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التنوع السمكي وبعض الخصائص الحياتية في الجزء الشمالي لشط العرب وبعض مقترباته == Fish biodiversity and some biological characteristics in the Northern part of Shatt Al - Arab River and some of its reaches

Author name: عبد المحسن جعفر عبد الله
Supervisor name: ساجد سعد حسن النور
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The aimed of the present study to find out the nature of the qualitative compositionand some biological aspects in the North part of Shatt Al - Arab River and some of its reaches after emergence of many changes in the region and habitats segmenting by Dam construction on Euphrates River in the area between Chibyish and Mudina town and establishment of Qlat - Salih Regulator, reduction of water discharge to minimum limits, entry of alien species on an ongoing basis, so it is necessary to conduct a study to find out the nature of the diversity of fish in the region, and it has shown that the composition of community differs from previous studies revealed that introduced alien small size species and some of uneconomic species were dominate. The samples were caught monthly from the river from December 2013 to May 2015 North of Basrah Province. Several fishing tools were used to collect fishes seine, fixed, draft, cast net and electrofishing. Three stations were selected; the station 1 was in the North of Qurna town about five kilometers North the point which the Tigris and Euphrates River confluence, station 2 at the place of Seweeb River is meeting the Shatt Al - Arab Rive and station 3 at the point that Al - Shafii River which meet Shatt Al - Arab river. Some environmental parameters were measured, namely air temperature ranged from 15ºC in December 2014 in station 3 to 43ºC in the August 2014 at station 2 and 3, while the water temperature from 11ºC in January 2015 for station 1 to 36 ºC in July at station 2. Light penetration revealed 33 cm in April and May 2014 and 132 cm in January 2015 for station 3. Current speed ranged between 0.03 m/s in January 2015 in station 3 and 0.29 m/s in October 2014 for station 1. Salinity ranged from 0.66 g/L in January 2014 for station 1 to 1.46 g/L in February and March 2015 in station 1 and October 2014 for station 2. The pH values tend toward the alkaline, the lowest 7.30 in May 2014 for station 2 and 8.90 measured in February 2014 in station 1. Monthly discharges, average incoming from the Tigris River recorded 35.20 ± 8.47 m3/s in November 2014 to 73.85 ± 17.55 m3/s on February 2014. Lower values of reactive nitrate were recorded 0.69 μ g at. N/L in March 2015 at station 3 and highest 24.32 μ g at. N/L in May for station 2, however the values of reactive phosphate recorded, the lowest 0.0037 μ g at. N/L in March 2015 at station 2, the highest was 0.589 μ g at. N/L in November 2014 for station 1. A total of 29405 individuals was collected during the study period represented 916521g included 33 species eight of them were marine species contain 29 genera belong to 14 families of Osteichthyes, Cyprinids family occupied first degree in the number of species (13) and genera (12), the numerical relative abundance of marine species in the study area was 3.38% and the relative abundance gravimetric was 8.45%. A significant positive correlation was found between number of species and water temperature (r=0. 506). Liza abu, Carassius auratus and Coptodon zillii were the most total numerical relative abundance 30.89, 29.30 and 15.64 % respectively, C. auratus, S. triostegus and C. zillii were the most total weight relative abundance and composing 27.58, 14.27 and 11.64% respectively in the study area. Discharges rates flowing from the Tigris River revealed negative effect with the number of species and the insignificant negative correlation was recorded (r= - 0.109) with discharge monthly rates, and fluctuation relationship was noticed between discharges and ecological indices. However, native species included 15 seasonal species 4 and 14 for rare species. Diversity index (H) ranged between 0.91 in January 2015 at station 3 to 2.05 in March 2015 for station 2, richness index (D) 0.83 in February 2014 at station 3 and 2.79 in March 2015 at station 1, evenness index (J) recorded 0.38 in January 2015 and the highest 0.78 in September 2014 for station 1. The percentage of similarity among stations by Jaccard similarity index (Ss%) showed variation uneven during study months. Cluster analysis of species similarity pointed to clumping in groups controlled by temperature. The Multivariate analysis was (CCA) adopted to clarify the impact of a biotic factors on the distribution of species. Total catches were ranged between 16380 g in December 2013 to 80309g in December 2014. The total average catch per unit of effort was 24.953 kg/hr for seine nets ranged from 0.928 kg/hr in December 2014 at station 2 to 30.271 Kg/hr during January 2015 for station 3. The number of fishing boats in the study area 143 their length between 5 - 7m most of them without an engine. The impact of alien species direct effects during the destruction of nests and reproductive ground, especially eggs which lie on a plant for native species and hybridization between alien and native species, and indirect effects of competition on food, ecological space, environment destruction and aggressive behavior. The length groups of all fish species were recorded, the lowest values were for Alburnus mossulensis, Acanthobrama marmid, Hemiculter leucisculus and Garra rufa, they were 7.3 - 18, 6.3 - 17, 7 - 17 and 7.2 - 17.8 cm respectively, whereas the highest were for Silurus triostegus, Leuciscus vorax and Mastacembelus mastacembelus, they were 10.8 - 72.4, 9.5 - 57.3 and 14 - 55 cm respectively. Faben method used for estimating growth parameters (L∞,K) by applying FiSAT program for C. auratus, Carasobarbus luteus and L. abu, the values of L∞ for three species 38.97, 35.69 and 22.19 cm respectively, and for K 0.29 to the C. auratus and C. luteus and 0.41 for L. abu, the results revealed five years age for C. auratus and C. luteus whereas four years age for L. abu. The present study showed high values of diet overlap between L. abu and Cheon subviridis 09% also high values 90% Oreochromis aureus and Oreochromis niloticus S. triostegus and L. vorax 89%, but it did not reach the competition limit, also high diet overlap 86% and competition was found between C. auratus and C. luteus Absolute fecundity for C. auratus females ranged from 1303 for 8.8 cm total length and 10g weight to51245 egg for 30.1 cm total length and 557g weight, and for C. luteus from 2098 for 13.1 cm total length to 14147 egg for 20.9 cm total length and 131g weight, while in L. abu from 6247 for 9.7 cm total length and 11g weight to 41219 egg for 17.5 cm total length and 63g weight.

تاثير رش التربتوفان والكلايسين واضافة المحفز الحيوي Biohealth للتربة في نمو وحاصل بعض اصناف البطاطا SolanumtuberosumL في الاراضي الصحراوية == EFFECT OF SPRAYING TRYPTOPHAN, GLYCINE AND SOIL APPLIED BIOHEALTH ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SOME POTATO (SolanumtuberosumL.)CULTIVARS IN DESERT LANDS

Author name: عباس كاظم عبید عباس
Supervisor name: عصام حسین علي الدوغجي | نوال مهدي حمود
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Two experimentswere conducted during autum seasonsof 2013 - 2014 and 2014 - 2015 in Tomato Development Project belong to Basrah Agricultural Director, Khor Al - Zubairin southern Iraq to study the effect of foliar application of tryptophan, glycine and soil appliedBiohealthongrowth and yield of some potato cultivars. The aim of the experiments was focused on the effect of three potato cultivars (Draga, Arnova and Provento) in the first season and (Arizona, Arnova and Rivira) in the second season.Spraying with two concentrations( 100 and 200 mg.l - 1)for both Tryptophan and glycine and 0 mg.l - 1(sprying with distilled water).Spryingwas done twice 45 and 60 days after after propagating.Besides, additiontwo concentrations ofBiohealthinto the soil( 0 and 1 g.l - 1for the first seasonand 0 , 1 and 2 g.l - 1 for the second season). The addition ofBiohealthwas done twice 45 and 60 days after propagatingfor both seasons. The experiments was adopted as factional experiment.Split - Split Plot Design was used with three replication,Least Significant Differences Test(LSD) was used at probability of 0.05. The results could be summarized as follows : 1. Emergence of field parameters Results showed that"Arnova" cultivargave asignificant increases in speedemergence field after 20.51 and 19.43 daysin both season,respectively."Brovento"in first season and “Arezona” in the second seasongave asignificant increasesin the percent of field emergence 96.42 and 89.33%respectively, .2.Vegetative growth parameters Resultsshowed that"Draga"cultivar in the first season and "Rivira" inthe second seasonincreased significantly in mostvegetative growth parameters.Spryingwith 200mg.l - 1 tryptophan in bothseasons gave increased significantly in mostvegetative growth parameters.Application withbiohealth1 g.l - 1 in the first seasonand 1, 2 g.l - 1In the second season gave significant increases in mostvegetative growth parameters.The interactions between the studied factors caused significant increased effects in all vegetative growth parameters on both seasons. 3. Yields parameters Results in the first season showed that "Draga" cultivar gave significant increases in tuber number.plant - 1,total plant yield, marketable yield,total yield, small and large tubers yield (6.10 tuber,379.9g,3.36 ton.donum - 1, 3.71 ton.donum - 1,0.35ton.donum - 1 and2.52 ton.donum - 1,respectively), While "Rivira cultivar in the second season gave significantincreases in tuber weigh,total plant yield,marketable yield,total yieldand large tubers yield(88.38 g, 492.6g,4.50 ton.donum - 1,4.82 ton.donum - 1, 3.87 ton.donum - 1,respectively).Sprying with 200 mg.l - 1 tryptophan in the two seasons gavesignificant increases in tuber weigh (69.08, 74.95 g), total plant yield (389.1 , 438.4 g), marketable yield (3.54, 3.87ton.donum - 1),total yield (3.80, 4.28 ton.donum - 1) and large tubers yield(2.44, 3.08 ton. donum - 1) respectively, While the 100 mg.l - 1 tryptophan increases in tuber number.plant - 1 in the first season(5.76 tuber) and 200 mg.l - 1 tryptophan increases in the first seasonin yield medium tubers (1.10 ton.donum - 1)and in the second season increases in tuber number.plant - 1(5.90 tuber).Application with1g.l - 1 biohealthin the first season gave significant increases in tuber number.plant - 1,total plant yield,marketable yield,total yield,medium and large tubers yield(5.72 tuber, 366.6 g, 3.28 ton.donum - 1,3.59 ton.donum - 1,1.03 ton.donum - 1and 2.26 ton. donum - 1,respectively), while in the second season application with 2 g.l - 1 biohealthgave significant increases in tuber number.plantC 1,total plant yield,marketable yield,total yield,and large tubers yield(5.85 tuber, 423.4 g), 3.75ton.donum - 1 ,4.15 ton.donum - 1 and 3.00 ton.donum - 1,respectively). The interactions between the studied factors caused significant increased in allyields parameters on both seasons.4. Chemical characteristics 4 - 1. Leaves chemical characteristics Spraying with 100 and 200 mg.l - 1 tryptophan in Carbohydrate contents. In the second season200 mg.l - 1glycinegave significant increases in carbohydrate contents.Application with 1 g.l - 1biohealthin second season gave a significant increase incarbohydrate contents.The interactions between the studied factors caused significant increased effects in all leaves chemicalparameters on both seasons.4 - 2. Tubers chemical characteristics Results showed that "Brovento" cultivar in the first season gave significant increases in the percentage of dry matter, starch and specific gravity, "Draga" increases in thepercentage of protein, vitamin C and total solubilesoilds, "Arnova" increases intotal free amino acids. In the second season "Rivira" cultivar gave significant increases inthe percentage of dry matter, starch, specific gravity and total free amino acids and"Arezon" increases in thepercentage of vitamin C and total solubilesoilds.Foliar application with tryptophan at 200 mg.l - 1 in the first season caused an increase in the percentage of dry matter, starch,specific gravity and protein, while 200 mg.l - 1 glycine increases in vitamin C and total solubilesoilds, glycine at100 mg.l - 1increases in total free amino acids.Foliar application with tryptophan and glycine at 200 mg.l - 1in second season caused an increase in the percentage of dry matter, starch andspecific gravity, while 200 mg.l - 1 glycine caused increases in the percentage of protein and total free amino acids, glycine at100 mg.l - 1 increasesin vitamin C and tryptophan at 200 mg.l - 1 in total solubilesoilds.Application with biohealth gave asignificant increase in mosttubers chemical characteristics for both season.The interactions between the studied factors caused significant increased effects in all tuber chemicalparameters on both seasons.

استخلاص وتنقية وتوصيف متحللات بروتينية من مخلفات الاسماك والروبيان واختبار كفاءتها في حفظ اقراص مفروم اللحم البقري == Extraction, purification and Characterization of Protein hydrolysates From Fish and Shrimp by - Products and Assay Efficiency in Beef Patties Storage

Author name: عالية زيارة هاشم الحلفي
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was interested in the preparation of bioactive peptides by using shrimp and fish by products.Three types of proteolytic enzymes , Alcalase and Pepsin and Flavourzyme were used for this purpose.The constituents (moisture , protein , fat and ash) of defatted raw and dried materials were studed .The proteolysis action of the three enzymes was observed for 5 hours the peptides chain length of the protein hydrolysates were determined and tested for their antioxidat and antibacterial 240 minutes of enzyme assay was reliance according to the highly antioxidantive and antibacterial properties of produced peptides.The proteolysis of shrimp by - product by Alcalase and Pepsin gave highly antioxidantive activity. The isolation , purification and the peptides bioactivity determination was achieved as below : 1 - The peptides of the both protein hydrolysates were isolated by using Ultrafiltration membranes of 5 MWCO KDa. The isolated peptides were examined for their antioxidative activity. It shown , that the peptides wjich was synthesized by the proteolytic activity of Alcalase has ahigher antioxidative action (53.67%) comparing with pepsin peptides (41.19%) at concentration of 100 mg/mL. The results showed that peptides of hydrolysate enzyme Pepsin give inhibitor zoon against bacteria test in inhibition zoon ranged from 10 - 11 mm and determined peptides content of amino acids and showed glysin , threonine ,valine and lysine, which amounted to 9.11% and 8.94% and 7.51% and 9.16%, respectively in peptides of enzyme Alcalase while recorded amino acids serine 9.69% ,theronine 8.76% ,cystin 14.10% and 7.06% lysine ratios highest peptides hydrolysate enzyme Pepsin respectively.Summaryb2 - purification of peptides by gel filtration was showed four peaks of peptides hydrolysate enzyme Alcalase and three peaks for peptides hydrolysate Pepsin enzyme and tested the antioxidation activity of all peaks and inhibitory to bacteria, which recorded that second peak of the Alcalase enzyme antioxidant activity amounted to 63.28% and peptides The first peak of the same enzyme%48.57 the peptides first and the second peak for hydrolysate Pepsin enzyme was% 41.65 and 55.21% also tested the inhibitory effect against some types of bacteria have been to peptides second peak of the Pepsin enzyme hydrolysate towards the bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibition zoon ranged 13 - 9 mm, and determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of these peptides and found that the concentration of 125 and 250 mg / ml values have affected all types of bacteria testing. The cellular toxicity of peptide peakes in analysis of human red blood cells, and has not any toxic effect observed for all concentrations and different periods incubation of peptides peasks.3 - The molecular weight of peptides two of peak enzymes was determined by electrophoresis and cleared two bandes each peak represents two chain peptide molecular weights 3.71 and 4.37 KDa the first peak and the second peak 3.71 and 4.27 KDa of the hydrolysate Alcalase enzyme and chains peptides first peak of hydrolysate Pepsin enzyme 3.71 and 4.16 KDa the second peak, 3.71 and 3.98 KDa, respectively , The study included determined of amino acids and found that it contains all the amino acid varying percentages depending on peptides peakes hydrolysate protein.4 - The stability of antioxidant peptides towards thermal treatment to different degrees thermal ranged between 25 - 100C and change in pH 2 - 11 and treatment of sodium chloride salt ranged between %2 - 8 was studed and found that the antioxidant activity of peptides and reducing power stable at 60C The ability to binding ion ferrous ,hydrogen peroxide , hydroxyl radical scavenging and superoxide anion scavenging they appear stable at thermal 40C and whenctesting the stability of peptides to change the pH was observed that the peptides two peakes hydrolysate enzyme Alcalase stable at pH 8 but decreases when moving away from this value towards the basic or acidic while shwoed peptides two peakes hydrolysate enzyme Pepsin stability at pH 7, and this stability declined when number pH to 11, and when the treatment with salt sodium chloride showed peptides first peak and second enzyme Alcalase and Pepsin stable antioxidant activity at 4% salt concentration for all tests except the oxidation stability of peptides in binding ferrous ion has showed at 6% salt concentration.5 - when the follow of peroxide values for beef patties treated with peptides two peakes enzymes, The results showed there is adecrease in peroxide values for beef patties treated with peptides of the Alcalase enzyme was more cleared compared to the peptides of first peak for the same enzyme and peptides two peakes Pepsin enzyme also got a decrease in the total number of bacteria and total coliform bacteria and psychrophilic bacteria When the treatment second peptides peak of the Pepsin enzyme concentration of 50 and 100 mg / 100 g meat.6 - Sensory evaluation of beef patties showed that the treatment samples with peptides second peak of the Alcalase enzyme recorded the highest degree of sensory evaluation peptides compared with the first peak of the same enzyme and peptides peaks hydrolysate Pepsin enzyme.

انتاج مشتقات الكايتوسان الذائبة بالماء والمستخلصة من قشور الروبيان بتفاعلات ميلارد وتطبيقاتها في بعض الانظمة الغذائية == Production of Water soluble Chitosan derivatives extracted from shrimp shells by Maillard reaction and their application in some food systems

Author name: عاليه جميل علي
Supervisor name: علي حسين عبد الكريم العامري | منير عبود جاسم الطائي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study included the preparation of of chitin from shrimps shells Penaeus semisulcatus and studied of chemical composition of it like moisture,ash and protein wich was 7.80,0.43and3.50%respectively,The yield was 20.0%,then prepared three different types of Chitosan A,B and C from extracted chitin by removing of acetyl group from chitin at different times 4,10 and 20 hour, determination degree of deacetylation for types of Chitosan and standard Chitosanby FTIR 72.30,83.60,98.50 and85.20% respectively as was the viscosity of the three types of Chitosan 137.70,125.21 and74.11 centipoise respectively, selected Chitosan C,which carries ahigher valuedegree of deacetylation 98.50% and studied physico chemical and functional properties,which included (yield ,moisture , ash, protein and solubility) which amounted to16.20, 5.50, 0.20, 1.15 and 98.90%, respectively and reached a molecular weight (17.782) kilo daltone.Capacity of Chitosan to bind fat FBC and water WBC by using three types of oils are (olive oil, corn oil and sunflower oil) were estimated and were givin the highest capacity link with olive oil 665.0%, while the ability to bind Water amounting to 772%, as measured X - ray diffraction (XRD) and use the scanner electron microscope (SEM) to see morphological Chitosan and standard Chitosan Chitosan and the standard Chitosan, while the profile of the thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) for Chitosan and standard Chitosan show that highest thermal decomposition at 308.56 ,315.92ᵒc respectively .The water soluble Chitosan derivatives were prepared by reaction with five types of reducing sugars by Maillard reactions and the use of three treatments,first treatment at a temperature of 50ᵒc for 1 - 7 days, the second treatment at a temperature of 100ᵒc for 1 - 7 hours and the third treatment at a temperature of 121ᵒc for 1/4 hour by autoclaving, ,and the properties of these derivatives were studied estimated yield, solubility, stability, free amino groups and the change in reducing sugars. highest value of yield gavein by The third - treatment, second treatment, first treatment reached 45.20,43.50,040.0% either solubility reached 1.10 ,0.780, 0.82 g/100 ml and derivatives stability at pH between10.50, 10.0, 9.80 respectively, The largest amount of amino groups and reducing sugars was the first treatment at absorbance 0.590 and0.352 respectively while the second an third treatment amounting to (0.201 and 0.060) respectively for amino groups , and 0.400 and 0.100 respectively for reducing sugars.Properties of antioxidants for prepared Chitosan and its derivatives. The antioxidant activity of Chitosan ranged between17.8 - 73.2%, while the highest activity for the third treatment of derivatives, the second and the first ranged of 76 0.81 - 85.88, 71.30 - 82.70 and 66.01 - 78.50% respectively, The reducing power of chitosan ranged between 0.320 - 0.700, while the highest value of absorbence of reducing power of derivatives to the Third treatment and then the second and finally the first which amounted to 1.290, 1.201 and 0.693 respectively, while the ability of chitosan to chelating ferrous ion and scavenging hydroxyl radical range between27.60 - 72.99%and16.90 - 84.9% respectively.Thehighest percentage to scavenging hydroxyl radical and ability to chelating ferrous ion by derivatives is shown by the third the second and the first treatment reaching 89.98 and 82.8 ,88.80 and 81.90, 84.80 and 76.01 % respectively, the selected third - treatment derivatives (121ᵒc for 1/4 hour) because of its best properties and carried the tests such as analysis of thermal gravimetric (TGA) that was noted three stages to different degrees heat to the disintegration of the derivatives, and the detection of toxicity on human bloodThird treatment compounds identified by GC - MS and the results showed that the derivatives have defferant compounds ,and identified compounds name, molecular formula, structural formula, molecular weight, size and retention time in addition to the profile mass spectrometerIn the practical side the use prepared chitosan in increasing storage time of table eggs, physicochemical tests were carried out for eggs stored at a temperature of 15 ᵒc and for aperiod of six weeks, it included estimation of weight loss (WL) wich amounted to 3.36% for chitosan at the six week as compared with acetic acid and control sample wich 9.01 and 8.96% respectively.Value of yolk Index YI of Chitosan - coated eggs decreased at the sixth week, amounted to 0.35, as compared with acetic acid and control sample wich reached (0.19 and 0.22) respectively, The value of Haugh Unit HU in the sixth week was higher to Chitosan treatment wich amounted to 61.42 compared with acetic acid treatment and control sample wich is24.95 and24.37 respectively.As regards eggs grading EG Chitosan treatment ongradiation A up to fifth week while acetic acid treatment and control sample reached gradiation C , when estimating pH of egg albumin pH high increased has been noted in control and sample treated by acetic acid in compared with chitosan - coated sample wich ranged 9.30, .Chitosan derivatives were also used chitosan as - natural antioxidants in beef products through the follow - up assessment peroxide value at different storage time the highest concentration 0.11g/100g beef meat displays the highest activity to prevent oxidation oil of beef meat wich reached5.11.Asensory evaluation has been carried of product stored on a 4ᵒc for 5 days of recipes sensory color,flavor,juiciness, tenderness and public acceptance using different concentrations.They have shown significant deferences ,but concentration at (0.11g/100g beef meat)was superior over the other concentrations and samples treated with BHT

تاثير التقليم الورقي والرش بالاثيفون في صفات الثمار الفيزيوكيميائية والفسلجية والتشريحية والحاصل في نخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنف الحلاوي117 == Effect of leaf pruning and ethephon spray on fruit physico - chemical , physiological , anatomical and yield of Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Hil

Author name: ظافر ناصر عبود خلف القطراني
Supervisor name: علي حسين محمد الطه
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in a private orchard at Abi El - Khassib district , Basrah Governorate, during the growing season of 2014 to investigate the effect of leaf pruning at levels of 6 , 9 and 12(leaf . bunch⁻¹)during the onset of pollination and spraying ethephon on bunches at concentrations of Zero , 250 and 500 (mg.L⁻¹) , once, at Kimri stage on fruit physico - chemical , physiological , anatomical characters and yield of date palm ,cv. Hillawi . Results showed that leaf pruning treatmeats of 9 and 12 leaf . bunch⁻¹ recorded significant increases in fruit , pulp fresh weight , fruit size , length and diameter and water content of fruit at Rutab stage, carotene pigment concentration of fruit skin and respiration rate of fruit at Kimri and Khalal stages, ripening percentage at Khalal and Rutab stages, bunch weight of tree at Tamir stage . Leaf pruning treatments of 6 and 12 leaf.bunch⁻¹ increased total chlorophyll pigment concentration of fruit skin at Kimri stage significantly. Leaf pruning treatment at 12 leaf.bunch⁻¹ recoreded significant increases in cell length and width of inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, and total yield of tree at Tamir stage. Treatments of 6 and 9 leaf.bunch⁻¹ increases significantly total chlorophyll pigment concentration of fruit skin and number of cells in mm² of inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, whereas treatment at 6 leaf.bunch⁻¹ increased fruit dry matter percentage and total acidity and respiration rate of fruit at Rutab stage. Ethephon treatments at concentrations of 250 and 500 mg.L⁻¹ had significant increases in fresh weight of fruit at Rutab stage, and respiration rate of fruit at both Kimri and Khalal stages. Treatment of 500 mg.L⁻¹ ethephon recorded significant increases in pulp weight of fruit , fruit volume , length , diameter , total soluble solides , phosphorus concentration of fruit at Rutab stage, and carotene pigment concentration of fruit skin at Kimri , Khalal stages, and ripening percentage of fruit at Khalal and Rutab stages, and cell length and width in inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, and bunch weight and total yield of tree at Tamir stage. Both treatments of Zero and 250 mg.L⁻¹ ethephon recorded significant increases in total chlorophyll pigment concentration of fruit skin at Kimri and Khalal stages, and number of cells in mm² of inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, whereas control treatment of ethephon increased fruit total acidity and respiration rate significantly at Rutab stage. Bi - combination of leaf pruning at 12 leaf .bunch⁻¹ and spraying ethephon at concentration of 500 mg.L⁻¹ recorded significant increases in most of the studied characters as compared to other bi - combination treatments

معايرة معادلات التبخر نتح المرجعي لمنطقتي الفرات الاوسط وجنوب العراق وتاثير جدولة الري والتسميد في بعض خصائص التربة الفيزيائية وكفاءة استعمال المياه لمحصول زهرة الشمس Helianthus annuus L) == Calibration of Reference Evapotranspiration Equations in the Midmost Euphrates Region and Southern Iraq and the effect of irrigation schedule and fertilization on some Soil physical properties and water - use efficiency of sunflower crop (Helianthus annuu

Author name: طالب صبر حريجة العسكري
Supervisor name: داخل راضي نديوي | محمد عبد الله عبد الكريم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water - Soil Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Theoretical foundations for research included the estimations of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in the midmost Euphrates region and southern Iraq by applying seven mathematical models as well as CROPWAT 8.0 and CLIMWAT software using two sets of climatic data for periods 1970 - 2002 and 2004 - 2010.The results could be summarized as follow : - 1. The annual mean of ETo calculated by the Penman - Monteith equation (PM) for the meteorological stations of Nasiriya, Amarah, Semawa, Najaf, Diwaniya and Kerballa were (6.00, 6.20, 5.92,5.97,6.13,5.74) mm day - 1 respectively, during the first measurement period, and (6.47, 6.08, 5.86, 5.98, 6.13, 5.65) mm day - 1 respectively, during the second period. Also, the ETo estimated by CROPWAT 8.0 and imported by CLIMWAT software have showed the same trend of PM calculations with overestimate reached (6.10, 5.93) % during the first and secondperiods for CROPWAT 8.0 software, and underestimate for ETo reached 8.16 %during the first period for CLIMWAT software compared to PM calculations.2. The statistical criterions for evaluating the performance of six empiricalequations of the original versions were compared with the Penman - Monteithequation revealed that the variations in their performance with relativelypreference for temperature - based equations in comparison with radiation - basedequations. Blancy - Criddle (1950) equation (BC) has proved superiorperformance in Nasiriya, Semawa, Najaf, Diwaniya and Kerballa stations duringboth periods, also in Amarah station during the second period and declining itsperformance for the benefit of Kharrufa equation (1985) (K) during the firstperiod of measurement.3. The calibration process of the six empirical equations including : Hargreaves - Samani (1985) (HS), Makkink (1957) (M) , Priestley - Taylor (1972)(PT),andHargreaves (1975) (H) in addition to BC and K equations were made bysubstituting recalibrated constant values for the original constant values afterthese constant had modified to fit PM calculations and it used a set of statisticalcriterions to verify the validity of calibration and its ability to reduce theestimates errors compared to the original formulas. As the indices ofconcordance (D), confidence (C), correlation (r) and regression (R2) togetherwith the Nash - Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE), standard deviation ratio (RSR). meanabsolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), relative error (RE)indicators and the ratio between both average estimations of ETo (r) are used toassess the validation of calibration and optimization which revealed thatconfidence became high in modified equations with reducing the estimation errorof ETo due to approach the values of these criterions from optimal value, then,they had improved efficiency of the six equations to simulate the values of EToare more accuracy than original formulae.4. The proposed new constants for the estimation of the ETo with : BC was 1.37for the time periods from January to April and 1.39 for May to December insteadof the original constant 1 : 41, HS was for the time periods from Octoberto March and for April to September instead of the original constantb0.0023, K was for June - July and for remained months instead of theoriginal constant 0.34, M are for the time periods from November to Mayand for June to October instead of the original constant 0.61, the equationsPT and H were 1.96 and 0 0.0165 for the period of December - May and 2.61and 0.0178 for the period from June to November instead of the originalconstants of 1.26 and 0.0135 respectively and equationsThe side applied to the study has included the implementation of the fieldexperiment for the cultivation of sunflower crop through the loop spring 2013 inprivate farm lies according to the geographical positioning system (GPS) withinthe coordinates (606,366.3437642), (606320, 3437729), (606353, 3437749),(606400, 3437660), is located in Batah town, Thi Qar province, at a distance of 17km west of the city of Nasiriyah, up 5 meters from the sea surface. The mainobjective of experiment included the following : i. Measuring ETo for the study through the crop growing seasonii. To determine the crop coefficient (Kc) and the actual water consumption(ETa) of sunflower crop in the Batah areaiii. . To asses effect of irrigation scheduling and fertilizer application as well astheir combinations on the growth indicators, nutrient uptake, dry matter,crop yields, the crop water use efficiency and water productivity.iv. Evaluating impact of irrigation scheduling and fertilizer application besidestheir combinations on some of soil physical properties at the end season.A field experiment was carried out using factorial experiment in a randomizedcomplete block design (RCBD) Layout with three replications in two factors, nineirrigation Scheduling treatments were assigned to the main plots and four fertilizertreatments were assigned to the subplots. Sunflower seeds (flame) were planted onMarch 23 with plant density 61538 plant ha - 1; the harvest operation was conductedon 18 / July / 2013.The irrigation Scheduling was achieved based on replenish root zone to theborders of field capacity when it reach the percentage of management allowabledepletion (MAD) identified about 55% of total available water (TAW), taking intoaccount the diversity of the effective depth of the root zone according to the stagesof growth, . The experiment involved Irrigation scheduling of the sunflower basedby calculating ETa using Kc which adjusted in situ multiplying by ETo thatestimated by PM equation (S1) ,original BC equation (S2) and adjusted K equation(S3) using meteorological data for real time that collected from agrometeorologicalstation nearby the field. PM equation (S6) using historicalmeteorological data and from pan evaporation with applied (FAO 56, 1998) tocalculate pan coefficient (S4). Whereas, irrigation Scheduling based on soil waterbalance according to daily measurements of soil moisture and adjusted daily onthe basis of changes in moisture content (soil water balance) (S5), fixed irrigationinterval and variable irrigation depth (S7), different irrigation interval and variableirrigation depth (S8) and soil water balance for bare soil (S9). Also the studyincluded four fertilization treatments were used ( F : mineral fertilizer, C : Compost,M : mineral fertilizer + Compost , N : non fertilization). The results showed thefollow : c1. The maximum value of ETo during season growth of sunflower crops accordingto field measurements has increased significantly when using evaporation pan,which gave the highest average rate of 8.81 mm day - 1 in comparison with PMequation that recorded the lowest value of ETo with mean equal to 8.00 mm day - 1,while BC and K gave 8.66 and 8.14 mm day - 1 respectively.2. The converged seasonal mean of Kc value for sunflower crops during growthseason were 0.864, 0.862, 0.863, 0.861, 0.862, 0.862, 0.861, 0.862 for S1 - S8treatments respectively, while the Kc varied in different stages of growth, thehigher value of Kc was 1.213 observed during the flowering stage, followed bytwo phases of vegetative growth and maturity with mean 0.796, 0.494respectively, whereas the lowest values (0.350) was recorded in the initial stage3. The ETa values were variable with various irrigation Scheduling treatments,the treatments (S1 - S8) gave mean ( 876.86, 938.98, 885.57, 943.40, 898.47,949.05, 835.61, 839.76) mm Season - 1 respectively, the mean values of ETa aredistributed as 52.28% during flowering stage, 23.38% through maturity, 18.97%during vegetative growth stage and 5.36% in the initial stage4. The Irrigation scheduling of the sunflower based on S5 treatment caused toincrement of water consumption by transpiration during flowering stage to reach83% from total ETa depth, whereas The Irrigation scheduling based on S7treatment caused to increment of water consumption by evaporation during thesame stage to reach 29% from total ETa depth.5. The results demonstrated that all Irrigation scheduling have been showed astrong relationship with water balance measurement (S5), by R2 is greater than0.91 and r greater than 0.95, also, the results showed there was a preference to therevised K equation to calculate ETa of sunflower crops in the region according toindicators of regression model each of the R2, slope and intercept which amountedto 0.9395, 0.9875, - 0.0144 respectively.6. The overall mean of net irrigation depth was 874.6 mm season - 1 ranged from941 mm season - 1 for S4 treatment to 800 mm season - 1 for S7 . the addition ofwater was 14 applications for S1 - S4 treatments and 15, 13, 12 applications for S5,S8, S7 respectively.7. The lowest nitrogen concentration in the leaves of Sunflower crops duringflowering stage related to decrease water supply at S7 (27.69 g kg - 1) , then, itincreased to maximum value ( 31.48 g kg - 1) when irrigation Scheduling based onS1 followed by S3, S5, S2, S4 treatments,. As respect with maturation stages theS5 treatment gave maximum mean (26.81 g kg - 1) was significantly superiorcompared to all treatments except S1 and it gave increment in nitrogenconcentration equal to 22% in comparison with S8 which recorded lowest nitrogenconcentration (21.94 g kg - 1). The results showed the F treatment was significantlysuperior followed by M treatment which gave average 34.43, 33.42 g kg - 1 duringflowering stage and 28.69, 26.48 g kg - 1 during maturation stage respectively.8. Increasing irrigation depth due to an application S4 and S6 treatments andIncreasing the irrigation frequency for S5 treatment led to significant increment inthe bulk density for 0 - 15 cm depth with mean 1.393, 1.384, 1.386 M m - 3respectively, the bulk density decreased steadily with decreasing of irrigationddepth and irrigation interval until reach their lowest level (1.350 M m - 3) at S7treatment. The bulk density was significantly decreasing when C and M treatmentswere applied with means of equal to (1.362, 1.364) M m - 3 respectively, atmagnitude 1% higher than their initial values. Also the results showed theirrigation scheduling treatments and fertilizer application as well as theircombinations failed to exhibit any significant influence on bulk density for depths15 - 30 cm and 30 - 45 cm.9. The results showed a significant increase in the soil penetration resistance forsoil with high watery supply (S4 and S6), while that status is significantlydecreased under treatment of low watery supply (S7, S8 and S1), the soils withmedium watery supply causing the pattern moderate between the two, also, thisepithet is significantly reduced when you add compost with an average of 708.09kPa, while there was a significant increase resulted from control treatment andaddition of chemical fertilizer alone, the proportion of 31.81 and 18.41%sequentially compared with the addition of compost.10. The results showed the possibility basic infiltration rate for most treatmentsunder the category (moderately slow) according to Landor (1991), by the mean ofbasic infiltration rate was 1. cm h - 1 ranged between 0. to 3. cm h - 1, whereasbasic infiltration rate for S4N and S9 decreased to 0.6 , 0.51 cm h - 1 respectively,thus it can be classified into (slow) while it increased greater than 2.0 cm h - 1 forS1C, S1M, S2M, S5C, S7F, S7M,S7C, S8M treatments which refer to moderateinfiltration rate according to the same classification . C and M fertilization led toimprove soil physical properties, which in turn positively affected the infiltrationrate with increment in magnitude (5 , 56) % respectively, compared to Ftreatment.11. Treatment of F gave a significant superior in most morphologicalcharacteristics and yield components, the efficiency of F treatment for productionwas 37.45 % followed by M and C treatments were achieved 24.66, 19.24 %respectively, compared to N treatment.12. Treatment F achieved highest yield of grains 1945.80 kg ha - 1, an increasing was24.32% in comparison with N treatment which gave lowest yield of grains reached1367.24 kg ha - 1, also there were a significant increase in crop water use efficiencyand water productivity are associated with application of F and M fertilization13. The productivity characteristics of sunflower were significantly affected byirrigation Scheduling treatments, The highest seed yield 1893.8 kg ha - 1and thehighest dry matter 5246.2 kg ha - 1were obtained under S5 treatment, while the S7treatment recorded lowest values of these indicators (1512.5 and 3765.4) kg ha - 1 respectively,14. The application of Irrigation scheduling based on S5, S1 and S3 treatments achieved a significant increase in crop water use efficiency and water productivity, the mean of first parameter was (0.219, 0.216, 0.216) kg m - 3 respectively, and themean of the second parameter was (0.228, 0.220, 0.219) kg m - 3 respectively.

دراسة بعض الجوانب الحياتية والبيئية للروبيان الشرقي Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan, 1849) وطرائق تربيته واكثاره في البصرة، العراق == Study of Some Biological and Ecological Aspects, Aquaculture and Breeding Methods of Oriental Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan, 1849) In Basrah, Iraq

Author name: طارق حطاب ياسين المالكي
Supervisor name: مالك حسن علي | امنة علي هاشم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية انشاء مفقس للروبيان الشرقي Macrobrachium nipponense وتجربته عمليا على الاناث الحاملة للبيض والمصطادة من منفذ المسحب خلال شهري حزيران وتموز لسنة 2013 واجراء عملية التكاثر وتسجيل اربع مراحل تطور جنينية في البيض، وتراوحت مدة التطور الجنيني للبيض بين (20 - (30 يوما.بينت الدراسة تسجيل افضل معدل وزن لليافعات في اثناء تربيتها في الاحواض المختبرية والمغذاة على عليقة ذات محتوى بروتيني 42 % مع نسب البقاء مرتفعة بين 90) - (95%، وهذا ما انعكس على التركيب الكيميائي لجسم الروبيان بعد التجربة. بينت نتائج السلوك بان الروبيان المدروس يفضل التعلق ضمن عمود الماء، اذ بلغ افضل معدل وزن عند استعمال عليقة الرقائق (Aquafin) ونسب بقاء 95 % خلال مدة التجربة، واظهرت نتائج تجارب الاقلمة الملحية واستهلاك الاوكسجين بان التركيز الملحي نصف القاتل (LC50) لليافعات خلال 96 ساعة كان 15.5 psu مع نسب بقاء مرتفعة في الملوحتين (0.9 و(5.0 psu، ولوحظ ارتفاع تدريجي باستهلاك الاوكسجين مع ارتفاع كل من درجة حرارة الماء والملوحة. بلغت نسبة الجنس 1 : 3.8 ذكور : اناث على التوالي. تراوح عدد البيض للروبيان المصطاد من منفذ المسحب بين 3,600) - (10,200 بيضة /انثى. في حين بلغ معدل التفقيس لليرقات (1632 ± (861 يرقة زؤيا، وكان معدل عدد اليرقات نسبة الى وزن الجسم 225 ± 110 /غم من وزن الجسم، كما لوحظ وجود ارتباط بين وزن الامهات مع كل من وزن البيض وعدد اليرقات الفاقسة، واظهرت نتائج رعاية اليرقات حديثة الفقس في انظمة الاستزراع المختلفة بان اغلب اوزانهواصل الى 3 ملغم خلال المدة الممتدة بين 12) - (22 يوما ، وكانت اعلى معدلات نسب بقاء لليرقات 63.75 % سجلت في الحوض الطيني فيما تراوحت بين 27.50) - (47.50% في الانظمة الاخرى.بلغت معدلات الاوزان النهائية (813 و978) ملغم لليافعات الفاقسة المرباة في الاقفاص الطافية والغاطسة على التوالي، في حين بلغت معدلات الاوزان 805) و950) ملغم لليافعات الطبيعية المرباة في الاقفاص الطافية والغاطسة على التوالي خلال 28 يوما، وبنسب بقاء بين (86 - 93)%، في حين تراوحت معدلات اوزان اليافعات المستزرعة في النظام المغلق من (938 والى 4010) ملغم خلال 90 يوما، وبنسب بقاء بين 86) - (92 %، وسجلت اعلى نسب البقاء ليرقات الروبيان ويافعاتها المرباة خلال 42 يوموابلغت 78.13% في الحوض الطيني فيما تراوحت بين (47.50 - (58.13% في الانظمة الاخرى. تحقق افضل معدل اوزان لليرقات المغذاة على عليقة (46% بروتين) ولمدة ستة اسابيع في الحوض الطيني وكان697 ملغم واقلها في الحاضنات وبلغ 312 ملغم، تتحول اليرقات حديثة الفقس (طور الزؤيا) الى طور ما بعد اليرقي بعد عمر 12) - (22 يوما، في حين طور اليرقة المتقدمة بعد عمر 23) - (44 يوما يتحول الى الطور اليافع الذي بدوره يتحول بعد عمر (45 - 129) يوما الى الطور قبل البالغ الذي بعد عمر 130 - 179 يوما يصل الى الطور البالغ، اي بعد عمر 180 يوما الروبيان يصبح في الطور البالغ.حددت انتاجية المفقس من الاحواض الداخلية بين (53,504 - (190,000 يرقة زؤيا، في حين ينتج بين (32,355 - (99,560 يرقة متقدمة، وتراوح الانتاج من الاحواض الخارجية ما بين (4,347 - (24,098 يرقة زؤيا، وبين 2,527) - (18,828 يرقة متقدمة، كذلك على ضوء نتائج المساحة الكلية للحوض الطيني وحوض الالياف الزجاجية فان عدد يرقات الزؤيا التي يمكن ان تستوعبها تتراوح ما بين 36,559) - (15,300,000 يرقة زؤيا، وبين (21,248 - 11,954,400) يرقة متقدمة، اما مجموع الانتاج الكلي في جميع انظمة الاستزراع الداخلية والخارجية فكان ( 12,600,188 - 15,760,462) يرقة زؤيا، وبين 9,753,349) - (12,197,630 يرقة متقدمة.بلغت النسب المئوية للتركيب الكيميائي لبعض مكونات العليقة المصنعة في الدراسة الحالية والمستعملة في تغذية اليرقات 44.84) و51.27 و2.57) % للبروتين والدهن والرماد على التوالي، في حين بلغت لعليقة مسحوق الاسماك المستعمل في تغذية الامهات واليافعات (40.37 و25.29 و15.13) % للبروتين والدهن والرماد على التوالي. | This study included hatchery construction for oriental prawn Macrobrachium nipponense, a gravid females were collected from Al - Masshab Outlet, Basrah, during the peak of occurrence in June - July / 2013, is for application of breeding process, with recorded four developmental of eggs, with range time of embryonic development stage of eggs between 20 - 30 day. The present study revealed that the best weight for juvenile in laboratory which were feeding on diet contain 42% protein with high survival rates between 90 - 95%, this reverse on the chemical composition of prawn body after the experiments. Showed result behaviour that this prawn preferred to feeing hold on the ponds columns, it reach a best weight by using flake feed (Aquafin), with survival rate 95% during the experimental period. The salinity acclimation and oxygen consumption showed that LC50 for juvenile was 15.5 psu after 96 hours, with high survival rate in tow salinities 0.9 and 5.0 psu. A gradual increasing in oxygen consumption with increasing temperature and salinity clearly proved in this experiment. Sexual ratio was recorded to be 1 : 3.8 for males : females respectively. The number of eggs were collected from Al - Masshab Outlet between 3,600 - 10,200 egg for number of females, while the ranged of all hatching larvae were 1,632 ± 861 zoae. The range of ratio of larvae to the ratio of body weight was 225 ± 110 g from body weight of prawn, and the present study showed that there is a correlation between female weight with both egg weight and number of hatching larvae, by using different nursing systems of newly hatched larvae for 12 to 22 day, and the larvae reached weight to 3 mg., while higher range of survival larvae were 63.75% in muddy pond, in others systems were 27.50 - 47.50 %.The final weight range were reached 813 and 978 (mg) for hatched juveniles that were reared in floating and emerged cages respectively, while the naturally reared Juvenile have weight range between 805, 950 (mg) for nature floating and emerged cages during 28 day, with a survival rate between 86 - 93%, and weight range of juvenile reared in closed system from 938 to 4,010 (mg) during 90 day, with survival rates 86 - 92 (%). High levels of survival rate recorded to be 78.13% for larvae and juvenile of prawn cultured earth in ground pond during 42 day, comparison with 47.50 - 58.13% in others system. The best weight for larvae that feeder on protein diet (46%) for six weeks in ground pond reached to 697 mg while the lowest weight in nursing system reached to 312 mg. The age which zoea needs Metamorphosis zoae between 12 - 22 days to reach post - larvae, were 23 - 44 day for Metamorphosis post - larvae to Juvenile, and this needs between 45 - 129 day for reached to sub - adult with in 130 - 179 day. After 180 day more prawn reached to adult stage.The hatchery production of zoea larvae was fluctuated between 53,504 - 190,000, it and between 32,355 - 99,560 post - larvae. The total production from earth pond (mud pond and fiberglass tank), the number of zoae larvae between 36,559 - 15,300,000 larvae, and between 21,248 - 11,954,400 post - larvae. While the total production in all culture systems were 12,600,188 - 15,760,462 zoea larvae, and between 9,753,349 - 12,197,630 post - larvae.The chemical composition for prepared diet the present study which used for nutritional diet experiment were 44.84 % protein, 51.27 % fat and 2.57 % ash. Fish meal constituents was 40.37 % protein, 25.29 % fat and15.13 % ash

دراسة لمرض لفحة سعف النخيل المتسبب عن الفطر Diplodia phoenicum وبعض الفطريات المرافقة له وامكانية مكافحة المرض كيميائيا واحيائيا == A study of date palm leaflets blight caused by Diplodia phoenicum and some fungi associated with it and the ability of it?s chemical and biological control

Author name: ضرغام صباح لفتة باقر العوفي
Supervisor name: محمد عامر فياض | يحيى عاشور صالح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out at the laboratories of plant protection Department - College of Agriculture - Basrah university for a.peroid during 1/9/2014 - 27/7/2015 . The study aimed to detect the leaflet bligh disease for different datepalm cultivars such as Chipchap ,Sayer , Zehdi and Khodrawi at three regoins, Medainah , Abu Al - khaseeb and Nashwa.The result showed that the infection percent was 86.51, 83.61 and 76.03% at Medainah , Abu Al - khaseeb and Nashwa respectively . The results also showed that the infection intensity was 25.96 , 23.56 and 21.1 % for the three above regoins respectively .The higher infection intensity was noticed on Chipchap culture which was 30% while the lowest one found on Sayer culture which was 23.3% .The infection intensity also differs according to surfaces , it was 76.37 % on the lower surface , while it was 55.55 , 37.91 and 24.34% on the middle ,foot and terminal of leaflet .Leaflet dried and oval pustules which contain the spores of serenomyces phoenicis were recorded as symptoms represented the scorch disease while the other fungi caused yellowish and spotting symptoms sixteen species belonging to 13 genera were isolated from the leaflets , these species were as follows : Chaetomium atrobrunneum , C.globosum , Chalaropsis thielavioides , C.radicicola ,Stemphylium.sp.,Bipolaris australis ,Cladosporium herbarum , Nigrospora sphaerica , Diplodia phoenicis , Phoma glomerata , Fusarium verticillioides , Alternaria alternate ,bA. longipes ,Coniochaete sacchareo , Melanospora sp., andS.phoenicis.Most of of them caused blight disease .Among of them D. phoenicis and S. phoenicis gave scorch symptoms pathogenicity testing .The study epplained that Extract agare was the best medium for A. phoenicis growth ;it was 7 cm , while PCA gave the lowest growth, the fungus growth , the best growth 6.83 cm was noticed on 25 c while the growth stopped on 35 c . PH also effected on the fungus radial growth , it was 4.35 cm at PH4 , while it was 6.57 cm at PH 8 .Tested fungicides revealed significant differences . Dazim and Revus Top inhibited the radial growth in a percent of 100% ,while it reduced to 83.34% with the fungicides Hunter , so Dithane M4S inhibited the radial growth to 54.22% . The biological agent Trichoderma harzianum antagonists with D. phoenicis in the alevel 1,P. fluorescence also inhibited D. phoenicis in a percent OF 100%.The field experiment revealed that pa fluorescence reduced infection intensity to 50% , while Dazim biological agent T. harzianum treatment were the lowest treatment in reducing the infection intensity which reduced to 4.1 and 6.3 respectively .

