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Author name: منصور غضبان يزاع الجوراني

Supervisor name: عزيز كوطي حسين الحسيناوي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

الخدمات الصناعية لمدينة البصرة

Author name: كفاية عبد الله عبد العباس العلي

Supervisor name: عبد الحسين جواد السريح

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

خصائص مناخ اليمن السياحي == Characteristics Of Yemen Tourist Cllmale

Author name: عبد الله حير سالم علي

Supervisor name: كاظم عبد الوهاب حسن الاسدي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: selecting the relevant extent of climate to the tourist movement of attractio in terms of time and place, and the extent of tourist movement correlation wi the climate in Yemen.The study consist of five chapter. Chapter one deals with the concttpt f tourist climate and the most important elements of it. It also deals with the e impotence of climate in Yemen , including sun radiation , temperature , humidity , and wind.Chapter two deals with the contexts of tourist climate. Compou d contexts have been discussed , including Effective Temperature context ( ET , wind cooling context ( KO ) , Humidity - Temperature context ( TH]), S context and Singer diagram. Also discussed in this ChapttJr e comprehensive vital climate classifications , including ( O!egiay classifiK;af n and Terging classification ).Chapter three deals with evaluating the tourist climate in Yemen , ( during night , during day time , and during leizure ) compound context (ET, THI, Singer, diagram). Chapter four deals with assessing the tourist climate in Yemen ( du night , during day time , and during leizure ) through applying the omprehensive vital climate classification , including ( Olegiay clasification Terging clasification ).Chapter five discusses the onalysis of climate effect on thel to rist IlllOVement in Yemen. It included the ingredients of tourist arena the develoment of tourist movement , and the climate effect on tourist movenne t in Yemen.Following are the most important results of the study : i l. Due to the astronomical location of Yemen , She enjoys large sun radiation ranging between 400 - 656 K I K I Cm2 I hr. Height factor influnces largely the monthly and yearly distribution of temperature averages.. Temperature conditions are alike m terms of height between the coastal 1 stations and eastern land. . Relative humidity rates are high in coastal stations , and relatively low at the1 mountainous area at the eastern land.1 - Annual rate of wind speed ranges between 1 - 3 m I sec. at the I mountainous area and eastern land , and between 3 - 5 m I sec. at the I coastal stations.5 Climate of Yemen is consistent with the astablishment of tourism ( tourist \ industry ) accordin to world scale.6 Yemen has various humand and natural tourist attractive ingredients.7 The size of tourist movemant in Yemen is not consistent with her verious ingrsdients of tourist attraction.8. he voume of intemation tourist flow of comers to Yemen according to '!months and regions is relatsd to climate. So , the months in which the number of tourists are high are the moderate and confortable months , while e months in which the number of tourists are low the one having narrower d less moderate scope at the station of the study.

Author name: احمد سراج جابر الاسدي

Supervisor name: عباس عبد الحسن كاظم العيداني

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

تقييم كفاءة النقل النهري في شط العرب وافاقه المستقبلية : دراسة في جغرافية النقل == Evaluation The Efficiency Of River Transport In The Shatt Al - Arab And Future Prospects A Study In Transportation Geography

Author name: عبد الودود عبد الرضا عبد

Supervisor name: اسعد عباس هندي الاسدي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The river transport in the Shatt Al - Arab is one of the most important economical activitives which has a main role to develop Iraqi economy for along time.That was because setting up Al - Maakel port which is made as amajor outlet for importing and exporting lost of goods through this shipping line that links Iraq with many different countries in the world since 1919 So this activity largely shares in fencing the national economy with yearly revenues , that are obtained through the provided service to river units which sail into this channel by exploiting the potential which donated them. The natural conditions to make safe river navigable in the waterway of the Shatt - Al Arab associated with human efforts that have been able to setup pavements. Those pavements could have this activity through the processing necessary for the operations of handling equipment, as well as the processing of these pavements with losts of stores to save the exported and imported goods with all the necessary infrastructure. However , this activity has stopped completely for more than two decades ,that was from 1980 to 2003 because political events which took place in Iraq. Those bad events caused a very big decline in the performance of river transport elements starting from the infrastructure of the piers which processes followed the falling of the former regime in Iraq.This cause with drew on the efficieng of the navigation channel which has become to contain the sediment which has become an important drawback and main objected river navigation in it and that contributed to the declining numbers of marine units that were faring this channel which led to decreased amounts of mobile goods through it , All these reasons has gathered to influence on the Iraq,s commercial fleet and worked to weaken it , while the mass of river transport with various forms and sizes were major means to transport people and goods to many cities on both banks of the river in Iraq and they transported to other countries specially Arabian gulf states. Shat Al - Arab has plenty of natural ingredients that could return it to be better than it was in the case of investment by benefiting from of developed countries , as it can take advantage of these ingredients to establish a tourist activity compete in its imports a lot of activities that require a lot of expenses by depending on the monuments' and religious shrines which lies close to the coast line. As we know Shatt Al - Arab surrounding with large area of fertile bottomlands on both banks that we will support farmer , moreover it also will support the national economy and that will happen by exporting a agricultural to many countries in area specially Arabian gulf countries. Further more , lots of economical activities that depends on that river as a source of the work and getting money by doing som activities such as fishing. In spite of - the governments go towards investment ,but that investment didn't rise to the required level , and that failure investment makes the efficiency of the river transport elements requires extra efforts to promote with it through greating financial and managerial system takes care to this task then fore this will bring an increase in the value of venues versus expenses

الكفاءة الانتاجية للنظم الحيازية والانماط المزرعية في قضاء القرنة == Production Efficiency Of Possessory Systems And Agricultural Patterns In Qurna District

Author name: حسنة خزعل موازي الشريفي

Supervisor name: محمد رمضان محمد

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تمثل الارض اهم مصادر الثروة الوطنية فهي من الموارد التي لايعادلها مورد طبيعي اخر بصفتها الشرط الاول للانتاج الزراعي، لذلك فان مسالة تطوير القطاع الزراعي والنهوض به يستلزم الاستثمار الامثل لهذا العنصر للوصول لانتاج مرض من مختلف المحاصيل لسد الاحتياجات | Land is the most important resource of national Wealth, being the first element of agricultural production. So, the development of the agricultural sector requires the optimal exploitation of this element to reach a satisfactory production of various crops that corer the local needs, or part of them, or go to exportation However, Land exploitation house varied from place to place and from season to season due to several factors. Thus the current study aims to revel the impact of some of these factors, namely ownership systems and agricultural patterns, on the efficiency of land exploitation. The Qurna centre, has been chosen for this field study. The study depended basically on field work to collect data; a comprehend sive survey for (948) properties in (10) counties representing (21.3%) of the total (47) countries of Qurna District was carried out. This surrey enabled the researcher to arrive at the actual state of land exploitation in planting crops in summer and winter seasons. The techniques used in the study which include the crop density factor and analysis of variance revealed that ownership systems and agricultural patterns common in the District of Qurna have an impact on agricultural land exploitation, as there are significant differences revealed; the crop density factor varied among ownership types; agrarian reform lands, private property lands.Results also indicate that land dispel is caused by a number of factors. The most important of these factors are : Land salinity, fluctuation of the amount of litigation water and change in quality, agricultural pests, and Lower motivation to from work in most rural Labour force due to increasing production cost and work importation policies of craps especially after 2003

مصادر الاملاح الذائبة في مياه نهر الفرات ضمن محافظة المثنى == The Sources Of Dissolved Salts In Euphrates River At Muthanna Province

Author name: كريم خلف محل الموسوي

Supervisor name: صفاء عبد الامير رشم الاسدي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: يعد نهر الفرات المصدر الاساس لمياه الانشطة المنزلية والصناعية والزراعية في محافظة المثنى، وذلك بسبب انتفاء او ندرة مصادر المياه الاخرى. وقد اهتم موضوع هذه الدراسة بالتعرف على الاملاح الذائبة المتواجدة في مياه النهر، ووصف المصادر الرئيسة لتلك الاملاح ولاس | Due to scarcity of other water resources, Euphrates River has been considered as a fundamental source of water used for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes all over Muthanna Governorate. The study has concerned a number of objectives such as identifying the particular salt melted in the river, describing its main sources ( in particular these of high level) and to discover the interrelation between melted salt and water quality to determine the convenience of various usage. Four different sites are distributed Along the Euphrates River where (16) samples of river - water as well as (2) samples of waste water haven been taken during the four year season. Accordingly, various laboratory tests have been done to investigate physical and chemical properties. These include the total dissolved salt (TDS), electric conductivity (EC) in addition to main cations and anions. Both of Shatt Al - Atshan and Samawa sites indicate highest concentrations of (TDS) in comparison with Shatt Al - Saable and Al - Khudhir sites. Generally, in comparison with global average, Euphrates River is well known of its high ionic composition. It can be said that Sodium dominates the cations as well as Chloride dominates the anions. Throughout Muthanna governorate, agriculture activities together with Al - Atshan stream have been considered the main sources of melted salt in Euphrates River. Whilst, the chemical composition of the river is clearly affecting by river - draining, ground water - flowing as well as dissolved gypsum and lime stones along with activities of aquatic organisms. As a matter of fact, the dissolved salt has affected the quality of river - water and its hygienic usages. In line with WHO, FAO and Iraqi standard measurement have indicated that the river - water of the mentioned four sites is not useful for the purpose of drinking and irrigation, yet it is proper for livestock and poultry. However, this water is not beneficial for industrial usages

الخصائص النوعية لمياه شط العرب وكرمة علي قرب محطات توليد الطاقة الحرارية

Author name: مروة فريد عودة العطبي

Supervisor name: حمدان باجي نوماس

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تناولت الدراسة الحالية تقييم الخصائص النوعية لمياه شط العرب وكرمة علي قرب محطات توليد الطاقة الحرارية اخذت عينات من الماء وحللت على اساس فصلين الصيف (اب) والشتاء (كانون الثاني) خلال عامي (2014 - 2015) وبواقع ست عينات لثلاثة مواقع لمحطة النجيبية اذ يقع الموق | The present study deals with the assessment of the qualitative properties of Shat Al Arab and Gharmat Ali water near thermal power stations. Samples of water were taken and analyzed on the basis of two - season approach , summer (August ) and winter (January ) during the period (2014 - 2015 ) , 6 samples per 3 sites. The first site lies at the water discharge zone. The second one lies at about 500 m the station westwards. The third site lies about 500 m the station eastward. furthermore , 3 sites were selected to the Al Hartha station. The first site lies at water discharge zone. The second site lies about 750 m the station Northward. the third site is about 500 m the station Southward. The focus was led on 14 parameters out of other water qualitative parameters which have a decisive effect affecting water potability , water suitability for irrigation , environment and industry. They are : EC , total dissolved solids (TDS) , Chloride , Sodium , Magnesium , Calcium , Magnesium , Bicarbonate , Base , BOD , Sulphate , suspended solids and total hardiness. The results of the present study explained the rate of electrical conductivity (2 ,4 - 3,3 - 3,4 ) d Siemens / m and (4 , 2 - 3 , 5 - 4 ,8 ) d Siemens / m for Al Najibiyah station. the rates of the dissolved solids values were also reported : (1516 - 2108 - 2170 ) mlg / ltr for Al Hartha and (2717 - 2295 - 3050 ) mlg / ltr for Al Najibiyah. the rate of Chloride values ranged (308 - 300 - 405 ) mlg / ltr for Al Hartha and (209 - 368 - 509 ) mlg / ltr for Al Najibiyah.The rate of Potassium values ranged (75,2 - 80,8 - 50 ) mlg / ltr for Al Hartha and (153 - 120 - 110 ) mlg / ltr for Al Najibiyah. The rate of Calcium values (164 - 140 - 196 ) mlg /ltr for Al Hartha and (180 - 200 - 212 ) mlg / ltr for Al Najibiyah. Magnesium value rates ranged (106 - 100 - 120 ) mlg / ltr for Al Hartha and (124 - 133 - 165 ) mlg /ltr for Al Najibiyah. Bicarbonate value rates ranged (284 - 249 - 315 ) mlg / ltr for Al Hartha and (442 - 515 - 436 ) mlg / ltr for Al Najibiyah respectively. Base value rates ranged (205 - 220 - 215 ) mlg / ltr for Al Hartha and (295 - 310 - 330 ) for Al Najibiyah. concentration rate of BOD was within the range of (4,5 - 5,2 - 6 ) mlg / ltr for Al Hartha station and (4,2 - 6,25 - 8 ) mlg / ltr for Al Najibiyah station respectively. Sulphate value rates ranged (710 - 530 - 100 ) mlg / ltr for Al Hartha and (278 - 169 - 275 ) mlg / ltr for Al Najibiyah respectively. suspended solids value rates ranged (21 - 82 - 85 ) mlg / ltr for Al Najibiyah. the water of the stations under study is hard. Total hardness value ranged (865 - 900 - 1000 ) mlg / ltr for Al Hartha and (905 - 920 - 980 ) mlg / ltr for Al Najibiyah. The study reflected a clear - cut deterioration in Shat Al Arab water properties that electrical conductivity and TDS have got both increased in both stations Furthermore , Chloride ion concentration was recorded to be higher than that of Bicarbonate and the later is higher than that of Sulphate while Calcium ion concentration was recorded to be higher than that of Magnesium. Moreover , the study demonstrated differences in the concentration of Sodium and Potassium ion as well as the suspended solids seasonally. Using such water for the purpose of drinking , irrigation and industry results in growing problems in terms of salinity and toxicity. It also brings drastic damages since most of which pass over the maximum limits approved by WHO.

