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تحضير وتشخيص بعض المركبات الحلقية غير متجانسة مشتقة من بعض الامينات غير المتجانسة وتقييم الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض هذه المركبات == Synthesis and Characterization of New Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from Some Heterocyclic Amines and Evaluating of Biological Activity of Some Compounds

Author name: احمد ثامر سالم
Supervisor name: ابتسام خليفة جاسم | سوسن حارث شوكت
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تحضير مركبات الثايوروليدينون, اميديزوليدينون واوكسازبين دايون من تفاعل قواعد شف مع كل من حامض الثايو خليك , الكلايسين وحامض الماليك اللامائي على التوالي2 - تحضير 1 - فنيل - 3 - هتر - 2 - يل يوريا وتايويوريا من تفاعل الهترو امين مع فنيل ايزوسيانات وفنيل ايزو ثايو سيانات على التوالي3 - تحضير1,3 - اوكسازوليدين - 4 - ون (7) و3 - فنيل - 2,3 - داي هيدرو ثايازول - 2 - يل هترو امين(8) و1,3 - اوكسازوليدين - 4 - اون من تفاعل مشتقات اليوريا والثايو يوريا (5.6) مع اثل كلورواسيتات وبارا فنيل يناسيل برومايد على التوالي.4 - تحضير 2 - كلورو هترو - 2 - يل اسيت امايد(10) من تفاعل الامين مع كلورو اسيتايل كلورايد.5 - تحضير اوكسازول - 2,5 - ثنائي الامين (11) ثايازول - 2,5 - ثنائي الامين (12) وثايوسمسكاربازايد (13) واست ازايد من(14) من تفاعل المركب (10) مع اليوريا والثايويوريا والثايوسمسكاربازايد والصوديوم ازايد على التوالي .6 - تحضير كارباما داثايونات (15) هترو - 2 - امينو استيلين (16) ومشتقات الفورم امايد (17) من تفاعل الامين مع كل من CS2 وبوبارجيل برومايد وحامض الفورميك على التوالي.7 - تحضير هيدرازينو فورم امايد من تفعل المركب (17 ) مع الفيل هيدرازين8 - تحضير ثنائي الثايولين من تفاعل الكارباماثايونات مع البارا فنيل فيناسيل برومايد.9 - تم تشخيص هذه المركبات بواسطة اطياف الاشعة تحت الحمراء والنين النووي المغناطيسي10 - تم تقييم الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض هذه المركبات المحضرة | 1 - preparation of thiazolidene - 4 - none (2) , imidazolidine - 4 - ones (3) , and oxazepine - 4,7 - diones (4) from schiff bases (1) by reaction with 2 - mercaptoacetic acid ,glycine and malic anhydride respectively .2 - preparation of 1 - phenyl - 3 - hetero - 2 - yl urea and thiourea from reaction of hetero amines with phenylisocyanate and phenylisothiocyanate respectively .3 - preparation of 1,3 - oxazolidine - 4 - one (7) ,3 - phenyl - 2,3 - dihydrothiazol - 2 - yl hetero amines (8) and 1,3 - oxazolidine - 4 - one (9) from the reaction of urea or thiourea derivatives (5,6) with ethylchloroacetate ,p - phenylphenacyl bromide respectively.4 - Preparation of 2 - chloro N - (hetero - 2 - yl)acetamide (10) from reaction of heterocyclic amines with α - chloroacetyl chloride .5 - Preparation of oxazole - 2,5 - diamines(11) Thiazole - 2,5 - diamine (12) , thiosemicarbazide (13) ,and acetazide derivatives (14) from the reaction of compound (10) with urea ,thiourea ,thiosemicarbazide and sodium azide respectively.6 - Preparation of carbamadithionate (15) ,hetero - 2 - aminoacetylene derivatives , and formide derivatives from the reaction of hetero amines with CS2 ,propargyl bromide and formic acid respectively .7 - Preparation of hydrazinoformamide (18) from reaction of heteroformamide (17) with phenyl hydrazine .8 - Preparation of dithiolene (19) by the reaction of carbamadithionate (15) with p - phenyl phenacyl bromide .9 - All prepared compounds are elucidated by some spectroscopic methods (FTIR,H NMR ,C13 NMR).10 - The biological activity of some prepared compounds are evaluated All reactions are shown in the following schemes

تحضير مشتقات ترايازول? ثايادايازين ? بايرازول? اوكسازولين? اوكسادايازول? اوكسازول? وثايزول ودراسة الفعالية البايولوجية لبعضها == Synthesis of Triazole, Thiadiazine, Pyrazole, Oxazoline, Oxadiazole, Oxazole, and Thiazole Derivatives and study The Biological activity for some of them

Author name: رشا محمد فوزي عبد الرحمن
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن موضوع البحث في هذه الرسالة تحضير مركبات حلقية خماسية وسداسية غير متجانسة متنوعة ابتداء من باراهيدروكسي مثيل بنزوايت وازونيكوتينك اسيد هيدرازايد. وقد تم تقسيم هذا العمل الى سبعة اقسام : - القسـم الاول يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة مندمجة الحلقة مشتقة من الغلق الحلقي لمجموعتي( - SH, - NH2) لمركبات 3 - ميركابتو - 4 - امينو - 5 - ( اريل ) - 4,2,1 - ترايازول باستعمال بارا - برومو فيناسيل برومايد . ان مشتقات الترايازول المستعملة في هذا القسم حضرت من تفاعل هايدرازيدات الحامض المذكورة انفا مع ثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون . وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط النهائي . القسـم الثاني يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات بايرازول والبايرزولون المشتقة من تفاعل مجموعة ( - NH - NH2) للمواد الابتدائية المذكورة انفا مع( الاستيل اسيتون , الاسيتو اثيل اسيتيت) . وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط النهائي . القسـم الثالث يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات اوكسازولين و4,2,1 - ترايازول معوضة النتروجين بوساطة التفاعل بين هايدرازيدات الحامض مع فنيل ايزو سيانيد حيث تتم عملية الغلق الحلقي للنواتج الحاصلة باستعمال بارا - برومو فيناسيل برومايد و2 - نورمالي من هيدروكسيد الصوديوم. وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط النهائي . القسـم الرابع يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات 4,3,1 - اوكساديازول المشتقة من تفاعل مجموعة ( - NH - NH2) للمواد الابتدائية المذكورة انفا مع ثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون. وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط النهائي . القسـم الخامس يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات قواعد شيف المشتقة من تفاعل مجموعة ( - NH - NH2) للمواد الابتدائية المذكورة انفا مع الديهايدات مختلفة. وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط النهائي . القسـم السادس يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات اوكسازول وثايزول معوضة النتروجين بوساطة التفاعل بين باراهيدروكسي مثيل بنزوايت مع كل من اليوريا والثايويوريا حيث تتم عملية الغلق الحلقي للنواتج الحاصلة باستعمال بارا - برومو فيناسيل برومايد. وللحصول على هذه المشتقات اتبعت الخطوات الموضحة في المخطط النهائي . القسـم السابع يتضمن هذا القسم اختبار الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض المركبات المحضرة ضد نوعين من البكتيريا وقد دلت النتائج المستحصلة بان بعض المركبات اظهرت فعالية بايولوجية عالية كما هو عليه في الجدول (3 - 12) . | The scheme of this work involves synthesis of different five and six membered heterocyclic rings starting from isonicotinic acid hydrazide and p - hydroxy methylbenzoate .This work is divided into seven different parts and the reaction steps for part are summarized in the comprehensive scheme.First part : This part involved the synthesis of fused thiadiazine ring derived from the cyclization of ( - NH2 and - SH) of the 3 - mercapto - 4 - amino - 5 - aryl - 1,2,4 - triazole by treatment with p - bromophenacyl bromide. The triazole derivatives were synthesized by treating the previous acid hydrazides with carbon disulfide. Scheme.Second part : This part involves the synthesis of pyrazole and pyrazolone derivatives from the reaction of ( - NH - NH2) group of the starting materials with acetylaceton, ethylacetoactate. Scheme.Third part : This part involves the synthesis of ∆4 - oxazoline and triazole derivatives via the reaction of the acid hydrazides with phenyl isocyanates and cyclization of the resulted products with p - bromophenacyl bromide and with 2N NaOH. Scheme.Fourth part : This part involves the synthesis of oxadiazole derivatives from the reaction of ( - NH - NH2) group of the starting materials with carbon disulfide. Scheme.Five part : This part involved the synthesis of Schiff base derivatives from the reaction of ( - NH - NH2) group of the starting materials with different aldehydes. Scheme.Six part : This part involved the synthesis of oxazole and thiazole derivatives via the reaction of p - hydroxy methylbenzoate with urea and thiourea and cyclization of the resulted products with p - bromophenacyl bromide. Scheme.Seven part : This part deals with the study of antibacterial activities of some of the synthesized compounds and comparing these activities with that of the starting materials. These activities were determined in vitro using disc diffusion method against three pathogenic strains of bacteria (Escherichia Coli and staphylococcus aureus), the results revealed that some of these compounds showed measurable activity

دراسة ضوئية اشعاعية مع دراسة الحركيات لتفكك معقدات ثلاثي (الكيل زانثيتو) كروم (III) في مذيب ثنائي مثيل سلفوكسايد == Photochemical Radiation and Kinetics Studies of Tris (Alkylxanthato) Chromium (III) Complexes in DMSO Solvent

Author name: اخلاص عبد الخضر سلمان
Supervisor name: شهباز احمد مكي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم تحضير معقدات الكروم الثلاثي ثنائية السن والمشتقة من متصلات حاوية على الكبريت. وهذه المعقدات هي : 1 - ثلاثي (مثيل زانثيتو) كروم (III) Cr(mex)3 2 - ثلاثي (اثيل زانثيتو) كروم(III) Cr(etx)3 3 - ثلاثي (ايزوبروبيل زانثيتو) كروم(III) Cr(prx)34 - ثلاثي (بيوتيل زانثيتو) كروم(III) Cr(bux)3 5 - ثلاثي (هكسيل زانثيتو) كروم (III) Cr(hex)3 تم تشخيص هذه المعقدات من خلال مطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء (FTIR) والاشعة فوق البنفسجية والمرئية (UV.Vis) بالاضافة الى قياس بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية كدرجة الانصهار والحساسية المغناطيسية. تم دراسة النفكك الضوئي لهذه المعقدات في مذيب ثنائي مثيل سلفوكسايد بعد التشعيع بواسطة ضوء احادي ذات طول موجي 311±1 في درجة حرارة الغرفة . وجد ان ثابت التفكك الضوئي لهذه المعقدات تتبع ميكانيكية الدرجة الاولى لذلك فان هذه الثوابت تعتمد على تركيز المعقد فقط.تم قياس ثابت السرعة النوعية باستعمال النقصان في قراءة الامتصاصية عند ذلك الطول الموجي بعد تشعيع المعقدات المحضرة. وجد ان سرعة ثابت التفكك(Kd) يعتمد بوضوح على عدد مجاميع الالكيل في تلك المعقدات . لوحظ ان سرعة تفكك المعقدات تزداد كلما قلت مجاميع الالكيل في المعقدات مثال على ذلك فان Kd لمعقد ثلاثي (مثيل زانثيتو) كروم (III) يساوي (s - 1 - 510× 8.700 ) مقارنة بـ s - 1) - 510× 2.170 ( لمعقد ثلاثي (هكسيل زانثيتو) كروم (III). التغيير في قيمة الامتصاصية بعد تشعيع هذه المعقدات استعملت لدراسة ميكانيكية تفاعلات التفكك الضوئي . لقد اظهرت النتائج ان تشعيع هذه المعقدات هي الخطوة البطيئة الاولى .يتبع هذه الخطوة مباشرة كسر الاصرة Cr - S ( حيث يتجزا معقد الزانثيت الثلاثي) وتفاعلات الجذور الحرة السريعة . وبناءا عليه فقد تم حساب السرعة النسبية لتفكك هذه المعقدات. تم تعيين ناتج الكم لتفاعل التجزئة الضوئية للمعقدات الخمسة اعلاه وكانت تتراوح بين (7.76210 - 3 - 1.92510 - 3) . ومن خلال قيم ناتج الكم للمعقدات الخمسة اعلاه فان هذه القيم للمعقدات المذكورة اعلاه اخذت الترتيب التالي : (C6H13OCS2)3CrIII < (C4H9OCS2)3CrIII < (C3H7OCS2)3CrIII < (C2H5OCS2)3CrIII < (CH3OCS2)3CrIII | Chromium (III) complexes were prepared from sulphur containing ligands; Potassium alkyl xanthate, (PAX), these complexes were : 1 - Tris (methylxanthato) chromium (III) complex Cr(mex)3.2 - Tris (ethylxanthato) chromium (III) complex Cr(etx)3..3 - Tris (isopropylxanthato) chromium (III) complex Cr(prx)3.4 - Tris (butylxanthato) chromium (III) complex Cr(bux)3.5 - Tris (hexylxanthato) chromium (III) complex Cr(hex)3. The prepared complexes were characterized by FTIR and UV - Vis spectrophotometeric techniques; in addition some physical properties such, as melting point and magnetic susceptibility were measured.The photodecomposition reactions of the complexes under investigation in DMSO solvent were studied after irradiation by monochromatic light of l=311±1nm at room temperature. The photodecomposition constants for the above complexes were found to follow the first order reaction mechanism and consequently dependent only on the concentration of the complex. The specific rate constants (Kd) were measured employing the decrease in the absorbance readings at that wavelength after irradiation of the complexes. This study has also shown that the photodecomposition rate constants depend clearly on the number of alkyl group in the complexes. A large rate constant was observed as the number of alkyl group decrease. The Kd for Cr(mex)3 has a value of (8.700 × 10 - 5 s - 1 )compared to ( 2.170 × 10 - 5 s - 1) for Cr(hex)3 The variation in absorbance after irradiation of the complexes was employed to study the reaction kinetics for the photodecomposition reaction. The results showed that the first excitation step of the complexes were the slowest among other photodecomposition reactions. This followed immediately by the breakage of Cr - S bond of the tris(alkylxanthato)chromium(III) complexes and other fast radical reactions. Based on the above results, the relative photodecomposition reactivity ratio were calculated for all tris(alkylxanthato)chromium(III) complexes. The quantum yield of the photodecomposition reactions of the five complexes were also calculated and it was found to be in the range (1.925 × 10 - 3 - 7.762 × 10 - 3) from tris(hexylxanthato)chromium(III) complex to tris(metylxanthato)chromium(III) complex. The quantum yield values were ranked in the following order : (C6H13OCS2)3CrIII < (C4H9OCS2)3CrIII < (C3H7OCS2)3CrIII < (C2H5OCS2)3CrIII < (CH3OCS2)3CrIII

تحضير بعض المركبات العضوية الحاوية على ذرات غير متجانسة ودراسة كفاءتها على تثبيط تاكل الحديد الصلب في الاوساط الحامضية == Preparation of some Organic Compounds contain Hetero - atoms as Corrosion Inhibiters for Mild Steel in Acidic Media

Author name: بان امين عبد الجبار
Supervisor name: مهدي صالح شهاب
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: هذا العمل يتضمن تحضير بعض المركبات العضوية الحاوية على ذرات غير متجانسة ابتداء من المركب 2 - بنزلدين هايدرازين كاربون ثايو امايد]1 [و انتهاء بالمركب 5 - (2 - كلورو اثيل ثايو) - N - (1 - فنيل اثيليدين ) - 1, 4,3 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين [21] كما موضح في ما يلي : - المجموعة الاولى من هذه المركبات العضوية تم تحضيرها بخطوة واحدة من خلال تفاعل التكثيف بين مجموعة الكاربونيل للالديهايدات او الكيتون ومجموعة الامين للثايوسيمي كاربازايد حتى تنتج المركبات التالية : ]1[ - 2 - بنزلدين هايدرازين كاربوثايوامايد.]2[ - 2 - (4 - نايتروبنزلدين) هايدرازين كاربوثايوامايد.]3[ - 2 - (4 - (داي مثيل امينو) بنزلدين ) هايدرازين كاربوثايوامايد.]4[ - 2 - (3 - نايتروبنزلدين) هايدرازين كاربوثايوامايد.]5[ - 2 - (1 - فنيل اثيليدين) هايدرازين كاربوثايوامايد. - المجموعة الثانية من هذه المركبات العضوية تم تحضيرها من خلال تفاعل 5 - امينو - 2 - ثايول - 1, 3, 4 - ثاياديازول بخطوتين : i) تفاعل تكثيف بين مجموعة الكاربونيل للالديهايدات او الكيتون ومجموعة الامين .ii) تفاعل الكلة بين (بنزيل كلورايد او 1, 2 - داي كلورو ايثان ) ومجموعة الثايول لتكوين المركبات التالية : ]12[ - N - بنزلدين - 5 - (بنزيل ثايو ) - 1 , 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين. ]13[ - 5 - (بنزيل ثايو ) - - 4) - Nنايترو بنزلدين ) - 1, 3, 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]14 - [5 - (بنزيل ثايو ) - ) - 4) - Nداي مثيل امينو) بنزلدين ) - 1, 3, 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]15[ - 5 - (بنزيل ثايو ) - - 3) - Nنايترو بنزلدين ) - 1, 3, 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]16[ - 5 - (بنزيل ثايو ) - N - (1 - فنيل اثيليدين) - 1 , 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]17[ N - - بنزلدين - 5 - (2 - كلورواثيل ثايو ) - 1 , 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]18[ - 5 - (2 - كلورو اثيل ثايو) - N - (4 - نايترو بنزلدين)1, 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]19[ - 5 - (2 - كلورو اثيل ثايو) ) - 4) - Nداي مثيل امينو)بنزلدين) - 1 , 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]20[ - 5 - (2 - كلورو اثيل ثايو) - N - (3 - نايترو بنزلدين) - 1 , 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.]21[ - 5 - (2 - كلورواثيل ثايو ) - N - (1 - فنيل اثيليدين) - 1 , 3 , 4 - ثاياديازول - 2 - امين.2 - تشخيص المركبات اعلاه من خلال قياس درجات الانصهار ، طيف الاشعة فوق الحمراء وتقنية الاشعة المرئية والغير مرئية.3 - المركبات العضوية اعلاه الحاوية على ذرات غير متجانسة تم استخدامها كمثبطات لتاكل الحديد الصلب في محلول حامض الكبريتيك بتركيز 1 مولاري وبدرجة حرارة 30 مئوية . الخسارة بالوزن تعتبر طريقة تقييم لاختبار كفاءة التثبيط للمركبات اعلاه .4 - الحسابات النظرية تم حسابها لغرض البحث عن العلاقة بين التركيب الجزيئي وكفاءة التثبيط من خلال استعمال حسابات ميكانيك الكم التجريبية PM3 ضمن برنامج .HYPERCHEM | This work involves preparation of some organic compounds contain hetero - that starting from (E) - 2 - benzylidene hydrazine carbothioamide to (E) - 5 - (2 - chloro ethyl thio) - N - (1 - phenyl ethylidene) - D2872 : E2874 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine J2873 are summarized below : - First set of organic compounds was prepared in one step by a condensation reaction between the carbonyl group of aldehydes or ketones and the amino group of Thiosemicarbazide derivatives to produce the compounds : [1] - (E) - 2 - benzylidene hydrazine carbothioamide.[2] - (E) - 2 - (4 - nitro benzylidene) hydrazine carbothioamide. [3] - (E) - 2 - (4 - (dimethyl amino) benzylidene) hydrazine carbothioamide.[4] - (E) - 2 - (3 - nitro benzylidene) hydrazine carbothioamide.[5] - (z) - 2 - (1 - phenyl ethylidene) hydrazine carbothioamide. - Second set of organic compounds was prepared by reaction of 5 - amino - 2 - thiol - 1,3,4 - thadiazole in two steps : i) a condensation reaction between the carbonyl group of aldehydes or ketone and the amino group; ii) an alkylation reaction between (benzyl chloride or 1,2 - dichloro ethane) and thiol group to yield the following compounds : [12] - (E) - N - benzylidene - 5 - (benzyl thio) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[13] - (E) - 5 - (benzylthio) - N - (4 - nitro benzylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[14] - (E) - 5 - (benzylthio) - N - (4 - (dimethyl amino) benzylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[15] - (E) - 5 - (benzylthio) - N - (3 - nitro benzylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[16] - (E) - 5 - (benzylthio) - N - (1 - phenyl ethylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[17] - (E) - N - benzylidene - 5 - (2 - chloro ethylthio) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine. [18] - (E) - 5 - (2 - chloro ethylthio) - N - (4 - nitro benzylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[19] - (E) - 5 - (2 - chloro ethylthio) - N - (4 - (dimethyl amino) benzylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine. [20] - (E) - 5 - (2 - chloro ethylthio) - N - (3 - nitro benzylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.[21] - (E) - 5 - (2 - chloro ethylthio) - N - (1 - phenyl ethylidene) - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - amine.2 - The prepared compounds were identified by melting points, F.T.I.R, UV - visible and 1H - NMR spectroscopy and the result obtained are compatible the structures assigned to these compounds.3 - The above organic compounds which contain hetero - atoms were used as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1M H2SO4 at 30oC. Weight loss regards as evaluation method to test the inhibition efficiency of the above compounds. Tables (3 - 5) and (3 - 6) indicates that the protection efficiency E (%) increases with increasing the concentration of suggested inhibitors with the maximum inhibition efficiencies were achieved at 10 - 3 M. 4 - Theoretical calculations to investigate the relationship between molecular structure and inhibition efficiency by using semi - empirical molecular quantum calculations within the PM3 method as implemented in HyperChem package.The preparation steps of the compounds [1 - 21] can be represented as shown in the following scheme :

دراسة طيفية لتقدير الكروم والفناديوم وتطبيقاته == Spectrophotometric Study for the determination of Chromium, Vanadium and its application

Author name: اسيل صلاح منصور
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الرسالة ثلاثة فصول رئيسة : - تناول الفصل الاول مسحا"عاما" للادبيات وشملت مقدمة عن الكروم والفناديوم (اكتشافة, تكافؤاتة، وجوده والتاثيرات السمية) كما تضمن تقدير ايوني الكروم والفناديوم بمختلف التقنيات وتم التركيز على تقدير ايوني الكروم والفناديوم بالطريقة الطيفية في مختلف الانموذجات الاحيائية والصناعية ومياه الشرب كما تم تحديد الهدف من البحث. اما الفصل الثاني فقد تضمن المواد الكيمياوية والاجهزة المستخدمة وطرق التحضير المختلفة لاجراء البحث. وقد تضمن الفصل الثالث اربعة اجزاء اساسية، الجزء A : يتضمن هذا الجزء دراسة طيفية متكاملة لمعقدات الكروم والفناديوم [Cr(VI, III) - DPC, Cr(VI) - bipy, V(IV) - SH, V(V) - 8 - HQ] وتحديد maxλ، وتضمن ايضا" دراسة الظروف الفضلى لتكوين المعقد من حيث( مفاضلة تراكيز الكاشف الانتقائي وتاثير pH المحلول على تكوين المعقد ومفاضلة تراكيز البفر)، وكذالك دراسة كافة المتغيرات الفيزيائية وتاثيرها على ثبوتية المعقد (الزمن ، الحرارة ، الضوء) ودراسة طبيعة المعقد بطريقة التغاير المستمر. الجزء : Bتضمن هذا الجزء تحضير منحنيات المعايرة للمعقدات المحضرة واجراء المعالجات الاحصائية الحديثة للبيانات التحليلية الناتجة، فقد تم استخدام معادلات مختلفه لاحتساب الخط المستقيم ونسبة الخطا ومعامل الارتباط كذلك الميل ونقطة التقاطع كما تم احتساب حد الكشف الناتج من القياسات العملية والمحسوبة باسلوب احصائي على وفق المعادلات الاحصائية ( حد الكشف النظري ). الجزء C : تضمن هذا الجزء فقرتين، اذ اشتملت الفقره الاولى دراسة تاثير تداخل الايونات الموجبة والسالبة في الكروم السداسي والفناديوم الرباعي وقد تم تفسير ميكانيكية التفاعلات هذه من ناحية الداينمية الحرارية من خلال حسابات ΔG, E1/2 Keq. , للتفاعلات قيد الدراسة من خلال E1/2 للتفاعلات وقد امكن ربط الكثير من النتائج العملية بالتفسير النظري المعتمد على قيم E1/2 للمعادلات المستنبطة خلال هذا البحث، اما الفقرة الثانيه فتشمل دراسة امكانية ازالة هذه المتداخلات الايونية باستخدام اعمدة التبادل الايوني الجزء D : تضمن هذا الجزء تطبيق الطريقة المستخدمة لتقدير الكروم في الانموذجات الحيه (الدم ،الادرار ) وتقدير الفناديوم في النباتات والاطعمه (الفطر، السيريلاك، والفراولة) واستخدام افضل الظروف لاجراء التقدير. | This thesis falls into three main chapters. Chapter I deals with a general survey of literature which discusses an introduction for chromium and vanadium (discovery, valances, uses, availability and toxic effects); also it includes the different techniques used for there determination. Focus was made on the determination of chromium and vanadium ions using spectrophotometric method in various different biological, industrial, drinking and sewage water samples. Chapter I also describes the aim of the research work conducted. Chapter II describes the preparation of chemicals and sample pretreatment. It also includes all the equipments used.Chapter III is divided into four parts (A, B, C and D)Part A : describes an integrated spectral study of complexes [(Cr (VI, III) - DPC), (Cr(VI) - bipy), (VO - SH), (V(V) - 8 - HQ)], it includes a study of the optimum conditions for the complex formation including the (determination of ligand concentration, effect of pH, determination of buffer concentration), also it includes a study of all the physical variables affecting the complex formation (time, temperature, light effect), and study of the nature of complexes following the continuous variation method.Part B : This part includes the preparation of calibration curves of the complexes and treatment data resulted by modern statistical analytical methods which involve different equation formulae for calculating linear regression equation, relative error, correlation coefficient, slop, intercept, and the theoretical limit of detection was also calculated. Part C : This part comprises two paragraphs : the first one includes a study of the effect of selected interfering positive and negative ions on the separation and determination processes. This effect is to explain thermodynamically by determining E1/2, Keq. and ΔG values. The second paragraph includes a study of separating the interfering ions from chromium and vanadium ions using ion exchange columns. Part D : Describes the application of the method to determine chromium in the biological samples (blood and urine) and determine vanadium in plants and foods (mushrooms, strawberry and cereals) using the optimum conditions for determination.

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة الخواص الكهربائية لبعض لكاندات قواعد شف الاروماتية وبوليمراتها التناسقية مع النحاس والنيكل والكوبلت == Synthesis, Characterization and Study of the Electrical Properties of Some Aromatic Schiff - base Ligands and Their Cu, Ni and Co Coordination Polymers

Author name: عادل مصطفى كامل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Industrial Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم تحضير اربعة ليكندات رباعية السن بواسطة تفاعل السالسالديهايد مع امينات ثنائية اروماتية مختلفة في وسط حامضي (تفاعل قواعد شف). تم توظيف تقنيات F.T.IR وطيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي 1H - NMR وMaldi - Mass لتشخيص الليكندات (L1) (١,٤ - بس - (ن - اورثو - هيدروكسي بنزايلدين)فنلين داي امين,(L2) ٤,٤ - بس - (ن - اورثو - هيدروكسي بنزايلدين) باي فينيل امين, بينما تم تشخيص الليكاند (L3) ) ٤,٤ - بس( - اورثو - هيدروكسي بنزايلدين) مثلين داي انلين, باستخدام F.T.IR و1H - NMR فقط وتم استخدام قياسات مطيافية الكتلة لتشخيص الليكاند (L4) ٤,٤ - بس - (اورثو - هيدروكسي بنزايلدين) امينو داي فينيل ايثر فضلا عن استخدام تقنيتي F.T.IR و1H - NMR. تم تحضير مجموعة من البوليمرات التناسقية من خلال تفاعل الليكندات رباعية السن مع املاح النترات للايونات Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) . تم تشخيص البوليمرات التناسقية المحضرة باستخدام تقنيات F.T.IR وUV - Visible (مطيافية الاشعة فوق البنفسجية والمرئية) والحساسية المغناطيسية وقد اشارت النتائج الى ان البوليمرات المحضرة ذات شكل ثماني السطوح. بينت النتائج ان البوليمرات المحضرة تكون غير ذائبة في اغلب المذيبات العضوية القطبية وغير القطبية الامر الذي ادى الى صعوبة تعيين معدل اوزانها الجزيئية الا ان استقرارية البوليمرات وخصائصها الغير بلورية والتي اثبتت باستخدام تقنية حيود الاشعة السينية لكل من NiL1, CoL1, CuL1 كنماذج اشارت الى الطبيعة البوليمرية لهذه المركبات. تمت دراسة الخصائص الكهربائية المستمرة وقد بينت النتائج انه يمكن تحسين صفات اشباه الموصلات من خلال ادخال الايون الفلزي في السلاسل البوليمرية كما اظهرت التجارب ان بوليمرات النحاس كان لها التوصيلية الاعلى من بين جميع البوليمرات الاخرى. | Four tetradentate ligands were prepared by reacting salicylaldehyde with different aromatic diamines in acidic medium (Schiff - base reaction). F.T.IR, 1H - NMR and Maldi - MS techniques were employed to identify the L1 (1,4 - bis(N - o - hydroxybenzylidine)phenylene diamine)and L2 (4,4 - bis(o - hydroxybenzylidene)biphenyl - amine) molecules, while only F.T.IR and 1H - NMR spectra were used in the identification of L3 (4,4 - bis(o - hydroxybenzylidene)methylene - dianiline)molecules. Electron ionization mass spectrometry measurements were carried out to identify L4 (4,4 - bis(o - hydroxybenzylidene)aminodi - phenylether) molecules in addition to both F.T.IR and 1H - NMR techniques. A set of coordination polymers was prepared by reacting the tetradentate ligands with nitrate salts of Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II). The prepared coordination polymers were identified using F.T.IR, UV - Vis. spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The results indicated that all polymers were octahedral. The prepared polymers were also shown to be insoluble in most polar and non - polar organic solvents.However, the polymeric nature was concluded taking into account amorphousity and stability proved by x - ray diffraction studies for CuL1, NiL1 and CoL1 samples. The DC - electrical properties were studied; the results showed that the semi conductive properties were to be improved by inserting a metal ion into the polymeric chains. Also, Cu - polymers were shown to have the higher conductivities than the other type of polymers.

دراسة عليه ونظريه لفعالية بعض العقاقير كمثبطات لتاكل الالمنيوم معدن وبعض سبائكه في المحلول المحلي == Experimental and Computational Studies of Some Drugs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Aluminium and Some Its Alloys in Saline solution

Author name: سمر ثامر حميد
Supervisor name: شذى فاضل نارين السعيدي | تغريد علي سلمان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis involves the investigation of the corrosion behaviour of pure aluminium as well as of two of aluminium - base alloys (5052Al and 2024Al) in sodium chloride solution over a temperature range (283 - 323 K) with and without ampicillin (AMP.), cephalexin (CEX.) and amoxicillin (AMOX.) as inhibitors.The results of electrochemical experimental study revealed that : 1. The current density increases with increasing temperature in the range of (283 - 323) K.2. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the concentration of inhibitors (AMP., CEX., and AMOX.), this means that these inhibitors act as an adsorption inhibitors on the surface for the corrosion of pure Al, 5052 Al, and 2024 Al in 3.5% NaCl.3. The inhibition efficiency of AMP., CEX., and AMOX. decreases with increasing temperature from 283 to 323 K. 4. According to the corrosion potential, AMP., CEX., and AMOX. act as mixed type inhibitors since corrosion potential does not change approximately in NaCl solution.5. The thermodynamic parameters of corrosion ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS have been calculated at different inhibitors concentrations and temperatures. The values of ΔG and ΔH indicate the spontaneous and exothermic corrosion processes respectivelly.6. The general behaviour for the kinetic studies depend on the Arrhenius equation. Kinetic data show that the adsorption of AMP., CEX., and AMOX. on the surface of in 3.5% NaCl is physisorption type.7. The negative values of thermodynamic functions of adsorption, ΔGads and ΔHads obtained from Langmuir isotherm, indicate the spontaneous and exothermic adsorption processes respectively.This thesis also includes theoretical calculation of ampicillin, cephalexin and amoxicillin molecules using the density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP) with 6 - 31G basis set, which indicate that AMOX. is best inhibitor.The comparison of theoretical and experimental data exhibit good relation.The surface study by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been accomplished and the images show a smoother surface for pure aluminium sample in the presence (7.5×10 - 4 M) of ampicillin due to the formation of a protective barrier film through adsorption process.

تحضير اقطاب بوليمرية جديدة للسلفاميثوكسازول واستخدامها في تحديد بعض الادوية == Preparation of new polymeric electrodes for sulfamethoxazole and their use in determining some drugs

Author name: سراء عبد العزيز ابراهيم
Supervisor name: خالدة حميد محمد السعيدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this study two types of ion - selective electrodes (ISEs) were prepared based on PVC matrix membrane.First, four ion - selective electrodes for sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) which based on sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and tungestophosphoric acid (TPA) ion - paircomplexas the electro - active materials were prepared. Second, six ion - selective electrodes for sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) whichbased on sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) ion - paircomplex as the electro - active materials were also prepared.In both types of ISEs, some of the selectedplasticizers were used such as; Di - octyl phthalate (DOPh), Tri - butyl phthalate (TBPH), Tri - butyl phosphate (TBP),Nitrobenzene (NB), Acetophenone (AP) and o - Nitrophenyloctylether (o - NPhOE) in PVC matrix.The electrodes parameters, linear range of concentration,Nernestian slope, limit of detection, response time, life time, working pHrang and selectivity were evaluated. Also the statistical treatments wereapplied for the results that include : relative standard deviation (RSD),relative error (Re.), and confidence limit for concentration. The results showed : The first type ISEs were : SMZ - TPA+DOPH (E1),SMZ - TPA+TBP (E2),SMZ - TPB+AP (E3) andSMZ - TPA+NB (E4), give the linear Range from (1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2, 1×10 - 7 - 1×10 - 2, 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2 and 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2 M), and the slopes are (52.008, 58.381, 56.909 and 50.309 mV/decade)respectively, with detection limits are (9×10 - 6, 9×10 - 8, 6×10 - 6 and 7×10 - 6M), response time of 10 - 3 M (30, 28, 36 and 25 second) and the lifetimewere about (29, 27, 20 and 9 days) respectively.The second type, were : SMZ - NaTPB+TBPH (L1), SMZ - NaTPB +NB (L2), SMZ - NaTPB +TBP (L3), SMZ - NaTPB +AP (L4),SMZ - NaTPB +DOPH (L5) and SMZ - NaTPB +o - NPhOE (L6) give the linear range from (1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2, 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2, 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2, 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2, 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2 and 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 2M), the slopes are (53.609, 49.608, 56.810, 55.709, 50.808 and 51.808 mV/decade)respectively, with detection limits of (9×10 - 6, 8.5×10 - 6, 8×10 - 6,8.9×10 - 6, 7.5×10 - 6 and 7×10 - 6M), response time of 10 - 3 M (16, 14, 24, 19, 16 and 20 second) and the lifetime were about (12, 6, 24, 17, 26 and 7 days) respectively.The best electrode from first kind is (E2) and from the second kind is (L3), both were used to determine the sulfamethoxazole in pure samples. The working pH for (E2) electrode was ranged from (1.6 - 6.8) and the working pH for (L3) electrode was ranged from (1.7 - 6.9). The interferences measurements in the presence of (Na+, K+, Cu+2, Mn+2, Fe+3, Al+3, trimethoprim, starch, sucrose and gelatin ) were studied for both electrodes using the separated method and mixed method for selectivity coefficient determination.The ISE (E2) gave a good electrochemical characterizationamong the others and it has been used successfully for the determination ofsulfamethoxazole in the Pharmaceutical Samplesusing different potentiometricmethods.Also UV - spectrophotometric method was used which include the normal spectra,forsulfamethoxazole solutions (0.990x10 - 4, 0.996x10 - 4,0.999x10 - 4, 1.004x10 - 4, 1.005x10 - 4)M in wavelengthequal 259.00 nm. The analytical methods results showed to be simple, rapid and with a good accuracy by comparing between normalspectra and direct method of Ion selective electrode by using F - test.The results shown, that the sulfamethoxazole canbe determined by using Ion selective electrode method because the value of the (F) experimental less than the value of the (F) theoretical at 95% confidence limit. Since F - calculated less than F - table, we concluded that there is no difference in precision between two methods.

الفصل الكروموتوكرافي لبعض الاحماض الامينية بواسطة طريقة كروموتوكرافيا السائل العالية الاداء باستعمال طور ثابت جديد == Chromatographic Separation of Some Amino Acids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Using A New Stationary Phase

Author name: علي عباس رسول
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: New stationary phase for high performance liquid chromatographyhas been prepared by the reaction of Neutral red solution with Weaklyacidic cation exchanger resin . The stability of the new attachedfunctional group on the resin was studied against different solvents suchas benzene, ethanol, acetonitrile, acetone, methanol, chloroform, andpetroleum ether as well as NaOH and HCl solutions. The new preparedresin was found stable and no depletion of the Neutral red moiety fromthe resin was noticed with the above materials .The FTIR analysis hasconfigured the attachment of Neutral red on the resin as well as thephysical appearance of the new resins.The new stationary phase has been packed into stainless steel column. The pKa value for new resins has been calculated. The pKa for Weakly acidic - Neutral red resins were 7.15. The chromatographic performance of the packed column was characterized. The number of plate numbers N, height equivalent of a theoretical plates H, capacity factors Ḱ, selectivity factors α, and peaks asymmetry, and Resolution RRsR were measured by analyzing different analytes on the new columns using different mobile phase compositions and flow rates.These parameters were measured from analysis of some amino acids such as Histidine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, and Tyrosine. The analysis of amino acids using Weakly acidic - Neutral red column has performed using %10 acetonitrile in buffer phosphate as mobile phase.The average value of plate numbers N was (316.59) . The plate heights H was averaged (0.085) cm , capacity factors Ḱ were ranged from (1.8 - 2.86). Separation factors α were ranged from (0.21 - 1.17), and peak asymmetry value were range from (0.99 - 1.09). Resolution RRsR were ranged from (0.93 - 3.77).IIThe analysis of amino acids using a new stationary phase has performed using buffer phosphate as mobile phase . The average value of plate numbers N was (234.79) , plate heights H was (0.107)cm , capacity factors Ḱ were ranged from (1.13 - 4.73) , separation factors α were ranged from (0.23 - 1.22) , peak asymmetry value were range from (1.10 - 1.18) and resolution were (0.93).R.S.D were ranged from(0.04 - 1)% , recovery were ranged from (93.8 - 97.12)% , The relative errors were ranged from ( - 2.88 - - 6.2) % .Calibration curves for all analyzed compound were linear from their detection limits to at least 50 ppm with correlation coefficient ranged from(0.9991 - 0.9996).The detection limits were ranged from(0.05 - 0.25) ppm at signal to noise ratio of three or more.

هرمونات الغدة الدرقية والكورتيزول والبرولاكتين ومؤشر كتلة الجسم لدى مرضى السكري من النوع الثاني == The Profile of Thyroid Hormones, Cortisol, Prolactin and Body Mass Index in Patients with Diabetes Type 2

Author name: محمد صفاء شوكت النجار
Supervisor name: سلمان علي احمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Diabetes is a group of disorders that produce elevated levels of blood glucose. The two main forms of diabetes are type 1and type 2. The cause of diabetes was associated with some endocrine hormones and obesity. This study was focused on diabetes type 2 and its effects on thyroid hormones (TSH, T3, T4), prolactin and cortisol and with body mass index. To achieve this aim 68 diabetic patients type 2 with ages of 35 - 70 years and 34 healthy people with ages of 35 - 70 years (control group) were enrolled. These hormones (TSH, T3, T4, PRL and Cortisol) were estimated by an enzyme immunoassay method with final fluorescent detection (MiniVidas).The results demonstrated significant increase of T4 (p<0.05), Cortisol (p<0.05) levels, and significant decrease of TSH (p<0.05) levels. A non significant increase was shown in prolactin (p>0.05) levels, and non significant decrease in T3 (p>0.05) levels.Obesity is the most important modifiable risk factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, however, racial factors seem to be important in the relationship between body mass index and glucose in patients with diabetes type 2.The linear regression analysis revealed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.310, p<0.01) in cortisol levels with BMI, and significant positive correlation in fasting serum glucose (r=0.293, p<0.05) and TSH (r=0.275, p<0.05) levels with BMI in patients with diabetes type.The linear regression analysis revealed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.249, p<0.05) in cortisol levels with fasting serum glucose, and positive correlation in TSH (r=0.258, p<0.05) levels with fasting serum glucose in patients with diabetes type 2.The linear regression analysis revealed significant negative correlation (r= - 0.469, p<0.05) in T4 levels with Cortisol levels in patients with diabetes type 2.

عمود فصل جديد لتقنية الكروماتوكرافيا السائلة عالي الاداء (HPLC) == New column for high performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Author name: احمد مرزة حمزة
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: New stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography has been prepared by the reaction of Bromophenol blue salt solution with Amberlite CG - 400 (ClP P) resin . The stability of the new attached functional group on the resin was studied against different solvents such as benzene, ethanol, acetonitrile, acetone, methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether as well as NaOH and HCl solutions. The new prepared resin was found stable and no depletion of the Bromophenol blue moity from the resin was noticed with the above materials .The FTIR analysis has configured the attachment of Bromophenol on the resin as well as the physical appearance of the new resins.The new stationary phase has been packed into stainless steel column.The resin capacity of newly prepared resin has calculated. The resin capacity for the Amberlite - bromophenol blue salt was found to average 5.27 meq./g which is more than the Amberlite resin, 3.95 meq./g.The chromatographic performance of the packed column was characterized. The number of plate numbers N, height equivalent of a theoretical plates H, capacity factors Ḱ, selectivity factors α, and peaks asymmetry, and Resolution RRsR were measured by analyzing different analytes on the new columns using different mobile phase compositions and flow rates.These parameters were measured from analysis of some amino acids such as Histidine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophane, and Tyrosine. The analysis of amino acids using Amberlite - Bromophenol blue column has performed using %10 acetonitrile in water as mobile phase.The average value of plate numbers N was192.085. The plate heights H was averaged 0.089 cm , capacity factors Ḱ were ranged from 1.8 - 2.42. Separation factors α were ranged from 0.86 - 1.3 , and peak asymmetry value were range from 1.02 - 1.98 . Resolution Rs were ranged from 0.92 - 4.15 . R.S.D were ranged from(0.06 - 0.10)% , recovery were ranged from (95.84 - 96.88)% , The relative errors were ranged from ( - 3.12 - - 4.64) % . Calibration curves for all analyzed compound were linear from their detection limits to at least 50 ppm with correlation coefficient ranged from 0.9989 - 0.9996. The detection limits were ranged from 0.05 - 0.25 ppm at signal to noise ratio of three or more.

علاقة الهرمونات الجنسية بصورة الدهون المصلية والاجهاد التاكسدي في عقم الرجال

Author name: ذو الفقار غانم محمد المحنه
Supervisor name: سلمان علي احمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

دراسة نظرية لبعض معقدات المغنيز (III) الحاوي على ذرتي النيتروجين والاوكسجين == Theoretical Studies for some Manganese (III) Complexes Containing Oxygen and Nitrogen Atoms

Author name: احمد عبد الستار علي
Supervisor name: مثنى عبد الجبار شنشل | ایاد حمزة جاسم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are small, highly reactive, oxygen containing molecules that are naturally generated in small amounts during the body’s metabolic reactions and can react with and damage complex cellular molecules such as fats, proteins, and DNA. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) represents an essential defense system against oxygen - derived free radicals, specifically superoxide (O2• - ). Superoxide can initiate a series of free radical reactions that yields other oxygen radicals, which together are thought to actas inflammatory mediators and induce cellular damage. The presence of natural superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) is to perform as defense systems against the cells damage which caused by superoxide compounds. These various enzymes allow to founding a widely area of treatment of many diseases.In our thesis, a series of ten Schiff - bases manganese (III) complexes which is previously prepared have been designed and build as SOD and CAT mimetics. The complexes along with the known Mn - Salen [(C1 : a known drug used as standard against superoxide anion (O2 - ) (SOD - mimetic activity) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (CAT - mimetic activity)], have been characterized using the Gaussian 03 program (2003). The results show the following : 1. The manganese (III) ion in these complexes is surrounded by two nitrogen atoms of the Schiff - base, and two oxygen atoms and metal ion above the basal plane toward the anion (Cl - ).2. The behavior of building complexes is different in the oxidationreduction reactions.3. Some complexes which have mixed ligands (heteroligands), show to have better activities than that of the same ligands (homoligands).4. Some complexes get high mimetic enzyme activity in one reaction (SOD - mimetic or CAT - mimetic activities), but low mimetic enzyme activity in the other reactions.5. The activities of both C2 and C7 complexes are higher than that of C1 complex in both reaction types (SOD - mimetic and CAT - mimetic activities).6. The activities of (C4, C9, C10) complexes are higher mimetic enzyme than that of C1 complex as superoxide dismutase. 7. The activities of (C3, C5, C6, C8, C11) complexes are higher mimetic enzyme than that of C1 complex as Catalase.8. The calculation of geometrical shapes of building complexes were achieved by calculate the bond frequencies and force constant, the results indicate that all the building complexes have square pyramidal shape.

تحضير بعض قواعد شف كمثبطات لانزيم اليوريز ودراسة تاثيرها على بكتيريا المتقلبات Proteus M == Preparation of some Schiff bases as Urease inhibitors and study their effect on Proteus mirabilis bacteria

Author name: احمد حسين علي التميمي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The current study involves preparation number of cysteine derivatives by the reaction of cysteine with different aromatic aldehydes forming the following Schiff bases : "2 - (4 - bromobenzylideneamino) - 3 - mercaptopropanoic acid, 2 - (4 - hydroxybenzylideneamino) - 3 - mercaptopropanoic acid, 2 - (4 - (dimethylamino)benzylideneamino) - 3 - mercaptopropanoic acid and 2 - (4 - chlorobenzylideneamino) - 3 - mercaptopropanoic acid".The new prepared derivatives were identified by using spectroscopy (FTIR) and measuring their melting points.The biological activities against Proteus mirabilis were estimated using well - diffusion method around the plate then the antibacterial activities were estimated.The effects of the prepared compounds on urease activity were studied. The results showed good effect in urease inhibition. All the prepared compounds showed competitive inhibition since the value Vmax was the same and Km increased.Finaly, Vmax, Ki, Km and i % values of the enzyme was calculated using line weaver Bruk equation.It is noticed from enzymatic and biological studies that Schiff bases compounds are strong inhibitors of the urease enzyme where the(2 - (4 - (dimethylamino)benzylideneamino) - - 3mercaptopropanoic acid ) inhibition force was (Ki=0.0043 M) which is the highest inhibition force comparing with the other prepared compounds.The percentage of inhibition (%i) was equal to (96.77%).