تاثير حقن بيض التفقيس بفيتامين A وE وD3 وخليطهم في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والسلوكية لطائر السمان الياباني (Coturnix japonica) == Effect Of In Ovo Injection of Vitamin A , E , D3 and AD3E on some Productive , Physiological and Behavioral Traits of Japanese Quail )Coturnix japonica)

Author name: صلاح مهدي كاطع سلمان
Supervisor name: طارق فرج شوكت | قصي موسى جعفر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was conducted in the Animal Production field which belong to the Technical College - AL - Massaiab - AL - Furat AL - Awsat University which included two experiments the first was during 4/3/2014 until 22/3/2014, the second was during 22/3/2014 until 10/8/2014 and the to investigate the effect of injection of japanese quail eggs A,E,D3 and AD3E Vitamins on some productive , reproduction, physiological , behavioral and hematological traits .A total number of 720 eggs were used in the experiment ,those eggs were randomly distributed into six treatments , 120 egg in each treatment . The eggs were injected before the first day of incubation in the air sac by vitamins. Treatments were arranged as fallow : T1 : Negative control treatment .T2 : Positive control treatment , it included injection of 50 microliter of corn oil for each egg.T3 : It included injection of 50 microliter per egg by vitamin A (100 IU/egg).T4 : It included injection of 50 microliter per egg by vitamin E (15 IU/egg).T5 : : It included injection of 50 microliter per egg by vitamin D3 (100 IU/egg).T6 : : It included injection of 50 microliter per egg with the blend of AD3E vitamins by the same concentration per egg.The most important results recorded in the first experiment were high significant increased (P≤0.05) of hatchability of fertile egg and post chick weight but not effect significant on embryo mortalities during embryogenesis .The second experiment included rearing of the post hatched chicks of the first experiment in wooden dataries , chicks were all randomly allocated inSummarybto three replicates for each treatment (17 chick / replicate) to study productive , reproductive , physiological, behavioral , histological , biochemical and hematological traits for Japanese quail.Results illustrated the followings : 1 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of productive traits in treatments of injection (body weight , weight gain , feed utilization , feed conversion ratio ) and find significant increase egg production , egg weights and mass as well as shell characteristics (egg shell weigh and thickness ) in Treatments (T5 , T6 ) comparisons with the negative and positive control treatments .2 - A significant effect (P≤0.05) on early maturation for males and females in treatments of vitamins injection , more over there were a significant increase of their body weights during maturation and early behavioral jumping with a significant surpass of cloaca area in comparison with males in control treatments.3 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of relative weights of testes in males of all ages in injection treatments with a significant increase of seminal tubules diameters and thickness of germinal layer of testes during 28 and 47 days in comparison with that of the negative and positive controls.4 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of relative weights of ovaries with an increase of the primary follicle diameter in females of injection treatments during 28 , 47 and 69 days in comparison with that of the control .5 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of relative weight of fabricia gland and spleen for both sexes of birds in injection treatments , more over the interaction between vitamins injection and sex was significant in all ages.6 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of PCV in injection treatment , moreover the PCV was increased in females at 28 and 47 days, the interaction between vitamins injection and sex was significant in all ages .7 - No significant increase (P≤0.05) was noticed in Hb of injection treatments at 28 but there were a significant increase (P<0.05) in 47 days in vitamins injection treatments and there was a significant increase (P≤0.05) of Hb in 69 days in the sixth treatment in comparison with the control treatments, and it was numerical on other treatments ( 3rd, 4th and 5th) there was no interaction between vitamins injection and sex at 28 days but the interaction was significant in at 47 and 69 days .8 - There were no significant increase (P≤0.05) of RBC in injection treatments at 28 days but it was significant at 47 days in the third and sixth treatments , at 69 days there was a significant increase of RBC in injection treatment as compared with the control treatments , the interaction between injection of vitamins with sex was not significant at 28 days but it was significant at 69 days .9 - There were no significant effect (P≤0.05) in WBC in vitamins injection at 28 , 47 , 69 days as compared with the control treatments moreover there was no significant interaction between injection treatment and sex.10 - There were significant increase (P≤0.05) in LH , FSH and testosterone levels in serum of vitamins injection treatment for both sexes , the interaction between treatment sex was significant in all ages .11 - There were a significant surpass (P≤0.05) of total protein level in injection treatments at all ages as compared with the control treatments and the interaction between treatments and sex was significant at all ages . glucose and cholesterol level were not affected according to the treatment but females were significant surpasses on males at all ages . The interaction between treatment and sex was not significant at all ages12 - There were a significant surpass (P≤0.05) of Ca and P in injection treatment at all ages as compared with control treatments , the interaction between treatment and sex for Ca and P level was significant at all ages .13 - The study revealed no significant improvement in concentration Ca , P and ash in tibia bone , weight and length of thigh for both sexes in injection treatment at all ages .

تاثير انظمة الاضاءة والتقنين الغذائي الزمني في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والتناسلية لطائر السمان الياباني (Coturnix japonica) == The Effect of Lighting Systems and Feed Restriction timing on Some Productive, Physiological and Reproductive Traits of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

Author name: صباح كاظم مرزوق الحمود
Supervisor name: ریاض كاظم موسى | ربیعة جدوع عباس
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تصميم وتصنيع وتقييم الاداء الميكانيكي لالة زراعية من خلال وضع السماد العضوي في خنادق تحت سطح التربة وتاثيرها في بعض خصائصها ونمو وحاصل الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L == Designing , constructing and evaluating the mechanical performance for agricultural machine laying the manure under the soil surface and its effect on some of soil properties and growth and yield of corn ( Zea mays L.

Author name: صادق جبار محسن
Supervisor name: شاكر حنتوش عداي | محمد عبد الله عبد الكريم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: ditch opener and manure laying machine was designed and manufactured in the agricultural machines and equipment dept., Agriculture college, Basrah university in 2015. This machine was evaluated to determine its mechanical performance and its ability in laying manure in ditches under the soil surface as well as the effect of the added manure on the soil physical and chemical properties, corn crop growth and production parameters.The machine consists of a frame, manure tank, chemical fertilizers tank, subsoiler for soil disturbance down to 80 cm, two boards for soil digging out to open the ditch , two boards to return the soil to ditch to bury the manure , manure and chemical fertilizers feeding mechanisms and blades for manure mixing with the soil. Also its provide with two pipes to transfer the chemical fertilizers to the soil and a petrol engine to operate the two feeding mechanism.The machine disturbed the soil by the subsoiler and digging different ditches of different depths by two boards . In additional to that it can lay the manure at different levels in the opened ditches using the feeding mechanism and thereafter buried the manure in the soil . The manure can be laid under the soil as separate layer or mixed with soil using the mixing blades.Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the machine performance. These experiments are : (1) - Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of the machine forward speeds (0.32, 0.46 and 0.63 m sec - 1), manure feeding mechanisms rotating speeds (360, 440, 560, 710 and 880 rpm) and two manure feeding openings areas (0.024 and 0.048 m2) as well as the interaction of the above parameters on the amount of the manure per hectare (ton ha - 1). These results were analyzed using CRD and the statistical program (Genstat). Mean results were compared using least significant difference (RLSD) at 0.05 level.The results showed the manure amount per hectare significantly increased as the rotating speeds of the feeding mechanism increased,Bthe forward speeds decreased and the feeding opening areas increased. The highest value was recorded for forward speed of 0.32 m sec - 1 , rotating speed of 880 rpm and feeding open area of 0.048 m2. These means are 64.17, 62.06 and 54.06 ton ha - 1 respectively. while the forward speed of 0.63 m sec - 1 , rotating speed of 360 rpm and the feeding open area of 0.024 m2 gave the lower values which they are 26.91, 30.04 and 33.75 ton ha - 1 respectively. Also, the forward speed of 0.32 m sec - 1 , the rotating speed of 880 rpm and the feeding area of 0.048 m2 recorded the highest amount of manure per hectare (110.00 ton) while the forward speed of 0.63 m sec - 1 , rotating speed of 360 rpm and manure feeding area of 0.024 m2 recorded the lowest value of manure per hectare (4.00 ton).(2) - A field experiment was conducted in silty loam soil in the agriculture college field at Garmit Ali location to study the effect of the implement operation depths (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm), the angle between the soil digging out boards (45⁰ and 60⁰) two soil types namely cultivated soil before one year and uncultivated soil and their interaction on the implement mechanical performance parameters . These parameters are the draft force, soil disturbed area and the energy utilization efficiency (EUE) as well as the draft force requirement of the implement units (subsoiler, ditch opening boards, soil returning boards and soil mixing blades). The results were analyzed using RCBD. The analyzing was carried out by the statistical program (Genstat). Mean results were compared using RLSD at probability level of 5% , and showed the followings : (2 - 1) - The draft force, the disturbed area and the energy utilization efficiency increased significantly when the operating depth increased from 10 to 50 cm. The amount of the increase is 26.66 kN , 0.4111 m2 and 7.67 m3 mJ - 1 respectively.(2 - 2) - The angle between the opening boards of 60⁰ significantly surpassed angle of 45⁰ in increasing the draft force, the disturbed area and EUE. The percentage of increase is 12.55 , 21.93 and 10.85 % respectively.C(2 - 3) - The draft force decreased while the disturbed area and EUE increased by 16.30, 14.91 and 20.72 % in the disturbed soil compared with undisturbed soil respectively.(2 - 4) - The draft force requirement of the subsoiler was higher than that for the other implement parts. The share of the draft force requirement of the subsoiler was 60 % out of the total draft force requirement of the implement while it was 26, 9 and 5 % for the ditch opening boards, the soil returning boards and soil mixing blades respectively.(2 - 5) - The draft force requirement of all implement units increased significantly with implement operating depths and the angle between the ditch opening boards and it was higher in the uncultivated soil compared with the cultivated soil. The draft force requirement of the soil returning boards and the soil mixing blades in both soil types was not significantly different.(3) - Another field experiment was conducted in the field of the agriculture college at Garmit Ali location in the season of 2015 in a cultivated soil of silty loam texture. The aims of the experiment were to study the effect of the added manure level (0, 20 and 40 ton ha - 1), the depths of added manure (10, 20 and 30 cm) and the methods of the addition (subsoil layer and mixing with soil) and their interaction on the soil properties and corn crop (Zea mays L.) growth parameters and yield at the end of the growth season.The soil was plowed and harrowed (soil clods breaking down). The manure was added thereafter by the implement in the soil according to the studied treatments. The corn seeds were sown in rows at 1/7/2015. The drip irrigation method was used to irrigate plants until the end of the experiment 10/10/2015. The other agricultural operations were conducted according to methods used in the around area.Soil and plants samples were collected for analysis and the corn seeds yield was calculated at the end of the growth season. The measurements included soil bulk density, soil moisture content, soilDsalinity, soil pH, the dry weight of the shoot, N, P, K uptake in shoot and the total seeds production.The split - split plot in RCBD design was used to analyze the means using Genstst program. Mean results were compared using RLSD at probability level of 5 %, and showed the followings : (3 - 1) - The manure level of 40 ton ha - 1 surpassed the other two levels (0 and 20 ton ha - 1) in giving higher values of soil moisture content, higher uptake of N, P, K, a greater amount of dry weight and total yield while it gave lower soil bulk density, soil salinity and soil pH.(3 - 2) - Increasing the depth of added manure from 10 to 30 cm with the mixing method lead to significant increase in the soil moisture content, uptake of N, P, K, the dry weight and the total yield production. Whereas the soil bulk density, soil salinity significantly reduced while the soil pH was not significantly affected.(3 - 3) - Mixing of 40 ton manure ha - 1 at depth of 30 cm gave the highest crop growth and yield production which they are 13.94 and 6.75 ton ha - 1, respectively.

عزل وتشخيص بكتريا Bacillus cereus واستعمالها في انتاج متعدد هيدروكسي البيوترات == Isolation and Identification of Bacillus cereus Bacteria and Using in Polyhydroxybutyrate Productio

Author name: شيماء ذياب جدوع السهلاني
Supervisor name: امال كاظم غضبان الاسدي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Forty three local bacterial isolates were obtained after heating treatment for different sources collected from many places in Basra government. Included : Vegetables, Fruit, Pastry (cakes), Legumes, Soils, Sand, Animal manure, the papyrus plant, milk, water liquefaction and sewage water. Primary screening for the isolates by Sudan black B dye only. 22 isolates were chosen with strong staining, and the identification of all the isolates revealed were belong to genus Bacillus by studying microscopic and biochemical tests. They were : 4 isolates Bacillus cereus, 2 isolates Bacillus firmus, 2 isolates Bacillus lichenformis , 3 isolates Bacillus megaterium, 4 isolates Bacillus mycoides , 3 isolates Bacillus pumilus and 4 isolates Bacillus subtilis.Secondary screening of these isolates was Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) produced, Bacillus cereus B5 given 2.4 g / L the highest production of PHB. A PCR technique was used for 16S rRNA test and detecting the gene of PHB production in Bacillus cereus B5.The highest PHB production from Bacillus cereus B5 was 6.2 g / L, biomass 8.4 g / L and yield 73.8% the by using optimum conditions : incubation temperature 35̊ C, for 48 hours aerobically by using shaking incubator for 150 RPM/ min, 2% inoculum volume, the pH was adjusted to 7, and the production media where contained 1% glucose as carbon source and peptone as a nitrogen source. 3% have dated juice was the best substitute for glucose as carbon source, it gave 7.11 g PHB / L and the yield 79 %.Analysis with FT - IR was showed, that PHB produced from date juice media had a peak at 1723 cm - 1 this means it belong to an esterpolymers group. And GC - MS showed 12 compounds produce from analyzing PHB as short chains of fatty acids.The properties of PHB produced from date juice media were : The degradation temperature was 312̊ C, the percentage of crystallization was 60%, molecular weight was 423.674 KDa., permeability of water vapor was 56.2 ×10 - 8 g / Pa.s.m2, tensile strength was 24.9 MPa, the blend 40% polyethyleneglycol as plasticized with PHB increased the percentage of elongation to 8.7%. PHB is non - toxic and without hemolysis on human blood.Studying biodegradation of the plastic films of PHB by using bacterial isolates were E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in petri dish showed that all isolates can degrade PHB, biodegradation in soil and at soil surface was 100% after 28 days.PHB packages increased the shelf life of strawberries and grapes after storage for 15 days, compared with polyethylene packages, and It was reduced the numbers of microorganisms in butter, the percentage of free fatty acids and peroxide value compared with butter with polyethylene after 15 days

استجابة زهرة الشمس للحامض الاميني البولين تحت مدد ري مختلفة == The Response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus.L) to Proline under different Irrigation intervals

Author name: شاكر اسماعيل عبد الرضا
Supervisor name: هاشم رشيد مجيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Field Crops
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment was conducted during the fall season of year 2014 done in farmer's fields in the Auffia area southwest of Missan province (about 14 km .1 - m the soil was clay loam with 4.2 ds . city center)fromThe objectives were to determent the response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus .L) hybrid Flame to amino acid - Proline in order to reduce water stress. The experiment executed in split - plot (R.C.B.D) design with three replicates. The experiment were three levels of proline (P1 spray Proline concentration in addition to the control 1 - ; P2 spray Proline concentration 100 mg L 1 - 50 mg LP0 as distilled water were located in sub - plot) while the other factor was irrigation period (W1= irrigation every 10 days; W2= irrigation every 15 days andW3= irrigation every 20 days) as the main - plot.The crop sprayed with Proline acid after mixed with water in two phases of growth is V6 (the phase of six real leaves) and R1 (flowering stage) with application of irrigation system. After the plants reaches to physiologic maturity and growth characteristics measured; the contains of yield and quality characteristics and the results were analyses statistically and compared with averages LSD test. The results showed the following.e uhigher valgave to the control compared 1 - 100 mg Lwith praying ProlineS - 1for growth measurement in mean of plant height; number of leaves; stalk diameter ; head diameter and LAI and they were (126. 19 cm ; 28. 60 leave ; 23. 27 mm; 17. 48 cm and 2. 28) respectively. Also increased the mean of yield and seed yield; weight of 100 seed the; 1 - head er of seedsnumb components) 1 - 16 ton h .and 1 1 - 48 tons h .0 4 g; 3 .40 seeds; 6 .(1003 oil yield ofrespectively.2 - Applying irrigation every 10 days improve all growth characteristics; yield's components and quality compared to applying irrigation every 20 days, which gave the lowest mean in above characters.3 - The results also showed that the interaction of applying Proline and irrigation periods was significant for the most of the growth characteristics; yield and quality characteristics. It was concluded from to reduced period of irrigation not differ from hich W .1 - 100 mg L Proline once applying daysevery 15 applying irrigation every 10 days for most of the studied characteristics. Is the most important yield; oil production and this can saves 25% of irrigation water under conditions - Missan Auffia area. That reduces the wastae of water resources or expansion of the agricultural area and increase the yield.

اســتـخـلاص السـكريات المـتــعددة مـــــن الطــحــلــب الاخضر Cladophora sp. وتوصيفها واســــتعمالها في اقراص اللحم البقري == Extraction and Characterization of Green Algae Cladophora sp. Polysaccharide and use it in Beef Patties

Author name: سـهام ولـيـد عـلك الامارة
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي | روضة محمود العلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة استخلاص السكريات المتعددة من الطحالب، اذ تــــــــــــــم جــــــــــــمع عـــــــــــــينات مـــــــــــــن الطحالب الخضراء من مياه شط العرب ضمن منطقة كرمة علي في البصرة وبعد التنظيف والتنقية والتجفيف تم تشخيصهواتبين انها تعود الى جنسCladophora sp. ، درس تركيبها الكيميائي على اساس الوزن الجاف من الرطوبة والرماد والبروتين والدهن والكاربوهيدرات اذ بلغت نسبة الرطوبة 4.16% والرماد 29.78% والبروتين 16.10% والدهن %1.25 والكاربوهيدرات %48.71. وتم استخلاص السكريات المتعددة من الطحالب بواسطة كاربونات الصوديوم Na2CO3، وقدر محتواها من السكريات الكلية اذ بلغت 78.4%. كذلك درس تاثير ظروف الاستخلاص على حاصل السكريات المتعددة شملت نسبة خلط المادة الاولية : المذيب (غم/ مل) اذ استعملت اربع نسب 7 : 1و9 : 1 و1 : 12 و15 : 1 حيث اعطت نسبة 9 : 1 اعلى حاصل واقل نسبة حاصل كانت %2.3بنسبة خلط 15 : 1. استعملت درجات حرارة (60 و80 و100) م حيث اعطت درجة حرارة 80 م اعلى نسبة حاصل %7.53، اما اقل نسبة حاصل فكان عند درجـــــــــــــــــة حرارة 100 م %2.09. درس تاثير مدة الاستخلاص واستعملت مدد زمنية (2 و4 و6) ساعة اذ اعطت مدة 2و4 ساعة نسبة حاصل 6.95 و%7.60، بينما اعطت مدة استخلاص 6 ساعات نسبة حاصل%3.40 وهي الاقل، ودرس تاثير الرقم الهيدروجيني حيث اعطى الرقــــــــم الـــــــــــــهيدروجيني 2 اعلى حاصل وهو 7.49مقارنة مع 4 و6 حيث كانت نسبتي الحاصل 2.33 و1.92% على التوالي. من خلال دراسة الظروف اعلاه تبين النتائج ان افضل نسبة حاصل تم الحصول عليها عند الاستخلاص بكاربونات الصوديوم بنسبة خلط 9 : 1 وبدرجة حرارة 80 م لمدة 4 ساعات وعند رقم هيدروجيني2. درست الخصائص الفيزيوكيميائية للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة من الطحالب وكانت النتائج كالاتي : - 1 - اظهرت نتائج اللزوجة النسبية للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة من الطحالب ان اللزوجة تزداد بزيادة التركيز وتقل بزيادة درجة الحرارة حيث كانت اعلى قيمة للزوجة بدرجة حرارة 30 م (11.0020) واقل قيمة للزوجة النسبية (8.0576) عند درجة حرارة 50 م وكانت لزوجة السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة اقل من لزوجة الجينات الصوديوم القياسية.2 - لوحظ ان قابلية السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة لامتصاص الماء وربط الدهن تزداد بزيادة التركيز وكانت مقاربة لقابلية الجينات الصوديوم القياسية. - كانت النسبة المئوية لذوبان السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة 69.72% وهي اعلى من ذوبان الجينات الصوديوم القياسية والبالغة 65.68%. 4 - اظهرت النتائج انخفاض قابلية السكريات المتعددة على تكوين الرغوة.5 - قدر الوزن الجزيئي للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة بقياس لزوجة السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة من الطحالب اذ تم تقدير اللزوجة الحقيقية لاستخراج الوزن الجزيئي الذي بلغ 875.26 كيلو دالتون. تم دراسة التحلل الوزني الحراري للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة وكان الفقدان بحدود7% والمتبقي93% عند درجة حرارة 515.27 م.6 - اختبرت السمية الخلوية للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة من الطحالب اتجاه كريات الدم الحمر للانسان واظهرت النتائج عدم سميتها لكافة التراكيز المستعملة ولمدد الحضن 10 و30 و60 دقيقة.7 - تم ادخال السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة والجينات الصوديوم القياسية في اقراص اللحم البقري وبنسب 0.2 و0.4 و0.6% وخزن بالتبريد بدرجة حرارة 4 م ولمدد زمنية1 و4 و7 يوم.8 - درست الصفات الفيزيائية لاقراص اللحم البقري اظهرت النتائج ارتفاعا معنويا p<0.05)) في قـــــــيم قابلية حمل الماء لاقراص اللــحم المعاملة بالــــــــــــــسكريات الـــــــــــــــــمتعددة (المعاملة المحضرة) والجينات الصوديوم (المعاملة القياسية) مقارنة بالعينة الضابطة. بينت النتائج ان الرقم الهيدروجيني في اقراص اللحم يزداد معنويا بتقدم مدة الحفظ بالتبريد ولوحظ انخفاض نسبة الفقد في الوزن اثناء الطبخ وارتفاع نسبة حاصل الطبخ في اقراص اللحم البقري المعاملة بالسكريات المتعددة والجينات الصوديوم القياسية مقارنة بالعينة الضابطة. 9 - درست الصفات الحسية لاقراص اللحم والتي شملت اللون والنكهة والطراوة والعصيرية والقبول العام وقد اظهرت بعضها اختلافا معنويا((p<0.05 خلال مدة الحفظ بالتبريد ولم يظهر البعض الاخر اختلافا معنويا فالنسبة لدرجات تقييم اللون لاقراص اللحم المفروم لم تتاثر معنويا عند معاملة اقراص اللحم بالسكريات المتعددة المحضرة والجينات الصوديوم القياسية، اما درجات تـقييم صفـــــــــــــــــة النـــــــــــكهة لاقراص اللحــــــــــم فقد تاثرت معنويا p<0.05)) عند المعاملة بالسكريات المتعددة المحضرة والجينات الصوديوم القياسية مقارنة بالعينة الضابطة. | The study included extraction of polysaccharides from algae. The green algae was collected from Shatt Alarab water in Karmat Ali in Basrah, the green algae was purified and it is Cladophora sp. Polysaccharides was extracted by sodium carbonate Na2CO3. It̓s chemical composition including moisture, ash, protein, fat , carbohydrate and total saccharides was studied and it was moisture 4.16%, ash 29.78%, protein 16.10% at 1.25%, carbohydrate 48.71% and total sharrides 78.4%. The effect of extract conditions on polysaccharides yield were also studied included mixing percentage 1 : 7, 1 : 9, 1 : 12 and 1 : 15 and 1 : 9 exhibited the highest yield (7.48%) and the lowest yield (3.2%) when we use 1 : 15. The extraction was carried on different temperature 60°C, 80°C and100°C the highest yield was 7.53% when extraction on 80°C .The effect of the time of extraction in 2 hrs, 4hrs so the yield was 6.95% and 7.60% for 2 and 4 hrs respectively, the highest yield was 7.49% when extraction on pH 2. The results showed that the best yield was when the extraction on 1 : 9 and 80 °C for 4hrs and pH 2. The physiochemical properties for polysaccharides wer studied and the result showed the relative viscosity was increased with the increase of concentration and decrease with the increase of temperature the highest viscosity was 11.0020 in 30°C and the lowest was 8.0576 in 50 °C. The ability of polysaccharides for water absorbtion and fat binding was noticed that it was increased with the increased of concentration, the percentage of polysaccharides solubility was 69.72%, and it was higher than sodium alginate (65.68%). The results also showed decrease of foaming of polysaccharides because of it̕s high viscosity. The molecular weight of polysaccharides was 875.26 Kdal, the Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was 7% for loss and the residue was 93%. The test of cytotoxicity was appaired that the polysaccharides was no toxic in all concentration and for all incubation periods 10, 30 and 60 min. The extracted polysaccharides and sodium alginate were used in beef patties for 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% and storage for 1, 4 and 7 days, the results showed that there were significant increased (p<0.05) in water holding capacity in all treatments comparing with control and pH increased during storage periode and also noticed that cooking loss was decreased and increased in cooking yield for beef patties treated with polysaccharides and sodium alginate comparing with control. The results showed that addition of extracted polysaccharides and sodium alginate to beef patties improved sensory properties (color, falvor, tenderness, juicness and overal acceptability) during storage periode compared with control.

تاثير مستويات مختلفة من السماد الفوسفاتي في نمو وحاصل ثلاثة اصناف من محصول الحنطة Triticum aestivum L == Effect of different levels of Phosphate fertilizaer on growth and yield of three cultivars of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Author name: سندس كامل جبار الحلفي
Supervisor name: هاشم رشيد مجيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: نفذت تجربة حقلية خلال الموسم الشتوي 2013 / 2014 في حقول احد المزارعين في منطقة الشنانة التابعة لقضاء القرنة ( 65 كم شمال مركز محافظة البصرة ) في تربة مزيجية طينية بهدف دراسة استجابة ثلاثة اصناف من الحنطة الناعمة . Triticum aestivum L (اللطيفية وابوغريب - 3 وتموز - 2) في النمو والحاصل والنوعية لتاثير اضافة اربعة مستويات من السماد الفوسفاتي ( 0 و40 و80 و120 كغم P2O5 ه - 1 ) طبقت التجربة باسلوب التجارب العاملية ووزعت المعاملات وفقا لتصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة بثلاثة مكررات . اظهرت نتائج الدراسة ان الاصناف اختلفت معنويا فيما بينها في معظم الصفات المدروسة اذ تفوق الصنف اللطيفية في صفة ارتفاع النبات ( 96,44 سم) ومساحة ورقة العلم (32,97 ســم2) وطول السنبلة (10,41سم) وعدد الحبوب في السنبلة (61,50 حبة سنبلة - ١) السنبلة ونسبة البروتين (11,84 ٪) في حين تفوق الصنف ابوغريب - 3 في صفة عدد الاشطاء(600,35 شطا م - 1) وعدد السنابل (572,07 سنبلة م - 1) ووزن 1000 حبة ( 31,09 غم ) وحاصــل الحبوب ( 6,31طن هــ - ١ ) والحاصل الحيوي( 14,64 طن هــ - ١ ). واشارت النتائج الى تفوق المستوى السمادي 120كغم P2O5 هـ - ١ معنويا في صفات ارتفاع النبات (99,11ســم ) ومساحة ورقة العلم ( 35,74 ســم2 ) وطول السنبلة (10,68 ســم) وعـــدد الاشطاء الكلي(621,82 شطا م - 1) وفي جميع صفات الحاصل وحاصل الحبوب( 6,68 طن هــ - ١ ) والحاصل الحيوي (14,98 طن ه - 1) ودليل الحصاد(44,58 ٪) ونسبة البروتين في الحبوب (12,62 ٪) . كان التداخل معنويا بين الاصناف ومستويات الفسفور في حاصل الحبوب وحققت التوليفة للصنف ابو غريب - 3 اعلى متوسط لحاصل الحبوب (6,98 طن هــ - ١) ويلاحظ من النتائج ان زيادة حاصل ابو غريب - 3 عند المستوى 120 كغم P2O5 هـ - ١ هو نتيجة لزيادة عدد الاشطاء (669,33 شطا م - 1 ) وزيادة مكونات الحاصل وهي عدد السنابل(636,81 سنبلة م - 1) ووزن 1000 حبة(33,03 غم) . | A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2013 - 2014 at AL - shinana that belong to AL - Qurna about ( 65) Km north Basrha in silty loam soil in order to determine the best production of the three cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Abu Graib - 3 , Tammoz - 2 and Latifia ) to determine the best level of phosphate fertilizer (0 , 40 , 80 , 120 kg P2O5 hˉ1 ) .The experiment design was R C B D with treatments arranged in factorial in three replicates . Results showed that cultivars are different in it's characteristics as the Latifia superior in plant height (96.44 cm ) flag leaf area ( 32.97 cm2 ), spike length ( 10.41 cm ) number of grain per spike( 61.50 ) and protein content ( 11.84% ). Abu Graib - 3 superior in number of tillers .mˉ2(600.35) number of spikes .mˉ2(572.07) weight of 1000 grain ( 31.09 gm) , grain yield (6.31 ton.h - 1 ) biological yield (14.64 ton.h - 1 ) Results showed a variance among fertilizer level where 120 kg P2O5 hˉ1 caused highest number of , plant height (99.11 cm ) flag leaf area (35.74 cm2) , spike length ( 10.68 cm), number of tillers (621.82 ) and all yield component and grain yield ( 6.68 ton .hˉ ¹), biological yield ( 14.58 ton .hˉ ¹) , protein (12.628% ) and harvesting index(44,58 %) . Results also showed a significant interaction between cultivars and P levels, grain yield which increased in all cultivars with increase in P levels grain yield obtained at treatment Abu - Graib - 3 ×120 kg P2O5 hˉ1 (6.98 ton.h - 1) the increase in grain yield Abu - Graib due to higher yield components number of spike m - 2 (636. 81) and 1000 - grain weight (33.03 gm

تاثير اضافة النتروجين في امتصاص NوPوK وتوزيعها في اجزاء النبات ونمو وحاصل ثلاثة اصناف من الحنطة Triticum aestivum L. == EFFECT OF NITROGEN APPLCATION ON N, P, K UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION WHIHIN PLANT PARTS, GROWTH AND YIELD OF THREE WHEAT CULTIVARS Triticum aestivum L.

Author name: سندس عبد الكريم محمد العبد الله
Supervisor name: عبد المهدي صالح حسين الانصاري | وليد عبد الرضا السباهي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at Al - Daire site 40 km north of center Basrah Governorate .The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on dry matter accumulation, (N, P, K) uptake, distribution in different parts of three cultivars of wheat plants and their yield during two seasons (2011 - 2012 & 2012 - 2013).The experiment was split - plots in R.C.B.D design with three replicates, Nitrogen rates (0, 60,120 and 240Kg ha - 1 occupied the main plots, while (IPA - 99, Abu - Graib and Latifia) Cultivars Occupied the sub - plots. Samples of wheat plants were collected at 10 growth stages : seedling stage, tillering (main shoot and 1 tiller), tillering (main shoot and 4 tillers), stem elongation, booting, 50% of spike emergence, 50% flowering, milk stage, dough stage and maturity. Each plant sample was separated into different plant parts : blades, sheathes, stems, flag leaves, spikes and seeds. These parts were dried at 70°C and dry weight of each part was recorded and sub sampled for chemical analysis of N , P , and K. Growth parameters (No. of day till 50% flowering , No. of day from 50% flowering to Maturity , flag leaf area , plant height, spike length and No of tillers m - 2) , yield components (No. of spike m - 2, No. of grain in spike and weight of 1000 grain ),grain yield, biological yield, harvest Index, grain protein percentage and nitrogen use efficiency were also studied.Results showed that dry matter accumulation in plants of all cultivars did not differ at early growth period, While after the growth stage of 50% flowering plants dry weight of Cv.IPA - 99 was higher than other cultivars, This difference in dry weight continue till maturity stage at which total dry weight were 14473.58, 13373.96 and 12743.59 Kg ha - 1 for IPA - 99, Abu - Graib - 3 and Latifia respectively.Dry matter yield were not affected by N levels during the early growth period ,then after dry weight of plants increased as N rates increased ,total dry weight were10752.61, 12737.49 and 15347.10 Kg ha - 1for 0, 60 , 120 Kg Nha - 1 respectively, with no differences between 120 and 240 Kg Nha - 1 levels.Dry matter of plant parts differed among cultivars, with IPA - 99 having the highest results. Increasing nitrogen rates increased weight of different plant parts, but did not influence the relative proportion of each plant part for all cultivars.IIResults also showed reduces in dry weight of different plant parts(except grains)after reaching a maximum weigh at dough stage for Spikes, and 50% flowering for the other parts. The highest decreased was in blades and lowest in sheathes. The application of N fertilizer decreased translocation of dry matter from plant parts to grains. Data showed that no differences in nutrient uptake were observed for cultivars till ending of tillering stage, but after this stage IPA - 99 cultivar showed highest uptake till the end of the season. Nitrogen uptake was157.68,136.72,124.51 Kgha - 1 ,P uptake 19.70,16.93,15,67 Kg ha - 1, K uptake136.30,121.10,112,60 Kg ha - 1 for IPA - 99,Abu - Graib - 3 and Latifia, respectively.Increasing N rate increased nutrient uptake of different plant parts, but did not influence the relative proportion of each plant part for all cultivars.uptake of N, P, and K for all cultivars and nitrogen rates declined as the season progressed, this decline differed among nutrients and plant parts.Grain contained 59.20, 79.00 and 7.45% of total nutrient N, P and K uptake, whereas vegetative parts contained 40.80, 21.00 and 92.55% of total nutrient uptake, respectively.Cultivar IPA - 99 resulted in highest grain yield among studied cultivars. Increasing N rate from 0 to 120 Kg N ha - 1 only increased grain yield, the rate 240 KgNha - 1 did not affect yield significantly as compared with that of 120 Kg N ha - 1.Results also showed a significant interaction between Cultivars and N rates. The highest grain yield obtained at treatment IPA - 99×240 Kg N ha - 1with no significant differences than IPA - 99×120 KgNha - 1.Results indicated that highest nitrogen use efficiency (66.23%) was found in plant of IPA - 99 cultivar, whereas, the lowest efficiency (47.37%) was found in plant of Abu - Graib - 3 cultivar. At all cultivars increasing N rates to 240 KgNha - 1 decreased nitrogen use efficiency.Therefore it can be concluded that 120 Kg Nha - 1 can be recommended as the best rate for N to all cultivars under similar growing conditions

معالجة مياه الصرف الصناعي لمعمل الاسمدة في المنطقة الجنوبية واعادة استعماها لري نبات الطماطة Lycopersicon esculentum Mill == Industrial wastewater treatment of fertilizer factory south region and reuse for tomato irrigation( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Author name: سماح رسول جويد العكيلي
Supervisor name: محمد عبد الله عبد الكريم | نجلة جبر محمد الاميري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate the possibility of using the effluent originated from fertilizers factory/ south region, Basrah province for tomato irrigation. Effluent samples were collected from urea unite line, ammonia unite lion, and collection basin at nine periods during 3\9\2015 to 5\8\2016. Tap water was used as control water. Three types of filters were used to enhance the characteristics of water collected from the fertilizers factory which are Rice Husk Ash filter, sand filter and Rice Husk Ash + sand filter(75 : 25). chemical characteristics (EC, PH, Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl - , SO4 - - , total hardness, NO3 - , NH4+, urea) were obtained before and after filtration then Removal efficiency (%) was calculated. Basin on above experiment, a pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of fertilizers industry effluents on chemical parameters of soil and its impact on growth parameters of the tomato plant. Each pot was prepared by filling loamy sand soil 10 kg collected from a farm nearby the factory. All the pots were fertilized by manure, phosphorus and potassium. Nitrogen fertilizer (urea) was applied an equivalent of 0, 50% and 100% of recommended level (300 kg N ha - 1). Tomato seedlings (hybride Newton F1) were transplanted in the pots. The pots were irrigated with above fertilizer industry effluents or tap water after the seedlings standing in the pots. After 90 days, soil and plant samples were collected to measure EC, pH, NO3 - in soil, NH4+ in soil, plant height, shoot dry weight, N concentration,number of flowers plant - 1 and number of fruits plant - 1.The results showed that there was a significant changes among sample periods in all water characteristics. The highest removal efficiency of urea, NH4+, NO3 - , cations and anions were recorded by using Rice Husk Ash filter, while the lowest efficiency were recorded by using sand filter. Data alsoBshowed that chemical parameters (EC, NH4+ and NO3 - ) of soil were differed by different filter used and follow the order : control (without filtration) < sand filter < Rice Husk Ash + sand filter < Rice Husk Ash filter. This result was reflected on plant growth parameters (plant high, shoot dry weight, N concentration ,number of flowers plant - 1 and number of fruits plant - 1) and follow the order : Rice Husk Ash + sand filter < Rice Husk Ash filter < sand filter < control. However soil pH was not affected at different filters used. Increasing the level of nitrogen significantly increased EC, NH4+ and NO3 - in soil and decreased soil PH resulted in increased plant parameters. Soil chemical parameters and plant growth parameters were differed by different source of fertilizers industry effluents and follow : ammonia line < urea line < collection basin < tap water. Data also revealed that tomato plant irrigated with water of ammonia line and filtered through Rice Husk Ash + sand filter showed best growth parameters as compared with other plants with higher shoot dry weight of 11.69 g plant - 1. The pot experiment suggested the possibility to using the water of ammonia line which filtered through Rice Husk Ash + sand filter with 50% of nitrogen recommended level to enhance tomato growth and it would save costs on fertilizer and reduction in pollution load of soil and water.