نقل النفط واثره على التنمية الاقتصادية في محافظة البصرة باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (G.I.S) : دراسة في جغرافية النقل == Transportation Of Oil And Its Effect On Economic Development In Basra Governorate Using Geographic Information Systems G.I.S

Author name: علي حسين خميس

Supervisor name: اسعد عباس هندي الاسدي | طارق جمعة المولى

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: This study discussed the subject is one of the most important and prominent geographical and economic themes, which is one of the pillars of economic development, a topic that transport crude oil from the province of Basra, to the importance of the strategic role played by the crude oil in the economic development for the province of Basra, first and Iraq second, using geographic information systems (G.I.S) in order to draw a digital data of the study area as a base of geographic studies or other subsequent studies of other base.Reviewed with it the historical development of the transportation of crude oil in Iraq and the province of Basra since 1925 and until the year 2013, with touched on the most important historical developments and changes that have affected the transportation of crude oil from the Basra Governorate process. And it focused on the stage after 2003 until 2013 as crude oil transfer process undergone numerous historical Bmnattvat affected positively and negatively on the activity of transport crude oil from the province. It has also pointed to the geographical distribution of oil fields in Basra province and through the number of fields and the amount of crude oil reserves are being drawn by the futuristic image of the crude oil transportation and economic development operations.This thesis also addressed the study of natural and human factors, geographical variables fact have a significant impact on the quantities of crude oil transported from the Basra province to the rest of Iraq, or those transferred quantities to export. Especially since natural factors is the fact that a variety of Basra province, lies between the two sides, one nautical overlooking the bay Barre and the other linked with the rest of the Iraqi provinces, making this natural factors take an influential role different aspects. The human factors have been touched them as they represent the reality of man in the study area and other factors exceeded the geographical area of study like the factors of economic and demand and other factors affecting human limits. This is in order to understand the most important geographical challenges facing crude oil transfer process.The study discussed the means of transporting crude oil networks took place in the province of Basra, crude oil pipelines and knowledge of the energies of those pipe - borne and the quantities in which domestic consumption, the study of the oil ports and energies and the quantities transported through them abroad during the period 2003 - 2013, the study pointed to the logistics support to transport crude oil being one of the essential elements to you can not do without them in this process, especially since these processes are constantly flow and allow the transfer of crude oil from the province of Basra.She noted this thesis to contribute to the importance of the transfer of crude oil from the province of Basra on economic development on the GDP and economic activities, economic and trade balance of Iraq during the period 2003 - 2013, also touched on other aspects of the role of the shortage of crude oil from the province of Basra to the economic development of the productive sectors and companies that using movable crude oil from the province of Basra from this side. On the other hand contributed to the study identifies the role of the transfer of crude oil from Basra province, regional economic development through the revenues that accrue to the province of production and transportation of crude oil operations for the duration of the study

Author name: علي غانم ياسين المالكي

Supervisor name: رعد ياسين محمد الحسن

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

النقل بالسكك الحديدية على طريق (بغداد - البصرة) وافاقة المستقبلية : دراسة في جغرافيا النقل == Transportation By Railway Line (Baghdad - Basra) And Future Prospects

Author name: اماني حسين عبد الرزاق البراك

Supervisor name: اسعد عباس هندي الاسدي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The research addresses the reality of (Baghdad - Basra) railway line from several aspects , the historical development of the line and the natural and anthropogenic factors affecting line and study commercial activity for the line and the application of theory and study of main problems and obstacles and prospects for the future, Chapter I dealt with the study of the historical development of the railways over two distinct historic, first starts with the actual beginning in establishing railway lines in Iraq in 1912 as the Germans celebrating the laid of foundation stone for a railway project. The first train was running in 1914 and the First World War had a role in the evolution of the Iraqi railways for reasons imposed by the war. The Department then moved to the Iraqi Government in 1932, after which Iraqi railways have seen a set of accomplishments and some of the reforms can be considered a turning point in its history. The second stage started in 1950 and is a founding Board of Reconstruction as well as improved Iraq oil revenues; this phase has seen quantum leaps in railway projects in Iraq generally and on the Baghdad - Basra rail line.During the years (1930 - 1979) Iraqi Railways was able to conduct lots of works by improving its network and has made great achievements reflected positively on the carriage of goods and passengers, but began to decline in the 1980s.Following the outbreak of war as the Iraq - Iran war, the Gulf war and subsequent economic blockade and the 2003 Gulf war, which have impacted negatively on the railway, despite subsequent attempts at reconstruction until 2014 but the situation is still deteriorating, The only Iraqi railway line that stayed operational is (Baghdad - Basra) most other lines stopped working. As elements of the Iraqi rail transport experienced these stages up and down , that decrease the number of Baghdad - Basra line stations (40) station and several viaducts and bridges with 635 and 430 round arch and 500,000 concrete girder, 578,000 wooden keel , 9049 rail truck of various types. Chapter II dealt with geographical factors that effects direct and indirect impact on rail traffic on the line (Baghdad - Basra) including natural factors such as geographic location, geological structure, soil Surface topography, climate, and water resources which have great impact on the establishment of a network of railways on the Baghdad - Basra line where the track and cost, as well as the impact of these factors on the growth of rail transport and movement. There are also human factors played an important role in influencing the rail traffic on the line (Baghdad - Basra) and painted features of economic development of that region being the dominant governing factors and dominant were these factors Population growth in the study area and the political factor was decisive was the most prominent among these factors were influential in charting the backwardness and decline of railway line (Baghdad - Basra) as well as the economic factor, which demonstrated its impact on railway development in the 1970s and a decline in railway line following the decline of the Iraqi economy in the 1980s and subsequent decades. Chapter III dealt with the evolution of the activity of (Baghdad - Basra) railway line during the study period (1997 - 2014) that witnessed diverse activities of (Baghdad - Basra) railway line which addressed in the following three periods : - 1. The period of 1997 - 2002 has accomplished the transportation of 6,035,914 travelers achieving revenue of 11,638,973,250 dinars as well as cargo reached 872,290,305 tons achieving revenues in the amount of 19,135,173,559 dinars.2. The period of 2003 - 2008 in which 346,797 passengers transported achieving revenue of 982,550,275 dinars as well as cargo reached 1,425,729 tones achieving revenue of 8,145,372,660 Dinars.3. the period of 2009 - 2014 the total transported were 1,022,946 passengers, which achieved revenues of 11,638,973,250 Dinars as well as 3,388,686 tons of cargos that achieved revenue of 41520922169 Dinars Chapter IV dealt with the application of theory to wait found statistical results for my waiting on line stations (Baghdad - Basra) we came up with : 1 - 1. Despite of recording low waiting periods both in loading or unloading shipments, but this does not mean that the efficiency of such stations but has other reasons such as lack of trains or the lack of loaded or unloaded cargos.2. There are disparities in unloading and loading periods at the same station, sometimes due to the type of goods loaded or discharged.3. Despite the rise in the level of services, some stations recorded high rates of wait time due to large numbers trains in stations or additional reasons such as strict security measures followed in those stations, as Baghdad station.2 - 4. It appears through the research that some stations in spite of its limited capabilities, but performed significant tasks in the field of rail transportation as a Umm Qasr, which handling most Iraqi commercial activities, on the other hand stations like Maa”kal though it have tremendous capabilities but offering almost no services due to the lack of activities at Maa’kal port 5. Generally, the study recorded a decline in transportation by rail line (Baghdad - Basra) when compared to the rest of the railway services in neighboring countries.6. The study recorded a clear decline in railway transportation on (Baghdad - Basra) line due the reluctance of many transportation services of contracting with the Iraqi railways, and the adoption of other land transportation as alternative. - Chapter v dealt with the study of the problems and constraints of (Baghdad - Basra) railway line and future prospects we are as follows : - 1. The growth in the number of stations was slow in the study period as well as the growth of rail lines, making (Baghdad - Basra) railway line almost static and stabile. In sometimes numbers of passengers or freights went down as in 2007 were recorded.Despite slow growth, factors affecting (Baghdad - Basra) railway line will continue to evolve and progress in the future if the railways management, the Ministry of transport and other designated ministries like Ministry of planning and finance considered ways and plans to improve the railways in Iraq generally and Baghdad - Basra line due to its strategic importance

التنمية الاسكانية المستدامة للمدن الرئيسة في محافظة البصرة == Sustainable Housing Development For Main Cities In Basra Governorate

Author name: اسامة اسماعيل عثمان الراشد

Supervisor name: صلاح هاشم زغير الاسدي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: ينظر لمشكلة الاسكان على انها عبارة عن حالة تسيطر عليها ظاهرة قلة المساكن المتاحة والملائم للافراد الذين يشعرون بحاجة لها، وكان لغياب الاستراتيجيات الاسكانية والاعتماد على حلول عشوائية بعيدة عن الرؤى الواضحة المعتمدة على دراسات رصينة لدى العديد من الدول وم | The house is one of the necessities of life for residents in any community has long stressed the UN initiatives across their organizations related to the provision of adequate housing for members of the community to this fact, however, that the absence of strategies for housing and rely on random solutions is far from clear vision based on solid studies in many countries contributed to live up the problem of providing housing to the level of crisis. As long as communities grow at an accelerated pace of housing the need for this growth must keep pace with the demand for residential need. The study aims to prepare a program for the development of a sustainable housing for main cities in the Governorate of Basra illustrates through it to imagine how to eliminate the housing crisis in those cities. In order to achieve this goal has to be to achieve secondary objectives are as follows : 1 - study the natural reality of the Governorate of Basra, which affect all of its components in the construction of the housing unit process, either directly or indirectly.2 - study of Population and Housing, located in main cities.3 - study Housing dependent programs in main cities.4 - activating the role of geography in support of the planning processes and drawing sustainable housing development strategies.5 - build a model for sustainable housing development in the Governorate of Basra. For the purpose of achieving the aims of the study was divided into an introduction and five chapters. The first chapter discusses of some imperceptible frameworks, there came titled Housing sustainable development concept, targets and indicators and divided into two sections devoted first to the study of development, housing and sustainability concepts and their relation to the geographical knowledge of while eating second part, the concept of sustainable housing development, objectives and indicators, the second chapter also discusses the natural and human characteristics of the major cities and divided into two sections the first lesson of Basra natural conservative characteristics while dedicated second section to examine the reality of the main population and residential cities, while the third chapter of sustainable housing development variables and dimensions of the main cities in the province of Basra and the Department chapter to two sections, while the fourth chapter titled housing programs in main cities in the Governorate of Basra and contained a chapter on the three sections allocated first to examine some international experiences in the field of housing programs while eating the second research study and analysis for housing programs carried out in main cities in the province, while used program (swat) analysis in the third section of the statement of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for housing programs based on them. The fifth chapter dealt with the study of impediments to sustainable housing development in the main cities and ways to address them chapter and section to the first two sections deal with the challenges of sustainable housing development success while the researcher built a model of sustainable housing development to the main cities of the Governorate. The study concluded a set of findings and proposals.

