارنة مع الفصول الاخرى في اللحوم المدروسة. مع زيادة وقت التعرض ارتفع متوسط تركيز العنصر ليصل الى 161,49 و168,45 و173,56 مايكروغم/غم في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. 8 - بينت نتائج الدراسة ان للمنطقة تاثير معنوي في تركيز عنصر الزئبق، اذ سجل اعلى تركيز في منطقة الهارثة في انواع اللحوم المدروسة. ومن ناحية التغيرات الفصلية بلغ اعلى تركيز للعنصر في فصل الشتاء مقارنة مع الفصول الاخرى. كانت الفروقات في تركيز العنصر بين الصباح والمساء معنوية، اذ بلغ متوسط تركيزه خلال وقت الصباح 44,21 و49,36 و35,14 مايكروغم/غم وعند جمع العينات الساعة الرابعة عصرا سجل متوسط 46,14 و59,31 و43,88 مايكروغم/غم في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. | This study was carriedout to study the effect of season (summer, fall, winter and spring) location and time of sampling on the concentrations of heavy metals (lead, cadmium cupper, zinc and mercury) in the meat of sheep, beef and camels. Meat samples were obtained from retail sellers in four different locations of Basrah city (Hartha, 5 miles, Khathara and Zubair) twice a day ; 8 a.m. in the morning and 4 p.m. in the afternoon. Promixate analysis of meat was determined and heavy metals were measured by flam atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results revealed that : 1 - Moisture content was affected significantly (p<0.05) by the type of meat and time of sampling. Percentages were 72.29, 72.61 and 75.23% for the meat of sheep, beef and camel, respectively in the morning and decreased in the afternoon to percentages of 69.12, 68.45 and 69.36% respectively, moisture content of camel meat was higher than that of beef or sheep. 2 - No significant differences were obtained for the percentages of ash between the studied types of meat, while the differences between the percentages of fat were significant, the highest means were for the meat of sheep (4.41 and 3.38%) and the lowest means were for the meat of camel (1.58 and 1.52%) in the morning samples and the afternoon samples respectively.3 - The highest percentages of protein were recorded for the meat of beef (22.26 and 24.72% for the morning and the afternoon samples respectively), while differences between meat of sheep and camel were not significant. Percentages of protein were higher in the samples of 4 p - m., being 23.60, 24.72 and 23.72% for the meat of sheep, beef and camels, respectively. 4 - Concentrations of lead metal in the meat samples differed significantly (p<0.05) between locations. The highest levels were in the samples obtained from Hartha and 5 miles in winter and spring seasons. Also the samples of 4 p.m. contained higher levels than in the 8 a.m. samples, being 98.09, 107.31 and 97.30 µg/g for meat of sheep, beef and camels respectively. 5 - Average cadmium concentrations during the different seasons and different locations varied between 0.23 and 11.94 µg/g. The highest levels were for the samples of 5 miles location and spring season in the meat of sheep, beef and camel (10.99, 10.76 and 11.29 µg/g respectively). No significant effect for the time of sampling on the concentration of cadmium for beef and camel meat except for sheep meat in which the level was 3.56 for the morning samples and raised to 4.41 µg/g in the samples of the afternoon. 6 - Location of sampling had significant effects on concentration of cupper in the meat. The highest levels were in the samples of Khathara and 5 miles during the period of study for the studied types of meat. On the other hand, the level increased significantly (p<0.05) in the winter season in comparison with other seasons, the mean concentrations were 94.31, 95.54 and 51.41 µg/g in the meat of sheep, beef and camel respectively. Time of sampling affected significantly the concentration of cupper in the studied types of meat. 7 - The effect of location was non significant on the concentration of zinc in the meat of beef and camel and significant in the case of sheep meat, its highest mean (165.79 µg/g) was in the Hartha location and lowest mean (150.96 µg/g) in Zubair location. High level of the metal was registered in the spring season in comparison with other seasons in all studied types of meat. Zinc concentration increased with the increase of exposure of meat to atmosphere to reach values of 161.49, 168.45 and 173.56 µg/g in the meat of sheep, beef and camel, respectively. 8 - Level of mercury in the meat was affected by location of sampling, the highest mean concentration was registered in Hartha region. Season of the year affected the level of mercury in meat too. The highest level was found in winter. Concentration of the metal in meat samples at 4 p.m. was higher than at 8 a.m. Values in the meat of sheep, beef and camel were respectively 44.21 , 49.36 and 35.14 µg/g in the meat samples collected in the morning and 46.14, 59.31 and 43.88 µg/g in the meat samples collected in the afternoon.

خفض الكولسترول باستخدام انزيم الكولسترول اوكسديز المنتج من عزلة محلية لبكتريا Bacillus subtilis == decrease of Cholesterol by Cholesterol Oxidase Produced from A Local Isolate of Bacillus subtilis

Author name: الهام كاظم ناصر
Supervisor name: غياث حميد مجيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: عزلت 12عزلة تابعة لجنس Bacillus من عينات شملت التربة والجبن والقيمر واللبن الرائب المجفف واللبن الرائب الناشف والحنطة. شخصت العزلات حسب الصفات المظهرية والفحوصات الكيموحيوية ، واوضحت النتائج انها تعود الى انواع من بكتريا Bacillus وهي ثلاث عزلات By0 Br3 , Bs0 , تمثل Bacillus cereus، وثلاث عزلات Bc1 , Bc3 , Br4 تمثل Bacillus sublilis والعزلات Bc2 , Bw0 كانت تمثل Bacillus coagulans، اما العزلة Br1 فقد كانت B.megaterium والعزلة Br2 كانت B.alvei، فيما كانت العزلة By1 B.licheniformis . اوضحت نتائج الغربلة الاولية بان العزلة Bc3 كانت الاكفا في انتاج انزيم الكولسترول اوكسديز COB. كانت الظروف المثلى لانتاج انزيم COB من العزلة المحلية Bc3 كما يلي : - 2% سكر الكلوكوز مصدر كاربوني. - 0,15 كبريتات الامونيوم مصدر نتروجيني. - 7 الدالة الحامضية الابتدائية. - 35م درجة الحرارة لحضن وسط الانتاج . - 1,75مل حجم لقاح وبمعدل 3,5% - 150 هزة/دقيقة سرعة الحاضنة الهزازة. - 0,2% تركيز كولسترول لانتاج الانزيم - 24 ساعة مدة الحضن. تمت تنقية الانزيم وفق خطوات التنقية والتي تضمنت الترسيب بكبريتات الامونيوم وبنسبة اشباع 70% اذ بلغت الفعالية الانزيمية 16,66وحدة/مل وبفعالية نوعية 111,07وحدة/ملغم بروتين واستكملت التنقية بالترشيح الهلامي باستعمال العمود سيفادكس G - 100 اذ ظهرت اربع قمم بروتينية وكانت القمة الرابعة ذات فعالية انزيمية 6,5 وحدة/مل، وبفعالية نوعية 162,5وحدة/ملغم بروتين وكانت عدد مرات التنقية 4,31 وبحصيلة انزيمية مقدارها 1,4%. وللتاكد من نقاوة الانزيم اجري الترحيل الكهربائي واوضحت النتائج ظهور حزمة بروتينية واحدة في هلام متعدد الاكريل امايد. درست صفات الانزيم المنقى فقد قدر الوزن الجزيئي لانزيم الكولسترول الاوكسديز المنتج من العزلة Bc3 بتقنية الترحيل الكهربائي في هلام متعدد الاكريل امايد وبوجود SDS وكان 60 كيلو دالتون. وبينت النتائج ان الدالة الحامضية المثلى لفعالية الانزيم المنقى هي 7 اذ اعطى الانزيم اعلى فعالية انزيمية مقدارها 80 وحدة/مل. وبلغت الدرجة الحرارية المثلى لفعالية الانزيم المنقى 50 م وبفعالية انزيمية 106,72 وحدة/مل. اما الدالة الحامضية المثلى لثبات الانزيم فقد تراوحت بين 6 - 9 فقد احتفظ الانزيم لكامل فعاليته عند هذا المدى للدوال الحامضية. وكان الثبات الحراري للانزيم عند مدى حراري تراوح بين 40 - 60م .درست الثوابت الحركية للانزيم واوضحت النتائج ان قيم ثابت ميكالس Km للانزيم بلغت 14,2 مايكرومول وبلغت السرعة القصوى Vmax 0,03 مايكرومول/دقيقة. اثبتت النتائج قابلية الانزيم العالية على خفض الكولسترول في الحليب فقد انخفضت نسبة الكولسترول الى 3,577 ملغم/100مل مقارنة مع 15,035 ملغم/100مل للحليب غير المعامل بالانزيم. استعمل الانزيم في صناعة اللبن الرائب لدراسة مدى امكانيته في خفض الكولسترول في المنتوج النهائي. اوضحت النتائج قابلية الانزيم العالية في خفض الكولسترول في اللبن الرائب حيث انخفضت نسبة الكولسترول من 16,648 في الحليب المعد في الصناعة الى 3,013 ملغم/100 مل باستخدام 0,25 وحدة/مل من الانزيم . لم تختلف درجات التقييم الحسي اللبن الرائب المصنع من الحليب المسترجع والذي اضيف اليه الانزيم بتركيز 0,25 وحدة/100مل حليب عن معاملة السيطرة فيما يتعلق بالصفات الحسية والتي شملت النكهة واللون والقوام. | Twelve strains that belonged to the genus Bacillus were isolated from different sources which are : soil, cheese, thick cream (Gaimer), dry yoghurt (Jameed), concentrated yoghurt (Laban Nashif), myonaise, and wheat.The isolates were identified according to their morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. The results showed that all isolates belonged to Bacillus species which were classified to : Three isolate (By0, Br3 and Bs0) as Bacillus cereus. Four isolates (Bc1, Bc3 and Br4) as Bacillus subtilis. Two isolates (Bc2 and Bw0) as Bacillus coagulans. One isolate (Br1) as Bacillus megaterium. One isolate (Br2) as Bacillus alvei. One isolate (By1) as Bacillus licheniformis. Primary screening results showed that the isolate Bc3 was the best in producing the enzyme cholesterol oxidase (COB).Optimum conditions for producing COB from Bc3 were studied, the optimum values obtained are shown below : - Carbon source : 2% glucose. - Nitrogen source : 0.15% ammonium sulfate. - pH value : 7 - Temperature : 35C° - Inoculum : 3.5% - Shaking speed : 150 shake/min - Incubation period : 24 hrs. - Concentration of Cholesterol : 0.2%.Purification of COB were accomplished as follow : - Ammonium sulfate precipitation (70% saturaqtion). - Gel filtration through sephadex G - 100.Enzyme activity obtained after ammonium sulfate precipitation was 16.66 unit/ml and the specific activity was 111.07 unit/mg. Four peaks were resulted from gel filtration step. The fourth peak was found to contain COB. Activity of COB in the pooled tubes was 6.5 unit/ml and the specific activity was 162 unit/mg, with a recovery of 4.31 and a yield of 1.4%.Poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of the purified COB was conducted to check the purity. One band was noticed which revealed that COB is pure. The molecular weight of COB was estimated by means of SDS - PAGE technique, which was found to be 60 K Dalton. At pH 7 the highest activity of COB was obtained which was 80 unit/ml. This pH value was considered as the optimum pH of the enzyme. However, at a temperature of 50 C and pH 7, the highest activity was gained which was 106.72 unit/ml, therefore, this temperature is regarded as the optimum for COB reaction. COB stability at different pH values showed that the enzyme is stable at a range of 6 - 9. Heat stability of COB when incubated at a temperature range 0 - 80 C for 1 hr showed that the enzyme is stable at 60 C, then started to decrease till it reached at 40 - 60 Cº.Maechalis - Menton constant (Km) and Maximum velocity (Vmax) of COB was found to be 14.2 µ mole and 0.03 µ mole/mint, respectively.An experiment was conducted to examine the ability of COB obtained in this study in degrading cholesterol in milk and yoghurt. The results revealed that COB was efficient to degrade cholesterol in both products under the experiment conditions.Results showed that the enzyme was efficient to degrade cholesterol in milk. Cholesterol level decreased from 155.34 mg/100 ml milk to 35.77 mg/100ml. The enzyme was used to detect its ability in reducing cholesterol content in yoghurt. Results revealed that the enzyme was able to reduce cholesterol percentage from 150.84% in milk to 30.13% in yoghurt when used in amount of unit/100 ml milk. Sensor evaluation of yoghurt for both enzyme treated and non - treated milk had no significant differences. However, yoghurt with added COB got higher degrees than control.