المكافحة الاحيائية لمرض الذبول الفيوزارمي في الطماطا المتسبب عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici باستخدام الفطر Trichoderma harzianum وفطر المايكورايزا Glomus mosseae == Biological control of tomato Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum fsp.lycopersici by using Trichoderma harzianum and mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae

Author name: سلام نجم عبود الاسدي
Supervisor name: يحيى عاشور صالح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في مختبرات قسم وقاية النبات /كلية الزراعة / جامعة البصرة خلال الفترة من 1/11/ 2015 الى 1/6/2016 لتقييم كفاءة فطر المايكورايزا G. mosseae والعامل الاحيائي T.harzianum في مكافحة مرض الذبول الفيوزارمي لنبات الطماطا المتسبب عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum fsp.lycopersici . اظهرت النتائج دور العامل الاحيائي في تثبيط نمو الفطر الممرض بطريقة الزراعة المزدوجة حيث كان التضاد من الدرجة 1 حسب مقياس Bell . كما اظهر راشح الفطر الاحيائي T.harzianum تفوقوااضحا في تثبيط نمو الفطر الممرض . اوضحت نتائج تاثير فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae والعامل الاحيائي T.harzianum والتداخل بينهما في انبات البذور ونمو نبات الطماطا ( تجربة الاصص) وجود فرق معنوي في النسبة المئوية لا نبات البذور ، اما في ما يخص اطوال النبات بعد ستة اسابيع من الانبات فقد اشارت النتائج الى وجود فروق معنوية بين المعاملات حيث بلغت اطوال النباتات 4.55 و18.22 و14.44 و18.00 و15.33 و15.44 و15.55 سم على التوالي للمعاملات Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici(f) وTrichoderma harzianum(T.h) وGlomus mosseae(G.m) ومعاملة التداخل بين العامل الاحيائي وفطر المايكورايزا GT ومعاملة التداخل بين فطر الممرض وفطر المايكورايزا GF ومعاملة التداخل بين العامل الاحيائي وفطر الممرض TF ومعاملة التداخل بين العامل الاحيائي وفطر المايكورايزواالفطر الممرضر GTFقياسا بمعاملة المقارنة التي بلغت 12.33 سم ، وكان اكثر الفطريات تاثيرا في زيادة اطوال النباتات العامل الاحيائي T.harzianum كما حقق التداخل بين العامل الاحيائي T.harzianum وفطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae زيادة معنوية في الوزن الطري للمجموعين الخضري والجذري حيث بلغ الوزن الطري للمجموعين الخضري والجذري 6.27 و0.72 غم على التوالي قياسا بمعاملة المقارنة التي بلغ الوزن الطري للمجموعين الخضري والجذري فيها 2.83 و0.51 غم على التوالي . اما التجربة الحقلية فقد اظهرت نتائجهواجود فروق معنوية في شدة الاصابة بالفطر الممرض حيث كانت اقل شدة اصابة في المعاملة التداخل بين فطر المايكورايزواالفطر الممرض GF اذ بلغت 22.21% تلتها المعاملات TF وGTF حيث بلغت شدة الاصابة فيها 27.77 و35.01% على التوالي قياسا بمعاملة المقارنة البالغة 48.02% ، اما اطوال النبات فقد ازداد بشكل معنوي في المعاملة GTF اذ بلغت 72.1 سم والتي تفوقت بفروقات معنوية عالية تلتها المعاملات GT وG وGF وT اذ بلغت 69.9 و68.9 و65.4 و63.8 سم على التوالي اذ اختلفت معنويا عن معاملة المقارنة التي بلغت 55.3 سم ومعاملة الفطر الممرض البالغة 47.2 سم ، وكان اعلى وزن طري للمجموع الخضري في المعاملة TF اذ بلغت 40.0 غم تلتها المعاملات GF وG وGTF وGT حيث بلغ الوزن الطري لها 35.0 و34.5 و32.3 و30.0 و29.7 غم / نبات والتي اختلفت معنويا عن معاملتي المقارنة والفطر الممرض اذ بلغت 17.33 و13.7 غم . وان اعلى زيادة في الوزن الطري للمجموع الجذري بلغت 29.53غم لمعاملة المايكورايزا G.mosseae والتي اختلفت معنويا عن معاملة المقارنة البالغة 17.7 غم . اشارت النتائج الى دور فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae في زيادة وزن حاصل الثمار اذ بلغ الوزن 3.067 كغم / نبات قياسا بمعاملة المقارنة التي بلغت 1.630 كغم / نبات وبفارق معنوي ، وبينت النتائج دور فطر المايكورايزواالعامل الاحيائي في زيادة الفعالية الانزيمية لا نزيم البيروكسديز فقد اعطت معاملة فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae اعلى نسبة اذ بلغت 1.710 وحدة / غم وزن رطب وقد اختلفت معنويا عن معاملة المقارنة البالغة 0.510 وحدة / غم وزن رطب .اوضحت نتائج التجربة الحقلية ايضا كفاءة العامل الاحيائي وفطر المايكورايزا في زيادة كمية الفسفور في نباتات الطماطا حيث بلغت اعلى نسبة للفسفور في معاملة التداخل GF حيث بلغت 38.93 ملغم / كغم تلتها المعاملات G وT وGT وGTF وTF وF اذ بلغت نسبة الفسفور فيها 38.44 و28.93 و28.93 و26.58 و23.91 و13.25 ملغم / كغم على التوالي قياسا بمعاملة المقارنة اذ بلغت 21.23 ملغم / كغم. وبينت النتائج دور فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae والعامل الاحيائي T.harzianum في زيادة نسبة وشدة اصابة الجذور حيث بلغت اعلى نسبة وشدة اصابة لمعاملة التداخل GT 66 و58% على التوالي وقد تفوقت بفروقات معنوية عالية تلتها المعاملات G وGTF وGF حيث بلغت نسبة وشدة الاصابة فيها 38.00 و36.66% و37.66 و34 % و31.33 و32.00% على التوالي . وبينت النتائج ايضواجود فروقات معنوية في عدد ابواغ فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae حيث بلغ اعلى عدد للابواغ 45.83 بوغ / نبات في معاملة التداخل GT تلتها المعاملات GF وG وGTF حيث بلغ عدد الابواغ فيها 29.16 و22.50 و16.66 بوغ / نبات . | This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Plant Protection , College of Agriculture , University of Basra .during the period from 1/11/2015 - 1/6/2016 ,to evaluate the interaction efficiency between Glomus.mosseae and bio agent Trichoderma.harzianum against tomato fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lycopersici . .The results showed the role of T.harzianum in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungus where the antagonism degree is of class 1 according to Bell scale. Also it showed that T.harzianum exaudate inhibited the growth of pathogen. The results also explained a significant effect of mycorrhiza G.mosseae and T.harzianum and their interaction on seed germination percent and growth of tomato plant (pots experience) , As regards to the lengths of the plants after six weeks from germination the results indicated a significant difference among the treatments , the lengths of plants reached 4.55 ,18.22 , 14.44, 18.00, 15.33, 15.44, 15.55, cm for the treatments , F, T ,M, MT , MF , TF and MTF, respectively compared to control which amounted to 12.33 cm ,T.harzianum led to increase the lengths of Plant significantly .The interaction between T harzianum and G.mosseae (TM ) also led to increase the fresh weight in comparison with control which reached respectively 2.83 and 0.51. The field experiment results showed significant differences in the severity of the infection with pathogen where the less severe of the infection was found in the treatment MF which was 22.21 % followed by TF and MTF treatments which were 27.77 and 35.01% respectively. The plant lengths also significantly increased , it reached 72.1 cm in the treatment MTF followed by the treatment MT , M , MF and T which reached 69.9, 68.9 , 65.4 and 63.8 respectively , which they significantly differed with control and pathogen treatments which were 55.3 and 47.2 cm respectively . The treatment TF led to increase the shoot fresh weight up to 40.0 gm. , followed by MF , M,T, MTF and MT which were 35.0, 34.5 , 32.3 , 30.0 and 29.7 which significantly differed with control and pathogen treatment which reached 17.33 and 13.7 respectively . The root fresh weight also increased when G.mosseae was used , it reached 29.53 gm. compared with control (17.7 gm.).The results indicated the role of G.mosseae in increasing fruit weight which reached 3.067 kg Plant compared with control which was 1.630 kg/plant .The results also showed the role of G.mosseae in increasing the enzymatic activity of peroxidase which reached 1.710 unit/gm. Compared to control which reached 0.510 unit/ gm wet weight . The results of field experiment also revealed that T.harzianum and G.mossese increased the amount of phosphor in tomato Plants in a percent of 38.93 , 38.44 , 28.93 , 28.93 , 26.58 , and 23.91 mg / kg for the treatment MF , M , T , MT , MTF and TF respectively in with comparison with control which was 21.23 mg / kg. From other hand , the interaction between G.mosseae and T.harzianum led to increase the root infection percent and infection up to 66 and 58% respectively the treatment M, MTF , MF as they were 38.00 , 36.66% 37.66 , 34% 31.33 , 32.00% . Finaly the results elucidate that the interaction between G.mosseae and T.harzianum led to increase the number of spores of G.mosseae reaching to 45.83 spore/ plant followed by the treatment M , MTF , MF , which gave 29.16 , 22.50 , and 16.66 , spores / plant respectively

الكشف عن بكتريا E.coli O157 : H7 في لحوم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة ودراسة تاثير بعض مواد الحفظ الحيوية على عيوشيتها بظروف الخزن بالتبريد == Detection of E.coli O157 : H7 in ground beef meat and study the antimicrobial effect of some bio Protection materials on bacterial survival during cooling storage

Author name: سحر صبيح جورج
Supervisor name: نوفل عبد الامير حسين الحلفي | صباح مالك حبيب الشطي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجري الكشف عن تواجد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7 في عينات لحم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة لخمس مناطق مختلفة في محافظة البصرة شملت (الجزائر وابي الخصيب والزبير والبصرة القديمة وكرمة علي) خلال الفصول الاربعة على مدار اشهر سنة 2013، وقد وجد ان هناك تفاوتا كبيرا في تواجد هذه البكتريا المرضية المصلية، اذ بلغ اعلى مستوى تلوث للحم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة لمنطقة البصرة القديمة تليها مناطق الزبير وكرمة علي والجزائر بينما لم يلاحظ اي تلوث لعينات لحم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة لمنطقة ابي الخصيب، وقد لوحظ تواجد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7 خلال اشهر (شباط، اذار، نيسان، تموز، تشرين الاول وتشرين الثاني) التي امتازت باعتدال درجات الحرارة والرطوبة النسبية .تم الحصول على 27 عزلة موجبة لبكتريا E.coli O157 : H7 من اصل 540 عينة لحم بقر طازج مفروم وبنسبة 5% شهريا على مدار سنة كاملة وشخصت اعتمادا على استخدام الاوساط الانتقائية الخاصة Sorbitol MacConkey Agar المدعم بالسفكسيم تولريت واجراء الفحوصات المظهرية والمجهرية والكيموحيوية باستخدام نظام API20E واجراء فحص التلازن باستخدام اشرطة اللاتكس للتشخيص الدقيق، كما استخدمت التقنية الحديثة وهي شرائح البتري فلم petrifilm لعد بكتريا القولون الكلية وE. coli شهريا على مدار السنة، اذ بلغت اعلى متوسطات لوغاريتم اعداد بكتريا القولون الكلية (6.15 ، 6.22 و6.43)cfu/g وللاشهر (ايلول، تشرين الاول وتشرين الثاني)على التوالي لمنطقة البصرة القديمة والتي كانت الاكثر تلوثا مقارنة مع بقية المناطق المشمولة بالدراسة وكذلك الحال بالنسبة لبكتريا E. coli بينما سجلت منطقة ابي الخصيب اقل مستويات لتلوث اللحوم الطازجة المفرومة اذ بلغ المتوسط اللوغارتمي لاعداد بكتريا القولون الكلية وE. coli ( 1.52 و1.53) cfu/g خلال شهري (شباط وايار) على التوالي.استعمل الكيتوسان المحضر بطرق الاستخلاص الكيميائية التقليدية من قشور الروبيان والحوامض العضوية(الخليك واللاكتيك) ونواتج ايض بكتريا حامض اللاكتيك كمواد حافظة طبيعية ضد النشاط البكتيري لاطالة العمر الخزني للحوم المفرومة والبيركر المصنع من اللحم البقري المفروم ومستخلص ماء اللحم المعقم وغير المعقم لمدة 12 يوم من الخزن بالتبريد بالثلاجة عند درجة حرارة 4 م وباستخدام ثلاث تراكيز مختلفة .اظهرت نتائج الدراسة تاثير اضافة الكيتوسان بانواعه (Kp الكيتوسا القياسي وK3 الكيتوسان المؤستل بالاوتوكليف لمدة ساعة وK2 الكيتوسان المؤستل بالاوتوكليف لمدة نصف ساعة وk1 الكيتوسان المؤستل بالظروف الجوية لمدة ساعة) وبتراكيز (0.75 و1 و1.5 )% خلال الخزن بالتبريد على متوسطات لوغارتيم اعداد بكتريا (E. coli O157 : H7 وcoliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria ) اذ لوحظ اعلى تثبيط عند تركيز 1.5% لمعاملة Kp لجميع انواع البكتريا اعلاه تواليا لعينات لحم البقر الطازج المفروم والبيركر ومستخلص ماء اللحم المعقم وغير المعقم والتداخل بينهم وقد بينت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية (p<0.05) لتاثير التركيز ومدة الخزن بالتبريد ونوع البكتريا للمعاملات اعلاه، وقد وجد هناك انخفاض معنوي (p<0.05) للوغاريتم اعداد بكتريا E.colio157 : H7) وcoliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria ) عند درجة حرارة 4 م لمعاملات الحوامض العضوية (الخليك، اللاكتيك والخليط الحامضي ) بتقدم مدة الخزن بالتبريد مقارنة مع السيطرة الموجبة وللتراكيز (0.75 و1و1.5)% وقد حددت المعاملة الافضل في التثبيط البكتيري وهي حامض الخليك اذ بلغت ادنى متوسطات لاعداد البكتريا عند تركيز 1.5% في نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد، كما لوحظ انخفاض معنوي (p<0.05) لمتوسطات لوغارتيم اعداد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7) وcoliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria ) عند درجة حرارة 4 م اذ بدات بالانخفاض التدريجي بتقدم مدة الخزن بالتبريد مقارنة مع معاملات السيطرة للتراكيز (0.75 و1 و1.5) %اذ بلغ ادنى متوسط لوغارتمي لاعداد البكتريا اعلاه عند تركيز 1.5 % عند نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد .وقد اشارت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي الى وجود فروق معنوية (p<0.05) لكل من التركيز ونوع المعاملة ومدة الخزن بالتبريد، وقد بينت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية (p<0.05) لتاثير اضافة نواتج ايض بكتريا حامض اللاكتيك (L.p, L.c وL.p+L.c)على متوسطات لوغاريتم اعداد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7)و coliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria) اذ اظهرت معاملة LP افضل نتائـــج تثبيط بالمقارنة مع معاملتي ( LCو LP+ LC )عند تركير 1.5 % وعند نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد ولجميع انواع البكتريا اعلاه على التوالي. | The presence of E. coli O157 : H7 bacteria I fresh ground beef samples about five different areas in Basra included (Al - jazaaer - Abu alkhaseab - Zubair - Basra al kadema and Karmat Ali) durig the foure seasons over all months In (2013), a large contamination was found in the presence of these pathogenic bacteria serological E. coli O157 : H7 ,the highes serologically of fresh ground beef from Basra al kadema then ALzubair, Karmat Ali and Aljazaaer, while no any contamination notice fresh ground beef samples from Abu alkhaseab. The presence of E.colio157 : H7 bacteria during (February - March - April - Juli - October and Novenber) in this year. Which was characterized by moderate temperatures.27 E.colio157 : H7 straing were isolated from 540 samples of fresh ground beef by 5% per at all months in the year.Then characterize by using the selective culture media Sorbitol MacCokey Agar (SMA) compatible with Cefixime tellurite and phenotypic test and microscopic - biochemical test using API20E system and latex agglutination from exact diagnosis .Technology which is petrifilm to enrcumation coliform and E.coli bacteria through this study. The highest logarithm number of preparation of total coliform bacteria (6.15, 6.22 and 6.43) cfu/g in (September - October and Novenber) from Basra al kadema, which was the most contaminated compared with other areas included in this study, as well as from E.coli bacteria while Abu al khaseab area recorded the lowest levels of coliform and E.coli bacteria (1.52 and 1.53 ) cfu/g durig (February and May) respectively.Chitosan was used record by chemicals extraction methods, organic acid and free cell supernatant of metabolism of lactic acid as material natural preservative agents to that decrease the life storage time of fresh ground beef - burger - extract sterile and non serial water meat for 12 day by storage at 4C refrigerator and using three different concentrations.Studied the effect of adding the chitosan (KP, K3, K2 and K1) in (0.75, 1 and 1.5)% concentrations during the cooling storage ,the bacteria prepared are (E.colio157 : H7, coliform bacteria , E.coli and total count bacteria ) showed greater inhibitions at concentration 1.5% from KP treatment for all specie of bacteria are above.At these results of the statistical analysis show significant differences at (p<0.05) for effects of period of storage, type of bacteria among fresh ground beef - burger - extract serial and non serial water meat . There is no significant differences (p<0.05) in a (E.colio157 : H7, coliform bacteria, E.coli and total count bacteria ) at 4c then it declines gradually in progress from cooling storage compared with control coefficients of concentration (0.75, 1 and of 1.5)% as the lowest log number these bacteria at 1.5% concentration in the end of period cooling storage. This results indicated statically analysis and significant differences (p<0.05) for each type of bacteria, concentration, treatment and period cooling storage. The present studied lowest significant (p<0.05) for log number in (E.colio157 : H7, coliform bacteria , E. coli and total count bacteria ) at 4c organic acid (acidic acid, lactic acid and the mixed of there tow organic acid )in cooling period storage compares with positive control of (0.75, 1 and of 1.5)% concentration. The best treatment in these results was acidic acid then the lowest log number of bacteria recorded at 1.5% concentration in the end period cooling storage . statically analysis showed significant differences(p<0.05) for effect of adding the free cell supernatant of metabolism of lactic acid bacteria (LP, LC and LP+LC) then the best treatment in these results were LP that inhibitions compeers with (LC and LP+LC) at 1.5%concentration in the end of the cooling storage period for (E.coliO157 : H7, coliform bacteria, E. coli and total count bacteria )

دراسة بيئية مقارنة لتاثير الحاجز المائي في قضاء المدينة عند اسفل نهر الفرات == A comparative ecological study to the impact of Mudayna district barrier at the lower reaches of Euphrates River

Author name: سجاد عبد الغني عبد الله
Supervisor name: صادق علي حسين | عبد العزيز محمود عبد الله
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: An Ecological study was conducted, on monthly basis, for the period from November 2013 to October 2014, on the Lower reaches of the Euphrates River covering a location at northwest of Basrah province within the area between Al - Chebaysh district of Thi Qar province, and Mudayna district of the city of Basrah. The study area covered a distance of 16 kms lies between latitudes 47˚00 ' 18.81 " and 47˚09 '55.46" E and latitudes 30˚57' 41.53" and 30˚57'7.38" N. On 2010 the Ministry of Water Resources constructed an obstruction on the Euphrates River, 11 km west of Mudayna of a width 760 m. It’s aims is to raise water levels in the western side of the river for water to flow to Hor Al - Chebaych. Three stations were selected to execute the study. The former was situated in front of the Chebaish district and with a distance of nine kilometers east where station 2 was located. However, to the east of the constructed embankment and just three kms apart station 3 was chosen. The study revealed that air temperature ranged from 11 - 45°C and water from 10.5 - 37°C, light penetration from 15 to 210 cm. Turbidity from 0.66 NTU in October at station3 and 40.8 NTU in September at station1. Current speed ranged between 0.01 m/s to 0.41 m/s.The lowest value of Electric conductivity (2.4μS/cm) recorded in November at station 3 and the highest (5.74μS/cm) in March at station 1. Total dissolved solids between 1788 mg/ L to 3832 mg/L. the lowest value of pH (7.4) measured in August at station 2 and the highest (8.7) in February at Station 3. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 5.5 to 10.1 mg/L. BOD5 ranged from 0.19 to 3 mg/L. The lowest value of salinity (1.3 g/L) recorded in June and July from Station 2 and the highest (2.9 g/L) was encountered in February at station 3. Total hardness the lowest (880 mg/L) encountered in July at station2 and the highest (1350 mg/L) in February at station3. Total alkalinity ranged from 84 to 182 mg/L. Reactive nitrate ranged from 0.6 to 37.7μg at. N/L. Reactive phosphate ranged from 0.023 to 1.857μg at. P/L. Concentrations of some heavy metals were also studied. Copper was impalpable in November and December in stations2 and 3, but the highest (1.90 μg/L) was in August at station2. Intangible value was also recorded for Lead in November at station3 and the highest (0.1 μg/L) in July of the same station. Non - tangible value encountered for cadmium in November and December at stations 2 and 3 but the highest (12.73 μg/L) in July for station1. The study took in consideration application of the general index to the quality of water (CCME) as seasonal readings were calculated depending on river maintenance system for the year 1967 and amended in 1980. Throughout the study period values ranged between marginal (56.3) and FairB(69). Values were obtained depending on the previous studies, as were between marginal (47) and Fair( 65). Fish community structure was described. A total of 11851 specimens were collected included 28 species and 25 genera belonging to 12 families all belong to class bony fishes Osteichthyes. Cyprinidae came first concerning the number of species (13) and genera (11) and composing 37.44 %, these are Hamri (Barbus luteus), Prussian carp (Carassius auratus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), (Acanthobrama marmid), (Alburnus mossulensis), Shillug (Aspius vorax), bunni (Barbus sharpeyi), gattan (Barbus xanthopterus), Hemicultuer leucisculus), small mouth benine (Cyprinon kais), big mouth benine (Cyprinon macrostomum), (Garra rufa) the mullet family Mugilidae formed 35.50 % and consist two species , namely, Liza abu green and Liza subviridis. Tilapia Cichlid family was represented by 21.84 % and two species, namely Tilapia zilli and Oreochromis aureus. Gumbusia (Pociliidae) formed 2.70% and represented by two species , namely (Gambusia holbrooki) and Poecillia latipinna, Clupeids family accounted for 0.025% and represented by two species, namely Tenualosa ilsha) and Nematalsoa nasus. However one species of seven families included Siluridae (Silurus triostegus) 0.58%, Sparidae Acanthopagrus latus (arabicus) 0.57%, Mastacembelidae (Mastacembelus mastacembelus) 0.28% , Hemiramphidae Hyporhampus limbatus)) 0.23% and minnows Engraulidae (Thryssa whiteheadi) rate of 0.345 % and Gobiidae (Bathygobius fuscus) was collected for the first time in the study area and in station 3 at 0.050 % and Heteropneustidae (Heteropneustes foosilis) formed the lowest contribution. The study also was taken in consideration the diversity indices in the Euphrates. The lowest value (1.04) of Shannon diversity index (H) was recorded in May from station1 and the highest (2.70) in the same month from station3, and was the lowest value for the evenness index (J) (0.476) in May was recorded for the station1 and the highest (0.933) in January. The lowest value of richness index (D) (0.868) was obtained in December from station1 and the highest (3.285) in May from station3. The lowest value for Jaccared similarity index (13.25 %) was in October between stations1 and 2 and the highest (100 %) in November and January between stations 1 and 2. Multivariate analysis (CCA) was applied to clarify the relationship between abiotic environmental characteristics and fish distribution in the aquatic environment.

تاثير توزيع النباتات بالحقل في نمو وحاصل الباقلاء Vicia faba L

Author name: سارة علي طالب
Supervisor name: هيثم عبد السلام علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Field Crops
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment was conducted during the winter season 2014 - 2015 in one of the agricultural fields in Sarraji area south of Basra province, just 2 km from the center of the province (soil Texture loamy clay), to determine the best combination of distribution of plants among between Rows and hills, to get the best seed yield, Carried out the experiment design (R.C.B.D) with four replication, two factors the first factor four distances between the Rows (30, 40, 50 and 60 cm) and the second factor three spaces between the hills(10, 15 and 20 cm), the factorial experiment is used with 48 experimental units. Results show moral superiority in most of the traits excelled as distance 30 cm between the Rows at all the distances used to achieve the highest seed yield amounted to 3463.94 kg ha - 1 as this distance hasworked to increase the plant significantly increased since given rise the highest rate of highest plants 122.50 cm and also excelled in the 100 - seed weight at a rate 140.20g, while surpassed the distance of 60 cm in leaf area was at a rate of 0.29 m2 and the highest rate of number pods at plant reached 15.48 pod/ plant and the number of seeds pod - 1 average of 4.37 seeds pod - 1 and high Protein content average of 28.51%. As shown by the results moral superiority of 10 cm seed yield3817.85 kg ha - 1 in 93.73 plant height cm and outperformed the distanceof 20 cm in the number of pods plant - 1 13.43 pod plant and the number of seeds/ pod 3.80 seed pod - 1 in 0.22 m2 leaf area and in protein content in seeds 29.36%, while surpassed the distance of 15 cm in 100seed weight was 98.02g The results showed that there is an interaction between the distance of Rows and the hills are significant in most of the traits and the effect of the interaction is similar to the effect of the main factors as excelled combination 30*10 cm in the sum total of seeds yield to 4067.22 kg ha - 1 as well as excelled in plant height was 131.45 cm and also surpassed 100 seed weight with a means 156.64 g, while the combination 60*20 cm in a number pods of 18.8 pod plant - 1 and the number of seeds/ pod of 5.18 seed pod - 1 and leaf area of the plant 0.35 m2 and in Protein content average of 33.11%.

استخلاص وتوصيف صبغة Astaxanthin من مخلفات الروبيان واختبار فعاليتها المضادة للاكسدة واستعمالها في بعض الانظمة الغذائية == Extraction and Characterization of Astaxanthin Pigment from Shrimp Waste and Tested it as Antioxidant Activity and Using in Some Food System

Author name: زينة طارق نعمة الكنعان
Supervisor name: منير عبود جاسم الطائي | روضة محمود علي العلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study aimed to exploit the peels of shrimp in extracting dye, the following results were obtained : shrimp peels contained 1.29% moisture, 1.83% protein, 18.56% fat and 77.82 ash. The astaxanthin dye was extracted and its amount and activity were determined. Five solvents were used to choose the best one in extraction the dye from fresh, dried, boiled and freezed peel. Among all solvents hexane gave less content and activity. Fresh peels gave high content and activity 60.71μg/g and 45.92 % respectively. Mixtures of isopropanol : ether and hexane : acetone also gave high extraction. 90 % acetone showed high extraction of astaxanthin, 79.61μg/g and 98.26% respectively for the activity and content, while results were converged for acetone 90%. Antioxidant activity was measured after 24 hours of incubation, it was increased proportionally with dye concentration and ranged between 83.47 - 98.7% and 2 - 20 mg/ml, respectively. Astaxanthin activity was the best in comparison with standard astaxanthin, BHT, and α - tocopherol, which were 93.76%, 96.75% and 94.50%, respectively at higher concentration. Astaxanthin showed significant antioxidant activity in comparison with standard astaxanthin, BHT, and α - tocopherol, during three months of storage. During the storage period, from the first day to thirteenth antioxidant activity was fixed and ranged between 80.83 - 96.57% at 20 mg/g, while BHT and α - tocopherol activity was between 73.44% - 95.31% and 49.44% - 93.42% respectively at same conditions. Astaxanthin showed high reduction strenth 275%, which was closed to ascorbic acid 278%, while each of BHT, α - tocopherol and citric acid gave reduction force less than the extracted dye, 200 and 190 and 225%, respectively. The pigment gave good ability to chelate Fe (II) at concentration of 89% which was higher than BHT and α - tocopherol, 44.6% and 45.1% respectively, while EDTA, ascorbic acid and citric acid were excellent in chelating Fe (II), 97.7%, 96.9% and 94%, respectively. The capacity of astaxanthin to scavenge hydroxyl radicle was 84.79% which was close to the ascorbic acid and citric acid, 85.45% and 87.39%, respectively, while it was higher than that of BHT and α - tocopherol which have values of 57.45% and 58.13 respectively. The dye showed a clear ability to scavenge the hydrogen peroxide, 83.03% - 89.67%, from a concentration of 12 - 20 mg/ml, which was higher than BHT, α - tocopherol and ascorbic acid at concentration 74.05%, 86.41% and 86.92%, respectively, while it was less than the ability of citric acid to scavenge the radical of hydrogen peroxide that was 92.29%. Astaxanthin was the best in ability to scavenge the radical of the active oxygen in comparison with standard BHT, α - tocopherolSummary الخلاصة - bandascorbic acid, which recorded values of 87%, 71% and 85%, respectively, while it was slightly less than that of citric acid which was 88%. The dye was characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC), which compared with β - carotene and standard astaxanthin dye and showed three spots closed in their rate of flowing with the standard astaxanthin, and the fourth spot of β - carotene. The values of flowing were 0.35 and 0.55 and 0.73 and 0.97 respectively. The dye was characterized by the infrared spectrum (FTIR), which showed the most important peeks and bands of active functional groups for each of extracted and standard astaxanthin, and it was concluded that they were the same for two dyes. The thermal gravimetric analysis curve (TGA) showed that the extracted dye passed through two stages, the first stage began from evaporate of the water and weight loss at a temperature of 128.17Co, while at the second stage the dye disintegrated at a temperature of 399.29 Co and 85% loss in comparision with standard astaxanthin that needed one stage, 454.37Co and the loss of 84% to reach the disintegration and stabilization phase. The extracted dye was diagnosed by using UV and visible spectrum and compared with the standard astaxanthin, and both of them gave a higher absorbence at wavelength of 565 nm. The determinnation of the cellular toxicity of dye on human solution blood detected that there are no changes in the shape and appearance of blood, this confirmed safety of astaxanthin against decomposition and precipitation of blood. Astaxanthin was used to preserve crude sesame oil that put in two types of containers, dark and transparent, for three months. The peroxide value, value of alansidin, thiobarbituric acid, the value of total oxidation (Totox), conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated trines (CT), and antioxidant activity were estimated. All measures showed significant results for the oil in dark containers in comparesion with oil in transparent. Beef burger was prepared and submitted to sensory evaluation after adding antioxidant to it, stored for 15 days at 4 - 8°C, during this period, peroxide value and TBA value were measured. Cake was prepared and the sensory evaluation was done, then stored for 35 days, also, peroxide value, TBA and acid value were estimated. The concentration of 300 ppm recorded significant results for all treatments and samples that treated with BHT and the blank. So, it was concluded that astaxanthin dye could be used as a natural antioxidants in food preservation to avoid lipid oxidation, and to improve the quality and safety as food supplement with a healthy and beneficial effects.

تاثير فترة الخزن بالتجميد في بعض الصفات النوعية لقطعتي الصدر والفخذ لطائر السمان الياباني == Impact of Freezing Storage Period on some Characteristics Quality of Breact and Thigh Meat of Japanese Quail

Author name: زينب علي كاظم شاهر السعيدي
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى | ماجد حسن عبد الرضا
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted at the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture / University of Basrah. The aim was to determine the effect of freezing storage period at ( - 18)ºc for the periods of (0,30,60,90) days on physical , chemical and sensory changes of breact and thigh meat of Japanese quails of both sexes at the age of (42) days . Chemical tests ware moisture % , protein % and ash % as well as the concentrations of free fatty acid and cholesterol concentration . Physical tests included pH, total dissolved nitrogen % , protein and non - protein tryptophan , thyrosin / tryptophan coefficient and loss percent at cooking . Sensory tests were color , flaver , tenderness , juiciness and total acceptance . The results can be summarized as follow : 1 - A significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in moisture % and protein %, and increase (p≤ 0.05) in fat % and ash % of breact and thigh of both sexes as storage period advanced .2 - There was a higher loss in moisture % of breact cut of male carcasses as storage period advanced in comparison with breact cut of female carcass . However percentage of losing in female thigh was higher than that of male thigh .3 - Decreasing percent of protein in preceding storage period of breact and thigh cuts of male carcasses were higher than that of female abreact and thigh cuts .4 - An increase in fat % of female breact with preceding storage period was higher than that of males in contrast with thigh of male and female .5 - Breact and thigh cut of male carcasses recorded higher ash% in storage advances .6 - The was a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in essential and non - essential amino acids concentration of breact and thigh as in flounced by storage period in comparison with fresh carcasses .7 - There was a significant (p≤ 0.05) increase in percentage of saturated fatty acid ( palmatic and stearic ) and a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in non - saturated fatty acid ( palmatic , oleic and lionelic ) of breact and thigh cuts of males and females in proceeding of storage period .8 - Essential amino acids ( methonin , isolucein , phynel alinane and valin ) and non - essential ( alnine , argnin , ceren , prolin , thyrosin and glysin ) losing rate of breact and thigh cuts of male carcasses were higher in storage advance in comparison with those of females.9 - Peroxide and free fatty acid and cholesterol concentration of abreact and thigh cuts of both sexes showed significant (p≤ 0.05) increase with preceding period of storage .10 - There were significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in pH and increase in total dissolved nitrogen , protein and non - protein tryptophan ,tyrosine / tryptophan coefficient and loss% during cooking of abreact and thigh cuts of carcasses of both sexes in advanced storage period .11 - There was a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in sensory characteristics ( color , flavor , juice mess , tenderness and total acceptance of abreact and thigh cuts of both sexes in advance storage period .

تقييم كفاءة مستحضر احيائي للفطر Trichoderma viride والاسمدة العضوية في مكافحة مرضي الذبول الفيوزارمي وتبقع الاوراق في الطماطا

Author name: زهراء عبد اللطيف جاسم العقبي
Supervisor name: ضياء سالم علي الوائلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة في قسم وقاية النبات - كلية الزراعة - جامعة البصرة وقد هدفت الدراسة الى تقييم كفاءة المستحضر الاحيائي للفطر Trichoderma viride والاسمدة العضوية في مكافحة مرض الذبول الفيوزارمي المتسبب عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici ومرض تبقع الاوراق المتسبب عن الفطر Alternaria alternata اللذين يصيبان نبات الطماطا ، والكشف عن بعض المركبات الفعالة التي ينتجها المعاملات المختلفة باستخدام جهاز GC - mass . اوضحت نتائج اختبار كفاءة المستحضر الاحيائي للفطر T.viride ضد الفطرين الممرضين F.o.f.sp. lycopersici وA.alternata في المختبر ان نسبة التثبيط 53.01 قد بلغت 62.65 و65.47 % على التوالي . بينت نتائج تطبيق المستحضر الاحيائيT.viride والاسمدة العضوية في مكافحة الفطر F.o. f.sp. lycopersici في الاصص ان اقل شدة اصابة كانت في المعاملة المستحضر الاحيائي وسماد الابقار المخمر M1Tv اذ بلغت 0% مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 80.33 % , وكان اعلى ارتفاع للنباتات في المعاملة M1Tv اذ بلغ 77 سم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 47.33 سم وكذلك سجلت المعاملة ذاتها اعلى وزن طري للمجموع الخضري اذ بلغت 67 غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 28.50غم ، وسجلت اعلى انتاجية للنبات اذ بلغ معدل الانتاج فيها 160.25غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 34.14غم . اظهرت نتائج التجربة الحقلية ان اقل شدة اصابة بالفطرين F.o.fsp lycopersici وA.alternata كانت في المعاملة M1Tv اذ بلغت 6.25 و9.33 % مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 85.71 و51.67 % على التوالي . وكان اعلى ارتفاع للنبات في المعاملة M1Tv واذ بلغ 89.84 سم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 58.67 سم . سجلت المعاملة M1Tv اعلى وزن طري للمجموع الخضري 212.17 غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة 53.67 غم وكذلك سجلت اعلى معدل انتاجية اذ بلغ 592.63 غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة 211.37 غم . تم استخدام تقنية GC - mass للكشف عن المركبات في المعاملات المستخدمة في التجربة وقد وجد ان المعاملة M1Tv انفردت باحتواءها على المادة 4 - Cloro - 3 - hexyltrahydro - 2H - pyran في حين وجدت المادتين 1,5,9 - Cyclododecanetriol وpropanol 1 2 - Cyclohexyl - في كل من المعاملة M1Tv ومعاملة المستحضر الاحيائي فقط Tv . ويعتقد ان لهذه المواد دور فعال في تقليل نسبة الاصابة وتحسين مؤشرات النمو والانتاجية لنبات الطماطا

استخدام جين الميتوكوندريا COI في تمييز انواع لحوم مختلفة من الحيوانات اعتمادا على تقانة PCR - RFLP == The use of mitochondrial gene COI in Identifying different animal types of meat based on PCR - RFLP technique

Author name: زهراء رياض محمود الموسوي
Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Animal Production
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في مختبر د. طالب احمد جايد للوراثة الجزيئية في قسم الانتاج الحيواني التابع لكلية الزراعة في جامعة البصرة. اذ جمعت عينات اللحوم الطازجة والمعلبة من الابقار والجاموس والاغنام والماعز والدجاج والديك الرومي، بشكل عشوائي، من مناطق مختلفة في محافظة البصرة بالاضافة الى عينات من دم الجمال. واجريت هذه الدارسة للتعرف على لحوم الانواع الحيوانية المختلفة (عدا الجمال) ومن هنا تاتي اهمية الاعتماد على كشف الانواع من خلال استهداف الحامض النووي الرايبوزي منقوص الاوكسجين DNA عبر تطبيق تقانة PCR - RFLP. تم استخلاص الحامض النووي منقوص الاوكسجين DNA من نسيج اللحوم 0.2) غم) والدم باستعمال عدة استخلاص الدنا (Invitrogen). اما فيما يتعلق بنقاوة عينات DNA المستعملة في الدراسة فقد قيست اعتمادا على الطول الموجي 260 - 280، حيث تركيز DNA 1.8 - 2.0 نانوغرام.استخدم تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي PCRلتضخيم جزء من المورثة الميتوكونديرية mt COI DNA باستعمال بادئ عام، ولتحديد هوية الانواع استخدمت تقانة التمييز على اساس تعدد طرز اطوال قطع التقييد PCR - RFLP من خلال استخدام اربعة انزيمات قطع محددة( Hpa II وAva II وRsa Iو Taq I ) والتي تقطع وفقا لتتالي تسلسل DNA الخاص بكل نوع.  ويمكن تلخيص نتائج هذه الدراسة بما ياتي : 1 - اعطى منتج التضخيم لجين COI الحزمة 710 زوجا قاعديا ولجميع الانواع كونه بادئ عام.2 - ميز انزيم TaqIالماعز حيث انتج الحزمة 650زوجا قاعديا كذلك الجمال اذ انتج حزمتين بحجم 303و 403ازواج قاعدي بينما لم يميز بين لحوم الجاموس والابقار والدجاج والديك الرومي بسبب حصولهما على الحزمة 637 زوجا قاعديا عند الهضم في حين لم يتم الحصول على حزم من لحوم الاغنام. 3 - تمكن انزيم HpaII من توليد ملف تعريفي خاص لتمييز انواع اللحوم جميعا على حدة اذ انتج الحزمة 480في الابقار و520 في الجاموس و372 - 336في الاغنام و300 - 410 في الماعز و333 - 234 في الدجاج و533 - 177 في الديك الرومي و130 246 - 213 - زوجا قاعديا في الجمال.4 - انتج انزيم Rsa I انماطا مميزة لجميع الانواع عدا الماعز والدجاج، اذ انتج منتج هضم كل من الاغنام 300 - 350والجمال130 - 580والابقار153 - 193 - 337 والجاموس600 والديك الرومي 214 - 481زوجا قاعديا.5 - انتج انزيم Ava II حزمتين للجمال 224 - 485وحزمة واحدة للاغنام بحجم650 وحزمة بحجم 600 زوجا قاعديا للجاموس. | This study was conducted in the Laboratory of Dr.Talib Ahmed Jaayid Molecular Genetics, Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Basra. Cow, buffalo, sheep, goat ,chicken, turkey meat (fresh or canned) & camels blood samples are randomly collected from different areas of Basra province. The aim of this study is to identify the animal species from their meat except camels by targeting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) through PCR - RFLP technique. DNA is extracted from the tissue of meat (0.2)g and blood using kit (invitrogen). With regard to the purity of DNA sample used in this study it has been measured depending on wave length of 260 - 280 and 1.8 - 2.0 ng DNA concentration.Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the part of the mitochondrial gene (mt COI DNA) by universal primers and to identify the species origin PCR - RFLP technique applied through the use of four restriction enzymes (Ava II, Rsa I, Taq I, Hpa II) that cut according to the following bases of each type of DNA. The results of the current study can be summarize as follows : 1 - PCR product gives the fragment 710 bp in all species for being a universal primers.2 - TaqI enzyme distinguish goats with a fragment of (650) bp, (303 - 403) bp in camels. While it doesn’t distinguish between buffaloes , cow, chicken , turkey meat. As they obtain the same fragment (637) bp when digestion. Whereas, no fragments are obtained from Sheep meat.3 - The enzyme HpaII enables to generate a special file definitions to distinguish all types of meat separately if they yield the fragment of (480) bp in cow, (520) bp in buffaloes, (300 - 410) bp in sheep, (336 - 372) bp in goats, (234 - 333)bp in chicken, (533 - 177) bp in Turkey and (130 - 213 - 246) bp in camels. 4 - Rsa I enzyme generates patterns characteristic for all species except goats and chickens. Whereas, fragments are obtained in sheep (300 - 350) bp, cow (135 - 193 - 337) bp, buffaloes (600) bp, turkey (214 - 481) bp & (130 - 580) bp in camels.5 - AvaII enzyme generates two fragments in buffaloes (600) bp, (224 - 485) bp in camels and (650) bp in Sheep meat

تاثير الرش بالحديد والتسميد الارضي بالبوتاسيوم في نمو وحاصل حنطة الخبز Triticum aestivum L == Effect of Iron foliar applications and Potassium ground Fertilizer on Growth and Yields of bread Wheat Triticum aestivum L.)

Author name: رونق منصور جازع العلوي
Supervisor name: كريم حنون محسن | بهاء الدين محمد محسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during The winter season of 2015 at farmer in Al - Dear district, Alshenana (65 km north of Basra) in a loamy clay soil in order to study the effect of foliar nutrition by iron and potassium fertilization on growth and yield quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) The treatment were the spray of iron in three concentrations (0,40,80 mg Fe L - 1) which were (Fe0, Fe1, Fe2) and four levels of potassium fertilizer (0, 20, 40,60 kg K ha - 1) which were (K0, K1, K2, K3). The statistical system was split plot design in randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) in three replications the main plot was Fe and the sub plot was potassium. The cultivar that was used Bohooth 22 and the total experimental units were 36.The result showed the Increase Fe concentrations caused increased period from culture to 75% flowering, plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area and length of spike. Also, crop content increased and the increase of bio yield and biological yield where the high concentration of Fe produced grain yield 5.86 tons/ha.Potassium fertilizer increased plant height, number of the tillers, flag leaf area and spike length. The high levels of potassium increased yield content which intern increased bio and biological yield. The high level of potassium increased grain yields to 7.01 tons /ha. The interaction between the high Fe and potassium level gave significant effect on most characteristic, the (Fe2k3) caused high grain yield, biological yield content which were 7.17 tons /ha, 13.70 tons /ha.

تقييم المضافات الغذائية في بعض المنتجات الغذائية المحلية ودراسة تاثيراتها الكيميائية والفسلجية والنسيجية في الفئران المختبرية == Evaluation of food additives in some local food products and study their chemical, physiological and histological effects in laboratory mice

Author name: رنا داود سلمان الكامل
Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي | قاسم فوزي عبد الكريم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Due to the progressive expansion in the use of chemical additives in food processing associated with absence of quality control and loss of proper application of the international standards of food additives, making human beings exposed to high risks from ingestion of these foods which might be so mild in cases like simple poisoning and more complex like cancers, the present study was performed, which includes four axes : The First Axis : 1 - A questionnaire study of food additives : the results of which indicated that 55.42% of consumers eat packed food continuously, and most of them(61.44%) have no interest in reading the labels on the outside cover of the packaging , despite the fact that 49.39% of them consume it daily.Whereas 51.80% of consumers had no specific knowledge or familiarity about food additives, 54.14% of them do not possess any knowledge about their side effects and 77.10% of them did not know the symbols listed out.2 - A survey of some food products that used sodium benzoate as a preservative in their manufacture. The results indicated that 163 types of food samples contain sodium benzoate, including different products such as soft drinks, canned juices, sherbet, jams, tomato sauce, pickles, ketchup and ambah.3 - A survey of some food products in which sugar enters in their composition, These include 231 products which mentioned the word sugar or artificial sugar within labels on the outside without mentioning its kind .These products include : imported ice cream, jams, candies, soft drinks and diet drinks, cake, sherbet , fruit preserved in sugar solution and biscuits. 4 - A questionnaire study of the market sales of locally made pickles. The results indicated that : 71.79% of consumers frequently ate pickles in large quantities despite the fact that 48.71% of them does not have any information about sodium benzoate preservatives added to some of its , whereas 64.10% of them have no information about its side effects that result from the ingestion of these products beyond the allowable limits. 5 - A questionnaire study for the market sales of locally made ice cream.The results showed that : 77.77% of consumers ingested ice cream in large quantities despite the fact that 63.88% of them did not have any information on the sweetener saccharin added to some of its. While 62.50% of consumers possess no information about the side effects resulting from consumption of products that contain artificial sweeteners used in food processing especially when there is more than the allowablelimit.