نمـط التـوزيع المكانـي للقـرى وخدماتـها في قضاء الشـطرة == The Pattern Of Spatial Distribution Of Villages And Their Services At Shattra District

Author name: قاسم مطر عبد الخالدي

Supervisor name: عباس عبد الحسن كاظم العيداني

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Despite that the villages is older and more ancient in civilization and bigger in population and in construction beside they are larger in geographical distribution of the cities, but the geographers' interesting with villages came late as far as time is concerned and weak as far as science is concerned as compare with the study of the cities. Thus, it is very needful for the Iraqi villages in general and Shattra in particular at Thee Qar province with the scientific, academic, and governmental development to day from any time ago, specially with the crumble down of its economical status and increasing its social status. This was the starting point for that academic research that takes the villages of Shattra as sample of the rural traditional villages for the geographical study. The research depends basically on the field study further more the researcher lived himself there through his periodically visits there and had been acquainted with the people's suffering because of the leak of social services and the infrastructure. The revealing of special distribution module for the rural population centers and analyzing the natural and human elements that are related with the distribution module form significant study in human geography. The aim of modeling is to reach limited number of modules that the researcher had studied. This was specially after developing of the modern statistics methods that were followed by other sciences in studying the modules of the special gathering modules and the methods of their distribution in earth. Thus, the study came to be anticipation in that way for revealing the modules of the riral population modules and the researcher's interesting in study that expresses the affirmation of that syllabus and believing of the vivid and regional importance for it includes the agricultural lands with fertilized soils beside surface irrigation systems that are represented by the Gharaff stream and its branches. To achieve the goal of this study, it is necessary to divide the study into five chapters in addition to the results. The first chapter dealt with the historical development of the rural population and the historical rise of Shattra district and the satges of its establishment, and the demographical development for the people of its rural villages since the second population statistic process in Iraq till 2006. The second chapter dealt with the geographical rural distribution for the rural centers and the numeric distribution for the rural population centers, also the density of rural population and the modules of spatial distribution for the rural centers at the area. In addition to the quantum distribution of the rural centers and the civilized rural parts. The third chapter dealt with the effective elements in rural centers at the district, that divided into natural and human elements and decided diagramming that draw the picture of rural population. The fourth chapter put to study just the morphology of traditional villages because of of the unavailability of planning villages also it came across the methodology of morphology of rural housing and the modules of their distribution and the population status and its efficiency.The fifth chapter included showing the social educational, health , entertainment , and infrastructural services such as electricity and drinking water and the transportation and evaluating the efficiency of that services then looking for their environmental harmony with the regional relationships of the area of the study

التحليل الجغرافي للنشاط الاقتصادي في قضاء ابي الخصيب واتجاهاته المستقبلية للمدة 1997 - 2015 == Geographical Analysis Of The Economic Activities And Their Future Tendencies In Abu - Al - Khaseeb In The Years 1997 - 2015

Author name: احمد رزاق جعو عداي الفرطوسي

Supervisor name: عبد الامير كاسب مزعل

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: اكدت توجهات الجغرافية الحديثة على دراسة الموضوعات التي تعالج احوال السكان الاقتصادية، وكانت هذه الرسالة بدراسة النشاط الاقتصادي للسكان قضاء ابي الخصيب وللمدة (1997 - 2015)، اي دراسة( السكان النشيطين اقتصاديا) بوصفهم يمثلون هوية البلد الاقتصادية واتجاهه الا | The modern trends in geography emphasize the study of topics that deal with the demographic settings. This study is an investigation of the economic activity of the population in the town of Abu al - khaseeb during the years 1997 - 2015.ln other words, it studies the economically producing people who make the economic identity of the country and its economic situation in a way that affects the social and economic well - being of the society. The study has been carried out in the south of Iraq, exactly in Abu Al - Khaseeb in the southeastern part of Basrah governorate. Abu Al - Khaseeb covers an area of 1152km2 (6% of the total area of the governorate which is 19070km2) The study attempts to analyze the spatial variation of the economic activity of the population in Abu Al - Khaseeb and to show the size and distribution of the labour force and defining the changes in the tendencies of this activity across the different locations of the area under study. The study contains a spatial analysis of the labour force and its distribution according to the economic activities. It also discusses the measures of the labour forces maps, data and figures are also used to meet the needs of the study.The study revealed that the size of the labour force (the economically producing peoply) in 1997 was 62226(49.9%)in number in the urban areas and 2532(27.4%)in the rural areas. In 2015,the economic activity increased especially in the urban areas.As for the distributin according to the labour type,the study revealed that the paid labourers in the town centre came in the first position in the years 1997 - 2015(53.5%and 47.6% respectively). In the rural areas in 1997, the labour type of work - for - oneself took the first position(43%)whereas the paid labourers type was first(45%)in 2015 because the rate of the type of work - for - oneself fell down in 2015.In 1997,the type of the producing workers(7,8,9)and those related to them came in the first position(25%). In 2015, the job of civil servants and clerks(3)was in the first position(40%)and that meant that there was a trend towards working in the governmental institutions after 2003 loecaue the percentage in 2015 was higher than that of 1997. In 1997, the average of unemployment in the area under study was 25% in the town centre 20% in the urban areas and 10% in the rural areas. In 2015, the unemployment was 30% in the town centre,25% in the urban areas and 12% in the rural areas. This indicated that unemployment increased more in 2015 than in 1997 because most of the productive and industrial institutions stopped working. In addition, the economic policy of the country changed and shifted towards that of the market.As for the future perspectives, moving of the population to the rural areas and the phenomenon of Both saline water are highly affecting agriculture. Most of the agricultural activities are fading away. The agricultural production becomes very low and agriculture, in general, is not supported or encouraged. Besides and because of all this, people who are economically active are shifting to the public centre. And the financial deficit has impacted the economic activists on practicing their activities, especially. The ones that hold certificates from universities a fter, the lack of work opportunities in all the countries seta abolishment’s which caused the number of unemployed people to be increased especially at the years of 2013 - 2014 - 2015.

صناعة طحن الحبوب في محافظة البصرة : دراسة في جغرافية الصناعة == Grain Grinding Industry In Basrah Province (A Study In The Geography Of Industry)

Author name: محمد علي جبر المساعد

Supervisor name: كفاية عبد الله عبد العباس العلي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Through the study of grain grinding industry in Basrah province, knowing its present status and passing by the stages of its development and shedding lights on the potentials that led to its endemicity in the province, the study reached at the following results : 1. The fifties of the previous century witnessed a transformation in grain grinding industry in Basrah where technical grain grinding mills were used instead of stone grinding ones. The first technical mill was erected in 1955 (Basrah Private Grinding Mill).2. The superiority of the private sector in the field of grain grinding where the public sector never enter the industry until 2012 when Alfarahiedi governmental grinding mill was erected. 3. The number of grain grinding mills increased during the period of study. They were nine mills in 2000 and increased to 16 mills in 2015 in a growth average about 21.14% in spite of the military and economic circumstances in the country. The number of the workers in this industry increased from 465 in 2000 to 714 in 2015. The amount of wages given to them increased from 223312 Iraqi Dinars in 2000 to 359828 Iraqi Dinars in 2015. The price of production increased from 2498617 Iraqi Dinars in 2000 to 19898402 Iraqi Dinars in 2015. The price of the production stuff increased also but in a lesser degree where its price was 2184610 Iraqi Dinars in 2000 to 9895436 Iraqi Dinars in 2015. This indicates a healthy state represented by achieving efficiency, for the concept of efficiency indicates the degree industrial development. 4. Grain grinding mills are connected to the state enterprise for grain industry by contracting with it to supply them with the raw material and grind it according to a monthly plan issued by the ministry of trade for a sum of money. This limits the possibility of increasing production. Great part of the production capacity is idled; where the study showed that the actual sum of the designed production capacity for grain grinding mills is about 3231 tons per day in 2015, while the actual amount of production was only 1975 tons per day. This indicates that a great amount of production is idled; it is about 1256 tons per day which makes 38.87 % of the designed capacity. 5. The province has a great population; it is about (2818802) according to the approximations of 2015, they make (7.63%) of the population of Iraq which is about (36933714). This population is distributed into 548921 families in the different administrative districts. The greater number of the population lies in ALBasrah District; it is about 1385403 which make 6. 49.15%. Azubair District comes in the second place; where the number of the population is about 496923 which make 17.63% of the total population of the province. 7. There is an obvious shortage in the grain production in the province. Rice crop for example never existed throughout the study period. Barely crop is very little. The study clarifies that there is a great shortage in the wheat crop to the extent that the production amount in the province does not suffice the people more than a month or two. The province production was about 44529 tons in 2015 whereas the need of the province was 398194 tons which make about 11.18% for the same year. This led to satisfy the need in either of two ways : transferring from other provinces, and importing from abroad. 8. Grain grinding mills occupy areas of land that make about 124150 m2. Alfarahiedi governmental grinding mill's share makes about 36.25% of the total area occupied by grinding mills. The area of buildings makes 33250 m2. Again Alfarahiedi governmental grinding mill makes about 15.04%, while AlBasrah grinding mill makes 11.58% of the total area of the buildings. 9. The field study showed that the spatial distribution of the mills was centered in AlBasrah District, where 14 technical grinding mills lie, this makes 87.5% of the total number of the technical grinding mills. It also included four small stone grinding mills in a percentage of 50% of the total number of such mills. Alqurna District came in the second place with two mills one of them is technical and the other is stone grinding one. This makes 6.25% of the total number of the technical mills in the province and 12.5% of the total number of stone mills. Abi Alkhaseeb District came in the third place with one technical mill that represents 6.25% of the total number of the technical mills in the province. Almedina District included two stone mills representing 25% of the total number of such mills in the province. Finally, Azubair District included one stone mill with 12.5 % of the total number of such mills in the province. Faw and Shatt - el - Arab districts do not have any kind of mills. 10. The study identifies a number of problems that face grain grinding industry in the province; most of them are connected with (raw material, production problems, spatial distribution, and water availability, caning and covering problems, power supplies, funding, work power, environmental pollution). 11. The study of the correlation coefficient of some of the independent variables with the indicators of the development in the number of grain grinding mills, the following results have been found : a) There a strong and positive relationship between most of the factors and the number of the industrial establishments ranges between (0.341+, 997+).b) There is an inverse relationship between the area variable and the number of the establishments (0.33 - ).c) The variable of the number of ration centers came first in terms of the strength of correlation with the number of grain grinding mills in the province.d) There is a positive relationship between (urban inhabitants, work power, share capital, transportation roads, raw material, water supplies, rural inhabitants) it was about (0,957+, 0,962+, 0,854+, 0,544+, 0,542+, 0,342+) respectively. 12. Studying the future directions for the development markers of grain grinding industry in the province for the period (2015 - 2030), the study found out the following : a) The number of grain grinding establishments will be 18 in 2020 and 20 in 2025 and 22 in 2030. The change percentage for the period (2015 - 2030) is 38%.b) The number of the workers in grain grinding establishments will be 783 in 2020 and 863 in 2025 and 943 in 2030. Thus, the change percentage for the period (2015 - 2030) is 32%.c) The amount of money paid for the workers will be 382272 Iraqi Dinars in 2020 and 419443 Iraqi Dinars in 2025 and 456613 in 2030. Thus, the change percentage for the period (2015 - 2030) is 32%.d) The price of production stuff will be 2065141 Iraqi Dinars in 2020, then it will decrease to 2041169 in 2025, then it will decrease again to 2017196 in 2030. Thus, the change percentage for the period (2015 - 2030) is minus 8 - %. e) The price of the production in grain grinding establishments will be 2619848 in 2020 and 2656323 in 2025 and 2692799 in 2030. Thus, the change percentage of the production prices for the period (2015 - 2030) is 3%.f) The additional value in grain grinding establishments will be 314003,5 Iraqi Dinars in 2020 and 314009,2 in 2025 and 314014,9 in 2030. Thus, the change percentage of the additional value for the period (2015 - 2030) is 0.02%.