مقارنة التشخيص والتحاليل الحياتية لانزيم الفوسفاتيز القاعدي في الاكياس المائية المتكونة من جنس Echinococcus Granulosus ومصل دم الانسان

Author name: مريم فضيل ناصر
Supervisor name: سلمان علي احمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Hydatidosis, a zoonitic parasitic disease, is one of the most important economic and health problem in Iraq and many other countries in the Middle East. It is caused by Echinococcus Multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus, the larval stage of which is localized in the liver, lungs and other visceral organs of intermediate hosts such as sheep, goats and cattle.Human are considered to be an accidental intermediate host, either by eating improperly disinfected vegetables or by close contact with dogs. The mature form lives in the ileum of candies as its definitive hosts, where it leads to an asymptomatic infection .Serology or immunodiagnostic tests are the most useful techniques for the detection of hydatid cysts in human patients.Objectives : One of the reasons why Echinococcus granulosus cysts are described as a public health problem is the lack of effective chemotherapy.Reviewing the literature bears in mind the possibility of an effectual and successful chemotherapeutic treatment in the early stages of cyst development, as indicated by many reported studies. Thus, the major problem in the management of Hydatid disease seems to be related to the lack of an efficient routine diagnostic test capable of identifying asymptomatic patients at early stages of the disease. Consequently, the need for a consistent diagnostic test, applicable for mass screening in hyperendemic regions, has become mandatory.Much attention has been focused on the multilocularis species which represent the major type affecting western countries. These cumulative efforts have recently evolved a commercially available and reliable immunodiagnostic test for the specific diagnosis of Alveolar ehinococcus. Unfortunately, the test fails to identify most of the patients suffering from cystic echinococcosis, caused by the closely related echinococcus granulosus.Hence, this will detract from the valuablity of the test in districts, where echinococcus granulosus is well known as the main endemic type, including Iraq, and necessitating the requirement for further studies with regard to echinococcus granulosus.The present study was conducted to estimate the kinetic parameters and biochemical characteristics of alkaline phosphatase in fertile and sterile cyst membranes from patients with hepatic cystic echinococcosis. The raised alkaline phosphatase serums of patients suffering cholestasis caused by gallstones were used as a representative alternate to Human liver - type alkaline phosphatase. Comparisons were aimed to reveal whether these two cyst membranes enzymes are different from each other and from the Human liver - type alkaline phosphatase.Subject and methods : In this study two samples were used, the cyst and human serum.Hydatid cysts were obtained from six hepatic cystic echinococcosis patients attending The Red Crescent Private Hospital, Baghdad, for surgical intervention from January 2007 through August 2008. Based on ultrasonographic examination, only two were identified as fertile, three were sterile and one patient with calcified cyst.Fasting venous blood samples were acquired from patients with professional diagnosis of gallstones, attending the above hospital for surgical treatment. Serum was separated, 5&#39; - nucleotidase activity was measured to confirm that the raised alkaline phosphatase activity is mainly due to liver isoenzymeCollected serum samples were pooled and divided into aliquots, stored at - 2 C until further analysis.The present study was measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and cyst homogenate according to the method of kind and king.Kinetic studies will involve the affinity of these enzymes to their substrate, as well as the effect of other factors including hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and temperature. Heat inactivation and the effect of specific inhibitor, namely L - phenylalanine, are also to be examined on the activity of the three alkaline phosphatase enzymes.Results : 1.Different alkaline phosphatase activity were observed in fertile cysts while there was no alkaline phosphatase activity in hydatid cyst homogenated from sterile cysts and still not able to be detected even when larger volume of the hydatid cyst homogenated sample were used for the estimation and can be explained that by the presence or the absence of fresh protoscoleces in fertile or sterile hydatid cyst, respectively. Because of this statement it can be differentiate between the sterile & fertile cyst.By the results of the biochemical characterization of alkaline phosphatase, there were different Km values, optimum pH and optimum temperature for each hydatid cyst homogenated & human - liver type.The heat - sensitive specifically showed that the echinococcus granulosus alkaline phosphatase was more heat resistance than echinococcus multilocularis & liver - type enzyme.The respond of different human alkaline phosphatse isoenzymes to L - phenylalanine have been shown to varied from low sensitive (liver and bone) to highly sensitive (placental and intestinal). Thus, the wide range of IC50 observed herein, can be ascribed to the presence of isoenzymes other than liver type in the serum samples enrolled in this study. No inhibitory effect was observed on alkaline phosphatase from hydatid cyst homogenate.Conclusion : Considering present findings along with the following discussion, the following conclusions might be derived : Echinococcus granulosus Alkaline Phosphatase serve as a marker of cyst viability.The different characteristic of alkaline phosphatase from hydatid cyst membrane revealed that echinococcus granulosus Alkaline phosphatase is distinct from human isoenzymes more specifically from liver alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme.

دراسة امتزاز وامتصاص بعض الملوثات العضوية على ثنائي اوكسيد التتانيوم == Sorption study of Some Organic Pollutants on Titanium Dioxide

Author name: قيس محمد عبد الحسين
Supervisor name: خلود عبد صالح السعدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Physical Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The subject of this thesis involves studying the possibility removed of four organic compound by TiO2. These organic compounds (considered as pollutants) which are; Birlliant blue (dye), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) and Lambdacyholothrin as (pesticides). The thermal and photo - stability were studied and the results showed that all pollutants are stable in temperature range about (288 - 318) K, and stable against UV - linght in the wave length range (290 - 320) nm.Titanium dioxide successed in removing; 95 - 54% of dye, 6.2% of PVA, 13.19% of LAS and failed in removeing pesticides.UV - Vis absorption spectrophotometric technique was used to follow the pollutants concentration before and after adsorption process and after different periods of time, since the sorption isotherms were obtained by obeying Langmiur and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, with R2 (1 - 0.9993) for dye, R2 (0.9992 - 0.9574) for PVA, R2 (0.9503 - 0.9813) for LAS.The dye adsorption isotherms take S - shapes which related to a strong interaction between dye and TiO2 with thermodynamic values DH = +(5.962 - 26.57)J, DG = - (966 - 999)J, DS = +(3.45 - 9.1906)J.The thermodynamic parameters were studied by using the sorption process of the three pollutants on TiO2 of different temperatures ranging (293 - 318)K, and from the sorption isotherms the values of DH, DG, and DS for PVA DH = - (133.4 - 212.83)J, DG = +(78 - 157.4)J, DS = - (500)J, LAS DH = +(53.14 - 66.14)J, DG = - (1.21 - 1.38)kJ, DS = +(4 - 14)J. The sorption process of dye and LAS a positive DH values, negative DG values and positive DS values, which indicates the spontaneous absorption process, which for the negative DH values, positive DG values and negative DS values are due to the non spontaneous adsorption process for PVA. The kinetic study of pollutants sorption on TiO2 was studied depending on three kinetic equations : 1 - Lagergren equation : it was used to obtain the order of the sorption process, and the results showed a good obey with R2 = (0.9477 - 0.9995) for dye, R2 = (0.956 - 0.9942) for PVA, R2=(0.9948) for LAS, to this equation, which indicates that the sorption processfollowed a pseudo - 1st order kinetics, and from the linear Lagergren equation for the pollutants sorption the rate constants of sorption were calculated at different temperatures, and the activation energy for the sorption process was also calculated which reached 39.011 kJ.mol - 1 for sorption of dye.2 - Morris - Weber model : was employed and it gave a good match with the straight linear equation with R2 = (0.98 - 0.994) for dye, R2=(0.9892) for PVA, R2 = (0.9989) for LAS. This relation indicates that the diffusion process was so obvious, and it involvesthe transport of pollutant from the bulk solution into the TiO2 surface, which is considered the rate - limiting step. 3 - Reichenberg model : was employed and it gave a good linear relationship between Bt and time with acceptable correlation coefficient R2 = (0.9891) for dye, R2 = (0.9306) for PVA, R2 = (0.9776) for LAS.This relation indicates that the rate limiting mechanism is the absorption and the sorption process involving three steps : absorption, adsorption and desorption).

تحري الخواص الحرارية لبعض السوائل الايونية الحاوية على اليوريا والاستمايد == Investigation of Thermal Properties for some Ionic Liquids containing Urea and Acetamide

Author name: هدى سلام عبد
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Characterization of some room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as candidates for thermal storage media and heat transfer fluids in thermal applications were investigated. Five ionic liquids prepared from ammonium alum [NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O] pronounced S, as inorganic salt with urea [NH2CONH2] pronounced U, or acetamide [CH3CONH2] pronounced A, as organic compounds, and aluminum nitrate [Al(NO3)3.9H2O] pronounced N with urea or acetamide compounds in different mole ratios were investigated alone and with addition of some improving materials to study their synergetic effect using thermo - gravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC), X - ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and conductivity measurements. Thermo - physical properties such as enthalpy ΔH, heat capacity Cp and thermal energy storage capacity were determined. It was found that hydrated aluminum nitrate : acetamide (1 : 22 mole ratio, AN2IL) alone and hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) alone or with addition of some materials characterized with high density, chemical stability, heat capacity, thermal energy storage capacity and wide temperature range. The results indicated that ionic liquids alone or with addition of some materials could be considered as a promising candidate for liquid thermal storage media and heat transfer fluids.Studying the synergetic effect by addition of some alkali metal hydroxide (NaOH) with hydrated aluminum nitrate : urea (1 : 1.2 mole ratio, UNIL) and KOH with hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) ionic liquids increased thermal energy storage capacity of these ionic liquids, while the addition of NaOH to hydrated aluminum nitrate : acetamide (1 : 22mole ratio, AN2IL) gave less thermal stability and storage capacity of ionic liquid.Also addition of alkaline earth metal oxide MgO, CaO to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) and BaO to hydrated aluminum nitrate : urea (1 : 1.2 mole ratio, UNIL) decreased thermal stability, heat capacity and thermal energy storage capacity than ionic liquid alone.Moreover, addition of transition metal oxide (VOSO4.5H2O, CuO and ZnO) to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) increased thermal stability and storage capacity of hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL), while the addition of NiO to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulfate : urea (1 : 5 mole ratio, USIL) only improve thermal stability of ionic liquid

التثبيت الضوئي لمتعدد كلوريد الفانيل باستخدام معقدات مخلبية == Photostabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) by chelate complexes

Author name: علي نجاح حسن
Supervisor name: عماد عبد الحسين يوسف السراج
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Five metal complexes of Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Ni(II) and Sn(II) with {4 - (Benzylidene - amino) - 5 - pyridin - 4 - yl - 4H - [1,2,4]triazole - 3 - thiol}, of Schiff base ligand (L), were prepared in alcoholic medium.The ligand (L) and its metal complexes were characterized qualitatively by using : FTIR, UV - visible spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, conductivity measurements and 1H NMR only for ligand. The ligand acted as bidentate which coordinated to the metal ions through sulphur and nitrogen of Azomethine group.According to the spectral data of the complexes a tetrahedral geometry was suggested for these complexes, except Cu(II) complex which exhibited octahedral geometry distorted to square planar structure.The metal complexes were used to enhance the photostabilization of PVC contains a concentration of ML2 0.5 % by weight. The photostabilization of PVC films were studied at room temperature under irradiation of light with λ=313 nmand an intensity of 7.75 X 10 - 7 einstein dm - 3 sec - 1.The photostabilization activity of these compounds was determined bymonitoring the carbonyl (ICO), polyene (Ipo) and hydroxyl (IOH) indices and weightloss method with irradiation time. It was found that the (ICO), (Ipo) and (IOH)indices values increased with irradiation time and this increase found to depends on the type of additives.The surface morphology for these films was studied during irradiation time.The changes in viscosity average molecular weight of PVC with irradiation time were also tracked (using THF as a solvent). The quantum yield of the chain scission (Φcs) of these complexes in PVC films was also evaluated.The following trend was obtained for the photostabilization effect on PVC films in presence of additives as shown below : CuL2 , CdL2 , ZnL2 , SnL2 , NiL2 Increasing the photostability According to the obtained experimental results, mechanisms were suggested, depending on the structure of the complexes.

الاكسدة الضوئية التحفيزية للفينول الاحمر على دقائق ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوبلوري == Photocatalytic Oxidation of Phenol Red on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Particles

Author name: احمـــد عبد الله حسين
Supervisor name: هـــلال شهاب وهاب
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: انجزت هذه الدراسة البحثية للتفكك الضوئي للصبغة العضوية الفينول الاحمر كنموذج للملوثات الفينولية وذلك باستخدام ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي المحضر مختبريا وفي وسط مائي.استخدمت تقنيات تشخيصية عديدة مثل المجهر الالكتروني الماسح وحيود الاشعة السينية ومطياف الانتشار الانعكاسي والمجهر الالكتروني التنافذي وطيف رامان لدراسة شكل السطح والحجم الحبيبي والمساحة السطحية وطاقة الفجوة لثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي المحضر. وجد ان متوسط حجم الحبيبة هو 9, 9.95, 11 نانو باستخدام مجهر الالكتروني الماسح, مطياف الانتشار الانعكاسي وحيود الاشعة السينية على التوالي.وتم كذلك احتساب المساحة السطحية وحجم المسامات باستخدام منظومةBET حيث كانت النتائج للمساحة السطحية 48 م2\غم وحجم المسامات 3.7 نانو مما يؤكد كون ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي ذات مسامات صغيرة. ((mesoporos.تمت دراسة تاثير العديد من المتغيرات التجريبية على عملية التفكك الضوئي مثل كمية ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي, حامضية المحلول, التركيز الابتدائي للفينول الاحمر, شدة مصدر التشعيع, الحجم الحبيبي لثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي واضافة المؤكسدات.ثبتت الظروف التجريبية المثلى لعملية التفكك الضوئي لصبغة الفينول الاحمر عند الدالة الحامضية 4.5 والتركيز الابتدائي للفينول الاحمر مساويا الى 10.3 ملغم\لتر وكمية المحفز ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم مساويا الى 500 ملغم\لتر, حيث تم الحصول على ثابت سرعة التفاعل بقيمة 0.01052 لكل دقيقة وعمر نصف العملية 1.098 ساعة عند الظروف المثلى.اوضحت دراسة حركية التفكك الضوئي للفينول الاحمر بان العملية من الدرجة الاولى. اضافة على ذلك تم احتساب الناتج الكمي لعملية التفكك الضوئي حيث تساوي 0.1.اظهرت النتائج بان عملية الاكسدة الضوئية للفينول الاحمر بواسطة ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم النانوي تفضل كيمياء الهيدروكسيل لانه عند اضافة بيروكسيد الهايدروجين حفزت عملية التفكك وتحسنت وتاكيدا على هذا الكلام عند اضافة ايزو بروبانول ثبطت عملية تفكك الفينول الاحمر لانه يعتبر من اهم المثبطات لجذر الهيدروكسيل. وتم كذلك احتساب الدوال الثرموديناميكية الاساسية لعملية التفكك الضوئي للفينول الاحمر مثل طاقة التنشيط وطاقة جبس والانثالبي والانتروبي. | In the current research study, the photocatalytic (photodecolorization) degradation of the phenolic model ecotoxicant, phenol red dye has been investigated using laboratory synthesized anatase TiO2 nanoparticles in aqueous solution. The prepared nano TiO2 powder has been characterized using several advanced instruments including, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X - Ray Spectroscopy (EDXS), X - Ray Diffraction (XRD), Diffused Reflectance UV - VIS spectrometry (DUR - UV - VIS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Brunauer - Emmett - Teller (BET) theory and Raman Spectrometry. Average particle size of 9, 9.95 and 11 nm was found using TEM, XRD and SEM, respectively. The surface area and pore size were also measured employing BET nitrogen adsorption apparatus which resulted in surface area of 48 m2/g and a pore size of 3.7 nm, which indicates the mesoporosity of the prepared nano anatase TiO2 particles. The impacts of several operational parameters for the photodegradation process were explored encompassing, TiO2 loading, solution pH, initial phenol red concentration, UV light source intensity, photocatalyst particle size and added oxidants. Under optimum experimental conditions, 4.5 solution pH, 500 mg/l TiO2 loading and 2.9 x 10 - 5 mol /l (10.3 mg/l) phenol red, the value of the apparent rate constant, kapp , obtained has been 0.01052 min - 1 (17.53x 10 - 5 sec - 1) and the half life of the process, accordingly is equal to 1.098 hours.The kinetic of phenol red photobleaching has also been studied and it was found that it follows the pseudo first order pattern regardless of reaction conditions. Furthermore, the apparent quantum yield for the photodecolorization process was also determined and found to be approximately 0.1.Results reveal that the photooxidation process of phenol red follows hydroxyl type chemistry in which the addition of hydrogen peroxide has contributed massively in the promotion of the process rate and yield, and further, suppressed to a great extent by addition of isopropanol as .OH radical scavenger.The main process activation thermodynamic parameters namely, Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy were also deduced following the computation of photolysis activation energy employing the well known Arrhenius relation.

تحري قنص غاز ثاني اوكسيد الكربون بواسطة السوائل الايونية عند درجة حرارة الغرفة == INVESTIGATION OF CO2 GAS CAPTURING BY ROOM TEMPERATURE IONIC LIQUIDS

Author name: ايفون اكرم عبد الجبار
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Some ionic liquids were investigated for abilities to capture CO2 alone or with added some catalysts at room temperature under atmospheric pressure to increase the capacity of ionic liquids to capture carbon dioxide gas some catalysts were found effective such asHydrated aluminum nitrate/urea ionic liquid with added CaO and NaOH , monoethanolamine and ammonium chloride were added to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulphate/urea ionic liquid did not show in FTIR sign of either physical or chemical absorption of CO2 . The addition of NaOHaq to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulphate/urea ionic liquid showed a new vibration absorption at 1666 cm - 1 and changing the frequencies in the amine group vibrational bands above 3000 cm - 1 . While the distilled water when added to the ionic liquid hydrated ammonium aluminum sulphate/urea showed a broaden effect on the high vibrational bands above 2500 cm - 1 and the carbonyl group vibrational band at 1662 cm - 1 was not effected .Calcium oxide was added to hydrated ammonium aluminum sulphate/urea showed a new splitting vibration absorption bands at 1666 cm - 1 ,1618 cm - 1 .Aluminum chloride - urea ionic liquid very effective to capture carbon dioxide gas without add any catalysts showed a chemical absorption of CO2 1655 cm - 1 while aluminum chloride - acetamide showed weaker or no ability to capture CO2 .

تحضير مركبات عضوية اروماتية تحوي على ذرات غير متجانسة لغرض استخدامها كمثبطات للتاكل لمعدن الحديد في محلول حامضي == Preparation of Aromatic Organic Compounds containing Hetero - atoms as Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Acidic Solution

Author name: حنان حسين علي
Supervisor name: مهدي صالح شهاب
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تحضير معقدات لاعضوية مشتقة من 4 - امين - 5 - بيريدايل 4,2,1 ترايزول - 3 - ثايول ودراسة الثباتية الضوئية - 4H - لها لبوليمر البولي ستايرين == Synthesis of inorganic complexes derived from 4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H 1,2,4 triazole - 3 - thiol and study their photochemical stability with polystyrene

Author name: رغد علي عبد الرسول حداد
Supervisor name: عماد عبد الحسين يوسف السراج
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Five transition metal complexes of Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Sn(II) with {4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol}, as a ligand (L) has been prepared in alcoholic medium. These complexes are : 1. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Nickel(II), Ni(L)2 .2. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Cupper(II), Cu(L)2 .3. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Zinc(II), Zn(L)2 .4. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Cadmium(II), Cd(L)2 .5. Bis(4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazole - 3 - thiol) Tin(II), Sn(L)2 .The ligand (L) and its metal complexes were characterized quantitatively and qualitatively by using : FTIR, UV - visible spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR, magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. This ligand act as bidentate that coordinated to the metal ions through sulphur and nitrogen of amine group. According to the spectral data of the complexes a tetrahedral geometry was suggested for these complexes except Cu(II) complexes which exhibit a square structure.In this work the prepared complexes of 4 - amino - 5 - (pyridyl) - 4H 1,2,4 triazole - 3 - thiol were used to enhance the photostabilization of Polystyrene (PS).Polystyrene has been mixed with these complexes in chloroform solvent which containing concentration of complex 0.5 % by weight, which produced by the casting method from chloroform solvent. The photostabilization of polystyrene films were studied at room temperature under irradiation of light λ=365 nm wave length with intensity 20.6*10 - 9 Ein Dm - 3 S - 1 .The photostabilization activity of these compounds was determined by monitoring the carbonyl (ICO) and hydroxyl (IOH) indexes, weight loss method with irradiation time. It was found that the (ICO) and (IOH) indexes values increased with irradiation time and this increase depend on the type of additives. The surface morphology for these films was studied during irradiation time. The changes in viscosity average molecular weight of PS with irradiation time were also tracked (using chloroform as a solvent). The quantum yield of the chain scission (Φcs) of these complexes in PS films was also evaluated.The following trend is obtained for the photostabilization effect on PS films in presence of additives as shown below : Sn(L)2 , Cd(L)2 , Ni(L)2 , Zn(L)2 , Cu(L)2 Increasing the photostability According to the experimental results obtained, mechanisms were suggested, depending on the structure of the complexes

تصنيع ودراسة اقطاب بوليمرية جديدة لتقدير الكلاريثرومايسين == Construction and study of new polymeric membrane electrodes for clarithromycin determination

Author name: حيدر قيس منشد
Supervisor name: خالدة حميد محمد السعيدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This piece of research includes constructing and characterizing two kinds of ion - selective electrodes (ISEs) based on PVC matrix membrane.First, four ion - selective electrodes for clarithromycin (CLM) which based on clarithromycin - tetraphenylborate (CLM - TPB) ion - pair complex as the electro - active materials were prepared. Second, four ion - selective electrodes for clarithromycin which based on using clarithromycintetraiodomercurate (CLM - TIM) ion - pair complex as the electro - active materials were also prepared. In both kinds of ISEs, some of the selected plasticizers were employed such as; Di - octyl phthalate (DOP), Di - butyl phosphate (DBP), Acetophenone (AP) and Di - butyl phthalate (DBPH) in PVC matrix. This thesis has mainly been structured in three different chapters, each one containing the following information : Chapter one provides a short historical review with the analytical performance characteristics of ISEs are described. The applications of ISEs in pharmaceutical and clarithromycin analyses are well - arranged in tables and the general and specific objectives of thesis are reported. Chapter two corresponds to the experimental part. Reagents, instruments, procedures and detail protocols for the preparation of two kinds of ISEs used in this study are reported.Chapter three contains the experimental results and discussion that lead to the possibility of successful applications the constructed ISEs in pharmaceuticals preparation and clarithromycin measurements. It is reporting the construction of two kinds of larithromycin ISEs; The first kind ISEs were : CLM - TPB+DOP (E1), CLM - TPB+DBP (E2), CLM - TPB+AP (E3) and CLM - TPB+DBPH (E4), give the linear range from (1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3, 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3, 5×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3 and 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3 M), the slopes of (51.206, 53.930, 58.104 and 58.484 mV/decade) respectively, with detection limits of (8×10 - 6, 6×10 - 6, 2×10 - 5 and 9×10 - 6 M), response time of 10 - 3 M (30, 35, 41 and 46 second) and the lifetime were about (24, 30, 12 and 20 days) respectively. The second, were : CLM - TIM+DOP (E5), CLM - TIM+DBP (E6), CLM - TIM+AP (E7) and CLM - TIM+DBPH (E8), give the linear range from (1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3, 5×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3, 5×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3 and 1×10 - 5 - 1×10 - 3 M), the slopes of (48.445, 42.970, 52.692 and 49.442 mV/decade) respectively, with detection limits of (5×10 - 6, 5.5×10 - 5, 5×10 - 5 and 1.5×10 - 5 M), response time of 10 - 3 M (26, 32, 30 and 48 second) and the lifetime were about (28, 22, 16 and 25 days) respectively.The best electrode is (E4) used to determine the clarithromycin in pure and pharmaceuticals samples. The working pH for (E4) electrode was ranged from (1.5 - 6.5), the selectivity coefficients (Kpot A,B) of ISEs for the CLM have been studied in the presence of interference ions (Na+, K+, Mn+2, Cu+2, Fe+3, Al+3, sucrose and gelatin) by using separated solution and fixed interfering methods and the results was ranged from (4.28×10 - 2 - 8.82×10 - 5), which revealed that there was no effect of the interferences on the determination of CLM in tablets by using the constructed ISE.Therefore the ISE (E4) gave a good electrochemical characterization among the others and it has been used successfully for the determination of clarithromycin in the Claricide tablets using different potentiometric methods.

دراسة طيفية لبعض املاح العناصر الانتقالية في السائل الايوني == SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION FOR SOME TRANSITION METAL SALTS IN IONIC LIQUID

Author name: مروة حميد فاضل
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Aluminum chloride - urea ionic liquid was investigated by Lewis acid - base titration with chloride ions for its active species concentration with the aide of electronic spectroscopy. A coordination bonds between aluminum cationic species of the ionic liquid and the aromatic ring of toluene or benzene was assumed to be responsible for new bands formed in visible and ultraviolet regions.Upon Lewis acid - base titration these bands was found to disappear and the concentration of the acidic species therefore was elucidated to be around 75 mole % of the initial aluminum chloride used to prepare a 1.5 mole aluminum chloride to 1 mole urea ionic liquid. The product of this reaction was assumed to be between mole acidic species to mole chloride ion according to the mole fraction elucidated graph.The behavior of some transition metal compounds (chlorides and sulfates) of (Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II)) coordination in the ionic liquid was also investigated in this ionic liquid by electronic spectroscopy. Cobalt chloride showed a different behavior than the distorted octahedral geometry of copper chloride as it reacted with the anionic species to precipitate as form of a tetrahedral complex containing urea, aluminum and chloride ions.The behavior of nickel sulfate in the ionic liquid also showed an acid - base reaction with the acidic species of ionic liquid as the bands at 334 nm and 474 nm decreased with increasing the salt concentration. The coordination of Ni(II) cation was found to be an octahedral geometry with stronger ligand field effect. Similar strong ligand field was also observed with copper sulfate which showed four bands resulted from separating metal d - orbitals more obviously than the tetragonal John - Teller effect found with copper chloride in same ionic liquid.

الخواص الثرموديناميكية والحجمية لبعض الفيتامينات الذائبة - مائيا في حامض الهيدروكلوريك المخفف وكذللك في المحاليل المائيه لملح كلوريد الصوديوم عند درجات) 51.392 و51.392 و1.392 . و1.392 . (كلفن == Thermodynamic and Volumetric Properties of Some Water - Soluble Vitamins in Dilute HCl and in Aqueous NaCl Solutions at (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K

Author name: خطاب عدنان عبد
Supervisor name: تغريد علي سلمان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Densities , ρ, and viscosity, η, have been measured for ascorbic acid, thiamin HCl, nicotinic acid and pyridoxine HCl have been measured in water and in aqueous sodium chloride solutions at (293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K. The apparent molar volumes were determined from the measured density data. These volumes were extrapolated to zero using suitable empirical or theoretical equations to determine the corresponding infinite dilution values.Ionization of the vitamins under studied were suppressed using sufficiently acidic solutions. Apparent molar volume at infinite dilution for all vitamins, were found to be increase with increasing temperature in acidic solution and the presence of co - solute NaCl. On the other hand, increasing the concentration of co - solute NaCl leads to decrease the apparent molar volumes. These results were interpreted in terms of complex vitaminswater - co - solute NaCl interactions.Apparent molar volumes of transfer at infinite dilution for vitamins from water solutions to NaCl solution at various temperatures in the range (293.15 - 308.15) K were calculated. The resulting data have been utilized to the effect of overlapping of the hydration co - spheres on net volume of vitamins. The viscosity data have been analyzed using Jones - Dole equation, and the derived parameters, Jones - Dole coefficient, B, and Falkenhagen coefficient, A, were interpreted in terms of solute - solvent and solute - solute interactions respectively, for ascorbic acid, thiamin HCl, nicotinic acid and pyridoxine HCl. The variation of B coefficient with temperature, (dB/dT), have been also calculated for vitamin solutions, and the obtained data was interpreted on the basis of the structure - making and structure - breaking behavior.Free energy of activation of viscous flow per mole of solvent, Δμ1°, and solute, Δμ2°, were obtained by application of the transition - state theory to the B coefficient data and the corresponding activation enthalpy, ΔH0, and entropy of activation, ΔS0, of viscous flow were also determined for vitamins.

مثبتات ضوئية جديدة لبولي كلوريد الفانيل باسخدام بعض ايونات العناصر لمعقدات2 - 6 - ميثوكسي نفثالين - 2 - وايل بروبانويت

Author name: حسام اكريم سلمان
Supervisor name: عماد عبد الحسين يوسف السراج | جواد كاظم شنين
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The preparation of Bis[2 - (6 - methoxynaphthalen - 2 - yl)propanoate] chelate complexes with nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II) and tin(II) were described in this thesis.Infrared, ultraviolet - visible, spectrophotometric techniques, magnetic susceptibility, atomic absorption, conductivity measurements and melting point were used to characterize the free ligand and the above chelate complexes. All these complexes were found to act as stabilizer in PVC films.The light of wavelength (313 nm) with intensity of (1.052×10 - 8 ein.dm - 3.S - 1) was used for irradiation of polymer films at room temperature. The rate of photodegradation and photostabilization of PVC film (thickness 30 m) were monitored by measuring the carbonyl, polyene, hydroxyl and chlorine indices (Ico, Ipo, IoH and Icl) values as a function of irradiation time and ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometry using 0.5% wt/wt concentration of stabilizer.It was found that the carbonyl index (Ico), polyene index (Ipo) and hydroxyl index (IoH) values increased with irradiation time, while the chlorine index (ICl) values decreased with irradiation time, and this increase depend on the type of additives (free ligand and complexes).The following trend was obtained for the photostabilization effect of PVC film in presence of these additives : Cd(L)2 > Zn(L)2 > Sn(L)2 > Ni(L)2 > Cu(L)2.According to the experimental results obtained several mechanisms were suggested depending on the structure of the additives. Among these mechanisms, HCl scavenging, UV absorption, peroxide decomposer and radical scavenger for photostabilizer additives.The mode of chain scission was also investigated by measuring the variation of average viscosity molecular weight with irradiation time for PVC films with and without additives. It was found that the values of the variation of average viscosity molecular weight decreased with increasing irradiation time

تحليل الطيف الالكتروني لمركبات ايونات بعض العناصر الانتقالية في سائل ايوني جديد

Author name: زينة نذير رجب
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The behavior of some transition metal cations [Cr (III), Fe (III), Fe (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II)] were investigated in ammonium alum - urea ionic liquid. The study was followed by UV - Visible electronic spectroscopy to establish their coordination geometry in the liquid and estimate the ionic species attached to the transition metal cations.The reactivity of the metal cations were found to vary from one to another. Chromium (III) cation was found, (as expected) to be in octahedral geometry with ionic liquid species and was inert toward the addition of ligands. Similarly iron (III) did not show a tendency to react with added ligands, yet charge transfer was prevailed. However, interesting iron (II) showed high spin octahedral coordination with thiocyanate ion but a low spin octahedral complex with nitrite ion.Cobalt (II) showed an interesting behavior in alum - urea ionic liquid, as it coordinated in an octahedral geometry with its ionic species. A gradual geometrical changes were appeared as a major change in their spectra most probably forming a mixture of two species tetrahedral with some original octahedral complex when its solution was studied with increasing thiocyanate ion concentration up to 35 thiocyanate : 1 cobalt mole ratio.The solubility limit of nitrite in ionic liquid ceased the concentration ratio of nitrite : cobalt to be 5 : 1.Nickel (II) also showed an octahedral geometry behavior in ionic liquid species. It reacts with added ligands particularly when theconcentration of thiocyanate ion : Ni (II) increased up to 30 to 1 mole ratio, the color changed from pale green to olive - green solution.Cupper (II) cation showed a clear blue solution and its spectra are assigned to be octahedral geometry, while the added nitrite did not show color change but less absorbance was recorded. However, thiocyanate ion seems to react with cupper (II) ionic liquid solution producing suspended green solution with much less absorbance than with ionic liquid.Interestingly, the water molecules present in the original ammonium alum was not found to coordinate with metal cations as their spectra was found to differ when compared with those obtained in aqueous solution.

تصنيع اقطاب انتقائية جديدة لتقدير كل من الكلور امفينيكول صوديوم ساكسينيت والحديد الثلاثي وتطبيقاتها في المستحضرات الصيدلانية == Construction of new Ion Selective electrodes for Determination Chloramphenicol sodium succinate and Iron(III) and their applications in pharmaceutical samples

Author name: وئام رعد عزيز
Supervisor name: خالدة حميد محمد السعيدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Two kinds of electrodes were prepared in this study based on PVCmatrix. Four ion selective electrodes for Chloramphenicol sodiumsuccinate which based on chloramphenicol palmitate (CPP) and sodiumtetraphenylborate (TPB) as additive, Another Four ion selectiveelectrodes for Iron(III) based on Chloramphenicol sodium succinate - Iron(III) [CPSS - Fe(III)] ion - pair complex as the electro - active material,.Many plasticizers used :  Di - butyl phthalate (DBPH) Di - butyl phosphate (DBP) Di - octyl phthalate (DOP) Tri - butyl phosphate (TBP)The electrodes parameters were include, linear concentration range,Nernestian slope, limit of detection, response time, life time, working pHrang and selectivity were evaluated. Also the statistical treatments wereapplied for the results that include : relative standard deviation (RSD),relative error (RE), error and confidence limit for concentration. The resultsshowed : 1 - ISES for Chloramphenicol sodium succinate : CPP+TPB+DBPH (membrane A1), CPP+TPB+DBP(membrane A2),CPP+TPB+DOP (membrane A3), CPP+TPB+TBP (membrane A4), givesthe slopes (53.98, 51.45, 49.66 and 48.98 mV/decade), linear range from(1x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1, 5x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1, 1x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1, 5x10 - 4 - 1x10 - 1), withdetection limit (5x10 - 5M, 2x10 - 5 M, 3x10 - 5 M and 1x10 - 5 M), responsetime of 10 - 3M (15, 18, 20 and 35 second) and the lifetime were about (50,15, 23 and 21 day ). The working pH ranges were ranged from (2 - 7.5).The electrode A1 (CPP+TPB+DBPH) has been used to determineVIChloramphenicol sodium succinate in the pharmaceutical samples of(Chloramphenicol sodium succinate injection).2 - ISES for Iron(III) : CPSS - Fe(III)+DBP (membrane B1), CPSS - Fe(III)+DBPH (membraneB2), CPSS - Fe(III)+DOP (membrane B3) and CPSS - Fe(III)+TBP(membrane B4), gives the slopes (19.79, 26.60, 16.01 and 13.82), linearrange from (1x10 - 5 - 1x10 - 2 M, 1x10 - 5 - 1x10 - 2 M, 1x10 - 6 - 1x10 - 2 M and1x10 - 5 - 1x10 - 2 M), with detection limit (9×10 - 6 M, 7×10 - 5 M, 2×10 - 6 Mand 9×10 - 5 M), response time of 10 - 3 M (10, 35, 15, 35 and 30 second),lifetime were about (37, 41, 23 and 16 days). The working pH rangeswere ranged from (2 - 6) by using electrode (CPSS - Fe(III)+DBP), andthis electrode has been used to determine Iron(III) in the pharmaceuticalsamples of (Feroglobin Capsules).The selectivity coefficients (KpotA,B) of ISES have been studied for thefollowing interference ions (Na+, K+, Mn+2, Cu+2, Zn+2, Fe+3, Al+3,Chloramphenicol palmitate, folic acid , Sucrose and Gelatin) by usingseparate solution method and fixed interfering mixed method.The UV - spectrophotometric method which includes : - The derivative spectra, the first - derivative (1D) spectra for Chloramphenicol sodium succinate solutions (2 - 64 mg/L) in wavelength equal 258 nm with (r2=0.99925). The analytical methods results showed to be simple, rapid and with a good accuracy by comparing between FirstDerivative (1D) and direct method of Ion selective electrode by using Ftest.The results shown, that the Chloramphenicol sodium succinate can be determined by using Ion selective electrode method because the value of the (F) experimental less than the value of the (F) theoretical at 95% confidence limit. Since Fcalculated‹ Ftable, we oncluded that there is nosignificant difference in precision between two methods

دراسة الذوبان والكيمياء التناسقية لاكاسيد بعض العناصر الانتقاليه للمنصهر الايوني المحضر لمزيج كلوريد الكولين / حامض التارتاريك == Solubility and coordination study of some transition metal oxides in new choline chloride/ tartaric acid ionic liquid

Author name: فرح انور حسن
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذا البحث تم تحضير نوع جديد من الاملاح المنصهرة في درجة حرارة الغرفة , عن طريق مزج احد املاح جذر الامونيوم الرباعي وهو كلوريد الكولين مع احد المواد لها القابلية على تكوين اواصر هيدروجينية وهو الحامض الكاربوكسيلي الثنائي الكاربوكسيل وهو حامض التارتارك, تم تحضير عده محاليل بنسب مولية مختلفة. ومن المخطط الطوري للمحلول تم الحصول على محلول بدرجه انصهار 5 درجه مئوية.ومن مواصفات هذا الملح المنصهر المحضر هي : له صفات توصيلية , له كثافة عالية , وقيمه الاس الهيدروجيني له واطئه. وايضا في هذا البحث استخدمه الملح المنصهر المحضر كمذيب لا مائي لدراسة قابليه ذوبان بعض اكاسيد العناصر الانتقاليه من السلسلة الاولى وتشمل : [Co3O4, CrO3, NiO, CuO, ZnO]حيث وجد ان لها القابليه على الذوبان في هذا الملح المنصهر المحضر, وتم قياس التركيز ( الاذابة ) عن طريق استخدام جهاز الامتصاص الذري وذالك بدرجه حرارة الغرفه صعودا الى المائة درجة مئوية.اضافة الى ذلك تم حساب الحرارة الكامنة للانصهار لكل واحد من اكاسيد العناصر وتم توضيح تاثير اوربيتال d على قيمة الحرارة الكامنة للانصهار. تم تشخيص المحاليل السابق ذكرها عن طريق جهاز الاشعة الفوق البنفسجية - المرئية (UV. Vis.) لغرض معرفه المعقدات المتكونة ومعرفة التغير في الصيغة التركيبية للاوكسيد . وتم اخذ بنظر الاعتبار تاثير زيادة الحرارة الى درجه حرارة مائه درجه مئوية , حيث ان زيادة درجه الحرارة ليس له تاثير على الصيغه التركيبية الا انه له تاثير على زيادة الاهتزاز الالكتروني. تم حساب معامل راكاح (Racah) ,مقاييس المجال الليكندي , مقدار طاقه الانفصال (Δo) وحساب الامتصاصية المولاريه لكل طيف في جميع درجات الحرارة. | Choline chloride / tartaric acid room temperature ionic liquid was prepared and the obtained phase diagrams of the mixture showed eutectic point at 5 oC. The ionic liquid showed a conductive properties, high density and low PH values. Secondly, the dissolution of Co3O4, CrO3, NiO, CuO, and ZnO. Were studied and found soluble in choline chloride / tartaric acid ionic liquid as their solubilities were determined by measuring the dissolved metal by atomic absorption from room temperature up to 100 oC. The lattice energies of the metal oxides were deduced and the effects of the d - orbital electrons on the lattice energy were compared. In addition to their solubilities the above solution of metal oxides were investigates by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy. The spectra were measured and assigned to the expected coordination in the choline chloride/ tartaric acid ionic liquids, the effect of increasing temperature of the solution up to 100 oC were also studied and showed similar coordination but higher vibration with increasing temperature. Racah factor for there complexes (B) were determined together with field factor, crystal field splitting energy (Δo), nephelauxetic factors and molar absoptivities for each spectra at the variable temperatures.

تحضير وتشخيص الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) المستندة على مركبات السلفونيت == Preparation and Characterization of Molten salts (Ionic Liquids) Based on Sulfonate Compounds

Author name: عهد ديوان ساجت الفتلاوي
Supervisor name: هادي محمد علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الرسالة دراسة تحضير وتشخيص املاح منصهرة (سوائل ايونية) تكون منصهرة في درجة حرارة الغرفة حيث تم تحضير كولين دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت وفينل تراي ميثل امونيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت وكانت درجة الانصهار لكل منهما هي,118) oC ( 91.9 على التوالي .تم تحضير املاح منصهرة (سوائل ايونية) اخرى بواسطة خلط , صوديوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت , بوتاسيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت, امونيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت , بنزويك اسد, ساليسالك اسد مع الكولين كلورايد وقد اظهرت عملية الخلط انخفاض كبير درجة الانصهار عن للمركبات الاصلية.الخليط المكون من( امونيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت\ الكولين كلورايد) ينصهرعند 15 oC , ايضا خليطي (بنزويك اسد\ الكولين كلورايد ( و) ساليسالك اسد\ الكولين كلورايد ( مع لهما درجة انصهار متشابهة مقدارها 60 oC , وهذة الدرجة تنطبق مع تعريف الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) التي تنصهر في درجة حرارة افل من oC 100, لذلك تعتبر املاح منصهرة في درجة حرارة الغرفة. اظهرت الخلطات المكونة من (صوديوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت\ الكولين كلورايد) و(بوتاسيوم دودوسيل بنزين سلفونيت \ الكولين كلورايد) درجات انصهار اعلى من oC 100 . مجموعة اخرى من الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) التي تم تحضيرها بواسطة خلط نفس المركبات السابقة لكن مع اليوريا بدلامن الكولين كلورايد هذة الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) المكونة من مركبات السلفونيت لهما درجات انصهار اقل مما للاملاح المنصهرة المعتمدة على الكولين كلورايد التي تنصهر عند105 oC , oC 100 , 10 oC على التوالي. بينما في حالة )بنزويك اسد\ اليوريا ( و) ساليسالك اسد\ اليوريا ( تنصهر بدرجات اعلى وكانت, oC 75 , oC 77 على التوالي. الاملاح المنصهرة (السوائل الايونية) تتكون نتيجة التداخل الذي يحصل بين مكونات الخليط وتكون تاصرهيدروحيني او تكون معقد بين مكونات الخليط | The work presented in this thesis includes the preparation and characterization of choline dodecyl benzene sulfonate and phenyl trimethyl ammonium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, which were prepared and showed almost room temperature molten salts (ionic liquids) of 118 oC and 91.9 oC respectively, as shown in scheme (1) : Scheme (1) Other molten salts (ionic liquids) based on mixing sodium, potassium, ammonium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, benzoic acid and salicylic acid with choline chloride showed a larger melting point depression than from of initial components, as shown in scheme (2) and (3) : Scheme (2) (Ammonium dodecyl benzene sulfonate /choline chloride) mixture has a deep eutectic point of 15 oC, while the two mixtures (benzoic acid / choline chloride) and (salicylic acid / choline chloride) gave a similar eutectic point of 60 oC, which were correspond with the room temperature molten salt (ionic liquids) definition, which is melt below the 100 oC. However, (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate /choline chloride) mixture and (potassium dodecyl benzene sulfonate /choline chloride) mixture afforded higher eutectic temperature than the room temperature molten salts.Another set of mixtures that based on mixing the same previous compounds, but with urea instead of choline chloride. These mixtures showed with (NaDBS,KDBS and NH4DBS) compounds lower eutectic points than with choline chloride of 105 oC, 100 oC, and 10 oC respectively. While with benzoic acid and salicylic acid afforded a little higher temperature of 75 oC and 77 oC respectively. Compositions of these mixtures attributed to the formation and interaction of hydrogen bonding or the formation of complex compounds of eutectic nature.

الفصل الكروموتوغرافي لبعض الايونات الموجبة وتقديرها بواسطة كاشف التوصيلية والتحليل الضوئي غير المباشر

Author name: لبنى عبد الحسين عبد الامير الشيخ
Supervisor name: شهباز احمد مكي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Cation exchange chromatography with both unsuppressed conductivity detection and indirect photometric detection (IPD) modes were used for the separation and detection of inorganic cations. Salt of weak base diphenylamine has been used as an eluent for several cations both with unsuppressed conductivity detection and IPD. 4 - aminodiphenylammonium chloride possess ion exchange capability, chromatographic selectivity and large molar absorptivity. 4 - aminodiphenylammonium chloride showed a good chromatographic performance toward the analysis of the cations (Lithium, Barium, Iron II and Iron III ) using conventional HPLC equipment with either conductivity or indirect UV detectors. The analysis of these cations using (1×10 - 7 M) 4 - aminodiphenylammonium chloride at pH 5.80 in 5% DMSO, with Dionex Ion Pac CS3 Column, and 1ml/min flow rate was achieved with unsuppressed column conductivity and IPD at 342.5 nm detection. Chromatogram of a separation mixtures containing four cations (Li+, Ba+2,Fe+2 and Fe+3) and other mixture have given well separated peaks using IPD technique. The capacity factor K for the analyzed cations were ranged from (1.70 - 2.44), peak symmetries was ranged from (1.11 - 1.41) and resolution with an average value of (1.310) was optained. The average RSD for tR was 0.435%. The average recovery was 93.1075 % and the average relative error percentage was 6.77 % with unsuppressed conductivity detection . However, using IPD, the peak symmetry was ranged from(1.30 - 1.54), and an average value of resolutin of 1.41 which indicate a good chromatographic performance. The RSD in tR averaged 0.351 %. The average value of recovery was 95.975 %. Calibration curve for all analyzed cations were linear from their detection limit to at least 10 ppm. The correlation coefficients for the linear calibration curve were ranged from (0.9991, 0.9998) with both detection techniques. The detection limit was ranged from (0.025, 0.1) ppm for unsuppressed conductivity detection compared to (0.02, 0.05) ppm for IPD

التثبيت الضوئي لمتعدد (كلوريد الفانيل) باستعمال معقدات ثئاني (2 - امينو خلات بنزوثايزول) == PHOTOSTABILIZATION OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) BY BIS(2 - AMINO ACETATE BENZOTHIAZOLE ) COMPLEXES

Author name: هدیل عادل عباس
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this work , Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazole) chelate complexes were prepared . These compounds are : 1 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) nickel(II).2 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) copper(II).3 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) zinc(II).4 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) cadmium(II). 5 - Bis(2 - amino acetate benzothiazol) tin(II).Infrared, ultraviolet - visible, spectrophotometric techniques, magneticsusceptibility, atomic absorption conductivity measurement and other physical properties were used to characterize the free ligand and the above chelate complexes.All these compounds were act as stabilizer in PVC films.The rate of photodegradation and photostabilization of PVC film (thickness 30mm) were monitored by measuring the carbonyl, polyene and hydroxyl indices (Ico, Ipo and IoH) values as afunction with irradiation time and ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometry using the concentrations of additive 0.5% wt/wt. The light of wavelength 313 nm with intensity (1.052*10 - 8 ein.dm - 3.S - 1) was used for irradiation of polymer films at room temperature.It was found that the carbonyl index (Ico) polyene index (Ipo) and hydroxyl index(IoH) values increased with irradiation time, and this increase depend on the type of additives (free ligand and complexes). The following trend was obtained for the photostabilization effect of PVCfilm in presence of these additives : Sn(H)2 > Cd(H)2 > Ni(H)2 > Zn(H)2 > Cu(H)2. According to the experimental results obtained several mechanisms were suggested depending on the structure of the additives. Therefore HCl scavenging, UV absorption, peroxide decomposer and radical scavenger for photostabilizer additiveswere suggested.

تعيين ثوابت التاين لعدد من الاوكزيمات وقواعد شيف ودراسة العوامل المؤثرة عليها == Determination Of Ionization Constants For a Number Of Oximes And Schiff Bases, And Studying The Factors Affecting Them

Author name: دنيا بطرس توما ال بكزو
Supervisor name: عادل سعيد عزوز
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Education - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: اشتملت الدراسة على تحضير خمسة عشر مركبا ايمينيا حامضيا وقاعديا من قواعد شيف والاكزيمات بالهيئات سين وانتي، وهي مشتقة من المركب الام 2 - اسيتايل بريدين، 3 او 4 - بنزالديهايد والديهايدات اخرى.وقد تم التاكد من الهيئات التركيبية للايمينات المحضرة بوساطة قياسات اطياف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية والاشعة تحت الحمراء ودرجات الانصهار او الغليان فضلا عن الكشوفات النوعية.وتم اثبات الاواصر الهيدروجينية الضمنية والبينية للايمينات قيد الدراسة من خلال اطياف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية والاشعة تحت الحمراء.ان الهدف الرئيسي للدراسة هو تعيين ثوابت التاين (pKa) للايمينات الحامضية او ثوابت التاين (pKa) لايونات النتريليوم للايمينات القاعدية، بوساطة طريقة التسحيح المجهادي المطورة والتي تتطلب استخدام (NaOH) و(HCl)كمسححات للايمينات الحامضية والقاعدية على الترتيب. حيث تمتاز هذه الطريقة ببساطتها وسرعتها ودقتها.وقد لوحظ ان قيم ثوابت التاين للحوامض او القواعد الايمينية كافة تعتمد على ثلاثة عوامل رئيسة هي : 1. الهيئة التركيبية للمركبات الايمينية.2. النسبة المئوية للايثانول المستخدم في المدى (10 - 60%) التي تظهر خمس حالات مختلفة.3. درجة الحرارة.طورت طريقة التسحيح المجهادي الاعتيادية للمرة الاولى في دراستنا لحساب قيم ثابت التاين (pKa) للحامض الثنائي سين اوانتي اوكزيم المشتقة من 3 او 4 بنزالديهايد والحاوي على مجموعة اوكزيمية وفينولية معا. وتم الحصول على طريقة متطورة وجديدة افضل استخداما من الطرق الاخرى في حساب قيم ثوابت التاين (pKa).ان المتغيرات الثرموديناميكية لتفاعل التاين اعطت اشارة موجبة لمعدل طاقة جبس الحرة ومعدل انثالبي التفاعل ، وهذا يدل على ان عملية التاين غير تلقائية وكذلك ماصة للحراراة على التوالي، اما معدل انتروبي التفاعل فقد اعطى اشارة موجبة او سالبة، اعتمادا على الهيئة التركيبية للايمين بالاضافة الى عوامل اخرى قيد الدراسة.واخيرا فان كافة النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها دعمت بالمصادر والرسوم والاطياف والميكانيكيات المناسبة. | he study is started by the synthesis of 15 acidic and basic imines in a forms of Schiff bases and oximes in syn or anti isomeric forms. These imines were derived from the mother compounds 2 - acetyl pyridine, 3 or 4 - hydroxybenzaldehyde and other aldehydes.The structures of these imines were determined by physical method, namely, by using UV IR spectra melting or boiling points and chemical reagents.The presence of intra or inter molecular hydrogen bonding in these imines under the investigation were confirmed by using UV and IR spectra. The main object of the study is the determination of ionization constants pKa values for these acidic imines or values for nitrilium ions formed by reactions of basic imines with HCl titrant by potentiometric method. The latter was found, simple, rapid and precise.Generally, it was observed that ionization constant values for these acidic or basic imines were depend on three main factors as follows : 1. The chemical structures of imines.2. The type of ethanol percent used in range between (10 - 60)%, these showed five different systems.3. The ambient temperature.The simple potentiometric method here was developed for the first time in studying pKa values for diacidic syn or anti isometric oximes derived from 3 or 4 - hydroxybenzaldehyde or for acidic compounds containing oxime and phenol groups simultaneously. This gives a new advancement for potentiometric method over other methods used for pKa determination.The thermodynamic of ionization of acids, namely, and thermodynamic parameters had a positive signs. These mean that ionization process of acids were non spontaneous and endothermic respectively. The entropy change accompanied ionization process, had a positive or negative signs, depending on acid structure and other factors under study.Finally, all results collected were confirmed by using a suitable references, graphs, spectra and mechanism.