تاثير اضافة الموننسين في معامل الهضم ومعايير الكرش والصفات الانتاجية للحملان العرابية == Effect of Adding Monensin on Digestion coefficient , Rumen Parameters and Productive Traits and of Arabi Lambs

Author name: رشيد حميد عبد الله العايدي
Supervisor name: عماد فلاح حسن الجاسم | هناء علي جبار الغالبي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was undertaken in the Field of Animal of the Faculty of Agriculture in Basra University for the period from 1/11/2015 to 10/2/2016. The study included the growth and digestion experiments. The digestion trail included 12 Arabi lambs ranging in age between 5 - 6 months with a mean weight 21 kg were randomly divided into three groups of four animals for each treatment. Ration submitted on the basis of the 3% of body weight, their quantities to be modified on the basis of the new weight of each group every two weeks. .Ration was provided twice daily, in the morning at 8 a.m. and in the evening at 4 pm. Amount of feed and the remaining was calculated daily for the purpose of calculating the amount of feed consumption. At the beginning of the experiment lambs were introduced for adaptation period of 10 days and then weighed, the registration of primary weight as initial weight. The first studied ration was considered as control (without any addition). The second ration was control added to monensin by 100 mg/kg. The third ration was control added to monensin by 200 mg/kg. The results obtained can be summarized as follows : 1 - Final weight was significantly affected by adding monensin with the superiority of the second treatment when adding monensin at a level of 100 mg/kg dry material which were recorded a 33.36 kg, while those of the first and the third groups, which registered 28.61 and 29.20 kg respectively. As for the overall growth rate second treatment exceeded (11.33 kg) significantly (P<0.05) first and third groups (4.75 and 6.01 Kg respectively).2 - The largest amount of feed consumption on the basis of dry matter was shown by second group (65.24 kg), followed by the control,Bwhich reached 60.37 kg. Feed consumption declined (P<0.05) with anincrease in the proportion of monensin until it reached a value of 56.25 kg showed by third treatment, which differed significantly (P<0.05) from the first treatment (control) and second treatment.3 - The best feed conversion efficiency of the diet recorded by the lambs of second treatment (6.97 kg dry matter consumed/ kg weight gain) which was mathematically less than that of control group (12.71 kg dry matter consumed/ kg weight gain), while it differed significantly from that of the third treatment (9.36 kg dry matter consumed/ kg weight gain).4 - The superiority (P<0.05) of the digestion rate of dry matter of the third treatment lambs (66.25 %) in comparison with those of second and first groups (58.52 and 57.02% respectively). While there was a significant fall (P<0.05) in protein digestibility (32.59%) of the third treatment in comparison with 51.27 and 56.15% of the first and second group respectively. There were no significant differences in the average digestibility of fat fibers of the three treatments.5 - A significant fall (P<0.05) in the value of the pH of rumen fluid of lambs received 200 mg monensin/kg dry matter which stood at 6.15 compared with the control group and the second group which reached 6.46 and 6.50 respectively.6 - The lack of significant differences in the number of total bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria of lambs in all treatments regardless of the level of the monensin.7 - Significant decrease in methane and ammonia concentrations in rumen fluid due to adding 100 and 200 mg of monensin (15.19, 14.86 and 12.19 l methane/day and 103.30, 92.75 and 89.45 mg ammonia/l for control, 100 and 200 mg monensin respectively).8 - The lack of significant differences in the mean value of blood glucose, total protein, cholesterol and triglycerides of different treatments.9 - The existence of significant differences (P<0.05) between the second treatment and the others in the average hot carcass weight (17.26 kg) in comparison with 13.12 and 15.29 kg of the first and third treatment respectively.10 - The superiority of thigh and loin cuts weight (P<0.05) of the 2nd treatment (5800, 2136.6 gm) over the mean of control and 3rd treatment (4550.0 and 4630 gm of thigh and 1476.6 and 1735.0 gm of loin respectively).11 - There were no significant differences in the mean of internal organs weight and heart, kidney, pelvic and abdominal fat weights among all treatments, 12 - Significant differences were exist in the mean of carcass length and chest depth of lambs of 3rd treatment (73.0 cm and 26.33 cm) in comparison with those of second and control group (66.33, 61.33 cm carcass length and 25.75, 21.00 cm chest depth).

اثر اضافة الكبريت الزراعي واليوريا والسوبر فوسفات في نشاط انزيمي اليوريز والفوسفاتيز وحاصل الذرة البيضاء Sorghum bicolor L. == Effect of Agricultural Sulfur , Urea and TSP application on the activity Of Urease phosphatase and yield of (Sorghum bicolor L. )

Author name: رشاد عادل عمران الزبيدي
Supervisor name: هيفاء جاسم حسين التميمي | عبد الزهرة طه ظاهر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water - Fertility
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تقييم مستوى التلوث العضوي وتاثيره في تنوع الطحالب الخيطية القاعية واصابة الاسماك بمجذافية الاقدام في ثلاث محطات في محافظة البصرة، العراق == Evaluation of organic pollution level and its effect on diversity of the filamentous benthic algae and fishes infected with copepods from three stations in Basrah province, Iraq

Author name: رشاد عبد الزهرة احمد
Supervisor name: ازهار علي عبد الله الصابونجي | خالدة سالم النعيم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Three Stations were selected based on its pollution level, first station was (Ashar chanel N : 30 º 31 13.31, E : 47º 50 13.63) the second station was (Shatt Al Arab N : 30 º 30 0. 29, E : 47º 51 36.31) and the third station was (Qurna N : 31 º 0 12. 79, E : 47º 26 37.11). Samples of waters, fish and sediments were collected monthly, collection of these samples started from Nov. 2013 till Oct. 2014 during the ebb time, group of physical and chemical variables had been measured like air and water, temperature, salinity, electrical conductivity, light penetration, pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, Total alkalinity (TA), Total hardness (TH), reactive nitrite, nitrate and phosphate, chlorophyll a in water, total organic carbon (TOC) in sediments, Soil texture was identified for each station through knowing the ratios of its components. Also, through the current study banthic algae were identified in areas of intertidal area, the parasitic copepod on fish also identified as biological indicator for the pollution at the selected stations.The study revealed that the air temperature varied between (17.5 - 43.2)Co while water temperature varied between (12 - 31) Co, the salinity varied between (0.57 - 4.16) ‰, while the electrical conductivity ranged between (0.9 - 6.5) mellisemince/ cm, while light penetration values were varied between (17 - 90) cm, pH values varied between (7.2 - 8.5), dissolved oxygen values were ranged between (3.5 - 11.2) mg/ l, while the biological oxygen demand varied between (1.2 - 9) mg/ l, value of TA and TH were varied between (81 - 190) mg/ l and (822 - 2123) mg/ l, respectively. The current study also recorded the concentrations of nutrients, that the values of nitrates and reactive nitrites ranged between (0.1 - 2.71) μg N - NO2/ l, (12.11 - 42.1) μg N - NO3/ l, respectively, while the reactive phosphate valuesbwere ranged between (1.31 - 9.98) μg P - PO4/ l, on the other hand the value of chlorophyll a were from (8.12 - 20.13) mg/ l.It was recorded in the current study a recognizable raise in values of total organic carbon (TOC) in the first station due to its highly exposed to the organic pollutants in comparison with the second and the third station, the values of (TOC) varied between (15.33 - 45.63)%, (4.4 - 22)%, (9.02 - 44.6)% for the three stations respectively.The current study demonstrated that the prevalence of green algae, all over study time in the second and the third station like (Cladophora fract, C. glomerata, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Schizomeris liblenii) also it was nocied that the Rhizoclonium crassipellitum was available more in the second station than the first and the third station, due to that the second station was featured with less contamination with organic materials. Some of the blue - green algae like (Lyngbya Birgei, L. major, Oscillatoria, amoena O. tenuis) showed prevealance in the first station because of the abundance of the organic pollutants, the red algae Compsopogon coeruleus, was recorded at three stations, the highest percentage was in the third station, the lowest percentage was recorded in the first station. It was also found in current study based on using algae as biological indicator for pollution, which prepared by Palmer. The first station was highly polluted with organic matter in comparison with other two stations, due to abundant of species which used as organic indicator of pollution. Results reavaled monthly variations in total number of benthic filamentous algea, which increased during two periods (Bimodel). Values of diversity ranged from 0.626 in station two to 2.15 in station two.The monthly variations in Organic Pollution Index (OPI) were different between three stations and ranged (25.54 - 48.72), (4.52 - 38.9), (15.14 - c28.69), in three stations respectively. The highest value 48.72 (Poor) was recorded in Ashar chanal at August and the lowest value 4.52 (Good) in Shatt Al - Arab river at December.Aquatic systems are affected by a variety of anthropogenic activities that decrease water quality through the introduction of organic pollutants. To investigate the relationship between fish parasite communities and water quality, copepods parasites were examined in 856 specimens of the fishes (Acanthobrama marmid, Acanthopagrus arabicus, Alburnus mossulensis, Carasobarbus luteus, Carassius auratus, Chelon subviridis, Coptodon zillii, Cyprinus carpio, Garra variabilis, Gambusia halbrooki, Leuciscus vorax, Liza abu, Luciobarbus subquincunciatus, Luciobarbus xanthopteru, Nematalosa nasus, Oreochromis aureus, Poecilia latipinna, Silurus triostegus, Tenualosa ilisha), sampled in three sites in the Basrah Province, Quran site (unpolluted), the Shatt Al - Arab (moderately polluted) and Al - Asher canal site (polluted). Six species of copepods, Ergasilus rostralis, E. mosulensis, E. ogawai, Ergasilus sp, Lernaea cyprinacea and Mugilicola kabatai were found in unpolluted site, and four species of copepods, E. rostralis, E. mosulensis and Lernaea cyprinacea were found in moderately polluted site, but the distribution of copepods was limited to the polluted site (Ergasilus rostralis, E. mosulensis and Lernaea cyprinacea). The variability of the calculated infection indices (prevalence and mean intensity) are affected by the pollution levels of the water. The unpolluted site had the highest species and the highest overall parasite abundance values.

دراسة استعمال الكايتوسان المستخلص من قشور الروبيان كمادة لازالة بعض الملوثات من محلولها المائي == Studying using extracted chitosan from shrimp shell is excellent as for removing the pollutants from the water their solutions

Author name: رسول عقيل عبد العظيم الخاقاني
Supervisor name: منير عبود جاسم الطائي | علي حسين عبد الكريم العامري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study aimed to find simple, cheap and successful methods to remove copper (II), lead (II) iron (II) and zinc (II) from their solutions by using chitosan prepared from shrimp shell (Penaeus semisulcatus) via deacetylation of chitin during four hours with sodium hydroxide solution. The yield of chitosan was about 16.4%. Chitosan contained 6.7% moisture, 0.75 ash and 2.84 protein. Deacetylation degree for chitosan recorded (74,88%)Values of viscosity, density, molecular weight, refractive index and wave length of chitosan where(86.22 centipoise, 0.98 g/cm3, 852 k Da, 1.332 and 320 nm), respectively. Functional properties, fat binding and water holding, for the mentioned compound were estimated by using ten categories of commercial oils (sun flower, thyme, olive, almond, fenugreek, pumpkin, flax, parsley, saffron and sesame). High binding was recorded with pumpkin oil, 618% and low binding was with sesame oil 437.84%Capacity of chitosan to absorbe water was 628.96% After measuring the deflection of X - rays, three peaks were recorded, angles of incidence for two of them were at (2ɵ=10)°,(2ɵ=23)° and Sharp peak at (2ɵ=20 Diagram of thermogravimetric analysis of chitosan showed presence of three phases of pyrolysis, first at 300°C, second stage starts directly at 360°C. Optimum conditions of chitosan for adsorption and its ability for adsorption to remove Pb (II), Fe (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions from water solutions were studied. Good results recorded at pH=7, while Fe (II) was adsorbed at pH=4, ability of adsorption increased with weight of adsorbent, also temperature influenced the adsorption process, good results recorded at 50°C. while zinc was at 40°C. Also found that time required to reach equilibrium was 30 min, except iron was 40 min agitation speed was 200 rpm /min, best concentration for adsorb studied metals was 1000 ppm. Destaning of methylene blue from its water solution was studied, and it was found thatIIadsorption influenced by several conditions. Results showed that best contact time, pH, concentration, temperature, and agitation speed was 30 min, 8, 100 ppm, 50°C, and 200 rpm/min, respectively. It was noticed that adsorption capacity increased with increasing the adsorbent material, so, the adsorption capacity and its percentage were 4.772 ppm and 95.458%, respectively. In addition, an experiment was carried out to treat tap water with chitosan, about 0.4 g, to remove heavy metals. Results showed that lead represented the highest efficient adsorption, 81.176%, while less adsorption was found for iron,16.326%. In the other side, when 0.6 g of chitosan was used, lead represented the highest adsorption percentage, 90.588% and the lowest percentage of adsorption found in iron 20.408% at pH=7.62. Also chitosan was added with amount 0.6 g at pH=6, as a result the percentage of the adsorption was (95.94, 91.30, 75.82 and 25.51) %, respectively for lead, copper, zinc and iron, respectively, and this indicates the possibility of using chitosan to removecontaminant metals.

تقييم الاداء الانتاجي والفسلجي لطيور السمان الياباني المغذاة على مستويات مختلفة من زيت وبذور وثمار الحنظل المحلي == Evaluation of Productive ,Performance Physiological of Japanese Quail Fed Different Levels of Oil, Seeds and Fruits of Local Bitter Melon ( Citrullus Colocynthis

Author name: رسول عبد علي عباس الصبيحاوي
Supervisor name: ربيعة جدوع عباس
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Tow experiment were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with different levels of seed, fruits meal, oil and their combination of bitter melon(Citrullus Colocynthis) on productive, physiological and immunological peformance of Japanese quail. The first experiment was carried out at the Quail farm, College of Agriculture, University of Basra from 1/11/2015 to 26/12/2015. A total of 288 unsexed one day old quail chicks were used in this study from private hatchery which located on the Omara City Road . The rate of weight was 8g / chick.At14 days were randomly distributed on 24 cages (12 chick/cage) ,with three replicate for each treatment in a Complete Randomized Design(CRD) and the treatments were as follows : T1 Basal diet without any addition(Control). T2, T3 : Basal diet supplemented with%1.5,%3 bitter melon seed powder. T4, T5 : Basal diet supplemented with %1.5,%3 bitter melon seed oil. T6, T7 : Basal diet supplemented with %1.5,%3 bitter melon fruit powder. T8 : Basal diet supplemented a mixture of seeds, fruit and oil at level of %1 each.The results showed : 1. The chemical analysis of bitter melon composition reveled that fruit containing the highest percentage of protein (%29.87) ,fat (%6.33),ash (%12.08)and crude fiber (%16.06) as compared to seeds which higher inavailable carbohydrate (%62.35) and metabolisable energy value(3243.58Kcal/Kg).2. Significant differences (P≤0.05) between the experimental treatments in average final body weight (8wks) and weight gains at 5 - 6 and 2 - 8weeks of Japanese quail.3. No significant differences were revealed in the amount of feed consumption at 5 - 6 weeks of age, whereas there were significant differences(P≤0.05) at the other remaining experimental periods.4. No significant differences were observed in feed conversion ratio during the period 4 - 5 weeks of age, whereas there were significant differences(p≤0.05) at 3 - 2,3 - 4,5 - 6,6 - 7,7 - 8 and 2 - 8 weeks of age .5. There was significant increase (p≤0.05) in carcass weight, dressing percentage, relative Wight of thigh in T4 and T5 which recorded theSummary الخلاصةhighest percent as compared to control. There was no significant differences observed in relative weight of gizzard and heart, while there was significant decrease in relative weight of liver in T4,T5,T6,T7 and T8 and in amount of abominate fat in all supplemented diet as compared to control.6. No significant differences on relative weight and length of ileum relative weight of duodenum and jejunum, while there was significant differences(p≤0.05) on relative weight and length of duodenum, jejunum and in the gastrointitian at tract.7. There was no any case of mortality recorded between the experimental treatment at all time of study.8. There was significant increase (p≤0.05) in proactive, economic index and in protein efficiency ratio in all supplemented treatment as compared with control.9. No significant effects in bursa of fabricius gland index while there was significant differences in the relative weight of spleen.10. There was significant decrease (p≤0.05) in total bacteria and E.coli bacteria count, while there was significant improvement (p≤0.05) in the number of lactic acid bacteria in the treatment T5,T4,T3 and T8 as compared to control.11. There was significant increase (P ≤0.05) in the number of RBC and WBC cells in T5,while there was significant differences in RBC number in treatment T2,T3,T6,T7 and T8 also in WBC number in T6,T7 and T8 and in PCV in T2,T3,T6,T7 and whereas T6,T7 andT8 recorded the lowest Hb concentration as compared to decrease in H/L ratio as compared to control.12. Significant improvement (P≤0.05) concerning in the serum biochemical parameter , which included glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride, while there was significant decreased in total protein concentration as compared to control.Summary الخلاصةThe second experiment was carried out at the Quail Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Basra from 2/1/2016 to 30/1/2016 . A total of 168 laying quail, average weight185.33 (g), were randomly distributed on 24 cages(7 hens/cage)with three replicates for each treatment in a Complete Random Design ( CRD) .Hens in each treatments received the same experimental diets as described in first experiment .The results showed the following : 1. There was no significant differences in the amount of feed consumption in treatment T2and T3 ,where as ,there was significant decrees (P ≤0.05) in feed intake in all the period in comparison with control.2. There was significant improvement (P ≤0.05) in the feed conversion ratio in treatment which contain seed, fruit, oil and their combnation as compared to control.3. significant differences(P ≤0.05)were revealed in egg production %, egg mass at 0 - 1,1 - 2 and 1 - 4 weeks, as well as in the relative weight of egg shell, yolk, albumen and yolk to albumen ratio and in shell thickness4. There was significant improvement in egg weight at 0 - 4 weeks in supplemented treatment as compared to control.5. No significant differences were observed among treatment in egg width ,yolk index and egg shape index ,while there was significant differences(P≤0.05)in egg length, yolk diameter and height, and in albumen diameter and height .

تاثير التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية لطائر السمان الياباني (Coturnix japonica) == The effect of early quantitative feed restiction on Some Productive and Physiological Traits of Japanese Quail(Coturnix japonica)

Author name: رسول حسن خلاطي السراي
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Management
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة في حقل السمان/كلية الزراعة/جامعة البصرة للمدة من 1/11/2015 لغاية 12/1/2016 وذلك لمعرفة تاثير التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر(28 - 7) يوما في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية لطائر السمان وخلال مدتين، المدة الاولى الممتدة من عمر (7 - 42) يوما استخدم فيها (300) فرخ بعمر يوم واحد وزعت عشوائيا على خمسة معاملات وبواقع ثلاث مكررات(20) فرخا لكل مكرر . اما المدة الثانية (المدة الانتاجية) استمرت (30) يوما بعد عمر البلوغ الجنسي ، استخدم فيها(180) طائر لكل معاملة (36) طائر وبواقع (8 اناث + 4 ذكور) لكل مكرر ، وعلى النحو التالي : .1المعاملة الاولى : السيطرة (تغذيه حره) .2. المعاملة الثانية : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 10% من التغذية الحرة ..3 المعاملة الثالثة : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 20% من التغذية الحرة . .4المعاملة الرابعة : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 30% من التغذية الحرة ..5 المعاملة الخامسة : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 40% من التغذية الحرة .اشارت نتائج الدراسة الى ما يلي : .1وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤ 0.05) للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في بعض الصفات الانتاجية حيث تفوقت معاملة التغذية الحرة في معدلات وزن الجسم لغاية عمر (5)اسابيع والزيادة الوزنية لغاية الفترة (4 - 3)اسبوع وفي كمية العلف المستهلكة لغاية عمر (6)اسابيع وكمية العلف المستهلكة التراكمية. .2وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤ 0.05) للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في معامل التحويل الغذائي للطيور حيث ظهر تحسن معنوي في هذه الصفة في المعاملة التي قدم لها العلف المقنن بنسبة (40)%من التغذية الحرة مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى لغاية الاسبوع الرابع ، بينما سجلت معاملة التقنين الغذائي (20)% من التغذية الحرة افضل كفاءة تحويل للاسبوع ( 5،6 ) وفي كفاءة التحويل التراكمية وفي مقياس دليل الاداء . .3وجود تاثير معنوي للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في ذبائح الطيور فقد سجلت معاملة التغذية الحرة وفي كلا الجنسين اعلى فرق معنوي في نسبة التصافي والاوزان النسبية لقطعية الصدر والكبد ، بينما لم يكن هناك فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في الاوزان النسبية للفخذ , القلب , القانصة وفي كلا الجنسين ونسبة الهلاكات الكلية . .4وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤ 0.05) لنظام التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر على صفات الدم الخلوية للطيور عند عمر (42) يوما حيث سجل اعلى معدل لخلايا الدم الحمر, تركيز الهيموغلوبين وحجم خلايا الدم المرصوصة في دم الطيور المرباة تحت تاثير نظام التغذية الحرة مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى ولكلا الجنسين ، بينما لم يتاثر عدد كريات الدم البيض ونسبة الخلايا المتغايرة الى اللمفية بتاثير نظام التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر وفي كلا الجنسين . .5 سجلت معاملة التغذية الحرة اعلى فرق معنوي في تركيز البروتين الكلي والالبومين والكلوبيولين في مصل دم ذكور واناث السمان مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى ، بينما لم يتاثر تركيز الكلوكوز والكولستيرول وحامض اليوريك في مصل دم الطيور باستخدام التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ولكلا الجنسين وعند عمر (42)يوما . .6عدم وجود فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في تركيز البروتينات الدهنية العالية الكثافة , البروتينات الدهنية واطئة الكثافة , الكلسيريدات الثلاثية في مصل دم الطيور ولكلا الجنسين وعند عمر (42)يوما. .7وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤0.05) للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر على العمر والوزن عند البلوغ الجنسي للذكور ، حيث سجلت معاملة التغذية الحرة بلوغ جنسي مبكر ، اما معاملة الطيور المقنن غذائها بنسبة (40)% من التغذية الحرة قد سجلت اقل معدل وزن الجسم عند البلوغ الجنسي في الذكور ، بينما لم يكن هناك فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في العمر والوزن عند البلوغ الجنسي للاناث . .8عدم وجود فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في كمية العلف المستهلكة التراكمي ومعدل وزن البيض التراكمي ومعدل وزن اول بيضة خلال الفترة الانتاجية(30)يوما. .9وجود تحسن معنوي (p≤ 0.05) في كفاءة التحويل الغذائي لمعاملة الطيور المقنن غذائها بنسبة (20)% من التغذية الحرة مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى ..10 سجلت معاملة الطيور المقنن غذائها بنسبة (20)%من التغذية الحرة تفوقا معنويا (p≤ 0.05) في عدد البيض التراكمي ونسبة انتاج البيض التراكمي وكتلة البيض التراكمي خلال الفترة الانتاجية(30)يوما مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى . | This study was conducted at quail Farm / Agriculture Collage/ University of Basra from 1/11/2015 to 12/1/2016. The aim of study was to investigated the effect of early quantitative feed restriction (7 - 28)days at the some production and physiological traits of quail during two periods the first from (7 - 42) day used (300) one day old chicks, were randomly disterbuted to five treatments , three replicates (20 chicks for each replicate). Second period (30) days after sexual maturity treatment (180) chicks were used (36) chicks for each treatment (8 female + 4 male) From each replicate follows : 1. First treatment : Control adlibitum feeding .2. second treatment : Restriction feeding 10% from control .3. Third treatment : Restriction feeding 20% from control .4. Fourth treatment : Restriction feeding 30% from control .5. Fivth treatment : Restriction feeding 40% from control .The results of study as follow : 1. There was significantly (p≤0.05) proceeding for the early quantitative feed restriction of some productive traits, adlibtum feeding treatment have better live body weight until (5) weeks age , weekly body weight gain until (4 - 3) week age , feed intake and cumulative feed intake compared with feed restrction treatments . 2. There was a significantly (P≤0.05) effect of early quantitative restriction feeding on feed conversion ratio , significant improvement showed in treatment reared under (40)% restriction feed from control until (4)weeks age compared with other experimental treatments , while treatment reared under (20)% restriction feed from control recorded best feed conversion ratio on (5 , 6)weeks age and cumulative feed conversion ratio and performance Index .3. Significantly increase (P≤0.05) on carcasse of male and femal on dressing percentage and the relative weight of breast and liver for both sexes , while no significant difference between the early quantitative restriction feed treatment and the control in relative weight of thigh , heart , gizzard and mortality . 4. There was significant (P≤0.05) effect at early quantitative restriction feed on cellular blood characteristics, adlibitum feeding treatment have better RBC, Hb, PCV% compared with other experimental treatments , for both sexes while the WBC, H/L ratio don’t effected with early quantitative restriction feed for both sexes . 5. significant increase (P≤0.05) in total protein albumin and globulin concentration in the blood serum of both sexes quail reared under adlibitum feeding system compared with other expermantal treatments while glucose , cholesterol and uric acid concentration in blood serum for both sexes no affected by feeding system at (42)day age . 6. No significant difference between early quantitative feed restriction and control treatment on HDL , LDL and Triglyceridc concentration in blood serum for both sexes at (42) day age .7. There was significant (P≤0.05) effect for early quantitative feed restriction in age and weight at sexual maturity for male , adlibitum feeding treatment recorded early sexual maturity age, while restriction feed (40)%from control recorded better body weight at sexual maturity, there for no significant difference between early quantitative restriction feed treatments and control in age and weight of femal at sexual maturity . 8. No significant difference between early quantitative restriction feed treatment and control in cumulative feed intake , cumulative egg weight rate and first egg weight during production period (30) days .9. significant (P≤0.05) improvement in feed conversion showed on (20)% early restriction feed from adlibitum feeding compared with other expermintal treatments during production period (30) days . 10. significant(p ≤0.05) improvement in cumulative number of egg , cumulative egg production rate and cumulative egg mass recorded in (20)% restriction feed from control compared with other expermintal treatments during production period (30) days

تحضير بعض المستخلصات النباتية وتشخيص مركباتها الفعالة ودراسة تاثيرها على الصفات النوعية لاقراص اللحم البقري المخزنة بالتبريد والتجميد == Preparation of Some Plant Extracts and Identification of it¸s Active Compounds and Study the Effect on Quality Characteristics of Beef Patties During Refrigerated and Frozen Storage

Author name: رسل علي عدنان العذاري
Supervisor name: البشر حميد جابر الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة تحضير مستخلصات مائية وكحولية لكل من الزنجبيل Zingiber officinale والفلفل الاسود Piper nigrum والقرفة Cinnamomum verum والقرنفل Eugenia caryophyllata والكركم Curcuma longa ثم تم دراسة فعاليتها المضادة للاكسدة والقوة الاختزالية واقتناص بيروكسيد الهيدروجين وقابليتها على ربط ايون الحديدوز، اذ اعطت المستخلصات المائية فعالية مضادة للاكسدة اعلى مقارنة من المستخلصات الكحولية عدا القرنفل لذلك تم تشخيص المركبات الفعالة في هذه المستخلصات بواسطة جهاز كروماتوغرافيا الغاز المتصل بمطياف الكتلة ((GC - MS Sepctrometry Mass/ Gas Chromatography ادخلت المستخلصات المائية بتراكيز 0.05% و0.1% و0.15% في اقراص اللحم البقري وخزنت بالتبريد ( 4±1) م لمدة 12 يوما تم خلالها متابعة الصفات الكيميائية التي شملت قيمة البيروكسيد وحامض الثايوباربتيورك ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة والصفات الفيزيائية التي شملت قابلية حمل الماء والرقم الهيدروجيني، ونسب صبغة المايوغلوبين والاوكسي مايوغلوبين والميتامايوغلوبين للمدد 0 و4 و8 و12 يوما وقد اعطى تركيز 0.15% افضل النتائج لذلك تم ادخاله في اقراص اللحم المفروم وخزنت بالتجميد لمدة 100 يوم وثم متابعة التغيرات الكيميائية والفيزيائية المذكورة اعلاه للمدد 1 و10 و40 و60 و80 و100 يوم وقد كانت نتائج الدراسة كالاتي : 1 - احتوت المستخلصات المحضرة على عدد من المركبات الفعالة التي تفاوتت نسبها بحسب نوع المستخلص، فقد احتوى مستخلص الزنجبيل على مركب Gingerol بنسبة 60.47% وـمـــــــــــــــــــــركب Piperine بنسبة 57.25% في الفلفل الاسود ومركب Cinnamic acid بنسبة54.54% في القرفة ومركب Caryophllene بنسبة 25.81% في القرنفل ومركب 3 - Decen - 5 - one بنسبة 14.50% في الكركم.2 - اعطت مستخلصات الزنجبيل والفلفل الاسود والقرفة والقرنفل والكركم فعالية مضادة للاكسدة بلغت 84.24% و56.0% للزنجبيل و83.2% و57.6% للفلفل الاسود و85.3% و59.6% للقرفة و63.2% و88.4% للقرنفل و72.9% و48.0% للكركم والقوة الاختزالية بلغت 88.6% و102.64% للزنجبيل و88.18% و109.77% للفلفل الاسود و113.4% و113.39% للقرفة و81.05% و114.09% للقرنفل و83.7% و102.29% للكركم وربط ايون الحديدوز بلغت 88.5% و71.37% للزنجبيل و93.41% و61.37% للفلفل الاسود و89.65% و63.7% للقرفة و70.8% و94.22% للقرنفل و79.91% و55.3% للكركم واقتناص جذر بيروكسيد الهيدروجين بلغت 88.73% و65.33% للزنجبيل و86.22% و69.76% للفلفل الاسود و90.5% و63.86% للقرفة و56.44% و89.0% للقرنفل و74.81% و52.7% للكركم للمستخلصات المائية والكحولية على التوالي.3 - انخفضت قيم كل من قيمة البيروكسيد(PV) Peroxide Value وحامض الثايوباربتيورك Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة (FFA) Free Fatty Acids معنويا(P<0.01) في اقراص اللحم المفروم المعامل بالمستخلصات النباتية المحضرة مقارنة بعينة السيطرة وكانت اقل قيم لهذه المؤشرات عند معاملة اقراص اللحم البقري بمستخلص القرفة، اذ بلغت 42.0 ملي مكافئ/كغم و35.0 ملغم مالون الديهايد/كغم و26.0% ثم مستخلص الزنجبيل 47.0 و38.0 و29.0 ثم مستخلص الفلفل الاسود 56.0 و41.0 و30.0 ثم مستخلص الكركم 57.0 و41.0 و32.0 واخيرا مستخلص القرنفل 59.0 و0.46 و37.0 اما في عينة السيطرة فقد بلغت 61.0 و51.0 و41.0 لكل من رقم البيروكسيد وحامض الثايوباربتيورك ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة على التوالي كما تاثرت هذه المؤشرات معنويا(P<0.01) عند الخزن سواء بالتبريد او التجميد، اذ ارتفعت قيم كل من رقم البيروكسيد وحامض الثايوباربيتيورك ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة بتقدم مدة الخزن ولكن هذا الارتفاع كان اقل مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة.4 - لوحظ انخفاض معنوي (P<0.01) في قيم الرقم الهيدروجيني لاقراص اللحم البقري المعاملة بالمستخلصات مقارنة بعينة السيطرة ولكنها ارتفعت بتقدم مدة الخزن سواء بالتبريد او التجميد كما لوحظ ارتفاعا معنويا (P<0.01) في قابلية حمل الماء (WHC) Water Holding Capacity لاقراص اللحم المعاملة بالمستخلصات مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة اذ بلغت اعلى WHC عند المعاملة بمستخلص القرفة للتركيز 0.15% 15.1 مل في نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد والتجميد. 5 - لوحظ انخفاض معنوي((P<0.01 في تكوين صبغة الميتامايوغلوبين في اقراص اللحم المعاملة بالمستخلصات النباتية مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة وازدادت نسبة الصبغة معنويا(P<0.01) بتقدم مدة الخزن سواء بالتبريد او التجميد ولكن هذه الزيادة كانت واضحة جدا في عينة السيطرة، اذ وصلت بعد 12 يوما من الخزن بالتبريد الى 68.35% و33.%65 بعد 100 يوم من التجميد اما بالنسبة لصبغة المايوغلوبين والاوكسي مايوغلوبين فقد لوحظ ان الانخفاض فيها نسبتيهما كان اقل مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة خلال مدة الخزن بالتبريد والتجميد.6 - اظهرت النتائج ان هناك انخفاضا معنويا(P<0.01) في نسبة الفقد بالوزن اثناء التذويب ونسبة الفقد بالوزن اثناء الطبخ ونسبة الانكماش في اقراص اللحم المعاملة بالمستخلصات النباتية مقارنة مع معاملة السيطرة ولكنها ارتفعت معنويا ((p<0.01 باستمرار مدة الخزن بالتجميد وكان الارتفاع عند المعاملة بالمستخلصات اقل بالمقارنة مع عينة السيطرة كما لوحظ ارتفاع معنوي (P<0.01) في نسبة حاصل الطبخ لاقراص اللحم البقري المعاملة بالمستخلصات مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة وانخفضت تدريجيا بتقدم مدة الخزن بالتجميد.7 - اظهرت النتائج ان اضافة المستخلصات الى اقراص اللحم البقري ادت الى تحسين صفاتها الحسية التي شملت اللون والنكهة والطراوة والعصيرية والقبول العام مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة ، وقد تفوق مستخلص القرفة في الحفاظ على الصفات الحسية لاقراص اللحم لغاية انتهاء مدة الخزن بالتجميد البالغة 100 يوم. | The study included preparation of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of plants included Zingiber officinale , Piper nigrum ,Cinnamomum verum , Eugenia caryophyllata and Curcuma longa. Antoxidant activity, reducing power chelating ions and scavening hydrogen proxide were assessed. Aqueous extracts were the highest antioxidant activiy comparing with alcoholic extracts except clove. Bioactive compounds of these extracts were identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Sepectrometer GC/MS. Aqueous extracts were used in three concentration 0.05% , 0.1% and 0.15% in beef patties and stored under(4±1)Cº for 12 days and thiobarbituric acid and free fatty acid, Physical properties included water holding capacity, pH , hmyoglobin, oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin pigments were assessed. Concentration 0.15% was the best their for it used in beef patties and stored in freezing for 100 days during this period the chemical indicators and physical properties were studied. The resultus showed : 1 - All extracts containing many bioactive compounds differented in their percentage. Ginger contained Gingerol , %60.47 Black piper contained Piperine 57.25% , Cinnamon contained Cinnamic acid 54.54% ,Clove contained Caryophllene 25.81% and Turmeric contained 3 - Decen - 5 - one .%14.50 2 - All aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibited antioxidant activity as following ginger 84.24% , 56.0% , Black piper 83.2% , 57.6% , Cinnamon 85.3% ,59.6%, Clove 63.2% , 88.4% and Turmeric 72.9% , 48.0% , Reducing Power as following ginger 88.6%, 102.64%, Black piper 88.81%, 109.77%, Cinnamon 113.4%, 113.39% , Clove 81.05%, 114.09% , Turmeric 83.7%, 102.29% , Chelating ferrous Ion as following ginger 88.5%, 71.37%, Black piper 93.41%, 61.37%, Cinnamon 89.65%, 63.7%, Clove 70.8% , 94.22%, Turmeric 79.91%, 55.3%, Hydrogen Peroxid Scavenging as folloing ginger 88.73% , 65.33%, Black piper 86.22%, 69.76%, Cinnamon 90.5%, 63.86% , Clove 56.44% , 89.0%, Turmeric 74.81% , 52.70% respectively.3 - Significant decrease (P<0.01) in peroxide value , thiobarbituric acid and free fatty acid percentage in beef patties treated with plant extracts compared with control the results showed that the lowest value was in Cinnamon extract 0.42, 0.35, 0.26% then Ginger extract 0.47 , 0.38 , 0.29 , Black piper 0.56 , 0.47 , 0.30 , Turmeric 0.57 , 0.41 , 0.32% , Clove 0.59 , 0.46 , 0.36% and this indicators increased during refrigerated and frozen storage but this increase was lowest in beef patties treated with plant extract compared with control.4 - Values of pH were significantly (P<0.01) decresed in all treated beef patties compared with control but it incrcased duning the storage periode. The result showed that their is significantly (P<0.01) increased in WHC, cinnamon extract exhibit the highest value in the end of freezing storage. 5 - There is significant decrease (P<0.01) in metmyoglobin formation in beef patties treated with plant extracts compared with control and also noticed thein is decrease in percentage of myoglobin and oxymyoglobin was lower that control during storage.6 - There is asignificant decrese (P<0.01) in pecentages of thawing loss , Cooking loss and shrinkage in treated beef patties compared with control but these percentages increased during storage period in control highest treated patties. Significant increased (P<0.01) in cooking yield for treated beef patties compared with control but decresed during frozen storage.7 - The results showed that addition of plant extracts to the beef patties improved sensory characteristics (Color , Flavor, Tendernees , Juicness and overal acceptability) compared with control and the highest significant effect in improving patties characteristics to the end of frozen storage 100 days was to cinnamon extracts

العلاقة بين بعض العناصر الثقيلة وانتاجية الهائمات النباتية والكتلة الحية لبعض النباتات المائية السائدة في مناطق مختارة من شط العرب / جنوب العراق == Impact Of Some Heavy Metals On Qualitative And Quantitative Of Producer Organisms In Shatt Al - Arab River

Author name: رجاء عبد الكاظم حنف
Supervisor name: عبد العزيز محمود عبد الله | صالح عبد القادر العيسى
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة اثر بعض العناصر الثقيلة ( النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت ) على انتاجية الهائمات النباتية وبعض النباتات المائية فضلا عن قياس تراكيز تلك العناصر في المياه والرواسب في شط العرب للفترة الممتدة من كانون الثاني 2014 لغاية كانون الثاني 2015 . تم انتخاب اربع محطات ، تقع المحطة الاولى في منطقة الشرش والثانية في السندباد والثالثة في الصالحية والرابعة في منطقة العامية بالقرب من ميناء ابي فلوس في محافظة البصرة . اختيرت ثلاثة انواع من النباتات المائية السائدة في تلك المحطات الشمبلان Ceratophullum demersum والقصب Phragmites australis ونبات بربين الماء Bacopa moniera وحددت الكتلة الحية الهوائية لتلك الانواع . كما درست الهائمات النباتية كموانوعا ، وتم قياس دليل التنوع ودليل سمبسون (السيادة) ودليل التشابه للهائمات النباتية والنباتات المائية . كما قيست بعض العوامل الفيزيائية والكيميائية لمحطات الدراسة المختارة .تراوحت درجة حرارة الماء بين 10.1 و33.9 ºم، وانحصرت قيم الاس الهيدروجيني بين 7.6 و8.6 ، وتراوحت قيم الملوحة بين 0.9 و7.8 جزء بالالف ، وتراوحت قيم الاوكسجين الذائب بين 5.9 و16.9 ملغم/لتر، بلغت قيم المواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية بين714 الى 4282.8 ملغم/لتر ،وتراوحت قيم القاعدية الكلية بين 87 - 391 ملغم كاربونات الكالسيوم /لتر، وقد سجلت العسرة الكلية قيم تراوحت بين 214 و596 ملغم كاربونات الكالسيوم /لتر. سجلت تراكيز النتريت والنترات قيم تراوحت بين 0.07 - 1.01 و5.64 - 19.63 مايكغم ذرة نيتروجين/لتر على التوالي ، وبلغت قيم الفوسفات بين 0.17 - 3.72 مايكغم ذرة فسفور/لتر كان تركيز النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت الكلي في الماء 3.22 - 53.99 و7.11 - 120.06 و3.09 - 49.05 و23.24 - 1130.35 و42.54 - 257.00 مايكغم/لتر على التوالي .تراوحت قيم المادة العضوية المتمثلة بالكاربون العضوي الكلي بين 27.8 - 119.2 و28.2 - 128.04 و28.4 - 176.9 و26.3 - 127.14 ملغم/غم وزن جاف لمحطات الشرش والسندباد والصالحية والعامية على التوالي . بلغ تركيز عناصر النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت في الرواسب بين 7.02 - 55.16 و18.16 - 165.11 و101.40 - 616.16 و19.34 - 469.12 و98.19 - 463.76 مايكغم/غم وزن جاف على التوالي ، وقيم دليل التجمع الجيولوجي بحدود (1.11 - - 0.62) و(1.17 - 1.56 ) و( - 2.10 - - 1.65) و(0.35 - 0.54 ) و( 2.56 - 2.87) للعناصر السابقة على التوالي ، مما يشير الى ان رواسب محطات الدراسة غير ملوثة بالنحاس والمنغنيز وغير ملوثة الى متوسطة التلوث بالرصاص والخارصين ومتوسطة الى شديدة التلوث بالكوبلت . اظهرت نتائج الدراسة الحالية سيادة انواع الهائمات النباتية التي تعود لصنف الطحالب الدايتومية (العصوية) Bacillariophyceae، تلتها الطحالب الخضر - المزرقة Cyanophyceae ، ثم الطحالب الخضر Chlorophyceae واخيرا الطحالب اليوغلينية Euglenophyceae في محطات الدراسة كافة ولجميع الاشهر . سجلت محطة الشرش 36 نوع تعود الى 31 جنس، وسجلت محطة السندباد 46 نوع تعود الى 38 جنس،بينما سجلت محطة الصالحية 48 نوع تعود الى 39 جنس ، اما محطة العامية فقد سجلت 30 نوع تعود الى 26 جنس .سجل تركيز الكلوروفيل في محطات الدراسة الشرش والسندباد والصالحية والعامية 0.12 - 2.65 و0.21 - 3.10 و0.31 - 3.89 و0.11 - 2.10 ملغم/لتر على التوالي ، اما تركيز العناصر الثقيلة (النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت) في الهائمات النباتية فقد كان11.55 - 48.26 و18.84 - 97.22 و139.80 - 659.01 و77.14 - 477.36 و43.55 - 216.02 مايكغم /غم وزن جاف على التوالي.تراوحت قيم الكتلة الحية الهوائية للنباتات المائية المدروسة بين 5.34 - 199.52 و34.45 - 465.77 و22.90 - 98.23 غم/م2 لنباتات الشمبلان C. demersum والقصب P. australis وبربين الماء B. monniera على التوالي ، وبلغ مدى تركيز العناصر الثقيلة (النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت) في نبات الشمبلان 1.04 - 88.53 و2.14 - 66.36 و36.05 - 1466.04 و56.56 - 197.14 و23.07 - 216.75 مايكغم/غم وزن جاف للعناصر على التوالي . وفي نبات القصب تراوحت تراكيز العناصر الثقيلة بين 6.17 - 66.34 و1.19 - 66.50 و32.76 - 467.02 و23.78 - 176.32 و7.11 - 98.11 مايكغم/غم وزن جاف على التوالي ، اما في نبات بربين الماء فقد كانت التراكيز 0.44 - 56.15 و0.81 - 67.04 و12.56 - 99.15 و33.34 - 116.55 و0.14 - 10.44 مايكغم /غم وزن جاف على التوالي . بلغت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي لمحطة الشرش في نبات الشمبلان 2.03 و1.22 و35.00 و1.25 و0.72 لعناصر النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت على التوالي ، بينما في نبات القصب كانت المعدلات 1.60 و1.05 و14.36 و0.83 و0.36 لنفس العناصر على التوالي . اما نبات بربين الماء فقد كانت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي تبلغ 0.57 و0.92 و4.47 و0.71 و0.01 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي ، وقد بلغت المعدلات في الهائمات النباتية 3.08 و2.58 و79.51 و1.29 و0.57 لنفس العناصر على التوالي ولنفس المحطة . بينما بلغت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي في محطة السندباد لعناصر النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت لنبات الشمبلان 3.01 و1.19 و39.16 و1.61 و0.90 على التوالي ، ولنبات القصب 2.02 و0.89 و12.99 و0.94 و0.36 ولنبات بربين الماء 0.94 و0.80 و4.00 و0.85 و0.02 لنفس العناصر على التوالي ، اما في الهائمات النباتية في نفس المحطة فقد كانت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي 2.93 و2.65 و67.13 و1.64 و0.58 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي . وفي محطة الصالحية سجلت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي لتلك العناصر في نبات الشمبلات 2.27 و1.23 و46.11 و1.31 و0.92 على التوالي ، وفي نبات القصب 1.97 و0.96 و15.76 و0.87 و0.41 على التوالي ، اما في نبات بربين الماء فقد كانت المعدلات 0.85 و0.95 و4.61 و0.69 و0.64 للعناصر على التوالي ، وقد كانت في الهائمات النباتية لنفس المحطة 2.07 و2.64 و63.71 و1.24 و0.72 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي . اما في محطة العامية فقد كانت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي للعناصر الثقيلة المدروسة في نبات الشمبلان 2.11 و1.34 و25.67 و1.08 و0.70 على التوالي ، ولنبات القصب 1.91 و1.20 و16.21 و0.86 و0.43 على التوالي ، وفي نبات بربين الماء 0.95 و0.85 و7.34 و0.78 و0.03 على التوالي ، اما في الهائمات النباتية فقد كانت 2.98 و1.77 و117.96 و1.26 و0.92 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي . بينت النتائج ان نبات الشمبلان هو الاكثر تركيز للعناصر وان عنصر المنغنيز هو العنصر المتميز بمعدل التراكم الاعلى ، كما بينت ان الهائمات النباتية اكثر مراكمة للعناصر الثقيلة من النباتات المائية . | The study was conducted to determind the effect of some heavy metals (Cu , Pb , Mn , Zu and Co) on productivity of phytoplankton and aquatic plants , as well as measurred their concentrations in water and sediments of Shatt Al - Arab river for a period from January 2014 to January 2015 . Four stautas were sellected from Shatt Al - Arab river , Frist (Al - Sharresh) , Second (Al - Sendibad Island) ,Third (Al - Salehia) , and Forth (Al - Ameia Region) near Abu - Floos port. Three types of dominanted aquatic plants were selected from these stations, Ceratophyllum demersum, Phragmites australis and Bacoba monniera .The areial biomass of aquatic plants and the quantitative , qualtitative and chlorophyl a of phytoplankton were determind . some of diversity indices for phytoplankton and aquatic plants were measured . Also some physical and chemical properties were measured for selected study stations .Water temperature was ranged between 10.1 - 33.9 Cº, pH 7.6 - 8.6 , salinity 0.9 - 7.8 ppt , DO ranged between 5.9 - 16.9 ml/L , TDS ranged between 714 - 4282.8 ml/L . The alkalinity showed values ranged between 87 - 391 ml CaCO3/L . The total hardness was record values between 214 - 596 ml CaCO3/L .. The investigated study showed nitrite and Nitrate values 0.07 - 1.01 and 5.64 - 19. 63 µg n/L respectively , phosphorus concentration ranged from 0.08 - 4.59 µg P - PO4 - 3/L . The concentration of Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co in water ranged between 3.22 - 53.99 , 7.11 - 120.06 , 3.09 - 49.05 , 23.24 - 1130.35 and 42.54 - 257.00 µg/L respectively.TOC values in sediments were ranged 27.8 - 119.2 , 28.2 - 128.08 , 28.4 - 176.9 and 26.3 - 127.14 µg/gm dry wet for four station respectively . The concentrations of heavy metals Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co in sedements ranged 7.02 - 55.16 , 18.16 - 165.11 , 101.40 - 616.16 , 19.34 - 469.12 and 98.19 - 463.76 µg/gm dry wet respectively .The values of Igeo index were ranged between - 0.26_ - 0.62 , - 1.17_ 1.56 , - 2.10_ - 1.65 , 0.35_ 0.54 , 2.56_ 2.87 for the heavy metals respectively.The present study was showed that the dominant types of phytoplankton belong to class Bacillariophyceae , followed Cyanophyceae , then Chlorophyceae and last Euglenophyceae to all station and through all monthes . Al - Sharresh station was recored 44 species belong to 28 genus , and Al - Sendibad Island was recorded 54 species belong to 35 genus , while Al - Salehia station recorded 60 species belong to 37 genus , and Al - Ameia station was rcorded 35 species belong to 24 genus . The concentration of chlorophyll values were recorded in the four stations 0.12 - 2.65 , 0.21 - 3.10 , 0.31 - 3.89 , 0.11 - 10.2 ml/L. respectively, and the concentraions of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn and Co) in phytoplankton were ranged betwen 11.55 - 48.26 , 18.84 - 97.22 , 139.80 - 659.01 , 77.14 - 477.36 and 43.55 - 216.02 µg/gm dry wet respectively. The biomass of aquatic plants were ranged between 5.35 - 199.52 , 34.45 - 465.77 , 22.90 - 98.23 gm/m2 for C. demersum , P. australis and B. monniera respectively. The concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn and Co) in C. demersum were 1.04 - 88.53 , 2.14 - 66.36 , 36.05 - 1466.04 , 56.56 - 197.14 and 23.07 - 216.75 µg/gm dry wet for the Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co respectively, and in P. australis were 6.17 - 66.34 , 1.19 - 66.50 , 32.76 - 467.02 , 23.78 - 176.32 and 7.11 - 98.11 µg/gm dry wet respectively , while in B. monniera were 0.44 - 56.15 , 0.81 - 67.04 , 12.56 - 99.15 , 33.34 - 116.55 and 0.04 - 10.44 µg/gm dry wet respectively. Averges of BCF in the C. demersum were 2.03 , 1.22 , 35.00 , 1.25 and 0.72 for Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co respectively , while in P. australis were 1.60 , 1.05 , 14.36 , 0.83 and 0.36 respectively , and in B. monniera were 0.57 , 0.92 , 4.47 , 0.71 and 0.01 for heavy metals respectively , and in the phytoplankton the ranges were 3.08 , 2.58 , 79.51 , 1.29 , 0.57 respectively. The results showed that the aquatic plant C. demersum was most concentration for heavy metals and Mn was more accumulation , and showed that phytoplankton was more accumulation to heavy metals than aquatic plants.