واقع الخدمات الترفيهية في مدينة البصرة وسبل تنميتها : دراسة في جغرافية المدن == Reality Of Entertainment Services In Basra City And Methods Of Developing Them : (A Study In Urban Geography

Author name: عمار عبد الجبار دايش الزهيري

Supervisor name: سلمان مغامس عبود

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: This study aims at getting to know the reality of entertainment services in Basra, means of developing it for the year 2015, and estimate the needs for entertainment services pursuant to local standards and populations for the year 2015 as to the number of services, its types and area occupied. Primarily, his research is based on field study to list all types of entertainment services provided due to its widespread, and not being registered at government directorates, and have been identified using (GPS).The study has found that there is a big shortage in the number, area of services and its types provided as well as poor distribution of services. It was found in a city there are (19) entertainment services of a certain type, numbered (269) services, which are not enough to meet the needs of population (1189613) persons for the year 2015. The area occupies is (3295433) meter square, equal to (%3.7) of the city total area (89110000) meter square. This percentage is higher because of the area occupied by the sport city which constitutes half of entertainment services area. However, what has been allocated for entertainment services is a small area and number of services is few, this it is required, in line with citizens' needs to make available (1782) entertainment services for the year 2025 occupying an area of (11722863) meter square according to standards, to become characterized by high efficiency, which is one of the means leading to best entertainment services.The study is of four chapters. The first one deals with the theoretical evidence, statistical procedures and historical development of entertainment services in Basra. It is of two sections; the first section focuses on historical development of entertainment services the theoretical evidence, statistical procedures used in this study while the second one discusses historical development of entertainment services in Basra. Second chapter mentions some of population characteristics in Basra, while the third chapter examines the spatial distribution of entertainment services in Basra and ways of developing it. It is classified into three sections. The first section deals with assessment of efficiency of entertainment services in Basra relying on some local standards, the second section makes a reference to assessment of efficiency of entertainment services in Basra relying on public indicators of entertainment services which were summed up out of a questionnaire set for the study.The third section discusses assessment of the current and future needs of entertainment services. In the end, there is a set of findings and recommendations sent to the concerned authorities such as planners and implementers to remedy the shortage in entertainment services in Basra city.

التلوث بالنفايات الصلبة واثاره البيئية في مدينة الزبير : دراسة جغرافية == Solid Waste Contamination And Its Environmental Effects In Al Zubair City A Geographical Study

Author name: علياء عبد الرحمن عبد الواحد

Supervisor name: شكري ابراهيم الحسن

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Environmental Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى التعرف على مشكلة التلوث بالنفايات الصلبة واحتمالية اثارها البيئية في مدينة الزبير. وتتالف من فصول ثلاثة. الفصل الاول انقسم الى قسمين احدهما اهتم بالجانب النظري للتلوث البيئي ومشكلة النفايات الصلبة بوجه خاص، والاخر قدم وصفا جغرافي | The aim of the study is to shed light on the contamination with solid waste and the way it affects the environment in Al Zubair city; the research is divided into three chapters. The first Chapter includes two partitions one of which deals with the basic information about the environmental contamination which is a key issue to be tackled, the second one represent the geography of the study zonewith regard to nature and human population. The second chapter is of three partitions : the first one is about the main reason behind the gathering of solid wastes in the study zone, while the second partition deals with the kinds of waste in it. The third one deals with amount of solid wastes distributed in Al Zubair city - which has increased recently in (2011 - 2015), the ways of disposing waste, and its geographical distribution in the study zone. The third chapter is of three partitions too. The first one deals with the environmental effects caused by solid wastes on the three factors of the environment (soil, groundwater, air). The second partition tackles health effects of contamination with solid waste(studying Al Zubair health condition). For it has been proven that the gathering of solid waste causes many diseases. Also, the third partition examines the badview of the city caused by hard waste.Studying contamination with solid waste has shown the following : 1 - 94% of city population questioned in the survey has shown their concern about environmental contamination in general. Such a percentage is considered high and proved people to be aware of the danger of contamination specially the gathering of refuse in the city which an issue that has the highest percentagereaching 45,4% among other tackled issues.2 - As to 55.8% people questioned, one of the main reasons behind the random gathering of rubbish is people being ignorant of the proper way of disposal, also the waythe family deals with its own waste which sometimes can be dangerous and poisoning.3 - 42.7% of people think that the most disturbing kind of waste is that of houses for the bad view and smell which attract the insects, rodents, cats, and dogs. 35.4% of People - which is the highest percentage of all - have estimated the amount of refuse to be (1 - 2) kg sorted in sequence; 94.4% food refuse,74.9% empty food cans,47.1% paper, 44.3% soil, 32% plastic, and finally 13% glass.4 - Municipality procedures start with collecting refuse with household bags and plastic/metal containers. As to the survey, 56.7% people use bags to collect refuse, while 63.1% of them use containers to collect refuse, place it in cars waste,and throw it in a spot which have no proper way of recycling waste. It is being processed by either burning or burying, or sometimes is simply gathered there until it is disintegrated.5 - Examining the soil collected from the city in (2011 - 2015) has shown that 2015 has the highest amount of soil for it has reached 96915.16 ton/m. This is because : increasing of house refuse, frequent sand storms, and lack of manpower to clean streets. Yet, 2014 has the lowest amount which is 23875 ton/m.6 - The highest amount of house and market refuseis in 2011 reaching 249.398.3 ton, while the lowest is in 2014 reaching 9.871.7 - The highest amount of rubble collected in Al Zubair city is in 2013 reaching 11.839.98716 m3, while the lowest is in 2014 reaching 2.866.83 m3.8 - The highest amount of scrap (old left furniture and wracked vehicles.. ect.) is in 2013 reaching 552.1 tons, while there is none in 2012.9 - The environmental effect of contamination with solid waste is characterized with the changing in the physical and chemical properties of the soil. By processing samples of soil in Al Zubair city, it is proved that it is contaminated with oils and fats. 50.9% of people questioned say that they get rid of oils and fats by simply pouring them into rubbish. 4.53 microgram/gram of Hay Alsinaay (the industrial neighborhood) is contaminated with fats. The study also shows that burning waste produces gases and poisoning steams,which change air properties and contribute to the global warming. In fact, burning a little amount of waste produces some gases such as 150 ppmof CO, 1120 ppmof CO2, 10.0 ppm of NOx, 3.70 ppm ofSO2, 20.0 ppm of HCs, and less than 0.2 ppm ofH2S. These gases causes so many respiratory diseases to the locals; such as asthma, and pneumonic. Also, it causes eye diseasesuch as; conjunctivitis, and spring infection. The continuous precipitating of waste produces a poisoning juice which penetrates the soil leading to a change in the properties of its groundwaterand to a rise in TH, TDS, CL, CA, SO4, and HCO3.10 - Contamination with solid wastehas bad influence on the healthwelfare of the locals as well as the environment.33,6% people say that waste has been a shelter for insects, rodents, animals, dogs, and cats.It isvery disturbing to locals and causes many diseases. The survey shows that the most common issue because of waste is an animal bite. Children (5 - 14 year old) are the most likely to be exposed to it; in 2012 - 2014, (294)of children have been bitten. People aged 15 - 45 years old are most likely to be infected with Hepatitis/Aand 277 of them caught it while 21 of them caught Hepatitis/E,50 of them infected with typhoid.11 - Having said that, solid wastehas a bad and uncivilized view of the city, which might affect people's emotions causing mood swinging, dissatisfaction, and discontent towards the city and its environment in general. That is why 72.5% of people questioned say that the city is NOT clean.

جيومورفولوجية مروحة دويريج الفيضية باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية GIS والاستشعار عن بعد RS == Geomorphology Of Diwearege Alluvial Fan By Using Remote Sensing (RS) And Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

Author name: علي طالب حمزة الطائي

Supervisor name: محمد عبد الوهاب حسن الاسدي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Natural Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The fans flooded one of spreading shapes that formed as a result of the availability of several factors, including tectonic, climate, topography, hydrology, and represents the fan one of these shapes formed in the southeastern part of Iraq, at the feet of the Iranian hills, and occupied space (1608.74) km2 and are all located inside the Iraqi border and within the province of Maysan, either her pelvis area reached (3582.87)km2 and the Association located within the Iranian border. A stronomicall Diwearege fan located between latitudes (31°40,56 - 32°10.41) north and the to the longitudes (47?18.15 - 47?51.39) east. The study aims to find out the main geomorphological and hydrological characteristics in the fan alluvial configurations, as well as to detect and track the inception stages of formation and evolution, through the study of their properties spreading, in addition to studying the water basin, which represents the main source of deposits. The use of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) in the interpretation and analysis of visual and satellite digital elevation model (DEM). To get maps and geological structures of sin and maps of the surface, including the slope and direction and morphometric maps of water basins and land cover classification. And that helped to draw a geomorphological map of the fan. Through the relationship between the factors and processes geomorphological problem of the appearance of the ground and geomorphological units associated with them.The study found that the tectonic factor in the role originated fan where study area is located between two unstable tectonic. As well as the role of climate change in the growth and development of the fan, where grown and developed fan on the basis of four stages was during the era of Albulallostosen, as well as the worker hydrological and goal Basin propeller role in the growth and development of the fan through what moves them from the sediment through the rain periods, as well as the role of the worker hydrological in the evolution of the fan through the course of the river has changed and thus increase the fan area and change the geometry of her, as well as its role in increasing the thickness of the fan through the distribution of secondary points deposition on the surface of the fan, especially in parts of the lower ones.It turns out that the geomorphological processes active role on the roof of the fan and a private water erosion, as characterized by three types of erosion are Sheet and Rill and Gullies and this is due to the floods that have hit the fan.The study found that there are four varieties of shapes geomorphological on the surface of the fan, and that most of these forms the rule is problematic with watery origin precipitation, but the problem with the water origin erosion.It was found by classifying land cover fan Diwearege that there are six categories, namely, (barren land, covers are salinizaion, water cover, vegetation, bogs, agricultural land). An evaluation of the fan in accordance with the appropriate and reactivity ground it includes four varieties of appropriate as well as four levels of the earth's susceptibility which is almost identical with Aedha and that most of these categories are valid to agricultural investment and found during the study that the fan is exposed to various degrees of environmental risk, especially floods which are exposed in wet seasons.Especially the lower parts of the fan.Show that can be harvested sources on the surface of Ruha to control floods and to take advantage of this water in agriculture and various purposes. The study conclusions and recommendations and a list of sources and Savior in English concluded.