تحضيـروتشخيص مركبات مقلدة للانسولين == SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INSULIN - MIMETIC COMPOUNDS

Author name: عمار جهاد صادق العبدلي
Supervisor name: اياد حمزة جاسم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تهيئ الكيمياء اللاعضوية مجالا خصبا لتصميم وتحضير مركبات صيدلانية لمعالجة الامراض العسيرة المعالجة في الوقت الحالي.منذ فترة طويلة استخدمت الادوية الفلزية لعلاج واعادة وظيفة فسلجة الجسم الى حالتها الاولية.ان عنصري الفناديوم والكروم يقدمان حالة مدهشة من بين العناصر الانتقالية حيث لها سلطة وصفة كيموفيزيائية نكشف من خلالها صفة مهمة كمقلدات لعمل الانسولين. ولهذا تم دراستها جيدا في علاج مرض السكري للنوع الاول والثاني.ان تصميم الادوية الفلزية في بحثنا يقيم بالدرجة الاولى بالتشابه الفراغي للاعمال السابقة والتركيب المبسط وصفة التواجد البايولوجي والذوبانية والامتصاصية.تم تحضير اربعة مركبات مختلفة لتتاصر مع فلزات VO (II) وCr (III) الايونية لتكون ثمانية معقدات مختلفة تم اختيار ستة احماض امينية مختلفة لتتاصر مع فلزات VO (II) وCr (III) الايونية لتكون اثنا عشر معقد مختلف تم اختيار الماركبتو حامض الخليك وحامض المانديلك للتاصر مع فلزات VO (II) وCr (III) الايونية لتكوين اربع معقدات مختلفة.تم اختيار خمسة سكريات مختلفة لتتاصر مع فلزات VO (II) وCr (III) الايونية لتكون عشرة معقدات مختلفة.تم عزل وتشخيص عدد من المركبات المختلفة عن طريق دراسة صفاتها الكيموفيزيائية بواسطة تحليل المعادن وتحليل عناصر C.H.N.S، واطياف التردد والانتقالات الالكترونية، والصفات التوصيلية والمغناطيسية، بالاضافة الى دراسة اطياف الرنين المغناطيسي النووي للهيدروجين.تمت دراسة تكوين بعض المعقدات في المحلول باتباع طريقة النسبة المولارية mole ratio.ان نتائج الدراسات في الحالة الصلبة والسائلة اعطتنا نتائج متطابقة. | Biomedical inorganic chemistry offers the potential for the design novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases, which are currently intractable. Therapeutic metalodrugs have since long been employed to restore human physiology. Vanadium and chromium presents an outstanding case of a transition elements, the omnipotent physicochemical properties of which have unearthed it’s potential use as a serious insulin mimtic agents, well suited in the treatment of the heterogeneous disease of diabetes mellitus types I and II.The design of such metallodrugs has been at the fore front of the research depending on analogy of the previous work, simple structure, bioavailability, solubility and absorption property.Four different analog ligands have been synthesized to coordinate with VO (II) and Cr (III) metal ions to produce eight different complexes.Six different amino acids have chosen to coordinate with VO (II) and Cr (III) metal ions to produce twelve different complexes.Marcapto acetic acid and mandelic acid are also chosen to coordinate with VO (II) and Cr (III) metal ions to produce four different complexes.Five different sugars have been chosen to coordinate with VO (II) and Cr (III) metal ions to produce ten different complexes.Several of the synthesized compounds were isolated and characterized by studying their physicochemical properties such as C.H.N.S and metal analysis, vibrational and electric spsectra, conductivity, magnetic properties, in addition to 1H.N.M.R spectral study for some complexes.The formation of some of the complexes were studied in solution following the mole ratio method. The results of both solid state and solution studies gave identical results.

تحضير وتشخيص وتقييم البايولوجية لمعقدات (Zn+2, Cu+2,Cd+2) مع بعض الليكندات الحديثة باستخدام الطرق العلمية والحاسوبية == Synthesis,characterization and biological evaluation of (Zn+2, Cu+2,Cd+2) complexes with new ligands by experimental and computational methods

Author name: تحسين رضا علي السعدي
Supervisor name: صلاح الدين جاسم | وسن باقر علي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Science For Girls - chemistry department
Language: Arabic
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: This work describes the synthesis of three new ligands which were : Compound W was prepared from reaction between N2H4 hydrazine group and 5 - amino - 1,3,4 - thiadiazole - 2 - thiol, It was used as intermediate compound for synthesis of L2.Synthesis of complexes C1 - C9 were performed using metal salts CdCl2.2H2O, ZnCl2, Cu(CH3COO)2.H2O. Each one of the three mentioned ligands was used to prepare complexes with three ions Zn+2 , Cd+2 and Cu+2.Computational methods in quantum chemistry were used to study several important parameters such as HOMO, LUMO, energy gap and the geometries of the metal ion complexes by using HF - B3LYP/3 - 21G for C2, C5 complexes, HF - B3LYP/6 - 31G for C1, C4, C7 complexes and DFT - B3LYP/3 - 21G for C8 complex.The program of Chem Bio 3D Ultra 13.0 and Personal computer were used to accomplish the computational study.All synthesized chemicals in this work (ligands and complexes) have been characterized by atomic absorption , molar conductivity, chlorine analysis, TLC, melting point, UV - Visible, FTIR and 1H - NMR.The complexes were screened for their antimicobacterial activity against two types of bacteria which are Escherichia coli ( - ), staphylococcus aureus (+), using three types of concentration for each complex and DMSO as solvent. These complexes are shown various activities of inhibition for these bacteria .

تحضير اصباغ ازو بوليمرية بالكلة بولي (كلوريد الفاينيل) بحلقات البنزين باستخدام تفاعل فريدل - كرافتس == Preparation of polymeric Azo dyes via alkylation of Poly(vinylchloride) on benzene rings using Friedel - Craft، s Reaction

Author name: ايمان اسماعيل جبار الساعدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science For Girls
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الدراسة تم تحضير عدد من اصباغ الازو وذلك بتفاعل املاح الديازونيوم مع الفينولات . وفيما يلي التراكيب الكيميائية للاصباغ المحضرة (1 - 20)2. جري تفاعل فريدل - كرافتس بين اصباغ الازو المحضرة وبولي (كلوريد الفانيل ) مكونة اصباغا بوليميرية مختلفة فيما ياتي اسماءها وتراكيبها الكيميائية.3. في هذه الدراسة شخصت جميع المركبات الوسطية والاصباغ البوليميرية المحضرة بطيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء IR ، وطيف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية U.V، بالاضافة الى تحليل العناصر، وتم قياس لزوجة الاصباغ البوليميرية المحضرة ، وتبين ان لها اوزان جزيئيه ضمن المدى المتوسط ، هذا بالاضافة الى القياسات الفيزياوية المختلفة الاخرى من درجات التلين، ودرجات الانصهار لنماذج من الاصباغ البوليميرية المحضرة.4.الاصباغ البوليميرية المحضرة في هذه الدراسة اثبتت كفاءتها وصلاحيتها لصباغة القطن والخشب والبلاستيك ، وقد تم طلاء نماذج من تلك المواد وثبتت انها غير قابلة للذوبان في الماء وذات الوان زاهية ومميزة . | 1. Several azo dyes were prepared according to literature procedures .Diazonium salts were allowed to react with phenols to obtain the following azo dyes : . 2. The prepared azo dyes were allowed to react with Poly(vinylchloride) using Friedel Craft، s reaction and the following polymeric dyes were obtained : 3. All products , intermediates and polymeric dyes were characterized by IR, UV, elemental analysis , and chemical reaction. The viscosity’s of the prepared dyes showed them to be low to medium molecular weights. 4. Application of the prepared polymeric azo dyes in Coatins Wood and plastic showed them efficient and water insoluble. Their colors were bright and durable.

التقدير الطيفي لايون النحاس بوساطة الطريقة المباشرة وغير المباشرة بنقطة الغيمة باستخدام الحامض الامينيي الميثيونين == Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper Ion by Direct Method and Indirect Cloud Point Using the Amino Acid Methionine

Author name: اسماء نهاد زكي
Supervisor name: رافع قدوري عطيوي | سمية محمد عباس
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تشمل هذه الدراسة طريقتين مهمتين في التطبيق التحليلي لتعيين وفصل واغناء ايون النحاس الثنائي بطريقة نقطة الغيمة والطريقة الطيفية وذلك باستخدام مطياف الاشعة الفوق البنفسجية - المرئية. في الجزء الاول : تم استخدام الحامض الاميني الميثونين ككاشف تحليلي الذي يشكل مركب مخلبي مع ايون النحاس في الطور المائي وبدرجة حموضة محددة, والذي تكون له اعظم امتصاصية عند طول موجي (244 نانوميتر) لمعقد النحاس - الميثونين ضد الميثونين كبلانك.وتم دراسة الظروف الفضلى للتفاعل بالاضافة الى العوامل التحليلية الاخرى وافضل نتائج تم الحصول عليها لمنحني المعايرة والبيانات الاحصائية تحت الظروف الفضلى التي تم الحصول عليها بالطريقة الطيفية المباشرة لكميات صغيرة من النحاس, يطاوع قانون لامبرت بير في مدى تراكيز (0,1 - 10) ميكروغرام/مل مع امتصاصية مولارية (5842 لتر.مول - 1.سم - 1) وحد الكشف (0,0238 ميكروغرام/مل) في هذه الدراسة لوحظ حدوث تداخلات بعض المعادن مثل النيكل (II)والكروم(III) في ايون النحاس وقد تجاوزت الحد المسموح للتداخل , لذلك تم تطبيق الطريقة المقترحة بنجاح لتحديد ايون النحاس في عينات مختلفة من المياه.اما الجزء الثاني من الدراسة تستند على تكوين معقد كاره للماء بين ايون النحاس والميثونين الغنية بالترايتون 100 - X من خلال منهجية الاستخلاص بنقطة الغيمة الى جانب القياس الطيفي للاشعة فوق البنفسجية - المرئية, في هذه الطريقة يتشارك ايون الفلز مع الحامض الاميني الميثونين في تفاعل لتشكيل معقد مخلبي كاره للماء ويتم استخلاص هذا المعقد في درجة حموضة معينة عن طريق الاستخلاص بنقطة الغيمة باستخدام المركب السطحي غير الايوني ترايتون 100 - X كوسيط للاستخلاص.الطور العضوي الغني بالمادة السطحية يتم اذابتها باضافة الميثانول ويتم قياس المعقد طيفيا عند طول موجي (294 نانوميتر) لتحسين العوامل التي تؤثر على كفاءة استخلاص ايون النحاس باستخدام احد عوامل التحليلية وتشمل هذه العوامل درجة حموضة المحلول تركيز الليكند والمادة السطحية, درجة الحرارة والوقت التي تم تحديدها بالاضافة الى الكتيونات التي تعتبر متداخلات في ظل الظروف المثلى للتفاعل وقد تحقق عامل اغناء النحاس وكان منحني المعايرة الخطي (0,1 - 4) ميكروغرام/مل, حد الكشف والحد الكمي (0,0071) (0,0215) على التوالي. وتم مقارنة الطريقة المقترحة مع الطريقة الطيفية المباشرة لتعيين ايون النحاس ومن خلال النتائج المعروضة نلاحظ اختلافات كبيرة في الدقة والتوافق في الطريقتين وان الاستخلاص بنقطة الغيمة هي الاكثر دقة وتوافقية. تم تطبيق هذه الطريقة في عينات المياه. في هذه الدراسة تم تعيين تكافؤية المعقد عن طريق النسب المولية, التغيرات المستمرة (طريقة جوب) في درجة حموضة معينة واظهرت النتائج ان نسبة التكافؤ بين ايون النحاس الميثيونين هي 1 : 2. | This study in whole comprises two significant approaches in analytical application for direct determination and separation with preconcentration of copper ion by cloud point extraction methodology coupled with UV - Visible spectrophotometry.In the first part : The amino acid methionine was used as a chelating agent to form a complex with copper ion in aqueous phase at specific pH, which exhibits maximum absorption at (max= 244nm) against reagent blank. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated. The results showed better optical characteristics for calibration curve and statistical data were obtained under optimum conditions using direct Spectrophotometric determination of micro amounts of copper ion. “Beer's law” is obeyed in the concentration range (0.1 - 10)g.mL - 1 , having molar absorptivity of 5842L. mol - 1. cm - 1. The value of detection limit was 0.0238g.mL - 1 . Interference study indicated that some metal ions like Ni+2, Cr+3 have exceeded the allowable limits of interference for copper ion absorbance signal. The proposed method was applied successfully for the determination of copper ion in various water samples.Part Two : Deals with the formation of a hydrophobic complex between copper ion and methionine in rich - surfactant phase, by “cloud point extraction” (CPE) methodology, coupled with UV - Visible spectrophotometry. This method involved reaction of copper ion with methionine as a chelating agent to form a hydrophobic complex. Which was extracted at specific pH by CPE technique using nonionic surfactant Triton X - 100.as an extraction medium. The complex was surrounded by surfactant micelles. The surfactant - rich phase was diluted with methanol and the complex was measured spectrophotometrically at it's (max= 294nm). Different factors that can influence the extraction efficiency of copper ion has been optimized by using one - factor - at - a - time (OFAT). These factors include solution pH, reagent and surfactant concentrations, temperature and incubation time. Besides the interference effect of cations was also considered under the optimized conditions, “preconcentration factor” of 90 was achieved. The linear range was (0.1 - 4)g.mL - 1 with “limit of detection” and limit of quantification (0.0071), (0.0215)g.mL - 1 respectively and molar absorptivity of (19621.5) L. mol - 1. cm - 1.The Stoichiometric study was determined by “mole ratio method and continuous variation method” (Job's) at specific pH. The results showed that the Stoichiometric ratio between copper ion and methionine was 1 : 2.The proposed method is compared with the direct spectrophotometry determination of copper ion and the results have shown that there is a significant differences in accuracy and precision between the two methods and the cloud point extraction which indicates that the latter is more accurate and more precise. The suggested method was applied successfully for the determination of copper ion in water samples

تحضير مشتقات جديدة للفينوكسثين == Synthesis of New Phenoxathiin Derivatives

Author name: اياد احمد محمد
Supervisor name: سعاد مصطفى الاعرجي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Organic Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تضمن البحث تحضير اربعين مشتقا" جديدا" من مشتقات الفينوكسثين التي تحتوي على حلقات غير متجانسة . وقد تم تشخيصها جميعا" بالطرائق الطيفية : طيف الاشعه تحت الحمراء ( ( FT - IR وطيف الاشعه فوق البنفسجية ( ( UV وطيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي( 1H - NMR ) لعشرة مركبات وهي [ 1] , [ 2 ] , [ 3e] ,[ [ 3h , [ 4a] , [ 4g ] , [ 5a] , [ 5d] , [ 6e] , [ 6j] , بالاضافة الى تعيين بعض الخصائص الفيزياوية مثل درجة الانصهار واللون . وقد صنفت جميع هذه المركبات المحضرة الى اربعة مجاميع تحتوي كلا" منها على عشرة مركبات .المجموعة الاولى : وهي مشتقات لــ 2 - ( اوكسي الكين - 1 - يل ) الفينوكسثين [ 3a - 3j] والمحضرة من تفاعل 2 - اسيتيل فينوكسثين مع مختلف المركبات العطرية الالدهايدية وبوجود هيدروكسيد الصوديوم . اما المجاميع الثلاثة الاخرى فقد تم تحضيرها من تفاعل مركبات المجموعة الاولى مع كلا" من : 1 - الهيدرازين بوجود حامض الخليك للحصول على مشتقات 2 - ( 1 - اسيتيل بايرازولين - 3 - يل ) للفينوكسثين [ 4a - 4j] .2 - الفنيل هيدرازين بوجود البايبيردين لتعطي مشتقات 2 - ( 1 - فنيل بايرازولين - 3 - يل ) فينوكسثين [ 5a - 5j] .3 - هيدروكـــلوريد الهيدروكسيل امـــين فــــي محـــلول هـــيدروكسيد الصوديـــوم الايــــثانولي لتـــــعطي 2 - ( ايزواوكسازولين - 3 - يل ) فينوكسثين [ 6a - 6j] .جميع مركبات المجامــــيع الثلاثة اعـــــلاه معوضة في الموقــــع ( 5 ) في كلا" مـــن حــــلقات البايرازوليــــن والايزواوكسازولين بمجاميع اريل وحسب المركبات العطرية الالدهايدية المستخدمة في تحضير مركبات المجموعة الاولى . | This work comprises the synthesis of forty new phenoxathiin derivatives containing heterocyclic moieties. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by such spectroscopy means namely FT - IR , ultra violet , and 1H - NMR analysis ( for ten compounds [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3e ] , [ 3h ] , [ 4a ] , [ 4g ] , [ 5a ] , [ 5d ] , [ 6e ] , [ 6j ] )with thin layer, melting point and color. These heterocyclic compounds were synthesized in four groups , each one containing ten compounds .The first group is made up of 2 - (oxoalken - 1 - yl ) phenoxathiin derivatives [ 3a - 3j ] obtained from the reaction between 2 - acetylphenoxathiin with different aromatic aldehyde in the presence of sodium hydroxide .The other three groups involve compounds produced from reaction between each compound from the first group with each of : 1 ) Hydrazine hydrate in acetic acid to get 2 - ( 1 - acetylpyrazolin - 3 - yl ) phenoxathiin derivatives [ 4a - 4j ] .2 ) Phenyl hydrazine in presence of piperidine to yield 2 - (1 - phenylpyrazolin - 3 - yl) phenoxathiin derivatives [ 5a - 5j ] . 3 ) Hydroxylamine hydrochloride in ethanolic sodium hydroxide solution to give 2 - (isoxazolin - 3 - yl) phenoxathiin derivatives [ 6a - 6j ] . All these compounds of three groups above are substituted in the position ( 5 ) in both the pyrazoline and isoxazoline rings with different aryl groups according to the aromatic aldehyde used in the preparation of the first group series compounds .

تحضير دايهايدروبريدونات جديدة مشتقة من ثنائي دي ميثوكسي كركمين تحت تاثير اشعة المايكروويف ودراسة فعاليتها البايولوجية QSAR كمضادات تاكسد باستخدام حذر DPPH == Synthesis of novel dihydropyridinones from bisdemethoxycurcumin under microwave irradiation and Studying of their Biological Activity (QSAR) as Antioxidant using DPPH radical

Author name: وسام عبد الحسن راضي
Supervisor name: بهجت علي سعيد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تحضير ودراسة تحليلية لبعض الاصباغ الازوية الزئبقية ومعقداتها مع النحاس الثنائي == Synthesis and Anaytical Study of Some Mercuried Azo Dyes and Their Complexes With Cupper (II)

Author name: حوراء خليل ابراهيم الاسدي
Supervisor name: اسعد عبود علي | طارق علي فهد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study to prepare five new azodyes, were derived from paracetamol and elemental mercury as a main part with each of thecompounds : 1) 2 - Amino - 5 - Sulfonic acid phenyl mercury (II) chloride.2) 2 - Amino - 5 - Acetyl phenyl mercury (II) chloride.3) 2 - Amino - 5 - Carboxy phenyl mercury (II) chloride.4) 2 - Amino 5 - Nitro Phenyl mercury (II) chloride.5) 2 - Amino - 5 - Sulfamide phenyl mercury (II) chloride.The study is divided into three parts, the first part includes the preparation of dyes (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5) of colors (pastel orange, red bloody, red bloody, deep orange, red bloody), respectively, and have the general chemical formula : X : SO3H (L1), COCH3 (L2), COOH (L3), NO2 (L4), SO2NH2 (L5) The spectral study was to identify the max. Wavelengths of the dyes is (500,330,300,380,500 nm), respectively. The effect of pH on absorption spectra electronic of dyes has been prepared and studied at the extent of the visible region of wavelengths (200 - 600 nm) using buffer solutions of different pH (0.7 - 12). PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com The ionization constant hydroxyl group for the Paracetamol and some derivatives of aniline are used in the interaction and protonation constants Nitrogen atoms of the azo dyes were calculated by using the half height method. The second part included the study of spectral complexes dyes (L1, L5) with copper (II) and the color of the complexes resulting from(red), were identified optimum conditions for the composition of these complexes as selection of the max. Wavelength and was (520,530 nm), respectively. The pH effect, time effect, size buffer, type buffer and the effect of sequence of addition, were studied stiochiometrey of formed complexes were carried out using molar ratios and continuous variation methods.The results showed that the complexes are composed by (1 : 2) (metal : Ligand).As well as, the study examined the applicability of the Beer’s law of the Beer and sensitive way spectral azodyes (L1, L5) with copper(II) and identified the maximum values of the concentrations of copper(15.25, 11.43 ppm) and the values of molar absorptivity ( e ) (7302.3, 6079.3) L.mol - 1.cm - 1, specific specific absorptivity (a) (0.1149, 0.0956 ml.g - 1.cm - 1), Sandell sensitivity(S) (0.0087, 0.0104) mg cm - 2, standard Deviation (S.D) (0.0215, 0.026), Detection Limit (DL) (0.76, 0.596 mg ml - 1) respectively. The study showed the interference of some important ions which may interfere and affect the values of absorption complexes under study in addition calculate of stability constants of these complexes using the method of corresponding solutions containing a half values method.Infrared spectroscopy were taken for both azo dyes and complexes (L1, L5) with copper (II), it is clearly that the spectrum from the observation sites and the intensity of the absorption of effective groups have differed PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com between dyes and their complexes. In addition these dyes were identified by H1 NMR. The final part of the study included the applications ligands prepared and it is possible to use the dye solution (L1) as indicator in strong (acid - base) titration between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide in addition to use ligands (L1, L5) as inhibitors for corrosion of carbon steel (N - 80) in hydrochloric acid. The rate of corrosion was measured by weight loss method.

تحضير بعض حفازات الالكلة من الاطيان الطبيعية واستخدامها في انتاج الكيلات البنزين الخطية == Preparation of Some Alkylation Catalysts from Natural Clays and their Uses in the Production of Linear Alkyl Benzenes (LAB

Author name: رغيد يوسف غزال يوسف الطائي
Supervisor name: عمر موسى رمضان | رجب عواد بكر
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Industrial Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: ان ما يحصل اليوم في العالم من تطورات هائلة على مستوى التعداد السكاني والتقدم الصناعي، ادى الى زيادة الطلب على المنتجات والسلع الخاصة بمواد التنظيف والتجميل، مما ادى الى زيادة الطلب على المواد الاولية الرئيسة التي تدخل في تصنيع هذه المنتجات وتعد الكيلات البنزين الخطية (LAB) المادة الاولية لانتاج سلفونات الصوديوم لالكيلات البنزين الخطية التي تعد المادة الاولية الرئيسة في خلطة المنظفات ومعظم مواد التجميل، التي يتم تحضيرها باساليب انتاج مختلفة وباستخدام حفازات معينة مثل حامض الهيدروفلوريك (HF) وكلوريد الالمنيوم (AlCl3) وتعد هذه المواد ملوثة بيئيا ولاسيما حامض (HF) فضلا عن تكلفتها الاقتصادية وكلفة المعدات المستخدمة فيها، لذا فقد اتجه حديثا الى استبدال هذه الحفازات المستخدمة بحفازات اخرى صلبة يتم تصنيعها من مواد طبيعية مع بعض المضافات لانها اقل تكلفة وتلوثا للبيئة.وقد تم في هذه الدراسة تحضير حفازات صلبة بالاستفادة من الخامات الطبيعية (البوكسايت والبنتونايت) التي تحتوي على كميات جيدة من الالومينا والسيليكا غير البلورية بعد ازالة المكونات غير الضرورية منها، اذ تم دراسة هذه الخامات والتعرف على محتواها من خلال التحليل الكيميائي وقياس حيود وفلورة الاشعة السينية والتحليل الحراري. وبعد الحصول على الحفاز بشكله النهائي تم تطعيمه بالفلوريد بنسبة (%2 و%4) محسوبة على هيئة F2 باستخدام فلوريد الامونيوم من اجل تحسين وزيادة خصائصه الحامضية، ثم اجريت التحاليل والقياسات للحفازات الثلاثة المحضرة وهي التحليل الحراري الوزني (TG) وحيود الاشعة السينية (XRD) وفلورة الاشعة السينية (XRF) والمساحة السطحية (S.A.) وطيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء (IR). وقد اثبتت التحاليل ان للحفازات صفات بلورية وخصائص حامضية ومساحة سطحية عالية بلغت (6500) سم2/غم وهذه الصفات تجعلها مناسبة لاستخدامها كحفازات، لذلك فقد تم تحويلها الى حبيبات واستخدمت في تحضير الكيلات البنزين الخطية من خلال تفاعل البنزين مع (1 - اوكتين) و(1 - هكساديكين) والهكسانول ومزيج الاوليفينات (C14 - C8) المنتج في الشركة العربية لكيمياويات المنظفات المعروفة اختصارا بـ (ARADET) باستخدام مفاعل الاوتوكليف سعة (300) سم3. وقد تم تحديد الظروف المثلى لهذا التفاعل وكانت كالاتي : درجة الحرارة (250)م ونسبة الحفاز (%2) وزمن التفاعل (2 ساعة) ونسبة (البنزين الى الاوليفين) (1 : 5) وقد تم تشخيص النواتج باستخدام تقنية كروماتوغرافيا الغاز(GC) وطيف الكتلة(MS) وقد اثبتت النتائج الحصول على نسب تحويل عالية تجاوزت (%95) بالنسبة للاوليفينات عموما، الا ان الحفازات لم تعط نتائج جيدة عند استخدام الهكسانول في عملية الالكلة مثل الاوليفينات نظرا لتحرر الماء في التفاعل الذي اثر سلبا على اداء الحفاز، وقد تم تعزيز النتائج بقياس طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء(IR) والاشعة فوق البنفسجية (UV) التي اثبتت حصول تغييرات واضحة من خلال قيم الامتصاصات التي اظهرتها لنواتج التفاعل. | The case with today's world of major developments at the level of the census of population and industrial progress, Led to increase the demand for products and commodities with materials for cleaning and cosmetics ,which led to increase the demand for main raw materials which is used in the manufacture of these products.Linear Alkylbenzene(LAB) is considered as raw material for production of sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate which is the main material in the ingredients for detergents and cosmetics,(LAB) is prepared by productivity methods using catalysts such as hydrofluoric acid and aluminium chloride but these substances are environmentally pollutants, Eespecially hydrofluoric acid as well as economic cost and the cost of equipment used, So has recently researchers try to replace these catalysts with solid catalysts which are obtained from natural clay materials with some additives due to the low cost and less pollution ability to the environment.In our study, The solid catalysts have been prepared from natural ores (Bauxite and Bentonite), which contain good amounts of alumina and amorphous silica after removal of unnecessary components. These natural ores were studied to identify their components through chemical analysis, X - ray fluorescence, X - ray diffraction and thermal analysis.After preparing the parent catalyst and in order to improve the surface area and acidic properties treated with Ammonium fluoride solution(2 - 4)%. The three catalysts were analysed using gravermetric thermal analysis, XRD, XRF, Surface area and infrared spectroscopy.The study reveals that the catalysts have crystalline structure and suitable acidity. The surface area of the parent catalyst and the fluorided catalysts is given in fluoride 4%>flourided 2%> parent catalyst. The prepared catalyst have converted into granules and used to prepare linear alkyl benzene (LAB) from the reaction of benzene with olefins and n - Hexanol using stainless autoclave reactor that has capacity (300)cm3.Optimal conditions have been specified for this reaction these were as follows : Temperature (250C), Catalyst ratio (2%). Reaction time (2hrs.) and the ratio of benzene to olefin (5 benzene : 1 olefin). The products of reaction were identified using Gas Chromatography (GC) and GC/MS, The results improved high percentage of conversion is about and over (90%) for olefins, But the results of hexanol don’t give a good results as in the case of olefins because of formation of water in the reaction which decrease the catalyst activity, The results were enhanced by measurement of infrared and ultra violet spectroscopy that showed a clear changes from absorbing values

عزل ودراسة انزيمي كلوتاميت ديهيدروجينيز وكلوتامين سنثيتيز من مرضى سرطان خلايا الكلى وعلاقتهما بمسـتوى بعـض المتغيرات الكـيموحـيوية في الدم == Isolation and Studying of Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Glutamine Synthetase from Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients and It’s Relationships with Some Biochemical Parameters in Blood

Author name: محمود احمد محمد فخري
Supervisor name: طارق يونس احمد مصطفى
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن البحث دراسة انزيمي كلوتامين سنثيتيز وكلوتاميت ديهيدروجينيز وبعض المتغيرات الكيموحيوية لاشخاص مصابين بسرطان خلايا الكلى ومقارنتها مع اشخاص اصحاء (سليمين ظاهريا) حيث تم جمع (19) عينة نسيج كلى مصاب بسرطان خلايا الكلى مع اخذ عينة دم قبل اجراء العملية الجراحية لاستئصال الورم وبعدها .واظهرت الدراسة وجود زيادة معنوية في فعاليتي كلوتامين سنثيتيز وكلوتاميت ديهيدروجينيز في مصل دم مرضى سرطان خلايا الكلى عند مقارنتها مع الاشخاص الطبيعيين، كما ظهرت زيادة معنوية في البروتين الكلي الكلوبيولين ، اليوريا ، الكرياتينين ، النحاس، كلوتاميت اوكزالواستيت امينو ترانسفريز ، كلوتاميت بايروفيت امينو ترانسفريز ، لاكتيت ديهيدروجينيز والفوسفاتيز القاعدي ولوحظ وجود انخفاض معنوي في تركيز الالبومين، فيتامين C والخارصين في مصل دم الاشخاص المصابين بسرطان خلايا الكلى .واظهرت النتائج ايضاﹰ وجود زيادة معنوية بين فعالية كل من كلوتامين سنثيتيز وكلوتاميت ديهيدروجينيز وتركيز البروتين في انسجة الكلى المصابة عند مقارنتها مع الانسجة السليمة ، ولوحظ وجود علاقة ارتباط معنوية موجبة بين فعالية كلوتامين سنثيتيز في نسيج الكلى ومصل الدم للاشخاص المصابين بسرطان خلايا الكلى، ولم يلاحظ وجود علاقة ارتباط معنوية لفعالية كلوتاميت ديهيدروجينيز في نسيج الكلى ومصل الدم للاشخاص المصابين وكذلك الحال مع تركيز البروتين. كما تبين وجود علاقة ارتباط معنوية بين فعالية كلوتامين سنثيتيز وكلوتاميت ديهيدروجينيز مع فعالية اللاكتيت ديهيدروجينيز في مصل دم الاشخاص المصابين بسرطان خلايا الكلى. ويلاحظ زيادة نسبة الاصابة بسرطان خلايا الكلى مع تقدم العمر ، التدخين ، السمنة ، كما تزداد نسبة الاصابة في الذكور وكذلك في الاشخاص المتزوجين ، كما لوحظ انخفاض معنوي في فعالية الانزيمات ومستوى المتغيرات في مصل الدم بعد اجراء العملية الجراحية عدا الالبومين وفيتامين C والخارصين، حيث تزداد بعد العملية .كما تم عزل كلوتامين سنثيتيز وكلوتاميت ديهيدروجينيز من نسيج كلى سليم واخر مصاب بسرطان خلايا الكلى باستخدام التقنيات الحياتية المختلفة الترسيب بكبريتات الامونيوم، الفرز الغشائي والترشيح الهلامي باستخدام هلام Sephadex G - 200 , Sephadex G - 75 .ومن خلال استخدام تقنية الهجرة الكهربائية الحاوية على Sodium dodecyl sulfate تبين ان الوزن الجزئي التقريبي للوحدة الفرعية للكلوتامين سنثيتيز المعزول من نسيج الكلى السليم والمصاب متشابه وبحدود (42,600 Da) وكذلك الوزن الجزيئي التقريبي للوحدة الفرعية للكلوتاميت ديهيدروجينيز المعزول من نسيج الكلى السليم والمصاب متشابه وبحدود (53,900 Da) .ومن خلال دراسة الظروف المثلى لقياس فعالية كلوتامين سنثيتيز المنقى جزئيا من نسيج الكلى السليم ، تبين ان الانزيم يعمل في ظروف مثلى باستخدام المحلول المنظم Imidazole - HCl بتركيز (mM 100) وبدالة حامضية ( 7.2) ودرجة حرارة (45 C°) و15 mM)) من الكلوتاميت كمادة اساس، وبلغت قيمة ثابت ميكيلس والسرعة القصوى للانزيم باستخدام رسم لاينويفر - برك (mM 11.97) و(0.0818 U/ml) على التوالي ، ودرس تاثير تركيز كلوريد الامونيوم وادينوسين - 5 - ثلاثي الفوسفات على فعالية كلوتامين سنثيتيز وكان التركيز الامثل لكل منها (1 mM) و(4 mM) على التوالي , وبلغت قيمة السرعة القصوى لهما (0.065 U/ml) و(0.0609 U/ml) على التوالي بينما بلغت قيمة ثابت ميكيلس لهما (0.419 mM) و(1.64 mM) على التوالي باستخدام رسم لاينويفر - برك .كما اشارت الدراسة من خلال دراسة الظروف المثلى لقياس فعالية كلوتاميت ديهيدروجينيز المنقى جزئيا من نسيج الكلى السليم ، ان الانزيم يعمل في ظروف مثلى باستخدام المحلول النظم Tris - HCl بتركيز (100 mM)وبدالة حامضية (8.8) ودرجة حرارة (°40 C) و(50 mM) الكلوتاميت كمادة اساس ، وبلغت قيمة ثابت ميكيلس والسرعة القصوى للانزيم باستخدام رسم لاينويفر - برك (29.5 mM) و(0.6916 U/ml) على التوالي ، ودرس تاثير تركيز نيكوتين امايد ادينين ثنائي النيوكليوتيد على فعالية كلوتاميت ديهيدروجينيز وكان التركيز الامثل له (4 mM) ، وبلغت قيمة ثابت ميكيلس والسرعة القصوى لنيكوتين امايد ادينين ثنائي النيوكليوتيد (0.91 mM) و(0.424 U/ml) على التوالي | The research included studying glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase and some biochemical parameters of (19) of renal cell carcinoma patients in comparison with control .The results showed a significant increase of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase activity in serum of patients, a significant increase in total protein, globulin, urea, creatinine, copper, glutamate pyruvate aminotransferase, glutamate oxaloacetate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and a significant decrease in albumin, zinc and vitamin C .The study also showed a significant increase in glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase and protein in tumor compared to normal kidney’ s tissue .Correlation study was performed between the measured biochemical parameters and glutamine synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase. The results predicted that there were positive correlation between glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase with lactate dehydrogenase in serum. Also positive correlation between glutamine synthetase in serum with tissue, and no correlation between glutamate dehydrogenase, protein concentration in serum with tissue .The study also predicted that there was risk factors affecting on renal cell carcinoma disease such as age, sex, smoking, obesity, nutrition and martial status .The results also indicated that there were a significant decrease in enzymes activity and the levels of some biochemical parameters in serum after surgery except albumin, zinc and vitamin C .The research also concerned with isolation of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase from tumor and normal kidney tissues using different biological techniques. These included : ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, gel filtration chromatography on sephadex G - 75 and sephadex G - 200 .Further more, the comparative molecular weight of the subunit of glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide electrophoresis techniques for tumor & normal kidney tissue and found to be (42,600 Da) and (53,900 Da) respectively .The results also showed that the optimum conditions of glutamine synthetase were obtained using imidazole - HCl (100 mM) as a buffer at pH (7.2), (45 C°) and (15 mM) of glutamate as a substrate. Using Linweaver - Burk plot, it was found that Vmax and Km have the values of (0.0818 U/ml), (11.97 mM) respectively. The effect of ammonium chloride and Adenosine - 5́ - triphosphate concentration on the enzyme activity were also preformed. The optimum concentration of ammonium chloride is (1 mM) with Vmax (0.065 U/ml)and Km (0.419 mM). On the other hand, the optimum concentration of Adenosine - 5́ - triphosphate is (4 mM) with Vmax (0.0609 U/ml) and Km (1.64 mM) .Finally, The optimum conditions of glutamate dehydrogenase were obtained using Tris - HCl (100 mM) as a buffer at pH (8.8) , (40 C°) and (50 mM) of glutamate as a substrate. Using Linweaver - Burk plot, it was found that Vmax and Km have the values of (0.6916 U/ml), (29.5 mM) respectively. The effect of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentration on the enzyme activity was also preformed. The optimum concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is (4 mM) with Vmax (0.424 U/ml) and Km (0.91 mM) .

دراسة تاثير الاشعة السينية في انزيم البيروكسيديز وفي حركية التحلل لعدد من الاحماض الامينية == A study of the Impact of X - Ray in Peroxidase Enzyme and in the Kinetics Hydrolysis for some of the Amino Acids

Author name: عطا الله برجس دخيل الحيراوي
Supervisor name: ازهر عبد اللطيف عبد الرحمن العبيدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Physical Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Education - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن البحث دراسة تاثير الاشعة المؤينة ( الاشعة السينية X - Ray) على بعض المركبات الكيموحيوية .اذ تم دراسة التحلل الاشعاعي للمحاليل المائية لانزيم البيروكسديز بشكل دقيق تحت ظروف تجريبية مختلفة ودراسة او تاثير الاشعة السينية على فعالية انزيم البيروكسديز في الحالة الصلبة (الجافة) وفي حالة المحاليل المائية . اظهرت النتائج ان التاثيرات في المحاليل المائية اكثر اهمية من تلك في الحالة الصلبة . سبب تاثير اشعة X على فعالية الانزيم بوجود الاوكسجين تدميرا اكبر مقارنة مع التاثيرات بعدم وجوده .كذلك التحلل الاشعاعي للانزيم بوجود املاح مثل KBr,KCl ,KI ,KSCN ,K2SO4 التي تحرر ايونات سالبة(Br - ,Cl - ,I - ,SCN - ,SO4=) كمواد كاسحة لجذور OH لتكوين جذور ايونية حرة ذات صفات تاكسدية . اشارت النتائج ان جذر Br2 هو الاكثر تدميرا لفعالية الانزيم مقارنة مع بقية الجذور الحرة الايونية المتوقع تكونها خلال التحلل الاشعاعي وتاخذ التسلسل الاتي بوجود الاوكسجين . Br2 > Cl2 >I2 =(SCN)2 وفي غياب الاوكسجين يكون التسلسل : Br2>(SCN)2>Cl2 >I2كما درس التحلل الاشعاعي للانزيم في محاليل مائية تحتوي على الاملاح ( CuSO4,MgSO4 ) ومعقدات النحاس والنيكلCu(Gly)2 و.2H2O[Ni(Gly)2] على التوالي عند ظروف تجريبية مختلفة كذلك تم دراسة التحلل الاشعاعي للانزيم بوجود حوامض امينية اليفاتية مثل الكلايسين (Gly)، الارجنين (Arg) ، الليوسين (Leu) ، والفينايل الالنين (Phe) ، والتايروسين Tyr)) ، بالاضافة الى وجود الاسيتون بتراكيز عالية نسبيا ( 0.1M)لتمكن من كسح جذور(OH ) وتكوين جذور حرة على الاسيتون التي بتفاعلها مع الاوكسجين تتحول الى جذور بيروكسيلية . اوضحت النتائج بوجود الاسيتون حصول انخفاضا كبيرا في فعالية الانزيم مما يدل على انتقائية الجذور البيروكسيلية بتفاعلها مع المواقع الفعالة في الانزيم . كذلك اشتملت الدراسة على تاثير اشعة اكس على فعالية الانزيم في المحاليل المائية بوجود تراكيز قليلة من املاح MgCl2 , KCl , NaCl , Na2SO4,MgSO4 حيث وجد انه بوجود MgSO4 MgCl2 , يزداد الانخفاض في فعالية الانزيم بتاثير اشعة اكس . كذلك تم متابعة تاثير المعقدات [Ni(Gly)2].2H2O و[Cu(Gly)2] على فعالية الانزيم حيث تعمل هذه المعقدات على زيادة في انحلال البيروكسيدات العضوية المتكونة على الانزيم التي يصاحبها تكون جذور حرة جديدة تعمل على زيادة تحطم الانزيم . درس التحلل الاشعاعي لمحاليل مائية مشبعة بالاوكسجين للاحماض الامينية الاليفاتية (الكلايسين Gly، الارجنين Arg ، الليوسين Leu ، والفينايل الانين Phe ، والتايروسين Tyr) بوجود الاملاح (KCl),(KSCN) والمعقدات المذكورة اعلاه عند دالات حامضية ودرجات حرارية مختلفة ، وتم حساب البيروكسيدات العضوية وبيروكسيد الهيدروجين في هذه المحاليل عند دالات حامضية مختلفة . كذلك درس تاثير الدالة الحامضية على البيروكسيدات العضوية الناتجة عند كل دالة حامضية حيث وجد ان نوعية البيروكسيدات العضوية تختلف حسب الدالة الحامضية المشعع عندها المحلول . كذلك درس تاثير هذه المضافات (المعقدات والاملاح) على انحلال البيروكسيدات العضوية بعد انقطاع مصدر الاشعاع واوضحت الدراسة ان هذه الاملاح والمعقدات تعمل على زيادة الانحلال اعتمادا على الدالة الحامضية ونوعية الحامض الاميني . تم حساب ثابت سرعة انحلال البيروكسيدات العضوية المتكونة خلال التحلل الاشعاعي للحوامض الامينية المستخدمة في هذا البحث تحت ظروف تجريبية مختلفة من درجة الحرارة ودالات حامضية وتراكيز مختلفة من المضافات المشار اليها اعلاه . فقد اوضحت الحسابات من خلال الجداول والرسومات البيانية ان الانحلال الحراري للبيروكسيدات العضوية عند دوال حامضية مختلفة تتبع تفاعلات الدرجة الاولى اما بوجود المضافات من املاح ومعقدات فقد بينت الحسابات ان الانحلال يتبع تفاعلات الدرجة الثانية عند التراكيز الواطئة والتي اختيرت لتكون مساوية الى تراكيز البيروكسيدات العضوية، وعند مضاعفة تراكيز المواد المضافة الى عشرة اضعاف وجد ان معادلة الدرجة الاولى الكاذبة تطبق على نتائج انحلال البيروكسيدات العضوية في هذه الظروف . | This research includes the study of the effects of ionizing radiation (x - Ray ) on some biochemical compounds.X - radiolysis of aqueuas solutions of peroxidase enzyme has been intensively studied under various experimental conditions .Effect of X - ray on activity of peroxidase enzyme has been studied in both cases , the solid state and in aqueous solutions .The results have been shown .revaling that. the effects of ionizing radiation on the enzyme in aqueous solution is more significant than those effects in solid state . Radiolysis of the enzyme in oxygenated solutions cause more damage in its activity as compared with deoxygenated solutions .Radiolysis of aqueous solutions of peroxidase enzyme in the presence of certain salts , KBr ,KI,KCl,KSCN,K2SO4 , as OH radical scavengers, to produce anion free radicals Br2,I2,Cl2 and (SCN)2 has been performed .The results show that(Br2) is more effective in enzyme deactivation . The following sequence is obtained A,in presence of oxygen Br2 > Cl2 >I2 =(SCN)2 B, in absence of oxygen : Br2>(SCN)2>Cl2 >I2 .Radiolysis of the enzyme in aqueous solutions containing MgSO4, CuSO4 ,and metal complexes , CuII(Gly)2 , [NiII(Gly)2 ]. 2H2O has also been studied under various experimental conditions. Also radiolysis of the enzyme in presences of some amino acids , such as(Gly, Arg, Leu, Phe, Tyr) and acetone in presence of oxygen have been studied . In the case of the presence of acetone (0.1M), acetone peroxyl radicals have been expected form , and high enzyme deactivation has been obtained which indicat that the more selective reactions of acetone peroxyl radicals toward the enzyme active centres than OH radicals and all other amino acid peroxyl radicals.Radiolysis in presence of sodium formate has also been performed The results have shown a relatively large enzyme damage . Effects of x - ray on enzyme solutions containing low concentrations of NaCl, Na2SO4 , KCl, NaClO4 , MgCl2, MgSO4 (10 - 3M) has been studied . The results indicated the role of such salts specially Mg+2 ,Cu+2 on the enhancement of enzyme deactivation by x - radiation. The post - irradiation effects of these complexes have been followed .It is concluded that metal complexes enhance the decomposition of organic peroxides formed on enzyme which associted with radical formation cause further damage on enzyme particulary on the active centres or on enzyme structural integrity that lead to the decrease in enzyme activity. Radiolysis of the oxygenated aqueous Solutions of the amino acids meutioned above have been carried out Tolal peroxides, organic peroxides, and H2O2 have been estimated using different pH and temperatures. Effects of copper and Nickel metal complexes , and some salts , and KBr ,KSCN on the formation and decay of these amino acid organic peroxides have been investigated at different pH’s. It has been observed that these additives caused to decrease the radiation yields of peroxides specially the organic peroxides.The extent of organic peroxides decreases depends on the type of amino acid and pH , of irradiated solutions .Rate constants of peroxides decay have also been determined at various pH and temperatures. It has been found that the thermal decomposition has followed first order reactions.In the presence of the used additives such as the metal complexes and salts , the decomposition follow second order reactions and pseudo - first order reactions at low and high concentrations respectively

تحضير وتشخيص بعض المركبات الميزوجينية ودراسة تاثير التراكيب اجيئي على صفاتها البلورية السائلة == Synthesis and Characterization of Some mesogenic Compounds and Study the Effect of molecular Structure on their liquid ?? crystalline properties

Author name: مروة عدنان ناصر الامين
Supervisor name: عهود جبار عبيد الحمداني
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis consist of three chapters : The first are contains of the general characteristics , classification, structure and mesomorphic properties of liquid crystals.The second chapter describes the synthesis of two series of Schiff bases and the compounds 1 - 5 and which have the general formulas : R=CnH2n+1 n=1 - 10 3 - hydroxy - 4 - (p - tolylimino)methyl)phenyl4 - (alkyl thio)benzoate R=CnH2n+1 n=2 - 6,8 4 - ((4 - acetyl pheenylimino)methyl) - 3 - hydroxyphenyl 4 - (alkylthio) benzoate 3 - hydroxy - 4 - (p - tolylimino)methyl)phenyl 4 - mercaptobenzoate 4((p - tolylimino)methyl)phenyl4 - (alkylthio)benzoate 4 - ((4 - acetyl pheenylimino)methyl) - 3 - hydroxyphenyl 4 - ( octayloxy)benzoate 4 - ((4 - acetyl pheenylimino)methyl) phenyl 4 - (heptythio)benzoate 4 - hydroxy - 3 - (p - tolylimino)methyl)phenyl 4 - mercaptobenzoat The characterization of the above prepared compounds was a chieved by 1H,13C,DEPT - NMR, IR as well as elemental analysis.The third chapter contains the study of liquid crystalline properties of the prepared compound using polarized optical microscope (POM) and differential scaning colametry (DSC).The Results of the above study revealed that both series [I] and series [II] as well as the compound 2 - 4 a nemac phase of marbled texture with heang and schl ier en wi th cool ing except comp ound 1 and 2 changed to the liquid phase directly .while series [II] shows a smectic phase in addition to the nematic phase of focal conic shape with heating and battonets with cooling .