المسؤولية الدولية لرئيس الدولة عن جرائم النزاعات المسلحة غير الدولية == The International Responsibility of State's President For Crimes of Non - International Aramed Conflicts

Author name: وهج خضير عباس
Supervisor name: ساجد احميد عبل حمد الركابي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: International Criminal Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics - Department Of Public Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تتجلى الحياة الدولية بمظاھر عده, تتراوح بين السلم والاستقراراالدوليين, وبين حالات من العنف العام والشامل المتمثل بالحرب, وتعيش الدول ومواطنيھا بين ھذين الوضعين حالات اخرى من العنف كالاضطرابات, الارھاب, والنزاعات الداخلية وصولا الى الحرب الاھلية.اتسمت | The International life is merged by severa aspects ranged from peace and war so that these states and its citizens live between these two situations another status of offenses such as riots, terrorism, internal disputes till the civic war so that these wa

الاتجاهات الدستورية الحديثة لحقوق المراة في دستور جمهورية العراق لسنة 2005 == Modern Constitutional Trends Towards Woman Rights In 2005 Republic of Iraq Constitution

Author name: سلى ظاهر حبيب الحسيني
Supervisor name: جعفر عبد السادة بهير الدراجي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Constitutional Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics - Department Of Public Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Recently, the role of Woman in the Arab world has been expanding as a result of the changes which the Arab community, especially Iraq, has witnessed involving major developments in technology and science. Such a role has taken further domains and various

النظام القانوني للمعلومات غير المفصح عنها : دراسة مقارنة

Author name: اخلاص لطيف محمد
Supervisor name: غني ريسان جادر الساعدي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Commercial Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics - Department Of Private Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Unexpressed information whether commercial or industrial isdistinguished by the feature of security. Thus, it is named insome legal systems as commercial secrets, and then thespecialized rules are applied in this respect to protectcommercial secrets.S

استقلال جهاز الادعاء العام في ضوء احكام نظام روما الاساسي == The Independence of General Prosecution The Light of Provisions of Rome Statute

Author name: باسم محمد عبد الامام
Supervisor name: علي جبار كريدي القاضي | عماد فاضل ركاب
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Public International Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics - Department Of Public Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: لقد انشئت منذ عام 1919عدة محاكم دولية, مرورا بمحاكم نورمبرغ وطوكيو ويوغسلافيا السابقة, وحتى انشاء المحكمة الجنائية الدولية لرواندا عام 1994. الا ان البناء القانوني والشرعي لم يكن مكتمل الاركان. كما ان الاساس الذي استندت اليه ما كان معبرا عن | Prosecution is considered as the second wing or the second pillar of criminal law since prosecution is raised, the need is raised to the guarantees of independence that guarantees its success to conduct its dangerous and important mission.Any defect in

شكل الدولة وفقا للدستور العراقي الدائم : دراسة مقارنة == The State Form Accordi The Ng To Permaent Iraq Constitution : Comparative Study

Author name: سهى زكي نوري عياش
Supervisor name: عقيل محمد عبد جاسم البهادلي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Constitutional Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics - Department Of Public Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: he divergence and numerous of geographical, historical, economical, environmental and security factors has important role towards electing the federal state as a form of state so that federal state or confederal is a federation among territories or state

المنهج الاختباري في نهج البلاغة

Author name: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي
Supervisor name: رباب جبار طاهر السوداني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Nehig Al - Balagah is abook Which has been Coolected and Written by Al - Sharif Al - Redi.This book contains the addresses , ulessages , prayers , orders and short address belongs to Imam Ali Abn Abi Talib (peace be upon him). The time has failed to abrade the speech and science of Imam Ali. Nehig Al - Balagah contains various kinds of science. Ther fore , many studies have been made about it. un fortunately thes studies are concentrated on the religions , social , poletical sides , and left the scientific side. If we examine Nehig Al - Balagah very weel we can noticethat there is scientific sense has not been understood by the scientists in that time , inspite of the explaination of Imam Ali for the scientestts , but now in this time with this scientific revelution , the meaning of thes sentes becom clear.The companions of the prophet and the followers don’t under stand what Imam Ali has from knowledge and science. They think that the scientific informeation in the holy Quran is just for the coheranee and grammatical matter. This means that there is nefther astudy for the scientific laws in the book nor astudy for the natural faets that have been mentioned by Imam Ali (pase be upon him). Taceuranee of the natural phenomenans is regular , sowe can discover these natural events by sense we mean that ther is static laws in the nature these laws are responssible of shaping the life in the nature. From this introduction we want to reach to very important point this point is that the scientificmind of Imam Ali in Nehig Al - Balagah. There are many scientific laws in the nature that have been mentioned by Imam Ali specily when he speaks about natural phenomenen , Man , Animals , and plant. The main aim of this study is to show the accurate note for Imam Ali (pease bewpon him) and his scientific information about this note. Inorder to make astudy for Nehig Al - Balagah , we divide our study to an prefase and three chapters , the prefase deals with the origin of Imam Ali thoughts. It contains the sources and science of Imam Ali (pease bewpon him). It also deals with the verious scieutific knowledge for Imam Ali. Also in the introduction we have made Nehig Al - Balagah as a tipical example for science. Also It deals with its subjects and attribution of the book. The first chapter deals with the scieutific theories and discoveries. In the book there are many of scieutific theories these theories are concerned with , space , Geography , physics theories , also there are many scieutific discoveries these discoveries different according to different fields. As far as the second chapter is concerned , This chapter is under the title on the laboratory study and test field. It is full of subjects. The laboratory study is divided in to three topics. The first theme is about Human body. It deals with phases of creation of the fetus , Anatomy of human body and the job of some origens , like , the eyes the ears , origens of breathing and origens of speech , heart and bones. The second them is about Animal laboratory. It deals with insects and birds laboratory. also it deals with the ways of proliferate of some Animals. The third theme is about plant laboratory. It deals with plant Anatomy and the types of the plant according to according to its ability. In addtion for these three themes in this chapter we have studed different science. As far as the third chapter is concerned , this chapter deals with Nehig Al - Balagah scieutific reports.these reports are spread in the whole book , if we collect and write these reports we can get one united report. also these reports are fully constracted and united and about one subject. There are many reports in the book , there fore , we have divide it in to three themes. The first theme is geographical report , it deals with the wind , geographical sitnition of the place and its effects. The second them is the medical report. It deals with many parts like , diagnosis and causes of the desease , indication of the desease , and the treatment for these deseases. The third theme is about Animals report , It deals with the places , way of living , hapits and deseases of Animals. Also there are many parts about these themes , that we try to explaine it with move details inorder to be very clear to the mind.
Summary:
References:

المواقف السياسية للائمة الاثنى عشر

Author name: نغم حسن عبد النبي الكنعاني
Supervisor name: رباب جبار طاهر السوداني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Summary:
References:

الجزائر في الصراع الاسباني العثماني 1518 - 1587 م : دراسة تاريخية == Algeria In Conflict Of Spainsh Ottoman 1518 - 1587 History Study

Author name: ضمير عودة عبد علي زويد
Supervisor name: يوسف عبد الكريم طه مكي الرديني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Interest in studying the history of Algeria during the Ottoman era ( 1518 - 1587 ) is due to its important role that can not be over looked. Algeria led the resistance against the Spaniards. It did not only resist the European a ggression against the area but also continuously helped the Modscians who suffered a lot of the Spanish oppressim. Besides , annexing Algeria to the Ottoman state paved the way to unify the Arabic west under the Ottoman rule. Western Tripoli and Tunisia were annexed. but Morocco remained independent. The annexed areas became important centers for the Ottoman state. They provided sea bases for the Ottoman Fleets which were fighting in Europe and thus enabled them to achieve some victory. The reason behind choosing the specific period of the study is that it represented a complete historical era , i.e the rule of Sea Reis ( chiefs ) ( Beclerbecs ) that started with Kheir - Al - deen Barbarose in 1518 , when Algeria became a satellite of the Ottoman state , and ended in 1587 which was , in turn , the end of the rule of the Beclerbecs when the Ottoman state started reevaluating its administration in Algeria and that represented a new page in the history of Algeria. This study is made of four chapters. Chapter one deals with the Spanish intervention in Algeria ( 1492 - 1518 ). This chapter is the introduction of the study because the Spanish intervention was the important reason that led to including Algeria in the Ottoman possession. Chapter two is about the Ottoman control during the rule of Kheir - AL - deen Barbarosa ( 1518 - 1546 ). Chapter three is entitled " Ottoman Administration During the Rule of the Descendants of Kheir - AL - Deen Barbarosa ( 1546 - 1587 ) ".Chapter four tackled the administrative , economic , social and intellectual aspects during the period 1518 - 1587. The study revealed that Algeria witnessed , during this era , many positive achievements. For example , the sea Reis sustained the unity of the Algerian territory , stopped the Spanish ambitions and formed an Algerian sea force that protected Algeria from the foreign dangers. This force played an obvious role in the Mediterranean. Also , we can mention the historical position of the Algerian rulers in welcoming , helping , and searing the settling of their Muslim Brothers of Andulsia.There were , as well , some negative effects of the rule of the sea Reis in Algeria. Firstly , the rulers neglected the administrative , economic and social aspects of life and they did not develop the ruling systems in Algeria. Socially , they did not approach or mix with the Algeria people. Also , They were attentive to satisfy the needs , aims and interests of the Ottoman occupiers even at the expense of the people of the country. For that sake , they made full use of all the resources of Algeria to serve the Ottoman state regardless of the suffering of the people of Algeria. The reason could be that those rulers , themselves , were not of Algeria origin
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مؤتمر الخريجين العام ودوره في الحركة الوطنية في السودان 1938 - 1952 == The General Conference Of Graduates And Its Role In The National Movement Of Sudan 1938 - 1952

Author name: تهاني العيبي كاطع
Supervisor name: انور جاسب شنته الطريف
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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الاوضاع الصحية في لواء البصرة 1939 - 1958 : دراسة تاريخية

Author name: وسام نوري عبد الواحد المطوري
Supervisor name: نجاة عبد الكريم عبد السادة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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الالوية والرايات من صدر الاسلام حتى نهاية الدولة الاموية == Banners And Flags Until The End Of The Umaid State

Author name: حارث جبار عبد
Supervisor name: صبيح نوري خلف الحلفي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The motif behind the phenomenon of banners and flags was to identify a certain case throughout history , and to lead the others to them. Their own symbolism was taken from the characters they held, though they were made of clothing , lines and colors, so they had great significance in human communities, these banners and flags had had their functions, especially the war banners. The banners and flags used by muslims in their fight were of sacredness because of their association with their Islamic dogma, and their inclusion of allah holy speeches. The topic of banners and flags in the Islamic military history is rather ambiguous, since the Islamic historical resources ignored the explanation of these signs, so it is hard to find amongst the modern historians who explored such a topic. As a response, this study has investigated the topic of banners and flags until the end of the Umaid state. The study consists of four chapters subdivided into certain sub - divisions, in addition to an introduction and a conclusion. Chapter one, entitled the semantic dimension of banners and flags in history, comprises of Three sub - divisions : the first one is to identify the etymology of banners and flags with their vocabulary, the second one deals with the historical roots of these signs, whereas the third one has studied the banners and flags in the glorious Koran and the prophets preaching. Chapter two has tackled the she shapes of the shapes of the banners and flags. It consists of four sub - divisions : the first one deals with colors of the banners and flags, the second one explores the shapes of the signs, the third on deals with the epigrams written in these signs, while the fourth one has shown the names engraved into these banners and flags. Chapter three has spelt out the authorities of these signs with their criteria and their holders. This chapter is divided into three main divisions : the first one has identified the authorities responsible for these signs, while the second one has highlighted the characteristics of the holders, while the third one deals with homing the substitutes for the banner and flag holders. Chapter four has anticipated the influence of these banners and flags so far the muslims battles were concerned. It has been divided into three sub - divisions : the first one has studied the influence of the banners and flags to encourage the muslims to fight, the second has dealt with the influence of the signs on the warriors recruitment, the third one has tackled the spiritual effect of the banners and flags. The study is rounded up with concluding remarks deduced from the course of the study
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النقوش الثمودية والصفوية : دراسة في الاهمية والمحتوى == Thamudic Inscriptions And Safaitic Study In The Importance And Content

Author name: علا حسين علي التميمي
Supervisor name: سهيلة مرعي مرزوق
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Inscriptions are a necessary subject in the life of Thamudic and safaitic life so it is give us an information from daily life and express the events and effected in it then wrote it as daily memories on the rock's faces in the mountains and valleys are very brief.The study of these Inscriptions lead us to knowledge the life & date of people Not by identifying the historical time of the incident, but through the study of inscriptions analytical study of the content and content.The Research consist of four chapters : ? Chapter one : Historical Geography that included the write , types of lines in Arabian Island , Archaeologists activity in collection the inscriptions , Places spread inscriptions and The language of the inscriptions.? Chapter two : Religion Inscriptions that included the gods mentioned in the inscriptions Thamudic and safaitic benedictions , entreaties , religious symbols, Hajj , offerings , vows and religious functions, such as the priest and the fortune - teller as well as cemeteries.? Chapter three : Social Inscriptions that included study of society by Family relations , strata of society, recorded the inscriptions of the feelings of love and passion and longing, anger, sadness and isolation, as well as tribal conflicts and alliances of the names of tribes and tribal alliances and disputes and conflicts, and then women and art as well as cultural manifestations such as building and construction, professions , jobs , industry, calendar and astronomy.? Chapter Four : Economic Inscriptions that included Hunting, herding , agriculture and Trade.
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قضاء القرنة 1869 - 1918 : دراسة تاريخية == Al - Qurna In 1869 - 1918 : Historical Study A

Author name: سعد خلف جبر علي
Supervisor name: نجاة عبد الكريم عبد السادة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The researchers attention on the state of Basra from different aspects, but he has not prompted the study sufficient to spend Qurna Despite the importance of economic and military position in relation to Basra, where the confluence of the rivers where the site and represents the rivers of the importance of internal transport, whether on the economic level, the then military, and thus the loop a link between Baghdad and Basra, and its geographical position make it the focus of the forces that came to occupy the country and who actively contributed to the development of the first World war and the consequent occupation of the British in Iraq and in addition to that was the first regions that have implemented new British policy after Basra and thus was field experimentally important to British policy, which found its way to the rest of Iraq's US Hence kick researcher studying the history of Qurna for being one of the important districts of the state of Basra, and the researcher found the need to return to the historical roots and the beginnings of incorporation and the choice in 1869, the beginning of the period in question was due to administrative reforms that came the governor of Baghdad Medhat Pasha 1869 - 1872oukd made Qurna large spend in geographic plantings so Qurna has emerged as a local economic big Hence longer Qurna spend a worthy research and academic studies of what his legacy of economic and military impact of important has covered the letter aspects, whether administratively or economically and politically and socially Researcher has faced difficulties in the process of collecting the sources was the scarcity, as well as the scarcity of information sources that dealt with the history of Basra, Iraq, forcing the researcher to follow most of the books Iraq in order to collect scattered and very scarce information in books and formulated into a thesis Composed letter of introduction and preface, three chapters and a conclusion and supplements boot city site eating and History from the city and renamed the cause and the reasons for its establishment and the role of the Frasaab in order to be an introduction to the study of the history of the judiciary Qurna The first chapter dealt with administrative and social conditions of the Pod The goal is intended to clarify spend Qurna and the development of management and its reflection on the political, economic, social and other conditions where touched first section to the administrative divisions of the judiciary and the machine administrative boards and municipal administration and the judiciary and government departments that have established them as the second theme focused on the situation social residents spend Qurna and social structure of the judiciary and the conditions of education, health, either Chapter II handled the first part, the economic situation through the statement of economic activities then prevailing agricultural including transportation routes and craftsmanship and trade either second topic addressed the political situation where the significance of the visit Medhat Pasha and affected by armed movements in the neighboring areas the position clans of the political events that have taken place in Basra during the period of research, either in the third quarter has singled out the first part, the reason the British and the preparations that led to the occupation of Iraq is either the second topic dealt with the position of the Hawza men and the role of clans Qurna to resist the occupation and the progress of the British occupation forces to Qurna and its occupation and its importance to them, as well as dealt with in the third section interesting aspect of the occupation forces and the administrative role of the Senate in the management area Qurna
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الامير زيد بن الشريف حسين ودوره العسكري والسياسي (1916 - 1958) == Prince Zeid Bin Al - Sharif Hussein And His Military And Political Role (1916 - 1958)

Author name: محمد حسن يوسف الحسيني
Supervisor name: خلود عبد اللطيف عبد الوهاب
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study deals with the martial role of the prince Zaid bin Al - Husain during the great Arabic revolution against Ottomans, it states that he did great efforts leading a special Arabian forces fighting by his order till the end of revolution by taking syria, it also states his exceptional political role which only he has during the Faisali period; as well as his political and deplomatic role during the period of the kingdom in Iraq.The study includes : introduction, preface, three chapters, and conclusion. The preface deals with the prince Zaid's descent and his role in preperation for Arabic revolution, the first chapter discussed the price Zaid's active role in Arabic revolution battles (1916 - 1918). This chapter has been divided into three sections, the first one states his role in the first battles in Mecca city. The second, includes his role in defeating Husain bin Mibirek and besieging the city, and the third included his role the arabic revolution's nothern battles.The second chapter mentioned his role in syria suring the Faisali period 1918 - 1920 it is also devided into three sections, the first explains his role representating his brother the prince Faisal who travelled to Europe to claim Arabs' rights. The second states his representating his brother again when he travelled to Europe for the second time, but the third, mentioned forming the government by the prince Zaid which is called as directors' government, and leading Arabian forces before the end of Faisali period. The third chapter is also divided into three chapters, during the period of Iraqi kingdom (1921 - 1958) the first section mentioned the prince Zaid's role during prince Faisal the first, the second section during the period of the king Ghazi, while the third chapter included the regency and the confilect between him and the prince Abdul - Elah till the end of Iraqi kingdom by the the coup and announcing the republic of Iraq jul,14th 1958, the study depended on alot of important decuments and references
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الطيرة عند العرب قبل الاسلام وموقف الاسلام منها

Author name: ماهر شنان ناجي المياحي
Supervisor name: مصطفى جواد عباس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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النشاط الدعائي الاميركي في الشرق الاوسط (1947 - 1979) : دراسة في (العراق - ايران) اختيارا == The American Propagandic Activity In The Middle East ( 1947 - 1979 )

Author name: عبد الزهرة شهيد عجمي شهيد الحسناوي
Supervisor name: اميرة رشك لعيبي الزبيدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The American Propaganda activity in the Middle East ( 1947 - 1979 ) is regarded as one of the subjects which is characterized with vitality and relatively newly started within the his torical studies. Having such Topics and putting them within the limits of historical research and trying to search its components by the researchers in new and contemporary history aim to raise the level of the exsisting higher studies so as to create researchers who can reach the stage of so - called " Organic Rsearcher " who is capable of creation and innovation in his scientific and cultural productionSo the close look at the topic of the study reveals its great vitality because it is connected with integrated Relationship with several scientific tendencies some of which are close to the essence of the scientific science and harmonious with it to a great extent. And this ensures the strength of ties and reaction between history which can be described as an in dependent science and the methodical research of the political science and its world. Accordingly , because of the specialization of this study in the nature of the American propaganda and its objectives towards the Middle East in general and its important corner stones , namely ( Iraq - Iran ) , added a comprehensive quality to the subject and its components. The propaganda , basically , is in clusion of the state that made the propaganda and tries through its actions to show all the beautiful and positive aspects in front of the peoples targeted by the propaganda and hide all bad things. In view of what is previously mentioned , this thesis aims to search the literature of the American propaganda and its components for the states that are being studied to understand the nature of the political , strategic and cultural objectives which , in general , affected the political , cultural and security situation in these states , especially with the extreme increase in the cold war which we may call " the ideological war ". Al though Washington didn't adopt clear - cut intellectual visions or specific political strategy , it still in most of the cases , depended on her intelligence systems in running the conflict with the Soviets through its confidential operations in Iraq and Iran. The thesis was divided into four chapters in which the researcher depended on taking the basic elements of the subject according to integrated methodical Unity of the subject with his deep concern about the sequence of events as much as possible. The first chapter was devoted to Search the of the propaganda within its general terms and to identify its principles until it changed into science which deals with propaganda activity phenomenon and its techniques. In addition to that , identification of the geopolitical limits of The Middle East term historically and politically and focusing on the most prominent active and important states within its vital scope to reach the beginnings of the American tendencies most of which were dominated by the propagandic style without political purposes.As for the American propaganda towards Iraq. the researcher has found out that the generalization of scientific advantage obliged him to divide the subject into two chapters because of its numerous events and the unique transitions of the political events which offected its social and political situation. One of them , the second chapter , the nature of the American political propaganda which depended on the mutual security strategy and publicizing the importance of protecting Iraq and its security against communism. In addition , America followed confidential Operation strategy which overthrew Abid Al - Kareem Qasim's regime in April , 1963. The third chapter has shed light light on aspects of the American intellectual and cultural propaganda in Iraq and how the propaganda planner could affect the tendencies of the Iraqi intelligentsia through a group of thoughts which depended on the technology of the theatre and cinema and following The provision of subsidized American book through allocating the funds for the American publishing establishments. As for the fourth chapter , the study has identified the intellectual and political tendencies for the American Propaganda in Iran. "The information of this chapter has had considerable importance which we can depend on because the cold war and its consequences started from this Middle East state as most of Washington politizians confessed owing the insistence of the Soviet Union to keep its forces north of Iran. Furthermore , the subject of the chapter focused on " Ajax " operation led by the Ameri can intelligence to overthrow Musadak in 1953 also the chapter delt with the Ialamic Revolution in 1979. The study depended on different collections of genuine resources including American and Iraqi documents , in addition to academic studies such as : Letters and theses and lots of foreign book , Arabic and translated books are available in this thesis. The study has reached important results , some of which are : The propaganda with its fluctuation and attraction represented one of the methods which has taken the lead to consolidate the concept of the new state because it is an establishment concerned with the expression of the official tendencies of the government. It is important to reveal that the propaganda has started from the lobbies of clergy of the Christian church. Focusing on the nature of the American tendencies towards the Middle East , it is quite obvious that the American strategy is always dependent on mere propagandic bases. The ideological concepts of the American policy , being not obvious , made the decision maker in Washington mix the pragmatism and the end justifies the means policy and this what happened in Iraq and Iran through the confidential operations done by the American intelligence to overthrow Abid Al - kareem Qasim regime in Iraq and Muhammad Mosadaq in Iran. It also contributed to make Al - Baa'th party assume power in 1968 and not giving the support necessary to shah Muhammad Rudha Pahlawi.
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سياسة الاتحاد السوفيتي تجاه باكستان 1947 - 1971 == Soviet Union Policy Towards Pakistan 1947 - 1971

Author name: سحر عبد السلام مهدي
Supervisor name: حيدر عبد الرضا حسن التميمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The United States have been associated with the state of Pakistan Through treaties and alliances After the emergence of Pakistan as a modern state in 1947, and its separation from India in the same year. The United States has worked to build militarybasses as a part of a strategy to encircle the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had not seen the South Asian region within the interests Because it beliefs that Pakistan's independence is not a communist revolution. When Pakistan was associated by treatieswith Western countries, Moscow has approached to India against Pakistan. Pakistan was one of the non - aligned countries and principles do not allow her Link with any of the two great powers, and some world events could Change the nature of internationalrelations in the Indian sub - continent region in general, and the Soviet Union's policy toward Pakistan in particular which is the focus of our study of the period (1947 - 1971) from the beginning of Pakistan's independence until Indian Pakistan war.The study was divided in four chapters ,introduction and conclusion ,the first chapter about the Soviet policy toward Pakistan in the stage of civilian rule and Parliamentary life (1947 - 1958) ,the period between the beginning of Pakistan's independence until the beginning of military rule which divided into four part ,we study in the first section Soviet attitude of the secession of Pakistan and the establishment of a state for the Muslims of India ,in the second section we studied the Soviet position on the Indo Pakistani dispute over Kashmir and the evolution of Soviet relations - Pakistan until 1953,in the third section we study Pakistan's foreign policy and the accession of western alliances and the Soviet position for it and we study in the four section the most important communist parties and socialist in Pakistan and the recent attitude of them, and a reference to the position of these parties from Pakistan's foreign policy and the relationship of the parties with the Soviet Union.The second chapter explained The Soviet Union's position from the internal political developments and foreign relations of Pakistan (1958 - 1965),we study in this chapter the impact of international developments in the relations soviets - Pakistan (1958 - 1964) and the development of relations in the political and economic level between the two countries, the Soviet Union's position on the developments of the problem Pashtunistan until 1964 and the evolution of the diplomatic relations between Soviet and Bakstin until 1965, marked by the historic visit of President Muhammad Ayub Khan to the Soviet Union in the same year.The third chapter deal with Soviet policy toward Pakistan (1966 - 1968) ,we study in it The Soviet Union's policy toward Pakistan and the signing of the Tashkent Agreement of 1966, The role of the Soviet Union in the resolution of the India - Pakistan conflict and the success of Soviet diplomacy in the contact of Tashkent agreement, the development of Soviet - Pakistani relations in the political, military and economic areas (1966 - 1967), The evolution of Soviet policy toward Pakistan and the contact of the arms deal in 1968 and activity Pakistani government to build a nuclear program and the position of the Soviet efforts to ban nuclear weapons.The fourth chapter discuss Soviet policy toward Pakistan under the President Mohammad Yahya Khan, 1969 - 1971,we studied in it The Soviet Union's position on the internal situation in Pakistan and the development of relations between them (1969 - 1970) ,the role of Pakistani mediation in the US - China rapprochement and the position of the Soviet Union from it and the crisis of Eastern Pakistan and the Soviet position from it until 1971, and the secession of Eastern Pakistan and the creation of the state of Bangladesh.
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السيد محمد مهدي السويج ودوره الاجتماعي والسياسي والفكري بين عامي 1941 - 2002 == Sayid Mohammad Mahdi Al - Sewaich And His Social, Political And Intellectual Role (1941 - 2002

Author name: حميد سيلاوي لفتة المالكي
Supervisor name: ياسين طه ياسين الهارون
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Studying secular, intellectual and political personalities is important to remove ambiguity in historical studies on one hand and to investigate the roles those personalities play to make history on the other hand. Modern and contemporary history of Iraq witnessed appearance of too many personalities who played that role and who were concerned to help and awaken their people, to find the suitable solutions by examining the events and realities, to benefit from the experience of others and to encourage thinking in the different aspects of life to achieve those objectives. It is important to study the social, political and intellectual aspects of life of Mohammad Mahdi Al - Sewaich who was bold enough to tell the truth and the false without fear or flattery to any side both during the royal and the republican eras in Iraq. He preferred the public interest and not his own one. He was a well - known orator, not only in Iraq but also in all the Islamic world. He was particularly genius and distinguished by his varied intellectual production in all religious and non - religious sciences so as to treat retardation and failure in social, cultural and political issues in the Islamic world in general Consequently, he had his own influence on the Youth who were looking forward to a one unified state. The researcher chose 1941 as the start of the time under study because it was the year of Al - Sewaich's appearance on the Iraqi, regional and international arena particularly in his reforms and social activities like opening libraries and associations, lecturing in religious occasions… etc. On the other hand, 2002 was chosen as the end of the time under study because at that year, Al - Sewaich isolated himself from people and started writing his books until he died in Syria in 2002. The study attempts to answer the following : To what extent did the public situation in Iraq in general and Basrah in particular lead to appearance of Al - Sewaich on the arena? Were his different cultural and intellectual abilities able to change and reform the society? Why did he transform his social and intellectual reforms from Iraq to other Arab and foreign countries? Was he able overcome the difficulties he faced from the royal and republican regimes in Iraq? Was he obliged to transform his activities to other countries and was he successful to do this? The social, political and intellectual activities of Mohammad Mahdi Al - Sewaich were not academically and independently studies niether inside or outside Iraq. Furthermore, this personality was not (if not very rarely) mentioned in the academic studies that studied the clergymen in karbala and Najaf. Besides, there was no mentioning of his activities when talking about activities of other clergymen. The reason, as the researcher thinks was the special nature of the personality of Al - Sewaich who did not want to show himself and because he was busy to build himself without help of others whether socially, intellectually or economically. That put him in a Kind of isolation away of suspicion and duplicity. The study consists of an introduction, four chapters and conclusion. Chapter one studies the scientific and social upbringing of Mohammad Mahdi Al - Sewaich. It sheds light on his family, Kinship, sources of thinking, teachers, students and different works in philology, Quran commentary, history, literature, poetry… etc. Chapter two discusses his social role and activities that were represented by his reforms and travels to study and spread Islam as a preacher and orator. He went to India and Pakistan for this purpose and to Egypt to complete his study of religion. He had a special role to spread teachings of prophet Mohammad's Kins (Peace be upon them), to urge to maintain the Islamic unity and to reject sectarian conflict. He also travelled to Bahrain to teach religion, to preach and to start Hussaini mourning assemblies. He was also active in other different social aspect inside and outside Iraq and that was represented by his role in Iraqi Writers Association in Basrah and Orphan Care Association, in his opening libraries, arranging ceremonies, lecturing, teaching in courses in addition to his encouragement to sport, acting and other social activities. He was behind conversion of many foreigners to Islami causes. Chapter three highlights his political role inside and outside Iraq during the royal and republican eras. It tackles his attitude towards the different political ideas and trends of the communists, the nationalists, the socialists and the sectarians as well as his position of the regional political and military developments of the Iranian Revolution 1979, the Iraqi opposition outside Iraq, the triple aggression on Egypt in 1956, Arab - Israeli war in 1967, First Gulf war 1980 - 1988, Second Gulf war 1991 and the economic sanction on Iraq. Chapter four discusses his intellectual role and achievements in Islamic thinking and Quran commentary, doctrines and rules, Hussain's Renaissance, moderation, compromising and his jurisprudence, his views and opinions of Islamic approaches and trends like Al - Bahism, Qadianism, Sheikhism and his refuting wahabism in addition to his position of the different Islamic creeds, his style and his speeches. He was a spiritualist, a philosopher, a poet and a historian. He wrote in Iraqi and Arab newspapers and journals about different scientific and human topics. The conclusion is devoted to show the most important results arrived at by the researcher. The conclusion reflects his social, political and intellectual role inside and outside Iraq where he practiced his different activities. Finally, the researcher hopes that this humble effort of him achieves his aim of contributing something to the Iraqi and Arabic library to study prominent personalities and particularly this Basri one.
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الحملة الفرنسية على روسيا القيصرية 1809 - 1812 == The French Campaign Against Tsarist Russia 1809 - 1812

Author name: اسراء عبد الكريم طاهر المالكي
Supervisor name: مشعل مفرح ظاهر العونان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The revolution that took place in France in the year 1789 was not an event that influenced France alone, in fact it crossed the borders to include the whole world , particularly Europe whose Kings began to fight its liberal ideas fearing that those ideas may reach their countries ; therefore, the reactions of the European countries towards the new revolution varied : some of the accepted them, others fought them and still others were indifferent. What matters here is the position of Russia towards that Revolution. They splitinto two parties : the Russian people supported the Revolution and found out that it was a way to get rid of the absolute monarchy and thus started to study the principles of the Revolution carefully. On the other hand the Russian Government was apparent from the nature of Empress Catherine the Second, 1762 - 1796, who fought all that related to the Revolution and dismissed the French that were settling in her country. Not only did she prevent the Russians from importing any French goods and stopped the trade with France but she also urged the Europeans to start a war against France. As a result those countries formed the first coalition against France in the year 1792. The Russian Empire continued in its hostility towards the French Revolution till her death in 1796. When her son, Paul the First, ascended the throne 1796 - 1801 ,he changed attitudes towards the Revolution and appeared as a man of peace at the beginning ,but when France occupied Egypt and Malta ,the new Tsar had to adopt a hostile position against France.Then he joined the new coalition of 1798 against France. Because of the different points of views and plans of themembers of theCoalition ,Paul the First left the coalition and signed a treaty with France. After the death of Paul the First, Alexander the First became the emperor 1801 - 1825. He was in peace with Napoleon ,who became the First council of France ,and after the war that took place between Britain and France , Bonaparte became the Emperor ,the relations between France and Russia witnessed new tension ,particularly when Napoleon executed Duke Angan ,one of the prices of the Bourbons, which the European countries regarded as actualthreat to their benefits, those countries agreed to form a third European coalition. Russia and Britain represented the corner stone of that coalition, where Russia led a lot of battles against France such as Austerlitz battle in 1805, Eylau battle in 1806 and Friedland battle in 1807.In all those battles the victory was French. Later on the two countries signed a peace treaty ,known as the Tlst Treaty in 1807, in which the two parties agreed to be allied and friends.That friendship was stressed in Erfurt Conference, which was held in 1808. The relations between the two countries continued to be friendly till the year 1810, when Russia breached that treaty by refusing to apply the embargo against Britain. The whole year 1811 the two countries continued in their correspondences that led, atlast, to Napoleon’s Campaign against Russia on the 23nd of june,1812. He and his army pushed deep into the Russian lands, where the Russians adopted the strategy of retreating deep into their land, and burning all the cities that they were withdrawing from , however the campaign did not end up unless Napoleon defeated and his army, which its strength exhausted due to a lack foodstuff materials into as well as the winter, which was harsh where the temperature dropped to ( - 26 Celsius). This actually forced Napoleon to return to France, at the same time Russia was pushed to form the sixth alliance against France.After the Allied victories in the Battle of Leipzig, Napoleon was forced to return to the France borders, but it was too late, and allied forced had decided to enter to Paris, and it was done in 1814. The first Paris Treaty was held in the same year, which brought up the dismissal of Napoleon, and then exiled to the Island of Elba, and formation of a new interim government and the return of the Bourbon to the throne of France. The campaign led by Napoleon against Russia ended all Napoleon's dreams to control over theEuropean Continent and to expand with the East.
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التسامح في ظل الحكم الفاطمي في مصر 358 - 567هـ/968 - 1171م == Tolerance Under The Fatimid Rule (358 - 568 A.H./969 - 1171 A.D.)