قضاء سوق الشيوخ : دراسة في الجغرافية الاقليمية باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية GIS == Suk Al - Shuykh District A Study In Regional Geography By Using Ceogrphic Information Systeme (GIS)

Author name: عماد زيدان حمد الخفاجي

Supervisor name: طارق جمعة علي المولى

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The research deals with a regional study about Suq Al - Shouk district, which is situated to the south of Thi - Qar province. A previous study about Suq Al - Shouk with its five sub - towns is not available therefore, the researcher had to depend on the field study, observation, watching the different geographical changes through personal interviews.The reason for the choice of subject represents the geographical significance of the study area, because it represents an essential part of the marshes of south of Iraq in addition to its being within a part of sedimentary plateau and the Western Hills, so the region has a significant geographical difference.The objective of the research is to identify the human and natural characteristics of the study area and most importanty spatial geographical factor relationships. The researcher made use of the modern (GIS) geographic technology in addition to the ways and statistical techniques to show the results taken from the study and to prove the hypotheses.The Scientific necessity led to divide the reaserch into four chapters, the first chapter deals with the natural characteristics which include : the geographical location, the geological structure, the surface, the climate, the water resources, the soil and the natural vegetation. The second chapter deals with the populations characteristics, while the third chapter deals with the economic activity of the population of the district. The fourth chapter focuses on the development potential of the district which includes : health,education and transportation services. The study has been consolidated by (49) tables, (40) maps, (28) charts, in addition to illustrations.It was obvious from study that the district depends on the water of the Euphrates river and its branches, and the levels of this water are subject to fluctuation, and also it was obvious that the high increase of the population size of the district during the period of the study at a growth rate of 4.5%. As for agriculture. The study has shown that the area planted with date palms at the rate of 34.5% has the first rank compared with the other crops, whereas cows have the first rank of the livestock at the rate of 59% of the total livestock in the district.In addition the district has different types of industries, notably the construction industry like bricks and blocks and many other industries lice : timber, craft and food. As for the developmental side, it is obviously clear that there are many important archaeological sites in addition to the marshes which will enhance the tourist side of the distrust. The study also reveals an obvious shortage in the number of doctors and in the number of schools according to age groups.The researcher has included a number of proposals at the end of the search in which he thinks they are the suitable solutions to deal with the problem of his research, the most important of which is to make a rural development in the district to protect the local production from neglect, and to develop the tourist side, and to increase the government support to farmers, The researcher hopes that he has contributed to enriching the geographical library with a study about an important area from the areas in Iraq, and success is from God.

السكن العشوائي في مدينة العمارة : دراسة في جغرافية المدن == Squatter Settlement In Amara City - A Study In Urban Geography

Author name: احمد صيهود هاشم البهادلي

Supervisor name: صلاح هاشم زغير الاسدي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تناولت الدراسة مشكلة واقعية اخذت بالتزايد مع ازدياد معدلات النمو السكاني، وزيادة ظاهرتي الفقر والبطالة، وتعد هذه المشكلة تحديا للنظام الاجتماعي والاقتصادي وعقبة اساسية من عقبات التنمية الاجتماعية والثقافية، فالنمو غير الاعتيادي في حجم المناطق السكنية | The study dealt with realistic problem took increasing with the increasing rates of population growth, increasing poverty and unemployment, and the longer this problem is a challenge for social and economic system and basic obstacle of obstacles to social and cultural development, growth is unusual in the size of the random residential areas and the continuation of its appearance, and depending on Mcespbadtha Making control of this growth is difficult irks authorities planning and executive authorities in major cities of the developing world and thus become more of the problems bearing on the reality of city life and structure, as it suffers a lot of cities around the world from the results and the effects of this problem, namely (random settlements served) or slums) or (excesses areas) or (Housing informal or Allasm) No matter how diversified and varied concepts and names it means one thing : It is a moving problem on the reality of the city to Matnottagh effects and cons of urban life. In light of the foregoing this study came to its objectives and hypotheses to address the current problem within the city of Amara, as the study titled (slums in the city of Amarah).Search launched by several variables adopted in this study in order to highlight and illustrate the problem and its size within and its impact on urban life of the city of Amara, the study area was the most prominent are trespassing on the land and the establishment of housing illegal and irregular and are unplanned. The expansion also is planned and random, which resulted in the expansion of slums and the lack of municipal and administrative control of the stakeholders in the city.The letter was included (23) map and (73) and a table (19) form and (17) the image as well as supplements and sources Conclusion very English.The letter came out a set of the most important conclusions that the presence of this kind of random housing is planned to revive the city of Amara, the result of rising land prices and rents as well as the lack of planning policy intact. The slums in the study area due to a natural extension of the study site area which attracted the attention of immigrants to as Maysan province, on the one hand and the availability of employment opportunities in the other. The presence of these slums has a negative effect on the overall what exists In the study service area of all kinds. The these areas and despite the disadvantages that characterized the lack of public services and the infrastructure Fa it's considered a place populated by large numbers of people who suffer from a shortage to a lack of formal housing, also found the results of the study to clarify the concept of zones and random reasons tion within the study area

العلاقات المكانية بين سكان الريف واستعمالات الارض في زراعة محاصيل البستنة في محافظة البصرة == Spatial Relationships Between The Rural Population And The Use Of Land In The Cultivation Of The Farm Crops In Basrah Province

Author name: حيدر ستار مشكل الحجاج

Supervisor name: محمد رمضان محمد

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Natural Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The problem of the study is represented by the inquiry " Is there any spatial variation in the use of land for farm crops cultivation like date - palm cultivation and vegetables? " and " whether there is any spatial variation to rural variables which are related with the rural populations in Basrah province " and whether they (The Independent variables) have an impact in the spatial variation of the use of land in the Cultivation of farm crops (The dependent variable) in Basrah province. The hypothesis confirmed that there is a spatial variation for the variables of the farm crops and rural variables and also we can find that there is a spatial relationship between rural variables which are related to the rural populations (The Independent variables) and farm crops (The dependent variable) in Basrah province. The study indicates to the breadth of area that is occupied by the use of land in the cultivation of the farm crops as ,the rate of its area reached (109982) acre as it represents (53080) of the total crop area which is about (204428) acre. It was also shown that there is a decrease in the area of the ground occupied by the date - palm cultivation in Basrah province. Where it reached in 1952 , (222700) Acres , while it Significantly decreased till it reached in 2015 , (54890) Acre , and the reason for that is due to the negligence in the cultivation of palm for both natural and anthropogenic reasons. It is demonstrated by this study that there is an acceleration rates of growth of population of the rural , as it reached in 1977 , (223184) , While in 2014 , it rose to (550 985) , this increase in the number of rural people is accompanied with an increase in the rural manpower , rural workforce , the agricultural workforce , rural households and the rural households that are awarded the agricultural lands , but "the agricultural manpower" in terms of the relative importance took decreasing till it reached in 1977 ,(130.34%) , While in 2014 , it reached (%6025) and the reason for that is due to the availability of other employment opportunities other than agriculture and get on a fixed income and content.

جيومورفولوجية الجزر النهرية في مجرى نهر الفرات بين مدينتي الناصرية والقرنة باستخدام GIS == The Geomorphology Of The River Islands In Euphrates River Between Al - Nasiriyah And Al - Qurna Cities Using GIS

Author name: ايهاب عزيز درفش الزيادي

Supervisor name: حسين جوبان عريبي المعارضي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Natural Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تناولت الدراسة ظاهرة الجزر النهرية في مجرى نهر الفرات بين مدينتي الناصرية والقرنة ضمن الحدود الادارية لمحافظتي (ذي قار والبصرة) في جنوب العراق, بطول (126.80) كم, دراسة جيومورفولوجية تطبيقية باستعمال نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS), لفهم وتحديد العوامل الطبي | This study deals with the phenomenon of river islands in the course of the Euphrates River between the two cities of Nasiriyah and Qurna within the administrative borders of the provinces of Dhi Qar and Basrah south of Iraq, for about 126.80 Km. The study makes use of geomorphologic applications by using geographic information systems (GIS) to understand and identify natural and human factors that influence the formation and development of river islands and geomorphologic process, in addition to the morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the islands, as well as human activities and future investments in the region. The study depended on the use of GIS programs and special field study by taking soil and water samples and drawing cross - sections by using (Acoustic Doppler Current Profile).The study area tectonically lies within the unstable pavement which is affected by the undersurface tectonic movements. Geologically, the area is covered by quartet time deposits that are new disjoint sediments like the deposits of the floodplain which result from the previous stages activities of the Tigris and Euphrates. They include old sediments which date back to the Holocene and Pleistocene ages. Topographically, the surface of the region is characterized by gradual decline from the north - west to the southeast which set the general direction of the Euphrates River.It has been noticed that there are a number of natural and human factors that play a prominent role in the formation and development of the river islands. However, the impact, contribution and interaction of these factors vary in the formation of this phenomenon. Where the natural factors represented by the geologic structure, the decline, and the characteristics of ancient and current climate, as well as the human factors represented by building dams and reservoirs on the basin of the Euphrates River, in addition to the different uses of the water (agricultural, industrial, domestic) and building bridges and waste discharge into the river are all factors that contributed to the formation of river islands within the study area.There is a close relationship between the geomorphologic processes and hydrologic characteristics of the flow of the river as well as the aforementioned factors. The processes that contribute to the formation of the islands vary between being of geomorphologic erosion nature or of sediment nature. This has impacted the classification of the islands according to the affecting process. Erosion islands resultant from the geomorphologic erosion operations lie to the north of the study area. Whereas sediment islands resultant from the sediment operations appear in the middle and southern sections of the study area.The variation of river islands in the study area in their types (permanent, seasonal, joint) and in their morphometric characteristics (dimensions, shapes and areas) is due to the geomorphologic processes that formed them.Visual satellite maps and topographic maps and historic evidence for three periods (1972, 1990, and 2015) were used to interpret the geomorphologic changes within a spatial - temporal framework in the study area. Geomorphologic changes included identifying the location of the islands, their formation, development, transference and disappearance within the consecutive years of the study. The change of the islands and variation in their dimensions is resulted from the balance between the water system and the local geomorphologic environment.Twenty two islands appeared in the course of the Euphrates River between Nasiriyah and Qurna in 1972, and (35) islands in (1990) and (69) islands in (2015). It is noticed that most of the islands developed because of the change in the characteristics of geomorphologic processes from on period to another to reach its peak in 2015 to transfer into permanent islands in a percentage of 45% because of the activity of the sedimentation process. It has been found also that the first thing that the islands do as a natural reaction to their formation is dividing the river into subordinate courses in addition to the main course. Thus, the river appears divergent because of these branches; as a result it is described as braided river or divergent river.The degrees and percentages of the river divergence varied spatially and temporally according to the formation and centering of the islands. It has been found that there is an obvious and higher increase in the degree and percentage of divergence in the southern course of the (original Euphrates) than in the northern course. This is due to the fact that the southern course is longer than the northern one in addition to the increase in the centering of the islands in the southern course as a normal result of the increase of length.The study has shown that river operations, which resulted in the formation of geomorphologic shapes, have impacted the present human investments as well as the available potentials. Across its long history, the river contributed in the process of settlement. Its peregrination lead to the change of the locations of some villages and cities on its banks at that time. In addition to its impact on the variation of settlement types along its course. Where, the linear pattern prevails along the course of the Euphrates and its branches in the region.The emergence of river islands also contributed to the existence of a suitable environment for settlement especially in erosion islands in the northern parts of the course. River islands play an effective role on the other activities like agriculture, irrigation, herding and transportation, as well as its impact on tourism activities where they provide many attractive tourism potentials. Moreover, these islands are in the middle of the biggest marshes whether the central marshes or Alhammar marshes adjacent to the study area