تقدير نسبة المكونات الدهنية وتركيب احماضها الدهنية في مصل الدم لمرضى داء السكر == Lipid Components and Fatty - Acid Composition of Human Serum in Diabetic Patients

Author name: محمد عبد الهادي جاسم العبيدي
Supervisor name: يسار يحيى حسين التمر
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Education - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: صممت هذه الدراسة للتعرف على تاثير نوع داء السكر على مستوى المتغيرات الكيموحياتية والنسبة المئوية للاحماض الدهنية في مصل الدم, وكذلك التعرف على تاثير عوامل العمر والجنس على مستوى هذه المتغيرات.تضمنت هذه الدراسة (100) عينة من المرضى الذين يعانون من الاصابة بداء السكر من النوعين الاول والثاني (50 ذكور و50 اناث ) تتراوح اعمارهم مابين (15 - 70) سنة, و(100) عينة لاشخاص اصحاء غير مصابين بداء السكر او اي مرض اخر (50 ذكور و50 اناث) تم اعتبارهم كمجموعة سيطرة من نفس الفئات العمرية اعلاه.تم جمع نماذج الدم لمرضى داء السكر في مركز الوفاء لبحوث داء السكر في مدينة الموصل.حيث تم جمع جميع عينات الدم في هذه الدراسة من اشخاص بعد فترة انقطاع عن الطعام لمدة لاتقل عن (12) ساعة ومن ثم تم فصل مصل الدم ,حيث قسم المصل الى جزئين.تم قياس المتغيرات الكيموحياتية الاتية في الجزء الاول من مصل الدم (الكلوكوز, الكوليستيرول الكلي, كوليستيرول البروتين الدهني واطي الكثافة, كوليستيرول البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة, كوليستيرول البروتين الدهني واطي الكثافة جدا,الكليسيرايد الثلاثي وباستخدام عدد التحليل الجاهزة (Kits) وتم تقدير الدهون الفوسفاتية بالطريقة اللونية.بينت نتائج هذه الدراسة وجود ارتفاع معنوي في مستوى المتغيرات الكيموحياتية, وذلك لمرضى كلا النوعين من داء السكر مقارنة مع مجاميع السيطرة, ووجود انخفاض معنوي في مستوى كوليستيرول البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة لكلا النوعين من داء السكر مقارنة مع مجاميع السيطرة.ولوحظ في هذه الدراسة وجود تاثير لعامل العمر على مستوى المتغيرات الكيموحياتية حيث بينت النتائج وجود ارتفاع في مستوى هذه المتغيرات لمرضى داء السكر من النوع الثاني مقارنة مع مرضى داء السكر من النوع الاول وكذلك ارتفاع مستوى هذه المتغيرات في الفئات العمرية الكبيرة (>40) سنة مقارنة مع مستواها في الفئات العمرية الصغيرة او المتوسطة (<40) سنة.واشارت نتائج هذه الدراسة الى وجود تاثير لعامل الجنس على مستوى المتغيرات الكيموحياتية. حيث بينت النتائج وجود انخفاض في مستوى هذه المتغيرات لمرضى داء السكر(النوع الاول) في الاناث مقارنة مع الذكور .ووجود ارتفاع في مستوى هذه المتغيرات لمرضى داء السكر(النوع الثاني) في الاناث مقارنة مع الذكور.وتم في هذه الدراسة تحليل وقياس النسبة المئوية للاحماض الدهنية في المكونات الدهنية لمصل الدم. حيث تم استخلاص الدهون من مكونات الجزء الثاني من مصل الدم باستخدام المذيبات العضوية, ومن ثم فصلت المكونات الدهنية المختلفة (استر كوليستيرول، الكلسيريدات الثلاثية والدهون الفوسفاتية) للدم باستخدام تقنية كروموتوكرافيا الطبقة الرقيقة (TLC). ومن ثم تمت اعادة استرة الاحماض الدهنية في هذه الاجزاء الثلاثة من دهون مصل الدم باستخدام (BF3/Methanol) (16%) في محيط مشبع بالنتروجين.تم بعد ذلك قياس النسبة المئوية للاحماض الدهنية في الاجزاء الثلاثة باستخدام جهاز كروموتوكرافيا الغاز الشعري(Capillary Gas Chromatography) (CGC).اشارت نتائج هذه الدراسة الى وجود ارتفاع معنوي في النسبة المئوية للاحماض الدهنية المشبعة (SFA)(المجموع الكلي), ووجود ارتفاع معنوي في النسبة المئوية للاحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة الاحادية (MUFA), ووجود انخفاض معنوي في النسبة المئوية للاحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة المتعددة (PUFA) (المجموع الكلي) في جزء استر الكوليستيرول لمصل الدم لكلا النوعين من مرضى داء السكر مقارنة مع مجاميع السيطرة. واشارت نتائج هذه الدراسة الى وجود انخفاض معنوي في النسبة المئوية للاحماض الدهنية المشبعة (SFA) (المجموع الكلي), ووجود ارتفاع معنوي في النسبة المئوية للاحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة الاحادية (MUFA), ووجود ارتفاع معنوي في النسبة المئوية للاحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة المتعددة (PUFA) (المجموع الكلي) في جزء الدهون الفوسفاتية لمصل الدم لكلا النوعين من مرضى داء السكر مقارنة مع مجاميع السيطرة. وبينت نتائج هذه الدراسة وجود ارتفاع معنوي في النسبة المئوية للاحماض الدهنية المشبعة (SFA) (المجموع الكلي), ووجود انخفاض معنوي في النسبة المئوية للاحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة الاحادية (MUFA), ووجود ارتفاع معنوي في النسبة المئوية للاحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة المتعددة (PUFA) (المجموع الكلي) في جزء الكليسيرايد الثلاثي لمصل الدم لكلا النوعين من مرضى داء السكر مقارنة مع مجاميع السيطرة. ويستنتج من هذه الدراسة ان لدى مرضى داء السكر من النوع الثاني (NIDDM) عوامل خطورة اكبر لتطور داء السكر وظهور الامراض الاخرى المصاحبة له مثل امراض القلب التاجية وامراض شبكية العين والامراض الكلوية مقارنة مع مرضى داء السكر من النوع الاول (IDDM).ان زيادة فترة المرض تودي الى زيادة الخلل في ايض الدهون وتراكمها مما يؤدي الى خلل كبير في مستوى المتغيرات الكيموحياتية التي تمت دراستها لمرضى النوع الثاني مقارنة مع النوع الاول.وتم استنتاج وجود تاثير كبير لعوامل السمنة,العمر والجنس على مستوى المتغيرات الكيموحياتية حيث توثر بشكل كبير على عمليات الايض المختلفة, مما يؤدي الى اختلاف مستوى هذه المتغيرات ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية مما يوثر سلبا على تطور عوامل الخطورة وظهور الامراض الاخرى المصاحبة لداء السكر. | he study was designed to estimate the effect of the type of diabetes mellitus on the level of some biochemical parameters, percentage and level of the fatty acids in serum lipids and the effect of age and gender on these parameters. The study include (100) diabetic patients of both types (50 males, 50 females),the age ranged between (15 - 70) year, and (100) apparently healthy subjects (50 males, 50 females)as a control group of matched age group.Samples of this study were collected in Al - Waffa center for diabetic research and management in Mosul city.Blood samples were collected from asubjects on starvation for 12hr, blood serum was separated and divided into 2 parts.The measured biochemical parameters include glucose, total cholesterol, high - density lipoprotein cholesterol, low - density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low - density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipids, using Kits obtained from regional and international suppliers.The result showed that there was a significant increase in the level of biochemical parameters in both types of diabetic patients in comparison with control groups and a significant decrease in the level of HDL - C in both types of diabetic patient in comparison with the control group, and there effects were found to be age - related.The results also showed that there was increase in the level of these parameters in type (2) diabetic patients in comparison with type (1) diabetic patients.Also there was an increase in the level of these parameters in older patients (>40) year in comparison with younger and middle age group (<40) year.Moreover the results of this study showed that there was an effect of gender on the level of biochemical parameters.It was found that there was a decrease in the level of these parameters in type (1) diabetic patients in the females in comparison with males, and there was an increase in the level of these parameters of type (2) diabetic patients in females in comparison with males.Furthermore, this study include analysis and measurement of percentage and level of fatty acids in serum lipids were done, lipids extraction from serum was performed using organic solvents and then separation of serum lipids was followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC).The separation of three main lipids parts (CE ,TG,PL) was achieved by this technique, this was followed by transmethylation of fatty acids in these three parts of serum lipids using (16%) (BF3/Methanol) under Nitrogen.Then, the measurement of percentage of fatty acids in the three parts was performed by Capillary Gas Chromatography (CGC).The results showed that there was a significant increase in the percentage and level of saturated fatty acids (SFA), a significant increase in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and a significant decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in the cholesterol ester (CE) part of serum lipids in both types of diabetic patients in comparison with the control groups.Also, the results of this study showed that there was a significant decrease in (SFA), a significant increase in (MUFA) and a significant increase in (PUFA) in phospholipids (PL) part in the serum in both types of diabetic patients in comparison with the control groups. The results showed that there was a significant increase in (SFA), a significant decrease in (MUFA) and a significant increase in (PUFA) in triglyceride (TG) part in serum of both types of diabetic patients in comparison with control groups.Finally, it was found that type (2) diabetic patients (NIDDM) had higher risk factor for deterioration of diabetes mellitus and development of other diseases a companying diabetes mellitus, such as Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), Retinopathy and Nephropathy in comparison with type (1) diabetic patients.Also we found that females had more risk for development (CHD) and atherosclerosis than males in type (2) diabetes mellitus.The long duration of diabetes mellitus lead to increase disorder in metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and lipids, which lead to disturbances in the level of biochemical parameters in type (2) diabetic patients in comparison with type (1) diabetic patients.Also we found that there was effect of obesity, age and gender on the level of biochemical parameters, which had effect on different metabolic process, that affect on the level of biochemical parameters.

تحضير ودراسة مقارنة لبعض المركبات الحلقية غير المتجانسة المحتوية على حلقات خماسية وسباعية بالطريقة التقليدية وطريقة المايكروويف (MAOS) وتقييم الفعالية البايولوجية لبعضها == Synthesis and Comparative Study of some Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Five and Seven - Membered Rings By Conventional and Microwave Method ( MAOS ) and Evaluate the Biological activity of Some of Them

Author name: عبد محمد ظاهر حسن الجبوري
Supervisor name: خالد مطني محمد الجنابي | اياد سعدي حميد الدليمي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Organic Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: لقد تناول البحث في هذه الاطروحة تحضير مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة جديدة ذات الحلقة الخماسية والحلقة السباعية مثل (1, 3, 4 - اوكسادايازول ) و(1, 3 - اوكسازبين ) وقد حضرت هذه المركبات بالطريقة التقليدية , وطريقة المايكروويف وكما يلي : - اولا : الجزء الاول : تحضير مركبات (1, 3, 4 - اوكسادايازول ) ومركبات (1, 3 - اوكسازبين ) بواسطة الطريقة التقليدية وكما موضح في ادناه : - ا - تحويل الحوامض الكاربوكسيلية الاروماتية الى الاسترات المقابلة [H10 - H1] بطريقة الاسترة المباشرة ( طريقة فشر) . ‌ب - تحويل الاسترات المحضرة الى مركبات هيدرازيدات الاحماض الكاربوكسيلية الاروماتية [H20 - H11] وذلك بمفاعلتها مع الهيدرازين المائي في مذيب الايثانول المطلق . ‌ج - وتم تحويل هيدرازيدات الاحماض المحضرة الى 2 - اريل - 1, 3, 4 - اوكسادايازول 5 - ثايول [H31 - H21] بواسطة عملية التصعيد الارجاعي بوجود ثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون وهيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم الكحولي ومن ثم اجراء عملية التحميض بـ 10% حامض الهيدروكلوريك .‌د - وحضرت مشتقات الهيدرازون ( الكيتونية - الامايدية ) [H63 - H37] عن طريق تفاعل التكثيف المباشر بين مركبات هيدرازيدات الاحماض المحضرة والالديهايدات الاروماتية المناسبة . ‌ه - تم اجـراء عملية الغلق الحلقي لمركبات الهيدرازون الكيتونية المحضرة انفا من خلال تفاعلها مع انهدريد الماليك بمذيب الايثانول المطلق لتكوين مشتقات 1, 3 - اوكسازبين [H90 - H64] وهي 3 - (معوض) - 2 - (3 - فنيل معوض) - 2, 3 - ثنائي هايدرو 1 , 3 - اوكسازبين - 4 ,7 - دايون . و- حضرت قواعد شيف[H104 - H91] بطريقة التكثيف المعروفة بين مركب السلفاميثااوكسازول والالديهايدات الاروماتية المناسبة .‌ز - كما تم حولقة قواعد شيف المحضرة اعلاه بطريقة الغلق الحلقي بواسطة انهدريد الماليك بمذيب الايثانول المطلق لتكـوين المركبات [H119 - H105] وهي 4 - ]2 - (معوض) (1, 3 - اوكسازبين) - 4 ، 7 - دايون - 3 يل[ - N - (5 - مثيـل - 3 - اوكسازلايل) - بنزين سلفون امايد .ثانيا : الجزء الثاني تم استخدام طريقة المايكروويف في التحضير العضوي لمشتقات مركبات (1, 3, 4 - اوكسادايازول) ومشتقات المركبات (1, 3 - اوكسازبين) وكما موضح في ادناه : - ا - حضرت مركبات (5 - اريل 1, 3, 4 - اوكسادايازول - 2 - ثايول) المركبات [e, d, c, b, a] بواسطة التشعيع بجهاز المايكروويف وحصول عملية الغلق الحلقي لاملاح البوتاسيوم المحضرة [H36 - H32] والمسماة 3 - (ارايل) ثنائي ثايوكاربازيت والتي تم تحضيرها مسبقا بالطريقة الاعتيادية من خلال مفاعلة هيدرازيدات الاحماض المناسبة مع ثنائي كبريتيد الكاربون بوجود هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم الكحولي ‌ب - كما حضرت مركبات 1, 3 - اوكسازبين بطريقة التشعيع بجهاز المايكروويف ايضا وهي المركبات [o, n, m, L, k] والمركبات [y, x, w, v, u] وذلك بطريقة الحولقة لمركبات الهيدرازون الكيتونية ومركبات قواعد شيف المحضرة مسبقا بطريقة التشعيع بواسطة جهاز المايكروويف وهي المركبات ] [J, I, h, g, f والمركبات [t, s, r, q, p] على التوالي . شخصت جميع تراكيب المركبات المحضرة بواسطة تقنيات طيف ]الاشعة تحت الحمراء I.R وطيف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية U.V وطيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي (1H - NMR) وكانت النتائج المستحصلة مطابقة لصحة التراكيب المقترحة , تم دراسة العلاقة بين التراكيب المقترحة للمركبات وخواصها الفيزيائية اعتمادا على القوى ما بين الجزيئات كما تم مناقشة تاثير المجاميع المعوضة في حلقة البنزين على سرعة تفاعل الغلق الحلقي لهيدرازيدات الاحماض اعتمادا على التاثير الالكتروني والتاثير الحثي لهذه المجاميع المعوضة . تم اجراء مقارنة بين المركبات المحضرة بالطريقة الاعتيادية وبين المركبات المحضرة بطريقة المايكروويف فوجدنا ان المركبات المحضرة بالطريقة الاخيرة تكون اعلى في المنتوج وزمن التفاعل اقصر واخيرا تم اختبار الفعالية البايولوجية للمركبات المحضرة وبتراكيز مختلفة وقورنت مع مضادات حيوية معروفة حيث لوحظ ان لها فعالية مختلفة تجاه انواع معروفة من البكتريا , كما تم اختبارها علـى نوعين من الفطريات وبتراكيز مختلفة ايضا فوجد انها ذات فعالية مختلفة وكما موضح في الجدولين (34 ، 35) على التوالي . | The work presented in the current thesis is concerned with the synthesis of some new 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazole and 1, 3 - oxazepine derivatives using the conventional and microwave methods.1 - Part one : - synthesis of 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazoles and 1, 3 - oxazepines by conventional method, the steps of the synthetic plan is outlined below : I. Conversion of the appropriate aromatic acid to their corresponding ester [H1 - H10] using Fisher esterfication procedures. II. Aromatic carboxylic acid hydrazides [H11 - H20] were prepared by the reaction of the appropriate esters with hydrazine hydrate in absolute ethanol.III. Aromatic carboxylic acid hydrazides [H11 - H20] on refluxing with carbon disulfide and ethanolic potassium hydroxide and the subsequent acidification with hydrochloric acid furnish 5 - aryl - 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazole - 2 - thioles [H21 - H31]IV. Ketohydrazones [H37 - H63] were synthesized through the condensation reaction between appropriate acid hydrazide and aromatic aldehyde.V. Intermolecular cycloaddition reaction of these ketohydrazones with maleic anhydride yielded 1,3 - oxazepine [H64 - H90] the compounds : - 3 - (subsistent) - 2 - (3 - substituted phenyl) - 2,3 - dihydro 1, 3 - oxazepine .VI. The schiff bases compounds [H91 - H104] were prepared by known method by the condensation reaction of sulfamethaxazole with appropriate aldehyde.VII. The cycloaddition reaction of the Schiff bases compounds [H105 - H119] with maleic anhydride using moderate reaction condition and absolute ethanol afforded 4 - [2 - (substituted) 1,3 - oxazepine 4,7.dione - 3yl ] - N - (5 - methyl - 3 - isoxazlayl) Benzasulfonamide 2 - Part two : - I - The microwave - assisted organic synthesis of 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazoles and 1, 3 1, 3 - oxazepines is also carried out according to the following steps. II - The 5 - aryl - 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazoles [a, b, c, d, e] were prepared by the microwave irradiation of the polar salts namally, potassium - 3 - aroyl dithiocarbazate [H32 - H36] which in turn were prepared from conventional method through the reaction of acid hydiazide with CS2 and alcoholic KOH . Some of 1,3 - oxazepines have been synthesized, the compounds [k, l, m, n, o] and [ u, v, w, x, y ] from ketohydrazones and Schiff bases , the compounds [f, g, h, I, j] and [p, q, r, s, t] respectively with maleic anhydride by cycloaddition reaction under microwave irradiation. The structures of the synthesized compounds were supported by means of (FTIR), (UV - Vis), (1H - NMR) and the results are agreement with the proposed structures assigned to the synthesized compounds The relation between the chemical structures and physical properties were discussed in term of intermolecular forces. The effect of substitute groups on benzene ring on cyclization reaction of acid hydrazide was also discussed in term of electronic and inductive effect. Compared to the conventional methods , the microwave - assisted synthesis of 1, 3, 4 - oxadiazoles and 1,3 - oxazepines demonstrate several advantage in term of reaction time and overall yield. Finally many of the synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity using different concentration and different type of bacteria and fungous. The results showed prominent activity against these bacteria, the detailed antibacterial screening are reported in Table (34) and the Inhibition of the fungous screening are reported in Table (35

دراسة فولتامترية وثرموداينميكية للترابطات الجزيئية للالبومين مع الادوية التي تستخدم لعلاج حالات التناذر الكلوي والوذمة - تطبيقات سريرية لتقدير الالبومين والادوية في ادرار ومصل دم الانسان == VOLTAMMETRIC , THERMODYNAMIC STUDY OF MOLECULAR BINDING OF ALBUMIN WITH NEPHROTICESYNDROME AND OEDEMA DRUGS - CLINICAL APPLICATION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ALBUMIN , DRUGS IN HUMAN SERUM AND URINE

Author name: محمد محمد امين عبد الله الامام
Supervisor name: سعد الله توفيق سليمان الراوجي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Physical Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: تضمن البحث دراسة الخواص الفولتامترية للالبومين ولعدد من الادوية بطرائق مباشرة وغير مباشرة باستخدام تقنية فولتامتري الموجة المربعة (SWV) وقد قسم البحث الى ثمانية اجزاء رئيسة وكما ياتي : الجزء الاول : دراسة الخواص الفولتامترية للالبومين البقري (B.A.) النقي بطريقة مباشرة في المحلول المائي وقد اظهرت المادة موجة اختزال واضحة ورئيسة عند الجهد (0.56 - ) فولت ضد قطب المرجع (Ag/AgCl/SatKCl) ، وتمت دراسة المنحني القياسي للالبومين في محلول الفوسفات المنظم ذي الرقم الهيدروجيني (pH=7) وكانت العلاقة خطية ضمن مدى التراكيز ](7.9×8 - 10) - (1.185×6 - 10)[ مولاري وكانت قيمة معامل الارتباط (0.9945). كذلك تمت دراسة المنحنى القياسي للالبومين بوجود مصل الدم البشري والادرار. وقد تم استخدام طريقة الاضافة القياسية (Standard Addition) بنجاح كبير في حساب تركيز الالبومين في عينات مصل الدم للاصحاء والمرضى والادرار للمرضى فقط . الجزء الثاني : تم تقدير الالبومين بطريقة غير مباشرة باستخدام الكاشف البروموكريسول الاخضر في المحلول المائي وقد اظهر الكاشف ثلاث موجات اختزال عند الموقع (0.706 - ) فولت و(0.882 - ) فولت و(1.214 - ) فولت ضد قطب المرجع (Ag/AgCl/SatKCl) ، وتم تقدير الالبومين بهذه الطريقة حيث يحصل انخفاض منتظم لتيار الانتشار لموجة الكاشف يتناسب مع كمية الالبومين المضافة وقد تم تطبيق الطريقة لتقدير الالبومين في مصل الدم والادرار . الجزء الثالث : تم تقدير الالبومين بطريقة غير مباشرة باستخدام الكاشف البروموبايروكالول الاحمر في المحلول المائي وقد اظهر الكاشف موجة اختزال رئيسية عند الجهد (1.04 - ) فولت ضد قطب المرجع (Ag/AgCl/SatKCl) . وتم تقدير الالبومين بهذه الطريقة حيث يحصل انخفاض منتظم لتيار الانتشار لموجة الكاشف يتناسب مع كمية الالبومين المضافة وقد تم تطبيق الطريقة بنجاح لتقدير الالبومين في مصل الدم والادرار . الجزء الرابع : دراسة الخواص الفولتامترية للبريدنيزولون (Prednisolone) النقي بطريقة مباشرة في المحلول المائي وقد اظهرت المادة موجتي اختزال عند الجهد (1.22 - ) فولت و(1.45 - ) فولت ضمن قطب المرجع (Ag/AgCl/SatKCl) ، وتمت دراسة المنحنى القياسي للدواء في محلول الفوسفات المنظم ذي الرقم الهيدروجيني (pH=7) وكانت العلاقة خطية ضمن مدى التركيز ](0.398×6 - 10) - (3.846×6 - 10)[ مولاري وكانت قيمة معامل الارتباط (0.9981) و(0.9958) للموجة الاولى والثانية على التوالي . كذلك تمت دراسة المنحنى القياسي للدواء بوجود مصل الدم البشري والادرار. وقد تم استخدم طريقة الاضافة القياسية في حساب تراكيز الدواء في عينات مصل الدم والادرار للمرضى المتناولين لهذا الدواء . وقد تم تطبيق الطريقة بنجاح كبير لتقدير البريدنيزولون في الاقراص بالمحلول المائي . كما تم دراسة الترابطات الجزيئية للبريدنيزولون مع الالبومين وتم حساب ثابت الارتباط (K) ، ومن ثم تطبيق معادلة (فانت هوف) لحساب القيم الثرموداينميكية (ΔG,ΔS,ΔH) . وتم استنتاج التداخل من نوع ضعيف (ايون - ايون).الجزء الخامس : دراسة الخواص الفولتامترية للبيتاميثازون (Betamethasone) النقي بطريقة مباشرة في المحلول المائي وقد اظهرت المادة موجتي اختزال عند الجهد (1.136 - ) فولت و(1.455 - ) فولت ضد قطب المرجع (Ag/AgCl/SatKCl) ، وتمت دراسة المنحنى القياسي للدواء في محلول الفوسفات المنظم ذي الرقم الهيدروجيني (pH=7) وكانت العلاقة خطية ضمن التركيز ](1.99×7 - 10) - (6.01×6 - 10)[ مولاري وكانت قيمة معامل الارتباط (0.9969) للموجة الاولى و(0.9905) للموجة الثانية . وكذلك تمت دراسة المنحنى القياسي للدواء بوجود مصل الدم البشري والادرار. وقد تم استخدام طريقة الاضافة القياسية في حساب تراكيز الدواء في عينات مصل الدم والادرار للمرضى المتناولين لهذا الدواء . كما تم تطبيق الطريقة بنجاح كبير لتقدير البيتاميثازون في الاقراص بالمحلول المائي . واخيرا تم دراسة الترابطات الجزيئية للبيتاميثازون مع الالبومين وتم حساب ثابت الارتباط (K) وتقديره في درجات حرارية مختلفة وكذلك تطبيق معادلة (فانت هوف) ) لحساب القيم الثرموداينميكية (ΔG,ΔS,ΔH) ومنها تم استنتاج ان عملية التداخل من نوع ضعيف (ايون - ايون) .الجزء السادس : دراسة الخواص الفولتامترية للنيتروبروسيد الصوديوم (Sodium Nitroprusside) النقي بطريقة مباشرة في المحلول المائي وقد اظهرت المادة موجة اختزال واضحة عند الجهد (0.592 - ) فولت ضد قطب المرجع (Ag/AgCl/SatKCl) ، وتمت دراسة المنحنى القياسي للدواء في محلول الفوسفات المنظم ذي الرقم الهيدروجيني (pH=7) وكانت العلاقة خطية ضمن مدى التراكيز ](0.398×6 - 10) - (8.424×6 - 10)[ مولاري وكانت قيمة معامل الارتباط (0.9991) . كذلك تمت دراسة الترابطات الجزيئية للالبومين مع النيتروبروسيد الصوديوم بنجاح وتم تقدير قيمة ثابت الارتباط (K) وتقديره في درجات حرارية مختلفة ، وكذلك تطبيق معادلة (فانت هوف) ) لحساب القيم الثرموداينميكية (ΔG,ΔS,ΔH) ومنها تم استنتاج ان عملية التداخل من نوع ضعيف (ايون - ايون) .الجزء السابع : دراسة الخواص الفولتامترية للثيوفلين (Theophylline) النقي بطريقة مباشرة في المحلول المائي وقد اظهرت المادة موجة اختزال عند الجهد (0.315 - ) فولت ضد قطب المرجع (Ag/AgCl/SatKCl) ، وتمت دراسة المنحنى القياسي للدواء في محلول الفوسفات المنظم ذي الرقم الهيدروجيني (pH=7) وكانت العلاقة خطية ضمن مدى التراكيز ](0.793×6 - 10) - (3.66×6 - 10)[ مولاري وكانت قيمة معامل الارتباط (0.9965) . كذلك تمت دراسة المنحنى القياسي للدواء بوجود مصل الدم البشري . وتم تطبيق طريقة الاضافة القياسية لتقدير تركيز الدواء في مصل دم المرضى الذين يتناولون هذا الدواء . وقد تم تطبيق الطريقة بنجاح كبير لتقدير الثيوفلين في الاقراص بالمحلول المائي وفي شراب الكانافلين . واخيرا تم دراسة الترابطات الجزيئية للالبومين مع الثيوفلين وايجاد قيمة ثابت الارتباط (K) وتقديره في درجات حرارية مختلفة ، وكذلك تطبيق معادلة (فانت هوف) لحساب القيم الثرموداينميكية (ΔG,ΔS,ΔH) ومنها تم اثبات ان عملية الارتباط من نوع ضعيف (ايون - ايون) .الجزء الثامن : تمت دراسة الخواص الفولتامترية للامينوفلين (Aminophylline) النقي بطريقة مباشرة في المحلول المائي وقد اظهرت المادة موجة اختزال عند الجهد (0.622 - ) فولت ضد قطب المرجع (Ag/AgCl/SatKCl) ، وتمت دراسة المنحنى القياسي للدواء في محلول (NH3/NH4Cl) المنظم ذي الرقم الهيدروجيني (pH=10) وكانت العلاقة خطية ضمن مدى التراكيز ](1.093×4 - 10) - (23.07×4 - 10)[ مولاري وكانت قيمة معامل الارتباط (0.9903) . كذلك تمت دراسة المنحنى القياسي للدواء بوجود الادرار . وتم تطبيق طريقة الاضافة القياسية لتقدير تركيز الدواء في ادرار المرضى الذين يتناولون هذا الدواء . وقد تم تطبيق الطريقة بنجاح كبير لتقدير الامينوفلين في الاقراص . | The research includes empoyment of Square Wave Voltammatry technique to study the properties of the Albumin and a number of drugs in direct and indirect methods. The research includes eight basic parts .The First part : studies the Voltammetric properties of the Pure Albumin in a direct method in the a quous solution . The material has revealed a clear and major reduction potential at ( - 0.56) Volt against the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl/SatKC) . The calibration curve in thr (pH=7) (Phosphate buffer) . The relationship is linear within arange of consentration at [ (7.9×8 - 10) - (1.185×6 - 10)]Molar. The correlation coeffition (0.9945). Also the calibration curve has studies with human serum and urine . The way of standard addition is used successfully to determination the Albumin consentration in serum and urine of the patients. The Seconed part : The Albumin has been checked in an indirect way by using the bromo cresol green reagent in the aquous solution . The revealer has revealed three reduction peaks in the place ( - 0.706) Volt , ( - 0.882)Volt and ( - 1.214) Volt against the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl/SatKC) . The Albumin has been determined by this way , we notice that there is decrease in diffusion current of the Reagent peaks with quantity of the Albumin added . The method has been applied to examine the Albumin in the serum and urine of the patient .The Third part : The Albumin has been checked in an indirect method using the revealer of Bromo Pyrogallol Redbromo in the aquous solution . The revealer has revealed main reduction peaks in the place ( - 1.04) Volt against the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl/SatKC) . The Albumin has been determined by this way during the decrease in diffusion current of the revealer with the quantity of the Albumin added . The method has been applied to examine the Albumin concentration in the serum and urine of the patient .The Fourth part : The study of Voltammetric properties of Pure Prdnisolone in a direct method in the aquous solution . The substance has revealed a clear and major two reduction peaks at potential ( - 1.22) Volt and ( - 1.45) Volt against the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl/SatKC) . The calibration curve of the prednisolone in the Phosphate Buffer (pH=7) has been studies . The relationship has been linear with in the scope of concentration [(0.398×6 - 10) - (3.846×6 - 10)] molar . The corelation coefficient is (0.9981) , (0.9958) for one and two peaks . Also the calibration curve has studies with human serum and urine . The way of standard addition is used successfully to determine the drug in serum and urine of the patients . The way has been a chiered successfully to determine the drug in tablets . Also the study of molecular binding of prednisolone with Albumin and calculate the constant binding (K) , through Vant haff equation to calculate thermodynamic variables . (ΔG,ΔS,ΔH) , we conclude the binding of (Ion - Ion) type .The Fifth part : The study of Voltammetric properties of Pure (Betamethasone) in a direct method in the aquous solution . The substance has revealed a clear and major two reduction peaks at potential ( - 1.136) Volt and ( - 1.455) Volt against the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl/SatKC) . The calibration curve of the Betamethasone in the Phosphate Buffer (pH=7) has been studies . The relationship has been linear with in the scope of concentration [(6.01×6 - 10) - (1.99×7 - 10)] molar . The corelation coefficient is (0.9969) , (0.9905) for one and two peaks . Also the calibration curve has studies with human serum and urine . The way of standard addition is used successfully to determine the drug in serum and urine of the patients . The way has been a chiered successfully to determine the drug in tablets . Also the study of molecular binding of Betamethasone with Albumin and calculate the constant binding (K) , through Vant haff equation to calculate thermodynamic variables . (ΔG,ΔS,ΔH) , we conclude the binding of (Ion - Ion) type .Sixth part : The study of Voltammetric properties of Pure (Sodium Nitroprusside) in a direct method in the aquous solution . The substance has revealed a clear and major reduction peaks at potential ( - 0.592) Volt against the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl/SatKC) . The calibration curve of the Sodium Nitroprusside in the Phosphate Buffer (pH=7) has been studies . The relationship has been linear with in the scope of concentration [(8.424×6 - 10) - (0.398×6 - 10)] molar . The corelation coefficient is (0.9991) . Also the study of molecular binding of Sodium Nitroprusside with Albumin and calculate the constant binding (K) , through Vant haff equation to calculate thermodynamic variables . (ΔG,ΔS,ΔH) , we conclude the binding of (Ion - Ion) type .The Seventh part : The study of Voltammetric properties of Pure (Theophylline) in a direct method in the aquous solution . The substance has revealed a clear and major reduction peaks at potential ( - 0.315) Volt against the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl/SatKC) . The calibration curve of the Theophylline in the Phosphate Buffer (pH=7) has been studies . The relationship has been linear with in the scope of concentration [(3.66×6 - 10) - (0.793×6 - 10)] molar . The corelation coefficient is (0.9965) . Also the calibration curve has studies with human serum. The way of standard addition is used successfully to determine the drug in serum of the patients . The way has been a chiered successfully to determine the drug in tablets and syrups . Also the study of molecular binding of Theophylline with Albumin and calculate the constant binding (K) , through Vant haff equation to calculate thermodynamic variables . (ΔG,ΔS,ΔH) , we conclude the binding of (Ion - Ion) type .Eighrth part : The study of Voltammetric properties of Pure (Aminophylline) in a direct method in the aquous solution . The substance has revealed a clear and major or mean reduction peaks at potential ( - 0.622) Volt against the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl/SatKC) . The calibration curve of the Aminophylline in the (NH3/NH4Cl) Buffer (pH=10) has been studies . The relationship has been linear with in the scope of concentration [(23.07×4 - 10) - (1.093×4 - 10)] molar . The corelation coefficient is (0.9903). Also the calibration curve has studies with urine . The way of standard addition is used successfully to determine the drug in urine of the patients . The way has been a chiered successfully to determine the drug in tablets .

تحضير مركبات 4،3،1 - اوكسادايازول ومركبات السلفا من البارا - امينوفينول والبارا - نيتروفينول == Synthesis of 1,3,4 - Oxadiazole and Sulfa Compounds from p - Aminophenol and p - Nitrophenol

Author name: ناجح حسين عمو يوسف
Supervisor name: محمد علي شيت حسين الجحيشي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Organic Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: اظهرت العديد من المركبات العضوية تاثيرات بايولوجية مختلفة ولهذا استخدمت في كثير من المجالات الطبية والزراعية والصناعية، ومن الامثلة على ذلك مشتقات البارا - امينوفينول (البارا - اسيتامول والفيناستين) ومركبات 4،3،1 - اوكسادايازول ومركبات الفثاليميد ومركبات السلفا الدوائية ومركبات قواعد شيف ومركبات الازو والترايازين، وعلى هذا الاساس استخدم البارا - امينوفينول والبارا - نايتروفينول في تحضير مشتقات للمركبات المشار اليها ذوات تاثيرات بايولوجية متوقعة، وتضمن البحث تحضير سلاسل المركبات الاتية : مركبات السلسلة الاولى : حضرت مركبات هذه السلسلة من مفاعلة البارا - امينوفينول مع انهيدريد الخليك لتحضير البارا - اسيتامول (الاسيتامينوفين) (N1) الذي استخدم في تفاعله مع برومو خلات الاثيل (تفاعل وليامسون للايثرات) للحصول على المركب بارا - اسيتاميدو فينوكسي خلات الاثيل (N2)، واستخدم المركب (N2) مع الهيدرازين المائي للحصول على المركب هيدرازيد (بارا - اسيتاميدو فينوكسي) حامض الخليك (N3)، وعند مفاعلة المركب (N3) مع الدايهايدات مختلفة اعطت مركبات الهيدرازون (N13 - N4) التي تم اكسدتها باستخدام ثنائي اوكسيد الرصاص للحصول على مركبات 4،3،1 - اوكسادايازول (N23 - N14).مركبات السلسلة الثانية : حضرت مركبات هذه السلسلة من مفاعلة البارا - نايتروفينول مع برومو خلات الاثيل لتحضير بارا - نايترو فينوكسي خلات الاثيل (N26) الذي استخدم في تفاعله مع الهيدرازين المائي للحصول على المركب هيدرازيد (بارا - نايترو فينوكسي) حامض الخليك (N27)، واجريت مفاعلة المركب (N27) مع الدايهايدات مختلفة للحصول على مركبات الهيدرازون (N37 - N28)، وتم اكسدة المركبات الاخيرة باستخدام ثنائي اوكسيد الرصاص لغرض الحصول على مركبات 4،3،1 - اوكسادايازول (N47 - N38).مركبات السلسلة الثالثة : حضرت مركبات هذه السلسلة من مفاعلة البارا - امينو فينول مع كلوريد البارا - تولوين سلفونيل (طريقة هاينزبرك) لتحضير N - (بارا - هيدروكسي فنيل) - بارا - تولوين سلفوناميد (N48) الذي استخدم في تفاعله مع بروميد البارا - نايترو بنزيل (تفاعل وليامسون للايثرات) لتحضير بارا - [(4 - تولوين سلفوناميدو) - بارا - فينوكسي مثيل] نايتروبنزين (N49)، واجريت عملية الاختزال للمركب (N49) باستخدام مسحوق الزنك وحامض الهيدروكلوريك لتحضير بارا - [(4 - تولوين سلفوناميدو) - بارا - فينوكسي مثيل] انيلين (N50)، وعند مفاعلة المركب (N50) مع الدايهايدات مختلفة اعطت مركبات الهيدرازون (N56 - N51). واستخدم المركب (N50) في تحضير ملح الدايازونيوم (N57) من خلال مفاعلة المركب (N50) مع نتريت الصوديوم بوجود حامض الهيدروكلوريك عند درجة (0 - 5°م)، واستخدم ملح الدايازونيوم (N57) المحضر مباشرة في تحضير مركبات الازو (N63 - N58) من خلال تفاعل ملح الدايازونيوم (N57) مع الامينات الاروماتية او مع الفينولات (في محيط قاعدي). واستخدم ملح الدايازونيوم (N57) في تحضير مركبات الترايازين (N69 - N64) من خلال تفاعله مع الامينات الاليفاتية الثانوية (في محيط قاعدي). وفضلا عن ذلك، استخدم المركب (N50) في تحضير مركب بارا - [(4 - تولوين سلفوناميدو) - بارا - فينوكسي مثيل] فنيل اريل سلفوناميد (N70، N71) من خلال تفاعله مع كلوريد البارا - تولوين سلفونيل او كلوريد الالفا - نفثالين سلفونيل (طريقة هاينزبرك)، واستخدم كذلك المركب (N50) في تحضير مركب السلفا فثاليميد (N72) من خلال مفاعلته مع انهيدريد الفثاليك. شخصت المركبات المحضرة باستخدام الطرائق الفيزياوية والطيفية I.R.) وUV) فضلا عن استخدام الكشوفات التصنيفية في تشخيص بعض من المجاميع الفاعلة في هذه المركبات. | A large numbers of organic compounds showed different biological activities and thus used in many fields (medical, industrial and agricultural), such of these compounds, the derivatives of p - aminophenol (p - acetamol and phenacetin), 1,3,4 - oxadiazol compounds, phthalimide compounds, sulfa drugs, Schiff bases, azo and triazene compounds. Accordingly, p - aminophenol and p - nitrophenol have been used in this research to prepare derivatives of the mentioned compounds of expected biological effects. This study included preparation of the following series of compounds : Compounds of series I : These compounds were prepared by reaction of p - aminophenol with acetic anhydride to yield p - acetamol (p - acetamidophenol) (N1) which was used in the reaction with ethyl bromoacetate (Ether Williamson synthesis) to yield ethyl (p - acetamidophenoxy) acetate (N2). The compound (N2) was used in reaction with hydrazine hydrate to yield p - acetamidophenoxy acetic acid hydrazide (N3). On reaction of compound (N3) with different aldehydes gave hydrazone compounds (N4 - N13). The latter compounds (N4 - N13) were oxidized by lead dioxide to yield the final compounds, 1,3,4 - oxadiazoles (N14 - N23).Compounds of series II : These compounds were prepared by reaction of p - nitrophenol with ethyl bromoacetate to yield ethyl (p - nitrophenoxy) acetate (N26) which was used the reaction with hydrazine hydrate to yield p - nitrophenoxy acetic acid hydrazide (N27). The reaction of compound (N27) with different aldehydes gave hydrazone compounds (N28 - N37). On oxidation of hydrazones (N28 - N37) by lead dioxide yielded 1,3,4 - oxadiazol compounds (N38 - N47).Compounds of series III : These compounds were prepared by reaction of p - aminophenol with p - toluenesulphonyl chloride (Hinsberg method) to yield N - (p - hydroxy - phenyl) - p - toluene sulphonamide (N48) which was used in reaction with p - nitrobenzyl bromide to yield p - [(4 - toluenesulphonamido) - p - phenoxyme - thylene] nitrobenzene (N49). The reduction of compound (N49) by zinc powder and hydrochloric acid gave p - [4 - toluenesulphonamido) - p - phenoxymethylene] aniline (N50). The reaction of compound (N50) with different aldehydes yielded hydrazone compounds (N51 - N56).Compound (N50) was used in preparing of diazonium salt (N57) from the reaction of compound (N50) with sodium nitrate in hydrochloric acid at (0 - 5°C), then diazonium salt (N57) was used directly in reactions with aromatic amines or phenols (in basic medium) to give azo compounds (N58 - N63).On using diazonium salt (N57) in reactions with secondary aliphatic amines (in base medium) yielded triazene compounds (N64 - N69).On the other hand, the reaction of compound (N50) with p - toluene sulphonyl chloride or  - naphthyl sulphonyl chloride yielded p - [(4 - toluene sulphonamido) - p - phenoxymethyl] phenyl aryl sulphonamides (N70, N71). Moreover, the reaction of compound (N50) with phthalic anhydride gave sulpha phthalimide compound (N72). The synthesized compounds were identified according to their physical properties, spectroscopic data (IR and UV) in addition to systimatic identification of some active functional groups in these compounds

دراسة كيموحياتية لانزيم الكايتينيز وعلاقته بمرض الثلاسيميا == Biochemical Study of Chitinase and its Relation with Thalassemia

Author name: براء رعد محمود البرهاوي
Supervisor name: ذكرى علي علوش
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: تضمن البحث دراسة كيموحيوية لانزيم الكايتينيز وعلاقته بمرض الثلاسيميا ، اذ ظهر من خلال جمع (87) نموذج مصل دم لاشخاص مصابين بالمرض تتراوح اعمارهم بين (2 - 45 year) من كلا الجنسين وجود انخفاض معنوي في فعالية انزيم الكايتينيز عند مقارنته مع (66) نموذج مصل دم لاشخاص اصحاء تتراوح اعمارهم بين (1 - 55 year) من كلا الجنسين . ووجد ان المعدل الطبيعي لفعالية انزيم الكايتينيز في مصل دم مجموعة السيطرة (1.79±0.10 U/ml ) وفي مصل دم مجموعة المرضى (±0.11 U/ml 1.29), كما وجد ان فعالية الانزيم لاتتاثر بالجنس بينما تزداد مع تقدم العمر لدى مجموعتي السيطرة والمرضى ,وبينت النتائج عدم تاثر فعالية الانزيم بنوع المرض (الفا او بيتا - ثلاسيميا) وشدة مرض البيتا - ثلاسيميا (البيتا - ثلاسيميا الكبيرة والبيتا - ثلاسيميا المتوسطة) واستئصال الطحال . اظهرت النتائج وجود انخفاض معنوي في مستوى الهيموكلوبين ، بينما لوحظ وجود ارتفاع معنوي في مستوى كل من انزيم الكلوتاميت بايروفيت ترانس امينيز (GPT) وانزيم الكلوتاميت اوكزالواسيتيت ترانس امينيز (GOT) والحديد (Fe) والسعة الكلية لارتباط الحديد (TIBC) لدى مرضى الثلاسيميا مقارنة بمجموعة السيطرة . ودرست العلاقة بين فعالية انزيم الكايتينيز وعدد من المتغيرات السريرية لدى مجموعتي السيطرة والمرضى وذلك بايجاد معامل الارتباط الخطي ، وتبين ارتباط انزيم الكايتينيز بعلاقة عكسية معنوية مع الحديد وبعلاقة طردية معنوية مع انزيم (GPT) لدى مجموعة السيطرة وكذلك تبين ارتباط انزيم الكايتينيز بعلاقة طردية معنوية مع الهيموكلوبين لدى مجموعة المرضى . واظهرت طريقة عزل انزيم الكايتينيز من الجسيمات الحالة لبلازما الدم(الحزمة B) عدد مرات تنقية عالية مقارنة بطريقة عزل الانزيم من محلول راسب كبريتات الامونيوم بتشبع (75%) (الحزمة E) لبلازما الدم بتقنية الترشيح الهلامي باستخدام عمود الفصل الحاوي على (Sephadex G - 75) . كما وجد ان الحزمتين البروتينيتين ( BوE) لهما وزن جزيئي (1000 ± 39810 دالتون) و(1000 ± 36307 دالتون) على التوالي . درست الظروف المثلى لعمل انزيم الكايتينيز للحزمتين المعزولتين فوجد ان لهمزامن تفاعل امثل عند الدقيقة (35) و(30) والاس الهيدروجيني الامثل عند (pH= 7) ودرجة حرارة مثلى (60C) و(55C) والتركيز الامثل لمادة الاساس الكايتين الغروي (12 mg/ml) و(10mg/ml) وقيمة السرعة القصوى (2.08U/ml)Vmax و(2.00U/ml) وقيمة ثابت ميكيلس - منتن Km (2.12mg/ml) و(2.00mg/ml) على التوالي . وتم تقدير الفعالية البايولوجية لانزيم الكايتينيز المعزول من بلازما الدم (الحزمتين Bو E) تجاه نمو بعض البكتريا والفطريات الممرضة ووجد ان للانزيم القابلية على تثبيط نموها بنسبة (100%) للحزمة B)) و(50 %) للحزمة (E). | The present research is a biochemical study of chitinase and its relation with thalassemia . It had been found that a (87) of serum samples for thalassemia patients at ages between (2 - 45 years) of both sex had shown a significant decrease of chitinase activity when compared with (66) serum samples of controls at ages between (1 - 55 years) of both sex. It had been found that the normal range of chitinase activity in serum of healthy control (1.79 ± 0.10 U/ml) and in serum of patient (1.29±0.11 U/ml),it was also found that the activity was not affected by sex whereas an increase was found with aging in both patients and control. The result demonstrated that the chitinase activity was not affected by the type of thalassemia ( or β - thalassemia), distress of β - thalassemia (β - thalassemia major and β - thalassemia intermediate) and splenctomy. The results also showed a significant decrease in hemoglobin level while show a significant increase in (GPT), (GOT), (Fe) and (TIBC) of thalassemia patients compared with control. Correlation coefficient between chitinase activity and clinical variables of thalassemia patients studied showed a significal reversible relation between chitinase and (Fe) and irreversible relation between chitinase and(GPT) in control. It also show a reversible relation between chitinase and hemoglobin in patients. The isolation method of chitinase from lysosome of plasma (protein peak B) showed a high number of purification compared with the method for the isolation of chitinase from ammonium sulphate solution (75%) saturation of plasma (protein peak E) by gel filtration technique, using column containing sephadex G - 75, it was found that the two peaks (B and E) had apparent molecular weight (39180 ± 1000 dalton) and (36307 ± 1000 dalton) respectively. The study of the optimum condition of chitinase activity in the two peaks show an optimum reaction time at (35), (30) minute , optimum pH at (7) , optimum temperature at (60C), (55C) , optimum concentration of substrate colloidal chitin (12 mg/ml), (10 mg/ml) , Vmax (2.08 U/ml) , (2.00 Uml) and Km (2.12 mg/ml) and (2.00 mg/ml) respectively. Finally the biological activity had been improved for the isolated chitinase from plasma (for B and E peak) upon the growths of some bacteria and fungi pathogen , it had been found that the enzyme had the ability to inhibit its growth at ratio (100%) for peak (B) and (50%) for peak (E)

تحضيروتشخيص وقياس قيمة الفعالية البايلوجية لعدد من الايمايدات الحلقية الجديدة المعوضة على ذرة النيتروجين والحاوية على حلقات غير متجانسة == Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Biological Activity of Several New N - Substituted Cyclic Imides Containing Heterocycles