تقييم بعض المواد العلفية والرعويـة المحليـة باستخدام تقنيـة اكياس النايلون (In sacco) في الاغنام == Evaluation of some Local Feeds by in - Sacco Technique in Sheep

Author name: جلال عكيلي يسر
Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد | سمير اسطيفان حنا
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة على 3 كباش عرابية مزوده بنواسير الكرش ومحتجزه في اقفاص الهضم (1.2x 0.80x 1م) في احد مختبرات قسم الثروة الحيوانية في كلية الزراعة جامعة البصرة للفترة من 14/1/2008 ولغاية 26/5/2008 حيث غذيت هذه الكباش على العلف المركز والاخضر(الجت) مع تجهيزها بمكعبات الاملاح المعدنية والفيتامينات بصورة حرة.جمعت عينات من المواد المراد تقيمها بصورة عشوائية من مناطق مختلفة من منطقة الهارثة وكرمة علي حيث شملت القصب (Phragmites australis) والبردي (Typha domingen pers)والطرطير(Suaeda fruticosa)والحلفه (Imperata cylinrica ) والاسل (Juncus rigidus ) والمران(Paniccm repens )والسليكورنيا(Salicornia europaea ) والعاقول (Alhagi maurorum ) وتـبن الشـعير(Barley straw ) وكوالح الذرة (Corn cups) ودريس الجت (Alfalfa hay ) ونوى التمر (Date palm seeds ) وكانت جميع هذه النباتات في مرحلة النضج التام (يابسه وليس خضراء).بعد تجفيف هذه العينات وطحنها بحيث تمر من منخل قطر فتحاته 3 ملم. ثبتت مكوناتها الكيمياويه ثم غمرها بالكرش( الوقت صفر) ثم سحبها في الفترات 6 و12 و18 و24 و48 و72 و96 ساعة. واستخدمت طريقة Orskov and McDonald (1979). لتقدير معدلات تحلل الماده الجافه والمكونات الكيمياوية الاخرى حيث تم التوصل الى النتائج التاليه : 1 - ارتفاع نسبة المادة الجافة في جميع العينات المدروسه والتي بلغت( اكثر من 85%)وانخفاضها في نبات الطرطير (41%) بصوره معنوية.2 - انخفاض محتوى البروتين عن 10% لجميع المواد العلفية المدروسة باستثناء دريس الجت والطرطير والمران وكان الاختلاف في محتوى البروتين معنويا. 3 - ارتفاع نسبة الالياف الخام ومكونات جدار الخلية (السليلوز والهيميسللوز واللكنين) لجميع النباتات والمواد العلفية المدروسة وبنسبة اكثر من 25% عدا نوى التمر والسالكورنيا (9.8 و19.4)%على التوالي.4 - تمـيز كل من دريـس الجت والعاقول والسالكورنيا بارتـفاع معـدل التحلل الكـلي ( 76.75 و68.74 و63.03% على التوالي) ومعدل التحلل المؤثر( 53.8 و34.8 و34.7 %) للمادة الجافة مقارنة بالمواد العلفية الاخرى. وكانت الفروق عالية المعنوية.5 - تفوقت معدلات تحلل البروتين لجميع المواد العلفية على معدلات تحلل المادة الجافة. وامتاز كل من دريس الجت (70.62%) وتبن الشعير (68.60%) والعاقول (62.57%) بارتفاع معدلات التحلل الكلي للبروتين بينما كان دريس الجت (57.54%) والعاقول (47.00%) والسالكورنيا (41.98%) ذات معدلات تحلل مؤثر عالية مقارنة بباقي المواد العلفية.6 - بلغ معدل التحلل الكلي للالياف 34.56% لنوى التمر والذي كان اعلى من قيمته للمواد العلفية الاخرى والتي تميزت بانخفاض معدل تحلل اليافها الكلي (اقل من 23%) لاسيما الحلفة وكوالح الذرة (9.32 و9.23% على التوالي). اما من حيث معدل التحلل المؤثر للالياف فامتاز دريس الجت بارتفاع معدل تحلل اليافه المؤثر (26.14%) وتليه المواد العلفية الاخرى.7 - اظهر العاقول والسلكورنيا معدل هضم (معدل التحلل في 48 ساعة) لكل من المادة الجافة والبروتين والالياف اقل من دريس الجت ولكنه كان معنويا من ذلك لبقية المواد العلفية الاخرى.8 - اظهرت نسبة المادة الجافة في المادة العلفية ارتباطا سالبا غير معنوي مع معدل تحلل المادة الجافة في جميع الاوقات وكانت نسبة البروتين ذات علاقة ارتباط موجبة ومعنوية مع معدلات تحلل المادة الجافة. في حين اظهرت نسبة الالياف المتعادلة ارتباطا معنويواسالبا مع تحلل المادة الجافة منذ الساعة 3 حتى الساعة 12من غمر العينات في الكرش فقط وكانت سالبة وغير معنوية في الاوقات اللاحقة. وكانت علاقة نسبة الالياف الحامضية سالبة وغير معنوية مع معدل تحلل المادة الجافة (عدا الوقت 12 ساعة).9 - اظهرت نسبة البروتين في المواد العلفية ارتباطا معنويواموجبا مع معدل تحلل البروتين الخام في جميع الاوقات. بينما كانت العلاقة سالبة ومعنوية بين نسبة الالياف الحامضية والمتعادلة ومعدل تحلل البروتين. | The current study was carried out on three Arabi rams in a laboratory of the Department of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basra for the period from 14/1/2008 to 26/5/2008. The rams have drawn up in digestion cages (1.2x 0.8x 1 m). Rumen fistula were fixed on these rams. Ration, water,minerals and vitamins blocks were given ad libitum. Random samples of 12 feeds were collected from different areas of Al - Hartha and Qarmit - Ali. These feeds were phragmites australis, Typha domingensis, suaeda fruticosa, Imperata cylinrica, paniccm repens, juncos rigidus, salicorina europaea, alhagi maurorum, barley straw, corn cups, alfalfa hay and date palm seeds. All samples were dried, milled (3mm) and chemically analyzed before incubation into the rumen (0 h) and after 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation. Dry matter and all its chemical component degradability were estimated auording Orskov and McDonald (1979) formula. The results revealed the following : 1 - All feeds showed high level of dry matter content, exceeding 85%, except suaeda fruticosa(41%). Differences in dry matter content among feeds were significant.2 - Protein level of studied feeds was less than 10%, except that of alfalfa hay, suaeda fruticosa and paniccm repens. The differences in protein level of different feeds were significant.3 - Fiber levels and cell wall contents (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) were high and exceeded the level of 25%, except that of date palm seed and salicorina europaea (9.8 and 19.4% respectively).4 - Total and effective degradability (a+b and p) of dry matter content of alfalfa hay, alhagi maurorum and salicorina europaea were significantly higher (76.75, 68.74 and 63.03% and 53.8, 34.8 and 34.7% respectively) than that of other studied feeds.5 - All protein degradabilities were high than dry matter of all feeds. Total protein degradabilities of alfalfa hay (70.62%), barley straw(68.60%) and alhagi maurorum (62.74%) were higher than other feeds. However, effective degradabilities of alfalfa hay (57.54%), alhagi maurorum(47.00%) and salicorina europaea (41.98%) were higher than that of other feeds.6 - Total fiber degradability of date palm seeds was 34.54%, which was higher than other feeds (all are less than 23%), specially that of Imperata cylinrica and corn cups (9.32 and 9.23% respectively). Effective degradability of alfalfa hay fiber was 26.14%, which was followed by that of the rest of studied feeds. 7 - Digestibilities (degradation at 48 hours of incubation in the rumen) of dry matter, protein and fiber of alhagi maurorum and salicorina europaea were less than that of alfalfa hay, but they were higher than that of other feeds.8 - Dry matter of different feeds showed negative but not significant correlation with dry matter degradation at different times of incubation. While protein level correlated significantly and positive with dry matter degradation. The level of NDF showed negative and significant correlation with dry matter degradation during 3 to 12 h of incubation, however, the correlation was negative but not significant at other times of incubations. The correlation of ADF was negative and not significant with dry matter degradation except that at 12 h of incubation.9 - Protein level of feeds correlated significantly and positively with protein degradation at all times of incubation. However, correlations of protein degradation with ADF and NDF were negative and significant

تاثير الرش بالاثيفون في البناء البايوايميائي والتشريحي لثمار السدر "Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk." وحاصل الشجرة في صنفي التفاحي والجبجاب خلال مراحل النمو والنضج == EFEECT OF SPRAYING ETHEPHONON THE BIOCHEMICAL AND ANATOMICAL BULID - UP OF JUJUBE FRUITS "Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk."AND YIELD TREES OF TUFAHI AND CHIBCHAB CULTIVARS DURING GROWTH AND RIPENING

Author name: وسن فوزي فاضل الابريسم
Supervisor name: علي حسين محمد الطه
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted on jujube trees "Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.", cv. Tufahi (grown in a private orchard at AL - Hartha district, Basrah Governorate) and on cv. Chibchab (grown in a private orchard at Abi ELKhassib district, Basrah Governorate) during the growing season 20007 - 2008 to investigate effects of the plant growth regulator "Ethephon " at the concentrations of 0 , 100 , 300 , 500 mg/1 on the biochemical and anatomical build - up of fruits and yield quality. The results of this study were as follows : All ethephon spray treatments had significant effect on the physical and chemical characters of fruits and yield of trees. The ethephon treatment at the concentration of 500 mg/1 for both cultivars recorded the highest increases in fruit volume, length, diameter, fresh weight of fruit, pulp and seed, total soluble solids, fruit skin content of carotene pigment, nitrogen concentration, proten, respiration, ethylene production, number of cells per mm2 (for Chibchab cv. only) cell length and width, total and reducing sugars, sucrose, vit. C. and potassium concentration per fruit. Ethephon treatment at the concentration of 500 mg/1 gave also insignificant increased in fruit dry matter percentage. The control treatment (0 mg/l ethephon) for both cultivars had significantly highertotal acidity, pectins, phonolic compounds, fruit skin content of chlorophyll a(for Tufahi cv. only), b and total chlorophyll, and phosphorus concentration per fruit over the other treatments. Ethephon treatment at the concentration of 100 mg/1 ethephon gave significant increased in fruit skin content of chlorophyll a for Chibchab cv. only, and total chlorophyll, and insignificant increased in number of cells per mm2 for Tufahi cv. only. Ethephon treatment at the concentration of 300 mg/1 increased the fruit weight per tree and total yield per hectare significantly over treatments for both cultivars but the differences were not significant with ethephon treatment at 100 mg/1 in both characters for Tufahi cv. only.Periods from anthesis factor had significant effect in all characters for both cultivars. Periods 122 and 131 days from anthesis for Tufahi and Chibchab cultivars respectively recorded the highest increases in fruit volume, length, diameter, fresh weight of fruit, pulp and seed, fruit dry matter percentage(for Tufahi cv. only), total soluble solids, fruit skin content of carotene pigment, cell length and width, whereas period 40 days from anthesis increases significantly fruit moisture content(for Tufahi cv. only), dry matter(for Chibchab cv. only), total acidity, pectins, phenolic compounds, fruit skin content of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, nitrogen concentration, protein and cell number per mm2 over other periods. Period 67days from anthesis recorded Significant increase in moisture content per fruit for Chibchab cv. , while period 101 days from anthesis gave Significant increase in respiration rate and ethylene production for both cultivars.The The combination of ethephon treatments and periods from anthesis had significant effects in all fruit characters for both cultivars but frut moisture content and dry matter percentage were Significant in all combination treatments for Tufahi cv. only.All ethephon treatments hastened fruit ripening by means of changes in fruit color and picking date for both Tufahi and Chibchab jujube cultivars in comparison to control treatment, with the treatment at 500 mg/l ethephon recording the best results in this respect. Fruits of both ethephon treatments at 300 mg/l and 500 mg/l were picked three times in the season and fruits of ethephon treatment at 100 mg/l and control treatment were picked five times in the season.

دراسة تاثير استهلاك منتوج علاجي متخمر مصنع من عزلة محلية من بكتيريا Lactobacillus salivarius في بعض المعايير الفسلجية في الجرذان المختبرية == Studying The Consuming Effect of Therapeutic Fermented Product Manufactured by Local Isolate Lactobacillus salivarius on Some Physiological Parameters in Experimental Rats