Author name: خمود عبد غركان البهادلي
Supervisor name: توفيق دواي موسى الحجاج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Fatimid Caliphate aappeared in morocco in (297A.H./909 A.D.) after a long struggle and a highly careful, secretive movement because of the Abbasid Caliphate's stress twoeards Isma'ilism. Abbasid Caliphate used killing and intimidation against their followers or sympathizer. Abu Abdullah al - Shi'i, or Sana'ani according to some sources, started the movement. He succeeded to convince the Kutama tribe of Berbers with his call during Hajj season in Mecca. Afterwards, he established the Fatimid Caliphate in inmorocco which was an Ismaili Shia Islamic caliphate. It lasted a century. They expanded to include Egypt in (358 A.H. /969 A.D.). They built Cairo, their capital, making it a center of peace, stability, and beneficence. The Fatimid Caliphate took these characterized from Isma'ilismand they adopted as their political approach. Without doubt, the Fatimid Caliphate had its negatives, however, they committed to tolerance since the beginning and after establishing their rule. They confirmed their tolerance when Jawhar al - Siqill?, the leader of Al - Mu'izz Al - Fatimid Caliph's army, issued a document of safety to the people of Egypt. The document resembles a human rights declaration which they used till their last days. Fatimid Caliphate strived to enhance the principles of citizenship throughout its institutions. These principles are called nowadays human rights. It turned a blind eye to religious or sectarian belonging. This tolerance in religious and political aspects towards its people distinguished it from former governments. Fatimid Caliphate secured the freedom of mind and religion to its people. My thesis is about tolerance under the Fatimid rule during (358 - 567 A.D./969 - 1171 A.D.).The researcher dealt with an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, and bibliography. The first chapter is about aspects of tolerance in the Fatimid Caliphate which is divided into three sections. Section one gives definitions to the term tolerance linguistically and idiomatically. It also explores tolerance in Quran and Sunnah. Section two is about tolerance with Sunni Islam in religious rights, rituals, and celebrations. Section three is about tolerance with the people of the dhimma (jews and Christians) in their religiousrituals and building churches and monasteries. The second chapter deals with political tolerance. It is divided into three sections : section one is about tolerance inside Egypt, section two is about tolerance outside Egypt, and section three is about giving jobs to non - Ismailis. The third chapter is about social, economic, and scientific tolerance. It is divided into three sections : section one is about tolerance and celebrating national holidays, section two is about economic tolerance in agriculture, industry and trade, and section three is about the scientific side and the contributions of Caliphs and ministers in science and building libraries. At the end, we ask God help and guidance.
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المجلس التاسيسي الكويتي (1961 - 1963) : دراسة تاريخية == The Constituent Assembly Of Kuwait (1961 - 1963 ) : A Historical Study

Author name: دعاء علي سرحان الزيدي
Supervisor name: رافد عبد الرضا عيلان الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The chiefdom of Kuwait Signed in 1899, on the agreement of British protection under which became a protectorate administered some of their affairs, especially out wardness by Britain. was that agreement lasted until 19 June 1961, when Britain announced that Kuwait's independence, became incumbent on the Kuwaits to prove its existence as an independent state, citizens enjoy freedom and democracy, and that through the creation of a constituent assembly elected "suggest" to the world that the Kuwaiti government is moving towards more democracy. However, the march toward democracy soon clashed with the mentality of some of the ruling family elders, who refused at first to waive certain privileges which was granted to them in their capacity as the ruling family elders, Participated all their weight in the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly. came participation by appointment rather than election, as is the case with the rest of the members of the Constituent Assembly, which confirms the fear of any democratic transformation lose their some of their privileges. plenty of the academic researchers, have significant and multiple aspects, specialized study of Kuwait contemporary political history, is that despite the importance of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly ( 1961 - 1963 ), close to its association with the lives of the Kuwaiti citizen on the one hand, and install the foundations of the modern state after the institution was about way to build the joints of the Kuwaiti state as a whole on the other hand, we have not noticed any concentration by those academic studies, for addressing the Council of Kuwait constituent of topics, and the Bill of laws and amendments, except for some writings and articles scattered, which dealt with a very small fraction of the Thread, noting that some of them have been written without the generality that there is a fight in the details, which made it difficult for any researcher, having such a topic in light of the lack of these studies first, and the difficulty of the subject and its complexities Second. Based on the historical significance of the above, it came this study tagged : ( Council Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly from 1961 to 1963 ), in order to detect one of the important aspects and the mean in Kuwait contemporary political history, an attempt to examine role of the Kuwaiti constituent assembly, and its contribution to the transmission of Kuwait from a tribal entity managed some internal and external affairs by the state of Britain's protection, an independent state adopts the existing democratic system of governance elections and parliamentary representation. as well as study the discussions members of the Special legislation of laws and amendment by the Constituent Assembly, which paved the way for the adoption of the permanent Kuwaiti constitution and the election of the National Assembly. The research found a set of findings and conclusions that can incorporate the most important as follows : First : the desire of Britain, Sheikh Abdullah Al - Salem Al - Sabah, and some Kuwaiti dignitaries, the establishment of a constitutional alternative to the tribal government the prevailing system in Kuwait at the time system, as it is becoming imperative for Kuwait after its independence from Britain in 1961, to prove its existence as an independent state, citizens enjoy freedom and democracy, and so through the creation of elected councils "suggest" to the world that the Kuwaiti government is moving towards more democracy.Second : The most important can be notice on the work of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, is the presence of ministers appointed as members of the Council exercising two floors at the same time first : an executive capacity as minister in the Kuwaiti government, or Council of Ministers, and the second : a legislative capacity as members of the Constituent Assembly, so the problematic work of the Constituent Assembly was stemming from the attempt to the executive, the acquisition of the largest amount of powers to the legislative branch account, meaning that the legislature be dominant by the executive branch, and this is what made ministers insist initially through "a spokesman on their behalf," adviser legal Kuwaiti government Mohsen Abdel Hafez, that the task of the Constituent Assembly are limited to a supervisory role.Third : regardless of all the motives that accompanied the formation of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, the Council's work form an important event in the history of Kuwait's political, economic and social, as the mode or the Constituent Assembly drafted the foundations of the system of government in Kuwait, which is destined to continue until the present day, the Although there are some obstacles and political problems faced by the parliament to work in Kuwait, and the Dismantling of the Kuwaiti National Assembly for several times, and electoral fraud, and the Deactivating of some articles of the Constitution, which thanks to the Kuwaiti accomplished Constituent Assembly.Fourth : such as the work of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly during that period, a radical shift in the history of Kuwait contemporary political, after the first legislative institution representative of the population to be formed in Kuwait, which has become a reason to create a kind of political awareness among the population of Kuwait, as "Feeling" the presence of a representative entity their own regulator monitors the work of the executive authority, defends their rights through the exercise of the functions of the legislative and regulatory authority, and about the so rushed some residents of Kuwait and dignitaries, to submit petitions and complaints related to their problems, especially the character service, which had previously been neglected, some ministers of the executive branch before the formation Foundation Board.Fifth : The follower of the minutes of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, the minutes of the meetings of the committee preparing the permanent Kuwaiti constitution, foand that most of the laws and legislation political, economic, administrative and service, and some of the permanent Kuwaiti Constitution, were approved under pressure from ministers of the executive authority ( Council of Ministers ), the dominant the work of the Constituent Council ( Parliment ), or to find compromise solutions between the elected members and appointed, and that the necessary ignored the objections of the elected members, and resorting to a vote, which is always in favor of the appointed ministers as members of the Constituent Assembly, or taking the opinion of the Prince Sheikh Abdullah Salem Al - Sabah, to Definitiveness some of the topics at issue, which the size or reduced the independence of the work of the Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly to pass a lot of laws and legislation, it seemed as if the executive branch is watching the work of the legislature, other than what is the case in all parliaments of the world adoptive system democratic governance.Sixth : Overall, we can say that the Constituent Assembly of Kuwait, has succeeded despite the obstacles and difficulties created by the ministers of the executive branch appointed as members of the Constituent Assembly, in the tasks entrusted to him perform under the Interim Constitution of Kuwait : ( Act No. 1 of 1962 ), laid the foundations of the state Kuwait, through legislation, modification and approval of many of the political, economic, administrative and service laws, as well as being able to By done his mean mission president of the preparation of the permanent Kuwaiti constitution, which was approved by the Emir of Kuwait, Sheikh Abdullah Al - Salem Al - Sabah, dated 11 November 1962, under which announced the end of the action Board Kuwaiti Constituent Assembly, to take place after the elections, members of the Kuwaiti National Assembly, which held its first session on 29 January 1963.Seventh : Finally The research, to the Kuwait Permanent its constitution of 1962, he moved from the traditional chiefdom - based formula on the basis of the absolute rule of the elders of the Al - Sabah family, to a limited and incomplete constitutional emirate preliminary version, under the constitutional system of governance amid combines two systems Parliamentary the presidential, with a tendency towards the first, as part of the equation summarized Articles IV and VI of the Permanent Constitution of Kuwait, after Kuwait hereditary emirate where limited presidential Descendents Sheikh Mubarak Al - Sabah, provided that the system of government in which a democratic, under which sovereignty of the nation, all of which are the source of authority, and on despite limited mobility and not complete, but it is a big and important step compared to what it was the conditions of Kuwait in the pre - independence, particularly since the transition from autocracy system to a constitutional system of government, has identified the powers of the prince and the elders of the ruling family, for according to a Permanent Kuwaiti constitution, the center of a system which combines the two systems parliamentary and presidential.
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سبي ال البيت عليهم السلام : دراسة تاريخية == Captivating Of Al - Al Bait From Al - Taff To Al - Sham Region 61 A.H. / 680 A.O. A Historical Study

Author name: قسام جاسم قاسم الحسني
Supervisor name: نزار عبد المحسن جعفر الداغر
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The unique and pioneer Al - Taff experience has always carried the heat of true essence of jihad throughout history , in every page ,Among its most effective pages Al - taff had illustrated the captivating of Al - Al bait peace be upon them , They were taking prisoners from Al - Taff in Karbala to Al - sham region , where most of them were women and children , The captivating violated all the Muslim principles which the A maven had claimed to have ; as well as every moral principle Arabs had be fore Islam , The ideological jihad which Al - Bait peace be upon them had shown in those exceptional circumstances had shown their highly qualified characters , which had caused a strong shake to the human's conciunce.Their speeches which were described as ideological jihad were also a loud scream against the corrupting that it caused all the fake masks of deciept to fall.Those who were deceived or confused were eventually able to see the truth.All that happened because of what Al - Bait captivated did during the revolution of Imam Hussein peace be upon him.We tried to collect the pieces of evidence and signs of what happened after the battle of Al - Taff to explain the true events unlike what was illustevated by biased and dishone st writers. Our research has five chapters induding introduction ; preface conclusion , few annexes and references.The preface lists in summary the causes of Imam Hussein revolution ; his martyrdom with his family and supporters in Al - Taft battle which led to the captivating of Al - Bait peace be upon them. The first chapter talks about the captivating of Al - Bait peace be uponthem feom Al - Taft to the city of kufa.The chapter has three main sections. The first section talks about the meaning of "captivating".The second section talks about the meaning of "Al - Al Bait " peace be upon them.The third section talks a bout the beginning of captivating and the arrival at Kufa. It also demonstrates the number of captives of the woman in Imam Hussein family.The second chapter talks about the captives of Al - Al bait in Kufa and their effect on Kufa community. This chapter consists of six sections. The first section talks about how the captives were shown in the streets of Kufa. The second section talks about the speech of zaineb Bint Ali peace be upon them. The third section talks about speech of Fatima Bint AlHussein peace be upon them.The fourth section talks about the speech of Um Kalthoom Bint Ali peace be upon them. The fifth section talks about the speech of Imam Ali Bin Al - Hussein (Alsajad) peace be upon them. The sixth section talks about the entry of the captives to the palace.The second chapter ends with the affects of the captivating of Al - Al bait peace be upon them on the people of Kufa.Then the chapter ends with the length of period of time the captives remained in Kufa. The third chapter talks about the captivating of Al - Al bait peace be upon them form Kuta to Al - Sham Region.The chapter has four sections.The first Section talks about the leaders who accompanied the caravan of Al - Al bait peace be upon them , form Kuta to sham.The second section talks about the roods from Kuta to Damascus.The third section talks about the road which Al - Al bait peace be upon them had taken from Kuta to Damascus and the places they had passed by.The fourth section talks about the arrival of Al - Al bait captives to Damascus. The fourth chapter talks about Al - Al bait peace be upon them at the board of Yazeed Bin Muawaya. This chapter is divided into four sections.The first section talks about the first talks of Al - Al bait peace be upom them with Yazeed.The second section talks about the speech of Zainab Bint Ali peace be upon them. The third section talks about the speech of Imam Ali Bin AlHussein peace be upon them. The fourth section talks about the aspects of the captivating of Al - Al bait peace be upon them and its effects on the people of sham and their reaction which included the refusal to the actions of Yazeed Bin Muawaya and the interval of how long the captives of Al - Al bait had remained in sham be fore they left.The fifth chapter talks about the head of Imam Hussein be upon him and its burial and it is divided into two sections. The first section talks about the beheading and its political and social aspect.The second section talks about the burial of the head of Imam Hussein peace be upon him.Finally ; the conclusion includes the most important results which this research has concluded , supported by several maps and diagrams
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قوات المقاومة الشعبية في العراق 1اب 1958 - 29 تموز 1959 == Folk Resistance Forces In Iraq 1 August 1958 - 29 July 1959

Author name: بشائر محمود مطرود المنصوري
Supervisor name: فرات عبد الحسن كاظم الحجاج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: If one traces the temporary history of Iraq, especially the period during which Abdul Kareem Qassim ruled from 1958 up to 1963, he will find a lot of bloody strife and struggles in that one starts thinking about the source behind these struggles and turmoil. The answer to such question is that there were two trends for the ideological policies which were different. These were the national and communist parties. It seems that the main reason behind these differences was attributed to the kind of policy practiced by the government in treating such struggles and its results. Thus, the formation of the folk resistance forces in 1958 is considered as a procedure agitating the conflict, and hence, the significance of the study comes from this source of discussion, regardless talking about the source of establishing the militias in Iraq. Also, little has been written on this subject. The significance of this study lies in its revelation of the roots of the contemporary political struggles after the 14 July revolution in 1958. This study falls into a preliminary and three chapters and a conclusion. The preliminary is primarily concerned with the rise of the 14th July revolution in 1958 and the Arab's position and national attitude towards this Rise. The national position from this revolution is considered one of the sources of the formation of the folk resistance. Chapter one includes three sections. The first one is devoted to show the reasons of establishing the folk resistance. In section two, several topics are discussed such as the law of folk resistance and the leading of these forces, besides other things. Section three pays attention to the distribution of the centers of the folk resistance forces in the provinces of Iraq. Chapter two shows the role of these forces in the happenings in Iraq from 1958 to1959. Section one in this chapter focuses on the Rasheed Aali Al - Gailani's movement showing the reasons of the rise of this movement and its results. Section two shows the role of the folk forces in Mosel happenings in 1958 and the rise of Abdul Al - Wahab's movement and its resistance of the folk forces. This section also focuses on explaining the role these forces in Mosel's massacre from 9 to 29 on March in 1959 and the position of the Iraqi government from these forces after the happenings of Al - Shawaf. Section three focuses on Rasheed Lolan's movement in Rawndooz on May in 1959, showing its causes and the role of the folk forces in dissolving this movement. Chapter three deals with the surpasses of these forces and the position of Abdul - Kareem Qassim from them in (1958 - 1959). The chapter explicates the surpass of these forces against ministers and military officers, against laws, administrations, and against the political parties. The conclusion comes finally to shed light on the result that these forces were the main helpers for the Iraqi army and the security forces. They under the influence of the communist party. This influence put these forces in two positions in that they should follow the government orders and guide and the communist party's orders. This affected their nature of work and led to a lot conflicts later on till they were dissolved in July 29th in 1959
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الصراع على السلطة في اندونيسيا 1965 - 1967 == The Struggle For Power In Indonesia 1965 - 1967

Author name: عمر عدنان داود الخالد
Supervisor name: كاظم هيلان محسن السهلاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis deals with Power conflict in Indonesia from 1965 to 1967. The researcher aims at investigating the causes and results of this conflict, its Development stages and the intentions of the involved parties. The importance of choosing this topic stems from the importance of Indonesia in South - East Asia which passed through many historical events. Independence and power hand over from Holland started a new stage of home political advances, where the parliamentary institution (1949 - 1957) followed the Western countries procedures. It legalized the freedom to form political parties and practice their work to lead opposition from inside the parliament building. However, this system failed soon because of the conflict between the political parties. This failure pushed President Sukarno to apply oriented democracy starting from 1957, where he took power in his hands and cancelled the parliamentary system; he developed good relations with the Indonesian Communist Party whose authority widened because of Sukarno's support. This lead army Generals to be the main Power after the authority of the competing parties to the Communist Party had weakened after the application of oriented democracy. Army Generals stood against the Communist party for fear of taking over power. Sukarno stood beside the party which led to a new stage in the conflict during the period 1965 - 1967. The first chapter of the study tackled the Indonesian political situation during the period (1949 - 1957). Chapter two is entitled Movement of the First of October (May - October 1965). This chapter deals with the direct preparations to the Movement, the upraise of the Movement and the change in President Sukarno's position towards it. Chapter three is entitled The Role of General Suharto against the First of October Movement, it displays General Suharto's role in evoking public opinion against President Sukarno and his role in standing against the first of October Movement. Chapter four deals with the home situation crisis in Indonesia which resulted from Sukarno's formation of the National Front for his followers to stand against General Suharto's campaign against him. This chapter refers also to the ministerial modification that Sukarno started which led to a greater inside crisis and Which evolved into what happened in March 1966. This chapter also focused on the steps that General Suharto had taken to strip Sukarno of his authorities and drive him away from ruling Indonesia. The conclusion included the most important conclusions that had been reached at through studying Authority conflict in Indonesia (1965 - 1967)
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العلاقات السياسية الامريكية - الفنلندية 1939 - 1945 == The American - Finnish Political Relations 1939 - 19

Author name: ميثاق عبد العزيز سلمان التميمي
Supervisor name: فرقد عباس قاسم المياحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aims at shed light on the nature of American - Finnish political relations from the Soviet attack of Finland in 1939 up to the Finnish withdrawal from the second world war, and resuming of Diplomatic relations between USA and Finland in August 1945. This study is divided into a preface, introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The preface follows up a brief history of Finland and its geography, and the early American representations in Finland, and the American attitude towards the Finnish declaration of independence. The researcher discusses the Soviet - Finnish negotiations in 1939, which led to breakdown of war between Finland and the Soviet Union, and the failure of American good office. The first chapter deals with the American - Finnish political relations from November 1939 up to June 1941. This chapter focuses on the American attitude towards the Soviet - Finnish war, the American role in holding of Soviet - Finnish treaty in March 1940. The chapter discusses also the German - Finnish rapprochement and its effects on the American - Finnish political relations from April 1940 up to June 1941. The second chapter deals with the Finnish - German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 and its effect on the American - Finnish relations up to December 1941. This chapter explains also the deterioration of the American - Finnish relations during 1942 , and the reducing of diplomatic relations. The chapter explains why the American government summoned its ambassador in Helsinki for consultations in 1942. The last chapter is devoted to discuss the developments of American - Finnish relations from 1943 up to August 1945. This chapter focuses on the failure of American mediation to put an end to war between Soviet Union and Finland, the failure of peace talks between Soviet Union and Finland in 1944, why USA breaks off its diplomatic relation with Finland. Finally, this chapter discusses the resuming of the American - Finnish relations in 1945
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السياسة الامريكية تــجاه الجمهورية العربية اليمنية 1967 - 1979 == American Policy Towards The Arab Republic Of Yemen 1967 - 1979

Author name: شروق سعود عبد الخنجر
Supervisor name: ابراهيم فنجان صدام الامارة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تبنت الولايات المتحدة الامريكية سياسات متعددة الاوجه والابعاد تجاه الشرق الاوسط بصورة عامة واليمن بصورة خاصة، لحماية مصالحها الاقتصادية لاسيما النفطية منها في المملكة العربية السعودية لما لها من اهمية لواشنطن وحلفاؤها. علاوة على ذلك فقد شكل الشطر الشمالي | Multifaceted policies have been adopted by the United States of America towards the Middle East in general, and towards Yemen in particular to protect and secure their economic and political interests especially with respect to oil interests in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, because of the importance of oil to Washington and its allies. Furthermore , the northern part of Yemen represents a great strategic and military significance. Especially after the establishment of a Marxist regime which is clearly loyal to the Soviet Union in the southern part of Yemen. Not to mention the importance of its geographical location near one of the most important International waterways which the United States made sure that they did not fall under the control of the Soviet Union which leads eventually to a great threat for its economic and political interests. And this seems clear that Yemen has become one of the most important regions of the rivalry between the USA and the Soviet Union and that any of them ( USA and the Soviet Union ) will not stand back and watch the events and the developments that the is witnessed by the region if not its interests are exposed to the risk , because Yemen was passing by the period of the political and economic building , like the Third World countries , Washington exploited the necessary need of Sanaa for the political and economic support to overcome its problems so it used this assistance to extend its influence and protect its interests and face the Soviet union influence in the southern part of Yemen. This had resulted in an Arab cold war or the proxy war which is a clear reflection of the strained of the relations between Moscow and Washington. The importance of the subject of US politics towards the northern part of Yemen 1967 - 1979 , was the reason behind choosing it for this Master thesis , which includes an introduction and five chapters and a conclusion and appendixes. The first chapter deals with Yemeni - American relations for the period 1945 - 1967. The first section deals with the first attempts of Washington and Sanaa to establish mutual relations and sign the Treaty of Friendship and Trade in 1946 , and the second section discusses the Yemen - US relations in the era of Imam Ahmad 1948 - 1962, While the third section focuses on the relations of the two parties in the republican era in 1962 - 1967 , After the US recognition of the republican system in late 1962 , the US position of the Yemeni civil war between republicans and monarchists , cut ties between Sana'a and Washington after the June 1967 war, and Egypt's role in it. The second chapter focuses on the American politics towards Yemen after the severance of diplomatic relations in 1967, The first section deals with the deterioration of the relations between Washington and Sana'a and its interruption and the second section comes to explain the American politics towards Yemen during the stage of relations cut 1967 - 1972 , and the attempts by the Yemeni government to resume its relations with Washington. The third Section discusses the shifts of the American politics after the resumption of the Yemeni - American relations 1974 - 1972. The first section Turns to the motives of the both parties for the resumption of relations in 1972. while the second section deals with the visit of 'Rogers' to Sana'a and the US position in the war of 1972 between the two parts of Yemen. while the Third Section studies the growing of the Yemeni - US relations till the coup of Al - Hamdi. In the fourth chapter , the master thesis discusses the evolution of the American politics towards the northern part of Yemen in 1974 - 1978 , the first part deals with the US position of the return of the military rule for Yemen after the coup of al - Hamdi , and the second part is about the US position of the strained of the relations between the two parts 1978. The fifth chapter focuses on the American Policy towards the Yemeni internal developments 1978 - 1979 , the first section includes the US reaction to the arrival of Ali Abdullah Saleh to the power, while the second section is allocated to the statement of the US position in the war of 1972 between the two parts of Yemen. The Title : 1. US politics towards the northern part of Yemen. 2. US politics towards the Arab Republic of Yemen
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بنو قسي ودورهم السياسي والعسكري في الاندلس (94 - 317هـ / 712 - 929م) == Political And Martial Role Of Qassi Family In Andalus (94 - 317 A.H)(712 - 929 A.D)

Author name: نسرين خلف جوي الساعدي
Supervisor name: حسين جبار مجيتل العلياوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Andalusi families had a great role in the Islamic history in Andalus, especially those families which inhabited the upper defile for it is the region to the borders with the Christian kingdoms. All along this defile many events happened that positively and negatively impacted the Islamic state. Therefore, to know these borders we can simply tell the size of the challenges in the region and the role that the families played in stabilizing the region or violating discipline and order there. This is what urged us to choose the Qassi family to be the core of the study. This family hadn’t received historians and researchers' attentions. Thus, we couldn't find any study which shed light on this family. The present study highlighted this family's important political and martial role, for it affected the political arena at that time. It also focused on the social sides which were not free of some political dimensions. These reflected the prevalence of some states in the Andalusi society and the break of some families and fusion of family relations between Muslims and Christians which provoked many inquiries throughout the research like the bias of some families to the Christian kingdoms against Muslims. This applies to this family. Qassy family is one of the half - breed families in Andalus which played a great role in the political and martial events in the period of its prosperity. Many prominent figures appeared in this family like; Mohammed Bin Mousa, Mohammed Bin Lub BinMousa who fought many wars against the Umayyad authority and against some of the Christian kingdoms on the border lines of this family's authority. This study falls into three chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by conclusions and appendices. The first chapter deals with the geography of the Andulsian upper defile and areas of Qassy family's authority. It also refers to the conquer of the region and the family's upper grandfather entrance into Islam, as well as the family's first time emergence into the political events arena up to 180 A.H / 796 A.D. We referred to the population structure of the region; we displayed the most important Arab, Barbarian and Half - Breed tribes in the region. Chapter two deals with the Qassy family's political role. Where we referred to the family's relation with the government of Cordoba and the latter's relation with other half - breed families and its impact on the relation the Qassy family. We referred to the widening authority of Mousa Bin Mousa and his political relationship with the Christian kingdoms. In addition, we displayed political reasons behind marriage relationships with these Christian kingdoms. We also mentioned something about the conflict between family members because of areas of authority. Chapter three covers the Qassy family's martial role up to the end of their authority on the upper defile region. We tackled their martial conflict with the Muslims and Christians, and the reasons behind their conversion from being allies to the Navar kingdom to be enemies. We talked also about their role in stopping the Norman attack on Andalus during the reign of the Umayyad Emirate.
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الواد عند العرب قبل الاسلام وموقف الاسلام منه == Infanticide Among Arabs Before Islam And The Position Of Islam Towards It

Author name: وجدان جعفر غالب الموسوي
Supervisor name: مصطفى جواد عباس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Specialized studies in the social history of Arabs had gained a lot of attention from some researchers in order to stand at the reality of the Arab society, what was prevailing in it. Considering the fact that infanticide was one phenomenon among others that were prevailing in the Arab society, the researcher decided to dig deeper in this topic under the title (Infanticide among Arabs before Islam and the Position of Islam towards it). This research studied this phenomenon among Arabs before Islam and the position of Islam towards it as well as the tribes where infanticide had spread widely. The researcher found out that this phenomenon was limited to some Bedouin Arab tribes like (Rabie'a & Tameem). This phenomenon wasn't confined to the Arabs only, but rather it was found among other nations like (Greek, Romans, and Persians). The reason behind burying males alive could be economic, poverty, or religious, a sacrifice to the gods. However, reasons for burying females alive were numerous like; poverty, fear of the scandal of captivation and physical disability; that's why it was greater among females. It was found that other primitive nations and old religions practiced sacrificing humans to the gods. What spreaded among Arabs like sacrificing sons and burying daughters alive among Arabs shows a tight connection between religion and this phenomenon. Styles of infanticide were not confined to burying alive only; it included throwing from lofty places, drowning and slaughtering which is (the biggest infanticide). Isolation is also considered as a kind of hidden infanticide which is (the smallest infanticide). In addition, spiritual infanticide which the female had experienced is another kind of infanticide. It has been noticed that not all Arabs agreed about infanticide. Within the same tribe there are pros and cons. Other stabilized tribes gave women sublime status like naming her sons after her as in the case of the kings of Hira. Some Arab tribe leaders like (Sa'sa'a bin Najia) fought this phenomenon. He prevented burying many girls alive by sacrificing them for money This phenomenon was fought by Islam after its spread. Islam considered it as an atrocity and urged parents to raise up children especially females whose education is considered a worship that leads to paradise. Islam refuted all reasons that Arabs claimed to bury their daughters alive. It assured them the availability of their and their children's daily bread. Islam also warned parents that killing their children is a great sin and a crime. The study fall into three chapters, the first of which tackled the (Concept and origin of Infanticide), it consists of three sections, section one deals with the concept of infanticide both linguistically and idiomatically, section two deals with beginning of infanticide.(infanticide in old nations and civilizations,and the infanticide in Arab nation before Islam) , section three deals with the styles of infanticide.( big infanticide ,small infanticide,and infanticide on the moral level). Chapter two deals with the reasons behind infanticide.Both recomend the presence of girls who are mostly exchand with camels). Insteade of girls and the second one : the real sacrification of those girls who are exchanged with camels and its relationship with gambling. Chapter three focuses on the Chapontains (the position of holly Quran ,Sunnah and Ahlualbait from infanticideter three focuses on the social impacts offirst section the social impacts of infanticide and the position of Islamtwards it.and it consisits of two sections : the (the position of mother ftom infanticide and the social position (the revive of infanticide).the second section ( the position of Quran and contains (The position of holly Quran ,Sunnah ,and Ahlualbait from infanticide
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سياسة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية تجاه القضية النمساوية 1945 - 1955 == The United States Of America The Policy Of Towards The Austrian Question 1945 - 1955

Author name: تحسين علي حسين
Supervisor name: فاروق صالح العمر
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The era after the second world war witnessed a kind of competition between the united states of America and the soviet Union to control different countries in the world. Austria was one of these countries that became the stage for the conflict between the west and the east for ten years because of its important and strategic geographical position. After liberating Austria from the Nazi occupation in March 1945 , the Allies agreed to divide Austria and its capital Vienna into four Zones of occupation for the United states of America , the Soviet Union , Britain and France as a preparation to execute the treaty of independence of Austria which granted it the right of sovereignty after withdrawl of the occupying troops. However , the troops Left Austria in 1955 because of the conflict between the east and the west during the cold war. That is why most of the European historians see that the cold war started in Austria and not in Germany. The study covers the years from 1945 to 1955. 1945 was chosen as the starting point of the study because in that year , Austria was liberated from the Nazi occupation by the Allied states. Also , the researcher chose 1955 as the closing year because the treaty of Austria was signed by the four states of occupation on the 5th of March of that year. The thesis consisted of an introduction , four chapters , a conclusion and appendixes.The Study in chapter was on (( the policy of the united states of America towards Austria since Birth of the First Austrian Republic up to March 1945 )) starts in 1918 because it is the year of the Birth of the Austrian Republic out of the ruins of the Empire of Austria and Hungary after the first world war. The first section of the chapter deals with the American - Austrian relations from 1918 to 1938 when Hitler annexed Austria. The section reviews the relation between the two states and the political and economic support of the united states of America to the first Austrian Republic. Section two tackles the American policy towards Austria from 1939 to March 1945. The section focuses on the reflections of the second world war on Austria and the Position of the United states towards that war in addition to the military and political role of the United States after entering the war to liberate Austria. Chapter two(( Policy of the United States of America towards the Austria Question during Rule of President Truman from March 1945 to 1947 )) includes three sections. The chapter emphasizes the policy of the United states during the first year of occupation of Austria. Chapter three (( Policy of the United States of America towards the Austria Question during Rule of President Tru - man 1948 - 1952 )) consists of three sections and is concerned with the military , economic and political support of the United states to Austria During the Period under study in this chapter, Marshal Project came into effect in Austria and it helped a lot in recovery of the Austrian economy. Furthermore , the United states of America started in 1948 a secret plan to reconstruct the Austrian Army to be ready to defend Austria against any communist threat after signing the Austrian Treaty. Chapter four is devoted to study (( the policy of the United States of America during the Era of President Eisenhower towards the Austrian Question 1953 - 1955)). The chapter Looks into the international situation in 1953 when Eisenhower became president of the United State of America , Also , the Soviet leader Stalin died in that year and the negotiations between the Soviet Union and Austria started in that year. The chapter also sheds light on the role of the United State of America in Berlin conference in 1954 which prepared the way for the USA and USSR to agree on the treaty of Austria in April 1955. The conclusion is devoted to present the results that the researcher reached.
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معارك وغزوات الكويت ومشاركاتها الحربية (1716 - 1814) == Battles And Its Invasions Of Kuwait And Its Participatins In Wars (1716 - 1896 )

Author name: نضال خزعل غضبان الزيادي
Supervisor name: رافد عبد الرضا عيلان الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف البحث الى دراسة معارك وغزوات الكويت ومشاركاتها الحربية ( 1716 - 1814 )، اي خلال المدة التي سبقت تولي الشيخ جابر الصباح حكم مشيخة الكويت، والتي امتازت بكثرة مشاركاته الحربية الى جانب الدولة العثمانية.. فضلا عن دراسة تاثير تلك المعارك والغزوات والمشارك | Kuwaiti modern history has been associated with many of the political events represented by wars and battles fought by the Kuwaiti tribes since their migration from Najd. Alsubah family, a branch of the tribe Utub, which have migrated up to the year 1665 from their first habitat in the Hadar located within the region of Najd to the shores of the Arabian Gulf as a result of the harsh conditions of life, and severe drought that has happened in their home areas due to Lack of rain, which caused the outbreak of tribal conflicts over grazing lands and eventually led to an exodus of large numbers of Utub tribe native to the first direction of Kuwait area, and it should be It noted that the members of this tribe before settling in Kuwait tried to settle in areas ( Al Mabraz, Al Zubarah, the coast of Persia, and Basra ), but they faced strong rejection of the population in these areas.. After a long migration, some families of Utub ( Al - Sabah, Al - Khalifa, and Al - Jalahmah ) were allowed within the year 1716, to settle near the Kuwait bay which was influenced by the tribe of Bani Khalid, a region that was not inhabited at the time. The reason I chose my study of the year 1716, as a beginning of a subject of the study is due basically that that year was the beginning of Kuwait foundation as an Emirate by Utub tribe which had many battles with different tribes to keep that Emirate. Utub tribe did its best to prove itself and quit migration life.. After settling in Kuwait , they began practicing acts of pearl diving and fishing, maritime and trade from and to India, as well as the ports of the Persian Gulf and other such as ( Basra, AL - Ahwaz, And Bahrain ). Then they divided the adminisration of the affairs of Kuwait among them. The agreement texted that Alsubah family hold presidency and its affairs by consulting others while AlKhalifa family hold the trade affairs.On the other hand , work organising affairs in the sea was entrusted by Al Jalahmah. This type of government administration was until 1766 when Alsubah family totally ruled Kuwait as a result to the migration of Al - Khalifa family and a big number of AlJalahima to Zubarah where they settled there before their occupation of the island of Bahrain with the participation of Kuwaiti rulers (Alsubah family) in 1782.. But after the year 1782, Kuwait was exposed to numerous attacks ( the most important one was the first battle occurred directly with Kuwait, known as the ( Naval battle of Rikkah ) against a coalition of AlKaab when Kuwaitis won by themselves ).. Starting in 1793, Kuwait has been subjected from time to the Wahhabi invasions, which lasted until 1896, which is the year of the study stop and the reason for this is that the year witnessed radical change in Kuwaiti policy represented by Sheikh Mubarak Alsubah's assassinating his two brothers ( Mohammad and Jarrah ) and appointed himself as a Sheikh of Kuwait.. Due to the importance above, this study is to discover one of the important political sides in the modern history of Kuwait. The study is an attempt to study those events in details and to show its effect in Kuwait as an independent Emirate and to detect the latent goals behind those events.. The study needed to divide the research into four chapters. The first chapter of the research has studied the origin of Utub tribe as a founder of the Emirate of Kuwait and presented a historical review about the origin of this tribe and its first habitat. The chapter referred to the date and the reasons of their migration from Najd up to the year 1665. It also deals with the topic of their migration to Zubarah about 1669, showing the problems happened between the tribe of Utub and the original people of Zubarah ( Al - Muslim ) which at last led to killing a man from Al - Muslim by the hand of a man from Utub. Consequently, It was the reason which made Utub migrate from Zubarah to the shores of the Arabian Gulf in 1698. The chapter always mentions their migration to Persia in 1698. They didn't settle there for a long time because they had a war with the tribe of Hola in 1701. They migrated to Basrah in the same year and settled in it for a period of time but they worked as pirates which made them have conflicts with the Ottoman empire. They were forced to leave Basrah and go to Kuwait in 1716.. The second chapter studied the Kuwait battles and participations in war ( 1716 - 1814 ) and how Utub could achieve their stability. It also studied the participation of Utub with Al - Mathkoor in the war againt Bani Kaab in 1761. It also studied the participation of Kuwait in Zubara battle in 1782, Kuwait participation with Al - Khaleefa in occupying Bahrain in 1783, and Kuwaiti battle of the naval battle of Raqqa in 1783, against a coalition of Bani Kaab and achieved victory by itself, as well as the Battle of Ibrahim bin Afissan of Kuwait in 1793, and the invasion of Manna Abu Rijlain two years in 1797, and Saoud Bin Abdel AlAziz Al - Saoud's invasion to Kuwait 1804, At last it studied the participation of Kuwait in the battle of Khkakrah in 1811.. The third chapter dealt with Kuwait war battles and participations for the period ( 1814 - 1866 ). This historical period was recognized by many Kuwaiti war participations beside the Ottoman empire such the participation of Kuwait in breaking the blockade of Basrah imposed by The tribe of Muntafiq in 1826. The chapter also studied Kuwaiti invasion to the tribe of Al - Nassar in Briam in 1827. The chapter also contains the participation of Kuwait beside the tribe of Muntafiq and Bani Kaab in the blockade of Basrah in 1831. It also studied the participation of Kuwait in the bnlockade of Zubair in 1833. It also studied the participation of Kuwait beside the Ottoman Empire in occupying the city of Mohammarah in 1837. The chapter also explainedthe Egyptian second expansion in the Arab gulf in 1838. The chapter also studied the invasion Sheik of Muntafaq , Bandar Al - Sadoun , to Kuwait in 1844. At last, the chapter studied the participation of Kuwait in the battle of Milh in 1859.. The fourth chapter studied the battles and invasions of Kuwait and war participations for the period ( 1866 - 1896 ). It mentioned the participation of Kuwait beside the Sheikh of Mohammrah, Jabir Bin Mirdaw , in his conflict with the tribe of Nassar in ( 1868 - 1869 ). It also mentions the participation of Kuwait in the Ottoman campaign on Ihsaa in 1871, referring to the decisive role done by the Kuwaiti forces participating in the campaign and the results made the campaign and its effect on Kuwait. The chapter also mentions the attempt of Saoud Bin Faisal Al - Saoud to invade Kuwait in 1873, the invasion of Mohammad Bin Abdullah Al - Rshaid to Subahiah in 1877, and the invasion of Majid Al - Duwaish to Kuwait in 1892. The chapter also mentions the participation of Kuwait in the interior conflict of Al - Dhafeer tribe in 1892. It traces the participation of Kuwait in the Ottoman campaign against Qatar in 1892, focusing on the importance of Kuwaiti financial and military support in that campaign. The chapter also mentions that Kuwait was exposed to the invasion of the tribe of Al - Saeed in 1893. It also mentions the invasion of the Saudi tribe of Bani Hajer against the Kuwaiti ships in 1894, killing many men and robbing their contents. It also mentions the participation of Kuwait beside the Ottoman empire in perusing the forces of Sheikh Al - Muntafaq, Sulaiman Mansour Al - Sadoun in 1894. Atlast it mentions the end of the study topic in the year 1896, when external and internal events happened which were the base in changing the political, social and economic situations in Kuwait when Sheikh Mubarak Al - Subah ruled Kuwait after he had killed his two brothers, Sheikhs Mohammad and Jarrah
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تصدي ائمة اهل البيت (عليهم السلام) للتحديات التي واجهت الدولة الاسلامية == Ahl - Albeit'Sthwarting For The Challenges Facing The Islamic State

Author name: محمد حنش راهي
Supervisor name: سليمة كاظم حسين
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Studying Ahl - Albeit's history (peace be upon them) is considered as one of the important topics in the Islamic history. Itdoes not mean investigating their life background, but also their considerable role they played at the level of politics, culture, economics and sociology, besides showing the scopes and attempts of these roles to protect the Islamic state from the surround danger. Thus, this is the domain and frame of the current work. It sheds light on Ahl - Albeit's roles in keeping the Islamic and celestial message and maintaining its principles and values after Prophet Mohammad's death (peace be upon him). They are regarded as the second pillar in the Islamic state. The basic aim of this work is to set things right concerning the mistaken belief that Ahl - Albeit's role was passive since they did not rule or having ascending the throne. This work shows their active participation in protecting and maintaining the Islamic beliefs and doctrines as well as saving the Islamic message from deviation. They were ready to stand against those who tried to put Islamic values and principles into jeopardy. They find solutions and take considerable decisions to put the Islamic doctrine in the safe side, whereas, other Islamic scientists face difficulties in solving these dilemmas. Accordingly, these facts embody the significance of this study. This importance ensues difficulties the researcher faces since there are two responsibilities : the first one is about historical and scientific responsibility and the second one is religious and faithful. Thus, the researcher should be objective in presenting and discussing this matter. This rises a difficulty especially for a researcher in Islamic historical matters. There is another problem in this study which is that this work has not been discussed in its particulars as an academic field of inquiry, though some aspects of the topic was discussed but from a different perspective. This study with the title 'Ahl - Albeit's Thwarting For the Challenges Facing The Islamic State' includes the period extends the prophet's death in 11 H.D. /632 A.D. , up to 260 A.H. /874 A.D which is the period of Imam Al - Askary's death (peace be upon them all). The nature of study, with its diverse pieces of information, is divided into three chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter is entitled "Thwarting The Political Deviation". It is divided into three sections. The first section is devoted to explaining the ways of maintaining the ruling line (the ruler)such as giving advice, also this section includes a discussion about an example taken from Imam Hussein's Revolution as a successful attempt to set religious things right especially the guidance in Islam. It also explicates Ahl - Albeit's role in supporting the protesting revolutions. Finally, this section closes with mentioning their attempts in making all people participate in the reformation of Islamic leadership via emphasizing the matter of enjoining kindness and forbidding iniquity inside the society. Section two is entirely concerned with Ahl - Albeit's thwarting for the challenges that the military and administrative institutionssuffered from and these having a direct relation with the Islamic government and the ruler himself. The third section of chapter one deals with their thwarting against temptations through a lot of techniques. Chapter two focuses on their roles to stand against the intellectual challenges. It includes two sections, one of them is concerned with their role in thwarting for the politics of not writing the prophet's sayings and how they contributed to keep these pious speeches and quotes and as a result, they become the source for the Moslems indispensible for organizing their ways of life. Section two is primarily built upon their contribution to a lot of intellectual trends which are aberrant attempting to distort the Islamic doctrine. Chapter three is entitled 'Thwarting the economic and social challenges', and falls into two sections. The first one is concerned with Ahl - Albeit's successful attempts to thwart the economic challenges facing the Islamic state when the government were unable to find solution for such challenges. Section twois about the social challenges especially when they stand against the racial discrimination practiced by some authorities and governments in their treatments. Also they rejected and thwarted the behavioral and moral deviations that are against the principles of the Islamic state. Finally, conclusion shows the main results of this and how the aim is attained throughout the discussion of various thwarts
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الامام علي بن موسى الرضا (عليه السلام) (148 هـ - 203 هـ / 765 - 818 م) : دراسة تاريخية == Al - Imam Ali Bin Musa Al - Ridha ( Peace Upon Him 148 - 203 A.H / 765 - 818 A.D) : A Historical Study

Author name: اياد صالح عاصي التميمي
Supervisor name: جواد كاظم منشد النصر الله
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study attempts to shed light on the Character of Ali Bin Musaa Al - Ridha. He is considered to be the 8 th Imam of Ehl al - Bayt. Most of the the scholars agree upon the high and Valuable Status of Imam Ali Bin Musaa AL - Ridh. ( peace upon him).The Present study is divided into an introduction , four chapters , and conclusion. The first Chapter tackles Imam`s Life and his biography. It contains three sections. Section one deals with his birth , kinship , generation , surname , honorific titles , and his ring engraved. The second section devotes to the psychological dimensions of Imam`s in Character. While section three present Imam`s personal The second Chapter of this study show the intellectual role of Imam Ali Bin Musaa Al - Ridha. This Chapter has five sections. section one deals with Imam`s scientific statue that presents his teachers and students and the scientist's opinion towed Imam. The second section give the Imam`s mental debates. the third section states the Imam`s role in theology. the fourth section explores the Imam`s narrations concerning altars alhadith , and fiqh. the last section of this Chapter attempts to reveal the Imam`s role in defending the true Islam. The Third Chapter discusses the Imam`s political role. This Chapter has three sections. The first section explains the Imam`s political era and relationship with many of Caliphates in that era. The second section deals with the Imam`s attitude towaed armed movements. The third section explains the sort of relation between Imam Ali Bin Musaa Al - Ridha and mandate of the covenant ( Wilayat aleahd ).Finally , Chapter four reviews the political developments in Abbasi Stat after the period of wilayat aleahd. It contains three section. Section one discusses the Imam`s echo in the provinces of Abbasi state. the second section focuses the attention upon Mamon`s change of his public policy. the third section explains the martyrdom of Imam Ali Bin Musaa Al - Ridha ( Peace upon him ).
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كعب الاحبار (550م - 654م/70ق.هـ - 34هـ) : دراسة تاريخية == Ka’B El - Ahbar (550A.D - 654 A.D / 70 B.H - 34 A.H) Historical Study

Author name: عقيل يوسف سعود السلطان
Supervisor name: عادل هاشم علي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study investigates the figure of Ka'b El - Ahbar who is a jewish cleric from Humair Yemeni tribe. He converted into Islam during Omar ibn Al - Khattab. He managed to be one of those near to Omar and Othman ibn Effan due to his knowledge in Torah.which was inspired by God to Moses. Authorities consulted him as an alternative to fill the ideological gap out of the prevention of spreading the prophet's Hadith. So he was a filler for that gap. He was narrating the jewish morals and stories of Torah. Omar and Othman considered him as their political and financial advisor. When people began to revolt against Othman, Ka'b decided to to move to Al Sham ruled by Mu'awiyya bin Abi Sufyan who was its governor. Because Al Sham was regarded as an ideological and religious heritage for jews, Mu'awiyya and Ka'b had the same objective to insert and tell alot of narrations glorifying Al Sham.This study consisted of an introduction, preliminaries, three chapters and conclusions.In the preliminaries, there was a historical approach to the jewish existence in the most important places in Al Jazeerah Al Arabiyyah such as Hijaz and Yemen. Furthermore , it deals with the basic opinions of this existence and the titles of the jews during their history. The Torah was also explained because it was the major reference of Ka'b and a short explanation of the important jewish sects.The first chapter deals with the life of Ka'b : the personal, his islam, his scientific position. It consisted of three sections. The first section deals with his name, surname, nickname, his birth, death and his burial place. It also talks about his family, relatives, tutors and his pupils. The second one contains the narrations given by Ka'b and his rationale of being Muslim. The third section shows his scientific position in the jewish and Islamic religions and the formal and informal attitudes of Ka'b by the followers and the opinions of the recent researchers.The second chapter explains Ka'b's relations with the authority. It consisted of three sections. The first section deals with the relation of the prophet Mohammed (peace upon him) with the Christians and the jews and his attiude from their knowledge. It also shows the position of the prophet and the Caliphs and Sultans after him. The second section deals with Ka'b ' relation with the Caliph Omar and its basic features : his political consultation, his narrating of stories and Fatwas. It also deals with Omar's position from Ka'b 's perspective and Ka'b relation with Omar's murder. The second one shows Ka'b relation with Othman and the consultations with him in the financial matters and alms giving distributions. In addition, it touches upon the oppositions towards these interferences. The third section deals with Ka'bs's relation with Mu'awiyyah and his departure to Al Sham with the reasons of Ka'b's going to Mu'awiyyah and the feaures of that relation with its effects on the narrations of Ka'b in Al Sham.The third chapter deals with Ka'b's narrations and its effects on Islam. It is divided into three sections. The first section deals with the historic narration in Ka'b such as the beginning of creation, prophets ' history and past nations. The second one shows the dogma narration according to Ka'b. It has three parts : the first one deals with monotheism in Ka'b's narrations which were characterized with anthropomorphism. The second part includes the prophets' impeccability in Ka'b's narrations and sins committed by prophets.This is close to what jews said in Torah. In addition, this section deals with doomsday in Ka'b's narration. The third section studies the forthcoming narration in Ka'b at the end of the world in Al Mahdi, the Christ and the quack. This section sheds light on the salvation case or the universal savior in the jewish and Islamic ideology and the narrations of Ka'b as a jew in this regard after his conversion into Islam.The conclusion contains the most important results arrived at in this study.
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موقف عشائر جنوب العراق من الاحتلال البريطاني للعراق 1914 - 1918 == The Position Of The Tribes Southern Iraq From British Occupation Of Iraq 1914 - 1918

Author name: حسن موات حسين الفرطوسي
Supervisor name: جعفر عبد الدائم بنيان المنصور
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: When erupted the First World War 1914 - 1918 and the declaration of war between the Ottoman and British Fmpire , she was Clans third the power of her position on the floor worrying for both parties (the Ottoman - British), and the British command deems a contributing factor in the war against the Ottomans, due to the recent persecution of those clans. Now that the national spirit for those clans have proved the opposite, as it rushed the men to do what is most precious in order to repel the British occupation of the homeland, it has had a major role in the resistance to the British occupation of Iraq, as the Ottoman authorities mainly relied on those tribes to repel the British occupation of Iraq. In spite of having a lot of research and academic Which I studied History of Iraq Modern and Contemporary with all the political aspects, economic, social and administrative, but no one was highlighted and the kind of detail on the position of the tribes of southern Iraq from British occupation during the First World War, 1914 - 1918.The letter came to cover the period of time the task of Iraq's history during the twentieth century, as well as to document and demonstrate the spirit Jihadist and true citizenship and absolute loyalty to the homeland, which surpasses all tribal loyalties and ethnic and sectarian The message came with an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion and seven appendices and a summary in English. The message chapters discussed the position of the tribes of southern Iraq from British occupation 1914 - 1918 as devoted the first chapter as an introduction to the review of the most important tribes in southern Iraq and the position of the Ottoman occupation and the influence of British authority 1869 - 1914. The second chapter the British occupation from 1914 to 1918 for Iraq and the role of tribes in southern Iraq in response to this occupation through active participation in the battles against the army of the British occupation forces and also their participation in front of Ahwaz. the third chapter Me studying the British administration in the era of occupation from 1914 to 1918 and the position of the tribes in southern Iraq, including 0, with which he discussed the formation of the British civil administration and how it has been by this management the most important administrative procedures that facilitate the process of the control of the occupation of southern Iraq areas and how the clans of southern Iraq, the position of this administration. The message has reached the most important results, as demonstrated tribes in southern Iraq national position of rejecting the Ottoman and British occupation with. as shown Ottoman neglect of Iraq only to Interests narrow. The inability of British influence in general stand, Which has expanded in Iraq because of the strategic and economic importance, as events proved the existence of effective national leadership, whether clerics or tribal leaders the leaders of this resistance and the extent of the commitment and obedience to the families of southern Iraq to references religion in Najaf
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الامام الحسين بن علي (عليه السلام) : دراسة تاريخية تحليلية في جوانب من سيرته == Imam Hussian : Analytical And Historical Study In His Biography