Author name: احمــد سعــدي حسـن
Supervisor name: احلام معروف العزاوي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Organic Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف بحثنا الى تحضير ايمايدات حلقية معوضة على ذرة النتروجين وحاوية على حلقات غير متجانسة ولغرض تحقيق هذا الهدف تم انجاز الخطوات التالية : 1 - تضمن الجزء الاول تحضير ستراكون ايمايدات معوضة بحلقات غير متجانسة هي مركبات N - (معوض بنزوثايزول - 2 - يل) ستراكون ايمايد [24 - 36] .2 - تضمن الجزءالثاني تحضير N - فنيل ستراكون ايمايدات مرتبطة بحلقة البنزوثايازول عن طريق مجموعة السلفون امايد هي N - (4 - N - معوض بنزوثايازول - 2 - يل) سلفون اميدوفنيل ستراكون ايمايدات [40 - 49].كما تضمن هذا الجزء تحضير N - فنيل ستراكون ايمايدات مرتبطة بحلقات غير متجانسة مختلفة عبر مجموعة السلفون امايد هي N - (4 - (N - مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة) سلفون اميدو فنيل) ستراكون ايمايدات [50 - 53].3 - تضمن الجزءالثالث تحضير N - بنزيل ستراكون ايمايدات مرتبطة بحلقة البنزوثايزول عن طريق مجموعة السلفون امايد هي مركبات N - (4 - (N - معوض بنزوثايزول - 2 - يل) سلفون اميدو بنزيل) ستراكون ايمايدات [57 - 66]. كما تضمن هذا الجزء تحضير N - بنزيل ستراكون ايمايدات معوضة بحلقات غير متجانسة مختلفة عن طريق مجموعة السلفون امايد هي مركبات N - (4 - (N - مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة) سلفون اميدو بنزويل) ستراكون ايمايدات [67 - 70]. 4 - تضمن الجزء الرابع من هذا البحث تحضير ايمايدات حلقية مثل (فثايل ايمايد وسكسن ايمايد) عن طريق جسر استامايدي.وهي المركبات N - (2 - استاميدو (معوض بنزوثايزول - 2 - يل) فثايل ايمايدات [81 - 90]. ومركبات N - (2 - استاميدو معوض بنزوثايزول - 2 - يل) سكسن ايمايدات [91 - 100]. لتحضير الايمايدات المطلوبة تم اتباع الخطوات التالية : ا - تم مفاعلة الامين الاولي الحاوي على حلقات غير متجانسة N - (معوض بنزثايزول - 2 - يل) مع كلوروكلوريد الاستيل لتحويلها الى مركبات 2 - (2 - كلورو استايل امينو) معوض بنزوثايزولات [71 - 80].ب‌ - تم تحويل الفثايل ايمايد والسكسن ايمايد الى املاح البوتاسيوم المقابلة.جـ - تفاعل مشتقات استيل امينو المحضرة في فقرة (ا) مع املاح الفثايل ايمايد والسكسن ايمايد المحضرة في فقرة (ب) لانتاج الفثايل ايمايدات N - (2 - استاميدو - (معوض بنزوثايزول - 2 - يل) فثايل ايمايدات [81 - 90]. والسكسن ايمايدات N - (2 - استاميدو (معوض بنزوثايزول - 2 - يل) سكسن ايمايدات [91 - 100].تم تعيين درجات الانصهار للمركبات المحضرة اجمع في هذا البحث وكما تم تشخيصها طيفيا عن طريق مطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء FT - IR وفق البنفسجية U.V. كما استخدمت مطيافية الرنين النووي المغناطيسي 1H - NMR و13C - NMR في تشخيص بعض المركبات المحضرة، فضلا عن اجراء بعض الكشوفات النوعية ذات الفائدة التشخيصية.5 - يتضمن الجزء الخامس الدراسة البايلوجية وذلك للتحري وتقيم الفعالية البايلوجية للمركبات المحضرة ضد انواع من البكتريا والفطريات عزلت كليا من حالات مرضية (بشرية) في مختبرات مستشفى الكاظمية وقد شملت الدراسة على مايلي : ا - دراسة تاثير المركبات المحضرة على نوعين من البكتريا الموجبة لصبغة كرام وهي (ستافلو اوريس وستربتو كوكس بايوجينس). ب - وكذلك على نوعين من البكتريا السالبة لصبغة كرام وهي (سيدومونس واي كولاي). جـ - وقد تم استخدام نوع واحد من الفطريات وهو (كانديدا البكان).وقد اوضحت نتائج الدراسة بان اغلب المركبات المحضرة ذات فعالية بايلوجية | The present work involved synthesis of several N - substituted cyclic imides containing hetero rings.Performing this target includes the following parts : 1 - The first part of this work involved synthesis of several N - substituted Citraconimides containing benzothiazole ring N - (substituted benzothiazole - 2 - yl) Citraconimides [24 - 36]. 2 - The second part involved preparation of N - (phenyl Citraconimides) attached to benzothiazole rings through sulfonamide group (N - (4 - N - substituted benzothiazole - 2 - yl) Sulfonamido phenyl) Citraconimides [40 - 49] and N - phenyl citraconimides attached to hetero cyclic rings through sulfonamide group [50 - 53]. 3 - The third part involved synthesis of N - benzyl citraconimides attached to benzothiazole rings through Sulfonamide group N - (4 - (N - substituted benzothiazole - 2 - yl) Sulfonamido benzyl) citraconimides [57 - 66] and N - Benzylcitraconimide attached to different heterocyclic rings through sulfonamide group [67 - 70]. 4 - This part involved preparation of phthalimides and succinimides attached to benzothiazoles through acetamido group.Producing the desirable phthalimides [81 - 90] and succinimide[91 - 100].All the prepared compounds in this work were characterized by recording their melting points, infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet (U.V) spectra. H - NMR and C13 - NMR spectra for some of them were recorded also.5 - This part involved evaluation of the biological activity of the prepared compounds against two types of (Gram positive) bacteria including [Staphylococcus aurous and Streptococcusgain] and two types of (Gram negative) bacteria including [E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa].Moreover biological activity of the prepared compounds ast fungi [Candida albicans].were studied also.The results showed that most of the prepared compounds have good biological activity against the mentioned organisms

عزل ودراسة انزيم الديوكسي رايبونيوكليز الحامضي من دم المرضى المصابين باحتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد == Isolation and Study of Acid Deoxyribonuclease from Blood of Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients

Author name: رغد عبد الموجود محمد حمو
Supervisor name: ليلى عبد الله مصطفى عبد الله
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: تضمن البحث الحالي دراسة كيموحيوية لانزيم الديوكسي رايبونيوكليز الحامضي DNaseII الذي تم عزله من مصل دم الاشخاص المصابين باحتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد لغرض التحقق من استخدام الانزيم كمؤشر للاصابة بالاحتشاء القلبي الحاد، اذ تم جمع (135) عينة دم من الاشخاص المصابين الراقدين في مستشفى ابن سينا التعليمي / وحدة العناية المركزة تراوحت اعمارهم بين (90 - 31) سنة وكان عدد الذكور والاناث المشمولين في الدراسة (97) و(38) على التوالي، كما جمعت (90) عينة لاشخاص اصحاء تراوحت اعمارهم بين (70 - 15) سنة لغرض المقارنة ولايجاد القيمة المرجعية لانزيم DNaseII.واظهرت النتائج وجود زيادة معنوية في فعالية انزيم DNaseII في مصل دم الاشخاص المصابين اذ بلغ معدل الفعالية (268.0+6.90) وحدة/لتر مقارنة مع معدل الفعالية للاشخاص الاصحاء (25.70+1.60) وحدة/لتر، لذا يعد انزيم DNaseII كمؤشر للاصابة باحتشاء عضلة القلب الحاد.تم عزل انزيم DNaseII من مصل دم الاشخاص المصابين بالاحتشاء القلبي الحاد باستخدام التقنيات الحياتية المختلفة حيث تم فصل حزمتين بروتينيتين رئيستين من البروتينات بتقنية الترشيح الهلامي للراسب البروتيني الناتج من عملية الترسيب بكبريتات الامونيوم، واظهرت واحدة منها فقط فعالية لانزيم DNaseII، وقدر وزنه الجزيئي باستخدام تقنية الترشيح الهلامي وكان بحدود (67000) دالتون.وتضمن ايضا ايجاد الظروف المثالية لفعالية انزيم DNaseII وكانت الفعالية القصوى كالاتي باستخدام (32) مايكروغرام/لتر من الحامض النووي الديوكسي رايبوزي DNA كمادة اساس للانزيم، و(0.1) مولار من المحلول المنظم للخلات عند الاس الهيدروجيني (pH=4.5) وبدرجة حرارة (40) درجة مئوية وبزمن تفاعل (150) ثانية.تم ايجاد قيمة السرعة القصوى وثابت مكيلس - منتن باستخدام رسم لاين ويفر - برك وكانت مساوية لـ (125) وحدة/لتر و(1.8) مايكروغرام/مليلتر على التوالي.واخيرا تمت دراسة تاثير بعض المركبات الكيميائية والنيوكليوتيدات والادوية على فعالية انزيم الـ DNaseII، ووجد ان الايزورديل يعمل كمثبط تنافسي لفعالية الانزيم عند تركيز (0.01) مولار | The current research is a biochemical study of acid deoxyribonuclease DNaseII which was isolated from the serum of patients suffering Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in order to use the the enzyme as a marker for identification of AMI. blood samples from (135) AMI patients who entered in the CCU of Ibn - Sina teaching Hospital, their ages ranged between (31 - 90) years, (97) males and (38) females, the blood of (90) samples were collected from healthy individuals their ages ranged between (15 - 70) year as control. The results showed a significant increase in the activity of DNaseII enzyme in the serum of the AMI patients with an activity mean (268.0+ 6.90) U/L compared to the activity of healthy people (25.7+ 1.60) U/L. The DNaseII has been isolated from the blood of AMI patients using different biochemical techniques, two proteins components had been isolated by gel filtration technique from precipitate produced by ammonium sulfate. It was found that only the first peak has DNaseII enzyme activity. The apparent molecular weight of DNaseII using gel filtration was found to be (67000) Dalton. The research was concerned with finding of optimum conditions for DNaseII activity. Maximum activity was obtained using (32) g/ ml of deoxyribonucleic acid as a substrate for the enzyme, acetate buffer at pH (4.50) and temperature of (40) degree C0 at a reaction time of (150) sec. using Line Weaver - Burk blot, it was found that Maximum Velocity Vmax and Michaelis Menten constant Km have the values of (120.5) U/ L and (1.8) g / ml respectively. Finally, the effect of some chemical compounds and nucleotides and drugs on the DNaseII activate was also studied. It was found that Isordil Showed a competitive inhibition on the activity of the enzyme at a concentration of (0.01) M.

العلاقة بين فعالية انزيم (SOD) والتوزيع الدهني بالدم لمرضى السكر

Author name: منال عدنان ابراهيم
Supervisor name: فراح غالي الصالحي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تضمن البحث دراسة (140) شخصا من الذكور والاناث منهم (55) شخصا من الاصحاء [ (33) ذكرا و(22) انثى ] و(43) شخصا من المصابين بالداء السكري من النوع ( I) [ (25) ذكرا و(18) انثى ] و(42) شخصا مصابا بالداء السكري من النوع (II) [ (24) ذكرا و(18) انثى] . وقد اظهرت دراسة (85) حالة مرضية لنوعي داء السكر( II,I) وجود انخفاض معنوي في مستوى فعالية انزيم السوبر اوكسايد دسميوتيز (SOD) عند مستوى P=0.007 لمرضى السكري من النوع I بينما كان الانخفاض عند مستوى P=0.0001 لمرضى السكري من النوع II مقارنة بالاصحاء .وشملت الدراسة ايضا متابعة مستوى المتغيرات الكيميوحيوية الاخرى في مرضى السكري بنوعيه ، حيث ظهر ارتفاع معنوي عالي عند مستوى p=0.0001 لمستوى هذه المتغيرات والتي شملت المالون داي الديهايد (MDA) والهيموغلوبين المسكر (HbA1c) ودهون الدم ( الكوليسترول والكليسيريدات الثلاثية ) واللايبوبروتينات ( HDL,LDL,VLDL) والهيموغلوبين (Hb) . وتم استخراج قيمة LDL/HDL فلوحظ ارتفاع معنوي عند مستوى P=0.0001 في مرضى السكري في النوع II,I مقارنة بالاصحاء وان هذا الارتفاع يدل على عامل الخطورة الذي يهدد مرضى السكري بكلا نوعيه . كما وتضمن هذا البحث استخراج علاقة الارتباط بين بعض المتغيرات الكيموحيوية التي تم قياسها فوجدت علاقة طردية بين الهيموغلوبين المسكر HbA1c والكلوكوز (B.S) للنوع الاول والثاني لمرضى السكري وكان معامل الارتباط يساوي (0.397 ،0.388 ) لنوعي المرض على التوالي . وكذلك وجدت علاقة طردية تربط بين المالون داي الديهايد MDA والكلوكوز B.S في الدم بمعامل ارتباط ( 0.609 ، 0.627) للنوع II,I ، وقد وجد ان معامل الارتباط بين مستوى فعالية انزيم السوبر اوكسايد دسميوتيز مع الكلوكوز في الدم والهيموغلوبين المسكر HbA1c والمالون داي الديهايد MDA علاقة عكسية بالنسبة للنوع الاول وبمقدار [ ( - 0.390 ، - 0.424، 0.569 ) ] بينما وجدت العلاقة بين مستوى فعالية انزيم السوبر اوكسايد دسميوتيز مع الكلوكوز في الدم والهيموغلوبين المسكر HbA1c والمالون داي الديهايد MDA علاقة عكسية للنوع الثاني لمرض السكر [( - 0.433 ، 0.412 ، - 0.574) ] على التوالي .

تحضير وتشخيص عدد من المعقدات متعددة النوى المتجانسة وغير المتجانسة لايونات Ni (II) وPd (II) وPt (II) مع ثايوايثرات الاثيلين والايثان == Preparation and Characterization of Some Homo and Hetero Multinuclear Complexes of Ni(II), Pd(II) and Pt(II) Ions with Ethylene and Ethane Thioethers

Author name: وداد طه حامد القطان
Supervisor name: نبيل هادي بطرس
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Inorganic Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: تتضمن الدراسة تحضيرا وتشخيصا لاربعة وستين معقدا جديدا من معقدات النيكل (II) والبلاديوم (II) والبلاتين (II) احادية وثنائية وثلاثية النوى المتجانسة وغير المتجانسة وذلك من مفاعلة املاح الفلزات مع ليكاندات الثايوايثر المحضرة من مفاعلة (2،2،1،1 - رباعي كلورو اثيلين) او (2،1 - ثنائي برومو ايثان) مع (1 - دوديكان ثايول) ذي السلسلة الهيدروكاربونية الطويلة و(الفا - تولوين ثايول) و(2 - امينو بنزين ثايول) و(2 - كاربوكسي بنزين ثايول) وهذه الليكاندات هي : 2،2،1،1 - تتراكس (1 - دوديكان ثايو) اثيلين (L1)2،2،1،1 - تتراكس (الفا - تولوين ثايو) اثيلين (L2)2،2،1،1 - تتراكس (اورثو - امينو فنيل ثايو) اثيلين (L3)2،2،1،1 - تتراكس (اورثو - كاربوكسي فنيل ثايو) اثيلين (L4)2،1 - بس (1 - دوديكان ثايو) ايثان (L5)2،1 - بس (الفا - تولوين ثايو) ايثان (L6)تم التركيز على الليكاندات L1 وL2 وL5 وL6 التي هي محور الدراسة اذ تمتاز بدرجات انصهار واطئة وبذوبانها في معظم المذيبات العضوية المعروفة وكذلك فان معقداتها تمتاز بذوبانية عالية في معظم المذيبات العضوية.ومن خلال دراسة المعقدات المتجانسة وغير المتجانسة النوى والمحضرة من مفاعلة كلوريدات الفلزات مع الليكاندات بنسبة مولية (2 : 3) (فلز : ليكاند) ومركبات الاضافة وتشخيصها بقياسات التوصيلية الكهربائية المولارية والمغناطيسية والاطياف الالكترونية والاشعة تحت الحمراء تبين ان المعقدات اعلاه يمكن تصنيفها كما ياتي : A. المعقدات ثلاثية النوى : 1. المعقدات ذات الصيغة العامة [M3(L)2Cl4]Cl2 حيث (M=Ni, L=L1; M=Pt, L=L3) وكذلك المعقدات [Pd2Pt(L3)2Cl4]Cl2 و[Ni3(L3)2]Cl6 و[Pt3(L3)2(PPh3)4]Cl6 يمتلك فيها الايون الفلزي الوسطي شكل المربع المستوي ويمتلك كل من الايونين الطرفيين شكلراباعي السطوح.2. المعقدات ذات الصيغة العامة [M2M(L)2(PPh3)4Cl4]Cl2 حيث ان (M=M=Ni, L=L6, M=M=Pt, L=L5; M=M=Pd, L=L1; M=Ni, M=Pd, L=L1,L2,L3; M=Pd, M=Pt, L=L1,L2,L3,L4,L6)وكذلك المعقدات [Ni3(L3)2(PPh3)4]Cl6 و[Ni2Pd(L1)2Cl4(H2O)4]Cl2 و[Ni2Pd(L3)2Cl4]Cl2 يمتلك فيها الايون الفلزي الوسطي شكل المربع المستوي ويمتلك كل من الايونين الطرفيين شكلا ثماني السطوح.3. المعقدات ذات الصيغة العامة [M2M(L)2(PPh3)4]Cl6 حيث(M=M=Pd, L=L3, M=M=Pt, L=L4; M=Ni, M=Pd, L=L4)و [M2M(L)2Cl4]Cl2 حيث (M=M=Pt, L=L4; M=Ni, M=Pd, L=L2; M=Ni, M=Pd, L=L4)وكذلك المعقدات [Pd3(L3)2]Cl6 و[Pt3(L)2Cl4]Cl2 حيث (L = L5, L6) تمتلك فيها الايونات الفلزية جميعها شكل المربع المستوي.4. المعقدات ذات الصيغة العامة [M2M(L5)2(PPh3)4Cl6] حيث ان (M=M=Pd; M=Pd, M=Pt) اذ تمتلك الايونات الفلزية الثلاثة شكلا ثماني السطوح.5. المعقدات ذات الصيغة العامة [M2M(L)2Cl6] حيث ان : (M = M = Ni, L = L4; M = M = Pd, L = L1, L2, L4, L5, L6; M =Pd, M=Pt, L = L1, L2, L5, L6)وكذلك [M3(L)2(PPh3)4Cl2]Cl4 حيث ان (M=Ni; L=L4; M=Pd, L=L2,L4,L6) فضلا عن المعقد [Ni3(L5)2(OH)6]3 الذي يمتلك فيه الايون الفلزي الوسطي شكلا ثماني السطوح، ويمتلك كل من الايونين الطرفين شكل المربع المستوي.B. المعقدات غير المتوقعة : تبين ان بعض المعقدات غير المتوقعة والناتجة من تفاعل الايونات الفلزية مع الليكاندات بنسبة مولية (2 : 3) تمتلك الصيغة العامة [NiPd(L)2Cl4] حيث ان (L = L5, L6) وتتخذ فيها الايونات الفلزية شكل المربع المستوي. اما مركبات الاضافة لهذه المعقدات فلها نوعان من الاشكال الهندسية، اذ تمتلك الصيغة [NiPd(L5)2(PPh3)4Cl4] شكلا ثماني السطوح حول كل ايون من الايونات الفلزية، في حين تمتلك الصيغة [NiPd(L6)2(PPh3)4Cl2]Cl2 مزيج من الشكلين ثماني السطوح والمربع المستوي.وفي بعض الحالات فان مفاعلة K2PtCl4 مع الليكاندين L1 او L2 بنسبة مولية (2 : 3) ادت الى تكوين مزيج من طبقة زيتية او مادة علكية والمحلول المتبقي من التفاعل. عزلت الطبقة الزيتية وشخصت وتبين انها معقد يمتلك الصيغة [PtL1Cl2] وعند مفاعلة هذا المعقد مع (1 مول) من كلوريد البلاديوم تكون المعقد [PdPtL1Cl4] . اما المادة العلكية فقد عزلت من المحلول وتبين انها معقد ذو الصيغة [PtL2Cl2] وفي كلتا الحالتين صعد المحلول المتبقي من التفاعل فتكون راسب عزل وشخص وتبين انه معقد يمتلك الصيغة [Pt2LCl4] اذ ان (L = L1, L2) . | he work in this thesis deals with the preparation and characterization of sixty four new homo and hetero (mono, di and tri) nuclear complexes of nickel (II), palladium (II) and platinum(II) which prepared from the reaction of(1,1,2,2 - tetrachloroethylen) or (1,2 - dibromoethane) with (1 - dodecanethiol) which contain long hydrocarbon chain and with ( - toluenethiol), (2 - aminobenzene thiol) and (2 - carboxybenzene thiol) and the prepared ligands are : 1,1,2,2 - Tetrakis (1 - dodecanthio) ethylene (L1)1,1,2,2 - Tetrakis ( - toluenethio) ethylene (L2)1,1,2,2 - Tetrakis (o - aminophenylthio) ethylene (L3)1,1,2,2 - Tetrakis (o - carboxy phenylthio) ethylene (L4)1,2 - Bis (1 - dodecanethio) ethane (L5)1,2 - Bis (a - toluenethio) ethane (L6)The ligands L1, L2, L5 and L6 have received a considerable interest in this study due to their low melting points and their high solubility in several hydrocarbon solvents as well as their complexes have high solubility in most organic solvents.The homo and hetero nuclear complexes that prepared from the reaction of metal chlorides with the ligands using (3 : 2) (M : L) molar ratio and their characterization by molar conductivity, magnetic susceptibility measurements, electronic and infrared spectra indicates that the complexes can be classified as : A. Trinuclear complexes : 1. Complexes of a genetal formula [M3(L)2Cl4]Cl2, (M = Ni, L = L1; M = Pt, L = L3) and the complexes [Pd2Pt(L3)2Cl4]Cl2, [Ni3(L3)2]Cl6 and [Pt3(L3)2(PPh3)4]Cl6 exhibit square planer geometry around the central metal ions, while other metal ions have a tetrahedral geometry.2. The complexes of the general formula [M2M(L)2(PPh3)4Cl4]Cl2 (M=M=Ni, L=L6, M=M=Pt, L=L5; M=M=Pd, L=L1; M=Ni, M=Pd, L=L1,L2,L3; M=Pd, M=Pt, L=L1,L2,L3,L4,L6) as well as the complexes [Ni3(L3)2(PPh3)4]Cl6, [Ni2Pd(L1)2Cl4(H2O)4]Cl2 and [Ni2Pd(L3)2Cl4]Cl2 exhibit square planer geometry around the central metal ion and octahedral geometry around the rest of metal ions.3. The complexes of the general formula [M2M(L)2(PPh3)4]Cl6, (M=M=Pd, L=L3, M=M=Pt, L=L4; M=Ni, M=Pd, L=L4) and the complexes [Pd3(L3)2]Cl6, [Pt3(L)2Cl4]Cl2, (L = L5, L6), have a square planer geometry around each metal ion.4. The complexes of the general formula [M2M(L5)2(PPh3)4Cl6]; (M = M = Pd; M = Pd, M = Pt) exhibit an octahedral geometry around each metal ion.5. The complexes of the general formula [M2M(L)2Cl6], (M=M= Ni, L = L4, M = M = Pd, L = L1, L2, L4, L5, L6; M =Pd, M=Pt, L = L1, L2, L5,L6), [M3(L)2(PPh3)4Cl2]Cl4, (M = Ni; L = L4; M = Pd, L = L2, L4, L6) and [Ni3(L5)2(OH)6]3, have an octahedral geometry around the central metal ions while square planer geometry around other metal ions.B. Unexpected complexes : Some of unexpected complexes which resulted from the reaction of metal ions with ligands using (3 : 2) (M : L) molar ratio, having the general formula [NiPd(L)2Cl4], (L = L5, L6) with a square planer geometry around each metal ion, while the adducts of this formula have two types of geometry, the formula [NiPd(L5)2(PPh3)4Cl4] have an octahedral geometry around each metal ion, and the formula [NiPd(L6)2(PPh3)4Cl2]Cl2 have a mixture of octahedral and square planer geometry.In some cases, the reaction of K2PtCl4 with the ligands L1 or L2 using molar ratio (3 : 2) gave a mixture of an oily layer or gum material and remaining solution in each cases. The oily layer has been isolated and characterized as a complex of the formula [PtL1Cl2], then the oily layer treated with (1 mole) of palladium chloride to give a complex of the formula [PdPtL1Cl4]. The gum material which has been isolated also and treated with cold ethanol for several times giving another complex which was identified as [PtL2Cl2] complex. The remaining solutions were refluxed for about (1 h) and gave a precipitate which separated and identified as [Pt2LCl4], (L = L1, L2).

عزل ودراسة انزيم اريل استيريز في مصل الدم وعلاقته بمرض تصلب الشرايين في مدينة الموصل == Isolation and Studying Arylesterase in Blood Serum and Its Relation with Atherosclerosis in Mosul

Author name: رنا فاضل جاسم الربيعي
Supervisor name: ذكرى علي علوش
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: تضمن البحث دراسة لانزيم اريل استيريز وعلاقته بمرض تصلب الشرايين ، اذ ظهر من خلال جمع (50) نموذج مصل دم لاشخاص مصابين بتصلب الشرايين تتراوح اعمارهم بين (4060 Year) من كلا الجنسين وجود انخفاض معنوي عند مستوى الاحتمالية (P<0.001) في فعالية انزيم اريل استيريز عند مقارنته مع (50) نموذج مصل دم لاشخاص اصحاء تتراوح اعمارهم بين (2060 Year) من كلا الجنسين . ووجد ان المعدل الطبيعي لفعالية انزيم اريل استيريز في مصل دم مجموعة السيطرة (117.22±5.03 U/ml) ولايتاثر بالجنس ويقل مع تقدم العمر ، كما وجد عدم تاثير الجنس والعمرعلى فعالية الانزيم لدى مجموعة المرضى . وبينت النتائج انخفاض فعالية الانزيم لدى مرضى تصلب الشرايين المصابين بارتفاع ضغط الدم وداء السكر مقارنة بمرضى تصلب الشرايين غير المصابين بهذه الامراض كما انخفضت فعالية الانزيم لدى المرضى ذوي المستوى المعاشي المتوسط والجيد ، ومع زيادة مدة الاصابة بالمرض ، بينما لم تتاثر فعالية الانزيم بمستوى التدخين . واظهرت النتائج وجود انخفاض معنوي في مستوى البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة ، البروتين الكلي ، الالبومين والكلوبيولين بينما لوحظ وجود ارتفاع معنوي في مستوى الدهون الكلية ولم يلحظ تغيير في مستوى الكولسترول الكلي ، الكليسيريدات الثلاثية ، البروتين الدهني واطئ الكثافة جدا ، البروتين الدهني واطئ الكثافة والكالسيوم في مصل دم مرضى تصلب الشرايين مقارنة بمجموعة السيطرة . ودرست العلاقة بين فعالية انزيم اريل استيريز وعدد من المتغيرات السريرية لدى مرضى تصلب الشرايين وذلك بايجاد معامل الارتباط الخطي ، وتبين ارتباط البروتين الكلي بعلاقة خطية مع انزيم اريل استيريز لدى مجموعة السيطرة وارتباط خطي بين كل من البروتين الدهني عالي الكثافة (HDL) والالبومين مع انزيم اريل استيريز لدى مجموعة المرضى . كما وجد ان الحزمة البروتينية الثانية المفصولة من مصل الدم بتقنية الترشيح الهلامي باستخدام (Sephadex G75) لها وزن جزيئي (47305 دالتون)، وللحزمة البروتينية الاولى المفصولة من HDL مصل الدم هو (49907 دالتون) ، وللحزمة البروتينية الاولى المفصولة من محلول راسب كبريتات الامونيوم بتشبع (25 - 50%) لمصل الدم باستخدام تقنيتي الترشيح الهلامي والهجرة الكهربائية بوجود SDS هو (48123 دالتون) و(49185 دالتون) على التوالي . كما درست الظروف المثلى لعمل انزيم اريل استيريز للحزمتين المفصولتين من HDL مصل الدم ومحلول راسب كبريتات الامونيوم لمصل الدم فوجد ان لهمزامن تفاعل امثل عند الدقيقة (12) و(10) والاس الهيدروجيني الامثل عند (7.2) و(7.6) ودرجة حرارة مثلى (30 C) و(25 C) والتركيز الامثل لمادة الاساس (4mM) و(4.5 mM) وقيمة السرعة القصوى Vmax (243.9 U/ml) و(238.1 U/ml) وقيمة ثابت ميكيلس Km (3.07 mM) و(3.26 mM) على التوالي. | The research included a study of arylesterase and its relation with atherosclerosis. Blood serum samples (50) atherosclerotic patients at age between (4060 year) of both sex had shown a significant decrease (P<0.001) in arylesterase activity when compared with (50) samples of blood serum healthy control at age between (2060 year) of both sex.It had been found that the normal range of arylesterase activity in serum of healthy control (117.22 5.03 U/ml) was not affected by sex and decreased with aging. Also sex and age had no effect on enzyme activity in patients.The results demonstrated a decrease of arylesterase activity in atherosclerotic patients having hypertension and diabetes mellitus.The enzyme activity also decreased with medium and good level of living patients and according to duration but did not affected by the level of smoking.The results also showed a significant decrease of high density lipoprotein, total protein, albumin and globulin . A significant increase of total lipids was observed and their was no change in total cholesterol, triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and calcium in serum of atherosclerotic patients compared with control group.Correlation coefficient between arylesterase activity and clinical variables of atherosclerotic patients showed a linear relationship of arylesterase activity with total protein in control group and a linear relationship of arylesterase activity with high density lipoprotein and albumin in patients group.It had been found that the second protein peak separated from serum by gel filtration technique using (Sephadex G75) had apparent molecular weight (47305 d) and the first protein peak separated from HDL serum had (49907 d) . The first protein peak separated from Ammonium Sulfate saturation of serum with (2550%) using gel filtration and SDS electrophoersis techniques had (48123 d) and (49185d) respectively. The optimum conditions of arylesterase for the two peaks separated from HDL and Ammonium Sulfate precipitate solution showed a reaction time at (12), (10) minute and optimum pH at (7.2), (7.6) and optimum temperature (30 C), (25 C) and optimum substrate concentration (4 mM), (4.5 mM) and Vmax value (243.9 U/ml), (238.1 U/ml) and Km value (3.07 mM), (3.26 mM) respectively.

تحضير وتشخيص مركبات خماسية وسداسية وسباعية الحلقة غير متجانسة == Synthesis and Identification of Five, Six and Seven membered ring of Heterocyclic derivativese

Author name: شذى سلمان حسن عباس
Supervisor name: ابتسام خليفة جاسم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتضمن موضوع البحث في هذه الرسالة تحضير مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة خماسية وسداسية وسباعية متنوعة ابتداء من ماليك اسد داي هايدرزايد والذي حضر باستعمال ثنائي اثيل ماليت المقابل بتفاعلها مع الهيدرازين المائي وقد تم تقسيم هذا العمل الى اربعة اقسام : القسم الاول : يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبات الفثالازين - 3و8 - دايون, والبريدازين - 6,3 دايون اوكسادايازول, اوكسازولين, ترايازول, ثايادايازول والتي اشتقت من تفاعل مالونك اسد داي هايدرزايد (1) مع مواد عضوية مختلفة وخطوات التفاعل موضحة في المخطط رقم (1).القسم الثاني : يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير ثايو سيميكاربزايد, سيميكاربزايد, اوكسازولين وثايازوالدين والتي اشتقت من تفاعل مالونك اسد داي هايدرزايد (1) مع مواد عضوية مختلفة وخطوات التفاعل موضحة في المخطط رقم (3).القسم الثالث : يتضمن هذا القسم تحضير مركبين جديدين من قواعد شف مشتقة من تفاعل مالونك اسد داي هايدرزايد (1) مع الالديهايد الاروماتية, حيث تمت عملية الغلق الحلقي باستعمال الفثاليك انهدريد لتحضيراوكسازيبين وخطوات التفاعل موضحة في المخطط رقم (2). | This work involves synthesis of different five, six and seven membered heterocyclic rings starting from Malonic acid dihydrazide which was synthesized from the corresponding diethyl malonate on its reaction with hydrazine hydrate. This work is divided into four different parts : First part : This part involved the synthesis of oxadiazole[9], triazole[3,19,22], thiadiazole[11,18] , thiadiazine[4], , pyridazin - 3,6 - dione [5] ,phthalazin - 3,8 - dione[6] and pyrazole[7,8] from compounds [a], [1] with different organic materials as shown in Schemes (I).Second part : This part involved the synthesis of thiosemicarbazide[16], semicarbazide[20],Thiazolidine[17] and Oxazoline[21]derivatives from malonic acid dihydrazide [1], as shown in Scheme (III).Third part : This part involved the synthesis of two new Schiff bases[12,14]derived from malonic acid dihydrazide [1] with two aromatic aldehydes and cyclization by the treatment with phthalic anhydride resulted oxazepines [13, 15] as shown in Scheme (II).

تقدير مستويات بعض العناصر النزرة وانزيم الكلوتاثيون بيروكسيديز في دم مرضى حصاة الكلى في محافظة البصرة - العراق == Estimation Levels of Some Trace Elements and Glutathion Peroxidase in The Blood of Patients Infected Kidney Stones in Basrah Governorate - iraq

Author name: نور حامد فيصل
Supervisor name: بيداء حسين علي العزاوي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study aimed to find relationship between some of biochemical variables with kidney stone patients and study the effectiveness of antioxidants (Zinc Zn,Selenium Se,Glutathion peroxidase GPx) and Calcium Ca ,Magnesium Mg and Cupper Cu. The samples were collected from Lithotripsy center in Basrah General Hospital and samples were selected from 104 patients with stones (55male and 49 female) their age ranged between (12 - 67) and 70 healthy people (40 male and 30 female) their age ranged between (17 - 65).The result were : 1 - Highly significant decreasing in patients in the level of zinc (p˂0.01) compared with healthy people. 2 - Significant decreasing or increasing was observed in level of Cu in patients compared with healthy people.3 - Highly significant in patients in the level of calcium p˂0.01 compared with healthy people.4 - Highly significant decreased in level of Mg p˂0.01 in patient compared with healthy.5 - highly significant decrease was observed in Se in patients compared with healthy people p˂0.01 6 - highly significant decrease was observed in GPx in patients compared with healthy people p˂0.01 7 - Presence positive correlation between antioxidants (Zn,Se and GPx) and negative correlation between (Zn,Cu) and negative correlation between (Ca,Mg).

تحضير وتشخيص مثبطات تاكل جديدة من اعادة تدوير بولي اثلين ترفثاليت وتقييم كفاءتها في تثبيط تاكل الصلب الكربوني في الوسط الحامضي == Preparation and Characterization of New Corrosion Inhibitors from Polyethylene Terphthalate (PET) and Study its efficientcy As to Inhibit the Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Acidic Media

Author name: منتظر فريد الاسدي
Supervisor name: مؤيد نعيم خلف
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The research included synthesis ,characterization and evaluation of new corrosion inhibitors(bis(2 - hydroxy ethyl) thioterphthalte and bis(2 - hydroxyethyl)terephthalate from recycled waste polyethylene terephthalate . The best percent of the two corrosion inhibitors were reached after many experiments, which included study many factors like temperature, catalyst , the equivalent weight of reactants and others. The synthesized corrosion inhibitors were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy . The two inhibitors were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors using sulfuric acid as corrosion media for carbon steel( carbon steel C1010) . The factors effect on the rate of corrosion like temperature , concentration of inhibitor were studied by the electrochemical technique using the Tafel plot. The obtained results at temperatures range ( 298, 308,318,328 K) were used to calculate many factors that determined the efficiency of the inhibitor like corrosion rate , charge transfer resistance and inhibitor efficiency. it was observed that the corrosion rate and charge transfer of the carbon steel for the inhibitors increases with increase of temperature and decreases with increase of the inhibitor concentration in the same temperature. The Results showed that both inhibitors had very high inhibition in reducing the corrosion rate . The inhibition efficiency reached (96%) for the bis(2 - hydroxy ethyl) thioterphthalate for the 24ppm and (91%) for the bis (2 - hydroxy ethyl) terephthalate for the 25ppm .Many thermodynamics functions was calculated ,activation energy a ,entropy S , enthalpy  and free energy G during the different experiment conditions ,which was indicated of the corrosion inhibition efficiency and the type of the inhibition. The obtained results showed that the two inhibitors were very efficient to reduce the corrosion rate in the acidic media and from the G data the type of adsorption was chemical because the value of Gads was higher than (20 KJ/mol) .

تحضير وتشخيص وتقييم بعض معقدات قواعد شف لايوني النحاس والموليبدينوم كمثبطات تاكل لسبيكة حديد الصلب الكربوني في الوسط الحامضي == Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Some Schiff Base’s Complexes of Copper and Molybdenum Ions as Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Steel Alloy in Acidic Medium

Author name: محمد علي مهدي الحلفي
Supervisor name: زكي ناصر كاظم | هادي زيارة محمد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study, two types of Schiff base were prepared as ligands L1, L2, by reaction of an equal number of moles of tris(hydroxymethyl) methyl amine with salysildehyde and vanillin in a methanolL1 : ((E) - 2 - ((2 - hydroxybenzylidene) amino) - 2 - (hydroxymethyl) propane - 1,3 - diol) L2 : ((E) - 2 - ((4 - hydroxy - 3 - methoxybenzylidene) amino) - 2 - (hydroxymethyl) propane - 1,3 - diol).The Cu(II) and Mo(VI) complexes were prepared to produce the : - A1 : tetrakis(μ3 - 2 - {[1,1 - bis(hydroxymethyl) - 2 - oxidoethyl] iminomethyl} - phenolato) tetrakis [aqua copper(II)].A2 : tetrakis(μ3 - 2 - {[1,1 - bis(hydroxymethyl) - 2 - oxidoethyl] iminomethyl} - 2 - meth - oxy} - phenolato) tetrakis [aqua copper(II)].B1 : (E) - 2 - methyl - 2 - ((2 - ((methyl(l1 - oxidanyl) dioxomolybdenio) oxy) benzylidene) amino) propane - 1,3 - diol).B2 : (E) - 2 - ((4 - hydroxy - 3 - ((methyl(l1 - oxidanyl) dioxomolybdenio) (methylene) - l4 - oxidanyl) benzylidene) amino) - 2 - methyl) propane - 1,3 - diol).The ligands and complexes were characterized by Fouries transformer infrared FTIR, UV and NMR techniques.All these techniques insisted that the ligands and their complexes were prepared successfully.On the other hand, the four complexes A1, B1, A2 and B2 were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors against a corrosive environment of 0.1M of hydrochloric acid at constant temperature of 25°C and different concentration for each one of the above complexesIIrange (10 - 50) ppm and it has been found that the efficiency of inhibition at a temperature 25℃ are not highly efficient, the KI was added in order to increase the efficiency of these inhibitors values to these inhibitors.The inhibition efficiency for all inhibitors was increased in presence of KI compared with the absence of it.On the other hand, the complexes of copper i.e., A1 and A2 have higher efficiency than molybdenum complexes i.e. (B1 and B2) this can be attributed to the ability of copper ion (II) to donate the electron density to the ligand by back donation competence these behaviour compared with molybdenum ion (VI) that has not the ability that present in copper ion, Also studied the effect of concentration of the inhibitor prepared in other temperatures change separately and these grades are within the range (35 - 55) ℃ has been observed that efficiency does not increase either the existence of KI with the inhibitor, or without, but the decreasing efficiency with increasing temperature, means that the inhibitor adsorbed physically on carbon steel alloy.The functions thermodynamic adsorption such as free energy, enthalpy and entropy were studies depending on the adsorbent layer θ on the surface of the carbon steel alloy. The data was shown all the complexes are subject to model for Langmuir adsorption was shows the free energy negative values means that the interaction is spontaneous and notes total increasing of the temperature less than the negative value of the free energy leading to towards the is non - spontaneous. The negative values of enthalpy means that the interaction is exothermic, the negative value of the entropy of adsorption ΔSads and gradually moving toward positive values with a high temperature means that the random was less in high temperature. Also the kinetics of corrosion in the absence and present of the inhibitor was studied with KI in (0.1) M HCl. The activation energy and other thermodynamic function such as enthalpy and entropy and free energy was shown that the higher activation energy in presence inhibitor and it was higher in presence of KI with inhibitor. This is an indication that the interaction of corrosion is small in the presence of these inhibitors.

تحضير بعض صبغات الازو المشتقة من البروكائين ودراسة امتزازها بالكاربون المنشط المحضر من نوى النبق المحلي == Synthesis of some azo dyes derived from Procaine and study the adsorption of these dyes by activated carbon prepared from local Z.spina - christi fruits pits

Author name: عبد الله عبد اللطيف عبد الله الخلف
Supervisor name: طارق زباري جاسم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Activated carbon was prepared from Ziziphus Spina - Chisti fruit pits, which is locally available in Iraq, the purpose of this study is to search for surface that are highly applicable for dye adsorption to treat the pollution of aqueous solution in nature.Four azo dyes were synthesized in our laboratory from the reaction of Prodain Hydrochloride with Cromotropic acid, Pyridoxal Hydrochloride, Pyridoxine and 4 - Amino - 5 - hydroxy naphthalene - 2,7 - disalphonic acid via diazonium ions. UV - Visible and FT - IR spectra, characterized these dyes (D1, D2, D3 and D4).The different variable affecting the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon prepared such as contact time, initial dye concentration in feed solution, pH of the medium, weight of adsorbent and temperature were investigated on a batch process mode.Spectroscopic technique was used for the measurement of dyes before and after adsorption. The optimum contact time to attain equilibrium is (6)hr, the maximum percentage removal for D1&D4 occurred at pH 4 while D2 at pH 11 and D3 at pH 6.1. Ar =II The experimental data of adsorption were fitted to two different isotherms, namely Langmuir and Freundlich these isotherms equation were applied at different temperatures. The results obtained showed that the Freundlich isotherm equation is better fitted to the experimental data than the Langmuir isotherm equation. The adsorption kinetic was found to follow the pseudo second order kinetic expression

تحضير مدعم بالاشعة المايكروية ودراسة الفعالية البكتيرية لقواعد شف المشتقة من 4 - كلوروبنزالديهايد مع بعض الاحماض الامينية وتحضير بعض معقداتها == Microwave - Assisted Synthesis and antibacterial activity of som Schiff bases derived from 4 - chlorobenzaldehyde with some amino acids and their complexes

Author name: رغد كاطع عبد الصاحب
Supervisor name: قحطان عبد عسكر | بشرى كامل جدوع
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis is concerned with the synthesis of some Schiff bases derived from condensation of selected α - amino acid ( glycine , alanine , phenyl alanine , valine, and threonine ) with 4 - chlorobenzaldehyde by using microwave irradiation as shown in the general equation : Some complexs derived from these Schiff bases with some transition metal (Co++, Cd++, Ni++, Zn++, Cu++) tow types of complexes were obtained , the first kind of complexes suggested to be which have octahedral structure possess and the proposedfollowing structure : While the second kind of complexes which have tetraheadral structure possess following structure : All ligands and their complexes have been characterized by IR, CHN elemented analysis thermal gravimetry analysis(Tg) .The H1NMR studies were done by DMSO as solvent . The mass technique was used to record the mass spectra which showed [M+] ions at the proposed [M.W] confirming the expected molecular weights .The analytical data showed that the Schiff bases can act as bidentate Ligand using the N - isomethinc and O - carboxylate with ratio 2 : 1 (L : M) while complex show that the ratio was 3 : 1 (L : M) and have octahedral structure possess the proposed following structure : The low molar conductance of the complexes indicate that they are non - electrolyte and neutral .The antimcroble activity of Schiff bases and their complexes were tested against two types of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus (+) , Aeromonas hydrophila ( - ) ). and the results showed that some of them have an excellent or moderate antibacterial activity

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة تحليلية - طيفية لبعض اصباغ السلفا الجديدة == Synthesis, Characterization and Analytical - Spectral Study of some New Sulfa Dyes

Author name: رجاء حسین فیاض
Supervisor name: اسعد عبود علي | فاطمة مھدي الجابري
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Including preparation of six new symmetrical azodyes of selfa compounds ( sulfaguanidine , sulfanilamide and sulfadiazine , A1 - A3 respectively ) and ( mercuration of sulfaguanidine , sulfadiazine and sulfanilamide , B1 - B3 respectively ) by oxidative - coupling reaction of sulfa compounds and their mercuration with oxidizing agent ( 1,2 - nephthaquinone - 4 - methoxy ) . The color of prepared azodyes were orange to orange - redish with melting points ranges ( 275 - 312 oC ). The azodyes were characterized by C H N , FT - IR , H NMR and TG analysis. The electronic spectra of azodyes were showed max. wavelength range ( 440 - 460 nm. ).The acid - base properties were studied at pH values in the range of ( 0.7 - 12 ), the electronic spectra of azodyes were scanned at wavelength range of ( 350 - 600 nm. ) . The isopestic point of each dye were fixed and the protonation and ionization constants were determined by half - height method. The effect of solvents of different polarities on the azodyes spectra was also studied . From that spectra it was found that most of solvents no effect except for polar solvent like DMF ,which showed a light red shift ( that may be for the hydrogen bonding between dye and solvent ) . From the relation of max. wavelength and dielectric parameter of each dye , it was found that linearity or slightly deviation of linearity in case of polar solvent . That means the major effect is dielectric constant of the solvent The second subpart : The ability of using all prepared azodyes as acid - base indicators ( strong acid with strong base and weak acid with strong base ). The results were compared with that obtained from the recommended method . It was found that no significant observed between the two methods by using of relative error .The last subpart : Including complex formation between two of studied azodyes ( A1 & A3 ) with Ni2+ by forming 1 : 2 ( M : L ) complexes by aid of molar ratio method.The optimum conditions were studied which including ( the effects of , time , pH , sequence of addition and interferences ). The spectra of two complexes showed a red shift from their azodyes . The obeyness of Beer's law , molar absorbtivity coefficient , sandel resistivity , relative error , relation coefficient and detection limit were all determined . The effect of foreign ions with concentrations of ( 1 - fold , 5 - fold and 10 - fold ) on the absorbance of the complexes was also studied . The overall stability constants ( β1 & β2 ) of Niazodyes complexes were determined by using corresponding solutions method which including half - height method . The complexes were also characterized by C H N and FT - IR .Part two : Including simple , easy and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the microdetermination of sulfa and mercurated salfa compounds in aqueous solution and pharmaceutical compounds .This method depends on the oxidative - coupling between the reagent hydroxyl nephthaline - 4 - sulphonic acid in strong acid medium by forming colored imine - quinone dyes in max. wavelength ran ( 480 - 510 nm.). The optimum conditions which including ( volume of reagent , volume and kind of the oxidizing agent , volume and kind of the acid , sequence of additions , time effect and temperature effect ) . The electronic spectra of the dyes were carried on in the range of ( 350 - 600 nm.).This method was applied pharmaceutical compounds ( Tablets and Creams ) that containing sulfadiazine .It was found there are no significant difference between results of this method and the composition of the sulfa drugs , that observed from calculated relative rror.By the aid of C.H.N. , FT - IR and stoichiometry ( molar ratio method ) of forming the complexes, the chemical structure of the complexes Ni2+ and A1 & A3 dyes were suggested .

دراسة التاثير المخفض - المضاد لفرط سكرالدم للمركبات الكيميائية الفعالة المعزولة من النبات الطبي العراقي شوك البحر == Study of Hypoglycemic Antihyperglycemic Action of Active Chemical Compounds Isolated from Iraqi Prosopis juliflora Medicinal Plant

Author name: جمال حربي حسين السعدي
Supervisor name: عباس دواس مطر المالكي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in glucose sugar metabolism process becauseof different reasons.leading to a great damage in body systems , therefore medicinalplants were used successfully to treat this disease .The current study was carried outIraqi prosopis juliflora to determine and investigate its hypoglycemic action in bloodof normalglycemic and alloxan induced hypoglycemic rabbits. Many generalextracts were prepared from Iraqi prosopis juliflora pod and leaves ,they are hotaqueous ,cold aqueous ,hot alcoholic ,cold alcoholic ,oils, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extract .Moreover , some chemical families were isolated from this plantsuch as phenols ,glycosides , flavonoids , tannins ,alkaloids and saponnins.Preliminary qualitative tests were carried out for all prepared extracts thenhypoglycemic and fasted alloxan - induced hyperglycemic rabbits to know activitythese extracts in decreasing blood glucose levels in these rabbits . the resultsindicated that all extracts showed good decreasing in glucose level. Oil extractisolated from prosopis juliflora leaves showed very high activity to decrease blood glucose ,levels in normalglycemic and hyperglycemic rabbits ,where significant decreasing (P<0.05) was found at second and forth hrs , significant decreasing (P<0.01) at sixth hr. and high significant decreasing (P<0.001) at twenty forth hrs. ,whereas leaves glycosides has a great ability to decrease glucose levels in normalglycemic rabbits where a significant decreasing (P<0.01) was found at second and forth hrs., and a high significant decreasing (P<0.001) at twenty forth hrs., but in hyperglycemic abbits , a high activity was recorded and led to a significant decreasing ( P<0.01) at second forth hrs., and high significant lowering( P<0.001 ) at twenty forth .whereas ,leaves tannins extract was noticed to be the lowest affiecieney in reducing blood glucose levels ere it led to a significant lowering ( P<0.01) at twenty forth in normalglycemic rabbits , while a significant decreasing (P<0.05) was recorded at twenty forth in hyperglycaemic rabbits. Leaves ,4 - (2’ - Hydroxyethyl)phenol, Trans - phytol , 24 - Methylencycloartan - 3 - one β - hydroxylup - 20(29) - en 4 - (β - D - Glucopyranosyloxy)benzyl alcohol and Sti masterin (.Were isolated ,separated ,purified and identified by thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, gas chromatography, IR - spectroscopy ,1H,C13 - NMR ,Gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy .Also study of hypoglycemic action of four these chemical compounds isolated from leaves and pods p.juliflora , the glycosidic compound 4 - (β - D - Glucopyranosyloxy)benzyl alcohol recorded strong activity as hyperglycemic action and led to a significant decreasing ( P<0.05) at second hrs., and significant lowering( P<0.01)at fourth ,sixth hrs. and high significant decline (P<0.001) at 24 hrs in normalglycemic rabbits ,while in hyperglycemic rabbits a significant decreasing (P<0.05) at second hrs. ,significant lowering P<0.01 at fourth and sixth hrs and significant decreasing (P<0.001) at twenty forth hrs. The active compound 4 - (2 - - Hydroxyethyl)phenol showed a high hypoglycemic action were significant decline ( P<0.05) at second hrs, a significant decreasing ( P<0.01) at sixth and a high significant decreasing (P<0.001) at twenty forth hrs. in normalglycaemic rabbits ,while in hyperglycemic rabbits , a significant decline (P<0.05) was at second , a significant decreasing (P<0.01) at fourth and sixth hrs., and a high significant decreasing ( P<0.001) was recorded at twenty forth hrs..Also active compound24 - Methylencycloartan - 3 - one showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) at second hrs. , significant decrease (P<0.01) at fourth and sixth hrs., and a high significant decreasing ( P<0.001) at twenty forth hrs hyperglycaemic rabbits, while the compound α - tocopherol recorded a significant decreasing (P<0.05) at sixth hrs. , significant decrease (P<0.01) at twenty forth hrs. in hyperglycemic rabbits. The toxicity for some extracts and active chemical compounds isolated from leaves and pods was studied where no hemolytic for red blood cells was found .

استخلاص وعزل بعض المركبات الفعالة بايولوجيا من جمار النخيل Phoenix dactylifera == Extraction and Isolation Some Active Biological Compounds From (Phoenix dactylifera)

Author name: وصال عبد الرحمن سالم الثامري
Supervisor name: اقبال جاسم بدر | هناء كاظم موسى
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: It is notable that Iraq characterized by the availability of palms trees , according to 2012 statistics it has been considered as the fifth largest country in production of dates in the world (Wikipedia), and because of the rareness study about the palm it almost non - exist in Iraq , therefore it has been proposed this study in order to find out the medical uses of the Jummar .The study has included preparation of five extracts which they are aqueous ,70% alcoholic , glycosidic , alkolids and flavonoids .In addition , the isolated oil and makes some chemical and physical detections such as solubility.Moreover , it included knowledge of content for this extracts and identify the number of components in each extract and diagnose the chemical identity using several techniques such as "Thin layer and Colum" chromatography ," FTIR , U.V - Visible" spectroscopy.It has also been studied the effect of the glycosidic , alkolids , flavonoids and oil extracts on the level of blood sugar in normal rabbits and the rabbits suffering from hyperglycemia which induced by alloxan ,in addition to the effect of the pill lower the blood sugar and the mixture from the pill with alkloidic extract , beside the mixture of the pill with oil extracts.Furthermore, the test giving a potion (dosage - dose) of 500mg/Kg which is had reduced the blood glucose level for 24h with significant difference p> 0.001 , the isolated oil was less efficient with significant difference p> 0.001 .The cytotoxicity test was also conducted by using In vivo method on human blood does not affected by isolated compounds from Jummar and oil isolated oil , and it safe and non - toxic.The effect of above extracts was studied on the growth of some kind of positive Gram Staphylococcus aureus , and negative Gram bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila using Agar diffusion method , the flavonoid extract showed the high test 16mm inhibition zone compared with alkaloid extract which showed 12mm inhibition zone for negative Gram bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila.The effectiveness of isolated compounds and oil isolated were estimated as antioxidants and compare them with Butyrated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) which appeared that flavonoids extract has a higher effective antioxidant.The interference of isolated compounds from palms jummar and isolated oil with DNA has been studied by tracking the change in the concentration of the isolated compounds after mixing with DNA in the various time and by tracking the change of the UV spectroscopy. Finally , it has been also tracking the change of the concentration of DNA by using the Electrophoresis Technology and UV photographic technology and both Technologies showed the interference between the isolated compounds and the DNA.Also the glycosidic extracts was studied on the growing of cancer cells Rhabdomysarcoma , and seemed clear inhibition at concentration (10mg/ml) in (72) hours and inhibition ratio was about (37.26%).

تقدير بعض المغذيات في نماذج مختلفة بوساطة تقنية كروماتوغرافيا التبادل الايوني مصنع محليا == Determination of some nutrients in different Samples by Home - made ion exchange chromatography technique

Author name: نور عبد الحكيم عبد الرزاق عبد الله الباهلي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This work includes three chapters. The first chapter focuses in general on chromatography and specifically on Ion Chromatography ( IC ) and recent application for some nutrient determination .The second chapter, Experimental parts, describes all parts of the homemade semi - automated IC system, procedure solution chemicals sampling and the optimu m conditions used in this study also illustrate.The last chapter , result and dissection demonstrates the application of IC system for determination of NO2 - NO2 - and PO4 3 - ions in details.Linearity's were in the range 2.5 - 12.5 , 2.5 - 12.5 and 7.0 - 35 mg/L with regression coefficient 0.9950 , 0.9960 and 0.9990 the ± RSD % equal to ± 0.45% , ± 0.56% and ± 0.51 % the recoveries were the range 100% , 96% and 95% which were found by standard additions method the sample throughput were 8.0, 6.0 and 3.0 sample/hour for NO2 - ,NO2 - and PO4 3 - ions respectively .The final parts in this chapter displays the application of the IC systemfor determination of NO2 - ,NO2 - and PO43 - ions in water some pharmaceutical preparations and soft drinks samples with simple eco and simultaneous method .

تحضير ودراسة تحليلية وتطبيقية لبعض الاصباغ الازوية المشتقة من المستحضرات الدوائية وتقدير ايون الفضة كمعقد == Preparation and Analytical and Application of Some Azodyes Derived From Pharmaceuticals drugs and Determination of Silver Ion as Complex

Author name: نهى وليد علي حسين
Supervisor name: اسعد عبود علي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تم تحضير ثلاث صبغات ازويه وهي procaine hydrochloride and 8 - Amino - 1 - napthol - 3 - 6 - disulfonic acid disodium salt (L1)و صبغتين ازوتيتين جديدتين procaine hydrochloride and 4 - aminoantipyrine (L2) and Metoclopramide hydrochloride and 8 - Amino - 1 - napthol - 3 - 6 - disulfonic acid disodium salt(L3). درست هذه الصبغات طيفيا، وتم تشخيصها بتقنية الرنين النووي المغناطيسي للبروتون (1H NMR) وتقنية الاشعة تحت الحمراء (FT - IR)، وفي هذه التقنية بالتحديد تم تشخيص اهم المجاميع الفعالة الموجودة في الصبغات، واهمها مجموعة الازو ( - N=N - ) التي ظهرت عند (1526.86، 1500 ، (1497.45سم - 1 للصبغات (L1 - L3) على التوالي . كما ودرس التحليل الحراري للصبغات (L3 - L1) واظهر الثبات الحراري الى درجة حرارة (255.2،151.2 ،290) م˚ على التوالي وقد قيست درجات حرارة مراحل التفكك (الابتدائية، العظمى ،النهائية) وكذلك بينت درجة حرارة التفحم، ودرجة حرارة فقدان 50 % من وزن المادة .اما الدراسة الطيفية فقد تم من خلالها تحديد الاطوال الموجية العظمى للصبغات وهي (530) نانوميتر لصبغتين (L1،L3) و(360) نانوميتر لصبغة (L2 )، ودرس تاثير الاس الهيدروجيني في اطياف الامتصاص الالكترونية للصبغات المحضرة في المنطقة المرئية، بمدى من الاطوال الموجية (650 - 350) نانوميتر لصبغات (L3 - L1) باستعمال محاليل منظمة ذات قيم اس هيدروجيني مختلفة (2 - 12)، ومن هذه الاطياف تم حساب ثابت تاين مجموعة الهيدروكسيل ل (8 - Amino - 1 - napthol - 3 - 6 - disulfonic acid disodium salt) و4 - amino anti pyrine )) وثابت برتنة ذرات النيتروجين لمركبات (Procaine hydro chloride وMetoclopramide) باستعمال طريقة منتصف الارتفاع .كما وتم تعيين النقاط الايزوبستيه وميكانيكيات التاين والبرتنه المقترحة . وتم دراسة اطياف الاشعة المرئية لهذه الصبغات مع مجموعة مذيبات مختلفة القطبية ( الماء الخالي من الايونات ,الكحول الاثيلي، 4 - 1 دايوكسان ، رباعي هيدرو فيوران ، ثنائي مثيل سلفوكسايد ، الاسيتون، ثنائي مثيل فورمالديهايد) بمدى من الاطوال الموجية (650 - 350) نانوميتر لصبغتين (L1,L3 ) بمدى ((530 - 300 نانوميتر لصبغة (L2 )، واظهرت اطيافها حزمة امتصاص رئيسية اعزيت للانتقال *π π في مجموعة الازو باستعمال مذيبات مختلفة القطبية، حيث وجدت علاقة خطية بين الاطوال الموجية العظمى وثوابت العزل الثنائي وهذا يعني ان ثابت العزم الثنائي هو الذي يتحكم بانحراف حزم القمم . المحور الثاني : تضمن دراسة طيفية لمعقد الصبغة (L3) مع الفضة، وكان لون المعقد الناتج بنفسجي بعد ما كان لون الصبغة احمر. وقد تم تحديد الظروف المثلى لتكوين هذا المعقد منها تحديد الطول الموجي الاعظم، وكان (560) نانوميتر، وتاثير الاس الهيدروجيني بمدى من محاليل المنظمة (12 - 2) باستخدام المحلول المنظم الجامع وكان بقيمه (12) مستخدما المحلول الجامع كافضل محلول منظم . ودرس تاثير الزمن من ( 1440 - 1) دقيقة، ووجد عدم تغير في قيم امتصاص الصبغة مما يدل على استقراريه المعقد المتكون، فضلا عن تاثير تعاقب الاضافة اللازمة للدراسات الطيفية التي يتم من خلالها تحديد نسب التراكيب الجزيئية للمعقد المتكون اعتمادا على طريقة النسب المولية ، اذ اظهرت النتائج ان المعقد يتكون بنسبة (1 : 1) (فلز : ليكاند (.وكذلك تناولت الدراسة مدى انطباق قانون بير وحساسية الطريقة الطيفية للصبغة الازوية (L3) مع الفضة (I) وقيم معامل الامتصاص المولاري ( ) (104 2.2 ͯ) لتر.مول . 1 - سم1 - ، وقيم معامل الامتصاصية النوعي (a) (0.2037) مل .غم_1.سم_1، وحساسية ساندل (S)(4.909×10 - 3) مايكرو غرام.سم - 2 ، وقيم الانحراف المعياري (S.D) ( 0.00709)، وحد الكشف (DL) (0.0663) مايكرو غرام.مل - 1.اوضحت الدراسة تاثير تداخل بعض الايونات المهمة ( Li+ ،Na+ ،K+ ، +Mg2، Mn2+ ، Cd2+ ،Ba2+، Pb2+ ، Co+2، Ca2+ ، Cr3+ ، Zr4+ ، Ti+ ، Uo+2 ،VO2+ ، Cu2+ ، Fe3+) التي يمكن ان تتداخل وتؤثر في قيم امتصاص المعقد ولوحظ ان هناك تفاوت في شدة تداخلها. فقد وجد ان الايونات Ni2+، Cu2+ ،Fe3+ يمكن ان تتداخل وبشده , هذا يعني ممكن تكوينها معقدات مع الصبغة L3. اضافة الى ذلك تم حساب ثوابت تكوين هذا المعقد وذلك باستعمال طريقة المحاليل المتناظرة والمتضمنة طريقة نصف قيم دالة التكوين اذ وجد ان قيمة log β1 = (5.62) لمعقد الفضة مع الصبغة الازوية. ودرس طيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء للمعقد ومقارنته مع طيف الصبغة بدون وجود ايون الفضة ويلاحظ تاثر مواقع حزم الامتصاص وشدتها للمجاميع المهمة الموجودة في الصبغة مما يبين الارتباط بين ايون الفضة وجزيئة الصبغة المعنية. المحور الثالث : تم دراسة بعض التطبيقات لصبغات الازوية ومنها امكانية استعمال محاليل الصبغات (L3 - L1)، كدلائل ) حامض قوي - قاعدة قوية) و(حامض ضعيف - قاعدة قوية )، فقد وجد ان الاصباغ الازويه تعطي نتائج ممتازة وذات خطا نسبي واطئ مع تغيير حاد عند نقطة التعادل . كما ودرس تطبيق اخر وهو استخدام الصبغة (L3)، في تقدير ايون الفضة في بعض المستحضرات الصيدلانية مثل Floumizin Cream 1% ( w/w) , Hamazine Cream 1% ( w/w) وSulphative Cream 1% ( w/w) فقد وجد ان مستحضرين يعطيان دقة وضبط عاليتين وهذا ما نلاحظه في قيم الخطا النسبي . وكذلك امكانية استعمال الصبغات (L3 - L1)، في دراسة الفعالية البيولوجية مع صنفين من البكتريا احداها ذات صبغة كرام موجبة Staphylococcus Aureuse والاخرى ذات صبغة كرام سالبة Escherichia Coli واظهرت النتائج فعالية الصبغة (L2)، تجاه بكتريا Staphylococcus Aureuse وكذلك عوملت الصبغات مع نوع من الفطريات هي (Candida albicans) واظهرت النتائج فعالية عالية للصبغة (L2،L3)، تجاه الفطر. | The research work was divided into three parts : The first part : Involves the preparation of new azodyes L1 - L3( except for L1) . The dye (L1،L2) was derived from (8 - Amino - 1 - napthol - 3 - 6 - disulfonic acid di sodium salt) with Procaine hydro chloride (L1) ,and with (4 - amino anti pyrine )) (L2) and Metoclopramide with (8 - Amino - 1 - napthol - 3 - 6 - disulfonic acid di sodium salt) ( L3). They have been described by NMR and Visible , UV. spectroscopic spectra and fourier transform infrared spectra (FT - IR) which investigation of more important active groups such as ( - N=N - ) which appeared by (1497.45,1500,1526.86) cm - 1 for(L1 - L3) respectively.The Thermal analysis of the prepared azodyes (L1 - L3) showed their thermal stability in (255.2 ,151.2 and 290) C°,The intial maximum and final temperatures of dissociation of each stage were calculated . The acid - base properties were studied at different pH values (2 - 12) From these spectra , the isobestic points , the protonation and ionization constants of azo dyes were determined by using half - height method .The solvents effect were studied at different solvents polarities (Ethanol, THF, DCM, 1 - 4 Dioxane , Acetone, DMF ,Water) with in wave length rang (350 - 650nm) for (L1،L2( and (300 - 530) for (L2) it was found linearity relationship between λmax of the bands and dielectric constants for all solvents. This denotes that the dielectric constant of the medium is the main factor governing the band shift in such solvents.The second part : includes the study of spectra of complexes azodye (L3) with Silver (I) ion , to form colored complex . The complex was studied under optimum conditions for forming the such as selection of the max. wavelength (560 nm). The pH effect, time effect and the effect of sequence of addition, were studied . The stoichiometrey of formed complex was carried out by using of molar ratios method .The results showed that the complex is composed of (1 : 1) (metal : Ligand ).As well as, the study examined the applicability of the Beer’s law . The Beer's validity and sensitivity azo dyes (L3) with Silver (I) were calculated . The values of molar absorptivity ( ) (2.2×104) L.mol - 1.cm - 1, specific absorptivity (a) (0.2037) ml.g - 1.cm - 1,Sandell sensitivity (S) (4.909×10 - 3) g cm - 2, standard Deviation (S.D) (0.00709) and Detection Limit (DL) (0.0663) g ml - 1 were determined .The study of the interference of some important ions like ( Li+ ،Na+ ،K+ ، +Mg2، Mn2+ ، Ni2+ ، Cd2+ ،Ba2+، Pb2+ ، Co+2، Ca2+ ، Cr3+ ، Zr4+ ، Ti+ ، Uo+2 ،VO2+ ، Cu2+ ، Fe3+) were studied, at different concentrations (1fold, 5fold, 10 fold) . Some of above ions were found to be interfere or affect on the values of absorption complex like (Ni2+، Cu2+ ،Fe3+) . The stability constant (Log β1) of the complex was calculated by applying the corresponding solution method and found with value of (5.62) for silver (I) with Dye (L3) .Third part : Includes the study of some applications of dyes , like the ability of using deys (L1 - L3) as acid - base indicators for strong acid with strong base and weak acid with strong base under suitable concentrations . By using of azodye ( L3 ) as reagent for the deteminaion of silver content in some Pharmaceutical Reagents like ( Floumizin Cream 1% ( w/w) , Hamazine Cream 1% ( w/w) and Sulphative Cream 1% ( w/w). It was found that the first two cream drugs give good results with low values of relative standard error . The ability of using dyes, by established the biological activities of (L1 - L3) toward two types of bacteria (Staphyococcus Aureuse) and (Escherichia Coli) .The results showed the effectiveness of (L2) towards bacteria (Staphyococcus Aureuse). The study carried out on the dyes (L1 - L3) toward (Candida albicans) ,the results showed the effectiveness of (L2 - L3) towards fungi .

عزل وتشخيص بعض المركـبات الفعالة من وريقات نخيل البريم ودراسة تاثيرها المضاد لفرط سكر الدم == Isolation and identification of some Active Compounds from Phoenix dactiylifera (Breim) Leaflets and study of their Antihyperglycemic Effect

Author name: نهى اياد محمد العبيد
Supervisor name: عباس دواس مطر المالكي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الدراسة تم استعمال وريقات نخيل البريم العراقي(Breim) Phoenix dactylifera لتقصي تاثيره المخفض لسكر الدم في الارانب الطبيعية والمصابة بفرط السكرالمستحدث بالالوكسان. تم تحضير (11 ) مستخلصا من وريقات هذا النبات وهي المستخلص المائي البارد والمائي الحار والمستخلص الايثانولي البارد والايثانولي الحار ومستخلص الدهون ، ومستخلصات الفينولات والقلويدات والفلافونيدات والكلايكوسيدات والصابونين والتانينات .تم اجراء الكشوفات الكيميائية النوعية الاولية للمستخلصات المحضرة وتعيين العوائل الكيميائية الفعالة الموجودة في وريقات النبات، تم استعمال مجموعتين من الارانب الصائمة الطبيعية والمصابة بفرط السكر وقسمت كل منها الى مجموعة سيطرة ومجموعة معالجة، ثم تم تسجيل تاثير المستخلصات في تخفيض سكر الدم في هذه الارانب، اذ اظهرت النتائج ان المستخلص الايثانولي الحار كان الاكثر تخفيضا لمستوى سكر كلوكوز الدم من المستخلصات العامة الاخرى في الارانب الطبيعية.سجل كل من المركبات القلويدية والفينولية المعزولة التخفيض الاكبر في مستوى سكر كلوكوز الدم مقارنة مع بقية المستخلصات في الارانب الطبيعية والمصابة بفرط السكر حيث ادت هذه المركبات الفعالة الى تخفيض عالي المعنوية (P<0.001 ) في الساعة الرابعة والعشرين , وانخفاض عالي المعنوية P<0.01)) في الساعة الرابعة والساعة السادسة , وتخفيض معنوي P<0.05)) في الساعة الثانية في الارانب الطبيعية الصائمة , وانخفاض بفارق معنوي (P<0.001 ) في الساعة السادسة والرابعة والعشرين , وانخفاض معنوي P<0.01)) في الساعة الرابعة , وانخفاض معنوي P<0.05)) في الساعة الثانية وفي الارانب المصابة بفرط السكر . اما التانينات فقد اظهرت التخفيض الاقل مقارنة مع بقية المستخلصات الاخرى . اظهرت نتائج التحليل النوعي لكروموتوغرافيا الطبقة الرقيقة ((TLC عن وجود مركب قلويدي في مستخلص القلويدات وعن وجود اربعة مركبات في مستخلص الفينولات وشخصت المركبات الفينولية والمركب القلويدي الفعالة المعزولة باستعمال كشف منصهر الصوديوم وكشف المجاميع الفعالة وطيف الكتلة - كروموتوغرافيا الغاز GC - Massوطيف الاشعة تحت الحمراء IR وطيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي للبروتون (H1 - NMR) وطيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي للكاربون (C13 - NMR ) ولذلك من هذا التشخيص وجد ان المركب القلويدي المعزول هو 2 - Methoxy - 4 - [(E) - (1H - tetraazol - 1 - ylimino)methyl]phenol اما المركبات الفينولية المعزولة هي 3 - hydroxy tyrosine , 4 - n - propylresorcinol , alpha - tocopherol , 2 - hydroxy - 5 - methylisophthaldehyde لقد سجل المركب الفينولي4 - n - propylresorcinol] تخفيضا عالي المعنوية في مستويات كلوكوز الدم، اذ اظهر تخفيضا بفارق معنوي عالي (P<0.001 ) في الساعة الرابعة والعشرين , وانخفاض معنوي P<0.01)) في الساعة السادسة وانخفاض معنوي P<0.05)) في الساعة الثانية والرابعة في الارانب الطبيعية ، كما سجل هذا المركب الفعال تخفيضا معنويا عاليا (P<0.001 ) في الساعة السادسة والرابعة والعشرين , وانخفاض معنوي P<0.01)) في الساعة الرابعة , وانخفاض معنوي P<0.05)) في الساعة الثانية في الارانب المصابة بفرط السكر . في حين اظهرت المركبات الفينولية الاخرى 3 - hydroxy tyrosine, 2 - hydroxy - 5 - methylisophthaldehyde , alpha - tocopherol تخفيضا معنويا عاليا في الارانب السليمة والمصابة بفرط السكر ولكن بنسبة اقل من المركب 4 - n - propylresorcinol . كما اظهرت الدراسة ان المركبات الفينولية الفعالة والمركب القلويدي الفعال ليس لها اي تاثير سمي في تحلل كريات الدم الحمراء في الانسان . | In this study Iraqi Phoenix dactylifera (Breim) leaflets were used to investigate their hypoglycemic action in normal glycemic and Alloxan - induced diabetic rabbits. Eleven extracts from this plant were prepared are cold aqueous, hot aqueous , cold ethanolic, hot ethanolic ,fats extracts, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins. Preliminary qualitative tests were carried out for prepared extracts and active chemical families were detected for plant leaflets. Two groups of fasted normal glycemic and fasted hyperglycemic rabbits and they were divided into control and treatment groups then hyperglycemic action in these rabbits were recorded. The results showed that the hot ethanolic extract was the highest hypoglycemic action than other extracts in normal glycemic rabbits. Phenolic and alkaloidic compounds isolated, recorded the great hypoglycemic action compound with other extracts in normal glycemic and hyperglycemic where these active compounds led to a decreasing with a a significant difference (P<0.001)at 24 hr , a significant decreasing (P<0.01) at 4 and 6 hr and a significant decreasing (P<0.05) at 2 hr in fasted normal glycemic rabbits , also a significant decreasing (P<0.001)at 6 and 24 hour ,a significant decreasing (P<0.01) at 4 hr and a significant decreasing (P<0.05) at 2 hr in hyperglycemic rabbits whereas tannins showed the lowest decreasing compared to other extracts . Thin layer chromatography (TLC)results showed presence of one alkaloidic compound in alkaloids extract and four phenolic compounds in phenols extracts . Action phenolic compounds and alkaloidic compound were identified by using sodium fuse , function groups test , gas chromatography ,mass (GC - Mass) spectrum technique ,infra - red (IR),proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H1 - NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (C13 - NMR) spectra . Therefore from this identification , it was found that the isolated alkaloidic compound is 2 - Methoxy - 4 - [(E) - (1H - tetraazol - 1 - ylimino)methyl]phenol whereas the phenolic compounds are 3 - hydroxy tyrosine , 4 - n - propylresorcinol , alpha - tocopherol , 2 - hydroxy - 5 - methylisophthaldehyde. the phenolic compound 4 - n - propylresorcinol recorded a high, a significant decreasing in blood glucose levels , where it showed a decrease with a , a significant difference (P<0.001)at 24 hr, a significant decreasing (P<0.01) at 6 hr and a significant decreasing (P<0.05) at 2 and 4 hr in fasted normal glycemic rabbits , also this active chemical compound recorded a high significant decreasing (P<0.001)at 6 and 24 hour ,a significant decrease (P<0.01) at 4 hr and a significant decrease (P<0.05) at 2 hr in hyperglycemic rabbits , while other the phenolic compounds 3 - hydroxy tyrosine, alpha - tocopherol , 2 - hydroxy - 5 - methylisophthaldehyde showed a significant decreasing in normal glycemic rabbits and hyperglycemic rabbits but it was less than the compound 4 - n - propylresorcinol , also the study showed that the active alkaloidic compound and active phenolic compounds have no toxic effect in hemolysis of blood red cells of human being.

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة طيفية وكهربائية وحرارية لبعض مركبات البورفرازين الجسرية == Synthesis, Characterization with Spectroscopic and Thermal and Electrical Studies for Some of Bridged Porphrazine Compounds

Author name: مصطفى هاشم موكر
Supervisor name: نزار عبد الامير حسين
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study includes a preparation of some Tetrapyrazino Porphrazine Compounds and new Bridged Compounds with General Formula (MPzDCB)n ,(MPzCN)n where M is Fe(II) and Co(II) and VO(IV) .These compounds prepared by different method diagnosed by (elemental analysis (CHN), InFrared of spectrum , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Electronic Absorption Spectrometry (u.v), X - ray Diffraction Measurements, Thermographimetric analysis , Finally diaynosed electrical Properties) .The Results showed for the analysis of microelements good Convergence between the theoretical and practical Values.For the Infrared spectroscopy compounds tetrapyrazino porphrazine (PzFe,PzCo,PzVO) We noticed the disappearance of C≡N Pack and its appearance as preparing the Bridged Compounds (MPzDCB)n and (MPzCN)n with frequency (2044) cm - 1 mean with less frequency . For spectrum visible and ultraviolet for pxepared Compounds by using (DMF) as a solvent showed two types of the first absorption packages within the range (600 - 700)nm celled Q band is due to transitions ( π - π*) and the second within the range (300 - 400)nm celled package B and attributed to the transitions ( π - π*) for the existence of bye bonds in Composite loops and (n - π* ) the presence of nitrogen atoms in the circle . As for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum of the proton in the iron Compound (PzFe) we noticed appearance of chemical shift one when 8.3 PPm this return to the protons gasoline circled in the Compound .For Bridged Compound (PzFeDCB)n noticed the appearance of two chemical shift first at 7.9 PPm Located in the higher area return to proton circle in Compound and the second at 8.50 PPm Located in the low area , return of protons (DCB) this is consistent with the proposed structural formula .For x - ray from which achieved an account dimension between levels crystalline d - species by studying the x - ray deviation and through it can calculate the energy levels located around the Fermi level and through α that represents inverted dimension between crystalline level .AS for the weighted thermal analysis we noticed all prepared Compound have high thermal stability and high stability studied the electric properties of prepared Compounds was measured conductivity continuous stream and found electrical conductivity of increased Compounds with rising temperature indicating that semiconductor powersupply materials.

دراسة مستويات مضادات الاكسدة الانزيمية وايوني (الحديد والكلوريد) في دم مرضى الحساسية والربو في محافظة البصرة - العراق == Study of enzymatic antioxidants levels and (Iron & Chloride) ions in the blood of asthmatic patients in Basrah governorate/ lraq

Author name: مرتضى فراس حسن الكناني
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هـذه الــدراسة لـمعرفة تركـيز مـضادات الاكسدة الانزيمية (السوبر اوكسيد دسميوتيز SOD, الكلوتاثيون بيرواوكسيديز GPx والكتاليز (Catalase ومستوى ايوني (الحديد والكلوريد) لدى عدد من مرضى الربو في محافظة البصرة.شملت الدراسة 100 حالة من المرضى وكانت اعمارهم تتراوح مابين 7 - 67)) سنة55) من الذكور و45 من الاناث) تم تشخيصهم في مركز الحساسية والربو في محافظة البصرة, كذلك 60 حالة من الاصحاء ( 35من الذكور و25 من الاناث). تم تصنيف المرضى بالاعتماد على العوامل السريرية التالية (الفئات العمرية, عامل الجنس, التاريخ العائلي, عامل التدخين ونوع الغذاء}بروتينات, فواكة وخضراوات, توابل{). وقد اوضحت نتائج الدراسة ارتفاع تركيز انزيم فوق اوكسيد دسميوتيز (SOD) في دم المرضى ((224.511±9.502 U\ml مقارنة بالاصحاء (191.162±7.879) U\ml وبمعدل احتمال ((P˂0.05, ويزداد الارتفاع في تركيز هذا الانزيم بتقدم العمر وشدة المرض وعامل التدخين والتاريخ العائلي وبمعدل احتمال معنوي ((P˂0.05. بينما لوحظ انخفاض في مستوى انزيم الكلوتاثيون بيرواوكسيديز (GPx) للمرضى (2925.250±787.564) U\L مقارنة بالاصحاء (3502.331±1386.953) U\L, ويزداد انخفاض تركيز انزيم ((GPx بتقدم العمر وشدة المرض وعامل التدخين وبمعدل احتمال معنوي (.(P˂0.05كما تم قياس تركيز انزيم الكتاليز ( (CAT.في مصل دم المرضى فوجد انخفاض في تركيزه لدى المرضى (0.693±0.392) U مقارنة مع الاصحاء (1.456±0.244) U وبمعدل احتمال معنوي (P˂0.05), ويزداد هذا الانخفاض مع تقدم العمر والتاريخ العائلي وشدة المرض وبمعدل احتمال معنوي ((P˂0.05. اظهرت الدراسة ايضا انخفاض تركيز عنصر الحديد للمرضى (55.2433±5.5873) µg ̸100 ml مقارنة بالاصحاء (64.1231±24.9367) µg ̸100 ml وبمعدل احتمال (P˂0.01), ويقل هذا الانخفاض مع تقدم العمر وعامل التدخين وشدة المرض وبمعدل احتمال معنوي (P˂0.01). بينما اظهرت نتائج الدراسة لعنصر الكلور انخفاض في مستوى تركيزه للمرضى (290.4770±31.1280) µg ̸ L مقارنة مع الاصحاء ((298.4238±38.4793 µg ̸ L وبمعدل احتمال معنوي (P˂0.01), ويزداد الانخفاض في تركيزه مع التاريخ العائلي وعامل التدخين وبمعدل احتمال معنوي (P˂0.01). نستنتج مما ذكر اعلاه ان الاشخاص المرضى الذين يعانون من الربو تكون لديهم الاصناف الفعالة للاوكسجين ROS فعالة اكثر والتي تسبب اجهادا مؤكسدا مصحوبا بتناقص او زيادة في مضادات التاكسد والعناصر النزرة | The work described in this thesis is mainly concerned with studying the concentration of the enzymes antioxidants (Superoxide dismutase SOD, Glutathione peroxidase GPx and Catalase CAT.) as well as to know the levels of (Iron and Chloride) ions in asthma patients from Basrah governorate/Iraq. This study covers 100 case of sickness in which their ages between (7 - 67) year (55 male and 45 female) and all these cases were identified in Allergies and asthma center in Basrah/Iraq. However, the control group contain 60 volunteer (35 male and 25 female). The classification of these patients depend up on few factors such that (Ages, Sex, genetic history, smoking habit, living places and the type of their foods which covers {proteins, fruits & vegetables and spices}).This study shows that there is increasing in the concentration of the SOD in the blood (224.511±9.502) U/ml, as comparison with the healthy peoples (191.162±7.879) U/ml at rate (P˂0.05) and elevation in concentration increased by applying the factors above. However, we noticed a significant decreasing in GPx (2925.250±787.564) U/L as comparison with healthy peoples (3502.331±1386.953) U/L, and decline in concentration was increased by applying the factors mention above at rate (P˂0.05). As well as there is a decreasing in the concentration of CAT. (0.693±0.392) U as comparison with control group (1.456±0.244) U, and this decline in concentration decreasing increased by applying the factors mention above at rate (P˂0.05). Added to which the concentrations of Iron and Chloride were decreased at rate (P˂0.01) in the serum of blood of patients (55.2433±5.5873) µg ̸100 ml and (290.4770±31.1280) µg/ L respectively as comparison with healthy peoples (64.1231±24.9367) µg ̸100 ml and (298.4238±38.4793) µg/ L respectively. The rate of Iron and Chloride concentration was increased by applying the factors except the genetic factor.We conclude from the above that the asthma patients have the active oxygen species ROS more effective than healthy controls, which in turn caused an oxidative stress accompanied by a decrease or an increase in antioxidants and trace elements, and the effectiveness of those affected by the factors mentioned above.

تحضير وتشخيص بعض الشبكات البوليميرية الهلامية الساندة لعقار Prednisolone واستخدامها كانظمة اطلاق تدريجي لدراسة فعاليتها المضادة للالتهابات في الحيوانات المختبرية in vivo == Preparation and Identification of some hydrogel polymeric networks sustained drug Prednisolone and uses as slow release systemTo study the anti - inflammatory activity in laboratory animals (in vivo)

Author name: محمد رياض عبد العزيز عبد الرزاق
Supervisor name: صلاح شاكر هاشم اللعيبي | عدنان جاسم الفرطوسي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Given the importance of drug Prednisolone and the diversity of its uses as a treatment in many diseases such as asthma and kidney symmetry and rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, and facial nerve paralysis syndrome and psoriasis ...... and others , and contribution to us as researchers , to reduce the suffering of patients with those diseases of the large number of patient use the drug in large doses and at different times during the day so the current study included the preparation of a hydrogel polymer networks (natural - industrial) Interpenetrating and semi Interpenetrating networks (P1, P2, P3, P4 - 1, P4 - 2, P4 - 3, P4 - 4, P5 - 1, P5 - 2, P5 - 3, P5 - 4, P6 - 1, P6 - 2, P6 - 3, P6 - 4) diagnosed in FT - IR spectrum. This study included study of swelling ratio of prepared polymeric networks at constant temperature (37 M◦ ± 1 M◦) and different PH value [ distilled water (pH = 7), Simulated Gastric Fluid SGF solution (pH = 1.2) and the Simulated Intestinal Fluid {SIF ( pH = 8.2)]. The highest swelling ratio showed of polymeric networks prepared in the Simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and then distilled water (H2O) and finally means the Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) .The polymeric networks (P1, P2, P3, P4 - 4, P5 - 4, P6 - 4 ) have the largest swelling ratio of compared with other polymeric networks prepared in this study.Carrying a Prednisolone drug on polymeric networks (P1, P2, P3, P4 - 4, P5 - 4, P6 - 4) were followed gradual release in three different solutions, (H2O), (SGF) and (SIF). The result shown the highest release ratio of the drug in the (SGF) and then (H2O) and finally means Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF), in order to obtain a loaded system polymeric new bearing high doses of the drug at a rate controlled by release natural dose stipulated according to the body's need and thus staged the continuity of the drug did for long periods, which helps the patient psychologically. Results of a study gradual liberalization of drug Prednisolone the polymeric network (P5 - 4) gave high efficiency in loading the drug as well as in the gradual release , Lethal to half number of animals is (1.6 g / kg = LD50).Studied the effectiveness of anti - inflammatory to (P5 - 4) sustained drug Prednisolone as systems gradually on laboratory mice (in vivo), and important tests edema of the palm of mice induced by Carrageenan and edema permission induced by Xylene mice . The results shown that the (P5 - 4)polymeric network loaded with drug Prednisolone prevented the edema induced by carrageenan and xylene , and give Significant differences (P <0.05) after (0.5, 0.1 hours) and a high significant (P <0.01) after (2, 4, 6, 8,10 hours) and continued activity up to 23 hours from the start of the dosing time. It showed results of a study the effect of Chitosan as an antiinflammatory Appearance of significant differences (P <0.05) after( 0.5, 1.2, 4.6 hours) and highly significant (P <0.01) after (8,10, 23 hours) of the dosing time, and shown the drug Prednisolone alone for significant differences (P <0.05) after (0.5, 1 hour) and highly significant (P <0.01) after (2,4 hours) all of the dosing time, after which there was a decrease activity as an antiinflammatory,which lasts until the end of the probationary period

تحضير ودراسة تحليلية - طيفية لبعض اصباغ الازو غير المتجانسة واستخدام احدها في استخلاص النحاس الثنائي من المحاليل المائية == Preparation and Analytical Study of Some Heterogeneous Azo Dyes and Using One of Them in Extraction of Cu(II) From Aqueous Solutions

Author name: لمياء عبد اللطيف رسن
Supervisor name: اسعد عبود علي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The thesis involves three parts : The first part included synthesis eight new Azo dyes,derived of Procaine and Metoclpramide : LR1R = 3 - [ ( Procaine ) azo ] - 2 - hydroxyl indoleLR2R = 2 - [ ( Procaine ) azo ] - 4,5 - diphenyl ImidazolLR3R = 2 - [ ( Procaine ) azo ] - 3 - PhenylephrineLR4R = 2 - [ ( Procaine ) azo ] Imidazol, L5 = 2 - [ ( Metoclopramide ) azo ] Imidazol,LR6R = 2 - [ ( Metocopramide ) azo ] 3 - PhenylephrineLR7R = 3 - [( Metoclopramide ) azo ] 2 - hydroxyl indoleLR8R= 2 - [( Metoclopramide ) azo ] - 4,5 - diphenyl ImidazolThey have been described by C.H.N. and Visible spectroscopic spectra and the functional groups were characterized by I.R technique like azo group of (1558.48 , 1512.19 ,1581.63 , 1508.12 , 1521.84 , 1529.55 , 1517.98 , 1533.14 ) cm - P 1 P for azo dyes (LR1R LR2R , LR3R , LR4R , LR5R , LR6R , LR7R , LR8R) respectively The Acid - Base properties were also studied spectrophotometric using buffer solutions of pH values of (0.67 - 12) in the visible region, From the spectra obtained the protonation an ionization constants of azo dyes were determined by using Half - Height method ,the isopiestic point were also established ,which indicated the suggested mechanism for the ionization and protonation steps.The effect of solvents of different polarities was also studied on the spectra shift in the visible region. It was found that linearity relation between the dielectric constants of solvents and λRmaxR this denotes the dielectric constants at the mediumis the main factor governing the band shift, except for (LR6R) azo dye which give little deviation from linearity . The second part concerns with the ability of azo dye (LR8R) for forming complex with Cu(II) , The optimum conditions for forming stable azo dye - complex were studied like pH effect , kind of buffer solution , time effect and sequence of addition of reagents by aid molar ratios method and Continuous variation method It was found that stable complex was obtained with stoichiometry of 1 : 2 ( M : L ) From calibration curve of (L8) complex , : Sandell sensitivity 2.492× 10 - 3 μg cm - 2, Detection limit 0.00977 μg ml - 1, Standard deviation 0.00193, Correlation coefficient 0.994 , molar absorbitivity coefficient 2.547×104 L mol - 1cm - 1 , specific absorbtivity 0.4012 ml g - 1cm - 1 and obeyness of Beer's law linearity up to 3.20 ppm The effect the interference of some important cations and anions of concentration (1 - fold, 5 - fold and 10 - fold ), the stability of this complex was showed through determination of their conformation constants (stability constants) by use the corresponding solution method ,by aid of using half value method .this complex had been characterized by (FT - IR) according to the different of shift relativity abundance of same active groups bundle complex comparison with privately dyes ; the azo group ( - N=N - ) and (C=N) groups.,the percentage to metal (Cu) in the complex determine by using of result Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy where found approximate the same between theoretical and measurement.The third part : involved solvent extraction of Copper(II) ions from its aqueous solution by using L8 to organic solution. This study include limitation of optimum conditions for complex formation of highest observed absorbance of λmax at complex : such as (pHex=7) ,ions concentration Copper(II) 15μg effect shaking time of two immiscible phase 15 min .the distribution ratio (D*).and extraction percentage (%E) were determination.Organic solvent effect study appeared there is not any linear relation between dielectric constant (D) of organic solvents and distribution ratio (D*) that’s mean there is not any effect for polarity of organic solvent on extraction method but there is an effect for organic solvent structure which is participate in the structure of ion pair complex extracted by formation tight ion pair or loose ion pair as well experiment result illustrate chloroform organic solvent it was the best organic solvent in extraction .Thermodynamic study include Temperature effect on extraction efficiency the experimental results demonstrate the reaction was exothermic for Copper(II) with organic reagent (LR8R) endothermic reaction , after calculation thermodynamic data ΔHRexR , ΔGRexR , ΔSRex Rshow entropy values was high that is mean complexion reaction is entropic in region

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض النايترونات الدايمرية الجديدة == Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity Studies of New Dimers Nitrones

Author name: فرح هاشم حسين الهاشمي
Supervisor name: عباس فاضل عباس | مؤيد عبد العالي حسين
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis is concerned with the synthesis and characterization of two new series : 1. A series of heterocyclic compounds which have been prepared from the reaction of urea, thiourea , hydroxylamine and hydrazine hydrate with compound of prepared chalcone in the presence of sodium hydroxide following table shows these compounds : symbol Name and Structure 1A O N O2N NO2 3,5 - bis(4 - nitrophenyl) - 4,5 - dihydroisoxazole 1B HN N O2N NO2 3,5 - bis(4 - nitrophenyl) - 4,5 - dihydro - 1H - pyrazole O2N NO2 N N OH 4,6 - bis(4 - nitrophenyl)pyrimidin - 2 - ol O2N NO2 4,6 - bis(4 - nitrophenyl)pyrimidine - 2 - thiol 2. A series of dinitrone compound that described by the following forms : Symbol Structure These two series identified by IR , 1H NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques.The biological activity of the prepared compound was investigated against two types of germs (Gram positive and negative) and it has found that these compound the study showed that some of these compounds effective against bacteria positive without negative , as the focus was to measure the minimum inhibitory (MIC) to them.

التحلل الضوئي لمحاليل 2,3 - ثنائي مثيل فينول باستخدام العوامل النانوية وغير النانوية ZnS وSnO2 , TiO المساعدة الضوئية == photo degradation of 2,3 - di methyl phenol solutions using nano and non nano photo catalysts of TiO2 , SnO2 and ZnS

Author name: فائز سمير صالح
Supervisor name: علي حسين الموالي | مؤيد نعيم خلف
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The work presented in this thesis is concerned with the preliminary study of semiconductor assisted photochemical degradation of 2,3 - dimethyl phenol by using powder and nano particles of TiO2 , SnO2 and ZnS . Degradation of 2,3 - dimethyl phenol was carried out by using ultraviolet light at wave length of 267 nm in the presence of oxygen . The absorptivity of 2,3 - dimethyl phenol decay was measured in the presence of u.v light and compared with the absorptivity in dark . The rate of degradation is increased with the weight of photocatalyst and reach maximum value of 0.1 gm (TiO2) , 0.5 gm (ZnS) and 1 gm (SnO2) . In this thesis , the effects of various operating parameters of the photolytic degradation of 2,3 - dimethyl phenol are presented . It was found that different parameters , such as type of photocatalyst , composition , light intensity , initial substrate concentration , amount of catalyst and pH of the reaction medium can play an important role on type and particle seize of nano TiO2 , ZnS and SnO2 play an important factor for acceleration the photo degradation . The activity of the nano particles was found in the order : TiO2 ZnS SnO2The results of photo degradation are represented by Langmuir - Hinshelwood relationship and indicate that the results are pseudo first order.The particle seize of TiO2 , ZnS, and SnO2 was estimated using XRD technique .

دراسة حيوية لمستخلص اوراق نبات الدودنيا ضد مرض سرطان الثدي البشري == Biochemical Study of Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Extracts on the Anti - Human Breast cancer

Author name: غزوان ذياب موسى العمري
Supervisor name: علي عبد الواحد عبد الحسين الشاوي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تحضير وتشخيص راتنجين بوليمرين جديدين من اعادة تدوير نفايات متعدد ترفثالات الاثلين (PET) وتقييم كفاءتهما في تثبيط تاكل مادة حديد الصلب الكربوني في الوسط الحامضي 0.1 M HCl == Preparation and Characterization of TwoNew polymeric resins from recycle waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and evaluated its efficiency As to Inhibit the Corrosion of Carbon Steel alloy in Acidic Media (0.1M) HCl

Author name: علي حسين ياسر العبادي
Supervisor name: مؤيد نعيم خلف | علاء سامي خلف
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The research included synthesis ,characterization and evaluation of two new corrosion inhibitors (Bis(2 - ((2 - hydroxyethyl) thio) ethyl) terephthalate (BHET) and Bis(2 - ((6 - Mono malic acid - hydroxyl ethyl ester) sulfonyl) ethyl terephthalate (BHMET) from recycled waste polyethylene terephthalate .The best percent of the two corrosion inhibitors were reached after many experiments, which included study many factors like temperature, the equivalent weight of reactants and others. The synthesized corrosion inhibitors were characterized by FTIR and 1HNMR spectroscopy and thermal analysis . As measured for inhibitors thermal stability TGA&DTA has been found to be inhibitors stable thermally It was found that the inhibitor (Bis(2 - ((2 - hydroxyethyl) thio) ethyl) terephthalate stable up to a temperature (240) ˚C and the inhibitor Bis(2 - ((6 - Mono malic acid - hydroxyl ethyl ester) sulfanyl) ethyl terephthalate stable up to a temperature (230) ˚C This is evidence of its effectiveness within these thermal grades of industrial processes, particularly their work inhibitors corrosion.The two inhibitors were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors using hydrochloric acid as corrosion media for carbon steel alloy( carbon steel C1010) . The factors effect on the rate of corrosion like temperature , concentration of inhibitor were studied by the electrochemical technique using the Tafel plot.The obtained results at temperatures range ( 298 - 328) K and concentrations (10 - 50) ppm were used to calculate many factors that determined the efficiency of the inhibitor like : corrosion rate , corrosion current , charge transfer resistance , Anodic Tafel constant , Cathodic Tafel constant , corrosion potential and inhibitor efficiency. It was observed that the corrosion rate increases with increase of temperature and decreases with increase of the inhibitor concentration in the same temperature. The Results showed that both inhibitors had very high inhibition in reducing the corrosion rate .The inhibition efficiency reached (97.1%) for (Bis(2 - ((2 - hydroxyethyl) thio) ethyl) terephthalate for the 40 ppm at (308) k and (96.2%) for the Bis(2 - ((6 - Mono malic acid - hydroxyl ethyl ester) sulfonyl) ethyl terephthalate for the 50 ppm at (298) k.Many thermodynamics functions was calculated ,activation energy Ea , activation entropy ΔS* , activation enthalpy ΔH* and free energy ΔGads during the different experiment conditions, which was indicated of the corrosion inhibition efficiency and the type of the inhibition. The obtained results showed that the two inhibitors were very efficient to reduce the corrosion rate in the acidic media and from the ΔGads data the type of adsorption was physisorption and chemisorption. because the value of ΔGads was higher than ( - 20 KJ/mol) and less than ( - 40 KJ/mol).