Author name: وسن جعفر ابراهيم
Supervisor name: غياث حميد مجيد | احمد عبود خليفة
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant Biotechnology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: عزلت ثمان عزلات محلية من بكتيريا L.salivarius من براز الاطفال الرضع بعمر (3 - 2) اشهر اعتمادا على الصفات المجهرية والفسلجية والكيموحيوية ، ثلاثة منها (LsP1 ، LsP2 ، LsP5) اظهرت فروقات معنوية (P < 0.01) في قابليتها على انتاج الحامض في الحليب مقارنة مع بقية العزلات والسلالة القياسية من بكتيريا L.acidophilus . اجريت غربلة للعزلات المحلية الثلاث (LsP1 ، LsP2 ، LsP5) لاختيار قابليتها على تحمل الظروف المشابهة لظروف القناة المعدية المعوية من حموضة وتركيز املاح الصفراء وتركيز الانزيمات الهاضمة ، حساسيتها تجاه تاثير بعض المضادات الحيوية واسعة الاستخدام في العلاج الطبيعي ، وقدرتها على تثبيط نمو بكتيريا E.coli O3 : H4 . اظهرت العزلة المحلية L.salivarius (LsP5) فروقات معنوية (P < 0.01) في تحملها لظروف القناة المعدية المعوية حيث كانت اعداد الخلايا الحية11×106 وبعد ثلاث ساعات من التعرض للعصير المشابه للعصارة المعدية انخفضت الى (105 x 35 cfu \ مل) عند رقم هيدروجيني 2 و(104 x 39 cfu \ مل) عند رقم هيدروجيني 1.5 . وفي العصير المشابه للعصارة المعوية كانت اعداد خلاياها الحية (109 x 39 cfu \ مل) عند تركيز املاح صفراء %1 و(108 x 18 cfu \ مل) عند تركيز املاح صفراء %2 ؛ واظهرت مقاومة عالية للتاثير المثبط لبعض مضادات الحياة حيث كان قطر الهالة الخالية من النمو عند المعاملة مع المضاد الحياتي (E) Erythromycin (1.91 سم) و(CTX) Cephotaxime (0.95 سم) و(CTP)Ciprofloxacin (1.23 سم) بينما لم يظهر اي تاثير مثبط لنموها عند المعاملة مع الـ (Am) Ampicilline وTrimethoprime + Sulfamethoxazol (SXT) . كما انها اظهرت تاثيرا مثبطا لنمو البكتيريا E.coli O3 : H4 حيث كان قطر الهالة الخالية من نمو البكتيريا المرضية (25 ملم) . درست قابلية هذه العزلات على مقاومة ظروف التصنيع والخزن المبرد لمدة اربعة اسابيع على درجة حرارة 4 م ، واظهرت العزلة LsP5 قدرة عالية على البقاء حية بعد انتهاء فترة الخزن حيث كانت اعداد الخلايا الحية (107 x 25.9 cfu \ مل) . اختيرت العزلة LsP5 لتصنيع منتوج لبني متخمر مشابه للحليب الاسيدوفيلي وذلك لدراسة تاثير استهلاك هذا المنتوج على اوزان ، وبعض المعايير الدموية (اعداد كريات الدم الحمراء RBC ، الهيموكلوبين Hb ، حجم الدم المضغوط PCV ، اعداد كريات الدم البيضاء WBC) والبيوكيمياوية (الكوليستيرول الكلي Tchol. ، البروتينات الدهنية واطئة الكثافة LDL ، البروتينات الدهنية عالية الكثافة HDL ، الكليسيريدات الثلاثية TG ، والبروتين الكلي TP) لذكور الجرذان المختبرية في تجربة اشتملت على 24 حيوانا ، قسمت الى ثلاث مجاميع (8 حيوانات لكل مجموعة) المجموعة الاولى (مجموعة السيطرة) تم تغذيتها بالعليقة الاعتيادية لمدة 30 يوم ، المجموعة الثانية (S) تم تغذيتها بالعليقة الاعتيادية بالاضافة الى 2 مل من الحليب الفرز المسترجع بنسبة %12 ، اما المجموعة الثالثة (P) تم تغذيتها بالعليقة الاعتيادية بالاضافة الى 2 مل من المنتوج المتخمر حيث اظهرت النتائج ما ياتي : - 1 - حصول زيادة معنوية (P < 0.01) في النسبة المئوية للزيادة الوزنية لحيوانات المجموعة (P) مقارنة مع حيوانات المجموعة (C) و(S) .2 - ارتفاع معنوي (P < 0.01) في معدلات كل من RBC ، Hb ، PCV ، وانخفاض معنوي (P < 0.01) في اعداد WBC في دم حيوانات مجموعة المعاملة (p) مقارنة مع حيوانات المجموعة (C) و(S) .3 - ظهر من دراسة العد التفريقي لكريات الدم البيضاء ان التجريع بالمنتوج المتخمر ادى الى ارتفاع معنوي (P < 0.01) في اعداد الخلايا اللمفاوية lymphcyctes ، وانخفاض معنوي (P < 0.01) في اعداد الخلايا العدلة Neutrophil بينما لم تظهر اي اختلافات معنوية في اعداد الـ Eosinophil والـ Basophil . 4 - انخفاض معنوي (P < 0.01) في قيم كل من Tchol. ، LDL ، TG وارتفاع معنوي (P < 0.01) في قيم الـ HDL وTP في مصل دم حيوانات المجموعة (P) مقارنة مع حيوانات المجموعة (C) و(S) . درست امكانية استخدام الحليب المتخمر في علاج ذكور الجرذان المختبرية المصابة ببكتيريا E.coli O3 : H4 في تجربة استندت على 24 حيوانا ، قسمت الى ست مجاميع (4 حيوانات لكل مجموعة) حيث تم تغذية جميع المجاميع بالعليقة الاعتيادية طيلة فترة التجربة البالغة ستة اسابيع بالاضافة الى المعاملات الاتية : - مجموعة السيطرة (C) بدون معاملة ، المجموعة الثانية (P) عوملت بجرعة 2 مل من الحليب المتخمر ، المجموعة الثالثة (E) جرعة بـ 2 مل من معلق الخلايا الحية لبكتيريا E.coli O3 : H4 ، المجموعة الرابعة (EP) جرعت بالبكتيريا المرضية لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع متتالية ثم جرعت بـ 2 مل من الحليب المتخمر لثلاثة اسابيع تالية ، المجموعة الخامسة (EM) جرعت بالبكتيريا المرضية لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع ثم جرعت بـ 2 مل من الميترونيدازول ، اما المجموعة السادسة (P + E) فجرعت بالمنتوج المتخمر لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع ثم بالمنتوج المتخمر و2 مل من معلق البكتيريا المرضية في وقت واحد لثلاثة اسابيع اخرى ؛ واظهرت النتائج ما ياتي : - 1 - ان اصابة الحيوانات بالبكتيريا المرضية E.coli O3 : H4 ادى الى انخفاض معنوي (P < 0.01) في اوزان الحيوانات كما نفقت بعض الحيوانات ، وكانت النسبة المئوية للحيوانات النافقة (% 55.5) .2 - ادى علاج الحيوانات بالحليب المتخمر الى زيادة معنوية في اوزان الحيوانات المعاملة (EP) مقارنة مع الحيوانات التي تم علاجها كيمياويا بالميترويندازول . كما ان التجريع المسبق بالمنتوج المتخمر ادى الى عدم ظهور فروقات معنوية في الزيادة الوزنية مقارنة مع حيوانات مجموعة السيطرة (C) ، كما لم تظهر اعراض الاصابة على الحيوانات بعد تعاطيها البكتيريا المرضية .3 - حصل انخفاض معنوي (P < 0.05) في قيمة كل من الهيموكلوبين وحجم الخلايا المضغوط وارتفاع معنوي (P < 0.05) في اعداد كريات الدم البيضاء في دم الحيوانات التي تم اصابتها بالبكتيريا المرضية وادى استخدام العلاج الحيوي بالحليب المتخمر الى اعادة قيم هذه المتغيرات الى حدودها الطبيعية مع وجود فروقات معنوية مقارنة مع استخدام الميترويندازول في علاج الحيوانات ، كما ان التجريع المسبق بالبكتيريا العلاجية ادى الى المحافظة على هذه القيم ضمن الحدود الطبيعية حتى بعد اصابتها بالبكتيريا المرضية .4 - انخفاض قيم البروتين الكلي (TP) بشكل معنوي (P < 0.05) في مصل الحيوانات المصابة خلال فترة المعاملة وادى العلاج الحيوي بالحليب المتخمر الى ارتفاع قيم البروتين الكلي بشكل معنوي (P < 0.05) مقارنة مع استخدام العلاج بالميترونيدازول ، كما لم يحصل انخفاض في قيم البروتين الكلي في مجموعة الحيوانات التي تم تجريعها مسبقا بالحليب المتخمر (E+P) .5 - لم تظهر النتائج اي تغيير (عدم وجود فروقات معنوية) في قيم البيليروبين الكلي (TB) لجميع المجاميع الحيوانية طيلة فترة التجربة . | To investigation the effect of Lactobacillus local isolate the present study was conducted . Eight local isolates have been isolated and identificated as Lactobacillus salivarius from infant stool samples aged 2 - 3 months depending on their microscopical , physiological and biochemical aspects . Three of these isolates (LsP1 , LsP2 , LsP5) revealed a significant differences in their ability of milky acid production . these isolates screened according to their ability to tolerance the environments like those in the Gastro - intestinal tract which include (high acidity , bile salts concentration , digestive enzyme concentration) , sensitivity to the effect of some widespread antibiotics and their ability to inhibit growth of E.coli O3 : H4 . The local isolate (LsP5) showed a significant differences in his tolerance to gastro - intestinal tract environments and the number of living cell after 3 hours of exposure to the juice like gastric juice is (35 x 105 cfu / ml) in pH 2 and (15 x 104 cfu / ml) in pH 1.5 and in the juice like intestinal juice the number of living cells is (39 x 109 cfu / ml) in % 1 bile salt concentration and in the concentration % 2 (18 x 108 cfu / ml) , and this isolate showed also higher resistance to the lethal effect of some antibiotics than the other isolates and the inhibition zone diameter in erythromycine (1.91 cm) , cephotaxime (0.95 cm) , ciproflexacine (1.23 cm) , whereas not appear any lethal effect when its treated with ampicilline and trimethoprime + sulfamethoxazol . It’s indicated higher inhibition effect on E.coli O3 : H4 and the inhibition growth zone is (25 mm) . In conclusion , the results revealed that LsP5 isolate has higher resistance to the fermented milk production and cold storage under 4˚C for four weeks than the other isolates . In view of the above results we chosed the Lactobacillus salivarius (LsP5) to production a fermented milk like acidophilus milk and the effect of oral administration to experimental mal rats on weight , some hematological and biochemical parameters were studied in an experiment include 24 animals divided into three groups (8 animals / group) first group (C) control had adopt fed , second group (S) had adopt fed plus 2 ml of reprepared skim milk (12 %) and the third group (P) had adopt fed plus 2 ml of fermented milk contain 109 cfu / ml of living cell of LsP5 isolate and the results showed that : - 1 - Significant increase (P < 0.01) in body weight in treated group (P) compare with group (C) and (S) .2 - Significant increase (P < 0.01) in the rates of red Blood Cell (RBC) , Hemoglobine (Hb) , Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the number of White Blood Cell (WBC) in animals group (P) in comparison whit group (C) and (S) . 3 - The differential count of WBC showed that the oral administration of fermented milk (group P) caused Significant (P < 0.01) increase in the number of lymphocytes and decrease (P < 0.01) in nutrophil , while not indicate changes in eiosinophil and basophil number compare with group (C) and (S) .4 - Significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the rates of total cholesterol (Tchol.) , low density lipoproteins (LDL) , triglycerides (TG) and Significant increase (P < 0.01) in the rates of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and total protein (TP) in the serum of treated animals (group P) in comparison whit group (C) and (S) . The therapeutic effects of fermented product contains 109 cfu / ml of Lactobacillus salivarius (LsP5) living cell was conducted in an experiment include 24 male experimental rats divided into 6 group (4 animals / group) , all these animals had adopt fed during experimental time (6 weeks) in addition to the following daily treatments : - a. Group (C) with out any treatment .b. group (P) has been oral administration with 2 ml of fermented milk .c. group (E) has been infected by oral administration with 2 ml of suspension of E.coli O3 : H4 . d. group (EP) has been infected by disease bacteria for three weeks and then treated by oral administration with 2 ml of fermented milk .e. group (EM) has been infected by disease bacteria for three weeks and then treated by oral administration with chemical therapeutic metronidazol .f. The final group (P + E) has been oral administration with 2 ml of fermented milk for three weeks and then with fermented milk plus disease bacteria in the same time . The results may be summarized as follow : - 1 - Infection bacteria caused Significant (P < 0.01) decrease in animals body weight , Hb , PCV & TP and Significant (P < 0.01) increase in WBC in addition to some of animals die during the experimental time .2 - Animals treated with the fermented milk showed Significant increase (P < 0.01) in animals body weight in the otherwise the value of Hb ,PCV and WBC returned to the normal value in comparison whit animals treated with metronidazol .3 - Anon - Significant effects in the total bilirubine has been seen in all treated rats during the experimental time .

دراسة تاثير التغليف الدقيق Microencapsulation في عيوشية بكتريا Lactobacillus casei المستعملة في تصنيع بعض منتجات الالبان