الصناعات الصغيرة في قضاءي القرنة والمدينة == Small Industries In The Districts Of Qurna And Medina

Author name: ايناس عبد الستار جبر

Supervisor name: فارس مهدي محمد

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تعد الصناعة احدى القطاعات الاقتصادية المهمة، وتظهر اهمية الصناعات الصغيرة من خلال عملية تغيير النمط الاجتماعي والاقتصادي والحضاري لاي مجتمع، من خلال احداث تغيير في هيكلة الايدي العاملة وتركيب المهن، كما تعمل على تقليل التفاوت الاقتصادي بين الوحدات الادار | Industry is considered one of the important economic sectors. The importance of small industries clearly appears through the process of changing the social, economic, and civilized aspects of any society through changing the structure of the workforce and professions. They also work on decreasing the economic variation between the administrative units by improving people's living level. In five chapters, the present study sheds lights on small industries in the districts of Qurna and Medina. Chapter one speaks about; the concept of small industries, their characteristics, classification, importance, and their historical development in these two districts which dates back to the beginnings of the dependence of Iraq in 1921. Chapter two deals with the factors of Industrial settlement and the impact of each of which on the emergence and development of these industries in the two districts. Chapter three tackles the industrial processes of small industries and crafts in the two districts. Chapter four displays the geographical distribution of the small industries in the districts of Qurna and Medina; it falls into two sections, section one includes the geographical distribution of the small industries in the districts according to their administrative units. It appears that there is a spatial variation between the administrative units. In Qurna, there are (418) factories that employ (1176) workers, whereas in Medina, there are (951) factories that employ (2359). Iz - aldeen Saleem region comes in the first place with (43%), the center of Qurna district comes in the second place with (17%), in the third place comes the center of Medina district with (15.8%), Imam Sadiq region maintains place number four with (10.6%), Aldair region occupies place number five with (7.9%), Althagher region comes in the sixth place with (5.7%). Section two points out that there is a variation in the distribution of the type of industry in these two districts. Food industries in Qurna included (150) factories which employ (433) workers, whereas in Medina there are (112) factories which employ (330) workers. As for small construction industries, there are (171) factories in Qurna that employ (606) workers, while there are (608) factories in Medina that employ (1625) workers. In reference to cloth making industry, there are (43) factories in Qurna with (52) workers, while there are (65) factories in Medina with (74) workers. As for engineering industries, there are (11) factories that employ (23) workers, while there are (14) factories in Medina that employ (25) workers. In water transportation industry there are (2) factories in Qurna with (3) workers, whereas in Medina there are (10) factories with (10) workers. Typing and flex advertising industry in Qurna included (4) factories with (4) workers. Craft industries in Qurna involved (155) factories with (190) workers, while in Medina there are (91) factories with (115) workers. Aldair region comes in the first place with (28%), Althagher comes second with (21.6%), Imam Sadiq region comes third with (17.8%), in the fourth place comes the center of Qurna district with (13.4%), Iz - aldeen Saleem region comes fifth with (10.6%), in the sixth and last place comes the center of Medina district with (8.6%). Chapter five studies the industrial structure and compares small industries in the two districts. The number of factories in the two districts is (1369) which employ (3535) workers. There isn’t that much variation in small variation where the structure of industry depended on construction industries, metal industries, furniture and wood industries and others. Chapter six tackles the most important problems that face small industries in the two districts like raw material and variation of its prices, whose origin is mostly from aboard, add to this the problem of marketing because of the competition with foreign products. In addition to unqualified workforce that lack technical ability. Environmental pollution is another issue, though small industries cause less pollution in comparison with big industries, some industries like ice industry in the area of study may cause poisonous suffocation because of Ammonia gas especially when the wind direction is to the east. Weak infrastructure is another problem that hinders the process of transporting the products.

المشاريع الاسكانية - انماطها ودورها في حل ازمة السكن في محافظة البصرة لعام 2015 == Housing Projects : Patterns And Role In Resolving The Housing Crisis In The Province Of Basrah

Author name: ايات عبد الوهاب خريبش العلي

Supervisor name: رعد ياسين محمد الحسن

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: يعد السكن من الحاجات الاساسية المهمة لبناء المجتمع والدولة، ويرتبط ارتباطا وثيقا بالتحضر والتمدن، وبعملية تطور المجتمعات باشكالها الاقتصادية والاجتماعية على مر العصور، لذا فان توفر المسكن هو من اولويات حقوق الانسان والحاجة اليه ضرورية بصورة مستمرة ودا | Housing is one of the basic needs necessary for building society and country. It is closely associated with urbanization and with the process of development in its economic and social forms, along all ages. The availability of a house is a priority of human rights, and the need for it is permanently necessary. Despite the fact that the right to own a house is legislated in the Iraqi constitution, this right hasn't been given serious and enough attention. That's why most Iraqi provinces suffer from a severe housing crisis which hasn't emerged from the current situation only, but it is accumulation of previous years of negligence from the government and its official committees from the one hand and the increase in the population growth as well as the return of the displaced from and out of the other provinces from the other hand. All this led to the emergence of a severe shortage in the number of housing units, where their number becomes far much less than the number of the families. As the time passes the shortage of the housing units increases and the demand for them increases as well. This resulted in very severe decrease in the number of the housing units. Moreover, it caused a sharp deficiency to provide proper housing.The aim of the study was to give a complete picture about the different types of housing projects, governmental or investment projects, in Basrah province. The study referred also to the different housing patterns, their locations and geographic distribution. It emphasized the degree of contribution of these projects in resolving the housing crisis in Basrah. In its third chapters, the study tackled most of the literary and scientific aspects of this topic. In the first chapter, it dealt with the general concepts of house and housing and housing policy. In the second chapter, it dealt with the different housing patterns, their locations and geographic distribution in Basrah. In the third and last chapter, the study gave future insights of the prospective housing projects in the province. The study ended with some suggestions that would contribute to resolving the housing crisis and developing the projects in the province

التركيب الاقتصادي للسكان في قضاء الزبير لسنتي 1997 - 2015 == The Economic Structure of the Inhabitants of AZ-Zubair District for the Period (1997-2015)

Author name: لبنى فالح غالي السيلاوي

Supervisor name: صادق جعفر ابراهيم

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تناولت الدراسة موضوع التركيب الاقتصادي لسكان قضاء الزبير الذي يعد من المواضيع السكانية التي تثير اهتمام الكثير من المختصين الجغرافيين اذ يتم ذلك من خلال دراسة خصائصها الديموغرافية وحجم القوى العاملة والتركيب النوعي والعمري للقوى العاملة ونسبة الاعالة ونس | The study of the economic structure is of a great importance in the population studies for it is one of the topics that evoke the interest of geographical specialists. From this the study gains its importance; hence the study aims at identifying the economic structure of Az - zubair district for the period (1997 - 2015) and the demographic characteristics of the workforce and the aspects of the economic structure which include (economic activity, profession, work state) and the most important affecting factors. Az - zubair region, which lies to the south west of Basrah Province and includes three administrative units (Center of the district, Safwan, Om Qasar) has been chosen to identify the degree of spatial and temporal variation of the workforce according to its size. The researcher depended on the data provided by the general censuses of 1997 and 2015. The study consists of five chapters. The first chapter tackles the demographic characteristics, the size of the workforce, the structure of its types, age groups, the degree of dependence, and the average of the raw economic activity. The second chapter displays the distribution of the workforce according to the environment and type. Chapter three introduces the professional structure of the workforce according to the environment and type. Chapter four provides information about the work state of the workforce. Chapter five tackles the factors that affect the workforce (education and marriage). The study reached at the following results, the agricultural activity came first for the period (1997 - 2015) and the production workers came first also in the district

الملامح الجغرافية لظاهرة العنوسة في مدينة الزبير وابعادها : دراسة في الجغرافية الاجتماعية == Geographical Features And Dimensions Of Spinstership In The Town Of Zubair : A Socio - Geographical Study

Author name: بسمة عبد الحسين محمد الهاشمي

Supervisor name: باسم عبد العزيز عمر العثمان

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Spinster ship is a problem that characterizes mast Families and societies nowadags. lt is growing rapidlg because of the differentChanges and the great effects of them on the females in these ocities Spinsters are the unmarried females of the age of 30 onwards. This problem is world - widelg realized and its range uaries from ne society to anathor.In Iraq and Basrah. In particular. spinster ship is considered as an outcome of the economic. Social. Political. cultural and techndagical Changes that occur in the country.it appears in most of the administrative units in Basrah governarate in cluding the town of AL - Zubair. There fore. this studg in vestigates this problem from a socio - geographical Perspective. Additionallg. the study discusses the characteristics of spinster ship to find out its relation and how it is in fluenced bg the different economic. social , technological and personal variables.In addition to the sources and referencesy The studg dependsl on a questionnaire distributed to 660 repondents the Studg arrived at the following conclusions : 1 - The number and percentage of spinsters differ from one sector in AL - ZubairTo another according to the source of Attraction and the different charactersstics And features of cevey section2 - The economic. social. health and personal Factors are the mast effective ones to in crease cases of spinster ship.3 - whan the girl reaches the age of spinster ship ( 30 years). she is exposed to serious demographic. Psychological and moral effectsthat highly in fluence the girl. The family and the society.The study recommends the following : 1 - providing a database of sinstership by the Statotics centre in Basah in cooperation with the local govennment to know the exact umber of spinsters and to Plan to stop and get rid of this Phenomenon2 - Developing plans by the government to Financially help and encourage the youth To marry.3 - Looking at women as playing an im poant role in society and that they hava their own duties and rights that can not be Over looked

تغير بعض الخصائص الهيدروكيميائيه لنهر الفرات بين محطتي الناصرية والقرنة - جنوب العراق == The Euphrates Hydro - Chemical Changes From Nassriyah To Qurna South Iraq

Author name: عبد الحسن عبد النبي هاشم حميدي

Supervisor name: حمدان باجي نوماس

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تبين من خلال الدراسة للخصائص الهيدركيميائية لنهر الفرات في القسم الاسفل من حوض, تاثر الموارد المائية كما ونوعا بالعوامل الطبيعة والبشرية. فقد اتضح من خلال الدراسة اثر العوامل الطبيعية المتمثلة بالموقع الجغرافي للمنطقة في القسم الاسفل من الحوص على انخف | This study analysis the Euphrates hydro - chemical water changes at the lower section. the study consists five chapters, the first deals with the factors affecting water changes such as ( Location, Geology, Topography, Climate, Soil, Natural vegetation cover, Irrigation development of riparian countries, dams and reservoirs and pollution).The second chapter represents the hydrological changes of the river. It focus on water sources the annual, seasonal and monthly water discharges. the annual water discharge includes flood year moderate and dry year ,with discharge variation of 946 (1969) cubic meter per second, 344 (1985), and 34.7 (2009) respectively.Chapter three is dedicated for the chemical variations. These includes (T.D.S, T.H, NO3, SO4, Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCo3, PO4, and Do ) for the period (1967 - 1969) compared with the period of (2014) and (2015 - 2016).Chapter four present the effect of hydro - chemical changes on agriculture development, drinking, animal watering, industrial purposes and environment. The study reveals that the river water become unsuitable for the most uses above.Chapter five discuss the Euphrates water management. It includes fair agreement between the riparian states , construction of now reservoirs , applied advancing irrigation methods , controlling of sewage and drainage water intensive agriculture system, developing of people activities and copration with international Organizations.These measure are vitally important to improve water quality and quantity for the lower Euphrates basin.