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة الفعالية البايوكيميائية لبعض مشتقات ? لاكتام

Author name: عذراء محمد علي
Supervisor name: علي هاشم عيسى | سميرة احمد زيارة
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Staudinger reaction of imines to β - lactams was successfully achieved using chloroacetyl chloride and tertiary amines in dry toluene under mild conditions. Two new types of β - lactams have been synthesized by this versatile and efficient method in good to excellent yields.R2 R1 الرمز Br NO2 A CN NO2 M OCH3 OCH3 F Br OCH3 B The imines were synthesized according to the literature procedure by reaction of substituted aldehydes and substituted anilines.The chloroacetyl chloride has been synthesized by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) and used directly with out any purifications.All products were characterized using IR, H and C NMR. This method is simple, clean, and the by - products were removed by simple aqueous work - up. The effects of solvents, molar ratio of reagent, and the temperature were considered.The antibacterial acttivity of the compounds A, M and F has been studied on gram positive isolates (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus) and gram Negative isolates (E. coli and Psedomonas), in comparison with standard antibiotics which are : Ampicillin, Amoxicillin and Cephalexin.The results showed the influence of the effectiveness of inhibitory compounds on all bacterial isolates at concentration (250 mg / ml). The study also included the estimation of minimum inhibition concentration of these compounds at all examined bacterial isolates. The results showed the contentiously effectiveness of the compounds (A, M) in the inhibition of the gram positive Staphylococcus aureus spp. up to focus (25 μg / ml). In addition, our study includes determination of the effect of compounds A, M and F on human fresh red blood cells as cytotoxicity in concentrations (1,5,25,50,250 mg / ml). The results were revealed that there was non - hemolysis of red blood cells, so it can be considered these compounds are non - toxic on the human red blood cells.The effect of studied compounds (A, M, F) at concentrations (50, 125, 250 mg / ml) dissolved in DMSO solution, were determined to detect the symptoms of hypersensitivity test using the domestic rabbits, no appearance of any symptoms were observed for hypersensitivity Lalani swelling and redness, or itching after injection of these compounds for the first time, as well as after the exposure to these compounds after Done week measure, the level of antibodies type lgE and white blood cells type acidic Eosinophil, were measured after injection of these compounds which not get any significan

تحضير ودراسة فاعلية بعض مركبات بس (اندازول - 6 - ايمينو) - 9,10 - انثراسين المعوضة الجديدة كمثبتات ضوئية ومضادات اكسدة == Synthesis and Study of Photostablization and Antioxidant Activity of Some New Bis(Indazole - 6 - Imino)substituted - 9,10 - Anthracene Compounds

Author name: عبد الرحمن نوري ايوب
Supervisor name: علي حسين الموالي | حنان عبد الجليل الهزام
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تعنى هذه الرسالة بتحضير بعض قواعد شف الجديدة (A1 - A4) كمثبتات ضوئية ومضادات اكسدة من تفاعل 6 - امينو اندازول ومشتقات الانثراكوينون باستخدام حامض بارا - تلوين سلفونك . توضح الاشكال ادناه الصيغة التركيبية للمركبات قيد الدراسة. 9,10 - di((1H - indazol - 6 - yl)imino)anthracene(A1) 9,10 - bis((1H - indazol - 6 - yl)imino) - 9,10 - dihydroanthracene - 1,2,5,8 - tetraol(A2) 9,10 - bis((1H - indazol - 6 - yl)imino) - 2,4 - dibromo - 9,10 - dihydroanthracen - 1 - amine(A3) 9,10 - bis((1H - indazol - 6 - yl)imino) - 4 - amino - 9,10 - dihydroanthracen - 1 - ol(A4) شخصت المركبات باستعمال تقنيات تحليل العناصر الدقيق CHN ومطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء ومطيافية الرنين النووي المغناطيسي وقد اثبتت هذه التقنيات صحة المركبات المحضرة. درس التثبيت الضوئي للمركبات المحضرة باضافة نسب وزنية متفاوتة لكل منها (2% ، 4% ، 6% ، 8%) الى البولي اثلين وصنع منها افلام رقيقة وشععت بواسطة اشعة تحت الحمراء لمتابعة شدة حزمة الكاربونيل . وقد تبين من هذه الدراسة بان المركبات تمتلك خاصية حماية البوليمرات من ظاهرة التاكسد الضوئي وتختلف قابلية المركبات كمثبتات ضوئية تبعا للمعوضات التي تمتلكها.وفي طريقة مباشرة درست قابلية المركبات المحضرة كمضادات اكسدة من خلال اضافتها الى الجذر الحر داي فنايل يكرايل هايدرازايل (DPPH) بواسطة استخدام مطيافية الاشعة المرئية عند الطول الموجي 517 نانو ميتر واستعمل حامض الاسكوربيك كمادة مرجعية . وقد تبين من هذه الدراسة فعالية عالية تمتلكها هذه المركبات لقنص الجذور الحرة مقارنة بالمركب المرجعي. | This thesis is concerned with preparation of new scheff bases (A1 - A4) composed from 6 - aminoindazole and Anthraquinone derivatives in presence of P - toluen sulphonic acid .the figures below shows chemical structure of the prepared compounds. 9,10 - di((1H - indazol - 6 - yl)imino)anthracene(A1) 9,10 - bis((1H - indazol - 6 - yl)imino) - 9,10 - dihydroanthracene - 1,2,5,8 - tetraol(A2) 9,10 - bis((1H - indazol - 6 - yl)imino) - 2,4 - dibromo - 9,10 - dihydroanthracen - 1 - amine(A3) 9,10 - bis((1H - indazol - 6 - yl)imino) - 4 - amino - 9,10 - dihydroanthracen - 1 - ol(A4)All prepared compounds were characterized by CHN, Infra - red, UV - Visible Nuclear magnetic resonance.The photostablizer activities of these compounds against low density polyethylene after exposure to Xenon U.V light lamp ware measured and compared with standard photostablizer (BHT).The antioxidant properties of these compounds ware also studied using UV - Visible technique . The results indicate that these materials are very effective as radical scavengers compared with standard ascorbic acid (ASC).

تحضير ايمايدات حلقية ثنائية وبعض مشتقاتها الكبريتية ودراسة خواصها الطيفية والتركيبية , عمليا ونظريا باستخدام نظرية دالية الكثافة == IR, NMR, MS Spectra and Structure of Some prepared Bicyclic Imides and Their Thione Derivatives; Experimental and Density Functional Theory studies

Author name: عادل امعلا ضمد ال ازيرج
Supervisor name: ناجي علي عبود
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present work involved four parts : First step concerned with the preparation some N, N’ - alkyl (aryl) bismaleimic acidsvia reaction of twice molar amounts of maleic anhydride and hydrazine for compound(A1), and different alkyl and aryl - diamines for compounds A2 - A7. The reaction wascarried out via nucleophilic attack of amino group in maleic anhydride. The structureof the compound (2Z,2Z’) - 4,4’ - (ethane - 1,2 - diylbis (azanediyl)) bis (4 - oxobut - 2 - enoicacid) (A2) was also unambiguously confirmed by X - ray single crystal structureanalysis. The white crystal crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/cwith the cell dimensions a =7.108(3), b=7.370(2), c= 20.859(6) Å, β = 91.260(4)oand Volume = 1092.65(6) Å3.Molecule is stabilized by an intramolecular O—H…O hydrogen bond. In thecrystal, molecules are connected through intermolecular N—H…O hydrogen bonds.Intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds coexist to stabilize the structure.The geometry calculated of compounds A1 - A7 was optimized using a Densityfunctional theory DFT with B3LYP hybrid functional and 6 - 311G (d, p) basis set, andis in good agreement with the structure obtained by the X - ray single crystal structureof compound A2. Also the fundamental vibrational frequencies of vibrational bandswere evaluated.The second part of this study was the treatment of N,N - alkyl and (aryl)bismaleimic acid (A1 - A7) with suitable dehydrating agents lead to dehydration andcyclization producing the corresponding N,N - alkyl and (aryl) bismaleimide (AD1 - AD7).The structure of the compound 1,1’ - (sulfonylbis(4,1 - phenylene)) bis (1H - pyrrole - 2,5 - dithione) (AD7) was also unambiguously confirmed by X - ray single crystalstructure analysis. The colorless crystal crystallizes in the monoclinic system, spaceAbstractix0200040000CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2phenyl4,4' - sulfonyldianilinedirect Aliphatic AromaticWavenumber cm¯¹Types of RCH str.CH2 - N strC=O strC - Ngroup P21/c with the cell dimension a =11.698(3), b=15.002(3), c= 20.053(6)Å andβ = 98.818(2)o Volume = 3478.07(13) Å3.FT - IR spectra show the position of the absorption bands vary with the type andlength of the link spacer (R) between the two maleimide rings on the compoundsAD1 - AD7.The absorption frequency of vinyl group increases with increasing methylene aliphatic chain spacer link between two maleimides ring, the correlation between some absorption bands and the type (direct link or aliphatic or aromatic) and length of aliphatic chain link spacer (R) between the two maleimide rings in the studied compounds AD1 - AD7 shown in the chart below.In the third part, a series of new bisthimalemide derivatives were prepared by thionation the compounds AD3, AD6 and AD7 with Lawesson’s reagent LR. Subsequent reaction of bismaleimimides AD3, AD6 and AD7 with Lawesson’s reagent afforded dithio derivatives.

دراسة حيوية كيميائية لتاثير بعض المعادن الثقيلة على حالة الاكسدة مضادات الاكسدة في عمال محطات البنزين في محافظة البصرة العراق == Biochemical Study of the Effects of Some Heavy Metals on Oxidant / Antioxidant Status in Gasoline Station Workers /Basra - Iraq

Author name: سنان كاظم شنان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Emission of gasoline and its combustion products are consideredmajor air pollutants with adverse effects on the antioxidant systems in thehuman. The effects of exposure to the vapors of motor gasoline (vehiclesfuel in Basrah), on workers were investigated. The current study included50 workers exposure to gasoline in the gasoline filling stations, ranging inage from 18 to 56 years at a mean of (30.45 ± 9.31), in addition to thecontrol group, which consisted of 50 healthy individuals (non - workingstations filling) ranging in age from 18 to 50 years at a mean of (30.27 ±10.37).The study aims to find a number of biochemical indications and theirrelationship with exposure to gasoline by estimating the activity of the enzyme (δ - aminolaevuIinate dehydratase (ALAD)) which is considered as an indicator of the extent of poisoning by heavy metals, study the activity of enzymatic antioxidant (Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione reductase (GRx), Glutathione S - transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT)), non - enzymatic antioxidants glutathione reduce glutathione (GSH), study the level of Malondialdehyde (MAD), Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), trace elements (Selenium (Se), Znic (Zn), Copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg)) and heavy metals (lead (pb), mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd)) and the results were as follows : 1 - Highly significant decreasing (p <0.001) in workers in the levels of trace elements (Se, Cu, Zn) compared with healthy control, while significantly decreased (p <0.05) in the level of Mg with high significantly increased in the levels of heavy metals (Pb, Hg and Cd) (p <0.001). On the other hand, The results indicated that trace elements (Cu, Mg, Zn, Se) were decreased with increasing of the period of gasoline station workers while for heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd) increased were observed.2 - The level of MAD, the end product of lipid peroxidation, was high significantly elevated (P<0.01) contact with a significant decreasing (p <0.05) in the level of TAC in workers when compared with healthy controls. MDA increased with the increase of the period of gasoline station workers. MDA concentrations were increased significantly, indicating the amount of cellular damage. Increase the level of MDA from pollution as the period of pollution, increased might decrease TAC in workers compared with healthy control.3 - Workers group showed a highly significant decrease in the activity of enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GRx, GST, ALAD) and level of GSH (p<0.001) compared with healthy controls. The results showed that increasing the duration of the work in the filling station to produceadecrease in the activity of the enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GRx, GST, ALAD) and level GSH. Also, the current study include the assessment of the impact of heavy metals and MDA on the levels of trace elements (Cu, Mg, Zn, Se), (GSH, TAC) and the activity of the enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GRx, GST, ALAD) through the study of the correlation coefficient (p) and the results were as follows : 1 - The level of MDA showed a highly significant negative correlation with the activity of enzymes SOD (P<0.001) and (GRx, ALAD with p<0.01), a highly significant positive correlation with levels of heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cd), a significant negative correlation (p<0.05) with levels of (Se, Zn, Mg, GSH) and activity of enzymes (CAT, GRx) and a negative correlation with no significant (P>0.05) with level of Cu and activity of GST in workers.2 - The level of Pb shows a highly significant negative correlation with the levels of trace elements Cu, Zn, Se and activity of enzymes GRx, ALAD (P <0.01), while (p <0.001) with the level of TAC, GSH and activity of enzyme GST, GPx, SOD, a significant negative correlation with level of CAT (P <0.05) and a negatively correlated with no significant with the level of Mg in workers of gasoline stations.3 - The study illustrate also a highly significant negative correlation between Hg level and levels of (Zn, Mg, Cu, TAC) and SOD activity (P < 0.001), while there was a significant negative correlation (P < 0.05) with the level of Se and CAT, GPx, GRx, ALAD activity and a negative correlation, but not significantly with level of GSH and GST activity in serum of gasoline station workers.4 - The level of Cd showed similar behavior of other heavy metals a highly significant inverse correlation with the levels of Se, Cu, TAC and the activity of SOD (p <0.001), a significantly with the level of Zn, GSH and ALAD, CAT, GPx activity (p<0.05), while there was a negative correlation , but not significant (P > 0.05) with levels of Mg and GRx , GST activity in workers.

تحضير بعض قواعد شف الثنائية المتماثلة وغير المتماثلة الجديدة ومعقداتها مع الاوكسوفناديوم ودراسة فعاليتها التحفيزية في تفاعل اكسدة البنزوين == Preparation some of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Schiff bases and their oxovanadium complexes and a study of their catalytic activity of Benzoin oxidation reaction

Author name: سماح عباس جهاد
Supervisor name: قحطان عبد عسكر | بشرى كامل جدوع
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: حضرت في هذه الدراسة مجموعة من قواعد شف الثنائية المتماثلة وغير المتماثلة المشتقة من تكاثف اورثوفانلين وبارافانلين وسلسلدهايد وباراكلوروبنزالديهايد وميتانايتروبنزالديهايد مع 2،1 - فنلين ثنائي الامين على التوالي وكذلك قاعدة شف احادية من تكاثف اورثوفانلين مع 2،1 - فنلين ثنائي الامين.شخصت هذه المركبات بتقنيات طيف الكتلة والرنين النووي المغناطيسي ومطيافية تحت الحمراء .اظهرت جميع اطياف IR للمركبات المحضرة حزمه قويه تعزى الى التذبذب الاتساعي لمجموعة - C=N - مما يؤكد تكون قواعد شف. كذلك اظهرت جميع اطياف HNMR1 اشارة بروتون مجموعة الازوميثين ( - HC=N - ) .اظهرت اطياف الكتلة لجميع المركبات ذروة الايون الجزيئ بوفرة نسبية عالية تتفق مع الوزن الجزيئي لكل مركب مما يؤكد صحة التركيب المتوقع.حضرت ثلاثة معقدات للاوكسوفناديوم مع قواعد شف H , A1 , A5 جميع المعقدات المحضرة مستقرة غير متميعة وشخصت باستعمال IR وتحليل العناصر الدقيق وقيسـت التوصيليـة المـولارية لها في مذيب الداي مثيل فورمايد وبتركيز (10 - 3 M ) وكذلك قيس الثبات الحراري لها عن طريق التحاليل الحراريه. ان التوصيلية المولارية الواطئة لمحاليل المعقدات توضح الطبيعة غير الالكتروليتية للمعقدات وخلوها من الشقوق السالبة .وتبين اطياف تحت الحمراء للمعقدات المحضرة مواقع الارتباط اذ ازيحت حزمة C=N الى اعداد موجبة اقل مقارنة مع الليكاند الاصل مما يؤكــد مشاركتها في تكويـــن اواصر تناسقيــة. وظهـــور حزمـــة عريضة عنــد 3500 cm - 1 يؤكد وجود ماء متناسق. ومن دراسة السلوك الحراري للمعقدات لم تظهر المعقدات اي فقدان في الوزن في درجة حرارة الغرفة الى درجه 120 مئوية مما يؤكد خلوها من جزيئات الماء المرتبطة على شكل ماء تبلور . كما اكدت التحاليل عند درجة حرارة 200 0C على فقدان جزيئة ماء متناسقة في المعقدين A1VO, A5VO. وقد اكدت نتائج تحليل العناصر الدقيقة صحة التراكيب المقترحة للمعقدات : درست فعالية المعقدات كعوامل مساعدة لاكسدة البنزوين الى بنزل بواسطه H2O2 في درجات حرارية مختلفة ومذيبات مختلفة وكذلك تاثير الزمن. | Smmetrical Unsmmetric shiff bases have been synthesized from the condensation of o - Vanillin , p - Vanillin , Salcildehyde , p - chlorobenzaldehyde and m - Natrobenzaldehyde with 1,2 - phenylendiamine . All the compounds were characterize on the basis of IR , Mass , HNMR and elemental analysis .The in frared spectra of all compounds shows a strong bond confirmed the formation of imine . The HNMR spectra shows a signal attributed to a zomethine protons at expected region of imine protone The mass spectra of all compounds shows a molculir ion which a ggrement with molecular wight of the suggested structure.The complexes were characterized on the basis of their elemental analysis , IR , Tg/DTg analysis and molar condactance. The low value of molar conductance revelad that the complexes are non electrolyte in nature. The IR spectra of the complexes confirmed the site of chelation hence the complexes showed strong bands due to - C=N - which shifted to lower wave number compared with corresponding Schiff base , also the broad bands at 3500 cm - 1 confirmed the precence of coordinated water.The thermal behavior of the complexes was investigated by means of Tg/DTg measurments under N2 atmosfere up to 600 0C , no loss of weight up to 120 0C which indicated that the totally absence of lattical water molecule in all complexes, complex A1OV and A5OV shows a mass loss around 200 0C which equivalent to loss of one coordinated water molecule. Basid on IR , elemental analysis, molar conductance and thermal analysis a sequar pyramid was proposed for all complexes. The complexes were used as hetrogenous catalyst in the oxidation of benzoin to benzil by H2O2 as an oxidant agent. The reaction was moniterd spectrophotometricaly in the UV region. The effect of temperature , solvents and time was investigated. The catalytic activity was found to follow the order A5VO > HVO > A1VO

تحضير وتقييم ودراسة الاطلاق المسيطر عليه للكيتوبروفين المحمل على بوليمرات ذات خاصية لاصقة للمواد المخاطية == Preparation, evaluation and study controlled release ketoprofen from mucoadhesive polymers

Author name: سرور وليد عبد الرضا الكناني
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: We have used ketoprofen which is found in the local pharmacy and ketoprofen was separated and purified and then measured the melting point and (λ max) were determined for the purpose of ascertainig the purity of the material used.The microspheres were prepared with Sodium alginate by using Sodium alginate with Chitosan and without Chitosan and by using Calcium chloride a cross - linking agent, the microspheres and drug were characterized by IR and photomicrographs microscopy.In vitrostudy of drug release and kinetics of drug release were studied in simulated Gastric fiuid (SGF) and simulated Intensinal fluid (SIF). The results exhibit that the pH value effected on releaseing rate of drug from microspheres, also the samples gave ahigh release rate in pH=(8.2)(SIF) comparison with low values of pH=(1.2) (SGF) .Study The effect of different process parameters such as drug /polymer ratio and sodium alginate /chitosan ratio,on the morphology, size distribution and drug release. The microspheres diameters were found between (400 - 900) μm The rate of ketoprofen released was increased with the increasing of concentration of drug in the microspheresThe release of drug deareasing with increase of polymers. The coefficient of determination indicated that the release data was best fitted with zero order kinetics , Higuchi equation explains the diffusion controlled release mechainism.In this study Nine polymer hydrogel compound were prepared (GI - G9). semi Interpenetra ting polymeric hydrogel (IPNS). From synthuetic polymers Poly electrolyte with poly acrylamide The swelling146146characteristics were studied for all microspheres and semi - IPN hydrogels by determining the swelling ratio (Q)in three differnt pH, it was found that it . depending on components quantities and enoironments.We Niosomes loaded with ketoprofen were prepard and studied rate release drug in (pH=7.4) was studied with decreasing . The results showed that the releasing is increase of Cholesterol, Niosomes was succeeded in cover kp . also prepared gel of Niosomes and Carbopol934 by different concentration of Niosomes and Carbopol934 , The results showed that by ahigh release of drug deincreasing the concentration of Carbopol934 .In biological part , the results show that biological activities of the microspheres loaded with kp exceed biological activities against three types of fungal isolates including Candida albicans, and staphylocoecas aureus in comparison with activity of kp alone.The study consist on the toxicity of these materials which is shown that these materials are nontoxic.

دراسة الصفات الفيزيائية والكيميائية وتقدير الفينولات في المحطات (Hg,Cd,Pb) وبعض العناصر الثقيلة المختارة لمياه شط العرب == Study of physiochemical Properties Determination of phenols and Some Heavy Metals (Hg , Cd , Pb ) in the Selected Station of Shatt Al - Arab water

Author name: سارة كاظم حسین السیامر
Supervisor name: ناظم عبد النبي عواد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was concluded measurement of physical and chemical properties such as pH value, temperature, electrical conductivity, total hardness total solubility of salt, calcium and magnesium hardness, chloride concentration basal, concentration of dissolved oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, concentration of sodium and potassium in addition to, estimation of heavy metal and phenols to sample taken from shatt al - Arab of Qurna to Fao for period From December (2014) to June (2015). The study showed that the water temperature range between (18co - 20.4co) .The pH value were (7.8 - 8.9). Electrical conductivity range between (1118 - 27700ppm) the total hardness. Of studies water sample were (480 - 2600 ppm) Qurna E20. The concentration of lead were (1.8ppm) as the highest value plant (SH4) which located in FAo (marina boats) in plant (SH2) which located in AL Maakal. The study reveated That The highest value 0f mercury were in plant (SH4) which were (18nglmL)in plant which located in water project near The basra airport (F3) and (F5) plant located near Basra international airport The Salty were range (752 - 20000 ppm) in addition, Calcium and Magnesium concentration were (96 - 468ppm) and (43 - 846 ppm) respectively, chloride concentration (122 - 965ppm) while The basal were (l05 - 200 ppm), dissolve oxygen were (8.13 - 17.5 0). phosphates and nitrate were range between (0.10 - 0.62ppm) and (2.24 - 15.53ppm) respectively sodium and potassium concentration to studies sample were (120 - 8800ppm) ( 3.1 - l50ppm) revealed That highest value of cadmium element were in Abu - alkaseeb plant in Al - sankar (SH2B) were (0.099607ppm) while the lowest value were (0.0125819ppm) which were in plant before confluence of Tigris and Euphrates rivers about450m in sediment sample, The highest value of sodium and lead were(0.17Mg.g) and (2.1Mg.g) respectively in SH2B plant while lowest value of cadmium and lead were (0.11Mg.g) and (0.95Mg.g) respectively in F5plant lead element has highest value(2.5Mg.g) in plant SH2B while lowest value were (1.2Mg.g)in plant SH1which located in Al - Hartha before karma Ali river. This study showed that the concentration of phenols were range between (20 - 590ng\l) also, this study showed that Shatt - Al - Arab which consider as main source to water drinking in province of Basra , is currently asking for direct sewage and heavy water without treatment .

تحضير وتشخيص المعقدات الضمنية لبعض ادوية السلفا == Preparation and Characterization of Inclusion Complexes of Some Sulfa drugs

Author name: رؤى قاسم ابراهيم
Supervisor name: جبار صالح هادي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: حضرت في هذه الدراسة ثلاثة معقدات ضمنية لثلاثة من ادوية السلفا هي السلفابروكسلين والسلفابريدين والسلفاميثوكسي بريدايزين مع β - سايكلودكسترين بنسبة مولية 1 : 1 وبطريقتين هما طريقة التجفيف بالتجميد Freeze drying وطريقة العجن Kneading . شخصت المعقدات المحضرة باستعمال تقنيات IR و1HNMR وXRD وDSC وTg وSEM .وقد اظهرت نتائج IR و1HNMR طبيعة التداخل بين جزيئة الضيف والمضيف وبينت بان الحلقة الاوروماتية لادوية السلفا توجد داخل فجوة - CD β الكاره للماء . سلفابروكسلين β - سايكلودكسترين معقد السلفابروكسلين - β سايكلودكسترين واظهرت دراسة XRD لمساحيق الادوية النقية ، وبمقارنتها مع المعقد الناتج ان الصفة البلورية لمعظم المعقدات تقل عند تكوين المعقد مقارنة مع السلفا النقية ، وحسبت احجام البلورات Crystal باستعمال معادلة Scherrer ووجد انها بحدود nanocrystalline. كذلك بينت دراسة DSC وTg ان الاستقرار الحراري للسلفابروكسلين يزداد عند تكوين المعقد وبينت نتائج DSC اثبات تكوين المعقد . وكذلك بينت صور SEM للمعقدات الناتجة ان معقد السلفابروكسلين ذات اشكال ورقية ، ومعقد السلفابريدين ذات اشكال قرصية ، اما معقد السلفاميثوكسي بريدايزين فانة يظهر باشكال صفائحية ذات حافات حادة .كذلك درس تاثير تكوين المعقدات على ذوبانية الطور Phase Solubility في المحاليل المائية وتصنف الادوية الثلاث بانها قليلة الذوبان جدا في الماء بحالتها النقية . واستعملت طريقة Higuchi وConnors في تكوين المعقد على الذوبان باستعمال تقنية uv وبينت النتائج ان الذوبانية تزداد لجميع ادوية السلفا المدروسة مع زيادة تركيز CDβ وتتبع للنوع AL للسلفاميثوكسي بريدايزين وAN للسلفابريدين والسلفابروكسلين وحسب ثابت استقرار المعقدات من العلاقة Kc=slope/(S_o (1 - slope)) ووجد انها للسلفابروكسلينM - 1 455.160 وللسلفابريدينM - 1 483.149 وللسلفاميثوكسي بريدايزينM - 1 164.01 والذوبانية تزداد بمقدار 3 - 4 مرات

دراسة الاطلاق المسيطر عليه لعقار الاندوميثاسين من مركبات الاباتيت المحضرة المحتوية على عنصري الكالسيوم والسترونتيوم == Studying Of The Controlled Relaesinng of Indomethacin Drug From Prepared Apatite Compounds Containing Elemantal Calcium And Strontium

Author name: رؤى حسين ناصر
Supervisor name: عبد الامير حسين تعوبي | زكي ناصر كاظم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This work contains two parts, the first parts includes the preparation of different compounds of apatite and determine the ratios of strontium and calcium and phosphate in the compounds and the second part included the study of release of indomethacin drug from prepared compounds.Different compounds of apatite were prepared and identified such as a compound of calcium hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2) which is prepared in three different methods .Hydroxyapatite Strontium compound (Sr10(PO4)6 (OH)2) and Strontium Fluorapatite compound (Sr10(PO4)6F2 ) and composite calcium Fluorapatite compound ( Ca10 (PO4) 6F2) and Strontium - Calcium hydroxyapatite compound ( Ca5Sr5(PO4)6(OH)2 ).All these compounds were identified by Infrared spectroscopy and X - rays, which confirmed the presence of the prepared compounds.Quantitative analysis of the percentage of calcium and strontium in the prepared compounds was conducted using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Also the amount of phosphate and then phosphorus was determined by UV - Vis. spectroscopy ( Phosphomolybedenum blue method.) The results showed that the concentrations of the elements mentioned above in the prepared compounds are within the acceptable range for its role in a property biological effectiveness for compounds.The other part has been singled out for studying the release of a indomethacin drug in a laboratory in the prepared compounds and which is used as an anti - inflammatory and analgesic for pain osteoporosis.Porosity tablets of the compounds loading with drug indomethacin for 24 hours and then studied the release of drug from tablets for 48 hours using visible spectroscopy UV function when acidic pH = 7.4 and a temperature of 37 ⁰ m. As the results showed that the release of indomethacin taking a different time for different times of the compounds that arrived at the level at which the release settled between (4 - 8) hours.

تحضير وتشخيص بعض المعقدات التناسقية لصبغات الازو المشتقة من الباراسيتامول ومركبات السلفا ودراسة فعاليتها ضد البكتريا == Synthesis And Characterization Of Some Metal Complexes For Azo Dyes Derived From Paracetamole And Sulpha Compound And Study Of Their Antibacterial Activity

Author name: رواء هشام يعقوب
Supervisor name: طارق علي فهد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study, four ligands were synthesized from prepared by the coupling of 4 - acetamidophenol with some sulfa drugs (sulfadiazine Ld , sulfaguinidine, Lg ,sulfamethazine Lm and sulfapyredine Lp) with parasetamol .These ligands were characterized by elemental analysis, FT - IR. , UV - visible ,1H - NMR , 13C - NMR and mass spectroscopy. The chemical structure of these ligands are suggested as following : Lp={N - (4 - hydroxy - 3 - ((4 - (N - pyridin - 4 - ylsulfamoyl)phenyl)diazenyl)phenyl)acetamide} Ld=N - (4 - hydroxy - 3 - ((4 - (N - pyrimidin - 2 - )ylsulfamoyl)phenyl)diazenyl)phenyl)acetamide) Lg=N - (3 - ((4 - (N - carbamimidoylsulfamoyl)phenyl)diazenyl) - 4 - hydroxyphenyl)acetamideLm={N - (3 - ((4 - (N - (4,6 - dimethylpyrimidin - 2 - yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)diazenyl) - 4 - hydroxyphenyl)acetamide} The ionization constant of the ligands were determined potentiometrically using the Irving - Rossotti technique at constant temperature 25 °C. The values of the average number of protons associated with the ligands nA at different pH values were calculated. The proton - ligand formation curves are obtained by plotting nA versus pH at constant temperature.Twelve complexes were prepared from above ligands with cobalt, nickel, and copper salts, with molar ratio 1 : 1 (M : L) . These complexes were identified by elemental analysis, FT - IR. spectra, Uv - visible spectra,atomic absorption,molar conductance and megnetice,susceptibility The results were lndicated that the found valaes of C,H,N for prepared complexes were clossed to their theoretical volues . IR Spectra showed that stretching vibration of azo group in the complexes were shifted in comparison with ligands inaddition to appearance of M - N and M - O stretching,UV - visible and magnetic studies gave in idea about geometry and coordination number of these complexes through location of electronic transition and number of unpaired electron in outer energy levels.Atomic absorption measurements explained that the reaction of the ligand with the metal complexes was 1 : 1 molar ratio ,also the perecentage of the metals in the prepared complexes was in good agreement with the theortical values.The molar conductance values of the coordination compounds of mentioned metal ions under investigation were determined using (1.0×10 - 3 mol. L - 1) DMF solvent, The molar conductance and magnetic values suggest the presence of a non - electrolyte.The magnetic moments of Ni(II), Cu(II), and Co(II), complexes were measured at room temperature .Based on the different characterization methods described above, the chemical structures of the prepared complexes were suggested as following.

دراسة الفولتامتري الحلقي والتخليق الكهروكيميائي والتوصيل الكهربائي لبعض مركبات التلوريوم العضوية == CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY, ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS AND CONDUCTEMETRIC STUDIES OF SOME ORGANOTELLURIUM COMPOUNDS

Author name: ديار محمد علي مراد
Supervisor name: علي زايد الربيعي | انيس عبد الوهاب النجار
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت هذه الدراسة على جزئين ، فالجزء الاول يتعلق بدراسة السلوك الكهروكيميائي لمركبات ثنائي فنيل ثنائي التلوريد وبس(2 - امينو - 5 - مثيل فنيل ) ثنائي التلوريد وبس(2 - امينو - 5 - بروموفنيل )ثنائي التلوريد باستعمال تقنية المسح الجهدي الحلقي في مذيب رباعي هيدروفيوران وفي درجة حرارة الغرفة .بينت النتائج المستحصلة ان تلك المركبات تعاني انتقالا الكترونيا مفردا خلال عمليتين متعاقبتين اثناء عملية الاختزال .و استعملت تلك التقنية لتحديد مناطق الجهد المناسبة تمهيدا لاجراء التخليق الكهروكيميائي للتلوريدات العضوية غير المتجانسة : اثيل فنيل تلوريد ((1 ، بروبيل فنيل تلوريد ((2 ، بيوتيل فنيل تلوريد ((3، اثيل ( - 2 امينو - 5 - مثيل فنيل) تلوريد (4) ، بروبيل( - 2 امينو - 5 - مثيل فنيل) تلوريد (5) ، بيوتيل ( - 2 امينو - 5 - مثيل فنيل) تلوريد (6)، اثيل( - 2 امينو - 5 - برومو فنيل) تلوريد ((7، بروبيل ( - 2 امينو - 5 - برومو فنيل) تلوريد (8)، بيوتيل ( - 2 امينو - 5 - برومو فنيل) تلوريد (9). شخصت هذه التلوريدات العضوية غير المتجانسة بواسطة تحليل العناصر الدقيق واطياف تحت الحمراء . اما الجزء الثاني فقد تضمن قياس التوصيلية الكهربائية للمركبات : فنيل التلوريوم ثلاثي اليوديد و4 - ميثوكسي فنيل التلوريوم ثلاثي اليوديد و4 - كلوروفنيل التلوريوم ثلاثي اليوديد وفنيل التلوريوم ثلاثي البروميد وفنيل التلوريوم ثلاثي الكلوريد في مذيبي DMSO وDMFالنقيين وعند درجة حرارة 25 مo . اجريت التحاليل المتعلقة بنتائج التوصيلية الكهربائية بطريقة تقنية التقليل للحد الادنى باستعمال اربع معادلات نظرية للتوصيلية وهي معادلات Fuoss - Hsia (فوس - سايا) و) Pitts بتس) الموسعة والمحورة . اوضحت النتائج التحليلية لتلك المركبات بانها لا تتصرف كالكتروليتات قوية في كلا المذيبين وان تفككها ليس بالتفكك التام ، كما لوحظ وجود تفاوت في قيم التوصيلية الكهربائية وفقا˝ لطبيعة المجموعة المعوضة كونها دافعة او ساحبة وكانت حسب الترتيب الاتي : ومن ناحية اخرى قورنت قيم توصيلية المركب فنيل التلوريوم ثلاثي اليوديد مع المركبين فنيل التلوريوم ثلاثي البروميد وفنيل التلوريوم ثلاثي الكلوريد اذ كانت قيم التوصيلية الكهربائية وفق نمط الترتيب الاتي | The present study divided into two sections, firstly , the electrochemical behavior of diphenyl ditelluride ,bis(2 - amino - 5 - methyl phenyl)ditelluride and bis(2 - amino - 5 - bromo phenyl)ditellurid have been investigated by cyclic voltammatry in THF at room temperature. The results showed that all these compounds suffer of two single successive electron transfer through the reduction process. This technique was used to determine the best voltage regions in order to carry out the electrochemical synthesis of unsymmetrical organic telluride, i.e : ethyl phenyl telluride (1), propyl phenyl telluride (2), butyl phenyl telluride (3), ethyl (2 - amino - 5 - methyl phenyl)telluride (4), propyl(2 - amino - 5 - methylphenyl)telluride(5), butyl (2 - amino - 5 - methylphenyl) (6),ethyl(2 - amino - 5 bromophenyl)telluride(7), propyl(2 - amino - 5 - bromo phenyl) telluride(8) and butyl(2 - amino - 5 - bromophenyl) telluride(9). All mentioned compounds were characterized by CHN and IRspectroscopy. secondly, the electrical conductances of phenyl tellurium triiodide , 4 - methoxy phenyltellurium triiodide , 4 - chloro phenyltellurium triiodide , phenyltellurium tribromide and phenyltellurium trichloride have been measured in both DMSO and DMF solvents at temperature 25oC .The evaluation of conductance data was carried out by minimization technique using the theoretical conductance equations of the complete and modified forms of Pitts and Fuoss - Hsia . Analytical results showed that these compounds do not behave as strong electrolytes in both solvents , and that their dissociation are far from complete . The low conductances of these electrolytes may be attributed to the formation of ion - pairs. The presence of donating or withdrawing groups on benzen ring affect the electrical conductivity and the following trend was obtained : Finally ,the sequence of increasing the conductaces of the three studied phenyltellurium trihalides is given below :

تحضير ودراسة بايلوجية لبعض مركبات البايرزول == Preparation and biological study of some pyrazole compounds

Author name: خنساء صقر سعود
Supervisor name: نزار لطيف شهاب الدين
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study includes the preparation of some pyrazolines derivatives includes their characterization and their biological activity.Chapter one the introduction shows the literature survey and related important reactions for pyrazolines .While chapter two shows the details of the preparation for each types in details 36 pyrazoline product were prepared from 6 types of (cha/cones) Benzalacetophenones and six different hydrazine ( hydrazinehydrate , phenylhydrazine, semicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide 2,4 - dinitrophenylhydrazine and phenylthiosemocarbazide ).Chapter three shows all the results which proved the chemical structures of some selected compounds by using I.R, 1H - NMR, 13C - NMR, CHN, and mass. Spectroscopy we found abnormal case in pyrazoline derivatives especially in the ring once have - CH2 like in (P1and P10) and compounds (P8 and P13) does not have the methylene protons this exception was happened due to modification in procedure. Finally the biological activity for some selected compounds were used and compared with standard drugs and its shows moderately to good activity.

دراسة تحليلية وحرارية وحساب الثوابت الثرموداينميكية والفعالية البايولوجية لمعقدات قواعد شف جديدة لعناصرCo,Ni,Cu == Analytical study ,Thermodynamic and Biological Calculation for new Schiff base Complexes of ( Co,Ni,Cu )

Author name: حسين ناصر حمادي
Supervisor name: هناء حميد حداد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Synthesis of Schiff base during the condensation of salicylaldehyde with substituted aniline in ethanolic acid medium using glacial acidic acid are reported . Metal complexes of ( Cu , Ni , Co ) as hydrated acetate salts ,the dehydration of salts was carried out by drying the hydrate salts in oven for several hours at 100 - 110 C . Several spectral techniques such as UV - Visible , FTIR and CHN analysis were used to identify the chemical structures of the reported ligands and there complexes . Mole ratio and continuous variation showed that the (M : L) ( 1 : 2 ) ratio for all metal - complex . The antibacterial was investigated against two pathogenic bacteria namely  Aeromomas hydrophila ( - ) , Staphylococcus aureus (+) the result showed that both ligands and complexes are biologically active .Thermo gravimetric analysis ( TG ) for all complexes were also evaluated their thermal degradation studies using TG analytical methods , thermodynamic parameters ( ΔS , ΔH , ΔG ) were evaluated from TG curve using Vant Hoff method

تحضير وتشخيص بعض قواعد شف المتماثلة الجديدة ومعقداتها ودراسة بعض بوليمراتها دراسة تحليلية وحرارية == Synthesis , Characterization of some new Homologous Schiff base and its Complexes with Analytical and Thermal Study of some their Polymers

Author name: حسنين رعد عبد الكريم
Supervisor name: زكي ناصر السكيني | علي عبد الرزاق العطبي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A novel bidentate schiff bases were prepared from the condensation of 1,4 - bis - (aminomethyl)cyclohexan with 2,4 - dihydroxy acetophenon and 2,4 - dihydroxy benzaldehyde.Metal complexes of Co (III) , Cu (II) and Ni (II) with Schiff base A , B and C were prepared.A , B and C Schiff bases and their metal complexes were characterized via UV - Visible, FTIR and NMR. The metal complexes are expected to be octahedral in geometry based on physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses. New resins PoA and PoB were prepared by mixing Schiff base A and C with MDI respectively , thermogravimetric analysis of resins proved a good thermal stability.The study of loading capacity of resins towards transition metals showed that the PoA and PoB had high selectivity toward lead and zinc respectively.

تحضير وتشخيص بعض البوليمرات لازالة بعض ايونات العناصر والبنتونايت من مياه الفضلات == SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTARIZATION OF SOME POLYMERS FOR THE REMOVAL OF SOME HEAVY METAL IONS AND BENTONITE IN WASTE WATERS

Author name: حسن ثامر عبد الصاحب ذياب
Supervisor name: عبد الامير حسين تعوبي | صلاح شاكر هاشم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية عزل بعض المركبات البوليمرية الطبيعية وهي : الكيتوسان,اللكنين والتانين من مصادر طبيعية وهي قشور الروبيان , السائل الاسود وورق الغار على التوالي , ومن ثم تحضير ثلاث بوليمرات متشابكة منها باستخدام البيوترالديهايد كعامل تشابك والبوليمرات المحضرة هي : الكيتوسان المتشابك مع اللكنين : P1 الكيتوسان المتشابك مع التانين : P2 التانين المتشابك مع اللكنين : P3 تم تشخيص البوليمرات المعزولة والبوليمرات المحضرة بواسطة تقنيات : الاشعة تحت الحمراء , مطيافية الكتلة - كروماتوغرافيا الغاز , الاشعة السينية اضافة الى التحليل الوزني الحراري لتحديد تركيب البوليمرات ومن ثم دراسة التطبيقات التحليلية لها والتي قسمت الى قسمين رئيسين هما : 1 - ازالة الايونات الفلزية : شملت هذه التطبيق دراسة تاثير كمية البوليمر , الاس الهيدروجيني . زمن المزج لاجل تحديد الظروف المثلى لازالة بعض ايونات العناصر الثقيلة ثنائية التكافؤ : الكادميوم , الكوبلت , الرصاص والزنك من المحاليل المائية حيث اظهرت التجارب ان الايونات الفلزية ازيلت بكفاءة عالية عند دالة حامضية تساوي 8 لجميع البوليمرات المدروسة . واظهرت نسبة واطئة من انتفاخ البوليمر وان هاتين الخاصيتين اساسيتين للبوليمر والذي بالامكان استخدامه كرا تنج لازالة الايونات . كذلك بينت الدراسة الحالية ان العدد الكبير من مجاميع الهيدروكسيل ومجاميع الامين على البوليمرات المحضرة (P1 ,P2 ,P3) اظهرت كفاءة امتزاز اعلى من الكيتوسان واللكنين والتانين بذاتها لذلك من الواضح ان جميع البوليمرات المحضرة اظهرت كفاءة عالية وانها بالامكان استخدامها مرة اخرى بعد اعادة تنشيطها باستخدام حامض الهيدروكلوريك ذو تركيز (3 عياري) خصوصا (P1 ,P2 ,P3) والتي اظهرت كفاءة ازالة عالية للايونات اعلى من 99% باستخدام اقل كمية من البوليمر واقل زمن (2,5 ساعة) وسهولة الترشيح عما في حالة استخدام الكيتوسان واللكنين والتانين.2 - التخثر والنزول : هدفت هذه الدراسة الى بحث تطبيق البوليمرات العضوية المعزولة والمحضرة والحاوية على مجاميع الهيدروكسيل ومجاميع الامين . حيث استخدمت هذه البوليمرات كمخثرات لازالة تعكرية اطيان البنتونايت من المياه ويعود ذلك الى وجود مجاميع الهيدروكسيل ومجاميع الامين الفعالة في تركيبها . بينت الدراسة الحالية ان المعاملة الكافية للمياه تتطلب عناية خاصة . اجري كشف الجار واختبرت كفاءة هذه البوليمرات لازالة تعكرية اطيان البنتونايت تحت ظروف مختلفة وهي : كمية البوليمر , الاس الهيدروجيني , سرعة المزج اضافة الى زمن النزول. وكذلك تم استخدام نوعين من المياه : مياه خام ومياه محضرة لايجاد ميكانيكية ازالة اطيان البنتونايت والعلاقة بين الازالة وخصائص البوليمر. بينت الدراسة ان استخدام البوليمرات المتشابكة (P1 ,P2 ,P3) لازالة اطيان البنتونايت يؤدي الى ازالة بكفاءة عالية جدا اعلى من 99% وذلك لان كفاءة الازالة ليست فقط ناتجة من اختزال البنتونايت الموجودة في الماء الى ادنى مستوى ولكن ايضا في انتاج حجم اطيان واطئ النسبة اقل من 10% من حجم الماء .كذلك ان استخدام البوليمرات المتشابكة سوف يقلل كمية المخثر المستخدم الى اقل من النصف وكذلك يقلل كلفة المخثرات الكيمياوية الى الثلث. وعموما ان استخدام المخثرات (P1 ,P2 ,P3) يؤدي الى تنزيل الاطيان بشكل اسهل واقوى واكبر من الكيتوسان , اللكنين , التانين بذاتها. حيث اظهرت البوليمرات المحضرة (P1 ,P2 ,P3) كفاءة امتزاز ممتازة بلغت 99,8% , 99,6% , 99,8% عند الظروف المثلى. ان الطريقة الفيزيو - كيميائية المستخدمة في الدراسة الحالية لمعاملة المياه تتمثل بصورة رئيسية بالبساطة ,السهولة , الكلفة الواطئة , اضافة الى كفاءة الازالة الممتازة.كذلك ان استخدام المعاملة الفيزيو كيميائية ينتج مياه بنوعية جيدة.

تحضير ودراسة الفعالية البايلوجية لبعض مركبات 4 - ثايازوليدينون المشتقة من 1, 4 - ثنائي هايدروبريدين الجديدة == Synthesis and Biological ActivityStudy of Some new 4 - Thiazolidinone compounds Derivatives From 1, 4 - Dhydropyridine

Author name: تحسين صدام فندي المذخوري
Supervisor name: تحسين عبد القادر
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة تحضير بعض مركبات الثايازوليدينون المشتقة من ثنائي هايدروبريدين في خمس خطوات الخطوة الاولى : تحضير ثنائي هايدروبريدين (TA1) من مفاعلة بارا هايدروكسي بنزلديهايد مع مولين من الايثل اسيتو اسيتيت وهيدروكسدالامونيوم في الايثانول كمذيب في خطوة واحدة كما في المعادلة الخطوة الثانية : تحضير المركب (TA2) من تفاعل المركب (TA1) مع كلورو ايثايل اسيتيت بوجود كاربونات البوتاسيوم في DMF كمذيب كما في المعادلة الخطوة الثالثة : تحضير DHPs - hydrazide (TA3) من تفاعل الهيدرازين مع المركب (TA2) في الايثانول كما في المعادلة الخطوة الرابعة : تحضير مركبات الهايدروزونات (TA4 - TA15 ) من تفاعل المركب (TA3) مع عدد من الالديهايدات الاروماتيه باضافة قطرتين من حامض الخليك الثلجي كعامل مساعد في الايثانول كما في المعادلة الخطوة الخامسة : تحضير مركبات الثايازوليدينون (TA4a,TA6a - TA15a) من تفاعل المركبتو حامض الخليك مع مركبات الهايدروزوناتالمحضرة في الخطوة السابقة وباستخدام كلوريد الخارصين ZnCl2كعامل مساعدفي DMFكما في المعادلة شخصت المركبات المحضرهبالطرق الطيفيه مثل تقنية الاشعه تحت الحمراء FTIR وتقنية الرنين المغناطيسي للهيدروجين والكاربون والنتروجين 1H - NMR و13C - NMR و15N - NMR وDEPT - 135 - 13C - NMRبالاضافة الى اطياف الكتله تقنيةESI.تميز طيف IR للمركب TA1 بظهور حزمة عريضه عند cm - 13500 - 3150 واخرى عند 1660cm - 1تعود للتذبذب الاتساعي لمجموعتيOH/NH المتداخله وكاربونيل الاستر على التواليكما بين طيف 1H - NMR اشارات احايه عند الازاحه الكميائيه 9.09ppmδ وδ8.70ppm تعود لرنين بروتون مجموعةOH الفينوليهوبرتون NH العائد لحلقة DHP على التوالي وفي المركب TA2تظهر حزمتيننتيجه للتذبذب الاتساعي لمجموعتي الكاربونيل الاستريه عند العدد الموجي 11743cm - و1691cm - 1واظهر طيف 1H - NMR للمركب TA2اشارتين جديدتينالاولى متعدده نتيجه لرنين بروتوني OCH2 والثانية ثلاثية تعود الى رنين بروتونات CH3 للممجموعة الاستريه OCH2CH3 - عند الازاحه δ4.15ppm وδ1.20ppm وعلى التوالي كما بين طيف المركب TA2 ايضا اختفاء الاشارة العائده لرنين بروتونOH عند δ9.09ppm وظهور اشارة احاديه عند δ4.69ppm تعود لرنين بروتوني OCH2COمما يثبت ان مجموعة الهيدروكسيل الفينوليه هي التي عانت تفاعل اضافة وليس مجموعة الامينNH التابعة لحلقة DHP.واظهر طيف IRللمركب TA3تغير في التذبذب الاتساعي لمجموعة الكاربونيل من العددالموجي 1743cm - 1 الى عدد موجي اقل 1662cm - 1دليل على تكون المركب 3TA وفي طيف 1H - NMR للمركبTA3 فقد اظهر اشارتين احاديتين عند الازاحات الكيميائيه δ9.27ppmوδ4.30ppm نتيجة لرنين بروتونات NH وNH2 على التوالي. كما اظهر طيف IR لمركباتالهايدروزونات حزما لمجموعة الازوميثين الجديده عند العدد الموجي cm - 11612 - 1604دليل على تكون مركبات الهايدروزونات كما اظهرطيف1H - NMR للمركبات (TA4 - TA15)اشارة تعود لرنين بروتون مجموعة الازوميثين - N=CH - عند الازاحه الكميائيه δ(7.91 - 8.37)ppm مما يؤكد ذلك. اما بالنسبة لمركبات TA4a,TA6a - TA15a))فقد اظهرطيف IR عند 1718cm - 1 - 1672تعود الى التذبذب الاتساعي لمجموعة كاربونيل حلقة الثايازوليدينون الجديده دليل على تكون مركبات 4 - الثايازوليدينون المشتقة من ثنائي هايدروبريدينكما ان ظهور اشارات جديده في طيف 1H - NMR لمركبات(TA4a,TA6a - TA15a) منها اشارتين جديدتين نتيجه لرنين بروتون ( - SCHN - ) عند الازاحه δ(5.52 - 6.65) ppm وδ (5.16 - 5.67)ppm التي تدل على وجود ايزومرين فراغيين بالاضافه الى اشارات ثنائيه - ثنائيه اومتعدده نتيجه لرنين بروتونات( ( - CH2 - S عند الازاحه δ(4.60 - 3.54) وδ (3.51 - 3.89)ppm كل هذه الاطياف تؤكد صحة المركبات المحضرة بالاضافة الى اطياف13C - NMRوالكتله والتي استخدمت تقنية ESI - MS لدراسة اطياف الكتلة لمركبات الثايازوليدينون وقد اظهرت اطياف المركبات ذروه [M+H] دلالة على اتفاقها مع التراكيب المحتملة. كما اظهرت بعض المركبات TA11a ,TA4a, TA6, TA5 وTA15a فعالية تثبيطية اتجاة بكتريا E.coli وS. aureus , اما المركبات TA7a وTA8a وTA9aو TA12a وTA13a وTA14a لم تظهر فعالية تثبيطية اتجاة جنسي البكتريا S. aureus وبكتريا E.coli , وبينت الفحوصات المختبريه بان المركبات المحضره ذات سمية خلويهcellular toxicity واطئه جدا. | This study includes the preparation some of thiazolidinone compounds derivatives from dihydropyridine in five steps .1st step preparation of dihydropyridine (TA1) from the reaction of4 - hydroxybenzaldehyde with ethylacetoacetate and ammonia under reflux in ethanol . 2nd step preparation (TA2) compound from treated (TA1) with chloroethyl acetate being potassium carbonate (K2CO3) in DMF as a solvent. 3rd step preparedofDHPs - hydrazide (TA3) from(TA2) with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol under reflux.4th step preparation of hydrazonecompounds (TA4 - TA15) from reacted (TA3) with aromatic benzaldehyde dissolved in ethanol and presence acetic acid as a catalyst. 5th step preparation of (DHP - thiazolidin - 4 - one)(TA4a - TA15a) from convertedhydrazone compounds which are (TA4 - TA15) by treated with 2 - mercapto acetic acid in DMF and presence ZnCl2 as a catalyst.All the synthesized compounds were identified by IR, 1H - NMR ,13C - NMR , DEPT - 135 - 13C - NMR, 15N - NMR and mass spectra usingElectrospray Ionization technique.The IR spectral data of compound TA1showed strong band at3500 - 3150cm - 1 and 1660cm - 1due to stretching vibration NH/OHand ester groups, respectively.This was further confirmed by its 1H - NMR spectrum, where it displayed singlet signal at δ 9.09 and δ 8.70 ppm, which are attributed to phenolic OH and NH proton of DHP ring, respectively.The presence of two ester groups were confirmed by its IRshowed strong band at 1743cm - 1 and 1691cm - 1 due to carbonyl ester and amide respectively and 1H - NMR spectrum where in it showed multiple and triplet at δ4.15ppm and δ 1.15 ppm respectively for ester OCH2CH3 group. Appearance of a singlet at δ4.69ppm that corresponds to OCH2CO proton further confirms the proposed structure of the product.In 1H - NMR spectrum of compound TA2 disappearance of OH peak at δ 9.09 ppm clearly established that phenolic hydroxyl group was alkylated but not NH group of DHP ring.In FTIR spectrum of hydrazide TA3 shifting of carbonyl stretching frequency from 1743 cm - 1 to lower frequency 1662 cm - 1 indicated the formation of TA3. Further, its 1H - NMR spectrum displayed two singlet at δ 9.27 and δ 4.30 ppm confirming the presence of hydrazidic NH and NH2 groups. Formation of various hydrazones TA4 - TA15 from hydrazide TA3 was evidenced by their FTIR and 1H - NMR spectra. The IR spectra data of DHPs hydrazone derivatives (TA4 - TA15) showed strong band at1612 - 1604cm - 1 and 1H - NMR spectrumofTA4 - TA15showed a new peak at a singlet signal around δ (7.91 - 8.37)ppm corresponds to - N=CH - proton in the place of a singlet at δ 4.28 ppm confirming its structure.The heterocyclic system of 4 - thiazolidinone has been of compound TA4a, TA6a - TA8a, show two signal of proton - CH ( - SCHN - ) at δ(5.52 - 6.65)ppm and δ(5.16 - 5.67)ppm Corresponding to the two optical isomers form. As well as doublet of doublet or multiple signal around δ(4.60 - 3.54) ppm and δ (3.51 - 3.89)ppm attribute to methylene group( - CH2 - S).The 13C NMR and HRMS (ESI) confirms the proposal structural elucidation of DHPs thaiazolidin - 4 - one derivatives (TA4a, TA6a - TA8a), the ESI reveals the observe [M+H] is good agreement with calculate [M+H] , the biological activity of the synthesis compounds prepared as antibacterial agents as well as low cellular toxicity.

تحضير وتشخيص بعض معقدات الثايوسيانات الجسرية الحاوية على قواعد شف ودراسة فعاليتها البايولوجية == Preparation and Characterization of Some Bridged Thiocyanate Complexes Containing Schiff Base And Study of Their Biological Activity

Author name: بشير جواد كاظم
Supervisor name: مؤيد يوسف كاظم العبادي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study five ligands were prepared from condensation two amines (4 - methyl benzene - 1,2 - diamine and ortho phenylen diamine ) with two aldehydes( 4 - isopropyl benzaldehyde and 4 - diethyl amino benzaldehyde.These ligands were identified by elemental analysis, FT - IR , UV - visible, 1HNMR , 13CNMR and mass spectroscopy. The proposed chemical structure of these ligands are suggested as following : Binuclear tetrathiocyanates complexes [MM'(SCN)4 ; M=Co,Ni,Cd : M'=Cd,Hg] were first prepared by the reaction of metal nitrates with potassium thiocyanate and then solutions from two formed metal thiocyanates were mixed in 1 : 1 molar ratio.Fifteen bridged thiocyanate complexes were prepared from the reaction of Schiff base ligands with binuclear tetrathiocyanate complexes in 1 : 1 molar ratio . These complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT - IR , UV - visible ,mass spectroscopy ,atomic absorption ,thermogravimetric analysis, molar conductance and magnetic susceptibilities. The results were indicated that the found percentage of C ,H and N for the prepared complexes were closed to their theoretical values . Also IR spectra showed that stretching vibration of azomethine group in the complexes was shifted in comparison with ligands in addition to appearance of bands belong to bridged and terminal thiocyanates indicating the bonding of ligands with metals. Mass spectroscopy also proved the structure of complexes by displaying peaks of molecular ion and some basic fragments. UV - Visible and magnetic studies gave an idea about geometry and coordination number of these complexes through location of electronic transition and number of unpaired electrons in outer energy levels .Atomic absorption measurements explained that the reaction of th e ligand with the metal complexes was 1 : 1 molar ratio , also the percentage of the metals in the prepared complexes was in good agreement with the theoretical values . It was found that the molar conductance values of the complexes were low indicating that all prepared complexes have non electrolytic properties . Farthermore , some prepared complexes had a good thermal stability depending on some thermal parameters calculated bythermogravimetric carves .In addition , the biological activity of the prepared ligands and theircomplexes were studied by using two types of bacteria (S.aureus , E.coli)and fungi (A.niger , A.ftavus) . It was found that all compounds havesignificant antimicrobial activity . Cytotoxicity of these compounds wasevaluated . These compounds have not toxicity on the red blood cells in comparison with standard compounds such as sodium cyanide .The proposed chemical structures of the prepared complexes were suggested as following : AC1 AC2

تحضير وتشخيص وقياس الفعالية الحيوية لبعض معقدات البلاتين الثنائي مع كلايكوسيد الاميغدالين المعزولة من بذور ثمار المشمش (prunus armenivcal)

Author name: حلا صبري نجم عبد الله
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The abstract of the present work for the synthesis of the new heterocyclic phenolic 1,3,4 - oxadiazole and their chelating polymers is outlined below : Part One : Organic Synthesis.1) Conversion of hydroxy benzoic acid derivatives to their corresponding esters (4 - 9) using standard procedure (Fiesher esterfication). 2) Reaction of hydroxyl benzoate derivatives (4 - 9) with hydrazine hydrate afforded the corresponding acid hydrazides (13 - 15). 3) The reaction of acid hydrazide derivatives (13 - 15) with carbon disulfide in the presence of alcoholic (KOH) yielded their corresponding 5 - (substituted) - phenyl - 2 - mercapto - 1,3,4 - oxadiazoles (19 - 21). 4) 2 - (methyl/butyl thio) - 5 - (substituted) - phenyl - 1,3,4 - oxadiazoles (24 - 27) were synthesized by alkylation reaction in basic media of oxadiazoles with methyl iodide and n - butyl bromide respectively. 5) The acid hydrazides (13 - 15) were treated with carbon disulfide and alcoholic (KOH) to form their corresponding polar salts, namely potassium - 3 - aroyl dithio carbazinate derivatives (16 - 18). 6) The dehydration cyclization reaction of the above polar salts (16 - 18) using hydrazine hydrate afforded the corresponding 5 - (substituted) - phenyl - 4 - amino - 2 - mercapto - 1,2,4 - triazoles (22, 23). 7) Eight new chelating polymers (28 - 35) have been synthesized by the condensation of phenolic oxadiazoles (19 - 20) and phenol or disubstituted hydroxyl phenol (hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol) with formaldehyde in (1 : 1) molar ratio in the presence of (KOH) as a catalyst. The structures of the prepared organic and polymeric compounds that have been synthesized were established by physical (melting points, color), elemental analysis (C.H.N, S), FT - IR, H1 - NMR, C13 - NMR and the results obtained are compatible with assigned structures. Part Two : Analytical Study. The chelation ability of these eight polymers were studied for Ag+, Al3+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ ions using batch equilibrium method using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (F.A.A.S). The different factors affecting loading capacities for the studied ions such as type of polymers, pH and treatment time were studied and the results obtained from figures (4 - 1) to (4 - 104) listed in chapter five shows that the loading capacity in (mg ion / g resin) increased with : 1) Increasing the pH value of the studied ion solution.2) Increasing the treatment time. Thermal stability of the eight synthesized polymers (28 - 35) were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), they showed good thermal stability, these results are discussed in relation with the presence of 1,3,4 - oxadiazole ring in the side group of the prepared networks

تحضير وتشخيص بعض المواد المنشطة للسطوح التوامية ودراسة تطبيقاتها كمواد مشتتة وكاسرة للاستحلاب لمعالجة المستحلبات النفطية == Synthesis and Characterization some of the Gemini Surfactants and study its applications as dispersants and De - Emulsifier to Treatment for Oil Emulsions

Author name: احمد مجيد زيدان
Supervisor name: مهند جواد كاظم الاسدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this investigation, six Nonionic Gemini surfactants were prepared A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, B2 from Epichlorohydrin. Then these compounds were identified by FT - IR, Mass spectrometry, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. It was found that Nonionic Gemini surfactants with hydroxyl groups which consist of two conventional surfactants joined by different spacers, as shown in the following table.The prepared surfactants were evaluated by determination CMC and HLB values.Five de - emulsifiers were prepared (dA1,dA2,dA3,dA4, dB1) in different concentrations (10, 30, 40, 50) ppm for each compound. After that the prepared de - emulsifiers were compared with the efficiency of the commercial demulsifier (RP6000) with two types of wet crude oil (15 % H2O) that have different asphaltene content were used for the treatment which were sampled from south oil company fields (Zubair, West Qurna). Therefore the separation efficiency in all types of crude oil was found in the following order : dA2 > dA3 > dB1 > dA4 < dA1The present study also included using of A1and B1 as dispersion through dissolution of the prepared surfactants by polar solvent (Ethylene glycol), which decreases the viscosity and increases the surface area to spread of dispersive

تحضير ودراسة الفعالية الحيوية لمعقدات الامينية ثنائية السن مع ايونات ا لبلاتين (III) والروديوم (II) والبلاديوم == Synthesis , Characterization and Biological Activity Study of Some New Compound Containing Amine and Azomethine Group and Their Complexation Reaction with Platinum(II) , Palladium (II) and Rhodium(III)

Author name: احمد ليث عبد الحليم
Supervisor name: عادل علي عبد الحسن | بشرى كامل جدوع
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study included the preparation and the diagnosis and study the biological activity of some new organic compounds containing amine and azomethine groups and complexes ions with platinum(II) and palladium (II) and rhodium (III) ions.This thesis is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, a general introduction for platinum metals group and of their complexes including : amine and Schiff base ligands have been literately reviewed. The concerned complexes have related to drugs potentially are anticancer active, therefore, this chapter summarized the important roles between the structure and activity for potentially active anticancer drugs which containing platinum metal complexes .The second chapter of this thesis shows the preparative methods of two types of ligands. The first type ligands concerned preparation method of two newly bidentate amine ligands namely : N - (3 - phenylpropyl)ethane - 1,2 - diamine (1) and N,N' - bis(3 - phenylpropyl) ethane - 1,2 - diamine (2) by reaction of ethylene diamine with 3 - phenypropyl bromide in 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 mole ratio, respectively. The second type ligands concerned preparative methods of six newly Schiff base ligands by reacting of o - phenylenediamine with 2 - furyldehyde, ferrocenecarboxaldehyde and acetylferrocene in the mole ratio 1 : 1 and 1 : 2respectively namely : N - 2 - furylidinebenzene - 1,2 - diamine (3)N,N' - bis(furylidine)benzene - 1,2 - diamine(4)N - ferrocenidenebenzene - 1,2 - diamine (5)N,N' - bis(ferrocenidene)benzene - 1,2 - diamine (6) N - 1 - ferrocenylethylidenebenzene - 1,2 - diamin (7) N,N' - bis(1 - ferrocenylethylidene)benzene - 1,2 - diamine (8) o , this chapter describes the synthesis of a new twenty four complexes ofPt(II), Pd(II) and Rh(III) ions with ligands (1 - 8) . The third chapter includes the results and discussion. All the prepared compounds 1 - 32 were characterized by elemental analysis CHN, Conductivity measurements , 1H - NMR ,FT - IR and UV - Visible spectroscopic techniques. All the prepared compounds 1 - 32 are in good agreement with the suggested structure. These data confirmed that the prepared ligands 1 - 8 coordinate with Pt(II),Pd(II) and Rh(III) ions by nitrogen atoms of amino and azomethine groups as a bidentate ligands. The molar conductivity study indicate that platinum(II) and palladium (II) complexes are neutral and behave as non - electrolytes in DMSO solvent at room temperature while rhodium (III) complexes behaves as 1 : 1 electrolytes in the same conditions.Antibacterial activity of all the prepared compounds 1 - 32 beside their interaction with human DNA are shown in the fourth chapter of this thesis. The antibacterial activity of compounds 1 - 32 against two types of bacterial : the first negative towards Gram stain (i.e. Escherichia coli) and against positive towards Gram stain (i.e. Staphylococcus aureus) were tested. These data proved that only compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 20, 29 and 32 have antibacterial activity for growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus whereas only 1, 2, 4, 21 and 29 have antibacterial activity for Escherichia coli. On the other hand, DNA interaction study of complexes 9 - 32 with human DNA showed that all these complexes are binding with DNA which is enhances the probability of usingthese complexes as drug alternatives.

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض مشتقات الثايزولدين == Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity Study of Some Thiazolidine Derivativ

Author name: احمد عبد الهادي مجيد الكيمي
Supervisor name: داود سالم عبد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: الثايزولدين - 4 - حامض الكاربوكسيلي هو عبارة عن حامض اميني كبريتي حلقي, مشابه في تركيبه الى الحامض الاميني البرولين, وينتج من تكاثف السيستاين مع الفورمالديهايد . تمتلك مشتقات الثايزولدين والاستايل ثايزولدين فعالية بايولوجية , وتستخدم في التطبيقات السريرية . تضمنت الدراسة تحضير وتشخيص مركبات جديدة للثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيلك امايد, وتقييم فعاليتها البايولوجية , اذ تم تحضير المركب (T) من تفاعل الترفثالهايد مع السيستاين, ومن ثم مفاعلة مع انهدريد الخليك لتحضير المركب (AT) والذي يمثل تفاعل حماية لمجموعة الامين, بعدها تمت مفاعلة ((AT مع بعض الامينات الاروماتية للحصول على مركبات الثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيلك امايد والجدول ادناه يوضح الصيغ التركيبية للمركبات المحضرة .التسلسل المختصر التركيب الكيميائي الاسم العلمي 1 T 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) ثنائي ثايزولدين - 4 - حامض كاربوكسيلي2 AT 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) بس(3 - اسيتايل) ثايزولدين - 4 - حامض كاربوكسيلي)3 ATA1 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) بس(3 - اسيتايل - N - (4 - كلوروفينيل) ثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيل امايد)4 ATA2 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) بس(3 - اسيتايل - N - p - تلويل ثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيل امايد)5 ATA3 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) بس(3 - اسيتايل - N - (6 - ايثوكسي بينزو[d] ثايزول - 2 - يل) ثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيل امايد)6 ATA4 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) بس(3 - اسيتايل - N - m - تلويل ثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيل امايد)7 ATA5 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) بس(3 - اسيتايل - N - (4 - بروموفينيل) ثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيل امايد)8 ATA6 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) بس(3 - اسيتايل - N - (2 - ميثوكسي فينيل) ثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيل امايد)9 ATA7 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) بس(3 - اسيتايل - N - (4,2 - ثنائي برومو فينيل) ثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيل امايد)10 ATA8 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) بس(3 - اسيتايل - N - (4 - ميثل - - 3نايتروفينيل) ثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيل امايد)11 ATA9 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) بس(3 - اسيتايل - N - (3 - نايتروفينيل) ثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيل امايد)12 ATA10 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) بس(3 - اسيتايل - N - (4 - نايتروفينيل) ثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيل امايد)13 ATA11 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) بس(3 - اسيتايل - N - (2 - نايترو فينيل) ثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيل امايد)14 ATA12 2,2 - ( - 4,1فينلين) بس(3 - اسيتايل - N - o - تلويل ثايزولدين - 4 - كاربوكسيل امايد) اظهرت جميع المركبات المحضرة نواتج بحصيلة جيدة , شخصت المركبات المحضرة بواسطة تقنية تحت الحمراء اذ تميز المركبان ((T و(AT) بظهور حزمة قويه عند 3400 - 3550 cm - 1 تعزى لمجموعة OH الحامض الكاربوكسيلي , اما مركبات الامايد ثايزولدين فانها قد تميزت باختفاء الحزمة العائدة للحامض الكاربوكسيلي وظهور حزمة عند3100 - 3350cm - 1 تعزى لمجموعة NH الامايد . كما استخدمت مطيافية الرنين النووي المغناطيسي البروتوني 1HNMR لتشخيص المركبات باستخدام ال DMSO - d6 كمذيب حيث اثبتت التكاملات ومواقع الاشارات صحة المركبات المحضرة , اذ تميز المركب AT بظهور اشارة عند 13.03ppm تعزى لبروتون الحامض الكاربوكسيلي فضلا عن ظهور الايزومرات الفراغية الناتجة من الذرات الكيرالية للثايزولدين , كما تميزت مركبات الامايد ثايزولدين بظهور اشارة عند مدى 8.5 - 12.6ppm تعزى لبروتون NH الامايدية واختفاء اشارة بروتون الحامض الكاربوكسيلي . كما استخدمت مطيافية الرنين النووي المغناطيسي الكاربوني 13CNMR اذ اثبتت مواقع الاشارات صحة المركبات المحضرة . اضافة الى تقنية طيف الكتلة (Mass spectra) التي استخدمت في تشخيص المركبات حيث تميزت جميع الاطياف بظهور ذروات عند الايون الجزيئي لكل مركب. كما درست الفعالية البايولوجية للمركبات المحضرة كمضادات بكتيرية اضافة الى اختبار سميتها, اذ اظهر المركب ATA7 فعالية بايولوجية اعلى اتجاه بكتريا E.Coli وبقطر تثبيط 37ملم مقارنه بالمركبات الاخرى . | Thiazolidine - 4 - carboxylic acid is a cyclic sulfur amino acid , analogous in its structure to proline. It is formed by condensation of cysteine and formaldehyde. Thiazolidine and N - acetyl derivative were reported to possess biological activity and tested for clinical use. This study included preparation and characterization of new compounds of thiazolidine - 4 - carboxylic amide then evaluation of their biological activity, As it was in this study the preparation of compound (T) which were prepared from the reaction of Terphthaldehyde with cysteine, the compound (T) which reacts with acetic anhydride to the preparation of compound (AT) to protect amine a amine group , then reacts compound (AT) with some aromatic amines to obtaine compounds thiazolidine - 4 - carboxylic amide. The table below shows the structure of the prepared compounds. Nomenclature Structure Symbol Comp. No 2,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)dithiazolidine - 4 - carboxylic acid T 1 2,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)bis(N - acetylthiazolidine - 4 - carboxylic acid) AT 2 2,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)bis(3 - acetyl - N - (4 - chlorophenyl) thiazolidine - 4 - carboxamide) ATA1 32,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)bis(3 - acetyl - N - p - tolyl thiazolidine - 4 - carboxamide) ATA2 42,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)bis(3 - acetyl - N - (6 - ethoxybenzo[d ] thiazol - 2 - yl) thiazolidine - 4 - carboxamide) ATA3 52,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)bis(3 - acetyl - N - m - tolyl thiazolidine - 4 - carboxamide) ATA4 62,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)bis(3 - acetyl - N - (4 - Bromophenyl) thiazolidine - 4 - carboxamide) ATA5 72,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)bis(3 - acetyl - N - (2 - methoxyphenyl) thiazolidine - 4 - carboxamide) ATA6 82,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)bis(3 - acetyl - N - (1,4 - dibromophenyl) thiazolidine - 4 - carboxamide) ATA7 92,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)bis(3 - acetyl - N - (4 - methyl - 3 - nitro phenyl) thiazolidine - 4 - carboxamide) ATA8 102,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)bis(3 - acetyl - N - (3 - nitrophenyl) thiazolidine - 4 - carboxamide) ATA9 112,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)bis(3 - acetyl - N - (4 - nitrophenyl) thiazolidine - 4 - carboxamide) ATA10 122,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)bis(3 - acetyl - N - (2 - nitrophenyl) thiazolidine - 4 - carboxamide) ATA11 132,2' - (1,4 - phenylene)bis(3 - acetyl - N - o - tolyl thiazolidine - 4 - carboxamide) ATA12 14 All the synthesized compounds were good yields . The prepared compounds were identified by FT - IR Spectroscopy as distinguish two compounds (T)and(AT) were characterized by the appearance of strong peak at 3400 - 3500 cm - 1 which attributed to (OH) group for carboxylic acid , on other hand compounds were characterized by the disappearance of peak which attributed to (OH) for carboxylic acid and the emergence peak at 3100 - 3350cm - 1 which attributed to (NH) group for amide. Also we used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the proton (1HNMR) to identify the compounds by using DMSO - d6 as solvent, as it has proved integration and sites signals the accuracy of the proposed , as distinguish compound (AT) was characterized by the emergence of signal at 13.03 ppm which attributed to the proton of carboxylic acid, as characterized compounds amide thiazolidine the emergence signal when the extent of 8.5 - 12.6ppm which attributed to the proton NH amide and the disappearance of a signal proton carboxylic acid . Also we used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of carbon (13CNMR) where proven sites signals the health of compounds prepared . In addition, the mass spectrometry technique (MS) was used in the diagnosis of the compound, where all spectra characterized by the appearance of peaks at the molecular ion for each compound. Also , the biological activity of the prepared compounds as antibacterial agents as well as drag toxicity. The ATA7 compound show high activity against E.Coli convoy frustration (37mm) comparison other compounds

تحضير ودراسة التوصيل الكهربائي لبعض املاح الاديبات في محاليلها المائية بدرجات حرارة مختلفة وحساب دوالها الداينميكية الحرارية القياسية اضافة الى اختبارها كمثبتات حرارية لمادة بولي فنايل كلورايد == Synthesis and The Audio Frequency Conductance and thermodynamic studies of Some Metal Adipat salts in Aqueous Medium at Different Temperatures and Use All Salts As Thermal Stabilizers to The PVC

Author name: احمد سالم شنتة السدخان
Supervisor name: انيس عبد الوهاب النجار | زكي ناصر السكيني
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: جرى قياس ودراسة التوصيلات الكهربائية عند الترددات الواطئة للمحاليل المائية من املاح الاديبات المحضرة بطريقتين : احداهما كيميائية لايونات المغنسيوم والباريوم والكوبلت والنحاس والنيكل والزنك (الخارصين) , والاخرى (ولاول مرة) كهربائية لخمسة منها عند درجات حرارية مختلفة ضمن المدى من 298.15 K وحتى 313.15 K باستعمال جهاز قياس التوصيلية (Conductivity meter) . اجريت التحاليل المتعلقة بنتائج التوصيـــــــلية الكهربائية بطريقة تقنية التقلــــــــيل للحد الادنى (Minimization) باستعمال اربع مــــــــــعادلات نظرية للتوصـــــــيلية وهي مـــــــــعادلات (Fuoss - Hsia وPitts) الموسعة والمحددة . اوضحت النتائج التحليلية للاملاح المستعملة انها جميعا لا تتصرف كالكتروليتات "قوية" وان تفككها ليس بالتفكك التام . كما بينت تلك النتائج ان التوصيلية الكهربائية المنخفضة غير الاعتيادية لتلك الالكتروليتات لا تعزى الى وجود الجزيئات المتعادلة كهربائيا ولكن تعزى الى تكوين مزدوجات الايونات (Ion - Pairs) . كما جرى حساب قيم حاصل فالدن فضلا عن استحصال قيم الدوال الديناميكية الحرارية القياسية (∆H˚ و∆S˚ و∆G˚) لعملية التجمع الايوني عند مختلف درجات الحرارة المشار لها اعلاه بوساطة اعتماد كل من ˳Λ وKA على درجة الحرارة . واخيرا جرى تدوين ومناقشة جميع النتائج المستحصلة . اختبرت الثباتية الحرارية لمادة PVC باستعمال جميع الاملاح واعطت نتائج ايجابيه بهذا الصدد ،اذ مزجت مع PVC بنسب وتم قياس TGA للمزيج . | The audio electrical conductances of aqueous solutions of magnesium, barium , cobalt , copper , nickel and zinc adipate have been measured at various temperatures in the range of 298.15 K to 313.15 K , using an audio frequency conductance bridge. These salts were prepared by two methods chemically and, for the first time, electrochemically method. The evaluation of conductance data was carried out by minimization technique using theoretical conductance equations of the complete and modified forms of Pitts and Fuoss - Hsia. Quantitative results showed that these salts do not behave as ''strong'' electrolytes , and that their dissociations are far from complete . The abnormally low conductances of these electrolytes are not due to the presence of electrically neutral molecules but to the ion - pair formation. The Walden product values, as well as the standard thermodynamic functions (∆H˚ , ∆G˚ , ∆S˚ ) for the association reactions for the four temperatures studied, have been evaluated from the temperature dependent of Λ˳ and KA respectively. All the obtained quantities were reported and discussed . Thermal stability of PVC was studied by using magnesium, barium , cobalt , copper , nickel and zinc adipate as stabilizers

دراسة تركيز الهبسيدين , حالات الحديد وبعض المتغيرات الكيموحياتية في مرضى متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس

Author name: دعاء نعمــــة مســـلم الزامــــــلي
Supervisor name: هناء عداي علي السلطاني
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa - College Of Education For Girls - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: تعد متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس ( PCOS ) واحدة من اشهر اضطرابات الغدد الصماء غير المتجانسة والاكثر تعقيدا للنساء في سن الانجاب. عادة ما تكون مرتبطة مع مقاومة الانسولين (IR) المرافق لفرط نسبة الانسولين في الدم كعملية تعويضية. الارتفاع المزمن لهرمون ( LH ) ومقاومة الانسولين هما الاكثر شيوعا لانحرافات الغدد الصماء والتي تضهر في متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس.في الدراسة الحالية فان مستوى هرمون الهيبسيدين وحالات الحديد (Total Iron، Ferritin، TIBC، UIBC، %TS، TF) تم دراستها ومقارنتها مع العديد من العلامات الجسمانية من(العمر، الوزن، الطول، مؤشر كتلة الجسم، ونسبة الورك الى الخصر (WHR) والهرمونات (LH، FSH، TT، FT، SHBG، E2، Progesterone، Prolactin ) ومتغيرات مقاومة الانسولين التي تتضمن (مستوى السكر في حالة الصيامFBG، ونسبة الانسولين في حالة الصيامFIN ومقياس مقاومة الانسولين HOMA - IR) وبعض المتغيرات الكيموحياتية (الدهون الثلاثية، نسبة الكولسترول في الدم ، نسبة الكولسترول الجيد العالي الكثافة والكولسترول الضار الواطئ الكثافة) في مرضى متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس ومجموعة الاصحاء. اضافة الى ذلك تم تقسيم مرضى (PCOS) الى عدة مجاميع طبقا للمعايير التالية : (وجود الشعرانية، وجود انتظام الحيض، وجود العقم الاولي والثانوي، وجود مقاومة الانسولين والحساسية للانسولين بالاعتماد على(HOMA - IR≥3 ) .تم اختيار ستون (60) مريضة مصابة بمرض متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس (PCOS) تتراوح اعمارهم بين (15 - 42) سنة. تم تشخيص مرض (PCOS) من قبل طبيبة نسائية متخصصة في مركز الخصوبة في مستشفى الصدر التعليمي في النجف الاشرف خلال الفترة من (شهر ديسمبر 2014 الى شهر مايو 2015). كذلك اختيرت (30) امراة سليمة تتراوح اعمارهن بين (15 - 42) سنة. تم قياس المتغيرات الكيميائية (نسبة السكر في الدم في حالة الصيام، قياس تركيز TG، الكولسترول، HDL، Total Iron وTIBC باستخدام طرق طيفية. بينما تم قياس تراكيز كل من (نسبة الانسولين في حالة الصيام ، الهيبسيدين، Ferritin، LH، FSH، TT، SHBG وProgesterone، E2 وProlactin)باستخدام طريقة (ELISA). تم حساب مقاومة الانسولين (HOMA - IR) باستخدام المعادلة التالية (تركيز السكر في الدم في حالة الصيام × تركيز الانسولين في الدم في حالة الصيام / 22.5).في الدراسة الحالية وجد ان الزيادة في تركيز الانسولين في حالة الصيام (p=0.001) ، HOMA - IR (p=0.001) ، LH (p=0.001) ، ونسبة LH / FSH (p=0.001) وProgesterone (p=0.001) ، SHBG (p=0.001) ، TT وFT (p=0.001) ، E2 (p=0.001) ، Prolactin (p=0.001) ، الكولسترول ، HDL ، LDL والدهون الثلاثية (p=0.001 ) ، Total Iron ، TIBC ، Ferritin ، TS ٪ ، UIBC وTF (p=0.001) وهرمون الهيبسيدين (p=0.001) عندما قورنت مجموعة متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس مع مجموعة الاصحاء. بينما اضهرت الدراسة الحالية عدم وجود تاثير لنقصان تركيز السكر في حالة الصيام ونسبة هرمون FSH (p>0.05) خلال المقارنة. وجد في الدراسة الحالية ان تغيير مستويات هرمون الهيبسيدين يعتمد بصورة رئيسية على حالات الحديد ومقاومة الانسولين . | Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most complex common and heterogeneous endocrine disorders of women in the reproductive age. It is frequently associated with insulin resistance (IR) accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinaemia. Chronically elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) and insulin resistance are 2 of the most common endocrine aberrations seen in PCOS. In the present study, the level of serum hepcidin and Iron status(total iron, ferritin, TIBC, UIBC, TS%, TS.c) studied and compared with many descriptive (age, weight, height, BMI, hip/waist ratio (WHR) , hormonal (LH, FSH, total testosterone, Free testosterone, SHBG, E2, progesterone, prolactin and insulin resistance parameters including (FBG, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance HOMA - IR) and some biochemical parameters (TG, Cholesterol, HDL, LDL) in PCOS and control groups. Furthermore, PCOS patients are sub grouped according to the following criteria : presence of hirsutism, presence of regularity of menstruation, presence of primary and secondary infertility, presence of insulin resistant and insulin sensitive state according to HOMA - IR≥3. Sixty (60) polycystic ovary syndrome patients (PCOS) of ages range between (15 to 42) year were recruited. PCOS was diagnosed in patient by the gynecologists of the Fertility Center in AL - Sadder Teaching Hospital in Najaf during the period from (December 2014 to may 2015), 30 healthy women of ages range between (15 to 42) year were included as a control group. Fasting blood glucose, TG, cholesterol, HDL, total Iron and TIBC concentrations were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Fasting insulin, hepcidin, ferritin, LH, FSH, total and free testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, progesterone, E2 and prolactin levels were measured by enzyme linked immune - sorbent assay methods. Insulin resistance was estimated by( HOMA - IR) using the equation (Fasting blood glucose × fasting insulin/22.5) . In the present study Significant increase of the concentrations of fasting insulin (p=0.001) , HOMA - IR (p=0.001) , LH (p=0.001) , LH/FSH ratio (p=0.001) , progesterone (p=0.001) , SHBG (p=0.001) , total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) (p=0.001), E2 (p=0.001) , prolactin (p=0.001), cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides(p=0.001) , total Iron, TIBC, ferritin, TS%, UIBC and TF (g/L) (p=0.001) and hepcidin hormone (p=0.001) were obtained in the group of polycystic ovary syndrome patients group when compared with those of the control group. Fasting blood glucose and FSH showed no significance (p>0.05) were noticed during a comparable evaluation. In the present study Changes of Hepcidin levels are dependent directly on Iron status and insulin resistance

استخلاص نقطة الغيمة بالازدواج مع طريقة طيفية لاستخلاص وتقدير النيكل (??) والكوبلت (??) والبزموث (?I?) في نماذج مختلفة باستعمال مشتقي ازو مناسبين == Cloud point extraction coupled with spectroscopic method for separation, extraction and determination of Nickel( ?? ) , Cobalt( ?? ) and Bismuth ( I?? ) in different samples by use of suitable Azo - derivatives

Author name: احمد صادق عبد هاشم الحمادي
Supervisor name: شوكت كاظم جواد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa - College Of Education For Girls - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: Cloud point extraction methodology was used for separation, preconcentration and extraction cations for Bismuth(III) , Nickel(II) , Cobalt(II) as ion association complexes by two new laboratory prepared azo derivatives as complexing agents which are MIBSHA and AADAD as well as these new organic complexing agents studied spectrophotometricaly by UV - Vis spectroscopy and IR specrtrophotometry to confirm their structures and for the separation, preconcentration and extraction of the elements in this study which was performed as follows : 1 - Bismuth(III) Studies : At the beginning an experiment was conducted to determine the wave length of ion association complex of bismuth ion Bi(III) with new laboratory prepared complexing agent MIBSHA by UV - Vis, spectroscopy and the spectrum showed λmax=550nm. Under optimum conditions of extraction Bi(III), the study showed that pHex=9 was more stable for extraction and gave higher efficiency because at this acidic function, there exists the best coordination bounding between Bi(III) and MIBSHA in presence of 40 μg of Bi(III) as optimum concentration giving favorites thermodynamic equilibrium for complex formation and this method of extraction depends on using Non - ionic surfactant 1% Tritonx - 100. And experimental study showed that 0.5ml of this surfactant suitable for forming Cloud point layer (CPL) with higher density and smaller volume to give the best extraction efficiency for Bi(III) with high absorbance and distribution ratio (D). The extraction efficiency also increased with increasing MIBSHA concentration as linear relation because any increasing in MIBSHA concentration is mean increasing in ion pair complex concentration and suitability so increasing in the thermodynamic equilibrium partition to the CPL. And this reflects the sensitivity of new complexing agent MIBSHA in coordination binding and ion pair complex formation in addition to extraction CPE methodology which depends on heating. The experimental study shows that the optimum temperature of heating was (90°C) that gives higher extraction efficiency because it allow to reached the best thermodynamic equilibrium in Cloud point layer formation with good dehydration, as well thermodynamic data was ΔHex=0.145KJ mol - 1, ΔGex= - 73.786KJmol - 1and ΔSex=203.669Jmol - 1K - 1 whereas the low value of enthalpy for Demonstrate extraction to approach another ion of ion pair association complex, also the extraction method is entropic region, and the experimental study about the effect heating time was 20min was the optimum heating time which gives the higher extraction efficiency with high absorbance and distribution ratio D, as this time of heating helps to reach the optimum thermodynamic equilibrium of Cloud point layer formation CPLwith higher dehydration from other hand time of heating indicate the quantity of heat which162is help to dominate on the moving of micelles inside formation cloud point layer CPL with good properties of extraction. Stoichiometric study by using four spectrophotometric methods and the study revealed that the more probable structure of ion pair complex of Bismuth ion Bi(III) extracted was [1 : 1]+ anion [Bi(MIBSHA)]2+;2No3 - experimented study about synergism effect by using Tri butyl phosphate (TBP) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) show that the extraction efficiency for bismuth ion Bi(III) increased with the presence of TBP or MIBK in aqueous solution by the effect of TBP and MIBK participation in the complex formation of Bi(III) also the experiments showed that there is one molecule of TBP or MIBK enters in the structure of ion pair complex of Bi(III) as [Bi(MIBSHA)(TBP)]2+;2NO3 - ; [Bi(MIBSHA)(MIBK)]2+;2NO3 - and TBP or MIBK enter in the complex instead of water molecule in the hydration shell of Bi(III) and increase hydrophobicity of ion pair complex and increased rate of partitioning to the CPL. As well as this study involved experiments about interferences effects as well as electrolytes effect and these experiments illustrated interferences effect to decline extraction efficiency because these ions form ion pair complex with complexing agent MIBSHA , that means a decrease in complexing agent MIBSHA concentration to form ion pair complex with Bi(III) so that electrolytes affect by increasing extraction efficiency of Bi(III) by effect of increasing Dehydration and destroyed hydration shell of bismuth ion to increase the chances of binding with MIBSHA for more stable ion pair complex. Later, this method was used coupled with suitable spectrophotometric application in the separation and determination of bismuth (III) in different samples.2 - Studies about Nickel (II)For nickel ion Ni(II) extraction from aqueous solution as ion pair complex used new laboratory prepared complexing agent AADAD , the spectrophotometric study for ion pair complex on Ni(II extracted into CPL showed maximum absorbance peak at wave length λmax=585nm and through the experimental study to limit optimum conditions and effective parameters. The study demonstrated that the optimum pHex was (9) which gives the highest extraction efficiency for nickel ion Ni(II by use complexing agent AADAD, whereas at this pHex favorable binding was given to form ion pair complex of nickel ion Ni(II with high concentration and stability as well as the method CPE for extraction Ni(II needed 0.5ml of non - ionic surfactant 1% TritonX - 100 which is affected to reach favorable thermodynamic equilibrium for aggregation of micelles in the state CMC for CPL formation with good163properties for the ion pair complex extraction of Ni(II) as well this extraction efficiency appeared with the presence of 50μg Ni(II) in aqueous solution to reach the best thermodynamic equilibrium for ion pair complex formation. Increasing AADAD concentration showed the existence of linear relation with linear increase in absorbance and distribution ratio and linear increasing in concentration stability and partitioning to CPL ion pair complex of Ni(II whereas CPE methodology depends on the temperature of heating, the experiment showed that 80°C was the optimum temperature that gives the higher extraction efficiency of Ni(II with thermodynamic data ΔHex= 0.1126KJmol - 1 , ΔGex= - 58.19KJmol - 1 and ΔSex=165.16Jmol - 1K - 1 . These values prove that the ions of ion pair complex for Ni(II) extracted into CPL approached one another with a high gegree and the method of extraction was entropic in region. The experimental study about the effect of heating time showed that 15min was the best time of heating that allows to reach a higher extraction efficiency of CPE method. Time of heating indicates the kinetic side of extraction method as heating for 15min at 80°C gave the quantity of heating that hels to reach the favorable thermodynamic equilibrium for CPL formation stoichiometry showing the more probable structure of ion pair complex extracted for Ni(II) which was [Ni(AADAD)]+;No3 - but synergism effect study showed that by using TBP and MIBK showed increasing extraction efficiency of Ni(II) with the presence of TBP or MIBK in aqueous solution because substitution water in coordination shell of Ni(II) in ion pair complex and effect to increase hydrophobicity, stability and partitioning to CPL. Also, the study revealed that adding one molecule of TBP or MIBK in the structure of ion pair complex of Ni(II) such as [Ni(AADAD)(TBP)]+;NO3 - , [Ni(AADAD)(MIBK)]+;NO3 - . So the studies tackled the effect of interferences as cations and electrolytes on extraction efficiency, later on, we used this method in the extraction and spectrophotometric determination of Nickel (II) in different samples.3 - Studies about Cobalt (II)The experimental studies concerning the separation, preconcentration and extraction of cobalt(II) as ion association complex by using the same complexing agent used with nickel (II) AADAD according to Cloud point extraction methodology. The UV - Vis spectrophotometric studies about the ion association complex extracted showed that the maximum absorbance of the complex of wave length λmax=530nm. As well as the extraction method according to CPE method showed (pH=8) was the optimum acidic function for extraction giving the highest absorbance and distribution value D because this pHex the best164coordination bonding between cobalt ion Co(II) and complexing agent AADAD so that high partitioning of stable complex to cloud point layer CPL. Moreover, the experiments showed that 0.5ml of Non - ionic surfactant, very stable for giving higher extraction efficiency because this volume of surfactant helps to reach the favorable thermodynamic equilibrium of aggregation of micelles to form CPL with high density and small volume and the micelles in case one approaches the other with the best dehydration to be in high hydrophobicity with good partitioning of complex to CPL. And in this case giving higher extraction efficiency, also, this extraction efficiency obtained when 60μg of cobalt ion Co(II was in the aqueous solution to give the best thermodynamic equilibrium to formation high stability ion pair complex extracted into CPL quantitively effect of temperature study showed that 80°C was the best temperature of extraction according to CPE method because in this temperature the best CPL was formed by aggregation and using dehydration at CMC state happen good extraction as well as thermodynamic data for extraction Co(II) was ΔHex=0.1014KJmol - 1, ΔGex= - 60.658KJmol - 1, ΔSex=171.86Jmol - 1K - 1. These data showed from the small positive value of enthalpy of extraction , the ions of ion pair complex extraction when one approach another to increase stability of this complex as well the large positive value of entropy of extraction demonstrates the dependence of extraction according to CPE and entropy. Then this procedure being entropic in region. Time of heating as the experiment study showed is 15min and was stable to give higher extraction efficiency. Because heating the solution at fixed temperature and time mean the quantity of heating help kinetically to reach thermodynamic and kinetic equilibrium for formation CPL. Then giving higher extraction efficiency. Stoichiometry study revealed that the more probable structure of ion pair complex extracted was [Co(AADAD)]+;NO3 - . Synergism study show presence TBP or MIBK in aqueous solution effect to increase extraction efficiency of Co(II) according to CPE method. Because complexing agent AADAD was not able to saturated the coordination shell of Co(II) ion in complex formation then the empty coordination position and occupy with water molecule and decline extraction efficiency , but TBP or MIBK able to coordinate instead of water in coordination shell and increase extraction efficiency, as well the study showed one molecule of TBP or MIBK able to enter in complex formed such as [Co(AADAD)(TBP)]+;NO3 - or [Co(AADAD)(MIBK)]+;NO3 - . So that the studies involved the effect of interferences as cations and electrolytes on extraction efficiency , later we used this method for the extraction and spectrophotometric determination of cobalt (II) in different samples.

تحضير ودراسة الفعالية الحيوية لبعض مشتقات السلفايد والسلفون == Synthesis , Identification and Biological Activity for (Sulfide ,Sulfone) - Compounds

Author name: رشا نعمة حسين الجعباوي
Supervisor name: نغم محمود جواد الجمالي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Organic Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa - College Of Education For Girls - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: Sulfone and Sulfide are important compounds due to their uses in industrial , artificial and pharmaceutical applications . They are characterized by their effectiveness against skin diseases and fungal what make them used as biologically important substances and preparatory studies have been extended to their derivatives. The research includes two sections : Section I : : contains preparing 19 compound which are (R1 - R19) in six parts : : - Part one : - includes preparing compound (R1) from the interaction of (Thio semicarbazide) with (Diethyl Terephthalate) interacting the resulted (R1) react with (10% Sodium hydroxide ) to prepare the compound (R2), interacting the resulted compound with (chloro ethyl acetate) to prepare the compound (R3) , and finally interacting the resulted compound with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to prepare compound (R4). Part two : - includes preparing compound (R5) by interacting compound (Sulfobenzoic anhydride) with (2 - amino - 5 - mercapto - 1,3,4 - thiadiazole) then the resulting interaction (R5) with( chloro ethyl acetate) to prepare the compound (R6) , and interacting the result with (acetic acid) and (hydrogen peroxide) to prepare compound (R7).Part three : - : includes preparing compounds (R8, R9, R10) by interacting (phenylene diamine) with (2 - mercapto acetic acid) to produce (R8) and reactance of this compound with Formaldehyde)) to form a compound (R9) and interacting the last compound (acetic acid) and (hydrogen peroxide) to prepare compound (R10). Part four : - includes interacting (2 - amino - 5 - mercapto - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol) with a compound formaldehyde)) to prepare the compound (R11) , interacting compound R11 and interacting the result with (Sulfobenzoic anhydride to produce compound (R12). Part five : - : includes preparing compounds (R13,R14, R15, R16) by interacting compound (Formaldehyde) with (2 - mercapto benzoic acid) to form (R13) , and interacting this result with ( Thio semicarbazide)) and (sodium hydroxide 10%) for the preparation of R14)), which through its interaction with (chloro ethyl acetate) is the preparation of the compound (R15 The oxidizing the resulted compound by (acetic acid) and (hydrogen peroxide) , gives (R16). Part six : - includes preparing compound (R17) by interacting( 2 - mercapto benzoic acid)) with(3 - chloro propanoyl chloride) and interacting the finally with (Thio semicarbazide) give (R18), which we can obtain011compound (R19) by interacting with (chloro ethyl acetate).All the prepared compounds have been following up the interactions enabled chromatography thin layer (TLC) for each prepared vehicles and characterized by (IR) spectrum NMR proton (1H.NMR), and a nice nuclear magnetic resonance of carbon (13C.NMR) and (C.H.N), and then measure the degree of fusion.Section II : This section includes the study of the biological inhibitory action to some of the prepared compounds on positive bacteria for dye Gram (Staphylococcus aureuse) and another negative bacteria for dye Gram (Escherichia Coli). All the compounds showed effect against both selected bacteria in the study.The Scheme below clarifies

تحضير مركبات الكبريت غير متجانسة الحلقة ودراسة الفعالية الحيوية لبعض منها == Synthesis Sulfur Heterocyclic Compounds and Study Biological Activity for Some its

Author name: انتصار عبيد سلمان الفتلاوي
Supervisor name: نغم محمود جواد الجمالي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Organic Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa - College Of Education For Girls - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Najaf
Key words:
  • الثايازول، الثيادايازول
  • الثايازين
  • الثايادايازين
  • الثايازبين
  • الثيادايازبين
First pages:
Abstract: The compounds of heterocyclic that have the qualities of a great biological and pharmacological importance, where we see through the growing literature in Chemistry published research in this area significantly, so we decided to prepare new derivatives of them.In this study prepared (16) a new deriva????ve of sulfur heterocyclic compounds such as Thiazole, Thiadiazole Thiazine, Thiadiazine, Thiazepine and Thiadiazepine, and three other intermediate compounds to prepare Some of these derivatives, these compounds ((Five, Six and Seven - Membered Heterocycles))The research included two Section of study : The first section : included prepara????on (19) compounds (I1 - I19), by four parts : The first part : included preparation (I1) of benzil interaction with thiosemicarbazide and then the interaction of output with nitrous acid record spontaneously from mixing hydrochloric acid with sodium nitrite, to form a diazonium salt and then reactance this salt with (Acetyl acetone) to prepare azo compound (I2), and Then reactance output with thiourea, thiosemicarbazide, Thioacetamide and cysteine respectively for the preparation of compounds (I3 - I6).The second part : included reactance (diethyl terephthalate) with thiosemicarbazide, cysteine to prepare the compound (I7) and compound (I9), respectively, and then reactance outputs with Sulfobenzoic anhydride, thiosemicarbazide respectively to produce the compound (I8) and compound (I10), respectively. The third part : included reactance (1,3 - diphenylpropane - 1,3 - dione) with thiosemicarbazide to give the compound (I11) and then output reactance with benzaldehyde to give the compound (I12) and then output with reactance Sulfobenzoic anhydride to give the compound (I13). The fourth part : includes reactance (p - amino acetophenon)with nitrous acid record spontaneously from mixing hydrochloric acid with sodium nitrite, to form a salt of diazonium and then reactance this salt with diethyl mal Acetyl acetone to give compound (I14) and compound (I17), respectively, and then reactance thiosemicarbazide, benzaldehyde respectively, to give the compound (I15) and compound (I18), respectively, and then outputs reactance with Sulfobenzoic anhydride, thiourea to give compound (I16) and compound (I19), respectively. All interactions followed up by thin layer chromatography (TLC) for each prepared compounds and diagnosed by spectrum infrared (FT.IR) spectrum, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H.NMR), nuclear magnetic resonance of carbon (13C.NMR) and Elemental Analysis(C.H.N), and then measure the melting point. The second section : This section of the research included the study of the inhibitory action of the some of biological compounds against the gram - positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureuse) and gram - negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and all showed the effectiveness of the compounds against selected bacteria in the study type.
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