Author name: خالد حسك عبد الحسن
Supervisor name: نوفل عبد الامير حسين الحلفي | اسعد محمد رضا الطائي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: عزلت احد عشر عزلة من بكتريا Lactobacillus casei من براز الاطفال الرضع باعمار 40 - 10 يوما في محافظة البصرة . شخصت العزلات باستعمال الاختبارات الكيموحيوية وانتخبت العزلة الاكفا في انتاج الحامض من الحليب لاستعمالها في تصنيع منتجات حليب متخمرة علاجية . اجريت عملية التغليف الدقيق Microencapsulation على بكتريا L .casei بتحضير اربعة بوادىء للبكتريا المعزولة محليا والعزلة القياسية وذلك بخلط 45 مل من مواد الربط تركيز %4 والتي شملت الجيلاتين (G) ,الدكسترين (D) ,الجينات الصوديوم (A) والصمغ العربي (Gu) كلا على انفراد مع 45 مل حليب فرز %10 .استعملت هذه البوادىء في صناعة الحليب المتخمر (Ay1) بشكل منفرد للعزلة المحلية و(Ay2) للعزلة القياسية وفي تصنيع اللبن الرائب (By) بصورة مختلطة مع بكتريا بادىء اللبن الرائب Streptococcus thermophilus وLactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus اضافة الى هذا استعملت ايضا في صناعة المثلجات اللبنية ( IM) Ice milk .تمت دراسة تاثير عملية التغليف الدقيق في عيوشية بكتريا L.casei في هذه المنتجات ودراسة تاثير التجفيد واظهرت النتائج : 1 .ان عملية التجفيد ادت الى انخفاض لوغارتم الاعداد الحية لبكتريا L.casei بنسبة 2. 77 , 3.01 , 2. 29 و2.65 % في البوادىء المربوطة G , D , A وGu على التوالي في حين كانت نسبة الانخفاض اعلى في البكتريا الحرة (F) اذ بلغت 4.09 % . 2 . درس تاثير عملية التجفيد في الاعداد الحية لبكتريا L.casei في البوادىء المربوطة RG , RD , RA وRGu اثناء الخزن واظهرت النتائج انخفاضا اقل في لوغارتم الاعداد الحية بنسب بلغت 6.58 , 7.21, 5.31 و6.20% على التوالي مقارنة بالنموذج RF والذي بلغ 17.6% بعد مدة خزن استمرت 180يوما وفي درجة حرارة 5م وبلغت نسبة الانخفاض في لوغارتم الاعداد الحية 40.03 , 40.7 ,38.4 و38.9% على التوالي اذ كانت اقل مقارنة بالانخفاض الحاصل في النموذج RF والذي بلغ 70.7% بعد مدة خزن استمرت 180 يوما وفي درجة حرارة 25م. 3 .عند استعمال البوادىء المربوطة لبكتريا L.casei في منتوج الحليب المتخمر Ay1 كانت نسبة الانخفاض في لوغارتم الاعداد الحية للنماذج Ay1G , Ay1D , Ay1A وAy1Gu حوالي 2.73 , 3.80 , 2.62 و2.84% على التوالي مقارنة بالنموذج Ay1F والذي بلغ %9.31 في حين كانت نسبة الانخفاض في منتوج الحليب المتخمر Ay2 للعزلة القياسية في النماذج Ay2G ,Ay2D , Ay2A وAy2Gu حوالي 3.06, 3.17 , 2.73 و3.07% على التوالي مقارنة بالانخفاض الحاصل في النموذج Ay2F والذي بلغ 10.2% بعد مدة خزن 28 يوما في درجة حرارة 5 م. اظهر ت النماذج ByG , ByD , ByA وByGu في منتوج اللبن الرائب By انخفاضا في لوغارتم الاعداد الحية لبكتريا L.casei وبنسب بلغت 8.27 , 8.81 , 5.61 و7.62% على التوالي مقارنة بالانخفاض في النموذج ByF والذي بلغ 19.4% بعد مدة خزن استمرت 28 يوما وفي درجة حرارة 5م . كما اظهرت بكتريا S.thermophilus انخفاضا في لوغارتم اعدادها الحية بلغ 2.30 , 4.24 , 4.82 , 2.88 و2.74 % في منتوج (By) للنماذج ByG , ByD , ByA , ByGu وByFعلى التوالي بينما اظهرت بكتريا L.bulgaricus انخفاضا حادا في لوغارتم اعدادها الحية بلغ53.0 , 43.0 , 51.6 , 49.0 و44.3 %على التوالي.4 .اظهرت النماذج IMG , IMD , IMA وIMGu في منتوج المثلجات اللبنية انخفاضا اقل في لوغارتم الاعداد الحية لبكتريا L. casei المربوطة وبنسب بلغت 22.5 , 23.2 , 22.0 و22.6% على التوالي مقارنة بالانخفاض الحاصل في النموذج IMF والذي بلغ 33.3% بعد مدة خزن استمرت 180 يوما وفي درجة حرارة - 18م . | Eleven isolates of Lactobacillus casei have been isolated from infant feaces at 10 - 40 days old. The isolates have been identified using biochemical test ,and the best isolate has the ability to produce acid from the milk was selected to exploit in the synthesis of fermenting milk production.The microencapsulation has been done of L.casei by with preparing four starting for local and standard isolates which mixing 45ml of lagging at concentration 4% these including gelatin(G),dextrin(D), sodium alginate(A) and Arabic gum(Gu) each alone with 45%ml of skim milk at concentration 10% . These starters were used to Produce yoghurt (Ay1) with local isolates , (Ay2) with standard strain and (By) using mixed starters (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricas and Streptococcus ther - mophilus) which ordinary used to yoghurt production .Also these starters used in making ice milk (IM) and then have been lyophilized. The effect of microencapsulation and lyophilization have been studied and the results ,show that : 1.reduce in the logarithmic percentage of survival numbers of L.casei about 2.77, 3.01, 2.29 and 2.65 in the binding starters G,D,A and Gu respectively,while the reduction in free bacteria (F) was higher about 4.09% .2. The effect of lyophilization of starters RG, RD, RA and RGu of L.casei showed reduction in the survival logarithmic percentage of the survival number reached 6.58, 7.21, 5.31 and 6.20 respectively in contrast with the decreasing in RF about 17.6 after 180 days of storage at 5C . The decreasing in the logarithmic percentage of the survival number reached 40.03, 40.7, 38.4 and 38.9 respectively, in contrast with the decreasing in RF about 70.7 after 180 days of storage at 25C .3.When the starters were used in production Ay1, there were a reduction in the logarithmic percentage of the survival numbers of Ay1G, Ay1D, Ay1¬A and Ay1Gu about 2.73, 3.8, 2.62 and 2.84 respectively, in comparision with the reduction of Ay1F about 9.31. where as the reduction of Ay2 for standard strain Ay2G, Ay2D, Ay2¬A and Ay2Gu about 3.06, 3.17, 2.73 and 3.07 respectively in comparision with the reduction of Ay2F about 10.2 after 28 days storge in 5 C . Also the reduction of ByG, ByD , ByA and ByGu in yoghurt are 8.27, 8.81, 5.61 and 7.62 respectively, in comparision with ByF which is about 19.4 after 28 days storge in 5 C . The reduction in the logarithmic percentage was seen also in the numbers of survival of S. th ermophilus about 2.3, 4.24, 4.82, 2.88 and 2.74 in the yoghurt productions ByG, ByD , ByA ByGu and ByF respectively. While L. bulgaricas showed sharping reduction in their survival logarithmic percentage numbers as 53.0, 43.0, 51.6, 49.0 and 44.3 respectively.4. The ice milk production IMG , IMD, IMA and IMGu showed lowerst reduction in the survival logarithmic percentage number of L.casei about 22.5, 23.2, 22.0 and 22.6 respectively in accordance to IMF which reached 33.3 after 180 days of storage at - 18C.

تاثير اعطاء المضاد الحيوي الاوكسي تتراسايكلين ومجموعة الفيتامينات في النمو وبعض الصفات (A, D3, E) ا، د 3، ه الدمية والبايوكيميائية للحملان الذكرية العرابية == Effect of oxytetracycline and vitamins group (A,D3,E) on Growth , some blood traits and biochemical traits for male Arabi Lambs

Author name: عبد الكريم حمود جاسم المياحي
Supervisor name: عماد فلاح حسن | محمد حسن خضر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in the College of Agriculture / University of Basrah from 10/1/2008 up to 25/4/2008 in order to find out the influence of supplementations of Oxytetracycline and Vitamin&#39;s (A, D3, E) on growth, blood picture and biochemical parameters, pHand total bacteria count in rumen fluid of Arabi lambs. Sixteen Arabi male lambs were used in this experiment, and the lambs were divided randomly into four groups. All these groups fed on a concentrate ration contain barely (59.5%), wheat brain (38%), urea (1.5%) and NaCl (1%). First group was a control (no treated). The 2nd, 3rd, 4th groups treated with Vitamins (A,D3,E) orally, Oxytetracycline orally, Vitamins (A,D3,E) and Oxytetracycline orally given together respectively. The results of the currents study may follows : be summarized as 1. Average daily gain and total body weight of treated groups recorded (P

تحضير وتوصيف المتحللات البروتينية من المخلفات الحيوانية والمصادر النباتية بالهضم الانزيمي والحامضي واختبار كفاءتها في النمو المايكروبي == PREPARATION AND SPECIFICATION OF PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES FROM ANIMAL BY - PRODUCTS AND PLANT SOURCES BY USING ENZYMATIC AND ACIDIC DIGESTION AND TEST THEIR EFFICENCY IN MICROBIAL GROWTH

Author name: محمد زيارة اسكندر
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي | روضة محمود العلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة تحضير ستة انواع من المتحللات البروتينية من مخلفات حيوانية شملت (ارجل الدجاج وقشور ورؤوس الروبيان)ومصادر نباتية (بذور الباقلاء وبذور العدس)، باستعمال الطريقة الكيميائية (حامض HCI) 6ع لكل من معاملتي ارجل الدجاج A وقشور ورؤوس الروبيان B واستعمال الطريقة الانزيمية بواسطة انزيم فطري تجاري (رنزيم) بعد قياس الفعالية النوعية اذ كانت (36.7 وحدة/ملغم) لكل من معاملات ارجل الدجاجC وقشور ورؤوس الروبيانD وبذور الباقلاءE وبذور العدسF. درس التركيب الكيميائي للمتحللات البروتينية المحضرة والتي شملت النسب المئوية لكل من المواد الصلبة الكلية، النتروجين الكلي ، البروتين ، الدهن ، الرماد , الحاصل ودرست كذلك درجات التحلل لجميع المتحلل المحضرة. لوحظ ارتفاع النسب المئوية للتركيب الكيميائي للمتحللات المحضرة باستخدام الحامض للمعاملتين A وBعلى باقي المعاملات الاخرى E,D,C وF المحضرة بواسطة الانزيم. ودرست ايضا الصفات الفيزيائية لهذه المتحللات(الرقم الهيدروجيني ,اللون والبروتينات المترسبة بالحرارة) ولوحظ ان كل من المتحللين A وB لهما لون داكن مقارنة بالمتحللات الاخرى. اختبر افضل تركيز في تحضير الاوساط الزرعية وكان 4% لكل من المتحللين A وB و12% للمتحلل C و8% للمتحلل Dو10% لكل من المتحللين E وF . ادخلت المتحللات البروتينية المحضرة في نوعين من الاوساط المستعملة لتنمية البكتريا ، الاول وسط الببتون (السائل والصلب) والثاني الوسط المغذي (السائل والصلب) بعد رفع الببتون منهما ،ودرست مدى قابلية هذه الاوساط على دعم نمو الاحياء المجهرية الهوائية من خلال زرع عينات طبيعية (ماء، تربة، حليب خام ولحم مفروم)عليهواالحضن لمدتي 24و48 ساعــة ومقارنتها مع اوساط زرعية تجارية وكذلك تنمية بعض السلالات البكتريا المنتخبـــة (Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillu casei Streptococcus spp.,) واخذ القراءات لها. وقد اظهرت النتائج في اغلبها تفوق الاوساط المحضرة من كل من المتحلل البروتيني E وF على باقي الاوساط المحضرة من المتحللات البروتينية الاخرى في كل من الاوساط السائلة والصلبة ، اذ لم تظهر فروقات معنوية في اغلب النتائج عند مدة حضن 48 ساعة مع الاوساط التجارية ، وكذلك اعطت باقي المتحللات البروتينية نتائج ايجابية في كثير من الاختبارات اذ اظهرت قابلية عالية في دعم نمو البكتريا الهوائية . وحضر وسط خاص لتنمية الفطريات بعد تعديل الرقم الهيدروجيني الى 5.5 وتنمية سلالات نقية منتخبة من(خمائر واعفان) ( Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium Spp. , Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans) وGeotrichium candidum ، اذ اظهرت النتائج قابلية جميع المتحللات البروتينية المحضرة على تنمية الفطريات في مدة حضن (5) ايام واقل منها للوسطين B وA فقط في مدة حضن (3) ايام وهذا يدل على امكانية استعمال هذه المتحللات برقم هيدروجيني حامضي بحدود 5 5. لاستعمالها كاوساط لتنمية الفطريات. درست الصفات المورفولوجية لجميع الاحياء المجهرية النقية النامية على الاوساط المحضرة (البكتريواالفطريات) لكل من المستعمرات والخلايا البكتيريه بعد تصبيغها بصبغة (كرام) ووضعها تحت المجهر الضوئي ومقارنتها مع الصفات المورفولوجية للاحياء المجهرية النامية على الاوساط التجارية اذ لوحظ تماثلا عاليا في حجم وشكل المستعمرات او طبيعة النمو لهذه الاحياء على الاوساط المحضرة. | Six protein hydrolysates were prepared from two different sources which include raw animals waste (chicken legs and raw shrimp waste) and plant seed s (bean and lentil seeds). Two methods were used ,the first including chemical method by(hydrochloric acid) for A chicken legs and B shrimp heads and halls, the second method by using commercial fungal enzyme(Renzyme) (after determining its analytic activity which was about 36.7unit\mg) for C chicken legs , D shrimp heads and halls, E bean seeds and F lean seeds. The chemical composition of Protein hydrolysates that include percentage of total solid matter, total nitrogen, Protein,lipid,ash ,yield and degree of analysis was studied, The protein hydrolysates A and Bfrom acid method showed increasing in their chemical composition more those in enzymatic method . Also the physical properties of Protein hydrolysates were studied (pH, color, and precipitated Proteins by temperature),and noticed that both hydrolysate A and B have dark colour in comparison with the other hydrolysates . The best concentration of hydrolysates for preparing media was 4% for A and B, 12% for C, 8% for D,and 10% for E and F. The Protein hydrolysates were added to two types of media (peptone broth and agar) and (nutrient broth and agar) instead of their peptone .Their ability to support the growth of microorganisms by cultivating natural samples (water, soil,milk and meat). The samples were incubated in 37C◦ for (24 - 48) h. A comparison was made with some commercially available media, also some selected types of bacteria ( Streptococus spp. , Staph.aureus, L.casei and E. coil ) have been cultivated in these media. Results show that the media prepared form protein hydrolysates E and F have the ability to cultrate bacteria more than other hydrolysates, in both liquid and solid media, and there are no significant differences with commercial media after 48h incubation .other hydrolysates gave promising results in most tests that they showed high ability to enhancement the growth of bacteria,A Fungai media have been prepared by reducing the pH to5.5 for cultivating pure mold and yeasts (Penicillium, SSp., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Cand. Albicans, Geotrichium. candidum and Sacch. cerevisiae). The results showed that all Protein hydrolysates have the ability to enhances the growth after 5 days of incubation. Also they showed the same results after 3 days of incubation except A and B. Morphological properties for all kinds of selective microorganism (bacteria and fungi) of cultures and bacteria cells after gram staining for both prepared and commercial media have been studied .The results showed high resemblance in size, shape and the nature of growth

دراسة منحنى انتاج الحليب وبعض مكوناته والمعايير الكيموحيوية وعلاقتها بانتاج الحليب في الابقار المضربة == Study of Milk Yield Curve, its Components and Blood Biochemical Parameters and its Relation with Milk Production of Cross Cattle