مصائد الاسماك ومزارع تربيتها في محافظة البصرة == Fisheries And Farms Reared In Basra Province

Author name: علي خضير عباس

Supervisor name: بشرى رمضان ياسين الطه

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Fish wealth has received a great interest by all countries of the world because of its nutritional value and economic importance, the study area is one of the important areas in Iraq in the agricultural production in both its plant and animal production. Fish wealth is of a great importance due to the availability of water bodies in the province represented by the lower part from the stream of the two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates), and Shatt al - Arab. As well as the waters of the marshes. Basra province represents a sea port of Iraq on the Arabian Gulf's head, and provides the other provinces by various types of sea fish , and that these ingredients can be developed and supported to reach self - sufficiency in achieving food security and reducing imports from abroad.The aim of this study is to reveal the reality of the Wealth Fish in Basra province and analysis of the natural and human Constituents to its relationship by this side and diagnosis of problems encountered the process of production. The study gets about its statements from looking at the fish breeding farms in the dusty lakes and the cages and learn about the natural and human factors affecting it.In the different administrative units in Basra province and conducting personal interviews with a number of fishermen in territorial waters and fresh water, and the owners of fish breeding farms as well as the form the questionnaire which included the sea fishing in the territorial waters and breeding farms fish and a laboratory analysis of water samples in (36) model from the waters of Shatt al Arabs and that of three sites of the Shatt al - Arab which are al Deer district and the two districts of al Hartha and al Faw ,and by (12) models for each site for the years (2015 - 2016 ) two bottle glasses are used in the process of models collection. the price of the one is (1) liter, and it is especially in the collection of water samples for the purpose of the laboratory analysis, and the samples were taken from depth of 2 liters of the river. The Study shows the low capita share of Annual Iraqi individual from the fish meat produced locally, which amounted to 1.79 kg / year in 2002,as it became clear that there is a contrast variation in the amounts of fishing from year to year, and this is due to many factors, including the biological state of the fishes or It may return to primitive ways of fishing or the impact of fish stock by the high fishing effort or the allowed Fishing. And the site of Basra province is considered as a featured site because it is the only province in Iraq, which has access to the sea which provides other province by various kinds of fishes and in spite of the scarcity of water resources by upstream countries (Turkey and Iran) that affected the quality of water in the Basra province ,but it can invest these waters in the development of wealth fish , knowing that species produced in these waters with wanted species by the Iraqi people,and resources represent surface as the Tigris and the Euphrates and the Shatt al - Arab river and the insulation river and tables branching them In addition to the marshes like : Al - Qurna Marsh, Al - Swaib Marsh and Al - Hammar Marsh In addition to marine waters That the total length of its coastline64 km. The surface in Basra province and especially (the Sahel sedimentary) is an appropriate to expand fish breeding farms and especially the Low - lying areas and river basin areas and Marshes and Marshy. The elements of the climate have a great impact on the Fishes and the Solar radiation and temperatures in the Basra province are characterized by a long growth season as well as the appropriateness of these two elements for Fish breeding , except in cases of thermal extremism, especially in the hot season. As for Marine fisheries, through the field study , it is clear that the low in the temperatures has an impact on the presence of fish and their going into the deep regions ( the benthic areas ) and become less in the coastal areas as well as the high temperatures on the fishermen, especially with high relative humidity, causing the self troubles to them with the lack of fishing methods to the coolers devices or heating devices in winter, Thereby preventing the hunter to reach out to the hunting. The Rainfall in Basra province does not have that importance in the fish seasons rather than its volatility and its importance lies on reducing the extremism of the temperatures and reducing the evaporation of water from the docks. Wind has its positive and negative impact on fishes. Winds has an effect on the presence and the plenty of the fishes in the fishery according to the direction of the wind as we mentioned earlier in this subject (the subject of the wind). It is shown that the soil of the province, especially the soil of (Sahael sedimentary) is appropriate to establish farms in this activity in the future. It becomes clear that many of the fish farms breeding that were established was considered as encroachment ( it does not have the projects' permission for fish breeding from the Ministry of Water Resources or the failure to obtain approval from the Ministry of oil) and these farms are from the productive farms and the water quality in the area is appropriate for the cultivation of the fish in the freshwater. It is shown that the fish farming in Basra province confined to the breeding in the fresh water only. And that this activity is suffering heavy losses annually due to the sudden changes in the extents salty during the months of the year. In spite of the existence of the laws that direct fishing operations, but often these Laws are breached and doing fishing in these preventing times. Which are the seasons of migration and reproduction which leads to disallow for the fish to proliferate in a proper way, in addition to that, the using of forbidden means in fishing operations, such as toxins and electrocution and explosives, leading to the extermination of all fish including (Chicks of Fish). Field study discovers that irregular nets are used by the fishermen that the catch all the fish, including small fish without leaving them to grow. as well as the failure to provide a new fishing vessels which are able to save the fish for long periods because it does not contain the refrigerated stores. The role of the current agricultural policy is weak in the development of animal production generally and the fish production in particular because of the lack of the provided assistance ,such as loans and production requirements. As well as a lack of cooperative societies which is specialized in the wealth fish in the province of Basra except one association that specializes in this area namely ( Alnaser Association in al Faw district). And the absence of the role of veterinary institutions in Basra province, and the field study is shown that these institutions do not contribute in the treatment and provide medicines for fishes, forcing the owners of the farms to get treatments from the local markets in a high prices. generally in Basra province the wealth fish faces a lot of natural problems and human life that negatively affect the development of this important activity

العلاقات العراقية - الخليجية والاثار المترتبة عليها : دراسة في الجغرافية السياسية == Iraqi Gulf Relations And Implications The Study Of The Geo - Political

Author name: زهراء عباس هندي الاسدي

Supervisor name: ظاهر عبد الزهرة خضير الربيعي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: تكتنفها العديد من الحساسية والتشعب نتيجة لطبيعتها المزدوجة التي تجمع بين عناصر التعاون وعناصر الصراع، فقبل غزو العراق للكويت عام 1990 امتازت العلاقات بين الطرفين بالانسجام والتناغم في المصالح المشتركة، الا انها اصيبت بالجهود والانقطاع بسبب الغزو، على | Characterized the study area countries since the different eras that passed by an old "and more recently", the result of several factors geographical and geopolitical and economic, is the center of an "important" global polarization and a place "for international competition, after obtaining the (Iraq and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)) on their independence and to get rid from the hands of the British occupation, it rushed the study area countries to develop their resources and take advantage of its location and enjoy the talent that donated them to nature.Began competition and conflict over the sovereignty and the imposition of leadership in the region and have fought many wars have been targeting the region and to provide financial support and military by the regional powers and international, so it is imposing an economic blockade for 13 years is over, "and then the occupation of Iraq, and the consequent number of variables and physical challenges and political fronts, economic, and security.After the occupation of Iraq by the coalition forces on the ninth of April 2003, the Iraqi GCC relations have witnessed a shift "clear", as it was followed by a fall by the existing political system on the goals and new principles, represented based on good neighborliness and non - interference in the internal affairs policies, and work to build effective and active foreign relations contribute to the realization and promotion of security and stability, and the emphasis on the promotion of economic development, and to stay away from the roads that lead to political blocs. This is stipulated in the Iraqi constitution of 2005 in its article on the eighth of Iraq's foreign relations, believing "in getting rid of the deadlock and sleep unjustified in Iraq's relations with the Gulf Cooperation Council and other countries on the Arab level and the regional and international levels.Iraq - Gulf relations went through several transformations, starting with "the fallout from international conflict and reflected a shadow on the countries of the study area, which represented the United States alone global pole appeared presence during the fall of the socialist camp and the end of the Cold War.So it ruled on the Iraqi - Gulf relations several political and geopolitical variables grown and fed the important factors and differences in the forefront of the ideological and political goals, and this is to be taken up by the researcher.

التحليل الكمي لكفاءة الطـرق بين المراكـز الحضريـة في محافظـة البصـرة == Quantitative Analysis Of Roads Efficiency Between Urban Centers In Basrah Province

Author name: حيــدر عبد الرحمن جــري الحــويــدر

Supervisor name: عباس عبد الحسن كاظم العيداني

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Author name: حسن خليل حسن المحمود

Supervisor name: حمدان باجي نوماس

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

مركزية موقع البصرة وهامشيته في صيرورة التاريخ : دراسة في الجغرافية التاريخية == Centralitv Of Basrah Location And Its Maruinalitv In Historv Process A Study Of Historical Geography

Author name: عبد الرحمن علي عبد الرحمن الجادر

Supervisor name: ماهر يعقوب موسى

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

مدينة الفاو تطويرها الوظيفي وعلاقاتها الاقليمية == Fao City Its Functional Development A : Qd Regional Relatiollships

Author name: محمد عنون مويش عبد الله السوداني

Supervisor name: عبد الحسين جواد السريح

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

توجهات تركيا نحو اقطار الخليج العربي : دراسة في الجغرافية السياسية

Author name: عبد الزهرة شلش زامل علوان العتابي

Supervisor name: نصيف جاسم المطلبي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

سكان دول الساحل الغربي للخليج العربي : دراسة جغرافية ديموغرافية مقارنة == Population Of The West Coast States Of The Arabian Gulf A Geographical, Demographical Comparative Study

Author name: باسم عبد العزيز عمر العثمان

Supervisor name: رياض ابراهيم السعدي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

تجارة العراق الخارجية غير النفطية للفترة 1975 - 1985 : دراسة في جغرافية التجارة

Author name: كاظم عبادي حمادي الجاسم

Supervisor name: سرى محمود المدرس

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

تاثير التلوث الصناعي في التوزيع الجغرافي لامراض الحساسية والربو في محافظة البصرة

Author name: عبد الرحمن جري مردان الحويدر

Supervisor name: كاظم عبد الوهاب حسن الاسدي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

الخدمات التجارية في مدينة الحلة == The University Of Basrah College Of Arts Department Of Geography