Author name: حسين نعمة ابراهيم البوهلاله
Supervisor name: نزار عزيز حبيب الخاقاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current work aims showing and tracing Imam Hussein's lifetime since he is considered as the most pious and sacred figure on earth second in rank to his grandfather, Prophet Mohammad, and his parents, (peace be upon them). When I started writing about him, I gathered ten chapters about the details of his life, but finally, I settled on only two chapters to be included in this dissertation. I reviewed more than 750 sources, but these do not cover all the details of incidents in his life. Thus, I started writing about the ceremony of his birth and aspects of his personal moments as well as the moments he spent with his grandfather. The dissertation ends with the story of his assault. It also includes details about his wife and sons besides his role with his father and his brother as well as against Muawiya and Yeizeed. This also comprises something about his intellectual, social and moral aspects from his life. The present work consists of five chapters. Every chapter has a number of sections concerned with analytical and historical matters in his life. 1. Imam Hussein is the guardian and trustee as well as the supposed Caliph and Imam on earth and all others should obey and follow his orders, and also they must love him and being loyal to him. He is also mentioned in a number of verses in Quran. 2. The prophet said on behalf of Imam Hussein that " Allah loves Imam Hussein more than I do". The prophet also added a lot of sayings concerning Imam Hussein and Imam Hassan (peace be upon them) such as "Allah ordered me to love them and love those who love them", besides other sacred sayings showing his position and value in the prophet's life and Islam in general. 3. There are a number of sayings rendered by Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him and his offspring) concerning Imam Hussein's great position and importance such as " Hussein is from me and I am from him". Chapter two is mainly devoted to the moments of his birth when his grandfather was present during his birth - giving. The prophet had done the requirements of birth ceremonies such as calling prayers in his ears in the first day then he named him " Hussein" and no one else had ever the same name, and this was an order from Allah to be called with this. Also, The prophet had done the ceremonies in the seventh day of after his birth such as shaving and doling with his cut hair with equal weight of silver, then he had done the circumcision for him, after that, he sacrificed for him one lamb nicknaming him after that with "Abi Abdullah". He was being suckled by his mother only, and sometimes sucking his grandfather's thump and tongue as part of blessing. Chapter three is totally devoted to his personal information such as his pedigree who are so pure in that they had worshipped Allah only following the prophet Ibrahim (peace be upon him" and their mother offspring were totally immaculate and devout. He comes from a devout mother nicknamed with a lot of good references. He is also referred to with a lot of nicknames. In addition, this chapter explains a lot about his clothes and blessed rings with inscriptions. Chapter four illustrates Imam Hussein's life time during the presence of His grandfather, Prophet Mohammad. It discussed five points : 1. Imam Hussein's flesh, blood and bones belong to Prophet Mohammad's, thus, he is similar to him in all things such as at the level of thinking and morals. Accordingly, when he came in front of his enemies in the tenth day of Ashur, he wore his grandfather's turban and armor as well as riding his horse carrying the sword of Thu - Alfiqar. He told them that they would be fighting the prophet if they fight him now. 2. This chapter also mentions and shows seven suspicions made by Ahl - Beit's enemies concerning the prophet's close relationship with Imam Hussein. These suspicions were answered with reason and analytical responses providing instances showing how the prophet was dealing with Hassan and Hussein (peace be upon them). Some of these suspicions were about carrying them to praying in Fridays and how they were playing upon his back, or the prophet was kissing Husseins's penis, beides other types of behaviors. Chapter five is written to conclude the whole work starting with his birth and ending with his assault. It also mentions his wives and sons in terse. According to the historical context, the following points are about the lifetime of Imam Hussein's (Peace be upon him) : 1. He was martyred in the tenth day in Ashur in Karbala in 61 A. H. after the midday praying in Friday with the age of 56. 2. The names of his wives and sons : a. Layla gave birth to Ali Al Akbar.b. Shah Zanan gave birth to Ali Alsajad.c. Al Rabab gave birth to Abdullah, the infant. d. Salama Al Qathiya gave birth to Jaafar and died while Imam Hussein was still alive. e. Um Isaac gave birth to Fatima. He has no sixth wife as others claimed. The sources mentioned that he has three daughters : Fatima, Sukeina and Zainab
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كتاب المـــواعـــظ والاعتبار في ذكر الخطط والاثار لتقي الدين احمد بن علي بن عبد القادر المقريزي (845هـ - 1442م) مصدرا لدراسة الاحوال الدينية والاجتماعية في الدولة الفاطمية (358هـ - 567هـ / 968م - 1171م) == Sermons Book In Mentioning Plans And Relics Of Ahmed Bin Ali Maqrizi (845AH - 1442AH) As A Source For The Study Of Religious And Social Conditions In The Fatimid State

Author name: عمار عبد الامير محمد السلامي
Supervisor name: علاء كامل صالح العيساوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The book of sermons and mind to mention the effects of the plans written by Taqi Al - Din Ahmad ibn Ali Maqrizi important sources it represents an advanced stage in the writing of history in a manner plans, it has made maqrizi a great effort provided him with all his energies, and hired him to various sources, until it became an important point of reference for those who wanted to research and authorship on Egypt at various times, and in all aspects of political, economic, physical and social life and religious. The Egyptian community in the era of multi - religions and doctrines of the Fatimid state, since muslims are the majority, and they belong to the various Shiite and sunni muslim sects.Noon shiism in Egypt by the sunni sects, as the Egyptians were loyal to the front of Ali bin Abi Tabli ((Peace be upon them)), and they were many, love and loyalty to the Ahl Al - bayt ((Peace be upon them)), and sectarian Shiite bases are Ismailia, is the view of the Fatimid rulers of Egypt, and Twelver.The Sunni sects in Egypt they tap shafi’I, maliki, and Hmpelah, and the sunnis are free sectarianism in the Fatimid era, it emerged as the senior scholars, in addition to assuming important positions in the state.In addition to the muslims were Christians and jews, as it was christain religion that has spread in Egypt since the first century AD followed by the egyptains, and the jews was the beginning of their presence since the era of prophet Yusuf ((Pease be upon him)), and it was Christians and jews enjoy religious freedom, they have occupied important positions in the country.The followers of religions in Egypt, places of worship, as it was in Egypt, a large number of mosques, the most important mosque, the old, Ibn Tolon mosque, the mosque of the military, and in the era of the fatimeds was built a number of mosques, the most important of Al - Azhar mosque, an Al - Hakm mosque, in addition to the holy shrines and the most important place of the head of Imam Hussein ((Peace be upon him)), the shrine of sayeda Nafisa ((Peace be upon her)), the shrine of zaid shahid ((Peace be upon him)), and the shrine of sayeda Kulthum ((Peace be upon her)), and it was for christians monasteries and churches scattered in Egypt, and Jews had their churches.The Demographics of Egypts consists of copts, Arabs, Berbers, Sudan, Turk, Daylam, and the Interview.Both faiths had their festivals that celebrate it, was of the most important muslim holiday Eid al - fitr, Eid al - Adha, Eid al - Ghadeer, and suitable day of Ashura, and it was the most important festivals of Christian holiday Christmas, holiday of Passover, Fest of the Annvnciation, the feast palm Sunday, and it was the most important jewish festivals of the top holiday month, the feast of unleavened bread, and the festival umbrealla.
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صحيفة النداء وموقفها من الاجتياح العراقي للكويت (11 اب - 30 كانون الاول - 1990) == The Attitude Of Al - Ned,A From The Iraqi Invension To Kuwait 11 - 30 Aug 1990

Author name: زيدون محمد راضي
Supervisor name: جاسم محمد هايس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In addition, it clarifies, in survey the beliefs and the administrative systems of ancient India before the arrival of Islam.
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المراسيم الدينية للدولة الفاطمية في مصر (358 - 567هـ/968 - 1171م) == Religious Edicts Of The Fatimid State In Egypt )8 : 3 - : ;5H/8;3 - 1151M)

Author name: مها عبد الله نجم الشرقي
Supervisor name: سليمة كاظم حسين
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Independent political entities sprung from Abbassidian succession in Morocco and Egypt as Aghaliba state in Kairouan, Adarrissa in Fas, Omayyads in Andalusia and Akhishidia and Tolonia in Egypt, besides others such as those which are originated in the East (Al - Tahiryia and Al - Safaryia states) which exploited the fragility of Abbassidian state and their remoteness from this state. As a result, Fatimidian entity appeared and they rules under the doctrine of being descended from Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him and his offspring). Their state lasted approximately two centuries spreading their influence towards east and west. It had its own features and culture contesting Abbassidian state in the Islamic world.There is no doubt that the Fatimids had reached their supreme power and glory when they moved to Egypt. They initiated special liturgies and religious services representing an important aspect of their civilization for their state and policy. One of these services is the religious one. These services are practices concerning religious traditions that had spread throughout Egypt during their ruling period. They had their own ways of celebration which included the whole classes of people at that time since these religious practices were considered as an important historical prospect and reflecting the cultural aspect of their lives and behaviors. This activity acquired an essential level of importance in comparison with the long ruling period. Thus, it is essential to pay attention to this state and its religious routine and how it originated great cultural traces. Through these religious services, one can look forward for the nature of their social life.The current work comprises an introduction and four chapters and a conclusion. The introduction is concerned with the defining the subject of investigation and mentioning the basic sources used in the thesis.Chapter one is devoted to present and explain the general religious services. Chapter two is mainly concerned with illustrating the Fatimids' emphasis on the idea of being followers to Ahl - Albeit (peace be upon them) via focusing on holding celebrations that indicate their alliance to them especially those that are continuously being held during Moharram and those that rejoice different occasions such as Eid al - Ghadeer and the declaration for Ali's alliance since this prospect is considered as the catalyst for their legislation in Succession, besides other religious festivals such as the birth of Prophet Mohammad and his daughter Fatima (peace be upon them) as well as the Imam Ali and his two sons (peace be upon them).Chapter three is mainly attributed to mention the national Egyptian festivals previous to the arrival of Fatimids to Egypt such as celebrating the Nile alliance and the gulf breaking. This chapter also explains the celebrations held by ahl - Althoma in that the Fatimidian era is seen as the golden age for them. Chapter four is a presentation of the influence of those festivals upon the Egyptian society socially, economically and culturally when poetry and prose flourished at that time.Finally, the conclusion explains the results and facts from the cultural level left after the deterioration of the fatimidian state and the emergence of Aiubians who tried hard to destroy that culture.
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القضية الفلسطينية وانعكاساتها على احداث الوطن العربي 1970 - 1982 == The Palestinian Issue And Its Impact On The Events Of The Arab World 1970 - 1982

Author name: اروى نوري نديم المياحي
Supervisor name: هلال ثجيل جلوي الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The message deals with the Palestinian issue …reflection on the events of the Arab world , for the period from the events of September 1970 AD , in Jordon , And the October war with Israel first , and followed the camp David treaty and its repercussions onthe Arab world and the conclusion of the Lebanese and their impact on the overall Arab history of war and also the Israel occupation of Lebanon in 1982 AD. The message had been reached among the results , but the most important is that the Palestinian.Issue has a dual effect on Arab situation and events either directly or indirectly. As well as the most prominent Israeli army defect in the fact of guerrilla war fare , Which the Israeli army is not fluent in dealing suffered big losses as the peace process led by Egypt did not come to a comprehensive peace did not stand in dependent of the chain wars swept the region. As Lebanon came under two bread categories in the year 1978 AS and 1982Ad , but Israel did not achieve its targets of these attacks , either militarily shaken the prestige and power of the Israeli army to the public , The Israeli and international public opinion. criticism of the regime's policies. Numerous journalists were dropped from the party or arrested last month. In February Sadat launched his diplomatic initiative, the main elements of which were Hafiz Ismail's visits to the Soviet Union and the United States. Sadat was roundly criticized in some Arab circles for opening a dialogue with the United States, especially after the news leaked that the US was preparing to continue supplying Israel with large quantities of arms and production facilities for aircraft.The Content of the Speech Sadat began his two and one - half hour speech by 124 Foreign Relations, 1969 - 1976, Volume XXV 50. Memorandum From Director of Central Intelligence Schlesinger to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)iWashington, April 16, 1973. SUBJECT : Israeli Estimates of Egypt's Present Military Intentions Recent assertions regarding the probability of Egyptian military moves against Israel are in conflict with the assessment the Israeli military intelligence has provided the United States as recently as the end of last week. Other indicators of Egyptian military intentions remain negative. On 12 April 1973, General Shalev, Deputy Chief of Israeli Military Intelligence, told the American Defense Attache' in Tel Aviv that he does not believeEgyptian President Sadat has made a decision to renew hostilities against Israel or that he will decide to do so in the near term. Shalev outlined at considerable length his reasons for reaching this conclusion despite certain recent developments in the Egyptian military, notably the transfer from Libya to Egypt of Libyan Mirage V aircraft, which have given rise to questions about present Egyptian intentions. A copy of the Defense Attache"s report of this conversation with Shalev is provided as Attachment A2 to this memorandum. Attachment B 118 Foreign Relations, 1969 - 1976, Volume XXV (Memorandum of conversation, March 8; ibid.) Regarding the Soviet paper handed to Kissinger by Brezhnev during Kissinger's April 1972 visit to Moscow, see Foreign Relations,1969 - 1976, volume XIV, Soviet Union, October 1971 - May 1972, Document 141, footnote 5. On March 14, Brezhnev sent Nixon a message describing his talks in Moscow with Egypt's Minister of War, Ahmed Ismail, who had expressed the Egyptian Government's serious concern with the absence of any progress toward a peace settlement. Egypt had been subjected to Israeli aggression for six years and Arab lands were still occupied by Israel. Ismail had declared that although it preferred a peaceful settlement , the Egyptian Government was coming to the conclusion that military confrontation with Israel might become unavoidable. Therefore, Egypt had to prepare itself for the possibility of a new military clash. Brezhnev concluded his message by saying that he wanted to emphasize again the seriousness of the developing situation in the Middle East and to draw the President's attention to the necessity of taking constructive steps in order to prevent such a confrontation. Brezhnev argued that such a turn of events would not only cause irreparable damage to the countries in the region but hurt other countries as well. Therefore, much depended on having the Soviet Union and the United States take "agreed steps directed at settlement of the Middle East situation."(National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Kissinger Office Files, Box 70,5 Country Files, Europe, USSR, Exchangeof Notes Between Dobrynin and Kissinger, Vol. 5) January 2 - October 5, 1973 123 42. Memorandum From the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixom Washington, March 30, 1973. SUBJECT : Fuller Analysis of President Sadat's Speech The Daily Brief has contained the main points in President Sadat's speech of March 26. This memo includes a more extensive discussion and analysis, and excerpts of the section on foreign policy are attached.2Background Sadat has been struggling with troublesome domestic problems since last fall. Student riots in January were followed by press 1. Memorandum From Richard T. Kennedy of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger)l Washington, January 2, 1973. SUBJECT : Secret Jordan - Egyptian Negotiations At Tab A2 is a memorandum from Director Helms conveying detailed information on secret negotiations between a representative of King Hussein andPresident Sadat which took place on 17 December. The key item is Sadat's assertion that he has decided Egypt must launch a war of attrition against Israel. Zayd Rifai represented King Hussein at the talks which took place in Cairo. In essence, the King proposed that Egypt and Jordan resume diplomatic relations and that they work together through political efforts to force a settlement on Israel. Rifai stated that the Arabs cannot risk another full scale war with Israel. He argued that the Soviets, having reached an understanding with the U.S. , do not wish to do anything that might jeopardize their newly - established working relationship with the Americans.Thus, according to Rifai, the United States is the only country in a position to break the present impasse and force the Israelis to withdraw from occupied Arab territories. Rifai informed Sadat that it is for this reason that on King Hussein's last visit to WashingtonS he attempted to take the problem out of State Department channels and bring it to President Nixon's office. Sadat expressed pleasure at Hussein's initiative in sending an emissary to meet him. He denied having any direct contacts with President Nixon's representatives but he said that he had received letters from President Nixon, all of which he had answered. Sadat told Rifai that he disagreed with Hussein on the Soviet role in the Middle East, asserting that Moscow does have a role to play inbringing about a solution to the Middle East problem , even though it is secondary to the role played by the United States. Sadat informed Rifai that his major disagreement with Hussein's views is in regard to the question of war versus political pressure on Israel. Sadat stated that he is absolutely convinced that the only way to force Israel to surrender the occupied territories is by renewing a war of attrition. He said that he had carefully calculated the cost to Egypt of starting such a war and he believes that it can be sustained. By hitting hard and deep inside Israel and by inflicting a sizeable number of civilian casualties on a regular basis, Egypt could force Israel into deciding that it is better to surrender the occupied territories. Sadat also told Rifai that under no circumstances should Jordan in any way become involved in Egypt's war of attrition because the Israelis would quickly overrun the East Bank and destroy the Jordanian army. Sadat also pushed aside Rifai's question about resuming normal diplomatic relations betweenJordan and Egypt. Sadat closed by telling Rifai that he would have some thoughts to convey to Hussein on what he could say to President Nixon about Egypt.
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العفاف والحجاب في الديانات السماوية الثلاث والمصادر العربية (حتى نهاية الدولة الاموية 132هـ / 749م) == The Chastity And The Veil In The Three Monotheistic Religions And Arab Sources To The And Of The Umayyad Dynasty 132AH/749BC

Author name: سبا علي عبد الحسين
Supervisor name: كفاية طارش العلي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A study of chastity and the veil , and includes the functions of the important things that would on phenomena of pornography and the spread of immorality and faithful whereas the matter of chastity and modesty and commitment. The veil of things confirmed by the General heavenly islamic religions in particular have a ceremony of our history and record a variety of situations that are related to this topic. The importance of this study lies in - limits again to the theme of the nature of the relationship between the veil religion and history because of its important role in clarifying many of situations , whether related to religious matters. To keep the society from spivitual decline for women , we must study the chastity and conformity to accepted rules of conduct between people. All the religions as the Islam religion coneerned with.
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جامـعة الـدول العـربية وقضايا امارات الخليـج العـربي (1945 - 1965) == League Of Arab States And Issues Of Arab Gulf Emirates (1945 - 1965)

Author name: رافد عبد الرضا عيلان الخفاجي
Supervisor name: كاظم باقر علي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis aims at studying the role that the Arab League can do on the level of the Arab Gulf Emirates affairs from its emergence at 1945 till the abstraction of its projections to cooperate with Arab Gulf Emirates by the British occupation at 1965 and get the good and bad results that the Arab League and the Arab Gulf Emirates have achieved together according to the role of the League at the Arabian Emirates. It is necessary to shed the light on the stages that lead to the emergence of the Arab League and what its charter contains of subjects, aims, credits and what it has fulfilled from achievements on the political, economic, cultural and sociological level in order to compare all these achievements with what the Arab League achieves to the Arab Gulf Emirates, which has an important strategic and economy according to the British and the other western countries occupation. Since the Arab League has the ability to achieve more and more of the achievements on the Arabian level from its firm starting point, it has never regarded the Arab Gulf Emirates except after the and of 1952, when it has the opportunity to share some sort of cooperation with the Arab League, according to what the League part specifies the cooperation with other countries that did not be long to the Arab League, thus the Arab Gulf Emirates start to share and send their ambassadors ( Kuwait, Bahrain and Qutar ) to attend some of cultural, sociological and economical works of the Arab League … except some affairs that are related to politics and defense. Quickly, the League enlarges the level of its works in the Arab Gulf Emirates to have the job of defense the Arab area and protect it from the repeated Iranian claims. Also to have the ability to solve the disagreements that occurred in the area exemplified in the Iraqi - Kuwaiti crisis for which the league has a main role especially after the United Nations failure in finding a solution, so the Arab League adopted the issue and sent some Arabic armies to be on the boundaries between the Iraqi - Kuwait till the solution of this problem at 1963. In spite of that the Oman coast Emirates ( which is a part of the Arab Gulf Emirates ) stayed out of any contribution and cooperation with the Arab League till 1963. When mission Arab League visited the area in order to prevent any cooperation with Zion ( Israel ), the representatives concentrated on this point to make the members pay attention to an another problems in its report, such as foreign emigration to the Arab Gulf Emirates and the necessity to give support for the needed Emirates. The Council of the Arab League agreed to send mission of fact - finding and recommend the members to give fast supports to the area according to this specialists were sent to decide make a developed projects carried through five years. The British take the part of protecting their interests - counter after noticing the Arab seriously in giving supports, and they decide to put contrary projects to margins the Arab projects claiming that the Arab rulers agreement and the projects of giving supports of the Arab League within the British projects to develop the agreed Emirates.As a result of,in consequence of the Arab League on having a role in the Arab Gulf Emirates issues and it is its right to get ride of the British occupation on the area, so the British government increases its opposition to the projects of support. So, British sent Thomson in the time in which the general secretary started to visit the Oman coast Emirates through which he is able to take the agreement of the coast rulers to start the League projects at their Emirates, so Thomson threatened the rulers to punish them unless they cancel the agreement. The Arab League moved quickly to make the British face the situation and sent some experts Arabs to pave the way in order to make the Arab League carry on its projects. But, British do something to prevent those experts from arriving the Oman coast Emirates and removed ALSharja ruler who was the most insistent ruler to cooperate with the Arab League than others, so the order rulers were obliged to cancel their agreement on the Arab League project. The Arab League answer was unable to have actual steps to face the Britain insistence which was supported by Saudi Arabia that considered the intervention of Egypt and the Arab League in the Arab Gulf Emirates affairs as a direct threaten for her. According to the different views of Arab on one hand and the Arab - Britain difference the project is postponed as a whole. At last, it can be said that the Arab League, though doubting its suspended, has achieved some of its aims through trying to intervene itself in the Arab Gulf Emirates affairs, the League has shown the people of area that there is someone to protect and support them as possible as it could and to show them that they are not a lone to face problem but there is an Arabic nation stood by to face the problem with them. The League proved for British the Arab Gulf people is not a lone and for way from others but it was eager to get rid of his being a lone and being part of the Arab homeland and work to be higher and higher side by side with the Arab countries, but what is sorry for is that the Arab League tried to cooperate with Arab Gulf Emirates have proved the depth of Arab to Arab disagreement and the absence of cooperation between the League members, if any member talks frankly with the other and give him grantee not to intrude him self in the affairs of the other the topic would not be cancelled, that is to say, if Iraq and Egypt have talked frankly with Saudi Arabia about their secret aims and give the grantee not to intervene in its affairs the topic would not be cancelled, on the country, the Arab Gulf Emirates and the Arab League will get a lot of benefits, they would oblige British to regard the Arab Gulf Emirates when deciding any thing
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الامام علي في تفسير القرطبي : دراسة تاريخية == Imam Ali In The Qurtobi Interpretation

Author name: سارة احمد عبد الرزاق السنافي
Supervisor name: انسام غضبان عبود الباهلي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The researchers have never been oblivious to the character of the commander of the faithful, Hazrat Imam Ali (AS). Plethora of studies and research have tackled many traits and aspects of his personal and pan - Islamic virtues. For the significance of Hazrat Imam Ali's (AS) character, many false and irresponsible (weak) Islamic narrations were interpolated in the Islamic heritage concerning his life, reputation and sayings. Let alone the Sultan's Preachers who used to tell others false information so as to show that the Sultan or the king was doing irrational behaviors arbitrarily, As Ibn Khaldon (A Muslim Sociologist) has put an emphasis on the importance of substantiating the narration with true evidence.The Qurtubi exegesis, which is an encyclopedia of the Holy Quran, is rich with Islamic information with quantity and good manner. It behooves the researcher to go deeper into the Qurtubi exegesis because it contains many topics that require a critical study, let alone the importance of its Jurisprudence, linguistic science, critical readings, false Israeli narrations and last the Qurtubi's attitude about everything. There is no precise study in the literature that has tackled this issue, namely the false Israeli narrations thatcontain unreasonable and contradictory information about Hazrat Imam Ali (AS).The life, reputation and sayings of Hazrat Imam Ali (AS) have not been studied critically in the Qurtubi exegesis. Rather, only linguistic, studies, the opposition to some readings, the likelihood of Islamic rules, observing the alienated information, criticism of the methodology, and even the studies that have only dealt with cursory exegesis of texts per se that did not present a real historical analysis.It seems to be obvious that the current study sheds light upon references, historical resources, journals, periodicals, theses, and dissertations that contribute to the scientific rigor of the current study with accurate and meticulous information. The current study is based upon intellectual opinions, reasonable thoughts in accordance with the methodology of assessing the historical events, their analyses, and discussion of opinions.
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العلاقات الامريكية - الفلبينية في عهد الرئيس فردناند ماركوس 1965 - 1986 == The American - Philippine Relationships During The Time Of Ferdinand Marcos 1965 - 1986

Author name: سعدون جلوب حسين
Supervisor name: حميد احمد حمدان التميمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Far East and Pacific Ocean have been recently regarded as a turning point in the history of foreign relationships. These regions were the hottest ones after the second world war which was followed by the cold war. These regions also have opened a new page in the history of global conflicts related to the silent ( Cold war ) between the United States of American and the Soviet Union.At the beginning of the 1960s of the twentieth century , the world witnessed a real divergence in the foreign relationships. It is evident that the Far East and the Pacific Ocean played a very important role after the visit of president Richard Nixon to Beijing and Moscow in 1972. The period was called "Accord Period" which was followed be a reconciliation between those two poles.The period also witnessed many important global events that affected the relationship between America and the Soviet Union. Among those events were the American military intrusion in Vietnam war ( 1960 - 1973 ) , the Israeli - Arabian War ( 1967 ) , the oil crisis when the oil was used in wars as weapons in some Arabian countries. The Russian intrusion in Afghanistan ( 1979 ) and the end of Shah Iran's rule in 1979 also affected the relationships between the two powerful countries : America and the Soviet Union. The Arabian literary showed great interest in The Far East. Many academic studies have been done in this regard particularly about Japan , China , Vietnam and the Philippine.The thesis is divided into : An introduction , four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter presents an introduction to the American - Philippine relationships before Marcos's reign. That period witnessed a transitional time in which the Philippine had five presidential periods till the beginning of Marcos's coming to the rule in 1965. The chapter also sheds some lights on the independence of Philippine and it's political transition. It also refers to the re - construction of the Philippine after the second world war.The second chapter focuses on the American - Philippine political relationships during Marcos's time between the years 1965 to 1986. The chapter gives some details about Marcos's biography , his educational heritage and his participation in the second world war.The third chapter is devoted to the to the military American - Philippine relationships during the time of Marcos. It also presents information about the American desire to make the Philippine as an American military base. The Philippine become part of America's military agreements and that gave America the chance to achieve its goals. Among those agreements were the military ones. They include America's desire to help the Philippine. The fourth chapter puts focus on the economic relationship between America and The Philippine since the time of the independence of the Philippine , in 1946 to Marcos time. This chapter also deals with the economic reconstruction of the Philippine and the changes that affected the trade of sugar in the American markets. It shows the reason of the downfall of economy in Philippine.
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الامام محمد بن علي الجواد 195 هـ 220 هـ / 810 م 835 م : دراسة تاريخية == In The Name Of Allah The Most Merciful The Imam Muhammad Bin Ali Al - Jawad ( Peace Be Upon Them ) The Im War Of Ahl Al - Bayt

Author name: نداء خضير جبر التويوي
Supervisor name: زاجية عبد الرزاق حسن الابراهيم
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: It is no secret to anyone that the study of the lives of the Imams of Ahl Al - Bayt (peace be upon them) and their impact on the Islamic community which is one of the task studies in the history, because they contributed actively in movement of the events in that time they lived.The Imam Muhammad bin Ali Al - Jawad (peace be upon him) was one of the Imams of Ahl al - Bayt who had the significant impact in the Islamic history, so this study came to highlight on his rich and informative life with science , asceticism and piety.Al - Imam Al - Jawad (peace be upon him) the inheritor of Al - Mustafa (Prays and blessing of Allah be upon him and his family) the master of all the creators of Allah and the final prophet senders and descendant of the pure Imams (peace be upon them all). Al - Imam Al - Jawad He was the son of Imam Al - Reza's (peace be upon him) and the grandson of the good slave of the rage control Al - Imam Musa Bin Ja'far (peace be upon him). His Imamate was brought from a commandment from his guardian and revered predecessors, despite of his young age and his contemporary of the difficult events and the many skeptics of his Imamate whom they did not understand that his early Imamate fall within the divine miracles ofAllah which exceed their countings ability and their non - Muslim divination, The signs of his Imamate was the challenge to the royal inherit which recognized Al - Abbasid rule and before them Al - Umawy rule because his Imamate was of Allah to him that came with written text and probate, opposite to what was opposed by Al - Umawyeen and Al - Abbasyeen rule, who was taking the shape Al - Kosrowia features of obedience and the Caesarean feature of delivery. Kosrah inherite Kosrahs and Caesar replaced Caesar and all of them overlooked the validity of the testator and the eligibility of the heirs. Thus, the Imamate of Ahl Al - Bate are to them the challenge to their authority and to what they tried to focus on the thought of the Islamic. It was the traditional of ownership and the authority customs in those Czars and Al - Kaysar and in those of Al - Umowyeen and Al - Abasyeen , all of them were gathered for the earthly inheritance which is not the divine inheritance as they claim. Therefore, Imamate Muhammad Al - Jawaad (peace be upon him) was representing the challenging for Beni Al - Abbas, and invalidate their lie to inherit Allah's Messenger the Prophet (Prays and blessing of Allah be upon him and his family).We have tried in this study to examine the life of Al - Imam Al - Jawad (Pease be upon him) thoroughly , historically study without leaving any details of information that are supported to us by historical sources. We divided the study into an introduction and four chapters and appendies. The first chapter undertake the life of Al - Imame Al - Jawad (peace be upon him) consist of six researches that highlighted his honorable name , his blessing date of birth, his titles , his surnames, his family, his wives , children , his personal characters , his ring patterns , his conclusion and its virtues … etc.The second chapter demonstrated his Imamate and come in five researchers. We studied in them the concept of the Imamate in language, terminology , concept in the Qur'an Al - Karim , Al - Sunnah of the prophet , Al - Ahadith of Ahlall Al - Bayt (Peace upon them) that recognize their Imamates. Also , discussed his delivery of his Imamate in young age and the texts that demonstrated his Imamate that came of the Honorable House of Messenger ((Prays and blessing of Allah be upon him and his family). We discussed Al - Jawad Imamate impact of the preliminary of Al - Imam Al - Mahdi (Allah shall hurry up his honorable appearance) , And how he tell people about him. The third chapter we touched the intellectual and scientific role played by Al - Imam Al - Jawad (peace upon him) and discussed in his five researches of his position of the teams present at his time , conveys his companions and narrated by his speeches and their impact on the scientific heritage. conservation as we talked about his role in the interpretation of the Koran and his recounted on his father’s (peace be upon them)ended the chaprev talking about the efforts of forward medical and treatment of patients.Chapter four was specialized for the Political impact of Al - Imam Mohammed Bin Ali ( peace be upon him) which came in five investigations discussed the life of Al - Imam (peace be upon him) under the shadow of his father and how he ease his situations and cradle things to lead the nation after him. Also , his relationship with Al - Maamoun Al - Abassy and the contemporary of the events. And turn onto some political events, and position of Al - Alaween rebellions and the safe policy of Al - Mamoun towards them.And ended the chapter talking about the efforts of forward with the political impact of Imam Moammed bin Ali (peace be upon him) in the relation with Al - Mutasim Al - Abassy and conditions and situations he lived with during the role in the reign of the Al - Madenah and his came to Baghdad. Then we ended the chapter with the martyrdom of Al - Imam Mohammed Bin Ali Al - Jawad peace be upon him). Then we take the talke about his killing , and about his honored grave site (peace be upon him).
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ازمة الرهائن في ايران 1979 - 1981 == The Hostage Crisis In Iran 1979 - 1981

Author name: زينب صبري مهدي
Supervisor name: كاظم باقر علي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: It led the strategic and economic importance for Iran to pay big countries like the United States to direct its attention to the interests of almost constant in this region, and this is what led to the treatment of Iran's special treatment, especially during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1941 - 1979) as it was aimed at creating a system to be a regional imperialist, based on her eastern shores of the Arabian Gulf in particular, and the Middle East in general.Came the American hostage crisis, which was the premier event in the strained political relations between the United States and Iran after the shah's fall at the hands of religious 1979 Foundation, was take over the Government of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, marking the beginning of a new phase of relations with the United States, marked by an escalation of tension that reached peak of attacking Iranian students the American embassy in Tehran in November 4, 1979, and seizing him and his employees as well as their documents, as this crisis lasted 444 days, and immediately after the storming of the students embassy were 52 Americans were held employees hostage to them, it has been the move came in response to allow the governmentAmerican Shah to enter for treatment of cancer, although the Iranian government warning of this act, as well as put an end to US influence in Iran; and strike a powerful United States and humiliating to push to end the rule of the Shah officially; and pre - empt any attempt to return to the rule of Iran, again, has the US government made it clear that allowing the entry of the Shah of treatment, required by humanitarian considerations. On 18 December, Ayatollah Khomeini declared that the hostages will be treated spies by the Iranian Islamic court in the event of non - delivery of the United States, the shah to Iran for trial, and this was an important condition for ending the crisis with its requirement as well as the confiscation of the Shah's assets in US banks for the benefit of Iran, and an apology America openly about the grave mistakes against Iran, has supported the Ayatollah Khomeini's students perform this when he said, "if they refuse extradition will take too much."As for the Shah he has left the United States in January to settle in Panama and then left in March 1980 to Egypt width of President Anwar Sadat, and in this period, the United States did not hesitate a moment ago hostage, seeking to secure their liberation in various peaceful means and sometimes forced at other times and I went in it to the extreme, as it sought to negotiate with the Iranian side, to secure the release of its nationals, tried to resort to peaceful settlements (political, diplomatic and judicial), as the United States has resorted after the hostage - taking to the Security Council, and engineered from a decision condemns the taking of hostages, and asks release, and instructed the Council Secretary - General of the United Nations, the formation of a fact - finding committee in Iran, but they are not successful in their work, the United States also resorted to the international Court of Justice, requesting the issuance of a provisional orders them to release the hostages, and the court complied with the US request, and issued its verdict on 15 / 12/1979, which it decided to Iran in violation of the Vienna Conventions on diplomatic relations 1961, relations consulate in 1963, and demanded that the court Iran to re embassy and US consulates buildings to the control of the United States, and immediate release of the hostages, but Iran does not heed the decision of the court in question, as failed attempts similar made America through the many parliamentary and personal missions of US, and when these attempts failed last resorted to coercive means through of the trade embargo and the freezing of assets of economic sanctions, as the United States decided to ban the import of Iranian oil, has also freeze the assets of Iran and property in US territory, in all the American banks; as Carter of trying to use force to rescue the hostages in April 24, 1980 aircraft tasked landed to carry out the rescue in the desert near Tehran, but the airline Marines toward Tehran ended in disaster in the desert of Tabas in eastern Iran, did not solve this crisis the death of the Shah in Egypt July 27, 1980, but lasted until the US political efforts went strongly to end the crisis
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الامام جعفر الصادق (عليه السلام) واثره السياسي == Al - Imam Ja'Afar Al - Sadiq And His Political Efect

Author name: حيدر محسن بندر العبودي
Supervisor name: علي صالح رسن المحمداوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
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اثر العوامل الجغرافية في الفتوحات الاسلامية لبلاد المغرب والاندلس (21هـ ـ 123هـ / 641م ـ 740م) == The Impact Of Geographical Factors In The Islamic Conquests Of The Maghreb And Al - Andalus (21 A.H - 123 A.H/ 641 A.D - 740 A.D)

Author name: زينب حمزة عباس المالكي
Supervisor name: جاسم ياسيـن محمد الدرويش
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The fighting in the way of Allah Almighty of important topics that deserve study, legitimized by God Almighty after the migration of the Holy Prophet peace be upon him and his family to the city of Medina, was one of the priorities of this legislation is self - defense. After that this legislation shifted to other stages, fit with what achieves the goals of the Islamic nation, and to uphold the right word. There is no doubt that the Islamic conquests waged by Muslims all over the world, carries with it a lot of lessons, lessons, that line had Muslim leaders, in order to uphold the word of truth, and the spread of Islam.It is worth mentioning that the previous studies and researches, competent on militant Islam, starting with the life of the Prophet, peace be upon him and his family, and until the end of the Abbasid state at the hands of the Mongols in 656 AH / 1258 AD, are studies worth the owners respect and appreciation for their tireless efforts in this topic. However, these studies focused on the leaders of the Conquest, said their heroism and their conquests, without reference to geographical factors, which had a key role in these victories, one of the incentives that led us to study the subject, no one can deny the impact of these factors in the battles of war, may interfere with the terrain, the change Mejrayat battles, it is known that the land battles require, for example, the development of military plans to attack, and the selection of appropriate places for stationed, dig trenches to repel the attacks, these demands for Ataathakq, unless it has military commander, fully aware of the comprehensive, knowledge of terrain battlefield. The climate in the second division after the terrain, in terms of size and strength of its impact on military operations, both of them, and the weather prevailing while doing 0 to military operations may affect the movement of the soldiers, and the weapons and equipment, so commanders calculated account the climatic conditions expected. As for water, they are military significance paramount, the country was considered marine or island safe from invasion, also it adds seas for countries in the additional power through the ability to move and move and provide additional ways to provide logistics, and through seas may armies access to remote locations its territory, as well as the rivers, wells, springs and other water sources, to the indispensable because they are the backbone of life, and can not walk without the armies of the availability of water for Soldiers and their horses, which is given by commanders when in account the movements. Hence the choice of subject was entitled (the impact of geographical factors in the Islamic conquests in Morocco and Al - Andalus), and the focus was on the Maghreb and al - Andalus, because of her great variation in geography for both the region environment, obviously, and its impact on the conduct of military operations there is. Notably, we have tried to write a research, keep track of the analytical method, which is not limited to historical facts and events listed, but standing on the reasons and causes of these events, analyze, and draw its results, and its impact, according to what suits title search.Article Search divided into four chapters have been required, the first chapter : it was entitled (historical geography of the Maghreb and Al - Andalus), and a section of this chapter into two sections : Section I (historical geography of the country of Morocco), and the second section (the historical geography of Andalusia), where ensure Alambgesan, label, and the location and boundaries, terrain, rivers, climate, and elements of the population, for both countries. The second chapter, and it was entitled (the impact of the terrain in the open country of Morocco and Al - Andalus), which included the extent of the impact of the shapes terrain in the opening battles, and consisted of this chapter seven sections are (mountains, plains, valleys, and deserts, and plateaus, rocks, vegetation).The third chapter, titled (the impact of climate in the open country of Morocco and Al - Andalus), which included the extent of the impact of climatic elements in the conquest battles, and contains five sections are (temperatures, rain, wind, and time, and drought) Finally, the fourth chapter, entitled (the impact of water in the open country of Morocco and Al - Andalus), which includes a statement of the impact of water types in the opening battles, and contained this chapter on the three sections are (seas, and springs and wells, rivers).Add to that the special maps supplements, which describes the progress of the Islamic armies in the conquest operations.
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التجليات الفكرية لمبادئ نهج البلاغة في ثورة الامام الحسين (عليه السلام)

Author name: مسلم زغير كريم
Supervisor name: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study entitled "The Ideational Distinctness of Nehj al balagha Principles in Imam Hussein's Revolution" since these principles reflect a concrete and abstract sharing interest implying a forming and establishing aim behind those ideas and beliefs put forward by Imam Ali (peace be upon him).Those ideologies embody a reflection of ideas and behaviors in Nehj al Balagha from one hand and how they are incarnated in Imam Hussein's revolution (peace be upon him). These beliefs were put into concrete realizations especially when Imam Ali (peace be upon him) applied and followed them, and then, how Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) also followed and applied them.The investigation of every belief and doctrine of Ahl al Bait (peace be upon them) has its reasonable justifications with the goal of attaining developmental notions. These notions acquire meaningful traits since they build concrete frames, Thus, exploring these frames and concepts is helpful and necessary in understand the theoretical and practical sides, that is, to understand their thinking and believability. Accordingly, the main purpose in a historical research is what is concerned with what Ahl al Bait (peace beupon them) tried to explain and communicate regardless the religious aspect of their life. The investigation should also be concerned with what they represent at the level of values and ideas that develop and reform the human society.On this basis, the similar belief rendered by Ahl al Bait (peace be upon them), according to this idea, is something taken for granted because of unity of belief and goal though, through the passage of time, some environmental and temporal changes occur, their goals remained the same.
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العلاقات الروسية - الامريكية 1783 - 1867 == The Russian - American Relations 1783 - 1867

Author name: منتهى صبري مولى المنصوري
Supervisor name: مشعل مفرح ظاهر العونان
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The research tackles the "Russian - American relations from 1783 to 1867". The period is of historical importance for the two states which has never been dealt with by any Iraqi or Arab studies. The research is divided into an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter includes " The Roots of the Russian - American Relations Till 1801". It consists of three sections : the first examines the early Russian expansion : "The Roots of the Russian - American Relations Till 1775"; the second section studies "the Russian Position of the American War of Independence from 1775 to 1783 and its Effect on the Russian - American Relations"; and the last section deals with "the Establishment of the Russian - American Company in 1799 and its Role in strengthening the Russian Presence in the Western Coast of the Pacific Ocean and the Support of Orthodox Missionary" which identifies the relations between the two states through this company. The second chapter, entitled “The Russian - American Diplomatic Relations from 1803 to 1823”, studies the start of the diplomatic relations between the two states. The chapter is divided into two sections : the first one deals with “ The Russian - American Diplomatic Relations from 1803 to 1815”, whereas the focus of the second section is “ The American - British War of 1812 and its Influence on the Russian - American Relations”. The third chapter is devoted to study “The American Isolation Policy of 1823 to 1850 and its Effect on the Russian - American Relations”. Thefirst section studies “Monroe Doctrine and its Effect on the Russian - American Relations”. The second is entitled “ The Russian - American Treaty 1824 - 1834”, whereas the third section comes under the title “The Russian - American Negotiations 1834 - 1850 and the Renovation Attempt of the Treaty’s Fourth Item”.The fourth chapter deals with “Russian - American Approximation 1850 - 1867”. Its first section is entitled “ The Crimean War and its Effect on Russian - American Relations 1853 - 1856”, whereas the second section tackles the “Russian Position towards the United States of America during the American Civil War 1861 - 1865”. The last section comes under the title “ The Sale of Russian America in 1867 and its Influence on Russian - American Relations” which forms the end of the relations. The following are the ultimate conclusions of the research : 1. There was a wide Russian expansion towards Siberia since the era of Peter the biggest especially after the discovery of leather as the number of Russian explorers increased reaching finally to the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean which became later a closed Russian trade area according to the first decree of Tsar Pawl in 1799 with the establishment of the Russian - American company which became later a center for Russian - American relations. 2. It has been noted from the Russian expansion policy that after including the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean it starts to converge with the United States of America because of the Russian - British3. competition policy in those American areas. After the eastern Russian expansion towards Asian Siberia and the coming of Russian voyagers and explorers to the American northwest coast, Russia starts to weaken the British presence in these areas through the American independence war in 1774 after Russia taking the neutral policy. 4. The Russian - American company, which was established by Russian tradesmen with the support of Tsar Pawl the first in 1799, contributed in establishing the Russian presence in the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean which became known later as Russian America. 5. The holy alliance was one of the reasons for announcing Monroe principle in 1823 which came in response to Tsar’s decree in 1821 about the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean. The years following the issuance of Monroe principle witnessed tensions in the Russian - American Relations which ended with the treaty of 1824 to declare the rights of the two states concerning the north coast. 6. One of the most important conclusions is that the Crimean war ended the Russian presence in the northwest coast of the Pacific Ocean after selling Alaska to the United States because of the bankruptcy of the Russian - American company and the inability of Russia to protect its colonies. In addition the war ended the Russian - American competition in the Pacific Ocean
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خطط سمرقند في العصر العباسي حتى اواخر القرن السادس الهجري == Samarkand'S Plans In The Abbasid Age Till The Last Of Sixth Hijree Century

Author name: مروة ياسر صيوان
Supervisor name: توفيق دواي موسى الحجاج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Fattouh Samarkand city of dangerous tasks that Arab Muslims were able to achieve in succession Walid bin Abdul Malik bin Marwan, so when he took over the leadership of Koutaiba ibn Muslim and management of Khorasan region, commanded the Emir of Iraq and Mashreq Al Hajjaj bin Yusuf year 86 AH / 705 AD, subjecting areas east of the Amu Darya River, known as AQIM beyond the river after periods Nqdahm previous era, where Qutaiba Baahili record and his army where the greatest victories in the fields of editing and heroism and jihad in order to raise the banner of Islam and its principles and uphold the word of truth and justice in all around the city of Samarkand because I enjoyed this city of an important and dangerous site. Geographers Arabs and Muslims have been counting the gate overlooking the provinces of the Islamic East and the cities through which the Muslims were able to continue their duties for jihadist Fattouh beyond the river and the settlement and stability in its lands Samarkand city has become a large and important cities after serious interaction that occurred between Muslim Arabs and residents of the city natives in the intellectual , social and economic aspects , it took the city respond to the process of the development of civilization , led by the Arabs in the areas of public life , thus becoming the largest city in the Muslim East and the most important in the scientific , cultural, political and economic reconstruction movement. And so it took Samarkand city since then develop Arab and Islamic sophisticated and show the intellectual and religious character emergence of a large number of scientists and scholars and modernists , writers , and at the same time I took Samarkand attracts them a lot of owners of science and knowledge and culture Venctt the movement of Arab and Islamic thought and expanded the areas writing and authoring among people spread across Cruel, science and literature and modern literature in a wonderful city has not softened before.The reason for choosing topic : These large in status, the prestigious WAN and fame he enjoyed Samarkand City in Islamic history that motivated me to study and stand on the historical reality and understanding of geographical and physical nature and the search for its plans since opening until the end of the sixth century of migration.Difficulties that I faced in the preparation of the letter : That to study plans to the city of Samarkand obvious importance in the understanding of the general historical mainstream of the development of the city civilized mystery of intellectual and scientific interaction, the historic The event, which was being above the battleground had an active role in shaping the political and administrative activity of the city, hence the gravity separation between the event and its courtyard looks a is very complicated for the intensity of their interdependence, and research in historical geography of the city of Samarkand is not without difficulty in its construction and its codification, and that the lack of resources that enable us to draw a complete picture of the geography of Samarkand and plans Urban, as well as the scarcity of novels and lack of historical texts and contradictory at times what passed by the city of Samarkand, Especially Persian studies needed for research in historical , geographical and physical things , but pay God 's help we were able to draw a picture of good general framework of this famous city, which has recorded a significant presence among the regions of the Islamic cities in the Muslim Orient.The contents of the letter : My studies were divided on : introduction, four chapters , and a conclusion , with the proven sources and references. The introduction, which systematically has shown in the writing of the letter , and the reasons for choosing the subject, and the scope of research and analysis of the sources.And dealt with in the first chapter naming Transoxiana , geography and administrative division , which is located in two sections : I studied in the first part, geographical and historical aspect of Transoxiana in terms of the label , location, administrative boundaries , demographics , and the second section dealt with naming Samarkand and location and the date of its establishment.The second chapter in which she dealt with the construction and urbanization plans Samarkand , came this chapter in two sections : Section I mention eating plans Samarkand from the walls , and doors , and shops, and fields. In the second section it dealt with the consequences of the city of Samarkand in detail and Rsatiq cities and villages.The third chapter studied the Samarkand agricultural and irrigation plans , and included this chapter two sections : The first study came from Samarkand River plans and types of perfusion in Samarkand , the second topic dealt with the study plans for irrigation projects in Samarkand.The fourth and final chapter touched it to Samarkand own plans its markets , and mosques , and Skkha , and cemeteries. And dividing the three sections , the first section dealt with in the markets , ports and industries in Samarkand plans. In the second part, schools, mosques and scenes Samarkand plans , but in the third section was the widest since the study examined the fascias , and Gorges , and boxes , and rails , and the tombs of Samarkand. The finally fulfilled the hope of acceptance is not flattery , and that my efforts failed , it remained in front of the dignity and greatness of the state of Islam in the Levant , and ask God to fix our feet on the faith and the straight path and him every success.
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المنهج النبوي في معالجة الفتن == The Prophet'S Ways For Solving Seditions

Author name: علي زناد كلش
Supervisor name: ابراهيم جدوع محسن السلمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تشغل الدراسات التي تتعلق بالسيرة النبوية مكانة مهمة في دائرة الابحاث التاريخية نظرا لما تمثله من اطار منهجي ( نظري / سلوكي ) ذات بعد الزامي لمن ينتمي للمدرسة الاسلامية، على اعتبار ان شخص النبي الاكرم ( ) هو المحدد الامثل لحركة الانسان في طوره التكاملي و| The studies which concern the biography of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him ) have a special place in the historical researches , because it is obligatory for Muslims. The study becomes more important because it doesn't deal with an ordinary man, but it deals with the greatest man on the earth. This reason attracts my attention to choose this topic (( The Prophet's Ways for Solving Seditions )). Although, there are a lot of studies dealt with the biography of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him ) but, the they didn't pay more attention the sedition and how the prophet Mohammed dealt with them. The plan of the study consists of an introduction , four chapters and conclusion. The first chapter entitled ((A Study of The Concept and the Motivations of The Sedition )). It consists of three sections, the first section deals with the linguistic meaning of sedition while the second section focuses on the concept of sedition in Islamic thought. The third pays more attention to the reasons and the motivations which lead to sedition. The second chapter concentrates on the seditions which are made by Non - Muslims and the Prophet's ways for solving them. This chapter consists of four sections, the first one deals with the ways of making seditions by the polytheists and how the prophet Mohammed solved them. The second section focuses on the ways of making seditions by the Jews and how the prophet Mohammed solved them too. The fourth one studies the inductions and the predictive policy of the Prophet for solving the seditions of Non - Muslims. The third chapter concentrates on the skills of the prophet in dealing with the seditions of Muslims. This chapter consists of four sections , the first one introduces the dimensions and the inductions of hypocrites' seditions and the wisdom of the prophet Mohammed in solving them. The second sections pays the attention to the policy of the Prophet in dealing the seditions of immigrants and the supporters. The fourth one explains the impact the prophetical thought in the productive approach against Muslims' seditions before they occur. While the fourth chapter which we named it as the general landmarks for the concepts of seditions' affects. This chapter consists of five sections to illustrate the effects of seditions. The first section explains the religious effects of seditions ,but the second section deals with the military and political effects of seditions. The third one focuses on the social effects of seditions, while the fourth section concentrates on the economic effects of seditions , and the last section pays the attention to the intellectual effects of seditions. The study presents some of the following results : • The word 'sedition' has a lot of meanings, It can be understood from the context of the sentence. Sedition often means ordeal , test or exam , but in the present study we dealt with sedition as ordeal. • The seditions wasn't against the prophet Mohammed ( peace be upon him) or Muslims only , but everyone who was affected socially or economically or even politically, he or she will make a sedition against Islamic Religion in order to stop this almighty religion. Furthermore , this religion came against those people. • The seditions of Non - believers were more than the others especially at Mecca or at the beginning of Islam. • The Jew have the great portion of the seditions , and they did not stop at the pint of seditions but they began to fight Muslims because they felt envious of the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him ).• The seditions which made by the Christianity is the weakest in this case. There are two reasons for that , the first is that the Christians were few people in Mecca , this is from one hand , on the other Christians have some common grounds with Muslims.• The prophet Mohammed paid more attention to teach Muslims different sciences in order to face the thought of the nonbelievers. • The seditions shows that there were two sides , the first side is the side of the prophet Mohammed and his followers which is the side of practicing the right principles of Islam. The next side is the side of those people who follow their interests paying no attention to Islam.• The seditions shows there were a lot of negative aspects such as social , economic , political and religious whether in direct or in indirect ways. The present study warns people from these negative aspects because history repeat itself. • The study shows the great personality for the prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him ) in all the aspects of life to drive the people to paradise at any circumstances. It also presents the right ways of the prophet Mohammed for solving the problems and the seditions
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دور المراة الغرناطية في الحياة العامة (635 - 897هـ / 1238 - 1492م) == The Role Of Woman In The Granada'S Public Life (635D.H - 879A.H / 1238Ah - 1429DH)

Author name: سارة رمزي نعمة حسن
Supervisor name: عصام كاطع داود الشويلي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this research we have tried to present a vision of the public life of the Granada woman : Her conditions , customs, traditions , culture , showing her contribution in building that Andalusian city from the year (635 Hijri - 1238 AD) which was the date of establishingthe Nasrian State up to (897 Hijri - 1492 Ad ) , a date that witnessed the fall of Granada Kingdom. The research included three chapters, in chapter one we stopped at the beginnings of Granada , its location , its historic significance , its social components during thatera. In chapter two we dealt with( the social phenomena of the kingdom of Granada) getting in touch with the material life in the city : Customs , traditions, costumes , cuisine, fiestas ,public baths and wedding ceremonies.In chapter three we dealt with the role of the Granada woman socially, culturally and politically where we studied the nature of her life at home and outside home.We also stopped at her role in the cultural and scientific life of Granada.We also presented a few outstanding examples of women. We focused on the political factor as the Granadan woman could reach very high occupations in the kingdom. She was known for her witness and cunning and plots, consequences that led to the division of Granada and its fall by the CatholicChristians.We can not deny that we faced many hardships trying to gather the necessary resources and refernces, a task that was characterized with lack and shortage that hindered our task to giving a broad brilliant idea of the Andalusian Granada woman of that epoch.
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الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ويوغسلافيا : دراسة في العلاقات السياسية 1948 - 1963 == United States Of America And Yugoslavia : A Study Of The Political Relations 1948 - 1963

Author name: علاء رزاك فاضل
Supervisor name: ناظم رشم معتوق
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The American - Yugoslavian political relation ( 1948 - 1963 ) was regarded as one of the best relations in the world and that was noticeable in the political arena in Europe in particular and the world in general. Those who study the events that occurred during the cold war can realize the evident role the two Countries played in the world affairs and how that was reflected on nature of political relation between them. The fact that Yugoslavia was a Communist Country after the second world war influenced its own political relations with the United States of America which was , in its turn , leading the imperial thought because of the obvious differences in attitudes , interests and political and economic regimes in the two Countries. The study is divided into an introduction , four Chapter , conclusions and appendixes. Chapter one is devoted to describe the political relation between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes which constituted the nucleus of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia which was established in 1945. That relation continued till 1948 and witnessed times of rapprochement and alienation because of the ideological differences in the two countries. Chapter two studies the political relation between the two Countries after expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Cominform at the middle of 1948 till end of 1952 because Yugoslavia's departure from Moscow strengthened its relation with the United States of America. Chapter three deals with the American - Yugoslavian political relation during the first Eisenhower administration (1953 - 1957) when the events in the region highly affected those relations especially Balkan Pact , the problem of Trieste and resumption of Soviet - Yugoslav relations. Chapter four focuses on the relation from 1957 to 1963 which was a result of the attempt of the Yugoslavian government to follow the policy of neutrality which led to tension with the American government especially after Belgrade conference in 1961. That situation Continued till the end of 1963. The conclusion is about the findings the researcher arrived at. The most important conclusions that the study arrived at were : the relation between the two countries was characterized by rapprochement at one time and alienation at the other. The Soviet Union and the fact that Yugoslavia was a Communist state were decisive factors behind that. Also, the fact that America was the leader of the capitalist world due to its military and economic power did not affect tendencies and directions of the foreign policy of Yugoslavia and it Proved many times that it was not affected by the American aids to change its positions
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نشاط الولايات المتحدة الاميركية في ايران 1926 - 1941م == United States America Acitvity In Iran (1926 - 1941)

Author name: مؤيد عويد جبير الصالحي
Supervisor name: جاسم محمد هايس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The American influence in Iran is of great importance through the diversity and multiplicity of ways and methods of the United States to prove its supreme interests, and that the missionaries US in Iran had been settled and established religious and educational institutions and worked through her missionary, educational, medical and during its long able to obtain religious institutions and learning and even building hospitals, so the United States has continued to prove and promote their interests through economic missions in order to strengthen the relations between them have been reinforced by the influence through economic mission Dr. Arthur Milsbo 1922 - 1927 Mission has formed a quantum leap in US relations and the Iranian Maatmr to increase US support in Iran and the entry of foreign companies to Iran, and especially those that worked in the field of construction of the railway project.The interests of the United States and increase its influence through attention to the cultural aspect and relics in Iran and try to get him to exercise diplomatic pressure on those other countries, and through the rush of representatives of American museums to Iran, especially after the orientations of the National Rdachah by highlighting the heritage of Iranian culture that date back before Islam, continuing the work of those museums, including the Chicago Museums and Museums Institute of Oriental Studies and Metropolitan Museums, the rescue of American influence through trade agreements between the two countries. Therefore, we find that the US diplomatic mission and its role in proving the US commercial interests with Iran in the import of Iranian carpets and certain agricultural materials and food - for - export dried United States motor vehicles and parts. In 1935 was an important event strained Iran's relations the US through the Iranian Jaafar Jalal diplomat to drive quickly in Maryland US, which led the diplomatic book on violating effect, but after know it was released was an apology from the governor of Maryland, and this incident marked the beginning of tension through the deployment of US newspapers and eating incident ridicule and attacks on diplomatic and that the Shah of Iran, and therefore After a series of meetings between officials of the two countries and make an apology to Iran for the incident. Iranian newspapers and appeared attacking the Nile against the United States, but US newspapers took publishes news and sarcastically. That incident and to make matters worse by an American newspapers published articles about the Shah of Iran has claimed that he does not represent a descendant of the kings of Iran and that he was working in a stable British consulate in Tehran and continued US newspapers to publish news about the Shah of Iran and cynically complete, the United States does not have the force of the American newspapers , has taken even French newspapers published articles about Reza Shah, this led to the Rdachah sever diplomatic ties between the two countries, and the withdrawal of staff of the Iranian embassy in Washington the other hand remained standing US charge d'affaires in Iran, as a result of tension that diplomatic relations was reflected in the crisis, the US Postal publications occurrence of which was sent to ambassadors and consuls of foreign countries and participants, the lack of distribution and blocked Iran these publications for a long time and on the track set up negotiations between the parties from the other side has Rdachah liquidation owners missionaries American of institutions and schools teaching hospitals that were widespread in Iran, and during the negotiations and for the return diplomatic relations and allow for mail that regards the American publications of magazines and newspapers, as well as it has crystallized international factors contributed to the occurrence of the Second World War, the geographical shape to Iran, and at the outbreak of the second scientific war and the announcement of Iran's strict neutrality Walter announced Shah policy, Iran has become a focus of attention of the warring states Given global developments of the war and Mashklt United States of sterile Iran's geographical importance in strengthening its influence and moves faster and is strongly supported by the strong economy and its industry leading companies as well leave the isolation policy Aldoulihh and enter the war alongside the Allies and the adoption of resolutions of the Congress and vote on a law that loan and leasing
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التراث العلمي البصري في فهرست ابن النديم

Author name: ابتهال محمد عبد الكريم
Supervisor name: عبد الفتاح عبد الله محمود
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
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الاوضاع العامة في اليابان (1972 - 1989) : دراسة تاريخيه == The General Situation In Japan (1972 - 1989)

Author name: سحر عباس عبد الحسن النجار
Supervisor name: فوزي خلف شويل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Japan is one of the major industrialized nations that have contributed to the development of many developing countries, the economy and comes with an introduction of donor countries in the world this study was to shed light on the nature of the internal political system and the impact of this system on the general situation in Japan, which include economic and social situation and came thesis under conditions title public in Japan (1972 - 1989) and the thesis consisted of five chapters. each chapter contains three sections, preceded by an introduction and a conclusion. Because the study focused on the subject of the political process in Japan in terms of holding elections and forming a government by the winning party and winning the majority of votes, in the elections that take place every four years, according to the text of the Constitution of Japan in 1947. General political study addressed in Japan (1945 - 1972) and was keen researcher to give historical information brief on the political situation and economic and social in Japan before 1972 in order to create the reader does not accommodate subsequent study classes, and discussed the thesis subject of political forces in Japan after the surrender of Japan in 1945 Japan and they happen for the first time in the political datable under foreign occupation, and also touched on the most important political forces in Japan for the period (1945 - 1955) where he threw light on the most important political forces which have contributed to the leadership of the political system in Japan at the time and was able to rebuild Japan the new post - World war II, through cooperation with the occupation authorities, led by the United States. In 1955, the Liberal Democratic Party came to power and the study focused on discussing the political achievements of the party, which was in the forefront of recovery in Okinawa 1972. the third the One of the main topics discussed by the thesis is the oil crisis and its impact on the political situation and economic and social (1972 - 1978), where she studied the general political situation in Japan under the government of Tanaka Kakuei (1972 - 1974) and talked about the internal politics of Prime Minister Tanaka it was to clarify the impact of this policy on the internal situation and the position of the opposition political parties against the government's policy, and touch on the most important measures taken by the government following the first oil crisis, especially in the field of foreign policy in an attempt to get out of the crisis with minimal losses, so it has taken a series of political steps bold in the field of foreign policy, which was discussed in the second topic, which came under the foreign policy of Prime Minister Tanaka and its impact on the internal political and economic situation in Japan, address, and reviewed the researcher results of this policy and its role in achieving political gains and economic in favor of Japan, the study examined the political situation under the government of Miki Takeo (1974 - 1978) and the most important internal political developments that resulted from the first political scandal taking place in Japan after World war II, where he is accused former Prime Minister Tanaka, and shed light on the implications of this issue at the local and global levels. In addition to the above - mentioned study deals with the Liberal Democratic Party, LDP reforms and their impact on the internal political situation in Japan (1976 - 1980) and internal policy pursued by Prime Minister Fukuda and the position of the opposition political parties to the government as well as to talk about the most important political achievements and economic, which has during the period of his government, and foreign policy pursued by the government with the neighboring countries, particularly China. They also discussed Japan's economic growth and its impact on the internal political situation in Japan (1980 - 1985). It was reviewing the issue of Japan's trade surplus and the impact of this surplus in foreign relations as well as its impact on the internal political situation and how the Government of Japan has dealt with caution in order not to strain relations with the countries at that time were also internal political explanation during the government of Suzuki Znko (1980 - 1982) and touched study the subject of political parties opposed to the ruling party and the main political orientations in addition to the issue of the fiscal deficit in the state budget with said the most important economic measures taken by the government for the fiscal deficit to address that focused on the study reviewed the most important political achievements and economic and social Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, who is the most prominent prime ministers of Japan and the his role in the modernization of INA - scale Japan and make it the country's number one. And dropped the study highlights the general situation in Japan (1985 - 1989), where she spoke about the internal political situation in Japan (1985 - 1989) and reviewed the most important political events that took place on the internal politics of Japan, particularly the issue of political corruption dubbed naming hiring scandal which shook the pillars of the liberal Democratic party, LDP government, also discussed the issue of the new consumption tax imposed by the Government Nakasone to address the fiscal deficit in the state budget, as well as discuss the sex scandal raised about Prime Minister Uno and how they have contributed to these events in the loss of the liberal Democratic party, LDP election and was the beginning the end of the loss of the majority, dominated by which to judge since 1955.
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اسرة السيد الاعلى ابي حفص عمر بن عبد المؤمن ودورها في دولة الموحدين

Author name: ستار جليل عجيل
Supervisor name: علي صدام نصر الله الفريجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Muwahdia state was built on the ruins of the Murabtian State and it became one of the greatest state in the Arabian west (AL - Maghrib).This state Flourished and expanded to vast areas extending from boundaries of Eggpt in the east to the Atlantic ocean in the west and from the Spanish kingdoms of Castalt, Lyon and Navara in the north down to the Green island south of Andulsia. Ibn Tomrat, the Founder of this state, thought of reforming the society and thus he started urging for the well - doing and forbidding enormitg. His political ambition, was in a way, behind that idea. Tus, he started adocating his ideas in the society some times by debating with the scholars and sometimes by pubhcalpy forbidding enormity which characterized society at that time. That led the different regimes to restrict his moves. As a result ,he escaped to protect himself and his followers to the strong forts in his birth town Agli in the remote high mountains where the Murabtians could not reach him. consequently, he disobeyed the Murabtians and declared himself belonging to the Mahdians. From that place, he started his wars till the time of his death. After him, the actual founder of those ideas, Abd Al - Mu'min Bin Ali Al - Kumi completed his mission who, after reinforcing his position in the Muwahdian state, he declared the rule as hereditary (Khilafah) after it was based on consultation.khalifa Abd Al - Mu'min did his best to place his sons in important posts in the state.As a result, we witnessed his distinguished role as the supreme master, a position that was reflected on his family after his death.This study 'Family of the Supreme Master Abi Hafs Omar Bin Abd Al - Mu'min and lts Role in the Muwahdian State' is based on the fact that he worked hard and took many steps to enable him make his sons inherit his rule (Khilafa). He appointed them as rulers of the provinces and declared his son Mohammad as crown prince.Those works gave the supreme master good opportunity to appear on the surface of events.so, the crown prince became the grand minister and took in his hands all the powers of the state.That also led his lorother to rule. Because ofall that ,he increased his authorities and enjoyed more powers that enabled him to advance to defeat some opponents of the state, the first of whom was the principality of lbn Mardnesh. During that, he also decided to go back to Al - Maghrib (countries of the Arabian west ) to hit with iron arms the opposing movements there.His work were useful for the state in all military, economic and constructional levels. The state witnessed many military developments and was able to fight the Christians in Andalusia both in land and in sea, a Fact that obliged them to ask for friendship and to conclude treaties with the state. Economically, there was notable increase in the financial returns which resulted in more constructions like building new mosques, bridges and palaces.By these steps, the supreme master politically paved the path for his sons to complete the same role after his death in supporting the Muwahdian Khalifas who were the reasons behind crowning Al - Mansur and his son Al - Nasir as well as Khalifa Al - Muntsir. Militarily, they were able to terminate some internal disturbances of mutiny and opposing the state and the law. Besides, they supported the Khalifa in his fighting of the Christians in Andalusia. The had a great role to maintain security and stability that resulted in notable economic and constructional development. Also, they ruled the important provinces in the state. One of them could even be vice Khalifa in the capital Marakish.After Khalifa Al - nasir fought the battle of punishment in Andalusia , it was clear that the state started to decline. That in turn, affected the political structure of the state. At that time, the state was ruled by ayoung wan (Al - Nasir) controlled by a minister and uncles who did not care for the state and only look after their personal interests. When the state became weak and there were those ambitious who wanted to rule as khalifas, grandsons of the supreme master constituted part of that struggle and they fought their cousin Abdullah Al - Bayasi and khalfa Al - wathiq. That struggle was omninous to the state. Thus, theeconomic structure of the state completely deteriorated both because of the wars and the plagues at that time.Besides, the door was fully open to those greedy men who wanted to rule the state. For example, the Hafsi state separated itself from the near Maghrib. In the middle Maghrib, Banu Zayyan appeared in the far Maghrib. That cut the state into parts till it fell down during the era of khalifa Al - wathiq by Banu Mareen. ln general, the reasons behind the fall of the state were already there since its first existence.
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المائدة في الاندلس من الفتح الاسلامي حتى سقوط مملكة غرناطة 92 - 897هـ / 711 - 1492م == The Andulusian Food From The Muslim Conquest Until The Fallof The Kingdom Of Granada( 92 - 897 A.H / 711 - 1491 A.D )

Author name: ابتهال احمد ياسين العيداني
Supervisor name: انسام غضبان عبود الباهلي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The tables Andalus when the Muslim conquest marked bait and private tables Muslims simplicity far from the sophistication and limited varieties, and diversity in the food and drink shows because of conquests, and revolutions that have emerged after the Islamic conquest ,and that influenced the foods and drinks and the method of preparation.And marked by lavish tables of the ruling class, luxury and the large number of foods and drinks, while the poor class was simple made and the lack of diversity over the Andalus Islamic eras.It was the beginning of the diversity in foods and drinks when entering (Ziryab) coming from Iraq to Andalusia, it was the first taken from the colors of foods, and what happened in the diversity of food colors and sophistication in cooked at the end of the era of theemirate. And numerous types of foods Bmnas padtha for every occasion and became a special color of the food, and those kinds of tables, tables religious or social, political, and military and other tables.The total tables heyday Andalus in a modern uniform, the children of the Red, where a thousand private cooking in these two eras of two books, the first book (cooking in Morocco and Andalus in the era of the Unitarian) for (anonymous author), and the second book (residual Akhawan in the good things of food and colors) for (son demure Altchibey), where there were many types of cuisine and recipes and cooks and working methods in these two books.The affected table Andalus Bmwaid East and the West, was transferred arrivals to Andalusia coming from the East and the West traditions and customs, including foods and drinks of various species and varieties, as it was influenced by the people of the East and the people of Morocco Bmoaid Andalus which moved them through the arrivals to them or through migrations that occurred in Andalusia both before and after its fall from the hands of the Muslims, as there was a reciprocal effect between the natives and the Muslims of Andalusia in the preparation of foods and drinks and eat.Varied opinions of the scholars of Andalusia around the tables of food and drink in Andalusia, where some of them are denied to non - Muslims foods eating People of the Book, Others have analyzed their foods and Acherbthm, and Atvqo not to extravagant and lavish events and festivals, and the large variety of foods and their own identity, because it is contrary to the teachings of Islam.
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الشيعة في روايات ابن كثير (ت 774هـ/1372م) في كتابه البداية والنهاية == Shei In Ibn Kathir Novels ( 774 H - 1371 M ) In His Book For Beginning And The End

Author name: رسول دفار عبد الرضا الساعدي
Supervisor name: علي صالح رسن المحمداوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The subject of the Shia It is one of the most important intellectual and ideological topics That took a large area of Islamic history , The importance of the topic comes and necessity under the circumstances now What experienced by the nation of intellectual conflict contributed to the destabilization and destruction of Islamic unity , So it must be to highlight the most dealt with ibn - Kathir Shia and their Imams , And his role in the distortion of their image by taking some promoted and published for granted is debatable. Which cast a shadow over the Muslim community structure. So these ideas must be purified and rid it of impurities in order to rid the nation of this intellectual scourge. The study included an introduction and preface , three , three chapters and a conclusion it came in the boot linguistic meaning and idiomatic. Word Shia have been addressed this issue by relying on the vievs of Islamic sects owners regarding idiomatic meaning. The study included an introduction and preface , three chapters and a conclusion. It came in the introduction of linguistic and terminological meaning of the word Shia. It has been addressed this issue relying on language As well as relying on dictionaries in terms of linguistic meaning the views of Islamic sects owners regarding idiomatic meaning This included the first chapter title the biography of Ibn - Kathir section and divided ever chapter into four sections. The first section of this chapter to his name and his birth and the proportion of the second section and gilded. The third section on his wife and children. The fourth section of scientific activities in the Koran and Hadith and fiqh Al - muhammadi and the Arabic languge and history. The second chapter , entitled The position of the Ibn - Kathir of the imams of the Shia In this chapter into four sections The first section of the banished the virtues of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ). It allocates a certain field in his beginning and end of the Imam (peace be upon him ) as a jewele Shia , and Shia accused develop the virtues of the Imam (peace be upon him ). The second part , the cause of our names Fadak , and he accused the Shia of liying in this topic. And took the third position on the topic of cosmic accidents title , after the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him ) and denial of its location , which occurred after his death ( peace be upon him ) and chared with heresy for Shia to stay decrees solace. And crying on the Imam ( peace be upon him ) , as well as touched upon in the fourth section of the deanial of the existence of Imam scholars. and divided by into three sections. he made the first section under the Shiite belief in the twelve Imams address.The second topic heading back to the front. The most important things that we reach to it in our research as follow : 1 - we cannot say that Ibn katheer was really truthful historical and he was far away from fundamentalism and honestly in recalling the truthful of historical , one of the most feature of historical be avoid this is qualities in order to be successful historical. one of the most important reasons that made him trade in duplicity with shea and Amams , was his study that was beside Sheks that they were full of intolerant and the environment that he had lived in it , it was Sham and they do not Know about the Islam its name. 2 - His influence with Ibn taemeh that was basic of corruption that was fuul of duplicity , rare of scientific descriptive , tamper with truth , deny the virtues of Amam Ali ( peace be upon him ) , his defense with Alamueen with the martyrdom of Amam Hussein( peace be upon him ) , lack of purity in his book in his duplicity with the strict criteria on of the most important things that we found in his writing. 3 - In his critical point about Sheas holy orders and their believes , he had not started with logical mind and it is not submitted with scientific research , but submitted with full of fundamentalism that were born all the truthful things. 4 - He made some of the most historical novels weather imperefect in their meanings or ygnored them , so its mean that he was blind mind in his thought and his believes because he did not return back this is historical novels in their sources. 5 - He embraced selective sight in the choice of historical novels , this is selective means that are conspiracies in the mind of Ibn katheer in order to make conflict inside the Muslims.
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خطط اصبهان في العصر الاسلامي حتى نهاية السيطرة السلجوقية == Asbhan Planing In The Modern Islamic Age Till The Salchokian Control

Author name: محمد عبيس حميد الطائي
Supervisor name: نزار عزيز حبيب الخاقاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This research titled Isfahaan city plans in the Islamic era have been divided into four chapters, the first of which entitled analysis of the sources and references that draw on Isfahaan city since ages Muslim first and up to the modern era, and it was to identify the most important of these Arab sources, who wrote about Isfahaan such as source layers modern Asbahan and contained them not Bo Sheikh Asbahani (d. 369 AH / 979 AD), and the book said News Isfahaan not Bo Naim Asbahani (d. 430 AH / 1038 AD), and the book pros Isfahaan for Mavrokha a fifth - century scientists, as well as mention many Persian references I wrote about Isfahaan.The second quarter was the geographical historic city Isfahaan entitled and which we dealt with the meaning of a single Isfahaan in the language and terminology, also touched on the history of the establishment of the city and its geographical location and area of the border, it has been the definition in all its cities and its importance, said castles and fortified research indicated demographic composition and beliefs of religious people and sources waters and the nature of the climate, as well as the male open Isfahaan at the hands of Muslims in 23 AH / 643 AD, and the different words in a year and the leaders and armies of conquest.The third chapter, entitled government plans to Isfahaan in the Islamic era, and these plans we approached the mosque, which is one of the most important government plans virility spin the rest of the plans are linked by all the streets of the main city and subsidiary, was exposure to male House emirate plans and plans for libraries and schools in Isfahaan, and kinds of different times, as well as the talk of the town wall is ancient history plans and developments that have taken place him in terms of the nature of the construction and Doors defensive purposes to which they showed it to in order to defend the city in case of attack on them, including training grounds plans and stores of weapons and prisons where she was dedicated to this type of castles plans.In the fourth quarter Search on service plans contained no Sbhan in the Islamic era and which have been identified Isfahaan city markets plans, relevance and developments that have taken place by the state's interest in the mentioned kinds and competence of each of them, and these plans are the most important service plans which are connected by all main and branch roads and their importance such as the importance mosque plans, and in this chapter have been identified on the settlement plans that were based on the three foundations of a basically tribal and ethnic, sectarian, also touched on the streets plans, in addition to the Parks plans or public parks and the date of its establishment and the extent of its beauty, and treat them like the Jews and Christ and Muslims and the types of these graves, and our research also pointed to the bridges which plans to set up Zayanderud Rhode River, and finally mentioned the equestrian field in Isfahaan
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السياسة الامريكية تجاه لاوس (1964 - 1975) == American Policy Towards Laos 1964 - 1975

Author name: فريال صبري علي العيداني
Supervisor name: ابراهيم فنجان صدام الامارة
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اصبحت لاوس نقطة محورية في التوترات الدولية منذ بروز الحرب الباردة بين المعسكرين الشرقي والغربي واتساع النشاط الشيوعي في الهند الصينية، وهو ما دعا الولايات المتحدة بالعمل على وقف انتشار الشيوعية، التي بدات بالتنامي في لاوس منذ الاستقلال الذي منح للبلاد عام
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الاوضاع الاجتماعية والاقتصادية في لواء العمارة (1958 - 1963) : دراسة تاريخية == The Social And Economy Conditions In Amarah Province (1958 - 1963)

Author name: ذو الفقار فرحان حسين صالح
Supervisor name: عمار محمد كاظم فرج
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The province witnessed wide changes included social and economic conditions after the revolution July14, 1958 , which has worked to end the manifestations of underdevelopment and confirmed the application objectives of the revolution in terms of construction and development , and conduct qualitative changes through what happened to remember the achievements immortalized in history over the years , Although most of the academic studies and research started on the brigade did not deal with that time period, where it was an important turning at the level of the history of Major points. And the researcher most important achievements and historical events that came in the revolution of July 14, 1958 was divided into an introduction and preface, three chapters and a conclusion Highlights include the findings of the study. Researcher occur in the boot on the social and economic conditions in the period before the revolution confined between 1953 - 1958 in terms of the rural community and its components from the Senate and the feudal procurator , peasants and city community and migration from the countryside to the city, Eating for health and education situation and the obstacles they faced in spite of the effort made by the Board of ages , but he did not suffice. The economic situation has been confined to talk about the other side of the agricultural wealth , the industrial side represents a factor of milling plants and bricks and milk. The focus in the first chapter on the social conditions during the research period 1958 - 1963 province community in the city and countryside and religious composition , and the most important changes that have occurred after July 14 , and the most prominent of the laws and their impact on society in terms of the development of education and health institutions.And singled out the second chapter on the economic developments in the province 1958 - 1963 represented the agrarian reform law and what is the nature lands of province formations agrarian reform law and the application of the reform law by seizing land , pumps and the creation of peasant associations and constraints interface agrarian reform as problems seizure and distribution, and the impact of reform on the farmer law process and the most important irrigation projects that have worked on completion , and the migration of peasants to the cities and productivity developments.And ensure that the third quarter industrial situation and what are the industrial sectors that have spread them food industries and divided into private sector milling plants and sugar mills and plants in the dairy sector and the coefficient of sweets and plants for soft drinks Alekhala private sector and the coefficient of curry , and construction industries the brick industry and industry slab and plaster craft and private sector industries , which contains a collection of ancient primitive industries that rely on the skill of the workforce and industry the pipes and floor mats and weaknesses boats , And appeared in that period of Amara Industry Corporation in terms of establishment and the most important economic effects that resulted in its establishment as a laboratory bricks and commercial activity for internal and external trade , markets and smuggling trade and the chamber of commerce and transportation routes , river and land transportation.It turns out that the researcher historical period between the year 1958 - 1963 was marked advancement in the social and economic situation in the province of Amara, as a result of the big efforts provided and represented by the following results : 1 - Revolutionary government , particularly concentrated in Iraq in general and in the province of Amara on the conditions of the countryside and the suffering of underdevelopment and neglect at all levels , and the only way is to re - work in the organization and interest in peasant life in terms of the distribution of agricultural land and to provide the necessary farming inputs and work to end the control of the Senate Squires who became dominated by large areas of farmland , which is where the farmer lived the worst days of his life and the resulting continuous migration to the cities.2 - Revolutionary government sought through the issuance of the interim constitution , which included a set of laws aimed at Equality between the debtor 's sons and the countryside which eliminates tribal claims , as amended, which was roosting on the issuance of the poorer classes in the countryside, and the issuance of Agrarian Reform Law No. 30 of 1958 , which is the turning point of the community law countryside by identifying agricultural areas and distributed to farmers , but this law has encountered great difficulties in the province because of limited resources and pressures Squires resulted in the deterioration of agricultural production and increasing migration of peasants to the cities.3 - The province entered a new phase after the revolution of July 14, 1958 was characterized by freedom of expression and the establishment of political parties and mass of organizations supporting role Authority attempt to ensure the success of the goals of the revolution especially with Provisions of laws that achieve the principle of justice between workers and owners of crafts , but it faced the ambitions of political parties and conflict Remote competition the objectives and principles of the revolution , which called for them because the conditions of the community began to go wrong.4 - Social structure of the community in various religions was and still reflect the extent of cohesion and unity among the members of the society have prevailed more in support of the revolution July 14 through their participation in the holidays , events and organizations to join the Republic.5 - The reality of education improvement in the province after the July 14 and the evolution of a lot because of the efforts made by the Provincial region represented Executor Abdul Hadi Saleh, who is widely credited with the completion of most of the projects in the province , especially the development of the educational sector , and make it compatible with the new phase characterized by changes on all social and economic levels.
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المراة البصرية ودورها في الحياة العامة (14 - 247 هـ /635 - 861 م) == The Basri Woman And Her Role In Public Life 14 - 247 A. H / 635 - 861 A. D

Author name: رسل عادل نعمة
Supervisor name: صبيح نوري خلف الحلفي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study of this research which deals with Basri Woman and her role in Public life (from 14A. H./297A. D) is of the social, economic and political studies. It studied all women who lived and died in Basrah, or those who lived in Basrah and died in Basrah, or those who lived in Basrah for a while then left, and those who came to Basrah from pther places and their roles in these places and in Basrah whether they had a socids economic, political or in tellectud role. The first chapter dealt with Arabian Peninsule and women in urban and nomad societies. It dealt with the talents enjoyed by the women in Arabian penin sule in addition to the marriage, clothing, perfumes and accessories of Bassi women. It also included the economic side and what Basri women did according to their living standards, jobs and occupations. The second chapter studied the role of Basri women in political life. They participated by offering their opininon and advice in political matters. They expressed their opinions and obtained political condonation. They fought for the right and stand by men to encourge and suppore them to fight. Basri women readned the battlefield and participated there and helped the fighter by supporting them, healing the wounded, taking care of the patients and providing food and drink. The third chapter is concerned with the intellectual role of Basri women. The first section studied the role of Basri narrators and companiens in keeping and recording the sunna in addition to the role of adorers and ascetics in Basrah society. The role of women in liteature was also studied for their role was not limited to politics and religion, but extended to literature and rhetoric as well as singing and poetry.
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قضية التبت ومواقف الدول الكبرى والاقليمية منها (1949 - 1959) == The Issue Of Tibet And The Attitudes Of The Great And Regional Powers (1959 - 1949)

Author name: منتصر حسن دهيرب
Supervisor name: فرقد عباس قاسم المياحي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Issue of Tibet is one of the most important Issues, which Occupied the Formal and Informal world Opinion during the Fifth decade of last Century, Tibet Issue is Regarded as an Important Issue because it Started with the beginning of the Cold war between the two Camps of the Communist and Capitalist after World War II, and the Success of the in control of the General Rule in 1949 Chinese Communist Party in taking Power in 1949 after its Success to move Kuomintang Party away to Taiwan. The Researcher Chose the Year 1949 as a Start for the Thesis title because on that Year the Communist Party has Controlling on Power in China, and his Leaders Started calling for the unification of China and entering Regions and one of them was Tibet to Chinese State Authorities. The end of the Thesis was in the Year 1959, which was the Year Tibet Revolution happened in Tibet Revolution was against Chinese existence. The Revolution ended by Escape of the Dalai Lama outside Tibet and asking for Asylum in India. Moreover Tibet Leadership has Succeeded in showing their Issue to the United National Assembly and getting an International Decision to Condemn china. The Thesis is divided into an Introduction and four Chapters and a conclusion. The introduction included general explanation for the Thesis and its way of building. The Titled of the first Chapter was (General Situation in Tibet 1900 - 1949). And it included three Sections. The First Section Referred to the Geographic, Economic and Social Importance in addition to the beginning of the Political establishment of Tibet. the second section that indicated to political developments in Tibet during period of the British Occupation in 1904 and Chinese Occupation in 1910, while the third section has included political developments during period of independence (1912 - 1949), the Second Section had title (Chinese claim with returning Tibet and attitudes of regional and great States 1949 - 1951). it consist of three Section , first Section indicates to Chinese threats with re - annexation of Tibet and of great and regional States. The Second Section that expresses to shuttle fighters for TibetanDelegation in an attempt to avoided their country the risk of Chinese occupation for Eastern Tibet areas (Chamdo) and force Tibetan Government to inter in bilateral negotiation with china. It also dealt with attitudes of regional and great states of the occupation. Third Section had title (internal political developments in Tibet and attitudes of great and regional States of them )1951 - 1958 that consists of two sections first section indicated to bilateral relations between local government of Tibet and Chinese government this Section dealt with refusal of local government for Chinese administrative procedures in AL Tibet and opposition against Chinese existence on both formal and popular levels the second section dealt with first Tibetan revolution against Chinese Authorities have implemented in two provinces Kham and Amdo. It also dealt with Military and logistics Aids that USA Intelligence (CIA) have Provided to Tibetan Resistance. The four section had title (political developments in Tibet and international and regional attitude of them (10 of march 1959 - November 1959) consists of two sections : first section dealt with second Tibetan revolution in 1959 that has reported direct reasons to starting revolution and procedures that popular Chinese government has taken to its suppression the second section indicated to regional and international attitude of Tibetan revolution the conclusion has included the most important results that have reached the thesis
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علاقات ايران مع الكيان الصهيوني 1949 - 1969

Author name: فرات عبد الحسن كاظم
Supervisor name: فوزي خلف شويل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Iran is a state lies at the east of the Arab homeland with long international sides. Where as the Zionist is a conquered state fixed in the hemi of the Arab homeland, which is represented by Palestine with force by the west. Beside , this state is being the more dangerous threatening the Arab countries and a wall upon this it's "east - west unity.From this point , the real dangerous relationship of Iran and the Zionist state appears , especially and after it's passing for an accurate lines which increase the Arab - Zionist conflict. The period ( 1949 - 1969 ) was chosen from the Iran - Zionist entity relationship subject for it sensivity with Palestine issue and the other sides of Arab - Zionist conflict.The study began in the year ( 1949) because this year represented the temp ls of the Zionists entity gain ,Iran government confession and this is ascertained during few months. i.e. a real relation between the tow states took place during lees than one year, exactly in 1950. From that time, an important stage of relation history began. The study is ended in the year 1969 because it represents an agitated stage of the history of that relation , after it becomes more confirmly , and reaches the participated alliance in so many other aspects. The stag that follows this period has it own special characteristics thatrequires an independent study , in which the united states appears as it get great benefits and so many entrances into the middle east after England announcement in 1968 to draw bake from the Arab gulf in 1971.The study consists of an introduction, prologue, three chapters, and the The prologue deals with the history roots of Jew's in Iran, and their bests and activities to penetrate in it's life aspects. The way that paned for Zionist institution to play a vital role in helping Zionists in 1948.The first chapter 'deals with the, Zionist entity to tempts get Iran admission in the period ( 1949 - 1953). So these tempest began in 1949 Le. a year after the' help of Zionist entity. The Zionists get this confession in 1950, on the basic of the event. We deal also with the reactions, and effects, in and out, and the illustration of the end of these relations in the period (1951 - 1953).The second chapter deals with relations of Iran and the Zionist entity since the coming of shah Mohammed Radha Bahlwi , and after the fall of Musaddiq government where Zionist activity appears and works with it ally on surrounding Arab - unity by the surrounded states like Iran , Turkey and Ethiopia, especially and after the rising of the Arab voice by Egypt - Syria unity , the held of united - Arab Republic , and the brooking out of 14 - July revolution in Iraq. The third chapter contains the development of relation between Iran and Zionist entity in the period (1960 - 1969) and the sides oflran announcement confession of Zionist entity in the year 1960, Beside the study of the development of that relations in many aspects. And Iran attitude towards June - 5 - 1967 war, and its effects on the relation of the two stales as well as Iran policy towards Zionists when British announces its intention to draw back with it forces from Arab - Gulf land in 1968. So this is really done with the coming of 1970. Finally, the Zionist's attitude by burning Al - Masjid Al - Aqsa and it re~ections on the relations of the to states.The end contains the most important conclusions which this study reaches.The most important conclusion are - Iran is the second Islamic - state after Turkey confesses Zionists entity on the base of the events of the year 1950. It is considered the first state in the Middle East makes various relations with the Zionists entity. - Iran is the vital source of oil for Zionists entity, hence they penetrated into the Iranian military - force and make closed relation with the major leader of pahlwi - system So, those leaders make so many visits to the Zionists entity. The Zionists were mediators in American equipments sale - processes for Iran , and they gate a lot of money from these processes. This money increased the Economical ability of there illegal state. Shah system proved that it is a good ally for Zionists entity as well as , It helps the Zionists entity with their aggression against Arab - unity by giving them oil and don't permit Arab's to use the oil as a weapon in the battle. The most closed relations between 'Shah system and the Zionist entity come after June war.
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