Author name: منتهى يعقوب يوسف الصيوان
Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد | عماد فلاح حسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Livestock
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في محطة البحوث الزراعية التابعة الى كلية الزراعة بجامعة البصرة وبعض الحقول الاهلية المجاورة لجامعة البصرة في كرمة علي واستخدم في الدراسة 23 بقرة مضربة باعمار ومواسم مختلفة حيث اعتمدت التغذية الحرة على النخالة والقصب واجريت القياسات للفترة من 1/12/2006 - 31/12/2007 لدراسة تاثير مقاييس واشكال الجسم والضرع والحلمة على انتاج الحليب ومكوناته اليومي والكلي والجزئي والمعدل لـ305 يوم ودراسة منحنى انتاج الحليب ومكوناته .واظهرت النتائج مايلي : 1 - بلغ متوسط انتاج الحليب اليومي والكلي والمعدل لـ305 يوم 5.80 و1740.97 و1883.91 كغم على التوالي وتاثر كل منهم معنويا (p<0.05) بكل من مرحلة وموسم الادرار, وتاثر انتاج الحليب المعدل لـ305 يوم معنويا (p<0.05) في كل من شكل الضرع وشكل فتحة الحلمة وشكل الحلمة , بينما لم يكن لشكل الضرع وشكل الحلمة تاثيرا معنويا في انتاج الحليب اليومي والكلي .2 - بلغ المتوسط العام لانتاج الحليب الجزئي 30 و60 و90 يوم 171.98 و415.10 و656.97كغم على التوالي. وتاثر معنويا (p<0.05) بكل من موسم الادرار وشكل الضرع وشكل فتحة الحلمة.3 - بلغ المتوسط العام لكل من نسبة الدهن والبروتين وكمية اليوريا3.69 % و3.63% و5.48 ملمول/لتر على التوالي وتاثرت هذه المكونات بكل من موسم ومرحلة الادرار, في حين لم يكن للتداخل بين موسم ومرحلة الادرار تاثيرا معنويا لهذه المكونات.4 - اظهر نموذج Wood (1967) غير الخطي ملائمته لانتاج الحليب اذ ينطبق هذا النموذج على القيم الحقيقية لانتاج الحليب منذ بدء الانتاج حتى نهايته والفرو قات بين الانتاج الفعلي والمقدرة بهذا النموذج متقاربة جدا في اي وقت من مرحلة الانتاج. 5 - بلغ الانتاج الابتدائـي للحـليب (الاسبوع الاول a ) المحسوبـة بنموذج Wood (1967) تساوي 33.74 كغم وبزيادة اسبوعية(b) قدرها 0.517 كغم/اسبوع حتى الوصول الى انتاج القمة (65.08كغم), ثم بدا بالانخفاض(c) بمعدل 0.059كغم/ اسبوع وبمثابرة قدرها 74.22% من انتاج القمة.6 - كانت نسبة الدهن والبروتين وكمية اليوريا الابتدائية (انتاج الشهر الاول) المقدرة بنموذج Wood (1967) تساوي %4.023 و%2.89 و5.31 ملمول/لتر على التوالي.7 - تظهر النتائج بان الانتاج الابتدائي (a) يرتبط ارتباطا معنويا وسالبا مع كل من المعيارين b وc والمثابرة وعدد اسابيع القمة ( - 0.48و - 0.68 و- 0.61 و- 0.60 على التوالي) الى انتاج الحليب .8 - تاثرت كل من المثابرة وقمة الانتاج والانتاج الابتدائي (a) لانتاج الحليب ونسبة البروتين معنويا (p<0.05) بموسم الادرار .9 - وجود ارتباط معنوي موجب (p<0.01) بين كمية انتاج الحليب وكمية اليوريواالبروتين والدهن في الحليب, وكان معامل الارتباط بين انتاج الحليب ومكوناته والمعايير الكيموحيوية للدم عالي جدا (p<0.01) وكان الارتباط بين كمية اليوريا في الدم وكمية انتاج الحليب يساوي 0.958 وكمية البروتين في الحـليب (0.698) وكمية اليوريا في الحليب (0.834).10 - بلغ المتوسط العام للارتفاع عند اتصال الرقبة والذنب وطول الجسم المائل وطول الجسم ومحيط الصدر ومحيط البطن والمسافة بين العظمتين الدبوسيتين 121.04, 147.35 , 141.69 ,127.17, 188.69, 200.87, 5.962 سم على التوالي , في حين بلغ المتوسط العام عمق الضرع ومحيطه 39.14 , 17.00 سم على التوالي وكان المتوسط العام لطول الحلمة الامامية والخلفية ومحيط الحلمة 6.87، 5.81 ,7.59 سم على التوالي.11 - اظهر كل من طول الجسم ومحيط الصدر والمسافة بين العظمتين الدبوسيتين وطول الضرع وطول الحلمة الامامية والخلفية ارتباطا موجبا ومعنويا (0.778 - 0.418). 12 - اظهرت جميع انواع الانتاج اعتمادا معنويا (p<0.05) على طول الجسم فقط (انحدار بسيط) وبمعامل تحديد(R2) تراوح بين 21 - 31 % وعند اضافة المسافة بين العظمتين الحرقفتين ومحيط البطن او محيط الصدر(انحدار متعدد) اضافة الى طول الجسم كعوامل مستقلة تراوحت قيمة معامل التحديد(R2) بين 54 - 79 % .13 - تميز انحدار انتاج الحليب والدهن والبروتين الخطي والتربيعي والتكعيبي على طول الجسم بالمعنوية (p<0.05) وكانت قيمة معامل التحديد تتراوح بيـن 23.1 % الى 36.3 %.14 - امتاز الانحدار الاسي الى انتاج الحليب ومكوناته جميعها بالمعنوية (p<0.05) على طول الحلمة الخلفية. | The present study was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah and nearby farms. Data of 23 hybrid cows of different ages and season were used. The cows fed wheat bran and reeds as roughages ad libtum . All measurements were done during 1/12/2006 to 31/12/2007. Data included body, udder and teat measurements and partial milk and total milk yield. Milk yield and its content were also included. The result revealed the followings : 1 - Overall mean of daily, total and corrected for 305 day milk yield were 5.80, 1740.97 and 1883.91kg respectively. Entire trait significantly influenced by lactation stage and season. Corrected milk yield for 305 day was influenced by udder shape, teat open and teat shape. However udder and teat shapes did not significantly affect daily and total milk yield. 2 - Mean of partial milk at 30, 60 and 90 days were 171.98, 415.10 and 656.97 kg respectively. They were significantly influenced by season, udder shape and shape of teat open.3 - Mean of fat and protein percentages and were 3.96%, 3.63% and 5.48 mmol/L respectively. Season and stage of lactation had significant effect on these traits, in contrary to interaction effects.4 - Wood’s (1967) model was suitable to milk yield and its component, as it fitted to all early and late yield data beside differences between actual and expected values were very low.5 - Initial milk yield (first week yield, a) calculated by Wood’s (1967) model was 33.74 kg. Milk increased weekly by a rate of 0.517 kg/week to reach peak production (65.08kg), after that decreased in a rate (c) of 0.059 kg/week. Persistency was 74.22% from peak production.6 - Initial fat and protein percentages and urea content (production of 1st month) estimated by Wood’s (1967) model was 4.023%, 2.89% and 5.31 mmol/L respectively.7 - Initial production (a) was significantly correlated with b and c parameter, persistency and number of weeks at peak ( - 0.48, - 0.68, - 0.61 and - 0.60 respectively).8 - Lactation season significantly affected persistency, peak production and initial production (a) for milk yield and protein percentage.9 - There was a significant positive correlation between milk yield and its component (fat, protein and urea). Correlations among milk yield and its component with blood biochemical parameters were high, significant and positive. They were 0.958, 0.698 and 0.834 between blood urea and milk yield or milk protein or milk urea respectively.10 - Overall mean of body height at neck and tail, body length, diagonal body length, chest girth, abdominal girth and distance between pin bones were 121.04, 147.35, 141.69, 127.17, 188.69, 200.87 and 25.96 cm respectively. Mean of udder depth and width were 17.00 and 39.14 cm respectively. Mean and front and rear teat length and teat diameter were 7.59, 6.87 and 5.81 cm respectively.11 - Body length, chest girth, and distance between pin bone, udder length, and length of front and rear teats showed significant correlations ranged 0.418 - 0.778.12 - All type of production regressed significantly on body length (simple regression) with a determinant coefficient (R2) equal to 21 - 31%. When the model included distance between pin bone, abdominal circumference or chest girth (multiple regression) as well as body length as independent variables caused an increase in R2 to be 54 - 79%.13 - Linear, quadratic and cubic regression of milk, fat and protein yield on body length were significant with ranged 23.1 to 36.3%.14 - Expontial regression of milk yield and its components on rear teat length were significant.

الاستخدام الجزئي للطحلب Enteromorpha intestinalis والقشري Parhyale basrensis علائق صغار اسماك الكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio L == Partial utilization of Alga Enteromorpha intestinalis and the Crustacean Parhyale basrensis in diets of young carp Cyprinus carpio L

Author name: علي عبد الامير كحطان البدران
Supervisor name: ازهار علي عبد الله الصابونجي | امنة علي هاشم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت في الدراسة الحالية مجموعة من التجارب التغذوية خلال الفترة الممتدة من 28 اب ولغاية 10 تشرين الثاني 2007 لمعرفة امكانية استبدال مسحوق الاسماك جزئيا باستخدام مسحوق الطحلب Enteromorpha intestinalis ومسحوق القشري Parhyale basrensis في العلائق المغذاة لصغار اسماك الكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio واختبار كفاءة هذه المصادر البديلة من خلال تاثيرها على معدل الزيادة الوزنية ومعدلات النمو النسبي والنوعي وكفاءة التحويل الغذائي وقيمة البروتين المنتج ونسبـــة كفاءة البروتين ومستوى الاشباع ومعدل التفريغ الغذائي وقابلية الهضم والتركيب الكيميائي للجسم .اشارت التحليلات الكيميائية لمسحوق القشري P. basrensis ومسحوق الطحلب E. intestinalis بان محتواهما من البروتين قد بلغ 38.05 % ، 21.97 % على التوالي .صنعت سبعة علائق وهي 3.B , 3.A , 2.B , 2.A , 1.B , 1.A , Control متساوية في محتواها من البروتين ( 39.69 + 0.17 % ) والطاقة ( 450.30 + 4.80 كيلو سعرة/100غم ) ومتباينة في مصدر البروتين , اذ استبدل مسحوق الاسماك في العليقتين 1.B , 1.A باستخدام مسحوق القشري P. basrensis بنسبة 25% ، 50% على التوالي ، واستبدل في العليقتين 2.B , 2.A باستخدام مسحوق الطحلب E. intestinalis بنسبة 25% ، 50% على التوالي ، كما استبدل مسحوق الاسماك في العليقتين 3.B , 3.A باستخدام خليط من مسحوقي القشري والطحلب وبنسبة 25% ، 50% على التوالي ايضا ، وقورنت علائق الاستبدال مع عليقة السيطرة Control الخالية من مصادر البروتين البديلة . تباينت معدلات الزيادة الوزنية الكلية ومعدلات النمو النسبي والنمو النوعي للاسماك المغذاة على علائق التجربة المختلفة حيث حققت العلائق 2.A , 1.A , Control اعلى معدلات الزيادة الوزنية ومعدلات النمو النسبي والنوعي والتي بلغت 24.65 ، 23.86 ، 23.51 غم و242.24 ، 223.38 ، 220.47 % و2.085 ، 1.988 ، 1.972 % غم/ يوم على التوالي ، في حين كانت اوطا القيم لها في عليقتي الاستبدال 3.B , 2.B اذ بلغت 16.69 ، 17.27 غم و161.39 ، 162.73 % و1.627 ، 1.636 % غم/ يوم على التوالي .سجلت عليقتي الاستبدال 3.A , 1.A تفوقا معنويا ( P < 0.05 ) على عليقة السيطرة وبقية علائق الاستبدال الاخرى في قيم كفاءة التحويل الغذائي ونسبة كفاءة البروتين وقيمة البروتين المنتج اذ بلغت لهاتين العليقتين 37.01 ، 35.31 % و0.95 ، 0.90 و13.17 ، 12.42 % على التوالي ، بينما تخلفت العليقتان 2.B , 3.B في قيم كفاءة التحويل الغذائي ونسبة كفاءة البروتين وقيمة البروتين المنتج حيث سجلتا 25.33 ، 26.82 % و0.63 ، 0.68 و9.20 ، 9.83 % على التوالي .حققت علائق الاستبدال بنسبة 25% ( 3.A , 2.A , 1.A ) افضل النتائج بالنسبة لمستوى الاشباع إذ بلغت قيم مستوى الاشباع للاسماك المغذاة على هذه العلائق 3.13 ، 3.90 ، 3.98 % على التوالي بالمقارنـــــة مع عليقة السيطرة التي ســـجلت مستوى اشــــباع بلغ 5.27 % وعلائق الاستبدال بنسبة 50% . تباينت قيم معدل التفريغ للاسماك المغذاة على علائق التجربة المختلفة اذ اظهرت النتائج ان عليقة السيطرة تليها عليقة الاستبدال 1.B قد حققتا اعلى معدلات التفريغ بالمقارنة ببقية علائق الاستبدال وقد بلغت قيم معدل التفريغ لهاتين العليقتين 0.0092 ، 0.0082 غم / ساعـــــة على التوالي ، في حين كانت اوطا قيمة لمعدل التفريغ 0.0031 غم / ساعة في عليقة الاستبدال 1.A التي اعطت افضل النتائج ، وفيما يتعلق بوقت ظهور الفضلات فقد سجلت علائق الاستبدال 3.B , 2.B , 2.A ابطواقت لظهور الفضلات الذي بلغ 4.38 ، 4.21 ، 4.05 ساعة على التوالي بالمقارنة مع بقية علائق التجربة ، بينما سجلت العليقتان 1.B , Control الوقت الاسرع لظهور الفضلات وقد بلغ 3.30 ، 3.39 ساعة على التوالي .تباينت قيم معاملات الهضم الظاهري الكلي ومعاملات الهضم الظاهري للعناصر الغذائية باختلاف علائق التجربة اذ تراوح معامل الهضم الظاهري الكلي ما بين اوطا قيمة له التي بلغت 57.66 % في عليقــة الاستبــــدال 3.B واعلى قيمة له التي بلغت 63.53 % في عليقة الاستبدال 2.A ، وقد حققت عليقة الاستبدال 1.A اعلى قيمة لمعامل هضم البروتين التي بلغت 81.14 % في حين سجلت عليقة الاستبدال 2.B اوطا قيمة لمعامل هضم البروتين اذ بلغت 74.96 % ، وسجلت عليقة الاستبدال 1.A اعلى قيمة لمعامل هضم الدهون التي بلغت 77.28 % بينما سجلت عليقة الاستبدال 3.B اقل قيمة لمعامل هضم الدهون اذ بلغت 69.60 % . وفيما يتعلق بالتحليل الكيميائي لاجسام الاسماك فقد اشارت نتائج الدراسة الى ترافق انخفاض نسبة الرطوبة مع ارتفاع نسبة الدهن في اجسام الاسماك المغذاة على مختلف العلائق ، ولم تظهر هنالك اي فروق معنوية ( P > 0.05 ) في محتوى جسم الاسماك من البروتين لجميع علائق التجربة حيث تراوحت قيم بروتين الجسم ما بين 13.26 % في اجسام الاسماك عند بداية التجربة الى 14.95 % في اجسام الاسماك المغذاة على عليقة الاستبدال 1.B ، وقد سجلت عليقة الاستبدال 1.A اعلى قيمة لمحتوى الدهن في جسم الاسماك فقد بلغت 6.44 % في حين كانت اوطا قيمة لها في اجسام الاسماك عند بداية التجربة حيث بلغت 2.81 % ، ولم يظهر التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية ( P > 0.05 ) ما بين عليقة السيطرة وجميع علائق الاستبدال في محتوى جسم الاسماك من الرماد .يستنتج من الدراسة الحالية امكانية الاستبدال الجزئي لمسحوق الاسماك باستخدام مسحوق القشري ومسحوق الطحلب وخليط من المسحوقين وبنسبة استبدال 25% في علائق صغار اسماك الكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio . | Nutritional experiments were conducted in the present study during 28 August until 10 November 2007 to knowledge the possibility of partially replacement of fish meal using algae meal Enteromorpha intestinalis and crustacean meal Parhyale basrensis in the diets of young Common carp Cyprinus carpio and test the efficiency of these alternative sources through its effects upon rates of weight increment , relative growth , specific growth , food conversion efficiency , productive protein value , protein efficiency ratio , satiation level , evacuation rate , digestibility and body chemical composition .The chemical analysis of crustacean meal P. basrensis and algae meal E. intestinalis showed that its protein contain were 38.05 , 21.97 % respectively .Seven diets were formulated : i.e. control , 1.A , 1.B , 2.A , 2.B , 3.A , 3.B the diets were isonitrogenous ( 39.69 + 0.17 % ) and isocaloric (450.30 + 4.80 kcal./100 gm ) but varied in protein source , where fish meal replaced in diets 1.A , 1.B with crustacean meal P. basrensis using 25 , 50 % respectively , and with algae meal E. intestinalis in diets 2.A , 2.B using 25 , 50 % respectively , Also it was replaced in diets 3.A , 3.B with a mixture of crustacean and algae meals using 25 , 50 % respectively , these replacement diets were compared with control diet which contain no alternative protein source .The average of total weight increment , relative growth and specific growth rates were varied of fish fed different experimental diets , where control , 1.A , 2.A diets achieved the highest values of weight increment rates , relative growth and specific growth rates that achieved 24.65 , 23.86 , 23.51 gm , 242.24 , 223.38 , 220.47 % and 2.085 , 1.988 , 1.972 % gm / day respectively , while the lowest values were recorded in the replacement diets 2.B , 3.B which recorded 16.69 , 17.27 gm , 161.39 , 162.73 % and 1.627 , 1.636 % gm / day respectively .The replacements diets 1.A , 3.A showed significant ( P < 0.05 ) compared to control and other replacement diets in FCE , PER and PPV which reached in these diets 37.01 , 35.31 % , 0.95 , 0.90 and 13.17 , 12.42 % respectively , while the 3.B , 2.B diets were backward in the values of FCE , PER and PPV which recorded 25.33 , 26.82 % , 0.63 , 0.68 and 9.20 , 9.83 % respectively .The replacement diets with the 25 % ( 1.A , 2.A , 3.A ) achieved the superior results concerning the satiation level where it values in fish fed these diets were 3.13 , 3.90 , 3.98 % respectively compared to control diet which recorded satiation level which was 5.27 % and replacement diets of 50 % .The values of evacuation rates in fish fed experimental diets were varied where the results showed that control diet followed by replacement diet 1.B achieved the highest values compared to other replacement diets where it values were 0.0092 , 0.0082 gm / h for these diets respectively , while the lowest values 0.0031 gm / h were recorded in replacement diet 1.A which showed the superior results , the time of feces appearance were recorded in replacement diets 2.A , 2.B , 3.B slower time 4.38 , 4.21 4.05 h respectively compared to other experiment diets , while the diets control , 1.B recorded the faster time of feces appearance 3.30 , 3.39 h respectively . The values of total and nutrients apparent digestibility coefficients varied in different experiments diets , where the total apparent digestibility coefficient ranged between the lowest value 57.66 % in replacement diet 3.B to the highest value 63.53 % in replacement diet 2.A , The replacement diet 1.A achieved the highest protein digestibility coefficient 81.14 % where replacement diet 2.B recorded the lowest value 74.96 % , The replacement diet 1.A recorded the highest fat digestibility 77.28 % while the replacement diet 3.B recorded the lowest value 69.60 % .The results of chemical composition of fish body showed the association of moisture decrease with fat increase in the fish body fed different diets , No significant ( P > 0.05 ) differences were recorded in protein content of fish body fed all diets , where protein content ranged between 13.26 % in fish body at the beginning of experiment to 14.95 % in fish body fed replacement diet 1.B , The replacement diet 1.A recorded the highest fat content in fish body reached 6.44 % while the lowest value recorded in fish body at the beginning of experiment 2.81 % , statistical analysis showed no significant ( P > 0.05 ) differences between control diet and all replacement diets in ash content of fish body .It was concluded from the present study the possibility of partially replacement of fish meal with crustacean and algae meals also with mixed meal from both , the replacement ratio was 25% in the diets of young Common carp Cyprinus carpio .

تاثير موعد الزراعة والرش بالبنزايل ادنين وفيتامين ب1 في النمو والحاصل الزهري والزيت العطري لنبات البزاليا العطرية (Lathyrus odoratus L.) == Effect of Sowing Date and Spraying With Benzyl Adenine and Thiamine on Growth, Flowering and Volatile Oil Yield of Sweet Peas Lathyrus odoratus L.

Author name: وجيهة موسى عيسى الفداغ
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق عثمان حسن الجلبي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت التجربة في الموسم الزراعي الشتوي 2007 - 2008 في احد الحقول البستنية التابع لكلية الزراعة - جامعة البصرة, اذ استهدفت التجربة تاثير موعد الزراعة والرش بالسايتوكاينين (البنزايل ادنين) او فيتامين ب1 في النمو الخضري والزهري وحاصل الزيت العطري لنبات البزاليا العطرية Lathyrus odoratus L. . تضمنت التجربة 15 معاملة عاملية عبارة عن التداخل بين عاملين هما ثلاثة مواعيد زراعية هي 10/10/2007 و25/10/2007 و10/11/2007 ورش النباتات بخمس محاليل هي البنزايل ادنين بتركيز 10 او20 ملغم. لتر - 1 وفيتامين ب1 بتركيز 10 او 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 وماء المقطر (المقارنة).وفيما يلي اهم النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها : 1 - النمو الخضريادى تاخير الزراعة الى تقليل معنوي في صفات النمو الخضري المدروسة (ارتفاع النبات وعدد الافرع الجانبية وعدد الاوراق والوزن الطري والجاف والمساحة الورقية), وازداد التاثير كلما ازداد تاخير الموعد. اما الرش فقد ادى رش النباتات بمنظم النمو البنزايل ادنين بتركيز 10 او 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 تفوقها معنويا في الوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري مقارنة ببقية المعاملات، كما تفوقتا في عدد الافرع مقارنة بمعاملة الرش بفيتامين ب1 تركيز 10 ملغم. لتر - 1 والتي لم ترش في حين تفوقت النباتات التي رشت بالمنظم نفسه بتركيز 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 معنويا في صفة عدد الاوراق والمساحة الورقيـة التـي اختلفت معنويا عن النباتات التي رشت بمحلول فيتامين ب1 بتركيز 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 وتفوقت النباتات التي رشت بفيتامين ب1 بتركيز 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 معنويا في صفة ارتفاع النبات باستثناء تلك التي رشت بالتركيز نفسه من ب1. وكان للتداخل بين عاملي الدراسة تاثير معنوي في كل صفات النمو الخضري. 2 - التزهيرادى التبكير في الزراعة الى زيادة معنوية في عدد الازهار. نبات - 1 وفترة التزهير وحاصل الازهار. نبات - 1 وازداد التاثير كلما ازداد التبكير. وتفوقت النباتات المزروعة بالموعد الاول معنويا عن الموعد الثالث في الوزن الطري للزهرة. وتفوقت النباتات المزروعة بالموعد الثاني معنويا في طول الحامل الزهري مقارنة بتلك المزروعة في الموعد الثالث فقط. ادى تاخير موعد الزراعة الى تقليل عدد الايام حتى ظهور اول زهرة وازداد التاثير كلما ازداد التاخير في حين لم يكن لموعد الزراعة اي تاثير معنوي في قطر الحامل الزهري.اما بالنسبة للرش فقد تفوقت النباتات المعاملة بـ 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 بفيتامين ب1 معنويا في عدد الازهار الكلي وطول الحامل الزهري وحاصل الازهار. نبات - 1 في حين ادى رشها بـ 10 او 20ملغم. لتر - 1 بالبنزايل ادنين الى تبكير التزهير وطول فترة التزهير ولم يكن لمعاملة الرش اي تاثير معنوي في قطر الحامل الزهري ووزنها الطري. اما تداخل عاملي الدراسة فكان له تاثير معنوي في عدد الايام في ظهور اول نوره زهرية وعدد الازهار الكلي وطول الحامل الزهري وحاصل الازهار الكلي.3 - حاصل الزيت وصفاته النوعيةكان للتبكير في موعد الزراعة تاثير معنوي في النسبة المئوية للزيت وحاصل الزيت. نبات - 1 وازداد التاثير كلما ازداد التبكير، في حين لم يؤثر موعد الزراعة معنويا في الصفات النوعية للزيت (الوزن النوعي ومعامل الانكسار وكثافة الزيت). اما بالنسبة لمعاملة الرش فقد اعطت النباتات المعاملة بتركيز 10 ملغم. لتر - 1 فيتامين ب1 تفوقا معنويا بالنسبة المئوية للزيت, في حين اعطى رشها بتركيز 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 بالفيتامين نفسه اعلى حاصل زيت. ولم تؤثر معاملة الرش معنويا في صفات الزيت النوعية (الوزن النوعي ومعامل الانكسار وكثافة الزيت). ولم يكن للتداخل بين عاملي الدراسة تاثير معنوي في مؤشرات الزيت وصفاته باستثناء حاصل الزيت. نبات - 1. 4 - الصفات الكيميائية للاوراقادى تبكير زراعة النباتات الى زيادة معنوية في محتواها من الكربوهيدرات والفسفور والبوتاسيوم وازداد التاثير كلما ازداد التبكير في حين تفوقت نباتات الموعد الاول في المئوية مقارنة بنباتات الموعد الثالث، وتفوقت النباتات المزروعة بالموعد الثالث معنويا في محتوى الاوراق من النتروجين والبروتين مقارنة بالموعدين الاخرين اللذان لم يختلفا معنويا فيما بينهما. اما الرش فقد ادى رش النباتات بالبنزايل ادنين بتركيز 10ملغم. لتر - 1 تفوقا معنويا في محتوى الاوراق من الكربوهيدرات، كما ادى رشها بالمنظم نفسه بتركيز 20 ملغم. لتر - 1 الى تفوقها في النسبة المئوية للفسفور. وكان للتداخل بين عاملي الدراسة تاثير معنوي في محتوى الاوراق من الكربوهيدرات والفسفور فقط. | The study was conducted during winter season of 2007 - 2008 at Horticulture Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The objective of the study was to study the effect of sowing date and spraying with cytokinine (Benzyl Adenine) and Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) on vegetative, flowering and oil yield of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus L.). The study included 15 factorial treatments (interaction between two factors, three sowing dates 10/10/2007, 25/10/2007 and 10/11/2007 and plant spraying with five solutions of benzyl adenine concentration of 10 and 20 mg/L, Vitamin B1 at a concentration of 10 and 20 mg/L and water (control). The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. The results were as follow : Vegetative growth : Dealing of planting caused a significant reduction in all vegetative traits (plant height, numbers of branches, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight and leaf area). The effect increased with preceding planting date. Spraying with growth promoter (Benzyl adenine 10 or 20 mg/L) caused significant increase in dry weight of vegetative part. Benzyl adenine at 20 mg/L caused a significant increase in number of leaves and leaf area in comparison with plants that sprayed with Vitamin B1 20 mg/L. the group sprayed with 20 mg/L of Vitamin B1 showed significantly higher plants. The interaction showed a significant effect in all vegetative traits .Flowering Early planting caused a significant increase in number of flowers plant, flower dry weight, flowering period and flowering yield. Plants of the first planting date exceeded the thivol planting date in fresh flower weight. However, the flower stalk length of second planting date were significantly higher than that planted at the third date.Delay in planting date caused early flowering and the effect increased with delaying planting date, planting date had no significant effect of flower stalk diameter, plants sprayed with 20 gm/L Vitamin B1 showed significant increase in total number of flower, flower stalk length, flower dry weight and flower yield. However, spraying with 10 mg/L or 20 mg/L of Benzyl adenine caused earlier flowering and length of flowering period Benzyl adenine and Vitamin increased no significant effect on flower stalk diameter and flower fresh weight.Interaction had a significant effect on the total number of flowers, flower stalk length, and total flower yield only. Oil yield and its quality characters Early planting resulted in significant effect in oil percentage and oil yield/plant. However planting date had no significant effect on oil quality (specific gravity, reflection coefficient and oil density). Plants sprayed with 10 mg/L of Vitamin B1 gave a significant higher percentage of oil, while sparing with 20 mg/L resulted in higher oil yield. There were no significant effect of sparing on oil quality characteristics. There were no significant effect of interaction on oil characters parameters except oil yield . Chemical characters of leavesEarly planting date was significantly exceeded the other two date in carbohydrate and phosphorus and potassium content. However, plants planted at the third date showed a significant increase in nitrogen and protein content.Spraying with Benzyl adenine caused a significant increase in carbohydrate and phosphorus. Interaction between the two studied factors had a significant effect on leaves carbohydrate and phosphorus

تاثير الباكلوبيوترازول والكازين في تكوين الاجنة الخضرية وانباتها لنخلة التمر Phoenix dactylifara L صنف نيرسي

Author name: زياد طارق صافي عبد العلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Soil Sciences And Water Resources
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Present study was conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Agriculture Collage, Basrah University, Basrah , Iraq, in the period 2012 - 2014. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of growth retardant (paclobutrazol) and casein hydrolysate on somatic embryogenesis formation and germination in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultured in vitro. The shoot tip explants were excised from offshoots that approximately 3 - 4 years old. Shoot tip explants then cut it in four segments and each segment cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing different concentrations of paclobutrazoal (0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0 mg/L) or casein hydrolysate (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/L).Results obtained in this study can be summarized to : 1 - Study showed that the MS medium containing pacloputrazol (1.0 mg/L) or casein hydrolysate (1000 mg/L) increased in fresh and dry weight of primary callus and embryogenic callus comparing to control treatment.2 - Primary and embryogenic callus cultured on MS medium fortified with 1.0 mg/L paclobutrazol for a long period showed superiority in fresh and dry weight compared with other treatments and control.3 - The period need it for somatic embryo formation was decreased to (17 and 20.33 days) when the embryogenic callus with 0.5 and 0.7 mg/L of paclobutrazol respectively. Results also revealed that the numbers of white and big spherical somatic embryos were appeared when high concentrations of paclobutrazol 1mg/L and casein hydrolysate (1000 mg/L) have been used.4 - The rate of somatic embryos length were increased when the concentration of casein hydrolysate increased to 1000 mg/L. In contrast, length rate of somatic embryos were decreased when treated with paclobutrazol.5 - High fresh and dry weight of somatic embryo were recorded on MS medium containing (0.9 and 1 mg/L) of paclobutrazol.6 - The high germination rate of somatic embryos was obtained on MS medium containing 0.3 and 0.5 mg/L paclobutrazol or MS medium enriched with 800 and 1000 mg/L in short time in comparing with other treatments.7 - Among the different concentrations of paclobutrazol tested, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/L were the most effective concentrations for increase the length of leaf and primary roots, but the 0.7mg/L and 0.9 led to increase root numbers only, whereas the high concentration of paclobutrazol 1.0mg/L increased the length of leaf and decreased the rate of roots. In contrast the high concentrations of casein hydrolysate (800 and 1000 mg/L) affected positively on leaf and root length.8 - Embryogenic callus tissue subjected to 1.0 mg/L paclobutrazol, containing high carbohydrate, whereas, embryogenic callus treated with 0.5 and 0.7 of paclobutrazol containing high protein. In contrast, embryogenic callus tissue treated with different concentrations of casein hydrolysate containing high carbohydrate and protein.9 - Histological study revealed that the high concentration of paclobutrazol reduced the size of cells in compare with control treatment.

تاثير بعض المستخلصات النباتية على الصفات النوعية للاقراص المصنعة من لحوم الابقار والابل خلال الخزن بالتبريد والتجميد == Effect of Some Plant Extracts on Quality Characteristics of Patties Processed From Beef And Camel Meat During Refrigerated And Storage

Author name: غيداء علي مكي عبود
Supervisor name: محارب عبد الحميد طاهر | اميرة كاظم ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Livestock
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى تحضير مستخلصات نباتية بطريقة الاستخلاص الكحولي بتركيز 0.3 و0.5 و7 0. % من او راق الجرجير واكليل الجبل والفجل اوستعمالها في حفظ اقراص اللحم المفروم المصنعة من لحوم الابقار والابل، وقد اجريت تجربتان تضمنت التجربة الاولى الحفظ بالتبر | This study was aimed to used plant extracts prepared by alcoholic extraction method from the leaves of rocket salad, rosemary and h iradisn concentration of 0.3,0.5 and 0.7% of each. The extracts were added to meat patties prepared of beef and camel meat

دراسة تاثير بعض العوامل الاحيائية والكيميائية في الفطريات المعزولة من جذور قرع الكوسة مختبريا وفي تحسين نمو وانتاجية المحصول وحماية الثمار من الاصابة بالفطر Rhizopus stolonifer == A Study of Effect of Some Biological And Chemical Agents on Fungi Isolated From Squash Roots In Laboratory And Improvement of Crop Growth And Production And Protection of Fruits From Infection By Rhizopus Stolonifer

Author name: علي فاهم محمد الحجازي
Supervisor name: ضياء سالم علي الوائلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت هذه الدراسة اجراء مسح حقلي لمرض تعفن جذور وساق وثمار قرع الكوسة للفترة من 10/12 /2008 الى 18/12 /2008 وعزل وتشخيص مسببات المرض واجراء بعض الدراسات المختبرية البيئية للمسببات.اوضح المسح الحقلي انتشار مرض التعفن في مزارع محافظة بابل وكانت اعلى نسبة ا | The present study includes a field survey of root, stem and fruit rot in squash from 102008/12/ to 18/ 2008/ 12 in addition to isolating and identify the causes of the disease. Some environmental lab tests are conducted to pathogens. The results of the st

الكشف النوعي عن مركبات الايض الثانوي للبكتريا Pseudomonas fluorescens pf - DS بالكروموتوكرافي وGCMS وتقويم كفاءتها في مكافحة فطريات ونيماتودا جذور الباذنجان مختبريا وحقليا == Quality Detection of Secondary Metabolites Compounds of Pseudomonas Fluorescens Pf - DS By Chromatography And Gcms And Evaluated Their Efficiency Against Fungi And Nematodes on Eggplant Roots In Laboratory And Field

Author name: صباح صافي جاسم الديري
Supervisor name: ضياء سالم علي الوائلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الى امكانية تصنيع مستحضر احيائي من البكتريا pf. DS fluorescens Pseudomonas وتطبيقه في مكافحة مرض تعفن جذور الباذنجان المتسبب عن الفطرين solani Fusarium وRhizoctonia solani والنيماتودا javanica Meloidogyne والكشف عن المركبات الفعالة التي تنتجه | This study has been conducted to evaluate the applicability of bioformulation of bacteria Pseudomonas flourescens Pf - DS and there efficiency in biological control of root rot disease in eggplant which caused by Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani an

تاثير مغنطة نوعيات مختلفة من المياه في بعض الخصائص الكيميائية والفيزيائية لتربة طينية مزيجة والنمو والاستهلاك المائي لمحصول الشعير (Hordeum vulgare L.) == Effect of Magnetization of Different Water Qualities on Some Chemical And Physical Properties For Clay Loam Soil, Growth And Consumption of Water For Barley Crop (Hordeum Vulgare L.)

Author name: علي حسين محمد جاسم
Supervisor name: صباح شافي الهادي | كوثر عزيز الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water - Soil Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Soil Sciences And Water Resources
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت تجربة حقلية في محطة ابحاث كلية الز راعة / جامعة البصرة في موقع كرمة علي / محافظة، clay loam 2013 على تربة ذات نسجة مزيجة طينية - البصرة خلال الموسم الز راعي الشتوي 2012 لغرض د راسة تاثير مغنطة ونوعيات مياه الري في الخصائص الكيميائية والفيزيائية للتر | Field experiments was conducted at the Research Station College of Agriculture, University of Basra at Garmat Ali district. The experiments were carried out during the winter season 2012 - 2013 in clay loam soil. The purpose of the research is to study th

تحديد الظروف المثلى لانتاج حامض اللينوليك المقترن باستخدام بعض عزلات Lactobacillus spp. المحلية واستخدامها في منتجات الالبان == Optimization of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production By Some Locally Isolated Lactobacillus Spp. And It’s Uses In Dairy Products

Author name: علي عبد الامير خلف مشعل الكعبي
Supervisor name: علي خضير جابر الركابي | نوفل عبد الامير حسين
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant Biotechnology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Food Sciences And Biotechnology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates which were isolated from various sources to elevate the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in culture media and dairy products was evaluated. The study reached the following results : 1 - Ob

تاثير استخدام نسب مختلفة من العلف الخشن المعامل بليوريا والخميره الى العلف المركز المعامل بالفورمالديهايد في انتاج الحليب ومكوناته ومعايير الكرش والدم في النعاج العرابيه == Effect of Treated Roughage With Urea And Yeast And Treated Concentrate With Formaldehyde on Mike Yield And Contents, Blood And Rumen Parameters And of Arabi Ewes

Author name: جلال عكيلي يسر
Supervisor name: جعفر محمد جاسم عبد الله عبد المنعم | مرتضى فرج عبد الحسين
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Nutrition
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Livestock
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في الحقل الحيواني التابع لكلية الزراعة / جامعة البصرة للفترة من 2/12/2012 ولغاية 2/3/2013. شملت الدراسة 24 نعجة عرابية حلوب تراوحت اعمارها بين 2ــ4 سنوات, فردية الولادة ومتقاربة في اوقات ولاداتها, متوسط اوزانها 42 كغم. وبعد اعطاء النعاج | The present study was conducted at the Animal Farm/ College of Agriculture/ University of Basrah during the period from 2/12/2012 to 2/3/2013. The study included 24 milking ewes aged around 2 - 4 years, having single lamb, closely lambing date and weighte

دراسة تصنيفية وبيئية لبعض انواع المن (Hemiptera : Aphididae) مع الاشارة الى الكفاءة الافتراسية لنوعين من الدعاسيق في محافظة البصرة == A Taxonomical And Ecological Study of Some Species of Aphids (Hemiptera : Aphididae) And Estimatey Predaition Efficiency For Two Ladybird on Them In Basrah

Author name: خالد جابر عبد الرزاق الحسيناوي
Supervisor name: علاء صبيح جبار المعيدي | اياد عبد الوهاب عبد القادر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت دراسة تصنيفية وبيئية لانواع المن واشارة الى الكفاءة الافتراسية لنوعين من الدعاسيق المفترسة في عشر مناطق في محافظة البصرة وهي (ابي الخصيب, الزبير, مركز المحافظة, البراضعية,, شط العرب, محطة ابحاث كلية الزراعة, الهارثة, الدير,القرنة, المدينة) خلال ا | The study was applied to search ecological and taxonomical of species of aphid and indication Predation Efficiency to Two predator species during 2010 - 2011 of studied for 10 areas of Basrah province : Alzubair,Abo Al khaseeb,Shaat alarab, Qurna, Almdin

دراسة تقييمية وتصنيفية لافحل نخل التمر Phonix dactylifera L النامية في المنطقتين الوسطى والجنوبية من العراق == Evaluation Study of Date Palm Ion And Classification Study of Palm Male Cultivars Phoenix Dactylifera L. Grown The Middle And South Regions of Iraq

Author name: محمد عبد الامير حسن علي النجار
Supervisor name: علي حسين محمد الطه | كاظم ابراهيم عباس
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

فصل وتشخيص بروتينات بيض الدجاج والوز والبط المحلي بتقنيتي الترشيح الهلامي والهجرة الكهربائية ودراسة خصائصها الوظيفية == Separation And Identification of Proteins of The Local Chicken Eggs, Geese And Ducks By Gel Filtration And Electrophoresis And Study Their Functional Properties

Author name: لينا سمير محمد
Supervisor name: البشر حميد جابر الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Food Sciences And Biotechnology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: استهدفت الدراسة بروتينات بيض الدجاج والوز والبط، اذ فصلت بروتينات بياض الانواع الثلاثة بتقنيتي الترشيح الهلامي والترحيل الكهربائي، كما فصلت بروتينات صفار هذه الانواع بالترحيل الكهربائي فضلا عن دراسة الصفات الوظيفية والتركيب الكيميائي لكل منها. اظهرت ا | The present work is to studying chicken, goose and duck egg proteins by separating white proteins by gel filtration and electrophoresis, and yolk proteins by electrophoresis by as well as examine some of functional properties of three types of egg white p

استخدام التغذية كبدائل ومكملات حبوب اللقاح في النشاط الحيوي لطوائف نحل العسل Apis mellifera L في محافظة البصرة == The Use of Nutrition As An Alternative And Complementary of Pollen Grain on The Biological Activity of Honey Bee Colonies Apis Mellifera L In Basrah Province

Author name: محمد مهدي مزعل الديراوي
Supervisor name: علاء صبيح جبار المعيدي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت دراسة حقلية ومختبريه حول تاثير بعض بدائل ومكملات حبوب اللقاح في النشاط الحيوي 2011 واوضحت النتائج : - لطوائف نحل العسل في محافظة البصرة للاعوام 2010 ان اعلى معدل للشغالات انجذب لحبوب اللقاح الجافة وبلغ 46.83 شغالة / ساعتين واقل معدل انجذب لمسحوق الب | A field and laboratory studies were performed to determine the effect of some alternative and complementary of pollen grain on the activity of honey hives in Basra province during the years of 2010 - 2012. The results of the current study showed that the

تاثير نوع الهرمون ومقدار الجرعة على مستوى هرمونات الجونادوتروبين (Gonadotropin hormones) في دم سمكة الكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio L. == Submitted To The College Ofagriculture of The University of Basrah In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements For The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Fisheries And Marine Resources (Fish Culture)

Author name: فالح موسى جعفر الزيدي
Supervisor name: ساجد سعد حسن النور | باسم محمد جاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study included the utilization of three types of hormones, LHRH - A2 with dosages of 10, 20 and 30 ?g / kg, a mixture of LHRH - A2 with dosages of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ?g / kg with Domperidone (DOM) at 5 ?g / kg and carp pituitary gland extract (CPE)

استخلاص وتشخيص الزيوت العطرية من بعض النباتات واستعمالها في الانظمة الغذائية ودراسة فعاليتها التثبيطية للمايكروبات == EXTRACTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM SOME PLANTS AND USE IN FOOD SYSTEMS AND STUDY THEIR MICROBIAL INHIBITION

Author name: انفال علوان عبد النبي التميمي
Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي | منير عبود جاسم الطائي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Food Sciences And Biotechnology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

اكثار الروبيان ذي الارجل البيضاء Penaeus (=Ltiopenaeus) vannamei وتربيته في محافظة البصرة، العراق == Breeding and culturing of the white leg shrimp Penaeus (= Ltiopenaeus) vannamei in Basrah,Iraq.

Author name: عبد الحسين حاتم غازي
Supervisor name: ساجد سعد حسن النور | مالك حسن علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير موعد الزراعة وIBA في النمو الخضري والزهري وتكوين البصيلات وحاصل الزيت لخمسة اصناف من نبات الهياسنت Hyacinthus orientalis L == Effect of planting date and IBA on vegetative growth, flowering and Bulblets formation and Oil yield of five Hyacinth Hyacinthus orientalis L. Cultivars

Author name: زينب جاسم عبد الرضا جاسم
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق عثمان حسن الجلبي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دراسة الصفات الفيزيائية والكيميائية لدهن حليب الماعز والجبن الاوشاري المطور المصنع منه في محافظة البصرة == The chemical and physical properties of goat's milk fat and aushari cheese made from it in Basrah

Author name: الحسين زكي زعلان
Supervisor name: علي خضير جابر الركابي | ضياء فالح عبد لله الفكيكي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Food Sciences And Biotechnology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير احلال بذور الجرجير Eruca sativa seed و/او بذور الكتان Linseed في العليقة في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والبايوكيميائية وصفات الذبائح في العجول المضربة (فريزيان x جنوبي) == Effect of replacement of Eruca sativa seeds and/or Linseeds in the diet in some productivity, biochemical traits and carcass assessment of crossed Friesian × Janubi calves

Author name: محمد جواد زبون الحصناوي
Supervisor name: سمير اسطيفان حنا
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Livestock
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير الاجهاد الملحي في استهلاك الطاقة للتنظيم الازموزي والنمو في اسماك الكارب العشبيCtenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes,1844) والكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio L. == The effect of salt stress on energy usage for osmoregulation and growth in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella(Valenciennes, 1844) and Common carp cyprinus carpio L.

Author name: رغـــــد شـــــبر جعــفـــــر
Supervisor name: سمية محمد احمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

استخلاص وتشخيص المركبات الفينولية من بعض اصناف التمور المحلية واستعمالها كمضادات اكسدة في الانظمة الغذائية == EXTRACTION AND IDENTIFICATION PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM SOME LOCAL DATE PALM FRUITS VARIETIES AND USE IT AS ANTIOXIDANT IN FOOD SYSTEMS

Author name: عالية جميل علي السعد
Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Food Sciences And Biotechnology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير الرش بمعلق الخميرة النشطة وفيتامين ب2وموعد الفرط في النمو وبعض المكونات الفعالة في نبات الحناء Lawsonia inermis L. == Effect of Spraying Yeast Suspension, Vitamin B2 and Time of Cutting on Growth and Some active Constituents of Henna Plant (Lawsonia Inermis L.)

Author name: عبد الكاظم ناصر صالح الشويلي
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق عثمان حسن الجلبي | سميرة محمد صالح السامرائي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

استجابة نبات البابونج Matricaria chamomilla L. لموعد الزراعة ومسافتها والرش بالحامضين الامينين البرولين والارجنين واثرها في النمو والحاصل الزهري ومحتواه من الزيت الطيار ونوعيته == Response Chamomile plants (Matricaria chamomilla L.) to sowing date, plant distance and spraying with two amino acid Proline and Arginine and their affectivity on growth, flower yield and volatile oil content and its types

Author name: اقبال اسماعيل صالح الحسن
Supervisor name: عصام حسين علي الدوغجي | ونر مهدي نعمة الجابري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دراسة مرض خياس طلع النخيل المتسبب عن الفطرين Fusarium spp. وMauginiella scaettae Cav. وامكانية مكافحته كيميائيا واحيائيا == A Study of Inflorescence Rot Caused by Fusarium spp. and Mauginiella scaettae Cav. and its Biological and Chemical Control

Author name: براء مالك مردان البدران
Supervisor name: محمد عامر فياض
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التقنين الكمي للعلف لاعمار مختلفة من فروج اللحم وتاثيره في بعض الصفات الانـتاجية == Quantitative Feed Restriction at Different Ages of Broiler Chicks and its Effect on Some Productive Characters

Author name: مصعب محمد علي حسن شقفة
Supervisor name: حازم يحيى احمد القصاب
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Nutrition
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Livestock
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تمليح وتجفيف اسماك الضلعة Scomberoides commersonianus ودراسة صفاتها النوعية باستعمال ادلة حسية وكيميائية وفيزيائية وميكروبية == Salting and Drying of Thelah Fish Scomberoides commersonianus and Studying its Quality Characterstics Using Sensory,Chemical,Physical and Microbial Indices

Author name: نوال خالد زبين الفضلي
Supervisor name: صباح مالك حبيب الشطي | يحيى عاشور صالح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Livestock
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير الكالسيوم في نمو وحاصل صنفين من الخيار الهجين Cucumis sativus L. المزروعين في البيوت البلاستيكية واثره ودرجة حرارة الخزن في القابلية الخزنية == Effect of calcium on growth and yield Of two cucumber hybrid cultivars (Cucumis sativus L.)grown under plastic house and its effect with storage temperature on storage ability

Author name: عقيلـة جمعـة حاجم المطـوري
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير درجة حرارة الخزن وطريقة التعبئة والقرص الحيوي في القابلية الخزنية والنوعية لثمار النخيل (Phoenix dactylifera L.) صنفي الحلاوي والساير في مرحلة الرطب == EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE , PACKING METHOD AND BIO DISK ON STORAGE ABILITY AND QUALITY OF FRUITS OF DATE PALM (Phoenix dactylifera L. ) cvs. Hillawi and Sayer at Rutab stage

Author name: حمزة عباس حمزة العامري
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير التكييس ومستخلص عرق السوس على التبكير في النضج وتحسين صفات الثمار لنخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنفي الساير والحلاوي == THE EFFECT OF BAGGING AND LIQUORICE EXTRACT ON EARLY RIPENING AND IMPROVEMENT OF FRUIT PROPERTIES OF DATE PALM Phoenix dactylifera L . C.V. SAYER AND HILLAWI

Author name: حسين جاسم شريف
Supervisor name: كاظم ابراهيم عباس
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

استعمال نواتج تفاعلات ميلارد كمضادات اكسدة في اطالة العمر الخزني للحليب المجفف == Using of Millard Reactions Products As Antioxidants for elongation of dried Milk shelf - life

Author name: عمار بدران رمضان التميمي
Supervisor name: ابراهيم احمد محمود | علي خضير جابر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Food Sciences And Biotechnology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير موعد ومسافة الزراعة وعمر الشتلة في نمو وحاصل الخس "محلي" Lactuca sativa L. == Effect of Sowing Date, Plant Spacing and Transplant Age on Growth and Yield of Lettuce Lactuca sativa cv."Local"

Author name: خيون عبد عبد السيد الديراوي
Supervisor name: عواطف نعمة جري | نوال مهدي حمود
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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تاثير الرص ومستوى الري في بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية للتربة وعلاقته بالاستهلاك المائي ونمو محصول الذرة البيضاء (Sorghum Bicolor L.) == EFFECTED OF COMPACTION AND IRRIGATION LEVEL IN SOME SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH WATER CONSUMPTIVE USE AND GROWTH OF SORGHUM ( SORGHUM BICOLOR L.

Author name: مها مجيد الجواد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water - Soil Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Soil Sciences And Water Resources
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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تصميم وتنفيذ منظومة سيطرة ذاتية على تحريك سكين معدة لتسوية التربة باستخدام الهواء المضغوط == Design And Construct Automatic Control Pneumatic System For Soil Leveling Blade Equipment

Author name: كريم محمد كزار
Supervisor name: قيس عبد الحسن رشك | عبد الجبار جلوب حسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Mechanization
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Agricultural Machinery And Equipment
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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تاثير الري بالمياه الملوثة بالهيدروكربونات النفطية في جاهزية N وP وK في التربة ونمو نبات الذرة الصفراء == Effects of irrigation by petroleum hydrocarbons polluted waters on the availability of N , P , K in soil and growth of Corn

Author name: زهراء عبد الهادي الحاتم
Supervisor name: مصطفى علي فرج | وسام عبد الامير علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Soil Sciences And Water Resources
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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تاثير مستويات الملوحة في انتاجية التربة ودرجة تصحرها == EFFECT OF SALINITY LEVELS ON SOIL PRODUCTIVITY AND ITS DESERTIFICATION DEGREE

Author name: حنان عبد الوهاب سعيد
Supervisor name: مصطفى علي فرج | عبد الجبار جلوب حسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Soil Sciences And Water Resources
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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الاستدلال على التصحر من خلال دراسة الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية للتربة في منطقة البطحاء — محافظة ذي قار == The Illation on Desertification by Studying the Physical and Chemical Soil Characteristics in Batah region, Thi - Qar Province.

Author name: طالب صبر حريجة العسكري
Supervisor name: عبد الجبار جلوب حسن المالكي | صباح شافي ضيدان الهادي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water - Soil Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Soil Sciences And Water Resources
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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انتاج وتنقية وتوصيف انزيم الانيولينيز من الفطر المعزول محليا Aspergillus Niger == Production, Purification and Characterization of Inulinase from Local Fungal Isolate of Aspergillus

Author name: ناجح هاشم كاظم الظويهري
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي | علي عبد الكاظم جاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Food Sciences And Biotechnology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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تاثير الاشعة فوق البنفسجية في امراضية الفطر Rhizoctonia Solani Kühn المسبب لمرض موت البادرات ومقاومته احيائيا وكيميائيا == Effect of Ultraviolet light on pathogenecity of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn the causing agent of damping - off and it?s biological and chemical control

Author name: سكينة عبد علي عبود المادح
Supervisor name: يحيى عاشور صالح | ناجي سالم جاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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تاثير بعض المعاملات الفيزيائية والكيميائية على بكتريا Campylobacter Spp. المعزولة من الاغذية في محافظة البصرة == Effect of some physical and chemical treatments on Campylobacter spp. isolated from food in Basrah province

Author name: رغدة عبد الحسين كريم
Supervisor name: قيثار رشيد مجيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Food Sciences And Biotechnology
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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تاثير الاقلمة الملحية في بعض الجوانب الفسلجية والتغذوية في يافعات اسماك الشعم الفضيacanthopagrus Latus (Houttyn,1782) == Effect Salinity Acclimation on some Physiological and Nutritional aspects in Acanthopagrus latus (Houttyn, 1782) Juveniles.

Author name: فاطمة عبد الحسين محمد سلطان
Supervisor name: سمية محمد احمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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دراسة بيئية وتصنيفية للعوالق في خور الزبير مع تقدير مستويات الهيدروكاربونات النفطية الكلية == ECOLOGICAL AND TAXANOMICAL STUDIES TO PLANKTONS IN KHOR AL - ZUBAIR LAGOON WITH DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS LEVELS

Author name: عماد جاسم محمد الشاوي
Supervisor name: صادق علي حسين | عبد العزيز محمود عبد الله
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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طفيليات بعض الاسماك العراقية من بيئتين مختلفتين بمستويات الاثراء الغذائي في مياه نهري كرمة علي والصالحية في البصرة - العراق == Parasites of some Iraqi fishes in two localities varied in their trophic levels in Inland water of Basrah

Author name: احمد منذر شاكر الجناعي
Supervisor name: ازهار علي عبد الله الصابونجي | نجم رجب خميس
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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