Author name: فؤاد عبد الله محمد

Supervisor name: مضر خليل العمر

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Considerable interest was, and still is, given to the city by scholars of various sciences in general, and by geographers in particular, because of the great significance it has on people's life, evidenced in the functions and services it offers.In spite of the small space the commercial services occupy from the total area of the city, these services are deemed as one of the major pillars of the city. Also, the traditional function tbat is inherent in the primary evolution of large number of cities, besides seeking to meet the needs of people for commodities and services, particularly those used in final consumption, represents an important sophisticated aspect and economic support of the city. Being so, it would be natural for Hilla city to attract the attention of the scholars of geography due to its significance and particularity in this field that made it occupy and represent the centre of Middle Furat region.This Thesis is divided into Five Chapters : The first chapter discusses the historic background through three topics. The first topic deals with the location and its significance in giving the city special importance influencing its functional structure and thenature of the relations existing between it and the other places. The second issue tackles the historic evolution of the city in which light is shed on the historic stages through which the city of Hilla has passed and the tasks it fulfilled as a city of vital location. The third aspect looked into the historic development of the commercial function in the city across time stages and roles and discussed some factors that had a major contribution in the development of the commercial function. The second chapter dealt with the commercial services in the city, which formed an introduction to the subject of the thesis. In this chapter tradesmen were classified in the city, as well as classifying the wholesale trade to local and central categories. It also iscussed the fiscal services in the city and their influence on the maintenance of the commercial activity in particular, as well as studying the complementary services of commercial nature and their influence on maintaining the economic activity movement, in general, and the commercial activity, in particular.The third chapter dealt with tte usages of the C.B.D, in the city of Hilla through various topics. These topics included the definition of the central commercial area in accordance with known standards; the study of the commercial structure of the city; the emonstration of the hierarchical succession of marketing centres therein, whereafter the role and significance of each centre is illustrated in fulfilling the needs of the people; the of the city in which light is shed on the historic stages through which the city of Hilla has passed and the tasks it fulfilled as a city of vital location. The third aspect looked into the historic development of the commercial function in the city across time stages and roles and discussed some factors that had a major contribution in the development of the commercial function. The second chapter dealt with the commercial services in the city, which formed an introduction to the subject of the thesis. In this chapter tradesmen were classified in the city, as well as classifying the wholesale trade to local and central categories. It also discussed the fiscal services in the city and their influence on the maintenance of the commercial activity in particular, as well as studying the complementary services of commercial nature and their influence on maintaining the economic activity movement, in general, and the commercial activity, in particular. The third chapter dealt with tte usages of the C.B.D, in the city of Hilla through various topics. These topics included the definition of the central commercial area in accordance with known standards; the study of the commercial structure of the city; the demonstration of the hierarchical succession of marketing centres therein, whereafter the role and significance of each centre is illustrated in fulfilling the needs of the people; the study of the commercial usage in the basic designs of the city of Hilla and the comparison of such usage with the marketing facilities in a number of foreign (European) cities in order to realize the planning situation in Iraq and thereafter to bring about such facilities or marketing centres.Chapter four dealt with the geographical distribution patterns for four commercial categories. In this chapter grocery, ready made clothes, textiles and jewellery shops were chosen. By using quantitive techniques, distribution patterns for each category were arrived at, through which the significance of each category on the city life can be demonstrated and the places of their existence in accordance therewith. The chapter also compared a number of these categories with their counterparts in foreign cities, as well as intercomparing these categories with each other, so that the significance of individual category on the life of the city and people can be determined.The last chapter was dedioated to the method of shopping in the city. Quantitive techniques were used and the city was devided into statistical areas for the purpose of identifying the potentials of the shopping behaviour; to demonstrate the role and significance of each marketing centre in attracting people from the various parts of the city; to show the influence of a great number of variables and factors on the acquirement, by the city's dwellers, of a specific trend in shopping, whether from its main marketing centre or from its secondary marketing places. This work aims at reaching to a number of targets, These being : 1. To define the central commercial district of the city and the area of the commercial core therein in the light of a number of standards used in the urbanite studies such as the value of the land and the rates of rent.2. To reveal the state of things in the city, especially of its main commercial centre, and to follow up the movement of the commercial habilitation within the central commercial area and in the other sectors of the city.J. To dectate the shopping behaviour in the study area •

الكفاءة والوظيفية لمدينة العمارة == The Functional Efficiency Of Amara City

Author name: قاسم مهاوي خلاوي ناصح الزهيري

Supervisor name: عبد الحسين جواد السريح

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

الصراع الصومالي الاثيوبي حول منطقة الاوجادين : دراسة في الجغرافية السياسية

Author name: باسم نايف داود السعدي

Supervisor name: عبد الحميد عبد المجيد القيسي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

التغير المكاني للسكان في البحرين للفترة من 1971 - 1991 == The Spatial Change Of Population In Bahrain Betwee11 1971 - 1991

Author name: هدى داود نجم السعد

Supervisor name: مصطفى عبد الله محمد السويدي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The importance of the population studies has become greater in geographical, soial and economic studies in very quickly time. Studying the geography and the cience of population has become one of the basic methods in geograpgy and socioloy sinces, it can solve the recent problems by realizing and analysing them aswell as inding the rriost suitable answers for them, which are presented by the results of the opulation studies and its possiblities of applications in developing, economic, social nd development plans in many states especially those which are under going a connuous and fast changes, just like Bahrain and the rest of the Gulf Oil states.Bahrain can be considered as an oil state which population are greatly controlled y the political, economic and social factors, since the discovery of oil has made radical change, It has transfered the economy of such state from a conventional one epending on agricultul - .e : , and fishing to amodren one depnding on oil incomes and vestments As aresult, aforign labour has brough u to manage the developing moveent as well as supporting the shortage in national labour and contributed grealtlydeveloping these states.The foreign labour has helped in achieving the developing plans, but, it has left s veral demographic, social, economic and political influences on the population of e region, and their growth, construction, distribution and their movement. By conSfdering what is said above, the aim of this research is studying the population in ahrain whether they are native or not and the role of the spatial and natural moveent of the people in showing the spatial changes in the compartive census periods 71, 1981 and 1991 then analysing and finding their causes and motives according the geography of population.This desertation consists of four chapters. The first one deals with the population ovements of the people and its effect inchanging the number of the population.oreover, this chapter is divided in to two sections, the first one deals with the patns and motives of the residential movement in atheoritical approach, while the s cond section concentrateji on the directions of the coming migration to Bahrain by studying its development and trends a~d - it~ pla~or.mqEr, - The second chapter discusses the populatipn growth ¥1d 1~ts effect on the change of the population bulk in Bahrain by studying the development of the populati6n 9~f!' : jt1~,jilld clearing the rule of the natural enlargment of every clase of the Bahrai - 7ty in the population growth of the state. 1~7.third chapter deals with the influence of the spatial change on the population 1dis - t~gutiqn in the ·state by studying the spatial change and population distribbution d~fi~rrding on the standareds of relative and density distribution and Knowing the rcoet : itre of population and density as well as the actual distribution of population. . Moreover, the fourth chapter, sums up the major factors affecting the distribu; tioni·~f population in Bahrain by discussing them into two groups in order to show tHt : nattiral and human factors in distribution, besides the problem of redistribution'of people - in the state and applying its effects. 'Finally; the researcher puts the conclusionss he has found throngh stuying this subject - the most outstanding one of them is that the coming migration plays a fundemental role in changing the population bulk and spatial diffrences through the diffrent census periods - at the encl of the desert ation.

Author name: باسم عبد العزيز عمر العثمان

Supervisor name: عبد مخور نجم الريحاني

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

حوض وادي ورزان : دراسة في جغرفية الموارد المائية == Wadi W Arazan Basin A Study In The Geography Of Aquatic Resources

Author name: جلال عبده ابراهيم عثمان

Supervisor name: سعود عبد العزيز عبد المحسن الشعبان الفضلي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Natural Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: This study is aimed to assist. The aquatic resources in Wadi Warazan Basin in the Republic of Yemen in order to estimate the water balance with regard to the natural resources and the way of usage in the different fields of activities.The importance of this study depends on the fact that wadi Warazan Basin which is (412)Km2 is one of the most fertile a agricultural areas, moreover area it is regarded to be a tourism area. The second thing is that the basin is more close to Taiz city which suffers at the present from water shortage.The final results of the study show that : 1 - The most rainy seasons are spring and summer especially, in some few days during the rain season. The most rainy month is August (14.8%) of the total rain while December is regarded to be the lesser rainy month (0.7%). The rainfall estimations during (44) years is about (346 - 875.8)mm. 2 - The annual aquatic in Wadi Warazan Basin ts about (241 349 600)m33 - The ground water runoff increases during autumn, because it occurs after the rain season, where there are many quantities of the ram underground. In contrast, other months of the year has less drainage.4 - The armual drainage which is (3492)m3 per hour varies in (193.6%) because of it's close relation with rainfall. 5 - The (165.59)mm out of the total annual rainfall is found to a wasted aquatic quantities as a result of evaporation.6 - The Absence of specific channels, which leads to increase the evaporation rate in the valley. In addition the pools which fonned at the sides of the valley represented a suitable environments for transfer various diseases such as Schistosomiasis (Belhars) and Malaria diseases. 7 - The deviation factor of Wadi Warazan shows the variation in the compactness of their rocks, so the evaporation rate of ground water runoff produced as a result of the expansion of the area exposed to the sun light.Moreover barriers and folts at the long side are an important factors for ground water recharge.8 - The present consumption of the ground water appears to be in the higher rocky aquatic layer and the volcanic aquatic rocky layer third layer (Tawila Sandstone) seems to be unconsumed because it's (600)m deep.9 - The ground water is affected by the increasing number of wells.10 - The aquatic basin net work appear to be having a high density of valleys number about (1.05)/Km2 which affects the surface flow that makes floods danger is probable.11 - It seems that the aquatic basin resources may become unable to met the increasing demand of the area and Taiz city as regarded to be an alternative to solve the city water supply problem. Moreover, the rising of the population in the basin.

جوانب من النظام الحضري في محافظة ذي قار

Author name: ماهر يعقوب موسى

Supervisor name: مضر خليل العمر

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

تقييم دور نهر ام المعارك في تنمية الموارد المائية

Author name: صفاء عبد الامير رشم الاسدي

Supervisor name: حمدان باجي نوماس

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Water is considered as a strategic resource for economic development.Thus , Um Al - Maark possesses considerable development of water resources in the lower Euphrates basin. The river takes from the right bank of the Euphrates (10) kms downstream ofNasiriya with a total length of (108) kms. There are five canals branching from the right bank of the river each with a capacity of 25 cumers. The river controls 60 - 65 % (185) cumecs (5,82) bcm of the Euphrates discharge at Nasiriya ( 199) - 1998). Its water discharge is affected by seepage losses with (0.45 - 0.55 ) m3 I m1 I day and evaporation from the channel with (0.04) bcm, due to high average temperature (24.6) °C and very high soil permeability (15 - 43) m/d.Um Al - Maark plays a vital role in water resources conservation by controlling water distorted at the Marches and Arabian Gulf and directed to the western desert to irrigate (150000) ha. Furthermore, the river maintains the Euphrates and Shatt Al - Arab water quality by limiting the Marshes polluted wat : - r with an EC value (6) mmhos I cm which increased water 11 salinity of the river's at Qurna to ( 5.1) mmhos I cm during ( 1990 - 1992 ) COIDJ - 'dred to the previous salinity 0.96 ( 1967 - 1969). The water quality of the rivers has been decreased to (2.3) and (2.6) mmhos I cm ( 1995 - 2000) at Qurna and Maqil respectively, as a result of the implementation of Um Al - Maark, Saddam and Al - Ezz rivers.UM Al - Maark will be used as flood control system. It will be able to convert (508) cumecs from the flood water to the western desert as in 1988 and up to now to be used for irrigation and artificial groundwater recharge.These will maintain environment system. The ri·.'er promotes considerable economic and environmental developments forward by utilizing the desert virgin land with (150000) ha.The present irrigated land is (6250) ha, producing (3525) tons. This will L increase to (580800) tons/year with a net value of (77190) MIDS (38.6) M$Um Al - Maark is an important system for artificial groundwater rech?.rge in the Dibdibba area which has a rapid agriculture development affecting groundwater storage due to increasing demands and low natural recharge with (0.63) and (0.31) bcrn respectively. As a result the groundwater level decrease to (0.25) m I year and salinity increases to ( 0.28) mrnhos I cm I year. Therefore,Um Al - Maark is constructed to feed groundwater with (l.35) hem. This increases the groundwate r level and decreases salinity by (0.8) m/year and (0.4 )mrnhos /cm/ year respectively.Thus the river maintains water efficiency to cope with future development. Finally , to implement the river objectives the following measuresshould be considered : l. It is necessary to construct two regulators on Um Al - Maark and the Euphrates.2. An Authority should be established to be responsible for sand dunes control , lining canals,hydrological , geological , climate , soil and natural vegetation information.3. Effective irrigation methods should be applied. 4. High agriculture intensity should be used.5. Farm management practics regarding training , machinery , irriga.ion , ,drainage , fertilizer... etc should be enhanced.6. Water should be well distributed between the river canals and lining should be adopted7. Studies regarding water and land resources should be enlarged.8. Agricultural facilities such as roads , electricity , machinery , health centers and education should be considered.9. Vegetation cover should be improved.

Author name: اسامة حميد مجيد هاشم السلطان

Supervisor name: صلاح هاشم الهاشم

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Author name: سهيلة صبيح ناصر المياحي

Supervisor name: اسعد عباس هندي الاسدي

General topic: Geography

Specific topic: Geography

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages: