Show: 25 50 75 100 Results

Search results: 100 out of 9,229

دور التركيز الملحي والخصائص المعدنية لترب محافظة البصرة في العلاقة بين النسبة المئوية للصوديوم المتبادل ESP ونسبة امتزاز الصوديوم SAR == Role of Saline Concentration and Mineral Properties of Basrah Soils on The Relationship Between Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR).

Author name: علاء حسين علي البدران
Supervisor name: محمد مالك ياسين
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Three laboratory experiments were conducted to study the ionic exchangeable relation for sodium - calcium cations to calculated the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR).1 - First experiment was included to use two standard clay minerals, kaolinite (1 : 1) layers and montmorillonite (2 : 1) layers with solutions of several SARs (2,4,8,24,48 and 96) (m mole L - 1)0.5 at four ionic strength (20,40,80 and 240 ) mmol L - 1. The results showed, increasing ESP with increasing SAR for both clay minerals. The equations (liner, exponential, logarithm, quadratic, power, ,exponential curved, U. S. salinity laboratory and developed ) were used to description the relationship between ESP and SAR by correlation (R2) and the root of mean standard error (rmse). The exponential curve equation ESP= A+ B(D)SAR which (A, B and D) coefficients regression was more capability in prediction of ESP from SAR and it be the nearest to really value ESP comparing with other equations at various ionic strength and for both clay minerals. This equation tended to show the increase of ESP values with increasing ionic strength for kaolinite mineral and raising the constant (A), but not with montmorillonite. Also the results showed high significant differences (p<0.01) for coefficients regression parameters (A, B and D) at ionic strength (40, 80 and 240) mmole L - 1 between two minerals, while the significant was in coefficient (D) in 20 mmole L - 1 only. The Vanslow selectivity coefficient (Kv) gave the best description of the prefence ability of the exchange surfaces to cations Na - Ca exchange comparing with Gapon selectivity coefficient (KG).2 - Second experiment : Twenty seven locations represents Basrah province soils (1 - AL - Fao, 2 - AL - Maamer, 3 - ASSiba, 4 - AL oga, 5 - Naher kouz, 6 - Abo Mughera, 7 - Assibiliat, 8 - Mehalla, 9 - Hammdan, 10 - yousfan, 11 - Mehagran, 12 - Auassyan, 13 - AL - karma, 14 - AL - Hartha, 15 - Adear , 16 and 17 - (Ahwar - Adear) two places from marshes of Adear, 18 - Asharsh, 19 - AL - Qurna, 20 - AL - Hweer, 21 and 22 - (Ahwar AL - Hweer) two places from marshes of AL Hweer, 23 - AL - Mudayna, 24 and 25 - (Ahwar AL - Mudayna) two places from marshes of AL Mudayna , 26 - Azubair, 27 - Saffwan) with depth (0 - 30) cm were selected to study sodium - calcium exchange and measurements ESP and SAR. Generally the results referred to the soils contain the clay minerals montmorillonite, chlorite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite - montmorillonite interstratification and illite - Palygorskite interstratification with the different rates. After testing the previous equations for relationship between ESP and SAR for the soils, we found the exponential cure was a best equations (R2= 0.920), (rmse= 7.740) for describe the ESP - SARI116relationship comparing with others studying equations. The salinity factor had clear role in effect of the measuring ESP from ESP - SAR relationship, but there was no apparent influence for minerals composition, may be because the interaction between clays type, minerals ratio and soil properties. Also (Kv) gave more accuracy in description for surfaces preference of sodium - calcium exchange compared with (KG).3 - Third experiment : Five types of soils were selected from prior locations in second experiment, which are different in SAR, ESP , EC and other properties (1 - AL - Fao, 8 - Mihalla, 16 - Ahwar Ader first location ,22 - Ahwar AL - Hweer second location, 23 - AL Mudayna) were placed in plastic column to 30 cm depth and 10 cm diameter. Four irrigation water salinity of (1,4,8 and12)ds m - 1 were irrigated to field capacity for ten times. After drying the columns were divided to two parts, 0 - 15 and 15 - 30 cm, then the prior equation were as 1st and 2nd experiments. The results showed that superiority equation of exponential curved compared with other equations in ESP from SAR (R2=0.94) and (rmse=14.379). The study showed to potentiality of alteration the soils to sodic salinity soils with raising of salt concentrations as result from irrigation with high water salinity. Also the soil Colloids surfaces showed more sodium preference comparing with calcium through the selectivity coefficient (Kv) in particular with irrigation water salinity increasing except the hoor. Adear soil of first location for two depths which showed its surfaces more calcium preference compared with sodium (Kv<1) in spite of soil salinity increasing.

استجابة نمو وحاصل هجينين هي الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L لمنظم النمو Atonik == RESPONSE GROWTH AND YIELD TWO HYBRIDS OF MAIZE (ZEA MAIZE L.) TO GROWTH REGULATOR ATONIK

Author name: علاء قاسم مزبان
Supervisor name: هيثم عبد السلام علي | كاظن حسن هذيلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment was conducted during the autumn season of 2015 in Silty clay lome soil, in a field in al - Mijar al - kabeer (40 km south of the Amarah city) to study the effect of the concentration and application methods of growth regulator Atonik on growth and yield of two hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.). A split - split plots design was used in randomized completely block design with three replications.Study involved three concentration of Atonik 0 , 2.5 ml and 5 ml which were given the following symbols (A0, A1 and A2) and three application methods (soaking seeds before planting for five hours, spray once a month after planting and spray two times after one and two months after sowing), Which were given the symbols M1, M2 and M3 and two hybrids of maize (Vito Spanish and French Abacaro), which were given symbol V1 and V2 .The results showed that the concentration A1 differed significantly and gave thehighest charcters for Plant height, number of grain in ear, 300 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, total chlorophyll content, percentage of protein, and protein yield, which amounted 184.06 cm, 469.68 grain, 61.34 gm , 6.49 tons h - 1, 17.79 tons h - 1, 36.59 %, 40.26 SPAD, 12.34 % , 0.81 tons h - 1 respectively. With an increase of 11.88 % , 14.48 %, 17.13 %, 31.11 %, 24.84 %, 5.14 %, 34.20 %, 9.98 %, 44.64 % respectively compared with control (A0). The A2 treatment gave the highest field emergence % anddays from planting to 50 % anthesis and silking, stalk diameter and leaf area, which were (88.38 % ,56.17 days, 61.67 days, 2.51 cm and 5027 cm2), respectively.Resulted also showed that the application method (M3) lead to increase both the number of grain in ear (464.53 grain), 300 grain weight (61.60 gm), grain yield (6.44 ton h - 1), biological yield (17.83 ton h - 1), total chlorophyll content (38.38 SPAD), percentage of protein (12.30 %) and protein yield (0.80 ton h - 1).While overtook application method M2 in leaf area 5023 cm days from planting to 50 % anthesis and silking 57.06 and 62.28 days respectively. Whereas M1 method gave the highest stalk diameter of 2.32cm. Also the results showed that the hybrid V2 differed significantly compared with V1 and gave the highest grain yield (6.17 ton h - 1), and the highest percentage of protein (12.22 %). While hybrid V1 was overcome in field emergence % , days from planting to 50 % anthesis and silking and stalk diameter. The results obtained showed that there was significant interaction between A and M for some growth traits and grain yield in which ( A1 x M3) gave highest Plant height (191.63 cm), number of grain in ear (497.82 grain), 300 grain weight (67.56 gm), grain yield (7.31 ton h - 1), percentage of protein 13.22%, and protein yield (0.97 ton h - 1). Also (A2 x M2) interaction treatment gave the highest values in days from planting to 50 % anthesis and silking (55.00 days, 60.50 days respectively) and leaf area (5585 cm - 2). Whilst (A2 xM1) interaction treatment gave the highest stalk diameter (2.78 cm). The interaction between the A and V treatment recorded a (A1 x V2) more number grain in ear (497.97 grain), protein yield (0.91 ton h - 1).While (A2 x V1) treatment was confined on some growth traits only. Also was the interaction between V and M recorded a significant effect in plant height, stalk diameter, number of grains in ear. The (A2 × M2 × V2) interaction treatment gave the highest leaf area of 5878 cm2. While (A1 × M3 × V2) interaction treatmentgave the highest biological yield of 21.36 ton h - 1, and total chlorophyll content of 49.90 SPAD. recorded a the treatment (A2 × M3 × V2) harvest index (39.97 %) .

تشخيص فطري Trichoderma viride وTrichoderma harzianum بتقنية PCR واستخدامهما في تحسين القيمة الغذائية لمتبن واداء الحملان العرابية == Identification ofTrichodermaviride andTrichodermaharzianum by using Molecular Technique and Used to ImproveFeeding Value of Straw and Performance of Arabi Lambs

Author name: ميثم خلف علي الغالبي
Supervisor name: عماد فلاح حسن | طالب احمد جايد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The objectives of current study were to identify Trichoderma viridi and Trichoderma harzianum by genetics methods and used them singly or both (3% for each treatment) in improvement of barley straw and animal performance. A total of 20Arabi lambs aged about 3 - 4months with an average weight of 22.725±1.43 kg distributed randomly and equally to four nutritional treatments. Lambs fed individually as 2% of body weight, while straw was given ad libtium. The results obtained can be summarized as follows : 1 - The study was able to identify TV and TH using three different PCR techniques, which are PCR - RAPD, PCR - ITS and PCR - IGS.TV and TH showed three and two bands respectively when using PCR - RAPD at nearly 600bp.While both fungi showed one band by using PCR - ITS and PCR - IGS and at nearly 600 and 2,400bp respectively.2 - Using both fungi (treatment 4) resulted in a significant improvement in the chemical composition of the straw through the high content of crude protein and low crude fiber, ADF and NDF compared to untreated straw.3 - There were improvements indigestibilityofcrude protein, fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, ADFand NDF when the both fungi treatment was used. As well as total digestible nutrients of the fungus treated groups in comparison with untreated straw (control group).4 - Feed intake of treated straw groups increased significantly compared to untreated straw groupwiththe superiority of the group that was treated with both fungi (639.91 - 826.30 gm/head/day for control and both fungi group respectively). As well as there wasa significant improvement in feed conversion efficiency of a group treated with both fungi in comparison of other groups (6.38 - 5.52 kg feed/kg growth rate respectively).5 - Rumen pH, ammonia and total volatile fatty acid of lambs fed treated straw (6.22 - 6.89, 10.00 - 18.69; 11.35 - 13.61 for control115group and both fungi group respectively) were significantly higher than those of untreated group.6 - There were significant improvements in lambs’bodyweigh tsand their absolute and relative gains when fed treated straw (37.82 kg, 14.97kg and 65.67% respectively) especially the group fed both fungi in comparison with untreated group (32.79 kg, 10.03kg and 43.89%respectively).7 - Globulin, AST and ALT was not significantly influenced bytreated straw. On the contrary, there were a significant increase inhemoglobin, glucose, total protein, albumin and albumin/globulin ratio of the treated groupcompared with the untreated straw. While a significant decrease in urea and cholesterollevelin theblood serumof treated groups in comparison with untreated group.8 - Economic evaluation ofadding fungitostrawshowed improvement inthe relativeeconomic efficiencyby26.2%, 37.0% and 59.5% for adding TVorTH or bothtogetherrespectively. Adding fungi decreasedthe cost of feed from 46.65Dinars/ kg increase in body weight gains incase of untreated straw to 40.15dinars/ kg when adding both fungi.

د راسة بيئية مقارنة لنوعين من اللافقريات البرنقيل Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854) والدودة الحلقية Namalycastis indica (Southern, 1921) في محطتين في شط العرب == Comparative ecological study of two species of invertebrates Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854)and Namalycastis indica (Southern, 1921) in two stations of Shatt Al - Arab River

Author name: نور سعد احمد الحمادي
Supervisor name: انتصار نعيم سلطان | جاسم محسن عبد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present research aimed to study two invertebrate speciesAmphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854) and Namalycastis indica(Southern, 1921) in two stations along Shatt Al - Arab River in Basrahprovince, southern Iraq. Two stations were selected for this purpose,these two stations were affected by the tidal phenomenon, namely Abu - Alkhaseeb and Karmat Ali.The samples were collected monthly for the period from October 2015 - September 2016. Environmental factors represented by the temperature(air and water), salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen and biological oxygendemand, calcium and nitrates as well as knowledge of soil tissues weremeasured. Samples of the animals were collected by five replicates inAbu - Alkhaseeb station and four replicates in the Karmat Ali station, thenisolated and washed with running water and preserved in numbered plastic bags and were classified based on the taxonomic keys. The total densities of the two animals were detected in addition to the density in the vertical distribution. The statistical evidence was used to find out the differences in the density. Population sizes of the two animals were study and divided into volumetric categories, the process of separating generations was conducted by using probability graph paper to get the true age of the animal as well as study for each class to learn biomass and secondary production.The results of the environmental factors showed that the ranges of parameters as following : air temperature 13.5 - 41.4 °C and water temperature 11.8 - 34.9° at Abu Al - Khaseeb station; air temperature 11.3 - 45 °C, water temperature 10 - 37 °C at Karma Station, pH 6.9 - 8.8 at Abu Al - Khaseeb station and 7.14 - 8.5 at Karma station, salinity 4.22 - 6.6 ppt at Abu Al - Khaseeb station and in Karma station 5 - 7.1 ppt. For dissolved oxygen 6.2 - 11.1 mg/L at Abu Al - Khaseeb station and at Karma station 6 - 12.4 mg/L, biological oxygen demand 1.58 - 4.02 mg/L at Abu Al - Khaseeb station and 2.04 - 5.88 mg/L at Karma station, calcium concentration at Abu Al - Khaseeb station was 160 - 175 mg/L and Karma station 160 - 190 mg/L, nitrate concentration 13.9 - 15.6 mg/L, 14.2 - 17 mg/L at Abu Al - Khaseeb and Karma stations respectively. And tissues of soil were silty clay Abu Al - Khaseeb station and loamy clay in Karma Ali station.The monthly density of each animal was calculated at each station. For barnacle the highest percentage was 2740 individuals/m2 recorded in April 2016 at Abu Al - Khaseeb, the highest percentage in the Karma station was 890 individuals/m2 recorded in October 2015, and for worms was an average of 70 individuals/m2 and 184 individuals/m2 recorded in October and November at Abu Al - Khaseeb and Karma stations respectively. The structure of population sizes was also studied to determine the changes in the population. To illustrate this, it was divided into six categories of barnacle and seven categories of worms.The study examined the of length - weight relationships (dry, ash and organic matter) and to study the total biomass content and the volume groups of each generation of the two populations by multiplying the density of individual/m2 for each generation by dry weight, ash and organic matter. Abu Al - Khaseeb had H generation 7.27 g/m2 dry weight, 5.30 g/m2 for ash weight and 1.63 g/m2 for organic matter, H generation in Karma was the highest mass of 2.338 g/m2 for dry weight and 1.694 g/m2 for ash weight and 0.527 g/m2 for organic matter.The monthly biomass B g/m2 was calculated from adding of the biomasses for each generation and the average (B) of the biomass was derived from divided the sum of the biomass for the months of the year on total sampling month. Total annual secondary production was calculated for each generation of population groups in terms of dry weight, ash and organic matter using the method which summarized in the calculation of density average multiplied by the difference in weight.The highest value of barnacle at Abu Al - Khaseeb was 14.5367 g/m2 for ash weight and 4.536 g/m2 for organic matter, for worms were 2.228 g/m2 for ash and 2.8397 g/m2. In the Karmat Ali, the barnacle had 5.800 g/m2 of ash and 1.0794 g/m2 of organic matter, the worms had 7.583 g/m2 for ash and 9.2845 g/m2 for organic matter.The rate of growth of the two animals was detected by finding the average length of each generation of the population groups per month for each animal. In order to achieve a curate result on the age of the animal in the field and the calculation of its productivity it was necessary to conduct the process of separation of the generations of the population group and therefore used the Probability graph paper method, thepopulation of both studied animals is polymodel.

الدورة التكاثرية للروبيان النهري الشرقي Macrobrachium nipponenseو (De Haan, 1849 [In De Haan, 1833 - 1850]) ارتباطها ببعض العوامل البيئية في نهر المسحب جنوب شرق هور الحمار، البصرة، العراق == Reproductive cycle of Oriental River Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan, 1849 [ In De Haan, 1833 - 1850]) and its correlation with environmental factors in Al - Masshab River, Southern East of Al - Hammar Marsh, Basrah, Iraq

Author name: اشواق طالب عباس
Supervisor name: عبد الحسین حاتم غازي | عبد الحسین حاتم غازي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study, investigated the reproductive cycle of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense during period from December 2015 to November 2016 at Al - Masshab River, Southern of East Al - Hammar Marsh/ Basrah. The water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolve oxygen and turbidity were recorded, the maximum average for water temperature was 28 ºC recorded in July, while the minimum was 12 ºC in January. Water salinity was fluctuation between 0.8 - 2 ppt. in April and November respectively. pH values ware recorded between 7 - 7.6 during all study months. The minimum of oxygen concentration was 5.5 mg/ L in July and the maximum 8.29 mg/ L in the December. Also there are some changes in turbidity of water, the lower was 15.3 NTU in February and the highest was 40.1 NTU in the April. The results of length groups showed, occurrence of group between 44 - 35 mm for females and between 54 - 36 mm for males. The minimum length for females was 48.3 mm in November, and for males was 52.1 mm in November. While themaximum length for females and males were 69.1 mm and 74.7 mm in September and August respectively. The minimum average of weight was recorded in the November for females and males ( 1.6 and 2.0 ) gm respectively, while the maximum average was 4.3 gm for females in September and 4.5 gm for males in August. The total carapace length for females between ( 19.3 - 32.5 ) mm in November and September respectively , and for males was between 21.0 - 31.6 mm for the same period. Length - weight parameters (a and b) of the equation : W = aLb were estimated for M. nipponense , positive correlation ( r= 0.67) for females and ( r= 0.90 ) for males, while the relationship between carapace length and total length were (r = 74) for females and (r = 0.85) for males. Additional to relationship between carapace length and body weight were (r= 62) for females and (r = 0.75) for males. The highest Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) was 10.6 recorded in September, and the lower was 2.7 recorded in July. In this study we observed two peaks for reproductive, the first in Jun. and second in the August. The best percentage for ovigorous was recorded in August 98.7 % whereas, percentage of the non ovigorous in this month was 1.3 % .The condition factor for females was changed between 1.1 during November and 2.10 during September. While for males was between 1.3 to 2.9 during November and August respectively. The seasonal variations in the sex ratio of prawn was different according reproductive cycle, and there was more females than males during reproductive period. The minimum was 1 : 0.17 ( male / female) in February and the maximum percentage was 1 : 9.00 ( male / female) in the Jun. The overall fecundity of 307 ovigorous female of M. nipponense was calculated, the Absolute fecundity ranged from (799 - 2047) egg/ individual, while the relative fecundity between (208 - 578) egg/ gm. The correlations of fecundity with total length and fecundity with body weight were positive for both, it were r= 94 and r= 0.90 respectively. Additional, the eggs had been classified into four stages, based on the external morphological characters such as colour ,size and histological. Egg dimensions varied between 675 + 28 to 763 + 31 μm.

دور استحلاب المشتقات النفطية في بعض خصائص التربة الفيزيائية وكفاءة استعمال المياه لمحصول الذرة الصفراء Zea mays. L == Role of oil derivative Emulsification on some soil physical properties and water used efficiency of maize crop (Zea mays, L.)

Author name: يحيى جهاد شبيب
Supervisor name: علي حمضي ذياب المالكي | داخل راضي نديوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water - Soil Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was conducted in Agriculture College farm / Basra University - Karmat Ali location, on alluvial silty clay soil (typic Torrifluvent) during autumnal season / 2014, to study the effect of three factors : the first factors; oil conditioners deliver type with three types ( fuel oil(FO), spent lubricated oil(SLO) and Bitumen(B) emulsion); the second factor : the level of addition within four levels (0 ,0.1,0.3 and 0.5% w/w to dry soil weight); and third factor, emulsification factor with two treatments(1st treatment, mixture of oil conditioner and water without emulsification process, and 2nd treatment the mixture of oil with water emulsification by addition artificial anionic emulsified agent (surfactant) with concentration 7 Mmol ,by using enough water quantity equal to soil saturation. Mechanical mixer was used to mixing and emulsification processes and to controlling the quantities of water, oil conditioner and surfactant by using accurate feeders and adjusted valve to suit required amount of each materials. The resultant mixture or emulsion is added to experimental units (plot with distance 10*2 m) by using a plastic pipe under pump pressure, the studied factors were combined in factorial experiment by using Randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replicates After the factorial completions were done soils in all plots were allowed to dissicated in order to evaporate most water from the mixture emulsion, then soil samples are collected from 0 - 20 ,20 - 40 cm depth to measure the quantities and penetration of oil compounds in soil profile.After that, the experimental units are planted with Corn seeds (zea mays) by paralled rows, Irrigation was doing periodically to compensate water content deficit to field capacity content with 20% leaching requirements.Also, Soil samples were collected at 0 - 20 cm and 20 - 40 cm depths at the beginning and end of growth season to measure bulk density, mean weight diameter (MWD). Also, some samples were collected at same depths after 48 hours of irrigation and prior to next irrigation in order to measure moisture content and saline distribution at the end of growth season, infiltration rate, soil moisture characteristic curve, frontal water movement of horizontal wetting advance and reduction in the ression of water from the soil surface. Moreover, the parameters of plant growth including plant length, dry weight, Corncobs weight and weight of 300 seeds of corn yield. The results reached can be summarized as follows : 1 - Addition of emulsion conditioners leads to the increase of penetration and distribution of oil compounds in soil depth compared with non - emulsionBconditioner, FO and SLO have greater impact in comparison with Bitumen Emulsion.2 - Mean weight diameter (MWD), and soil moisture content significantly increase wherever bulk density decreased due to the use of oil conditioners. That improvement is directly proportional with the level of conditioners up to 0.3%, with significant superiority for FO and SLO over the Bitumen .The emulsification oil by added emulsified agent has significant impact to improvement these soil physical properties comparison with non - emulsification oil treatment.3 - Results show a significant decrease of salt content with increasing the addition of oil conditioner up to 0.3%, with significant superiority of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion, with chiefly superiority emulsified conditioner over the non - emulsified conditioner.4 - Infiltration and infiltration rate increased in emulsified conditioners over non - emulsified conditioners depending on the variation of oil conditioner type, with prevalence of 0.3% level following by 0.5 %, Then 0.1% level. Highest values are achieved in FO and SLO comparison with the Bitumen Emulsion.5 - The results of soil moisture characteristic curve show the highest available water extracted from soil treated with oil conditioners emulsion under low tension, and this impact is significantly proportional with the increase of addition level from 0.1 - 0.5%, with significant superiority of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion6 - Emulsification of oil conditioners leads to increase the frontal water movement of horizontal wetting advance and reduction in the recession of water from the soil surface, and this impact is significantly proportional with the increase of addition level up to 0.3% limit with significant superiority of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion.7 - Results show significant increase of irrigation efficiency and water use efficiency for emulsified oil conditioners in comparison of non - emulsified conditioners. These efficiencies increases with addition level increase up to 0.3%, with significant exceedance of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion.8 - There is demonstrated significant increase of plants height, dry matter, Corn cobs weight and weight 300 seeds of Corn cobs for emulsified conditioners over non - emulsified conditioners, This effect is directly increase with increase of addition level up to 0.3 % , with a clear prevalence of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion.

تاثير مستويات النتروجين بواسطة منظومة الري بالتنقيط السطحي وتحت السطحي في حركة الامونيوم والنترات ونمو وانتاجية الطماطم Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. في تربة صحراوية == Influence of Nitrogen Levels Fertilizer Applied Through Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation on ? And + Movement in Soil, Growth and Yield of Tomato Plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Grown in Desert Soil.

Author name: يحيى هلال منسي
Supervisor name: عبد المهدي صالح حسين الانصاري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was carried out in Al - Berijessia district at Al - Zubair region, Government Basrah, south of Iraq, during growing season of 2013 - 2014. The objective of the study was to reveal the influence of N - Fertilizer applied through the drip irrigation system on 3− and ????????4+ vertical and horizontal movement in soil, N, P and K concentration in leaves, N uptake, and recovery in addition to total yield of tomato plants grown in sandy loam soil. Nitrogen as urea was applied at rate of 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha - 1 through surface and subsurface fertigation in six doses and started two weeks after transplanting. This was done along with phosphorus (100 kg ha - 1) as super phosphate and potassium (250 kg ha - 1) as potassium sulphate. All fertilizers were injected into irrigation water. Soil samples were collected from belw the drippers of depth 15 cm down 45 cm along with radical line originating at the dripper at distance of 15 cm up to 45 cm. Samples of soil and leaves of plants were collected at four growth stages (i.e. flowering, setting of fruit, maturity of first fruit and full maturity stage). ????????3− and ????????4+ concentration in soil collected samples were determined. Leaves samples were oven - dried at 70 C, grounded then N, P, K concentration were determined. Total dry weight of plant was obtained by harvesting whole plant and dried at 70 C. Nitrogen uptake and N recovery were calculated. Early and final yield were recorded. Results of the study showed : 1. ????????4+ and ????????3− concentration in soil increased significantly as N rate increased from 0 to 400 kg N ha - 1 , however ????????4+ concentration decreased, but ????????3− concentration increased as samples depth and vertical distance increased from 0 to 45 cm at both application method. Concentrations of ????????4+ and ????????3− in soil samples of sub - surface fertigation were higher than those of surface fertigation.2. N, P, &K - concentration, N - uptake, and total dry weight increased significantly as N rate increased at both application methods. However, values of plants fertigated through subsurface fertigation were higher than those fertigated through surface fertigation.3. Application of N fertilizer significantly increased early and total yield at both fertigation methods. However, yield of plants fertigated with subsurface system were (as average) higher than those irrigated with surface system. Maximum early and total yield was achieved at 100 & 300 kg N ha - 1 and were 19.39 ton h - 1 and 58.18 ton h - 1 respectively at subsurface fertigation

تاثير نظام الزراعة واضافة السماد Moench النتروجيني في نمو وحاصل محصولي الذرة البيضاء .Vigna radiata L والماش (.L) Sorghum bicolor == Effect of planting system and Nitrogen fertilizer application on growth and yield of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench) and Mungbean (Vigna radiate L.)

Author name: ياسين محسن غضيب البهادلي
Supervisor name: علي فرهود ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment executed during 2015 season in farmers' fields in the AL - Maymonh district southwest of Missan province ( about 30 km from city center) in Silty loam soil. The objective of the study was to know the effect of intercropping system and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of Sorghum and Mungbean, The experiment executed in split - plot in (R.C.B.D) design with three replicates, main plot were include nitrogen fertilizer with four levels (F1=50 , F2=100, F3= 150, F4=200) Kg N ha - 1. While sub plot were include three planting systems (Sorghum only= S1, Mungbean only=S2, one line of Sorghum + one line of Mungbean= S3). Variety kafer of Sorghum and local variety of Mungbean was used. The experiment include 36 experimental units, area of each units (3and studying the following characteristics : Plant height(cm),the number of leaves ,leaf area(cm2),leaf area index for two crops, number of grain in panicle and 1000 grain weight(gm) of sorghum ,number of pod.plant - 1, number of seed.pod - 1 and 1000 seed weight (gm) of Mungbean ,biological yield (t ha - 1) ,total economic yield (t ha - 1),harvest index (%) ,protein percentage (%) for two crops. Results were analyses statistically and mean compared with LSD test, the result of the study showed the following : 1 - Single plant pattern caused significant increasing on plant height of Sorghum and Mungbean, number of leaves; leaf area; leaf area index; number of grain in panicle;number of pod in plant; number of seed in pod; weight of 1000 grain or seed for Sorghum and Mungbean; biological yield of Mungbean; seed yield of Mungbean 1.79 t ha - 1; highest protein percentage of Mungbean. Single planting pattern non - significant in Sorghum biological yield; harvest index of Mungbean. Intercropping pattern caused significant increase in protein percentage of Sorghum and non - significant increase grain yield of Sorghum that gave 4.58 t ha - 1 compared with single plant pattern that gave 4.57 t ha - 1.2 - Increasing N rate increased almost studied characteristics , level of 200 kg N ha - 1 gave highest average of plant height of Sorghum and Mungbean; number of Sorghum leaves; leaf area , leaf area index, biological yield of Sorghum and Mungbean; number of grain in panicle; number of seed in pod; number of pod in plant; highest grain yield of Sorghum 6.50 tha - 1; highest seed yield of Mungbean 2.60 th - 1 and highest harvest index for Sorghum and Mungbean, Application 150 kg N ha - 1 significantly increased protein percentage and gave highest average of Sorghum and Mungbean Application nitrogen fertilizer non - significant on, number of leaves of Mungbean and weight 1000 grain seed for two crops.3 - Results also showed a significant Interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and intercropping pattern ,the highest leaf area; leaf area index; number of seed in pod and biological yield of Mungbean, obtained at treatment (F4*S2),. Intercropping of Sorghum and Mungbean (1 : 1) with nitrogen 200 kg N ha - 1 gave 6.56 t ha - 1 grain yield of Sorghum .The interaction between two planting system non - significant on almost characteristics that mean both two system gave nearly results by effected addition nitrogen fertilizer

دراسة بيئية لحشرة البعوض Culex quinquefasciatusفي محافظة البصرة وامكانية مكافحتها احيائيا وكيميائيا == Study of Environmental of Culex quinquefasciuts and the possibility of biologically and chemically controlled

Author name: وئام صباح تركي
Supervisor name: اياد عبد الوهاب عبد القادر | ليلى عبد الرحمن بيان
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aimed to a field survey of the insect mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus and study environmentally and control by isolating and diagnosing fungi associated with mosquitoes and The effect of sporoes suspense for isolated fungi on the larvae, and the use of bacteria B. thuringiensis in larval control in addition to the diagnosis of some predators with the larvae of the C. quinquefasciatus and calculate density and evaluate their efficiency against predatory larval phases of mosquitoes. As it has been the use of two types of pesticides that goes back to a group of Neonicotinoids Actara and Quickbayt . The results of the study of the field survey the spread of the insect in most of the province of Basra areas as record city center the highest density of mosquito larvae during the months of April and October amounting to 96.00 and 87.66 larvae / half liter of water, respectively, followed by the Shatt al - Arab area which recorded 89.00 and 88.00 larvae / pint water during the months of April and October, while Zubair recorded the lowest ratio of the density of larvae were 4.66 and 8.33 larva / half liter of water for two months. Where the insect has been present in different aquatic sites (water, sewer, water darker pools, Water drainage, wasted tap water) and record heavy sewage highest density in the presence of mosquito larvae. The results of the study showed that the insect C. quinquefasciatus present in most months of the year except August and January, and recorded her two climaxes peak spring (April and May) and autumn peak (October and November. The results also showed that the increase in killing thelarvae grow directly proportional to the increase commentator bacteria B. thuringiensis concentration as the ratio was at 85.00 and 48.33 for the two phases the second and fourth, respectively, when using focus commentator 910 × 3 spore / ml The lowest ratio was killed was at the focus 710 × 3 amounting to 58.34 and 33.34% for the two phases the second and fourth, respectively. The results also showed a non effect of pesticide Quick on the growth of bacteria while he found little effect of the Actara on the growth of bacteria. There are some predators also recorded along the months the year, such as predator Dineutes aereus and Cybister tripuncututus while the presence of the animal crustal Mycrocylops albidus record seasonally in spring and autumn and the results showed efficiency experience predatory predators mentioned above eccentric different larval insect mosquitoes increase in the rate of depreciation against instar first The second fell rate of depreciation against the larval delayed reconstruction (third and fourth). The results showed superiority of the pesticide Quickbayt for pesticide Actara in the proportion of killing the larvae of the second stage and fourth Mosquito as commensurate proportion of directly proportional murder with the increase of the pesticide and type of focus, as the percentage of murders in the pesticide Quickbayt focus 1 g / l to 100% of the two phases the second and fourth, respectively, and decreased the proportion of murders to reach the emphasis 0.25 g / liter 88.34 and 73.34% on the second and fourth phases respectively. while pesticide record Actara highest killed in a concentration 1 g / liter, amounting to 100 and 81.67% on the phases second and fourth in a row and scored concentration of 0.25 g / liter less proportion73.34 and 51.66% for the first larval phases was the second in a row. The integrated control results also showed that the treatment of the pesticide Quickbayt with bacteria Bti gave the highest percentage of killing larvae second phase and the fourth, reaching 93.89 and 77.22%, respectively, while came after the treatment of the pesticide Actara with bacteria Bti where the percentage of murders 77.78 and 60.00% on the second and fourth phases Respectively .

تاثير احلال الشعير المحسن باستخدام التخمير بسائل الكرش واضافة الانزيمات محل الذرة الصفراء في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والكيكروبية لفروج اللحم == The effect of bringing improved barley by fermentation rumen fluid and adding enzymes replace maize in some productive traits , physiological and microbial for broiler chickens

Author name: وليد هيلان سعدون راضي الموسوي
Supervisor name: عبد الله عبد المنعم محمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study included two experiments, The labrotary experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of fermented barley with rumen liquor (10 , 20 ml / kg barley) at different inclusion periods (7 ,14 and 21 days) . The results of chemical analysis to crud protein , fat and ash percentage for fermented barley showed increased, and fiber percentage decreased on 10 and 20 ml rumen liquor at 14 days fermented period . The second experiment was included the effect of addition fermented barley by 20 ml rumen liquor for 14 days . A total of 360 unsexed one day old chicks were randomly distributed to eight treatments in three replicated ( 15 chicks/ replicate) . During the experimental period 35 days two diets were fed starter and grower .The treatments as follow : 1 - First treatment of control included 50% maize .2 - Second treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 25%. 3 - Three Treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 50%.4 - Fourth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 75%.5 - Fifth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 100%.6 - Sixth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 25%+1 g enzymes/ kg feed7 - Seventh treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 50% + 1 g enzymes/ kg feed .8 - Eighth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 75%+ 1 g enzymes/ kg feed.The results of this studies indicated that : 1. A significant increase(P <0.05) of mean body weights and body weight gains in T2 as compared with the control treatment while T3 and T4 showed non significant differences as compared with control .2. A significant increase(P <0.05) of accumulative feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency of T5 and T8 but T2 and T3 were given a least significant differences compared with control.3. Non significant increase(P <0.05) of dressing percentage for T2 , T3 and T4 as compared with control treatment . b 4. Treatments T2,T3 , T4 and T5 showed a significant differences (P <0.05) in relative weight of gizzard and cecum compared with enzymes treatments.5. A significant differences of hemoglobin of all treatments as compared with control , while glucose levels were significantly(P <0.05) increased in control and treatments treated with rumen fuid compared with enzyme treatments . but T1 and T2 showed highly significant (P <0.05) in cholesterol levels as compared with others .6. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in logartmic numbers of total bacteria, lactobacillus and bacteria degrading cellulose in rumen fuid treatments as compared with others.7. T2 , T3 ,T4 showed significant differences (P <0.05) in intestinal length as compared with others, while T3,T4,T5,T6,T7 and T8 showed a significant (P <0.05) increase passage rate compared with T1 and T2 .8. T2 and T3 recorded less significantly differences (P <0.05) in viscosity intestinal contain as compared with other treatments . 9. Treatments treated by barley fermented with rumen fuid showed a highly significant (P <0.05) in tibia length , tibia ash percentage , tibia calcium and phosphorus contains as compared with control and treatment treated with enzymes .10. A significant differences (P <0.05) in villus length and the ratio between the length and depth in all treatments as compared with control .11. No significant differences in all treatments as compared with control in the carcass quality .12. The economical benefits of the study fed barley fermented rumen fuid T2,T3,T4 and control showed significant differences (P <0.05) in production index and production coefficient as compared with enzymes treatments.

فصل دهون صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام المحلي ودراسة محتواها الكيميائي وتاثير الخزن على صفاتها الفيزيائية والكيميائية == Separation of local Chicken, Duck, Gees and Ostrich Egg Yolk Fat and Study it’s Chemical Contents and effect of storage on physical , chemical properties

Author name: وفاء علي رحيم الشويلي
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت هذه الدراسة فصل دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام ودراسة ومحتواه من العناصر المعدنية والاحماض الدهنية المشبعة وغير المشبعة والكولسترول والبروتينات الدهنية (اللايبوبروتين) والدهون الفسفورية (الفوسفولبيدات) والكاروتينات والفيتامينات وصفاته الفيزيائية والكيميائية ومتابعة هذه الصفات بعد مدة خزن 30 و60 و90 يوما.وقد كانت النتائج مايلي.1 - اظهرت نتائج دراسة المحتوى الكيميائي لصفار البيض وجود فروق معنوية بين انواع المدروسة فتراوحت نسبة الرطوبة من 46.60% الى 49.34% في النعام والدجاج على التوالي، والدهن من 31.63% الى 34.65% في بيض الدجاج والوز على التوالي، والبروتين من 15.55% الى 16.75% في بيض الوز والنعام على التوالي، والرماد من 1.00% الى 1.33% في بيض الوز والنعام على التوالي، كان صفار بيض الوز الاعلى في نسبة الدهن.2 - اظهرت نتائج تحليل العناصر المعدنية في الصفار ودهن الصفار ان عنصر الحديد كان اعلى تركيز مقارنة بالعناصر الاخرى فتراوح تركيزه من 8.52 PPM الى 10.08 PPM في الصفار ومن 2.44 PPM الى 9.16 PPM في الدهن، اما العناصر الاخرى فتباينت تراكيزها حسب انواع البيض المدروسة اذ تراوح عنصر الرصاص من 2.48 PPM الى 4.58 PPM في الصفار ومن 2.05 PPM الى PPM 2.53 في الدهن وعنصر الزنك من 0.808 PPM الى 0.852 PPM في الصفار ومن 0.02 PPM الى 2.92 PPM في الدهن اما عنصر الكادميوم فتراوح من 0.117 PPM الى0.259 PPM في الصفار ومن 0.067 PPM الى 0.081 PPM في الدهن وعنصر النحاس من 0.01 PPM الى 0.215 PPM في الصفار ومن 0.05 PPM الى 0.74 PPM في الدهن.3 - قدرت الاحماض الدهنية الكلية في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام وشخصت كمية الاحماض الدهنية ونوعيتها بتقنية الكروموتوغرافيا الغاز المتصل بمطياف الكتلة Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry (GC - MS) واظهرت النتائج ان نسبة الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة وغير المشبعة في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج كانت 45.14% و54.66% على التوالي، وفي دهن صفار بيض البط 45.89% و54.11% على التوالي، اما دهن صفار بيض الوز فكانت نسبة الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة فيه 33.02% وغير المشبعة 65.61% وبلغت اعلى نسبة للاحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة في دهن صفار بيض النعام 82.36% اما الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة 17.11%.4 - قدر محتوى الكولسترول باستعمال الطريقة الكيميائية اذ بلغت اعلى نسبة له في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 13.56ملغم /غم ثم يليه دهن صفار بيض الوز بنسبة 11.02ملغم /غم، اما نسبته في دهن صفار بيض البط والنعام فقد كانت متقاربة وهي 10.70 و10.60ملغم /غم على التوالي.5 - قدرت تراكيز البروتين الدهني الواطئ الكثافةLow Density Lipoprotein (LDL) والبروتين الدهني العالي الكثافةHigh Density Lipoprotein (HDL) والبروتين الدهني واطئ الكثافة (vLDL)Density Lipoprotein Veryبجهاز Rflatron في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام وكانت تراكيز HDL في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام ( 50 و15و9 و93 ) mg/dl على التوالي، اما LDL فقد كانت ( 20 و21و 18 و33 ) mg/dl وvLDL بلغت ( 327 و253 و239 و250 ) mg/dl على التوالي.6 - قدرت نسبة الدهون الفسفورية في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام وبحسب انواعها Phosphatidyl choline (PC) وethanolamine (PE) Phosphatidyl وlinositol (PI) Phosphatidyl وكانت اعلى نسبة PC مقارنة بالفوسفولبيدات الاخرى لجميع انواع الدهن المدروسة حيث تراوحت قيم PC من 54.3 الى 83.7 في دهن صفار بيض الوز والدجاج على التوالي وPE من 4.7 الى 29.1 دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والوز على التوالي وPI من 2.2 الى 11.3 في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والوز على التوالي.7 - بينت النتائج ان جميع انواع الدهون المدروسة احتوت على الفيتامينات A وD وE وK ولكن بنسب متفاوتة اذ تراوحت النسبة المئوية لها من 10.2 - 50.8 % لفيتامين A ومن 0.6 - 2.2 % لفيتامين D ومن 11.4 - 32.5 % لفيتامين E ومن 0.4 - 4.5 % لفيتامين K.8 - كان اعلى تركيز للكاروتينات في دهن صفار بيض الوز 192.29 ملغم/غم يليه دهن صفار النعام185.26 ملغم/غم ثم دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 136.83 ملغم/غم ودهن صفار بيض البط 109.56ملغم/غم.9 - الصفات الفيزيائية لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام : - - كانت قيم نقطة الانصهار في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 40 م° والبط 41 م° والوز 39م° والنعام 30 م° وقد لوحظ انخفاض تدريجي خلال مدة الخزن. - اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي ان قيمة اللزوجة تاثرت معنويا (P<0.05) بين جميع انواع الطيور حيث تراوحت من 10.22الى 16.36 سنتي بويز في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج ومن10.67 الى 17.13سنتي بويز في دهن صفار بيض البط اما في دهن صفار بيض الوز والنعام انخفضت اللزوجة من 15.13 الى 9.45 و13.29 الى 8.2 سنتي بويز على التوالي، وقد تاثرت معنويا بتقدم فترات الخزن. - بينت النتائج ان قيمة معامل الانكسار لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام كانت 1.4663 و1.4661 و1.4665 و1.4671 على التوالي، وانخفضت خلال مدة الخزن اذ اتضح من نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروقات معنوية بينها. - اما قيم الوزن النوعي فقد تاثرت معنويا (P<0.05) بمصدر الدهن وكانت اعلى قيمة للوزن النوعي في دهن صفار بيض النعام 0.9663 وادنى قيمة في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 0.9622 اما في دهن صفار بيض البط والوز فقد كانت قيمة 0.9632 و0.9650 على التوالي، وقد تاثرت معنويا بتقدم فترات الخزن.10 - اشارت الدراسة الى الصفات الكيميائية لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام اذ : - اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية (P<0.05) لتاثير مدة الخزن على قيم الرقم اليودي وتراوحت القيم لدهن الصفار بين اقل قيمة في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 60 واعلى قيمة في دهن صفار بيض النعام 85، اما دهن صفار بيض البط والوز فكانت 67.33 و72.3 على التوالي، وقد انخفضت قيم الرقم اليودي باستمرار مدة الخزن. - اما قيم البيروكسيد فقد بلغت اقل قيمة لها في دهن صفار بيض الوز 0.18 مليمكافئ /كغم واعلى قيمة للبيروكسيد في دهن صفار بيض النعام 0.34 مليمكافئ /كغم ثم دهن صفار بيض البط 0.31 مليمكافئ /كغم واخيرا دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 0.22 مليمكافئ /كغم وقد ارتفعت قيمة البيروكسيد باستمرار فترة الخزن. - بلغت قيم التصبن لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام ( 175.2 و179.45 و190.2 و170.2 ) مليمكافئ /كغم على التوالي، وقد ارتفعت قيم التصبن باستمرار مدة الخزن. - كما اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود تاثر معنوي في قيم الحموضة لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام اذ كانت 0.28 و0.31 و0.56 و0.40 ملغم KOH /غم على التوالي، وقد لوحظ ارتفاع قيم الحموضة تدريجيا خلال مدة الخزن | The current Study including of separating chicken, duck, goose and ostrich egg yolk fat and studying its Content of the metallic elements Free fatty acid cholesterol , Lipoproteins , Phospholipids , Carotenes , Vitamins , and its Physical and Chemical properties and flowed after period of storage for 30, 60, 90, days. The results were as follow : 1 - The results of the study of the chemical contents showed significant differences among the sorts of the studied egg and the percentage of the moisture Varied from 46.60% to 49.34% the oil from 31.63% to 34.65% , the protein from 15.55% to 16.75% the ash from 1.00% to 1.33% and the yolk egg of the ducks got the highest percentage of oil . 2 - The results of the metallic elements analysis in the yolk and the oil of the yolk showed that the iron element was the highest in concentration in comparison with other elements . lt varies from 8.52 ppm to 10.08 in the yolk and from 2.44ppm to 9.16ppm in oil . As for the other elements its concentrations varied according to the types of the egg which was used in the study . According to the pb 2.48ppm to 4.58ppm in yolk and from 2.05 to 2.53ppm in the oil , and Zinc element from 0.808 to 0.852ppm in the yolk and form 0.02 ppm to 2.92ppm in the oil . As for the Cadmium element from 0.117 to 0.259ppm in yolk , and 0.067 to 0.081ppm in oil and the CU element varies from 0.01 to 0.215 ppm in yolk and from o.o5ppm to 0.74 ppm in the oil . 3 - The total free fatty acid to the oil of the yolk in the egg of chicken and ducks and ostrich was amounted and the quantity , and quality of the fatty acid was identified by the technique of gas chromatography by mass Spectrometry GC - MS .The results showed that the percent of saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid for the oil of the yolk in the egg of chicken was from 45.14% and 54.66% respectively and for the oil of the egg of the ducks was from 45.89 to 54.77%, while oil in the yolk of the Gooses egg was 33.02% saturated and 65.661% unsaturated . The highest percentage of the unsaturated fatty acid in the oilof ostriches egg which was 82.36% , while the saturated was 17.11%. 4 - The cholesterol was amounted by using the chemical method where the highest percentage in the yolk oil of the chicken eggs which was reached 13.56 mg/100g . and the duck. Comes then which reached to 11.02 ,while its percentage in the yolk oil of the ducks and ostrich's was approximately 10.70 and 10.60 respectively . 5 - The Concentrations of the Low Density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and the high density lipoprotein by the Rflatron in the yolk oil of the egg of chicken, ducks , Geese and Ostrich and the concentrations were 93,5,15and 50 respectively .while LDL was 33,18,21,20 and vLDL were reached 350, 239, 253 and 327 respectively. 6 - The amount of lipid phosphate in the yolk of the chicken, ducks, Geese, and ostriches egg according to its types (PC) phosphatidyl and ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl inositol (Pl) for all types of the studied yolk were varied from 54.3 to 83.7 for (PE) from 29.1 to 4.1 and (Pl) from 2.2 to 11 .7 - The percentage of vitamin were showed that all lipids studied contained deferent vitamins A, D, E, and K 10.2 - 50.8% for Vit, A , 0.6 - 2.2% for Vit. D, 11.4 - 32.5% for vit. E and 0.4 - 4.5% for vit. K . 8 - The Creations was amounted and the highest Concentration was noticed in the oil of yolk of the Geese mg/g and then the oil of the chicken egg, and the oil of the ducks egg. 9 - The physical properties of the oil in chicken ,ducks, Geese's , ostrich egg were as followed : - The amount of polting point in the oil of the yolk in the chickens egg 40C0 and 41C0 and Geese's 41C and ostriches 30m0 and it reached to alow point through the time of storage . - The result of the statistical analysis showed that the amomt 0f viscosity was influenced (P<0.05) among all types of birds where varied from 16.36 to 10.22 in the oil of the yolk of the chicken egg and from 10.67 to 17.13 in ducks while in Geese and ostrich was lowered from 15.13 to 9.45 and 13.29 to 8.2 respectively . - The results showed that refractive index for the oil in chicken was 1.4663 in ducks was 1.4661 in Geese was 1.4665 and in ostrich was 1.4671 and it was decreased during the period of storage and the statisticed analysis showed that there are significance differences among them. - As for the amomt of the weight it was inflamed by the source of the oil and the highest amount was for the oil in the yolk of ostrich egg 0.9663 and the lowest amomt in chicken 0.9622 while the ducks was 0.9632 , 0.9650 respectively . 10 - The chemical Properties for the yolk lipid of chicken , geese, duckes and ostrich were as follows : - The statistical analysis result showed that there were differences (P<0.05) in period of storage for the lodic number which was from the lowest amount in the chicken egg (60) and highest in lipid of the ostrich egg 85 , while the ducks and geese 67.33 and 72.3 respectively , and the lodin number amomts were decreased by the continuity of the peviod of storage. - The peroxide value reached smallest amount value in geese yolk egg 0.18 mq/kg and highest amount value in ostrich yolk egg oil 0.34 mq/kg then ducks yolk egg oil 0.31 mq/kg finally chicken yolk egg oil 0.22mq/kg and the peroxide value increased by the continuity of the storage period . - The saponification value of chicken egg yolk oil 175.2 mq/kg and ducks yolk egg oil 179.45 mq/kg geese yolk egg oil 190.2 mq/kg and ostrich yolk egg oil 170.2 mq/kg a high point by the continuity of the story period. - The statistical analysis result showed that there is an effect on the acid yolk oil it was 0.40,0.56,0.31, 0.28/KOH respectively and the amount of acid value were increased through the period of storing

دراسة بعض التغيرات المرافقة لتلقيح وعقد ثمار النخيل Phoenix dactylifera L صنفي الحلاوي والساير == study of some accompanying changes to pollination and fruit set of date palm Phoenixe dactylifera L.CV. Hillawi and Sayer

Author name: وسن فوزي فاضل عباس الابریسم
Supervisor name: مؤید فاضل عباس | ابتھاج حنظل التمیمي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was carried out during the growing season of 2014 and 2015 in a private orchard in Shatt Al - Arab with the objective of knowing the effect of pollination 1, 2, 4 and 8 day from opening of female spathes, source of pollen (Ghannami Akhder and Smasmii) and by passing pollination process by spraying unpollinated flowers with the growth regulators and ethephon on certain aspects of the physiology and anatomy of date palm fruits cvs. Hillawi and Sayer. The results may be summarized as follows : 1 - The date pollination had no effect on fruit growth curve, but had a significant effect on length of the khalal stage which was 22, 18, 16 and 15 days for the cv. Hillawi and 24, 20, 18 and 17 days for the cv. Sayer, for the pollination dates 1, 2, 4, and 8 from opening of female spathes. The fruits of Hillawi and Sayer cultivars entered the tamr stage after 19 and 20 weeks from pollination respectively.2 - Fruits produced from flowers pollinated 8 days from opening during the khalal stage was superior in all physical characteristics of the fruit, with the exception of seed weight, which had its highest weight during the first date of pollination, however therewere no significant differences in fruit for both growing seasons, fruits of the cv.Hillawi had the highest values of physical characteristics in cooperation with those of Sayer cv.3 - As for Chemical characteristics of the fruits, the fourth pollination date (8 days from flower opening) gave a significantly highest value of total soluble solids, total sugars and dry matter. The highest values for reducing sugars was recorded during the second date of pollination( 2 days after female spathes opening), fruits of athe cv. Hillawi had the highest values for all those chemical constituents with its highest value with fruit of Sayer cv. 4 - These was significant difference of the unpollinated flowers in free amino acid and soluble proteins content, The second date of pollination gave the highest concentration of free amino acids 3.269mg.g - 1, whereas the fourth pollination date gave the highest1.856mg.gP - 1 P . As for the date of sampling , the fruits record during the third date ( 5 days after pollination) had the highest concentration of both free amino acids and soluble proteins, fruits of the cv. Hillawi had a significantly high concentration of both chemical constituents in comparison with fruits of the Sayer cv.5 - The results showed, that there were significant difference in the concentration of both auxin and cytokinins of the flowers ،422.5 271.5, where the second date of pollination gave the highest concentration of both hormones in the flowers, the date of sampling after pollination, had no effect on the concentration of auxins. however, the third sampling date( 5 days from pollination) had the highest of cytokinins in young fruits cv. Hillawi had the highest values with fruit of Sayer cv. .6 - The fourth date of pollination had the highest percentage ripening whereas the second date of pollination gave the highest fruit set percentage bunch weight during the rutab stage. Fruits of the cv. Hillawi was superior with respect to percentage fruit set, percentage fruit ripening, bunch weight as compared with fruits of the cv. Sayer. As for the effect of pollen source7 - The pollen source had no effect on fruit growth curve, but had a significant effect on the length of the khalal stage, the length of the klalal stage for fruit produced by the pollen Ghannami Akhdar wasb18 and 21 days for fruits of the cvs.Hillawi and Sayer respectively, whereas the length of the khalal stage for fruits produced the Smasmii pollen was 21 and 25 days for both cultivars respectively.8 - Fruit pollinated by Ghannami Akhdar had the highest values for the physical characteristics, as compared with fruits produced by the pollen Smasmii the pollen source Ghannami Akhdar recorded.9 - the highest values for total soluble solids and dry matter, whereas the pollen source Smasmii gave the highest value for the water content and total acidity. Fruit of the cv. Hillawi had the highest value for those chemical constituents as compared with fruits of the cv. Sayer.10 - As for sugars, the increase in reducing and total sugars was slow during early stage of fruit growth, thereafter, there was a rapid increase in sugars which reached its highest values during the 18 the week from pollination. For sucrose, its content in the fruit was at its highest during the 16 th week from pollination. Fruit produced by the pollen source Ghannami Akhdar had a significantly higher content of reducing and total sugars as well as sucrose. Fruits of the cv. Hillawi had a significantly higher sugars as compared with fruits of the Sayer cultivar.11 - As for changes in the activity of the enzymes invertase and cellulose the activity was low during early stage of fruit growth, and the highest level of activity was recorded during the 16 th week from pollination for both enzymes, for fruits of both cultivars. However, the activity of both invertase and cellulose was high for fruits of the Hillawi cv.2093, 787.7 As compared with fruits Sayer.12 - As for auxins, the concentration was in unpollinated female flowers. Fruits produced by the pollen Ghannami Akhdar had the highest concentration of auxins397.3 as compared with fruitscproduced by the pollen source Smasmii, the fifth sampling date( 7 days from pollination) gave the highest auxin concentration of young fruits. The unpollinated flowers of the cv. Hillawi had a significantly higher concentration of auxins as compared with those of the Sayer cv.13 - The study of embryogenesis of female flowers have shown that the process of fertilization took place after 2 days for flowers of Hillawi and Sayer pollinated by the pollen source Ghannami Akhdar, whereas fertilization took place after three days for flowers pollinated with pollen source Smasmii. However, the cv. Hillawi was superior in those characters as compared with the sayer cv.14 - The pollen source also, had a significant effect on percentage fruit set and fruit ripening, bunch weight as compared with fruits produced by the pollen Smasmii. However, fruits of the cv. Hillawi was a significantly superior, in those characteristics.15 - As for the by passing of the process of pollination by treating unpollinated flower with gibberellic acid and ethephon, such treatments had no effect on fruit growth curve, for both cultivars.16 - As for anatomical characteristic of parthenocarpic fruits not treated with gibberellic acid and ethephon(control), it gave the highest number of layers of exocarp, hypodermis and stone cells. The seeded fruits had the highest thickness of the inner mesocarp. Fruits of the cv. Sayer was superior with respect to thickness of the exocarp cells, hypodermis and stone cells, outer and inner mesocarp and tannin cells 259.6, 117.9, 117.8, 810.0, 3734, 773 μm Also, there were a change in the number as the Sayer cv 630.0mmPP. Had the highest number of cells as compared with fruits of the cv.Hillawi. The Hillawi showed the highest width of cells 72.5 μm, as compared with the cv. Sayer, but there were no difference in cell length. The control treatment gave the highest number of cells in pith tissues of parthenocarpic fruit, whereas the seeded fruit gave the highest length and width of cells.17 - treatment with gibberellic acid and ethephon had a significant effect on chemical characteristics of the parthenocarpic fruits treatment with 200mg.l - 1 +1000mg.l - 1 ethephon, caused a significant increase in total sugars and reducing, total soluble solids, and ripening percentage 56.09, 47.97, 59.09, 23.09% for parthenocarpic fruits of both cultivars Hillawi and Sayer. e

تاثير حامض الاسكوربيك وانزيم الكلوكوز اوكسيديز في الصفات النوعية والريولوجية لدقيق الحنطة المحلية ضعيفة الكلوتين == Effect of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase enzyme on the rheological properties and quality of the local wheat flour of weak gluten

Author name: وسام كريم عبيد الربيعي
Supervisor name: علي احمد الساهي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out as an attempt to improve rheological and chemical properties of local wheat flour of weak gluten, by the addition of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase enzyme as individuals and in synergy, to the flour.The chemical composition of local wheat flour and imported wheat was studied (Eba’e 99 , Rasheed , Bihooth , Australian) . Reduction of protein percentage was noticed of local wheat's varieties compared with protein percentage of imported wheat . The highest protien percentage was in imported wheat 13.55% and the lowest was in Eba’e 99 wheat 12.1% , at the same time ,the highest ash percentage was in Eba’e 99 wheat flour, 1.06%, whereas the highest percentage of fat was in Rasheed variety 1.8% . It was noticed the raise of dry and wet gluten in imported variety flour ,it reached 32.5 , 10.8% frequently. Whereas the results related to the tests of flour strength showed the surpass of imported class that the value of Pelshenke test 250 minutes, Zeleny test was 41 cm3, compared with local variety, Whereas Eba’e 99 variety showed the lowest values compared with studied classes, it reached the value of Pelshenke test 92 minutes, sedimentation test was 20 cm3.The flour used in the study was evaluated of rheological properties for Eba’e 99 wheat flour using farinograph and extensograph tests, to be not useful for bread making, It has Developing and stability times were low. It has a high degree of softening, farinograph quality number were low . Its extension resistance, extensibility and extensograph area were low as compared to those of normal bread flour.The flour (80% extraction) was treated by the addition of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase as individuals and in synergy, in order to study their effects as improvers in the rheological properties of wheat flour dough. The results were as follows : 1. Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase possessed a positive effect on the rheological properties when it were added them as improvers to the wheat flour as individuals with Different concentrations. The concentration of 50 ppm and 20 ppm respectively, were the best among different concentrations according to farinograph and extensograph tests.2. Synergetic effect of Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase was observed highest readings of farinograph test, it reached the value of developing and stability times 5.0 , 4.3 minutes, respectively. It has low in degree of softening 63 FU, Whereas the farinograph quality number was raising to 59. Its extensograph readings were high, the recorded elastic recovery was 4.6, 4.0 and 4.2 at interval times (45, 90, 135) min, respectively.The results treatment of the flour with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase as individuals and in synergy showed significant and another non - significant increase in wet and dry gluten content and a significant increase in gluten index. The best results were obtained in the flour which had treated with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase as in synergy with concentrations of 40 ppm and 0.001%, respectively in which the gluten index reached 87.09%.A significant increase of disulfide concentration accompanied by a significant decrease in free sulfhydryl concentration were obtained by treating the flour with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase, especially with in synergy treatment by which disulfide concentration was significantly raised to 3.421× 10 - 4 mole/gm gluten as compared to control sample (3.101 mole/gm gluten). This effect caused improvement of dough properties especially in retaining of carbon dioxide gas in the gluten network. A significant decrease in loaf weight accompanied by a significant increase in both the volume and specific volume were obtained upon all treatments.The best result was obtained by treating the flour with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase, as in synergy with concentrations of 40 ppm and 0.001% .Sensory evaluation of the produced loaf, which was conducted by proficient in cereal chemistry and technology, showed a significant improvement in all of its quality parameters in the treated flour. The effect of Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase, as in synergy was very clear in improving all of sensory parameters as compared to the untreated flour sample.

تاثير موعد الزراعة ومسافتها والمعاملة بالمحفز الحيوي Bio Health وتداخلاتها في نمو وحاصل الثمار والزيت الطيار لنبات الكراويه Carum carvi L. وفعالياته الكيمواحيائية

Author name: وداد علي عبد سلمان البهادلي
Supervisor name: سميرة عبد الكريم مطرود
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted during the growing season of 2013/2014 in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Field of the College of Agriculture / Basrah University, to study the effect of sowing date, plant spacing and plant treatment with Bio Health WSG and their interactions on growth and yield of Carum carvi L. plant and its biochemical activities.The study included 12 factorial treatments, which were the combinations of two sowing dates, i.e. 20/9, 10/10 ; three plant spacing , i.e. 20, 30 or 40 cm between plants and other and plant treatment with Bio Health WSG and without treatment. A Complete Randomized Block Design in a factorial experiment was used with three replicates. Treatment means were compared according to the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at probability level of 0.05%.The most important results may be summarized as follows : - 1 - Effect of sowing dates : Cultivated plants on 20/9 had a significant effect in plant height, number of main branches. plant - 1, number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, fresh and dry weights of shoot system. plant - 1, date to the appearance of the first inflorescence, the total number of inflorescences. plant - 1, total number of mini inflorescences. plant - 1, mean of the total number of florets. plant - 1 total sum of fruits. plant - 1 (25.83g), weight of 1000 fruits, the productivity of fruits hectare - 1 (2.695 tons), percentage of volatile oil (3.2%), oil yield .plant - 1 (0.82g), productivity of oil hectare - 1 (84.4g), refractive index of volatile oil, leaves content of total chlorophyll, fruits content of total solubleSummaryBcarbohydrates. Plant cultivated on 10 /10 had a significant effect in volatile oil density and its specific gravity, while there were no significant effects for cultivated date in total number of leaves. plant - 1, total number of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrate and total protein percentage in fruits.2 - Effect of plant spacing : Cultivated plants at 40 cm had a significant effects in fresh and dry weights of shoot system. plant - 1, total of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, total number of inflorescences.plant - 1, sum total of fruits .plant - 1 (21.10g). Cultivated plants distance at 30 cm had a significant effects in number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, percentage of volatile oil (3.1%), oil yield per plant (0.60g), productivity of oil per hectare (58.9kg), content of total soluble carbohydrate. Cultivated plants at distance of 20 cm had a significant effects in productivity fruits of per hectare (2.252 tons). On the other hand, there were no significant effects for cultivation distance in plant height, number of main branches. plant - 1, the date of the first appearance of inflorescence, mean of total number of florets . plant - 1, weight of 1000 fruits, volatile oil density, and its specific gravity, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrate and total protein percentage in fruits.3 - Effect of treatment with Bio Health WSGTreated plants with Bio Health WSG gave significant increases in the number of number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, percentage of volatile oil (2.7%), oil yield per plant (0.55g), productivity of oil per hectare (56.0kg), leaves content of total chlorophyll .While, treated plants withBio Health WSG had no significant effect on the other studied characteristics.SummaryC4 - Effect of the interactions : There were a significant effect on all the double and triple interactions in plant height , number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, dry weight of shoot system. plant - 1, total number of inflorescences. plant - 1, total of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, total sum of fruits. plant - 1, productivity of fruits per hectare, percentage of volatile oil, oil yield per plant, productivity of oil per hectare, volatile oil refractive index and its density, leaves content of total chlorophyll, leaves and fruits contents of total soluble carbohydrate. All double and triple interactions except for the interaction of the date of agriculture cultivation and bio Health WSG treatment significant effect in total number of leaves. plant - 1.Double and triple interactions except for the interaction between cultivation distance and bio Health WSG treatment had a significant effect in number of main branches. plant - 1, fresh weight of shoot system, date of the first appearance of inflorescence, rate of the total number of florets. plant - 1, weight of 1000 fruits, specific gravity of oil, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrate. The interference between the distance, cultivation date and bio Health WSG treatment only had significant effect in the total of number of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, and the triple interaction had only significant effect in protein percentage in fruits.5. Chemical components of the volatile oil : A test done by Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry Shimadzu GC MS QP2010 Ultra has showed that the most important chemical volatile oil components were carvone and limonene, whose means were ranged 32.73 - 51 - 55% and 33.34 - 57.05%, respectively. They were differed in their content of these two components, cultivated plants on first date at a distance of 20 cm which treated with bio Health WSG produced theSummaryDcontent of carvone (51.55%), and plants cultivated in the second date at a distance of 40 cm not treated with bio Health WSG produced limonene at a percentage (57.05%).5. Effectiveness of aqueous and alcoholic extracts and oil of the plant against the two types of pathogenic bacteria to human : Test was bone to the effectiveness of four concentrations which were 50, 100, 200, 400 mg.ml - 1 of the aqueous extracts besides, methyl and ethylalcoholic extracts for fruits and roots of the plant at three concentrations which were 25, 50 and 100% of volatile oil of its fruit in vitro on the two types of bacteria tested, i.e. bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by using filter paper disc diffusion method . Each of the ethanolic extract of roots of concentration at 200 mg /ml - 1 and concentration 100% oil were effective of the growth of bacteria E. coli .They reached the diameter of inhibition 20 mm. Methanolic extract of the roots at concentration of 200 mg.ml - 1gater gave the highest inhibition of the growth of bacteria staph. aureus amount 25mm.

انتاج نشا مقاوم واستخدامه في التغليف الدقيق للبكتريا العلاجية == production of resistant starch used in Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria

Author name: هديل ناظم مراد
Supervisor name: نوفل عبد الامير حسين الحلفي | الاء غازي الهاشمي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The chemical composition was estimated for potatoes, sorghum and rice, and was noticed the difference in the chemical composition significantly for this sources. Increasing of moisture as compared with potatoes and rice which reached 76.3% , and sorghum significantly with high proportion of protein, fat and ash (13.80, 2.5 and 1.70)% respectively. The highest proportion of carbohydrate was found in rice as it reached 80.43% .Starch was extracted by the moist method and the chemical composition of starch was studied. The plant sources differed in chemical content, and was observed increasing in moisture significantly for potato starch (12.2%) as compared with sorghum and rice starch, while the superior content of the rice starch was in protein, fat and carbohydrates (1.45 and 0.33 and 90.87)% respectively, and the highest of ash was found in sorghum starch 0.52%.Then the extracted starch was modified from its primary sources physically by the moist thermal treatment and chemically by cross linkages. The physical characteristics of modified starch were studied, and the results were as the following : ● Each of the natural and modified starch from various sources in the physical properties, it was observed increasing in the solubility of the natural starch granules of potatoes, sorghum and rice from the modified starch granules. The solubility was increased gradually by increasing of the temperature, the highest solubility was found in the natural starch granules (6.2, 7.4 and 6.35) % respectively at temperature of 90 ̊C , and (6.14,6.87 and 6.13)% respectively in the modified starch granules by moist thermal method, and (5.4, 5.28 and 5.99)% respectively in the modified starch granules by cross linkages, while inceasing in the swelling of the natural starch granules to each of potatoes, sorghum and rice starch as compared with the modified starch granules and inceasing the swelling gradually by increasing the temperature. The highest swelling was found in the natural starch granules (10.35, 10.18 and 10.17) gram/gram respectively at temperature of 90 ̊C , while for modified starch samples by moist thermal method which reached (9.25, 9.22 and 9) gram/gram respectively and samples of the starch modified by cross linkages reached (8.97, 8.98 and 8.55) gram/gram respectively.●The percentage the percentage of phosphorus in the natural starch extracted from its primary sources was significantly at (P≤ 0.05) with the modified starch varied chemically by cross linkages as the superiority of the modified potato starch with highest which reached 0.39% .Active groups of chemically modified starch molecules have been identified diagnosed by FT - IR apparatus, as the presence of a band at wave length (998.411 ,99864 and 1020.64) cm - 1 respectively, which belongs to the elasticity vibrating for the bound C - O - P .The procedure of the Microencapsulation packaging for L.plantarum, L.caise and L.acidophilus was done by three different mixtures with concentrations ranged between (1 - 3)% each of sodium alginate, natural and resistant starch both individually, and found that the best mixture was when used a combination of sodium alginate and resistant starch at concentration 2% for each (mixture A), and used the starters Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus in the manufacture of the yoghurt and mixed with the starter of yoghurt, examined the change in the pH and titrating acidity for yoghurt product during different periods of storage at temperature of 4 ̊C and study the change in the logarithm of the live numbers during the storage period extended for 28 days.The effect of the packaging process on the survival, Bacteria was studied and the results were as showed the following : ●It was found that the resistance of coated bacteria using a combination of sodium alginate and starch resistant with concentration of 2% for each of them was the best of free bacteria resistance when exposed to low acidic conditions which reached 2.5, 2 and 1.5 , and particularly at the third hour of incubation as a percentage decline in live numbers logarithm / ml 34.76, 39.61 and 44.83% respectively, to L.plantarum bacteria and 36.25, 41.89 and 46.86% respectively, to L.caise bacteria and 35.35 , 41.84 and 45.78%, respectively, to L.acidophilus bacteria. As well as observed that the resistance of bacteria coated to different concentration of the yellow salts reached 0.1 , 0.2 and 0.3% was higher than the resistance of free bacteria after three hours of incubation as a percentage decline in live numbers logarithm / ml 2.54, 3.34 and 4.19% respectively to L.plantarum bacteria , and 2.87 ,3.78 and 4.60% respectively to L.caise bacteria , and 2.93,3.97 and 4.77% respectively to L.acidophilus bacteria .● coated bacteria showed better resistance during the process of freezdrying compared with free bacteria as a percentage decline in live numbers logarithm / ml 2.24, 3.01 and 4.16% respectively to L.plantarum bacteria , and 2.09, 3.34 and 4.47% respectively to L.caise bacteria , and 2.19,3.29 and 4.58% respectively to L.acidophilus bacteria .

دراسة التغيرات الكيميائية والميكروبية لجبن المونتيري المضاف اليه المعزز الحيوي == Study of chemical and microbial changes of Probiotic monterey cheese

Author name: هدى محمد عبد محمد السراي
Supervisor name: سرمد غازي محمد | حيدر ابراهيم علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Probiotics bacteria[[ which[ including Lactobacillus acidophilus ,Bifidobacterium longum were added (1011 cfu/ml) during Monterey cheese manufacturing after the reactivation and the results obtained were : 1 - Decreasing of moisture content for Monterey cheese manufactured by adding the mixed starter Probiotic after 42 days of ripening, reaching )38.96(% comparing with the other samples. 2 - Increasing of protein ratio while using the mixed starter in manufacturing of Monterey cheese comparing with control Monterey cheese and Monterey cheese manufactured by adding the single starter, reaching after 42 days of ripening to (23.41, 23.78 and 23.6 ( 4 % respectively, as well as increasing of soluble nitrogen ratio in Monterey cheese manufactured by adding the mixed starter comparing with the other cheeses during the progress of ripening period to reach )0.875( after 42 days. 3 - Fat ratio increased in cheese samples, the higher increase was at the end of ripening period after 42 days in Monterey cheeses manufactured by adding mixed starter reaching )30.45(% after comparing with )31.20 and 31.03(% for control and single starter manufactured cheeses respectively. 4 - Salt ratio of Monterey cheese manufactured by adding mixed starter was )1.55( after 42 days of ripening comparing with control cheese and Monterey cheeses manufactured by adding the single starter which were )1.45 and 1.53( respectively.5 - Increasing of ash ratio for Monterey cheese manufactured by adding mixed starter reaching after 42 days of ripening (4.27)% comparing with control cheese and Monterey cheese manufactured by adding the single starter which were (4.16 and 4.20) % respectively. 6 - Decreasing of the pH for the three Monterey cheese samples, the maximum decrease after 42 days of ripening was (5.20) when adding mixed starter, while for the control and single starter Monterey chesses the pH was (5.62 and 5.42) respectively. We notice increasing the titratable acidity of Monterey cheese manufactured by adding mixed starter reaching (0.92) comparing with control and single starter Monterey cheeses which reached (0.54 and 0.72) respectively after 42 days of ripening. 7 - Increasing the numbers of proteolytic and lipolytic bacteria in the progress of ripening period until 28 days then started to reduce for all cheese samples. 8 - Increasing the numbers of total bacteria for cheese samples during ripening period until 28 days then started to reduce tow logarithmic cycle during manufacturing period. 9 - The result of electrophoresis showed that the average of not proteolyses for cheese manufacture using mixed starter was higher compared to others. 10 - Monterey cheeses manufactured by adding mixed starter was best than control and single starter Monterey cheeses when conducting the organoleptic evaluation, especially for flavor

تاثير حقن بيض التفقيس ببعض المغذيات والتغذية المبكرة في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسيولوجية لفروج اللحم == The effect of in ovo - injection of Hatching Eggs with Some Nutrients and early Feeding on Productive Performance and Some Physiological Traits of Broiler Chicks

Author name: هدى فالح سعد الساعدي
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى | طارق فرج شوكت
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was undertaken at the poultry field of Animal ResourceDepartment \college of Agriculture \University of Basra in Jan.,28th toMar.,3th,2013 and in Oct.,28th to December,23th 2013 for the first and secondexperimentrespectively . The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectof hatching eggs injection with the some nutritious (Folic acid vitamins,Pyridoxine, Threonine amino acid) for the first experiment and choosing besttreatment from first experiment and injection with Arginine amino acid ,folicacid as well as the effect of feeding time on the performance and somephysiological traits of broiler chicks .In the first experiment ,825 hatching eggsof Ross 308 broiler were received from the hatchery .At 14th day of incubationstage ,eggs were tested and unfertile eggs were discarded ,the remainder eggswere divided into seven treatments and injected with 0.1 ml of solution in airsac position of the egg as follows : 1. First treatment : injection 100 eggs with 0.1ml of threonine solution (30μgconcentration per an egg).2. Second treatment : injection 100 eggs with 0.1 ml of b6 vitamin solution(100μg concentration per an egg)3. Thirdtreatment : injection 100 eggs with 0.1 ml of mix from L - threonine aminoacid plus b6 vitamin (30μgand 100μg) per an egg.4. Fourthtreatment : injection 100 eggs with 0.1 ml of Folic acid vitamin solution(250g) per of an egg.5. Fifthtreatment : injection 100 eggs with 0.1 ml of mix solution from Lthreonineamino acid plus Folic acid vitamin (30μg and 250 g) per an egg.6. Sixthtreatment : positiveControl : injection100 eggs with 0.1 mlSterile distilledwaterper egg.7. Seventhtreatment : negativeControl : 155 eggs were left withoutinjection.Hatching chicks of each treatment were distributed in to three replicate (15 Chicksfor each replicate) .Birds were reared up to five weeks of age.The results of first experiment painted out to : 1. There was significantly (P<0.05) proceeding for the treatment of egg injectionwith some nutrients on hatching percentage ,hatching chick weight ,bodyBweight ,body weight gain and weekly and Cumulative feed conversion ratio.whereas, this treatment showed less embryonic mortality percentage incomparison with other experimental treatments and There was significantly(P<0.05) increase in weekly and Cumulative feed intake of birds that werehatched from injected eggs with ( folic acid ,threonine amino acid) during thesecond ,fourth and fifth week were as ,the treatment of pyridoxine injectionshowed less mortality percentage compared to other experimental treatments .2. Treatment of folic acid and threonine and pyridoxine injection showedsignificant (P<0.05) increases in the dressingpercentage, weights of breast,thigh and edible viscera comparison with other treatments.3. There was significantly(P<0.05) increase in red blood cells number,hemoglobinconcentration package cells volume of broilers that were hatchedfrom egg injection with (folic acid plus threonine) at 3 and 5 weeks of agecompared to other treatment While , Treatment of Pyridoxine eggs injectionshowed highest mean of white blood cells at 3 weeks of age, whereas,treatment of Pyridoxine and folic acid eggs injection proceeding otherexperimental treatment in highest mean of white blood cells at 5 weeks of age .4. There was significantly(P<0.05) increase in total protein concentration,glucose ,Globulins, and less uric acid concentration and cholesterol in chicksblood serum of folic acid and threonine egg injection treatment at 3 and 5weeks of age in comparison with other treatment. Whereas, there were nosignificant effect of egg injection on triglycerides concentration and on T3 andT4 hormone in broiler blood serum.5. There was no significantly effect of egg injection with nutritive on low densityfatty proteins concentration whereas,the negativecontrol treatment showedhighest concentration of low and high proteins at 3 and 5 weeks of agecompared to other experimental treatments.6. T4 hormone concentration in hatchingbroiler blood serum of threonineinjection treatment increased significant (P<0.05) at 3 weeks of age ,whereas,T4 hormones concentration was higher respecting treatment of folic acid andthreonine injection at 5 weeks of age in comparison with other treatment.7. There was significantly (P<0.05) increase in phosphorus ,calcium and ferricconcentrations in blood serum of the hatchingbroilers of folic acid andthreonine egg injection treatment at 3 and 5 weeks of age in comparison withother treatments.C8. There was significantly (P<0.05) increase in the villus lengths cryptsdepth ofjejunum of the boilers Caracasrespecting Folicacid and Threonine injectiontreatment in comparison with other treatment.According to the firstexperiment results and choosing the best treatment of egginjection with nutritive, the second experiment was carried out .the treatmentof this experiment whereas follows : 1. Firsttreatment : hatching eggs injection with (30μg of threonine, 250g of folicacid) per an egg.2. Secondtreatment : hatching eggs injection with (5 μg of arginine) per an egg.3. Thirdtreatment : hatching eggs injection with (5 μg of arginine plus 250 goffolic acid) per an egg.4. Fourth treatment : the control treatment (withoutinjection).Hatching chicks of each treatment were divided in to groups each of threereplicates ( 12 Chicks for each replicates ) .firstgroups chicks were fed at thehatchery ,whereas,second groupschicks were fed after 24 hours at field. Chickswere reared from 1 day after hatching up to 5 weeks of age .the results of thesecond experiment pointed out to : 1. Treatments of injection with arginine and Folic acid and threonine plus folicacid proceeding significantly (P<0.05) in hatching percentage andhatchingchicksweight, whereas, This treatment showed less percentage of lateembryonic mortality in comparison with other treatments. Also, Broiler birdsof Arginine and Folic acid injection treatment showed significantly (P˂0.05)increase in body weight, weekly body again, weekly and Cumulativefeedintake,weekly and Cumulative feed conversion ratio and dressing percentage.Whereas, treatment with arginine and folic acid injection showed less totalmortality mean compared to other treatments. Also, there was significantly(P˂0.05) effect of feeding time on some productive traits. Treatments offeeding at the hatchery showed significant increase in body weight, bodyweight gain, feed intake, better feed conversion ratio and dressing percentagein comparison with treatments of feeding at field after 24 hours.2 - There was a significantly (P˂0.05) effect of interaction between eggs injectionwith nutritious and feeding time on body weight, body weight gain and feedconversion ratio. Treatment of folic acid arginine (hatchery feeding) showedDhighest body weight, body weight gain, better feed conversion ratio incomparison with the control treatment (Field Feeding after 24 hours).Treatment of arginine injection (HatcheryFeeding) was highest dressingpercentage, whereas there was no significant effect of interaction on feedintake and total mortality.3 - Treatment of threonine and folic acid injection showed a significantly (P˂0.05)increase in bird’s body fullness, gizzard weight and Fabricia gland. Whereas,treatment of arginine and folic acid injection showed a significantly (P˂0.05)increase in breast fullness liver and heart weight in comparison with othertreatments.4 - Feeding time affected significantly (P˂0.05) on some carcasses traits. Carcassesof feeding at hatchery treatment were better significantly in body fullness,breastfullness, and heart, liver, gizzard, and Fabricia gland and pancreasweights. Whereas, carcasses of feeding at field treatment were of high pad fatweight. There was no significant effect of interaction between injection andfeeding time on carcasses traits.5 - There was a significant (P˂0.05) increase in red and white blood cells numbers 3days and 5 weeks of age and in hemoglobin concentration at 5 weeks of agerespecting the treatment of arginine and folic acid in comparison with othertreatments. Control treatment exceeded in Heterophil cells\ lymphocyte cellspercentage at 3 and 5 weeks of age compared to treatments.6 - There was a significantly (P˂0.05) effect of feeding time on some cellular bloodcharacteristics. Treatment of the field feeding exceeded in red blood cellsnumbers, hemoglobin concentration and Heterophil cells\lymphocyte cellspercentage at 3 days and 5 weeks of age. Whereas, treatment of the hatcheryfeeding exceeded in white blood cells numbers compared to treatment of thefield feeding after 24 hours.There was no significantly (P˂0.05) effect ofinteraction between injection and feeding time on the cellular bloodcharacteristics at 3days of age, whereas this interaction affected significantly(P˂0.05) on the white blood numbers and Heterophil cells\lymphocyte cellspercentage at 5weeks of age.E7 - Treatment of arginine and folic acid injection exceeded significantly (P˂0.05)in serum total protein concentration at 3 days and in total proteinconcentration, uric acid and GPT, GOT enzymes in blood plasma at 5 weeksof age. Treatment of threonine and folic acid in comparison with othertreatments.8 - Feeding time affected significantly (P˂0.05) on biochemical bloodcharacteristics. Treatment of the hatchery feeding exceeded in glucoseconcentration and total protein at 3 days of age and in total protein concentration and uric acid at 5 weeks of age. Treatment of the field feeding exceeded in blood serum cholesterol concentration in comparison with thetreatment of hatchery feeding. There was no significant (P˂0.05) effect ofinteraction between injection and feeding time on the biochemical bloodcharacteristics at 5 weeks of age. 9 - There was a significant (P˂0.05) increase in villus Length and crypts Depth of the intestinal jejunum of comparison with of threonine and folic acid injection treatment in comparison with other treatments. Treatment of the hatchery feeding exceeded (P˂0.05) respecting those traits compared to the field eeding treatment. There was a significantly (P˂0.05) effect of interaction (TheHatchery Feeding) and feeding time villus, length and crypts Depths werehighest at 1 and 5 weeks of age.

تاثير التلقيح ببعض الفطريات المعزولة من الترب الزراعية في المعالجة الحيوية للترب الملوثة بالمخلفات النفطية في محافظة البصرة == Effect of inoculation by some fungi isolated from agricultural soils in the bioremediation of contaminated soils with oil waste in Basrah

Author name: هدى حاكم سعدون الاسدي
Supervisor name: ميعاد مهدي الجابري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: For the purpose of identifying the efficiency of inoculation different genus of fungi isolated from agricultural areas in the bioremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon nearby regions from some the oil fields in the province of Basrah, southern Iraq, and the impact on plant growth as has been selected sites west of Qurna fields and North Rumaila fields, mixed with non - contaminated soil from the same areas at rates of 100% and 75% and 50% to reduce the pollution of oil hydrocarbons ratio.Isolation and purification of two species from fungus Aspergillus (A. niger and A. versicolor), Trichoderma viride and Penicillium citrinum from Five of agricultural areas (Shatt Al - Arab, Garma Ali, Al - Zubair, Al - deer and Abu Al - khaseeb) and studied the possibility of its adaptation and its growth in nutritional media contaminated with the quality of the two regions of oil each separately and inoculated the soil treatments that represent percentages above and inoculated at a temperature of 25 ᵒC to study the total numbers of bacteria and fungi and CO2 amount from Activity microbial in soil and estimated the amount of hydrocarbons broken by the inoculation process fungal soil every 10 days for 60 days of incubation.Agricultural experiment carried out by tested the most efficient of the two fungi in degraded hydrocarbons for each soil and for each contamination level in addition the treatment of a mixture of the most efficient of the two fungi and control treatment (without pollination), left after the treatments for two months with maintaining the humidity at around 75% of field capacity in a way to compensate the weight loss and planted them maize seeds Zea mays L. class Bhooth 106 and after 45 days of germination was estimated proportion of hydrocarbons broken and some parameter of plant growth as a rate of plant length, dry weight of the shoot and the quantity N, P and K absorbed in plant. Were obtained the following results : 1. increase the number of the total fungi and bacteria with time in soils inoculated with isolated fungi to Limit 60 days compared to the control treatment in which the increase lasted only 40 days in the pollution levels of 75% and 100%, while the increase continued to 60 days at the level of 50% of all pollination treatments, including the control treatment.2. increase the amount of CO2 liberated from Bioactivity with time in soil inoculated fungal treatment compared with control treatment and fungal isolates varied in their efficiency to stimulate biological activity, and mitigate pollution of soils to the extent of 50% contributed to the increase in the vital activity of soils represented an increase of the amount of the liberated CO2 .3. inoculation contaminated soils fungal isolates led to increase petroleum hydrocarbon ratio analysis with time and varied fungal isolates in their ability to biodegraded hydrocarbon wholly followed the following sequence : Aspergillus niger > Penicillium citrinum > Trichoderma - viride > Aspergillus versicolor in the soil of North Rumaila and sequence : Penicillium citrinum < Trichoderma viride < Aspergillus niger <Aspergillus versicolor in soils west of Qurna fields and gave the pollution level 50% higher analysis of petroleum hydrocarbon ratio compared to levels of 75% and 100%.4. Inoculate all levels of contamination by fungal isolates most efficient led to increasing lengths and dry weight of the plant maize and increase the quantity absorbed N, P and K by the plant and were observed increase in the proportion of hydrocarbons degraded at the end of the agricultural experiment.5. Soil North Rumaila showed a response to the inoculation of fungi in all levels of contamination of soil over Western Qurna fields in terms of the total numbers of fungi and bacteria and amount of the liberated CO2 and hydrocarbon ratio degradation as well as an increase in parameters of all the maize plant growth.6. The fungus Penicillium citrinum and Trichoderma viride Showed more efficient in increasing the activity and bioremediation in soil Western Qurna fields, while the fungus Aspergillus niger is the most efficient in the soil of the North Rumaila

تاثير التسميد الفوسفاتي والعضوي في صور فسفور التربة وعلاقتها بجاهزية لمحصول الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L في بعض الترب الكلسية == Effect of Phosphate and Organic Fertilization on Soil Phosphorus Forms and its Relationships With its Availability to Corn Crop (Zea mays L.) in Some Calcareous Soils

Author name: هبة كلف رزاق القريشي
Supervisor name: هيفاء جاسم حسين التميمي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: For the purpose of phosphorus forms Knowledge in Basra Province Soils, and effect of phosphate Fertilization with Concentrated Super phosphate and Organic Fertilization with cow manure on Phosphorus Forms ,the study was carried out with in three sectors : - First : Field study : Soil samples were taken from tweleven location in Basra province, 1/Gurna,2/Medayna,3/Diar,4/Hartha,5/Garmat Ali,6/Garmat Ali - Basra University,7/Brahdia,8/Tanoma,9/Abul - Khaseeb - Hamdan,10/ Abul - Khaseeb - Center,11 /Seeba ,and 12/ Fao. Soil properties wer determined and different forms of soil phosphorus were extracted Which were soluble phosphorus ,phosphorus associated with Calcium (Ca - P),Phosphorus associated with aluminium (Al - P) ,Phosphorus associated with iron (Fe - P), available phosphate (Av - P), Mineral phosphate(M - P) ,organic phosphate (O - P), residual phosphate (R - P), and total phosphate (T - P) .Second : Effect of phosphate and organic Fertilization on phosphorus forms : - Laboratory experiment was conducted by using two levels of phosphate fertilizer (0,0.65gmPkg - 1 soil) as concentrated super phosphate and two levels of cow manure (0,2.5%) for all studied soils. Soils wer inculcated at 30ºc for one month . Soil phosphorus forms were extracted and determined .Third : Effect of phosphorus forms on Maize growth parameters : - Biological experiment was conducted by using maize crop (Zea mays L.) according to factorial experiment with complete design including the following factors [soil*(phosphate fertilizer, cowmanure, * phosphate fertilizer cowmanure with control) *replicates](10*2*2*3) summing to 120 experimental units, after exclusion Seeba and Fao soils because of their high Salinity .Two levels of phosphate fertilizer were used (0,100kg P ha - 1) as concentrated super phosphate , and two levels of organic fertilizer (0,30ton ha - 1)as cow manure mixing with Soils. Nitrogen was added at rate of 320 kg N ha - 1 as urea with two doses For all soils , first dose at planting (15/3/2015) mixing with soil and the second dose after one month of planting with irrigation water .Potassium was added with rate of 120kg K ha - 1 as potassium sulfate mixing with soils at planting .Plants were harvested after 60 days and shoots were dried at 65ºc inIIoven and dry matter was recorded. Dry Shoots were digested and phosphorus concentration was determined , and phosphorus uptake was Calculated.The results of the study showed the following : - 1 - Soluble phosphorus concentration values ranged between (0.27 to 1.85) mg L - 1 with a mean value of 0.99 mg L - 1, phosphorus associated with Calcium between (104.40 to 226.10) mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 169.16 mg kg - 1 , phosphorus associated with aluminium between (0.42 to 0.99) mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 0.70 mg kg - 1 , phosphorus associated with iron between (0.09 to 0.76) mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 0.38 mg kg - 1 , Available phosphorus between (10.10 to 25.65) mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 18.11 mg kg - 1 , mineral phosphorus between (139.57 to 250.40 ) mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 198.27 mg kg - 1 ,organic phosphorus between (50.12 to 89.70)mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 77.62 mg kg - 1 , residual phosphorus between (6.00 to 12.00)mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 8.91 mg kg - 1 and total phosphorus between (229.27 to 306.88) mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 275.88 mg kg - 1 .2 - Result of simple correlation coefficient (r) Showed that soil salinity had significant effect in phosphorus associated with Calcium (r=0.589*), and negative correlation with available phosphorus (r= - 0.641*). Calcium Carbonate content had a high significant effect on phosphorus associated with Calcium (r=0.992**), mineral phosphorus (r=0.899**), and total phosphorus (r=0.880**),and high negative correlation with available phosphorus (r= - 0.965++) and organic phosphorus (r= - 0.774++) . Organic matter had a significant effect on available phosphorus (r= 0.837++) , organic phosphorus (r=0.924++) , and total phosphorus (r=0.773++) , and negative significant effect with phosphorus associated with calcium (r= - 0.887++) , and mineral phosphorus (r= - 0.895++) . Soil pH ,CEC , Sand , Silt , and clay showed no significant effects on Soil phosphorus forms.3 - Laboratory experiment results showed that soils and fertilizing treatments (phosphoric , organic , and their interactions) had significant effect on phosphorus forms in studied soil . Effect of fertilizing treatments was followed the following : - Phosphate and organic fertilization > organic fertilization > phosphate fertilization .III4 - Soil and fertilizing treatments (phosphoric, organic, and their interactions) had significant effect on dry matter of shoot of corn crop, phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus uptake. Fertilizing treatments were taken the same manor in increasing of dry matter , phosphorus con centration, and phosphorus uptake as following : - Phosphate and organic fertilization > organic fertilization > phosphate fertilizationphosphorus uptake was taken the following arrangement in the studied soils : - Diar > Medayna > Brahdia > Tanoma > Hartha > Gurna > Garmat Ali - Basra University > Abul - Khaseeb - Hamdan > Abul - Khaseeb - center> Garmat Ali.5 - Result of statistical analysis of simple correlation coefficient (r)showed that phosphorus forms had no significant effect on dry matter of corn shoot and phosphorus concentration ,While phosphorus uptake gave high significant correlation with available phosphorus (r=0.959**) and organic phosphorus (r=0.954**).

دراسة تصنيفية وبيئية للحشراث القشرية Hemiptera : Sternorrhyncha : Coccoidea مع الاشارة الى بعض مفترساتها في محافظة البصرة == TAXONOMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF SCALE INSECTS ( HEMIPTERA : STERNORRHYNCHA : COCCOIDEA ) WITH REFERENCE TO SOME PREDATORS IN BASRAH PROVINCE

Author name: هاشم مهاوي طعمة العبادي
Supervisor name: علاء صبيح جبار | اياد عبد الوهاب عبد القادر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A taxonomic and ecological study to scale insects was conducted with reference to predatory efficiency for four types of predators in the eight areas in Basra province it is( AL - Mdayna , AL - Hoer , Al - Qurna , AL - Deer , AL - Hartha , AL - Garma , Shat AL - Arab , Abu AL - Khseb ) during the period from October 2014 to September 2015 and show that there is a five types of scale insects belong to three families : Order : Hemiptera Suborder : Sternorrhyncha Superfamily : Coccoidea 1 - Family : Diaspididae Genus : Parlatoria Parlatoria blanchardi white scale insect on the palm Parlatoria crypta brown scale insect on the oleander Genus : Duplachionaspis Duplachionaspis graminella scale insect on the reeds Family : Phoenicococcidae - 2Pheonicococcus marlatti red scale insect on the palmFamily : Asterolecaniidae - 3Palmaspis Phoenicis green scale insect on the Palm Taxonomic study showed that there is difference diagnostic a clear between the species , genus and families found during the survey . The results pointed clearly of ecological study that the types of scale insects are located throughout the year on their hosts plant in Basra province .The highest density of numerical insects was recorded in month of June and it reached about 300.0 adult and 93.6 nymph per inch2 on variety khathraoe in the Al - Madayna area of scale insect Parlatoria blanchardi and 91.6 adult /inch2 , 25.0 nymph/inch2on variety khathraoe in the AL - Qurna area of scale insectbPalmaspis phoenicis , 11.6 adult/leaf , 6.0 nymph /leaf on Oleander plant in the Al - Qurna area of scale insect Parltoria crypta , 63.0 adult /inch2 , 5.3 nymph/inch2 on reed plant in November in the Al - Mdayna area of scale insect Duplachionaspis graminella . The less intensity of numerical insect recorded in February .It was 130.3adult/inch2 and 20.3 nymph /inch2 on variety khathraoe in the Al - Mdayna area of scale insect Parlatoria blanchardi , 42.6 adult /inch2 , 6.6 nymph/inch2 on variety khathraoe in the Al - Qurna area at scale insect Palmaspis phoenicis , 5.3 adult /leaf , 0.0 nymph /leaf on Oleander plant in the Al - Qurna , 26.6 adult /inch2 and 0.3 nymph /inch2 on reed plant in Al - Mdayna area . The study was in clued the efficiency of predatorys as following : Coccinella septempunctata which appeared during the months March , April , May and June. Pharoscymnus setulosus and Cybocephalus rufifrons which appeared during the months May, June , Jule , August , September, October and November . The predatory efficiency of first predator was 16.6 insect/day ,to the second 16.0 insect /day and the third 13.0 insect /day on white scale insect then , 17.3 , 17.0 and 13.3 insect /day respectively on green scale insect . And the predatory efficiency to Tenebrio molitor was 3.3 insect /day on red scale insect .

اختبار التاثير التثبيطي لبروتين المناعة IgG لحليب الابل ضد السم العصبي A المفصول من عزنة محلية لبكتريا Clostridium botulinum == Testing the inhibitory effect of immunoglobulin IgG for camel?s milk against the neurotoxin type A separated from a local Isolate of Clostridium botulinum

Author name: نورس محمد حسن عبد الصمد التميمي
Supervisor name: امال كاظم غضبان الاسدي | حيدر ابراهيم علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Sixteen local isolates of Clostridium were isolated from sources : soil , meat and honey .Those sources were obtained from different districte in Basrah government.Characterization of isolates were made after purification by using morphological and biochemical tests which revealed that the isolates were Clostridium botulinum.The microscopic test appeared that all isolates are bacilli Gram positive, obligate , anaerobic ,forming spores and motile. There are colonies had wide spread form with ir regular border when grown of blood agar and egg yolk agar and looked transparent to gray. The biochemical tests revealed that the isolates are β - heamolysis, lipid hydrolyzed, produced H2S, most of them were negative in indole production, nitrate reduction, starch hydrolysis and catalase production. They were grown in pH(4 - 6),temperature(10,30,42) °C and NaCl (4 - 10)% . They not fermented lactose, galactose, amygdalin, Ribose, Inositol, Manose, Melibiose, Sorbitol, Salcin, Rafinose, Xaylose and Rhamnose. But they were fermentated Glucose, Maltose and Cellubiose. They were sensitive for some antibiotics like Erethromycin, Refampin, Metronidazol, Clindamicin, Tetracyclin, Penicillin and Chloramphnichol , but they were resistant for Gentamycin , Nalidixic acid and Trimethoprim.Used for Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the bacterial isolates by extraction of DNA and electrophoresis by using agarose, seven isolates of Clostridium botulinum were elected because they appeared difine band of DNA. After that the gene wich responsible on neurotoxin A was detacted by using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis using agarose, the isolate Cl.5 of Clostridium botulinum wich was isolated from the soil of Agriculture College field, was elected because of its clear band which was (101) bp with the band of the primer of the gene of neurotoxin A.Neurotoxin A was produced by the isolate Cl.5 using the inoculums medum : (casein hydrolysis, yeast extract, glucose ,dis. water) and production medium; (casein hydrolysis, yeast extract, dis. water) with cold glucose solution 10% and using anaerobic conditions with 37°C for 4 days. The protein of extracted neurotoxin was (0.14 - 0.93) , then the extract was precipitated by ammonium sulphate %60 and the protein was (0.18 - 0.22) ,finally the neurotoxin was purified by ion exchange using DEAE Sephadex A - 50 only one protein peak wasappeared in the void volume , the protein was(0.27) . The activity of the three samples of neurotoxin A the crude ,precipitated and purified was assayed by bioassay using mouse , all the samples revaled high activity by appearing of of intoxication then death . But the purified neurotoxin appeared the highest activity because the mouse died after 3 hr . while the precipitated toxin after 8 hr using and after 10 hr using the crud toxin Stadying minimal leathal dose (MLD) by using concentrations of purified toxin , the concentration 0.1 revealed minimal activity because the mouse died after 3.41 hr .Finally the inhibitory effect of immunoglobulins of camel milk against neurotoxin A was studied by using passive haemagglotination and bioassay , immunoglobulin had agreat activity to inhibite the neurotoxin A.

دراسة تاثير المخلفات النباتية والحيوانية والفطر الاحيائي Trichoderma viride في مكافحة مرض تعفن جذور الباميا المتسبب عن الفطر Macrophomina phaseolina == A study of effect of plant and animal residues and the bioagent Trichoderma viride in controlling okra root rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina

Author name: نور مهدي صالح المالكي
Supervisor name: ضياء سالم علي الوائلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aimed to use plant and animal residues and bioagent Trichoderma viride against pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina which caused okra root rot disease in pots and field and to detect the active compounds in okra leaves by GCMS technique.Three pathogenic fungi were isolated from infected plants, they were M.phaseolina , Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani .The fungus M.phaseolina gave the highest percentage of occurance and freguencywhich were 55 and 66.67% .The pathogenicity test showed that M.phaseolina led to decrease germination pereen and increase damping - off up to 20 and 26.67% respectively, compared to control treatment which was 80 and 0% respectively.The results explained that the animal manure (F) , rice (R) and wheat (w) led to increase the germination percent up to 66.67% , 60 and 53.3% respectively compared to control treatment which was 40% , the fresh weight also increased in the same treatments up to 1.36 , 1.25 and 1.28 gm respectively compared to control which was 0.64 gm .It was founed the less infection intensity with M.phaseolina in pots was noticed in the treatment RTv (bioagent +rice) and FTv (bioagent+animal manure), it was 0% compared to control treatment which was 90%, which the highest shoot weight and plant height were noticed in the treatment FTv which were 6.22 gm and 32.03 cmrespectively compared to control which were 1.33 gm and 22.55 cm. The field experiment results revealed that the less infection intensity was observed in the treatment FTv which was 0% compared to control which was 62.22% .The treatment RTv gave a high shoot weight which was 156.11 gm compared to control which was 46.39 gm, while the high plant height was obsrved in the treatments RTv and FTv which were 73.9 and 71.98 gm respectively compared to control which was 40.33 gm. It was also founed that the high plant production was noticed in the treatment RTv and FTv which were 64.53 and 63.10 gm respectively compared to contorl which was 1.44 gm.From the other hand ,the total chlorophyl was noticed in the treatment RTv ,R,FTv,wTv and F which were 1728,224 ,1629.96,1454.442,1377.884 and 1281.168 mgm/100gm fresh weight respectively compared to 359.9 mgm/100gm fresh weight. The results of phenotic compouneds detection in the plant leaves by using GCMS technique revealed a presence of some compouneds such as Pentanol, 1,2,4 Triazole and Cyclohexanol with the treatments RTv,FTv and wTv ,these compouneds were not been recorded in the other treatments.

تاثير نظم الحراثة في نمو وحاصل الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L المزروعة بطريقتي المروز والسطور . == Effect of Tillage system on the growth and production of corn (Zea mays L. ) that cultivation by ridge and seed drilling

Author name: نور صالح عبد الجليل حسون الحميداوي
Supervisor name: شاكر حنتوش عداي | وليد عبد الرضا جبيل
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: field experiments was conducted in Almdiana district in autumn season 2014 - 2015 in ALmalha Irrigation project , to study effect the tillage system in the growth and yield of ( Zea mays L. ) that cultivated by ridge and seed drilling .The tillage system represent the main plots while the planting methods represent the sub - plots .The tillage system includes four plows namely, subsoiler , combined subsoiler , moldboard plow , harrowing chisel and zero tillage. The methods of planting include idge and seed drilling , The results were analyzed using complete randomize design within split - plots.The results showed that the tillage and planting methods them significantly effected on soil physical properties ( soil bulk density , penetration resistance , Ec and pH ) but the interaction was not significant .The highest soil bulk density was recorded for zero tillage and for the three periods of sample collection . the values of the soil bulk densities are 1.399 Mg.m - 3 while the lowest values were record for the combined subsoiler plow , the values are 1.254 Mg.m - 3 . For the other tillage being medium the values for the subsoiler plow are 1.346 Mg.m - 3 , they are harrowing chisel 1.336 Mg.m - 3, and moldboard plow are 1.316 Mg.m - 3 .For soil penetration resistance, the results showed that the combined subsoiler surpassed the other tillage in reducing soil penetration resistance , the values are 360.370 KN/m2 for the three periods respectively . while zero tillage treatment gave the highest values which they are 502.407 KN/m2 for the three periods respectively .The combined subsoiler plow also surpassed the other plow types in reducing Ec and pH . the lowest values were recorded for combined subsoiler , while the heights values were recorded for zero tillage.The results also showed that the tillage and planting methods significantly Effected the plant growth and production parameters , while the interaction was not significant in its effect on the studied parameters. The combined subsoiler surpassed the other plowing methods in all plant parameters studied which they are plant height , leaf area , ear length , number of ears per plant , seed production , biological production , number of seeds per row

تاثير الرش بحامض الجبرليك وكلوريد الكالسيوم في الحاصل والصفات النوعية والقابلية الخزنية لثمار السدر صنف تفاحي Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. cv. Tufahi == Effect of Sprying Gibberellic Acid and Calcium Chloride on Yield, Qualitative Characteristics and Storage Ability of Jujube Fruits Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. cv. Tufahi

Author name: نضال ريسان حريز سحالة
Supervisor name: ضياء احمد طعين | ماجد عبد الحميد ابراهيم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted on 12 - years old jujube trees "Ziziphus mauritiana Lam." , cv. Tufahi which were grown in a private orchard situated at AL - Sedea District , Basrah Governorate during the growing season 2013 - 2014. The aim of the study will to investigate effects of spraying gibberellic acid at the concentrations of 25 mg/l , 50 mg/l and calcium chloride at the concentrations of 1% , 2% and their combinations on yield and some vegetative , physical , chemical , physiological characteristics and the storage ability of fruits.Results could be summarized as follow : - A - Field experiment1. The results of study showed significant effect of spraying gibberellic acid on all the studied parameters with the treatment of 50 mg/l gibberellic acid recording the highest significant increase in leaf area , leaf water content ,leaf fresh and dry weights, total carbohydrates and the length , diameter , fresh weight , volume of fruits in addition to the water content, sucrose of fruits and the amount of yield.2. Treatment of 2% calcium chloride gave the highest significant increase in vitamin C concentration, total carbohydrates of leaf and calcium and chloride concentrations in fruit.3. Control treatment recorded the highest significant increase in dry mater , total soluble solids , total and reducing sugars, respiration rate and invertase and cellulase activities and carotene concentration in fruit skin .4. The period after full bloom factor had a significant effect on the studied vegetative parameters with the period of 10/2/2014 recording the highest significant increase in fresh weight of leaf, leaf area, carbohydrates content.The period of 10/12/2013 had a significant increase in water content per leaf.5. The combination treatment of 50 mg/l gibberellic acid and the period of 10/2/2014 recording the highest significant increase in leaf area and leaf water content. The combination treatment of 2% calcium chloride and the period of 10/2/2014 was superior in carbohydrates content while the combination treatment of untreated fruits and the period of 3/2/2014 gave the highest activity of cellulase.B - storage experiment1. Controle treatment recorded the the highest significant increase in total soluble solids , total and reducing sugars , loss in weghit of fruits , the percentage of ripening progress and it was the highest deteriorated treatment.2. Treatment of 2% calcium chloride gave the lowest significant increase in Physiological disorders, fungal decay and loss inweight of fruits.while fruit treated with 50 mg/l gibberellic acid retained the highest percentage of water content.3. The combination treatment of untreated fruits and storage period gave the highest significant increase in the percentage of physiological disorders and fungal decay, loss in weghit of fruits , the percentage of ripening progress and the lowest percentage of water

دراسة محتوى الاحماض الدهنية في زيوت بعض الاسماك في بيئتين مختلفتين في مدينة البصرة، العراق == Study of Fatty acid content in oils for some fishes from different environments in Basrah, Iraq

Author name: ندى رافد عثمان
Supervisor name: امجد كاظم رسن | ضياء فالح الفكيكي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study was conducted during the period from October 2013 until September 2014 to estimate the fatty acids for three types of marine fish Acanthopagrus arabicus, Chelon subviridis and Cynoglossus arel also three types of river fish, Leuciscu svorax, Coptodon zillii and Carassius auratus.The results analyzed statistically using statistical program SPSS and using the complete randomized design CRD with three replicates and studied factors tested using the rate least significant difference test R.L.S.D at the level of probability (0.05) where indicated the results of statistical analysis that the presence of difference (P <0.05) in fat content between the species studied except A. arabicus with C. subviridis and A. arabicus with L. svorax and C. subviridis with L. svorax and C. arel with C. zillii as there are no significant differences (P <0.05), the highest percentage of fat in A. arabicus for spring (4.23%) while the lowest rate in C. arel for summer (1.75%), while the humidity was between statistical analysis to the absence of significant differences (P> 0.05) between the fish species except L. svorax with the rest of the species, where they found significant differences (P <0.05) between them, with the highest percentage of moisture in C. arel in summer as it stood at 79.14% and the lowest percentage of moisture in A. arabicus in spring (70.8%), as the results indicated an inverse relationship between humidity and fat by the differences of the seasons and for the most of the species studied. Characterized C. arel for autumn by higher contents of ash (8.1%) and achieved significant differences(P<0.05) between the species except C. subviridis with C. zillii and C. auratus with L. svorax as there were no significant differences (P> 0.05), while the lowest percentage was in L. svorax for winter (1.24%), while, the results of protein content showed no significant difference (P>0.05) except L. svorax with A. arabicus, C. subviridis and C.Barel, C. auratus and C. zillii, as well as C. arel and C. zillii, because there were no significant differences among them, A. arabicus achieved the highest value in spring (20.12%) and the lowest rate it was for C. arel in summer (14.18%).The oil extracted by organic solvent, and the fatty acids estimated using the gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (calculated on the total amount of the fatty acids), the content and the percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) during winter, spring, summer and autumn 25 - 45%, 23 - 40%, 15 - 45%, 40 - 30% respectively, and the proportion of unilateral unsaturated fatty acids double bond MUSA 40 - 15%, 40 - 22%, 18 - 45% and 46 - 27%, respectively, and the proportion of fatty acids multi - unsaturated double bond 35 - 10%, 45 - 13%,17 - 44% and 42 - 20%, respectively .the palmitic acid C16 : 0 occupied the highest proportion among the fatty acids during the seasons of the year except autumn, where was the palmitoleic acid the highest one among the acids.The uncommon fatty acids studied also during the four seasons and8 - Octadecenoic acid has won the highest one among all the fatty acids in the seasons except winter, which saw Heptadecanoic acid has the highest rate.The types of omega - 3 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6 n - 3) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20 : 5 n - 3) examined also for the studied fish types during the four seasons where the proportion of EPA high in winter (68.73%), followed by summer as it was 50.59%, while the second type of omega - 3 DHA was the rate of increase convergent during the four seasons, which saw summer the highest rate (49.27%) and the lowest rate was in autumn (40.15%).

تاثير الرش بالسليكون في تحسين التحمل الملحي لصنفين من الطماطة Lycopersicon esculentum Mill المحدودة النمو == Effect of spray silicon on salinity tolerance improvment of two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars growth limited

Author name: ناصر جبير راضي حسين الحسناوي
Supervisor name: مؤيد فاضل عباس | عواطف نعمة جري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This experiment was conducted during two growing season (2015 and 2016) in private farm in Kufa - Najaf, with the objective of improving salinity tolerance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with application of silicon. The study included 40 treatments, while were four levels of irrigation water salinity (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 dS.m - 1) , two tomato cultivars (Aulla and Majid) and five concentration of silicon (0 , 50 , 100 , 150 , and 200 mg l - 1). A split - split plot design was used in a factorial experiment with three factors and three replicates. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance and treatment means were compared using the least significant differences (LSD) at 0.05.The effect of the above treatment were studied on vegetative growth parameters, chemical constituents of leaves, flowering parameters ,yield and yield components, as well as fruit chemical parameters. The results may be summarized as follows : 1 - vegetative growth parameters : Irrigation water salinity at 5, 7.5 and 10.0 dSm - 1 caused a significant decrease in plant length ,number of side branches, leaf number, leaf area as well as fresh and dry weights of the shoot system, for both growing seasons. Treatment with silicon caused a significant increase in all vegetative growth parameters, for both growing seasons. As for the effect of cultivars, the cultivar Majid was superior in all vegetative growth parameters, as compared with cv. Aulla, for both growing seasons. As for interactions among treatments, they were significant in their effects on vegetative growth parameters and for both seasons.2 - chemical constituents of leaves : Irrigation water salinity treatments at 7.5 and 10.0 dS m - 1 caused a significant increase in the concentration of sodium and chloride ions, proline, as well as the plant hormone ABA and potassium ion leakage. However, such treatments caused a significant decrease in K+, Ca++and Si ions total solute carbohydrates and total chlorophylls, and the concentration of both auxins and gibberellins and K+ : Na+ ratio.As for treatment with silicon, at 200 mg l - 1 caused a significant increase in total soluble carbohydrates, total chlorophylls, auxins , gibberellins as well as K+,Na+ and Si ions and for both growing seasons. However, the sane treatment led to a significant decreased in the concentration of Na+ and Cl - ions as well asbfree proline concentration, and ABA levels. Treatment with silicon al so caused a significant increase in K+ : Na+ ratio, but decreased potassium ion leakage. As for the effect of cultivar plants of the cv. Majid had a significantly higher levels of most chemical constituents as compared with plants of the cv. Aulla, with the exception of the concentration of Na+, Cl - , ABA and gibberellins wheres plants of the cv. Majid had the higher levels. As for interactions among treatments, they were significant as there was an increase in the concentration of K+, Si , total soluble carbohydrates, total chlorophylls, auxins , gibberellins and K+ : Na+ ratio for both growing seasons.3 - flowering parameters, yield and yield components : Irrigation water salinity at 7.5 and 10.0 dS.m - 1 a significantly reduced the number of inflorescence, total number of flowers per inflorescence as well as percentage fruit set. This treatments also caused a significant reduction in yield components, represented by number of fruit, mean fruit weight, yield per plant and total yield for both growing seasons. Silcon treatment at 50 ,100,150,200 mg L - 1 significantly increased total marketable yield as much as (18.16, 25.12, 37.18 , 35.82) for first season and (19.26, 30.05, 35.83, 29.09) as compared with untreated treatment for second season, respectively. For cultivars, the cultivar Majid was significantly superior in total marketable yield as much as (19.65, 20.66 and %), as compared with cv. Aulla for both growing seasons respectively. The interactions among treatments, were significant in increasing flowering growth parameters, as well as yield and its components.4 - fruit chemical parameters : Irrigation water salinity at 7.5 and 10.0 dS.m - 1, caused a significant reduction in ascorbic acid concentration and concentration of β - Carotene and Lycopene, it caused a significant increase in total soluble solids, titratable acidity and, percentage dry matter, as well as the. As for application of silicon, it caused a significant increase in all chemical parameters. The cultivar Majid had a significantly higher chemical constituents as compared with the cultivar, Aulla. The interactions among treatments, were significant in increasing the chemical constituents of the fruits.

عزل وتشخيص البكتريا المرافقة لبعض الاصابات المرضية في بعض الاسماك في محافظة البصرة، العراق == Isolation and diagnosis of bacteria associated with some disease infections in some fishes in Basrah Governorate, Iraq

Author name: نادية علي حسين الشمري
Supervisor name: نجم رجب خمیس | اسعد محمد رضا الطائي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The aim of this study was to isolate and identifying the pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria from infected fish, healthy fish and water. One hundred andfifty three healthy and infected fish were collected during the period from October2015 till April 2016, which included seven species viz. : (6) Acanthopogrusarabicus Iwatsuki, 2013; (65) Cyprinus carpio L., 1758; (14) Coptodon zillii(Gervais, 1848); (15) Hypophthalmichys molitrix (Val., 1844); (23) Planilizasubviridis (Val., 1836); (15) Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1758) and (15) Poecilialatipinna (Lesueur, 1821).The samples of water and fishes were collected from seven different stations inBasrah governorate as, Hartha station (Floating cages), Al - Mashab river station,Basrah University station (Terrestrial ponds), Al - Seeba station (Terrestrial ponds),Al - Marbad station (Concrete ponds), Mehaijran station (Terrestrial ponds) andShatt Al - Basrah canal.The environmental properties of water have studied such as pH, the lower valuewas 6.9 in Al - Mashab river station, while the maximum was 8.4 in Al - Seebastation, meanwhile the maximum average was 7.8 in the Shatt Al - Basrah canal. For salinity the range was recorded from 1.5 ppt at Al - Mashab river station and 45.6 ppt at Shatt Al - Basrah canal. Otherwise the maximum value was 35.2 ppt in the same station.The values of temperature were fluctuated from 12 ᵒC in Al - Marbad station to 31.2 ᵒC in the Shatt Al - Basrah canal.The results of the present study appeared that, the fish was infected with different diseases, including : Spring Viraemia of Carp Virus, Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Bacterial Gill disease, Fin rot, Vibriosis, Dropsy, red mouth and Pox disease.The bacteria were identified in the present study using Vitek II system, API kits and biochemical tests. The accurate identification of Vitek II was between 85 - 99% for most bacterial genera, while failing to identify the species of Vibrio.Many bacterial species were identified from infected fish, from Spring Viraemia of Carp Virus disease, five species were identified as Staphylococcus lentus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumoniae and Burkholderia pseudomallei. From Vibrosis disease, seven species were identified as Staphylococcus haemolyticus, V. cholerae, V. alginolyticus, V. costicola, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. From Dropsy disease only one species was identified as Raoultella ornithinolytica. From red mouth disease, three species were identified as Enterobacter cloacae complex, Shigella group and V. cholerae. From Fin rot disease, two species were identified as Aeromonas hydrophila and Aer. sobria. From Diplostomatosis, also two species were identified as V. diazotrophicus and Aer. hydrophila, while from Pox disease, only two species were identified as V. furnissii and Globicatella sanguinis. Finally from Ascocotyle only E. coli was identified.On the other hand, the bacteria were isolated from the water of studying stations and identified as : Staph. lentus, Aer. hydrophila, R. ornithinolytica, V. Alginolyticus, V. furnissii, E.coli, V. costicola , V. gazogenes , B. pseudomallei, V. cholerae , Ent. cloacae¤Aer.sobria, K. pneumniae pneumniae, G. sanguins, E. areogenes, P. aeruginosa.Meanwhile, the bacteria also isolated from healthy fishes and identified as : Aer.hydrophila, E. coli, V. alginolylius, B. pseudomallei, V. gazogenes, P. aeruginosa,Ent. cloacae, K. pneumniae pneumniae and Proteus vulgaris.

تاثير هيومات البوتاسيوم والكبريت في صفات التربة والنمو والحاصل وخزن الطماطة المزروعة تحت الانفاق البالستيكية في المنطقة الصحراوية == EFFECT OF POTASSIUM HUMATE AND SULPHUR ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL , GROWTH, YIELD AND STORABILITY OF TOMATO (Lycopirscon esculentum MILL.) CUITURED UNDER PLASTIC IN DESERT REGION OUTHERN IRAQ

Author name: ميسون موسى كاظم محمد الساعدي
Supervisor name: عبد الله عبد العزيز عبد الله
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present experiment was carried out during two winter grawing seasons (2013 - 2014 and 2014 - 2015) in one of the dry land farms,khor AL - Zubiar Basrah with the objective of studying.The response of the Hybrid tomato (Lycoperiscon esculentum mill.) CV.Hitouf grown under plast poly ethyien to varins fertilizer treatment of organic fertilizer pow humus and inorganic fertilizer Agriculture sulphur .to study of the effect of the fertilizer treatment was on soil physical characteristics,vegetative growth characteristics,flowering and leaf chemical constituents wells quantitative and and quantitative yield ,and storability of behavior of the fruit at room temperature or cold storage .The experiment included nine treatments in afactorial mannes which were the combination of three levels of potassium humate (0 ,255 ,510 kg K.haˉˡ) and three levels of Agricultural sulfur (0 ,205 ,510 kg S. .haˉˡ) the experiment was performeal as factorial with completely randomized block design (CRBD)with three replicater Mean treatment value ware compared using least significant L.S.D at 0.05 level.The results may be sumuarized as follows : 1 - phsical and chemical soil characteristics .The addition of potassium humate at 255 and 510 kg K.hˉˡ caused significant increase in soil water content as compared with control treatment during the second growing season ,wheres the level of 255 kg k.ˉˡ caused asignificant decrease in soil pH as compared with control treatment as well as the level 510 kg K.haˉˡ humate during the first growing season caused asignificant decrease in soil pH,and Ec soil electrical conductivity for both growing seasons,and asignificant in lreane in soil moisture contant the yield growing season .For sulphur treatment ,it was fourd that the addition of Agricultural sulphur at 205 and410 kg S.haˉˡ caused asignificant decrease in soil pH for both growing seasons and a significant increase in soil moisture contant for both seasons as compared with control treatment.However ,sulphur at 500However,sulphur at 410 kg S.haˉˡ caused asignificant decrease in soil Ec during the secand growing.The time period caused asignificant decrease in soil pH and Ec soil during both seasons wheres soil moisture contant increased significant as the time period increased ,2 - Vegetative growth characteristics The addition of K humate at 255 and 510 kg K.haˉˡ caused a significant increase in plant length and number of side shoots during both growing seasons ,as compared with control treatment . Those two levels of K humate also caused asignificant increase in stem diameter ,total leaf number and both fresh and dry weight of the plant during the secand of growing season.However ,K - humate at 72 kg .haˉˡ caused asginificant increase in leaf area during both growing season ,where the increase in total leaf number and fresh weight of the plant was for the first growing season only.Sulphur at 205 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ caused a significant increase in plant length ,leaf area and plant dry weight during both growing season whereas the levels of Khumate had a significant effect with respect to plant from weight during the first growing season ,and total leaf number during the secand growing season.However ,the addition of Khumate at 410 kg S.haˉˡ induced asignificant increase in leaf number of side shoots during the first growing seaeon as compared with the level 205 kg S.haˉˡ and control treatment .The level 410kg S.haˉˡ caused asignificant increase in plant fresh weightduring the second growing season as compared with the level 205 kg S.haˉˡ .3 - flowering characteristics.The addition of K - humate of 255 and 510 kg K.haˉˡ caused a significant increase in number of inflorescens ,number of flowers per inflorescens during both growing season compared with control treatments .However ,both levels reducal the percentage of flower abortion during the first growing season .At 510 kg K.haˉˡ percentage flower decreased as compared with 36 kg K.haˉˡ and control treatment. Sulphur treatment at 205 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ reduced the percentage of flower aboration significant as compared with control treatment during the first growing season.At 410 kg S.haˉˡ ,sulphur ,that was a significant increase in number of inflorescane as compared with contror during the first growing season .cowever ,sulphur had no significant effect on number of flowers per inflorescence during both growing seasons .The interaction treatments had no significant effects ,with the exception of percentage flower aboration during the first growing season.K humate at 510 kg K.haˉˡ caused asignificant decrese in percentage flower abortion as compared with K humate at 255 kg K .haˉˡ during the secand growing season.The addition of sulphur at 205 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ reduced the percentage of flower abortion significantly as compared with control treatment during the first growing season.However, sulphur at 410 kg S.haˉˡ increased significantly the number of inflorescence as compared with control duringthe first growing season .Sulphur had no significant effect on flower number prr inflorescence for both seasons.4 - Leaf chemical constituents.The addition of K humate at both levels(255 and 510 kg K.haˉˡ ) caused a significant increase in total soluble carbohydrates,K+/ Na+ ratio and a significant decrease in chloride ion during both growing season.There was also a significant in total chlorophylls, proline, and percentage of N,P,K,S,Mg and Ca during the first growing season only.There was a significant increase the percentage of K+ and adecrease in Na+ ion during the second growing season .K humate at 510 kg K.haˉˡ caused asignificant increase in total chlorophylls and proline and percentage of S and Ca during second growing season.Plantfertilized with sulphur at 205 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ had asignificantly higher concentrations of total soluble carbohydrates ,total chlorophylls and percentage of N,P,S,Mg during both growing seasons as compared with control plants such treatments also caused a significant increase in percentage K+ ion,K+/Na+ ratio during the first growing season.However ,proline content,Ca++ ion was significantly increased, wheras chloride ion (CLˉ) was significantly decreased due to sulphur fertilization,during the second growing season .Sulphur at 410 kg S.hˉˡ caused a significant increase in percentage of Ca++ during the first growing season,and K+ ion during both growing season in comparison with 250 kg S.hˉˡand control treatment.5 - Quantitative yield.Plant fertilized with K humate at 255 and 510 kg S.haˉˡ had a significantly higher average fruit weight during both growing seasons ,fruit number and plant yield and total yield during the first growing season and early yield during the second growing season however supplying K humate at 510 kg K.haˉˡ had a significantly higher early yield during the first growing season and in fruit number ,plant yield and total yield during the second growing season.As for fertilization with agricultural sulphur, plant fertilized with 250 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ had a significant higher fruit weight as compared with control treatment during both season fruit number ,plant yield during the first growing season and early yield during the second growing season .Sulphur fertilizer at 410 kg S.haˉˡ had a significantly higher fruit number,plant yield and early and total yield during the second growing season compared with control treatment.There was a significant interaction between studied factors in certain characteristics and both growing seasons.6 - Qualitative yield.Tomato plants fertilized with K humate at 255kg K.haˉˡ had a significantly higher total titratable acidity percentage during both growing seasons ,vitamin C contant during the first growing season ,and percentage dry matter during the second growing season in comparion with control treatment.Plants fertilized with 510 kg S.haˉˡ had a significantly higher total soluble solids content during both growing season and in percentage dry matter during the first growing season and vitamin Ccontent during the second growing season.Plant fertilized with agricultural sulphur at both levels (205 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ )had asignificantly highr total titratable acidity during both season asecompared with control treatment, and percentage matter during the second growing season.Plants fertilized with sulphur at 410 kg S.haˉˡ had a significantly higher percentage dry matter and vitamin C content during second growing season.7 - Storage behavior.A - Storage at room temperature 25±1c .Storage at room temperature percentage fruit decay and loss in weight decreased significantly for fruit fertilized with K humate at levels of 36 and 510 kg K.haˉˡ ,and there was an increase in total soluble solids.Also,fruit decay percentage significantly decreased and total soluble solids increased in fruits of plants fertilized with sulphur at 205 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ during both growing seasons,and adecrease in weight loss during second growing season ,however,sulphur at 410kgS.haˉˡ caused a significant decrease in percentage season.Percentage fruit decay ,weight loss and total soluble solids increased ,with increasing storage period during both growing season .However vitamin C content decreased with increasing storage period .B - The cold storage 5±1 c.Both percentage fruit decay and percentage loss in weight decreased whereas total soluble content increased in fruit of plants fertilized with potassium humate at the levels of 255and 510 kg K.haˉˡ significantly as compared with fruit of control plants and for both growing seasons .Also,the percentage loss in weight for fruits of plants fertilized with agricultural sulphur at 205 and 410 kg K.haˉˡ ,decreased significantly for both growing seasons.Percentage fruit decay decreased significantly during the first growing season as well as an increase in total soluble solids during the first growing season.However sulphur at 410 kg S.haˉˡ caused asignificant decrease in fruit decay percentage during the second growing season and an increase in total soluble solids during the first growing season.Decay percentage,percent of weight loss, and total soluble solids and titratable acidity increased with increasing storage period .There was also adecrease in vitamin C contant with increasing the storage period for both growing seasons.The method of storage had a significant effect on studied characteristics,as cold storage caused a significant decrease in percentage fruit decay during both seasons and weight loss during the first growing season ,as compared with storage at room temperature.However,storage at room temperature caused asignificant increase in ascorbic acid content ,and total titratable acidity of the fruit as compared with cold storage and for both growing season .The total soluble content of the fruits increased for there stored at room temperature as compared to cold storage during the first growing season only.

انتاج اغشية قابلة للاكل من بروتينات فول الصويا المركز ولبيدات الذرة البيضاء والكلوكوز واستعمالها في الانظمة الغذائية == Production of Edible Film from Soybean Protein Concentrates with Sorghum Lipids and Glucose and using in Food System

Author name: ميادة عدنان فالح الشبلي
Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Research efforts were directed to the production of - environment - friendly and edible - biological materials to be used in food packaging from protein soybeans. The research also included the impact of oil and wax sorghum extracted as by - product of sorghum grain and sugar glucose on the films properties. This study included three points of discussion.First, Concentrated soy protein was extracted from soybean grains in the form of a yellow fine powder. Its chemical composition was studied and found to contain : protein and fat and ash and moisture and carbohydrates respectively (71.5 , 0.78 , 4.9 , 8.4 , 14.4)% . Also, oil and wax sorghum has been extracted from sorghum grain.Second, concentrated soy protein and glycerol were used as major raw materials in addition to other materials like sorghum wax and oil and glucose were used in the preparation of the edible films in the form of thin layers. The physical, mechanical and thermal properties of this edible film were studied and the results were as follows : 1. The simple soy protein films - without plasticizer - were fragile and difficult to handle. On the other hand, the soy protein films with 4%, 5% and 6% concentrations with 40% from protein weigh glycerol as plasticizer were easy to remove from the plates. Particularly, 5% and 6% concentrations were easier to remove from plates than 4% concentration which was difficult to handle. In general, films were shiny, flexible, transparent, smooth yellowish, has no taste or odor and the presence of free bubbles was noted. It was also noticed that with increased protein concentration from 4% to 6%, the film thickness increased from 0.08 to 0.098 mm, the tensile strength increased from 2.15 to 3.3 MPa, the elongation percentage decreased from 140.0 to 81.7%, the water solubility ranged from 45.9 to 35.0% and water vapor permeability values rose from 8.8 to 9.6 g. mm / m².hr.KPa with a higher concentration of soy protein from 4 to 6%.The first stage from Thermal disintegration begins at a temperature of 116 ºC due to the loss of moisture. The second stage of disintegration starts at temperatures of 190 ºC and attributed to the disintegration of glycerol when the maximum temperature is 289 ºC. While the third stage of disintegration starts overlapping with thedisintegration of the glycerol at a maximum temperature of 385 ºC and attributed to the disintegration of soy protein.2. The complex 5% soy protein films with 2% glycerol plasticizer and sorghum oil or wax concentrations of 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% (weigh/ volume) was found to be characterized by flexibility, smoothness, and easily removed from plates. In addition, it was less transparent and acquired the color of lipid and increased thickness with high wax or sorghum oil concentration. It was also noticed that water solubility has ranged from 38.2 to 32.4% and tensile strength has decreased from 2.5 to 1.1 MPa and elongation percentage has increased from 125% to 138% and water vapor permeability has decreased from 8.9 to 8.6 g.mm / m².hr.KPa with increasing concentration of sorghum oil. On the other hand, it was observed that water vapor permeability has decreased from 8.1 to 6.9 g.mm / m².hr.KPa and water solubility has decreased from 37.2 to 35.2% but the tensile strength has increased from 2.42 to 2.52 MPa and elongation percentage has decreased from 115 to 95% with a increasing concentration of sorghum wax. There are no differences in the thermal decomposition of the films protein complex with oil and wax sorghum compared to simple films protein from soybeans.3. The complex 5% soy protein films with 2% glycerol plasticizer and different concentrations of glucose; 1% and 1.5% and 2%(weigh/ volume) was characterized with sheen, smooth and polished surface with acceptable flavor and brown color. It was also easy to remove from plates but less flexible that simple soy proteins. It was also observed that the thickness of the films was increased from 0.088 to 0.091 mm and water solubility was decreased from 41.2 to 40% and the water vapor permeability was decreased from 8.98 to 8.77 g. mm / m².hr.KPa while the elongation percentage has reached 90%, 92% and 115% and the tensile strength has decreased from 2.7 and 2.3 MPa with increasing glucose concentration. It was also noted that the thermal decomposition this complex is more stable compared with simple films from soy proteins.Third, concentrated The application of the obtained biofilm in Food system : 1. Practical applications were conducted by using solvents of simple and complex soy protein films compound with sorghum oil in covering pear fruit for protection. As a result, the fruit was characterized by glossy, transparent colorless polished smooth and softer texture. The fruits covered withcomplex membranes have the same characteristics but less glossy. This method has extended the shelf life for the fruit by 15 days because of the limited moisture loss change in acidity level (pH) compared to not covered fruits at a temperature (4 - 6ºC) The fruits covered and stored at room temperature are more acceptable compared to non - covered fruits.2. Another application is to use soy protein films - simple and complex - with glucose in the coating of the fish pieces and when stored for a week at refrigerator temperature, the results were higher values of peroxide number for un - coated fish reached 6.2 milli - equivalent / kg compared with the coated pieces with simple membranes reaching 4.8 milli - equivalent / kg and for coated with composite film with glucose peroxide number value reached4.3milli - equivalent/kg. .

العلاقة بين درجة حرارة المحيط ونسبة الرطوبة وبعض المعاير الفسلجية وانتاج الحليب ومكوناته في الابقار المضربة == Relationship between ambient temperature, relative humidity with some Physiological parameters, milk production and composition in cross cows

Author name: مؤيد عبد الواحد جابرحسن الفياض
Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted at Animal Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah and Animal Farm of Aked Agriculture Secondary School, Dhi - Gar Province during the period of 1/10/2013 to 1/7/2014. The aim was to study the relationship between temperature and humidity with daily and monthly milk yield. Milk components as fat, protein, lactose and solid not fat also studied. As well as some physiological and blood parameters included in this study. A total of 28 crossed cows of different age and milking season. Cows were fed available feed within each season, while water was available during 24 hours. Results can be summarized as following : 1 - Minimum recorded THI was during January (53.24 unit) and maximum value was 78 unit recorded during June.2 - Parity had significant effect on daily and monthly milk yield. Cows of fourth parity exceeded those during 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, and 6th parity. However, parity had no significant effect on milk fat, protein, lactose and solid not fat.3 - Calf sex had significant effect on daily and monthly milk yield. Male claves caused increase in milk yield. Calf sex had no significant effect on milk fat, protein, lactose and solid not fat.4 - A negative non - significant correlation between minimumormaximum temperature and daily or monthly milk yield. Daily and monthly milk yield were 4.36 and 128.75 kg during March, while they became 3.11 and 91.10 kg during June. However, temperature showed significant positive correlation with lactose (0.100 and 0.144 with minimum and maximum temperature respectively) and non - significant with either milk fat or protein or solid not fat.5 - A negative non - significant correlation existed between THI and either daily or monthly milk yield, as milk yield decreased from 4.13 and 124.16kg (daily and monthly yield respectively) during January (lowest THI value) to 3.11 and 91.1 kg respectively during June (highest THI value). On the other hand, THI correlated significantly and positively with THI (0.158) but non - significant with milk fat, protein and solid not fat, as they shoed highest values during June.6 - There were positive significant correlation between minimum or maximum temperature and THI with both morning and evening pulsing rate (0.251, 0.328, 0.306, 0.568, and 0.571 respectively). However, they had positive non - significant with rectum temperature.7 - Minimum or maximum temperature and THI showed highly significant correlation with PCV% (0.234, 0.153 and 0.213 respectively) and WBC (0.334, 0.310 and 0.374 respectively).8 - Cortisol correlated positively but non - significant with either minimum or maximum temperature or THI. Highest value of cortisol (4.38 ng/ml) was recorded during June of highest THI and temperatures

دور المستخلصات المائية لبعض النباتات في تحولات النتروجين ونمو نبات الذرة الصفراء L. Zea mays في تربة معاملة بالمخلفات العضوية == Role of Some Plant Aqueous Extract on Nitrogen Transformation and Growth of Corn (Zea mays L .) in Soil Treated With Organic Residues

Author name: مؤيد ابراهيم علي
Supervisor name: عبد المهدي صالح حسين الانصاري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Series of incubation and pots experiments were conducted in laboratories and green house of the college of agriculture university of Basrah , to study the role of plants aqueous extracts of Caper seeds, pomegranate peels , date palm fiber and blady grass rhizomes and chemical nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on nitrogen mineralization , nitrification inhibition, ammonia volatilization addition to growth and N,P,K conc. of corn plant grown in soil sandy loam treated with organic residues of poultry manure, cow manure, alfalfa residue and corn cubs.aqueous extracts were prepared at ratio of 1 : 10 ( plant material : water)and added at conc. of 0.25 ml gm - 1 soil to soil treated with 5% organic residue. Above experiments were repeated by addition of 500 mg N kg - 1soil as (NH4)2SO4 . Soils were incubated at 35 °C for 15,30,45,60 and 75 days . After each incubation period set of samples was withdraw and NH4+, NO3¯ were measured then nitrification inhibition was calculated . Ammonia volatilization was measured at 2,7,14,21,28,35,42,49 and 56 days of incubation. Dry weight, N, P and K conc. in plant was measured after 60 days of corn growth.Results of the study showed : 1 - Application of water extracts of caper seeds, date palm fiber and DCD significantly increased NH4+ - N release from organic residues . Highest increased obtained with caper extract .2 - Higher N mineralization (NH4+, NO3¯ ) was associated with poultry manure as compared with other organic sources.3 - Application of N fertilizer significantly increased of organic N release (NH4+, NO3¯ ) and decreased nitrification inhibition for all treatments.4 - Increasing incubation time significantly increased NO3¯ amount release, but decreased NH4+ amount release and nitrification inhibition .

تاثير الرش ببعض مضادات الاجهاد البيئي في بعض الصفات الفسيولوجية والتشريحية والانتاجية لنخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنف الحلاوي == Effect of Spraying Some Environmental Stress Compounds on Some Physiological and Anatomical and Productivity Characters of Phoenix dactylifera L. CV. Hillawi

Author name: منتهى عبد الزهرة عاتي سدخان
Supervisor name: عل حسين محمد الطه
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in a private orchard at Abu El - Khasseb District, Basrah Governorate during the growing seasons of 2014 and 2015 to investigate the effect of foliar spray of some environmental stress compounds of Fegeamino and Drin at concentrations of (2 and 4 ) ml.L - 1 and Ascorbic Acid at concentrations (500 and 1000)mg.L - 1 on some biochemical , anatomical characters and yield components of date palm cv. Hillawi during the ripening stage of Khalal , Rutab and Tamir. Results showed that Ascorbic Acid treatment at 500 mg.L - 1 recorded significant increases in fruit and flesh and seed fresh weight of the first season, fruit length and diameter of both seasons , moisture content of the first season , dry matter percentage of the second season , potassium to sodium ratio and thickness of inner mesocarp ,whereas Ascorbic Acid treatment at 1000 mg.L - 1 had significant increases in fruit total acidity of the second season , total chlorophyll and carotene pigments concentration of leaf ,proline concentration of leaf , peroxidase activity of leaf , exocarp and outer mesocarp thickness of fruit , bunch weight and total yield of tree at Tamir stage . Results showed also that Drin treatment at 2 ml.L - 1 recorded significant increases in vitamin C concentration of leaf, phosphorus and potassium concentration of leaf , peroxidase activity of fruit , tannin layer thickness, and fruit ripening percentage at Tamir stage , whereas Drin treatment at 4 ml.L - 1 had significant increases in fruit dry matter percentage of the first season , total soluble solids of the second season, free amino acids at Rutab stage , soluble protein of fruit at Khalal stage , total carbohydrates of leaf , nitrogen concentration , ,total chlorophyll concentration of fruit, catalase activity of leaf and fruit, and number of cells in mm2 of inner mesocarp. Fegeameno treatment at 2 ml.l - 1 gave significant increasesin fruit and flesh fresh weight of the second season , fresh weight ,gibberllins concentration, carotene pigment concentration of fruit , cell length and width ,whereas Fegeamino treatment at 4 ml.L - 1 had significant increases in seed weight of the second season , auxins , abscic acid concentration and vitamin C of fruit . Control treatment had significant increases in fruit moisture content of the second season , total soluble solids and total acidity of the first season, soluble protein of leaf and potassium to sodium ratio of leaf . Once and twice and trice sprays of trees with environmental stress compounds gave significant increases in most of the studied characters .Results of the most influencail bio - combination treatments were Fegeamino at 2ml.L - 1 with once spray which gave significant increases in fruit and flesh and seed fresh weight of the second season, fruit length of the first season and cell length ,whereas Fegeamino treatment at 2ml.L - 1 and twice spray gave significant increases in fruit ripening percentage , fruit soluble protine ,leaf potassium to sodium ratio, vitamin C of fruit and cell width , and Fegeamino treatment at 2ml.L - 1 and trice spray had significant increases in fruit dry matter percentage of the first season, carotene pigment concentration, gibbirellins concentration , exocarp thickness and number of cell in mm2 of inner mesocarp.Drin treatment at 4 ml.L - 1 and trice spray increased significantly fruit total acidity, free amino acids , fruit total chlorophyll and carotene pigment concentration and, catalase activity . Ascorbic Acid treatment at 500 mg.L - 1 with twice spray increased significantly fruit and flesh fresh weight of the first season, fruit length and diameter of the second season , and leaf soluble protein , whereas Ascorbic Acid treatment at 1000 mg.L - 1 and trice spray increasedsignificantly bunch weight , total yield, peroxidase activity of leaf and fruit, and catalase activity of leaf. Control treatment of bio - combination gave significant increases in fruit moisture content of the second season and total soluble solids of fruit .Results of protein pattern showed the occurrence of deferential gene expression in which a number of bands appeared on the gel were differed in numbers and location depending on type of treatments .

تقييم بعضالاضافات في تقليل اثر الاجهاد الحراري في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية لفروج اللحم == Evaluation of Some Additive To Reduce The Effect of Heat Stress in Some Productive and Physiological Traits of Broiler Chicken

Author name: مغارب محمد جادر حيمد العيداني
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Education
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This experiment was carried out at the Poultry Field of Animal Resource Department , College of Agriculture , University of Basra from May 1st to Jun, 2014. The objective of this study was to evaluate many treatments and a methods to decrease the effect of heat stress on the productive performance and some blood physiological characteristics of broiler. A total of 216 un sexed chicks of Ross breed one day old were used in this experiment. Chicks were randomly distributed into six treatments (three replicates of 12 birds in replicates) for each treatment. The treatments were as follows : 1. First treatment (T1) : The control group without any supplement.2. Second treatment (T2) : Supplement 1.5 ml of prebiotic per/liter of water for each chick and adlibitum feeding.3. Third treatment (T3) : Supplement 500 mg of Vitamin C per/liter of water for each chick and adlibitum feeding .4. Fourth treatment (T4) : Supplement 200 mg of Vitamin E per/liter of water for each chick and adlibitum feeding .5. Fifth treatment (T5) : Supplement 600 mg of potassium chloride (KCl) per/liter of water for each chick and adlibitum feeding .6. Sixth treatment (T6) : Fasting for 24 hours and follow up with ad labium feeding .The results can be summarized as follows;1. There was a significant effect of treatments on heat - stress reducing the effect of on some productive and physiological traits of broiler (P<0.05) compared to the control group in most traits.2. There was a significant increase in body weight, weekly weight gain ,feed intake and feed conversion ratio as vitamin C was silted compared with other treatments.3. There was a significant decrease in weekly water intake of vitamin C group and vitamin E group in comparison with other treatment.4. Highest values of productive index were obtained by the treatment of prebiotic in drinking water as compared to other treatments group.5. Treatment of vitamin C in drinking water showed the highest values in vit. carcass weights, dressing percentage, heart and liver weights. Whereas, it showed less value of fabrisha gland percentage weight in comparison with other treatments.6. There was no significant effect of treatments using to decrease heat stress on the gizzard percentage weight.7. Treatment of vitamin C add in drinking water showed less body temperature at last three weeks of age in compared with other treatments.8. Treatment of vitamin C add in drinking water showed highest value of RBC, HB, PCV and total protein, whereas it showed less values of white WBC percentage of hetrophile to lymphocyte cells, acid and compared to other treatment cholesterol , uric numbers in comparison with other experimental treatment.9. There was no significant differences in concentrations of serum GOT, GPT. Enzymes in serum treated groups. Whereas, treatment of 24 hours fasting followed up by a libitum feeding till the next day, showed less values of T3 T4 hormone concentration in comparison with other treatments.10. Treatment of vitamin C supplement proceeded in the values of calcium chloride and sodium concentrations in serum plasma, whereas treatment of potassium in drinking water showed highest values of serum potassium concentration compared to other treatments.

استخدام المؤشرات المظهرية والبايوكيمياوية وتقانة التتابعات الداخلية البسيطة ISSR في تقدير التنوع الوراثي لعدد من اصناف نخيل التمر العراقية == Using morphological , Biochemical and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) technique to assess the genetic diversity of some Iraqi date palm cultivars

Author name: نبا عودة حسابة جبر الغزي
Supervisor name: عقيل هادي عبد الواحد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

عزل وتشخيص بكتريا Bifidobacterium bifidum ودراسة تاثير نواتجها الايضية في الحفظ الحيوي لبعض منتجات اللحوم == Isolation and Identification of Bifidobacterium bifidum And Study The Effect Of Metabolic Products In Biopreservation Of Some Meat Products

Author name: مصطفى علي كاظم علي الزبيدي
Supervisor name: نوفل عبد الامير حسين الحلفي | خديجة صادق جعفر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In the current study were obtained Bifidobacterium isolates from soucers including (Human milk and feces of children aged 7 - 43 day) using the selective media MRS NLLP and through morphological , microscopical and biochemical tests including catalase test , production of CO2 gas from glucose test , gelatinase test , producation of ammonium from arginin test , nitrate reduction test and carbohydrate fermentation were obtained 8 bacterial isolates belonging to the genus Bifidobacterium Bifidum.then Conducted confirmatory diagnosis for 8 bacterial isolates using Vitek 2 compact system which stressed the ownership of four of them to bacteria Bifidobacterium bifidum.Metabolic products (Cell free supernatus )were prepared for local and standard bacterial isolates of bacteria Bifidobacterium bifidum and measured effectiveness inhibitory for metabolic products (full bacterial filtrate , bacterial filtrate after removing the effect of hydrogen peroxide, bacterial filtrate after adjusting pH ) Against four types of pathogenic bacteria and bacteria that cause spoilage of food (Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus cereus ,Escherichia coli ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa) The results were as follows : 1 - All metabolic products prepared from local bacterial isolates for Bifidobacterium bifidum bacteria (Three bacterial filtrates) showed significant inhibitory ability against four types of test bacteria. and outperforming to the ability of inhibitory metabolites that prepared from the standard isolation Bb12, gram positive test bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) showed high sensitivity to (Three bacterial filtrates) of the local isolation MB6 in comparing with gram negative test bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.2 - It was noted that the inhibitory diameter of Staphylococcus aureus was The broader to (Three bacterial filtrates) of local isolation MB6 where was (19 , 16, 14) mm respectively Compared to the other local bacterial isolates (MB1, MB3, MB7) superior on the inhibitory diameter of all metabolic products prepared from standard bacterial isolation Bb12 .3 - Metabolic products of local bacterial isolation MB6 showed High inhibitory ability against Bacillus cereus for All filtrates where wasthe inhibitory diameter (17.15, 12.5) mm respectively Compared to the other local bacterial isolates (MB1, MB3, MB7) superior on the inhibitory diameter of all metabolic products prepared from standard bacterial isolation Bb12 .4 - Escherichia coli showed sensitivity to metabolic products of local bacterial isolation MB6 (full bacterial filtrate , bacterial filtrate after removing the effect of hydrogen peroxide, bacterial filtrate after adjusting pH) ) where was the inhibitory diameter (14 , 13 , 11) mm respectively Compared to the other local bacterial isolates (MB1, MB3, MB7) superior on the inhibitory diameter of all metabolic products prepared from standard bacterial isolation Bb12 .5 - Results indicated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most resistant to all filtrates of the local bacterial isolates (MB1, MB3, MB6, MB7) and standard isolation Bb12 compared to other types of test bacteria , all filtrates of local isolation MB6 showed The highest inhibitory diameter where was (13.5, 12, 10.5) mm respectively Compared to the other local bacterial isolates (MB1, MB3, MB7) superior on the inhibitory diameter of all metabolic products prepared from standard bacterial isolation Bb12 .Metabolic product (full bacterial filtrate) for local bacterial isolation MB6 using as a natural preservative against bacterial activity to prolong the storage period to producers of minced meat tablets and Iraqi kebabs for a period of 15 days from the refrigerated storage at a 4 C° using four different concentrations (0.75, 1.5, 2.25 , 3) %, The results were as follows , results of the study showed a significant effect when added metabolic product for Bifidobacterium bifidum bacteria at (0.75, 1.5, 2.25 , 3) % concentrations during storage by cooling on averages of log number of bacteria (total aerobic bacteria , total coliform bacteria , psychotropic bacteria, proteolytic bacteria, lipolytic bacteria) where it was noted that the highest inhibition was at a concentration of 3% for all types of bacteria above respectively for samples of minced meat tablets and Iraqi kebabs. results of the current study, showed a decrease in values of total volatile nitrogen , Peroxide value, acid value with Significant differences as a result of the impact of added metabolic product for Bifidobacterium bifidum bacteria at (0.75, 1.5, 2.25, 3) % concentrations during storage by cooling for fifteen days

عزل وتشخيص بكتريا التسمم البرفرنجي من الاغذية في مدينة Clostridium perfringens البصرة ودراسة خواصها وتحديد الجين المسؤول عن تسمم الغذاء == Isolation and identification of Clostridium perfringens from food in Basrah city and study it's characterization and detection of responsible gene of food poisoning

Author name: مصطفى عدنان عیدان
Supervisor name: قيثار رشيد مجيد | صباح مالك حبيب الشطي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: It was obtained 55 local isolates of Clostridium perfringens out of153 samples taken from different food sources included (meat , chicken ,fish and shrimp and miscellaneous foods).All of the samples were taken from six locally markets in Basrahcity included (Old Basrah , Al - Ashaar market , Al - Assmai market ,Fivemiles market ,Karmat Ali market and Al - Hartha market). Isolation , identification and the studying characteristics tested were carried out after on growing on TSC Agar . All isolates were selected and subjected for studying cultural and morphological in addition to biochemical test were done . All isolates were gave black colonies on the TSC Agar , from all these tests , its indicate that the isolate were belong to Clostridium perfringens. Microscopic examination showed that bacteria were bacilli shape , Gram positive , obligately anaerobic , capsule forming , spores forming , moreover the shapes of spores was oval (subterminal ) internal spores and non - motile .Bacteria were grown on Blood agar medium (5% Sheep blood) , Egg yolk medium , Crossley milk medium , and Reinforced clostridial broth , the results appeared double zone of haemolysis , produced Lecithinase enzyme with clear zone hydrolysis , Clear stormyfermentation , produce hydrogen sulphite (H2S) with black colour for Blood agar , Egg yolk agar , Crossley milk medium and Reinforced clostridial broth , respectively . The isolates bacteria had the ability to reduce nitrate to nitrite , in addition to gelatin liquefaction (liquefaction gelatin after 48 hours) . The isolates bacteria were negative for catalase , oxidase , starch hydrolysis , lipolytic , negative for indole , positive for methyl red , ferment glucose , sucrose , lactose , maltose , galactose and trehalose , however it was non ferment xylose , melibiose , arabinose , salicin, mannitol, and raffinose . Tolerance tests were applied to study the some environmental conditions such as pH (3 - 10) , temperature (8 - 55) C° and NaCl % (0 - 10). Results showed that optimum conditions were (6 - 7) , (37 - 40)C° and (0 - 1) for pH , temperature and NaCl , respectively . The frequently prevalence of these were 48 , 46 , 24 , 23 and 10% for chicken meat , red meat , fish and shrimp , dairy products and miscellaneous foods , respectively . While to the local markets the frequently prevalence were 46 , 44 , 37 , 30 , 32 , 24 % for Karmat Ali , Old Basrah , Hartha , , Five miles ,AL - Ashaar and Al - Assmai , respectively .On the other hand , in this study and the first time new selective medium prepared instead of TSC Agar which used Neomycin antibiotic instead of Cycloserine . The new medium showed good results compared with TSC Agar because it was cheap , efficient , precise in isolation and identification tests and shortly of the isolation time .Susceptibility antibiotics tests toward 30 antibiotics was assayed.The isolates of Closridium perfringens were resistance (100%) for 3 antibiotics Neomycin , Gentamycin , Streptomycin and susceptibility (100%) for 7 antibiotics Cloxacillin , Chloramphenicol , Amoxicillin , Nitrofurontion , Nalidxic acid , Cefotaxime and Vancomycin .The PCR Technique was used to detect the toxins genes that are responsible for food poisoning . The DNA was isolated and identified by using 16S rDNA and cpα toxins .The results showed that the selected isolated contained α toxin thus confirmed this bacteria Clostridium perfringens certainly . The PCR results showed that there were three types in tested isolates . Type A (71.43%) which contain α toxin ,this was responsible of food poisoning . Type B (7.14%) which contain α , β and ε toxins . Type C (21.43%) which contain α and β toxins , however the results of PCR did not show any type for both D (which contain α , ε toxins ) and E (which contain α , i toxins) .

تحضير الجيلاتين من رؤوس وارجل الدجاج وعظام الابل ودراسة تركيبه الكيميائي وخواصه الوظيفية == Preperation Of Gelatin From Chicken Heads And Legs and Camel Bons and Study its Chemical Composition and Functional Properties

Author name: مريم منصور مذكور الحلفي
Supervisor name: منير عبود جاسم الطائي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out to produce animal gelatin from the secondary wastes of chicken and camels. The studied gelatin from chicken heads and legs and camel bones. Gelatin was prepared by the chemical method and the chemical composition, yield, functional and sensory characteristics were measured at storage periods of 0, 20, 40 and 60 days under refrigeration at 4 - 8 ºC. The produced gelatin was introduced into the food systems where it was used to prepare beef burger as an alternative for fillers. The results showed that the highest gelatin yield 8.04 % was produced from chicken waste with no significant difference from 4.60 % yield of camel bones.The results of the chemical composition (protein, lipid, ash and moisture) for the crude gelatin indicated that it contain high percentages of protein which differ significantly according to the source, so as for the other components. Lipid percentage have increased notably in chicken gelatin and reached 3.89 % in comparison with 0.82 % in camel gelatin while the latter was featured by high ash content which reach 5.865 % in comparison with 3.48 % in chicken gelatin.The results also demonstrated that the produced gelatin have good functional properties in solubility, viscosity, gelling capacity, water absorption, lipid binding, emulsification and foaming. Water absorption capacity was higher in chicken gelatin in comparison with camel gelatin and reached 0.90 and 0.48 ml / g , respectively. On the other hand, lipid binding ratio increased in camel gelatin to reach 2.21 in comparison with 2.0 ml oil / g gelatin in chicken gelatin. The two gelatin types were featured by high gelling capacity at 1% for all storage periods where the gelling of camel gelatin was faster and stronger.The produced gelatin was characterized by good sensory qualities (color and odor). Chicken gelatin have a creamy color while camel gelatin have a pale creamy color. The two types of gelatin were featured by being odorless. The produced gelatin was used into food systems by preparing burger which have good sensory quality as shown by good score in the sensory evaluation of flavor, juiciness, color, tenderness and general acceptance.Storage period had no significant effect on the properties of the two types of the produced gelatin as for the chemical composition, functional and sensory characteristics. For the chemical composition, the various chemical components were noticed to increase slightly on behalf of moisture reduction. The functional properties did not influenced largely by storage and the produced gelatin preserved good qualities along the storage period.The results of gelatin amino acid analysis demonstrated that it contained 18 amino acids, the highest concentrations were for Aspartic acid and Threonine in chicken and camel gelatin , respectively. The amino acid Leucine was the lowest in both types of the produced gelatin.The results showed a variation in mineral contents for calcium, magnesium, cooper and iron between gelatin types. Calcium concentration was observed to elevate in chicken gelatin to 125 μg / g dry weight, while it reached 87.5 μg / g dry weight in camel gelatin. An elevation in iron concentration was noticed in camel gelatin in comparison with chicken gelatin with concentrations of 20 and 10 μg / g dry weight, respectively while the two gelatin types were devoid from lead and cadmium.

تصميم وتصنيع وتقييم اداء الة حراثة التربة باعماق مختلفة واضافة السماد العضوي واثرها في بعض خصائص التربة وحاصل نبات زهرة الشمس (Helianthus annus L.) == Design, manufacture and evaluate its mechanical performance an implement operating at different plowing depths and adding manure to the soil and studying its effect on some soil properties and yield of sunflower plant (Helianthus annus L.)

Author name: مرتضى عبد العظيم عبد النبي الفارس
Supervisor name: شاكر حنتوش عداي | كوثر عزيز حميد الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: combined agricultural implement was designed and manufactured in agricultural machines and equipment dept., Agriculture College, Basrah University 2015 A.D. the implement plows and disturbs the soil in different depths. The upper soil depth is plowed while the lower depth is disturbed. The implement is laying the manure on the soil surface and then mixed with soil dawn to the lower point of the depth.The implement consists of a frame, two moldboard plows, two subsoilers and three tines for pulverizing the soil and mixing the manure with it. The machine was provided with two - tons tank for manure. The manure is laid on the soil surface and in the furrow bottom which made by the moldboards plow by manure feeding mechanism.The manure broadcasting (feeding) mechanism was evaluated using four rotational speeds (390, 460, 650, and 890) Revs. min - 1, three implement forward speeds 0.20, 0.27, and 0.37 m sec - 1 and two manure feeding opening areas (150 and 300 cm2)( number of opening are three). The results were analyzed using C.R.D. (2 x 3x 4) for three replicates. The highest manure laying amount (94 tons ha - 1) was recorded for highest rotational speeds of feeding mechanism, (840 Rev. min - 1 ) and lowest forward speed (0.20 m sec - 1) and the greatest opening feeding area (300 cm2).The implement performance was evaluated using R.C.B.D. with three replicates,(2 x 3) (MB depth are 2 x subsoil depth are 3). The biological experimental carried out using implement depths of are 40, 50 and 60 cm. The MB depth are M20 = 20 cm and M30 = 30cm and three subsoilers depth S20, S30, S40 with MB depth of 20 cm and S10, S20 and S30 cm with MB depth of 30 cm accordingly, the implement combinations are M20S20, M20S30 and M20S40 and M30S10, M30S20 and M30S30.The draft force requirements, soil disturbed area and pulverization index of the implement were measured while the energy utilization efficiency, the specific energy, the equivalent energy and the pulverization energy efficiency were calculated.The biological experiment were carried out using two manure levels, three implement operating depths, 40, 50, and 60 cm and six soil depth (2 x 6 x 6). The manure levels are zero (OM0) and 45.50 ton ha - 1 (OM1), the implement combinations depths are M20S20, M20S30, M20S40, M30S10, M30S20 and M30S30 and the soil depths (0 - 10)d1, (10 - 20)d2, (20 - 30)d3, (30 - 40)d4, (40 - 50)d5 and (50 - 60)d6 (cm).The soil was plowed and prepared for planting. The chemical fertilizer was added in a single application before planting. The Seeds of Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) were sowing on 15/9/2015. The Seeds were irrigated using drip irrigation method. The amount of irrigation was applied according to the basin of evaporation, the amount added is 100% of evaporated amount from the basin with 20% extra amount as soil leaching requirement. The crop was harvested after 90 days of the sowing date.The results showed the following : 1) The draft force requirement, the disturbed area and the EUE increased as the depth of MB increased from 20 to 30 cm. The highest values recorded for prior’s parameter are 20.45 kN, 0.29 m2 and 14.34 m3 MJ - 1 respectively.2) The highest values for the draft force requirement, disturbed area and EUE were recorded for machine depth 60 cm. The values are 36.17 kN, 0.59 m2 and 16.41m3 respectively.3) The soil pulverization index (Pi) increased while the specific energy (SE), equivalent energy (eq. E) and pulverization efficiency (P E) decreased when the operating depth of MB increased from 20 to 30 cm. (Pi) increase from18.80 to 27.09 mm and (S E) decreased from 47.70 to 32.00MJ m - 3, (eq. E) 87.30 to 69.80 MJ m - 3 and (P E) 54.70 to 45.90% respectively.4) P.I. increased as the implement depth increased its values are 31.56 and 29.58 mm for treatments M20S40 and M30S30 respectively. SE increased also, and its values are 61.00 and 67.70 kJ.m - 3 while eq E values decreased and its values are 23.53 and 20.84 kJ m - 3 and 38.60 and 30.80% for M20S40 and M30S30 respectively.5) After crop harvesting (end of the season) the moisture content increased to 30.02% for the same treatment but without significant difference with other treatments. The soil moisture content increased with soil depth.6) The manure application increased the total soil porosity, infiltration rate, average of infiltration, while the soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance and ECe decreased with manure application.7) The soil bulk density and the soil total porosity decreased after the plowing operation compared with unplowed soil. After the crop harvesting the soil bulk density increased whereas the soil total porosity decreased, M30S30 treatment recorded the lowest soil bulk density and the highest soil total porosity. The bulk density value is 1.17 Mg m - 3 and the soil total porosity is 55.70%. The soil bulk density decreased while the total porosity increased with soil depth.8) The plowing operation increased MWD compared with unplowed soil. M30S30 gave the highest value of MWD at the end of the crop growing season compared with other treatments. The value of MWD is 0.41 mm. MWD decreased with soil depth.9) The accumulation infiltration and the infiltration rate increased at the end of growth season compared with unplowed soil. M30S30 treatment recorded the highest value for both parameters which they are 423.35 mm and 1.09 m min - 1 at the end of measuring period (240 min) respectively.10) The soil penetration resistance for plowed soil decreased compared with unplowed soil. M30S30 recorded the lowest value (1303 kN m - 2) compared with other treatment. The soil penetration resistance increased with soil depth at the end of growing season.11) The soil Ec of the plowed was lower than that for unplowed soil. M30S30 reduced Ec more than the other treatment. Ec of for M30S30 is 6.77 dS m - 1 Ec of the soil increased with depth at the end of the growing season.12) The plant height, the crop biological yield and seed yield increased considerately for plowed soil treated with manure, compared with plowed soil only. M30S30 gave the highest values for plant height, biological yield and seed yield which they are 143.00 cm, 22.00 ton ha - 1 and 4.02 ton ha - 1 respectively.

تاثير بعض المستخلصات والمخلفات النباتية والحيوانية في اصابة نبات اللوبياء Vigna unguiculata بمرض التعفن الفحمي المتسبب عن الفطر Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. == Effect of some extracts and plant residues and animal manure on charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina(Tassi) Goid

Author name: محمود عودة جعفر
Supervisor name: محمد عامر فياض
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out in Plant Protection Department Labs and Fields of Agriculture College, Basrah University during Nov.2013 - 2014 in order to study the effect of leaves extracts of three plant, Conocarpus, Eucalyptus and Cabbege, as well as, the effect of three types of animal manure (cow, sheep and poultry) for reducing charcoal rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina on cowpea.Six isolates of M. phaseolina were isolated from different host at different regions in Basrah Governorate. Pathogenicity test showed that cowpea isolate was the most virulent against cowpea seedling were disease incidence and disease severity reached to 55.8 and 41.0 % respectively.Laboratory experiments revealed that the Alcohol extract of eucalyptus, conocarpus, and cabbage were effective in inhibition of the growth of Macrophomina phaseolina . The percentage of inhibition reached to 62.4, 60.5 and 52.7 % for eucalyptus ,cabbage and conocarpus extracts respectively .In addition the concentration of (1%) (for all extracts) was more effective in inhibition of the growth of fungus M. phaseolina compared to the concentration of 0.5%.The percentage of inhibition was 79.57% and 38.27% respectively. The results of electrophoresis experiment for the different isolates of M. phaseolina proteins showed a variation among the 6 isolates from different plant in the number and location of protein bands.In pots experiment also it was found that animal manure for( cow, sheep and poultry) decreased the incidence and disease severity caused by M. phaseolina as disease incidence and severity reached 77.5 and 75% in treatment of animal manure for cow, poultry compared to 25% in pathogen treatment and the animal manure for sheep was the best in depreciate the percent of infection and severity for fungus which it was 38.3% and 13.8% respectively compared to 81.2% and 33.5% for pathogen treatment while the residues of cabbage leaves gives 45.0% and 13.7% respectively.Field experiment about the effect of some plants residues and animal manure on M. phaseolina explained that all plants residues and animal manure except poultry manure may leads to increase the percentage of germination compared to pathogen treatment and up of germination ratio registered in animal manure(sheep) treatment which it was 98% and in plants residues in cabbage 72% and the results showed that the treatment of conocarpus is the best in depreciate the infection which it was 10.1%and 5.5% respectively compared to 48.2%and 34.4% for pathogen treatment and eucalyptus treatment,animal manure (sheep) registered 19.6%,10.9%,19.9% and 12.5% respectively . It was also noticed that animal manure and plant residues increase NPK content in cowpea leaves, as the content of the leaves of the major nutrients NPK registered, the highest ratio from Nitrogen registered in the treatment of concarpus leaves followed by poultry manure and sheep manure which was 46.6 , 39.1, 38.9 gm/Kg - 1 respectively compared to 31.9 gm/Kg - 1 for pathogen treatment,the highest ratio registrered to Phosphorus in conocarpus leaves treatment which was 3.1 gm/Kg - 1 then poultry manure and sheep manure 2.3 gm/Kg - 1 and 2.1 gm/Kg - 1 respectively compared to 1.5 gm/Kg - 1 for pathogen treatment while the highest ratio to Potassium registered in sheep manure which it was 27.9 gm/Kg - 1 then eucalyptus leaves treatment 25.1 gm/Kg - 1 .

تاثير الكبريت والكالسيوم وحامض الستريك في تحسين التحمل الملحي وصفات الثمار النوعية Phoenix dactylifera L. والانتاجية لنخيل التمر صنف الساير == Effect of Sulfur, Calcium and Citric acid to Improve Salt Tolerance and Fruit Quality and Quantity of Date palm( Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv.Sayer

Author name: محمد هادي طعيمة رحمه
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير مستويات وطرق اضافة سماد اليوريا في امتصاص النتروجين والبوتاسيوم ونمو وحاصل الطماطة Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. == Effect of Levels and Application Methods of Urea on N and K uptake , Growth and Yield of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Author name: محمد كاظم حسن الخفاجي
Supervisor name: محمد عبد الله عبد الكريم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted in tomato growing station , AL - Zubair region , Basrah Province during the winter season of 2013 - 2014 to evaluate the effect of levels and methods of nitrogen application on N and K uptake , growth and yield of tomato ( Hybrid wogdan ) grown in plastic house . Urea was applied at levels of 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha - 1 at five doses . Methods of application were : 100% N fertilization to soil , ( Foliar +Soil) fertilization ( 25% of each level was applied as foliar and the remain was applied to soil ), and 100% N as fertigation . Field was plowing and received manure , then with height of 15cm of tomato seedlings were transplanted on 14/10/2013 . Field was under drip irrigation system . Phosphorus and potassium were applied at levels of 43 kg P2O5 ha - 1 and 166 kg K2O ha - 1 to each plot . The normal agricultural treatments of tomato were practiced as usually followed in Al - Zubair region . NH4+ - N in soil ; NO3 - - N in soil ; available K in soil ; N , K , Ca , Mg and Na concentration in leaves were obtained at six stages of tomato growth season . Also N , K , vitamin C , fruit size and TSS in fruits were measured . The dry weight of shoot and total fruits yields were recorded . Fertilizer - use efficiency was calculated . Based on K concentration in lower and upper leaves of K in Plant was studied . The results showed that : 1 - Increasing N level applied increased concentration of NH4+ - N , NO3 - - N in soil , N in leaves and fruits , however , K in leaves increased up to 200 kg N ha - 1 then decreased as N level concentrated to 300 kg ha - 1 . Ca and Na in leaves decreased with increasing N level , while Mg in leaves show no significant affect with N levels . Higher shoot dry weight and fruit yield were obtained with application of 200 kg N ha - 1 .2 - Higher N and K concentrations in leaves , fruits , fruit size , dry weight and fruit yield were obtained with fertigation method compared with (foliar+ soil) and soil methods : with 89.54 ton ha - 1 fruit yield . On the other hand lower values of NH4+ - N and NO3 - - N in soil ; Ca , Mg and Na in leaves ; Vitamin C and TSS were recorded at fertigation method . However , available K in soil not affected with application method .3 - Fertigation method gave the highest value of fertilizer - use efficiency followed by ( foliar+ soil) method then Soil one .4 - Results also revealed that N levels was not affected the translocation of K upward the plant shoot because of high growth and higher uptake of K in Plant , while the effect of application method follows the order : Soil > (Foliar+ Soil) > Fertigati

تاثير استخدام التبن المعامل بالشرش واليوريا بنسب مختلفة في اداء الحملان العزابية الدكزية == Effect of the Using of Different Rates of Straw Treated with Whey and Urea on the Performance of Male Arabi Lambs

Author name: محمد صبيح مجيد مريوش الساعدي
Supervisor name: عماد فلاح حسن الجاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted at Animal Farm/College of Agriculture/ University of Basra during 20/11/2014 to 18/2/2015. The aim was to clarify the effect of using straw treated with whey and urea at different levels on some productive and physiological traits of male Arabi lambs. A total of 16 male lambs were used aged 6 - 7 months with an average weight of 30.50±1.65 Kg. the lambs were distributed randomly and equally to four treatments. Concentrate diet included barley (55%), wheat straw (43%), vitamin and minerals (1%), urea (0.5%) and salt NaCl, (0.5%). Lambs were fed at 3% of their live body weight with adjustment depending on body weight change through the study period to every treatment (every two weeks). The residual feed was collected every following morning to measure the consumption feed. Ration of each treatment was as follow : 1 - First treatment : 100% concentrate diet.2 - Second treatment : 90% concentrate+10% straw treated with whey and urea.3 - Third treatment : 80% concentrate+20% straw treated with whey and urea.4 - Four treatment : 70% concentrate+30% straw treated with whey and urea.The studied productive traits were live weight, daily and total growth rates, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio, carcass traits (hot carcassweight, dressing%, cuts weight, carcass offal, internal organs weight, abdominal, heart, kidney, pelvic and tail fat weight with physical dissection of rib cut and measurement of meat, bone and fat%). Organoleptic test included color, flavor, tenderness, juiciness and total acceptance. Blood biochemical traits included total protein, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, serum urea and some hormones as growth and thyroxine hormones. Results can be summarized as follow : 1 - There were significant differences in final body weight and daily and total growth rate of lambs of second group, which was fed 10% treated straw with whey and urea in comparison with other groups.2 - Significant improvement in feed conversion ratio of lambs of 2nd group in comparison with other groups as well as there was an increase in feed consumption of lambs of 2nd and 3rd groups.3 - There were significant differences in hot carcass weights of 2nd group in comparison with other groups as well as dressing% of lambs of control and 2nd group in comparison with other groups.4 - Lack of significant differences among treated groups in the cases of cut weights, weight and % of meat, fat and bone of rib cut, external body offal, internal organs and some body fat depots.5 - Significant differences in tail weight of 2nd group and abdominal fat of 2nd and 4th groups in comparison with other groups were observed.6 - There were significant improvement in some organoleptic test as flavor and total acceptance of groups received straw treated with both 10% or 20% whey and urea in comparison with control group.7 - There was a significant increase in total proteın concentration in blood serum of lambs of 2nd and 3rd group in comparison with other groups. There was also a significant difference in serum urea concentration of lambs of 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups in comparison with control group.8 - Neither signifcant differences were found in cholesterol, glucose, triglyerides nor in growth and throxine hormones among studeid groups.

استخلاص وتوصيف الكولاجين من وتر ارجل الجاموس وجلد سمك المزلق ودراسة بعض صفات الكولاجين المتحلل انزيميا == Extraction And Characterization of Collagen From Buffalo Tendon Legs and Fish Oriental Sole Skin and Study of Some Properties of Enzymatically Hydrolysed Collagen

Author name: محمد زيارة اسكندر
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير استخدام الماء الممغنط والتقنين الغذائي الزمني في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية لفروج اللحم == Effect of using Magnetic water and Time of feed restriction on some productive and physiological traits of broiler chickens

Author name: محمد حمد صالح
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة في قاعة الدواجن التابعة الى قسم الثروة الحيوانية / كلية الزراعة / جامعة البصرة للفترة من 9/1/2014 ولغاية 13/2/2014 وذلك لدراسة تاثير استخدام الماء المعالج مغناطيسيواالتقنين الغذائي الزمني في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية لفروج اللحم . استخدم 216 فرخا غير مجنس من فروج اللحم سلالة ROSS وزعت الافراخ عشوائيا الى ستة معاملات وبواقع ثلاثة مكررات لكل معاملة (12) طير لكل مكرر. تصميم التجربة تجربة عامليه شملت عاملين الاول (نوع الماء) والثاني (التقنين الغذائي) وبتصميم عشوائي تام وكانت المعاملات كما يلي : - 1 - معاملة الاولى : تغذية حرة + ماء شرب عادي (معاملة سيطرة) .2 - المعاملة الثانية : تغذية حرة + ماء معالج مغناطيسيا .3 - المعاملة الثالثة : قطع العلف من الساعة 9صباحا الى الساعة 5 مساءا (8 ساعات) + ماء شرب عادي .4 - المعاملة الرابعة : قطع العلف من الساعة 9صباحا الى الساعة 5 مساءا (8 ساعات) + ماء معالج مغناطيسيا .5 - المعاملة الخامسة : تقديم العلف ليوميين متتاليين وقطع العلف ليوم واحد + ماء شرب عادي .6 - المعاملة السادسة : تقديم العلف ليوميين متتاليين وقطع العلف ليوم واحد + ماء معالج مغناطيسيا .واشارت النتائج الى مايلي : - 1 - تفوق معاملة استخدام الماء الممغنط معنويا (p<0.05) في معدل وزن الجسم الحي , الزيادة الوزنية الاسبوعية , كمية العلف المستهلكة , كفاءة التحويل الغذائي , كمية الماء المستهلكة والدليل الانتاجي مع حصول انخفاض معنوي في نسبة الهلاكات مقارنة بمعاملة ماء الشرب العادي.2 - انخفاض معنوي (p<0.05) في معدلات وزن الجسم الحي , الزيادة الوزنية الاسبوعية , كمية العلف المستهلكة , كمية الماء المستهلكة ونسبة الهلاكات مع حصول تحسن معنوي في معدل كفاءة التحويل الغذائي والدليل الانتاجي في معاملتي التقنين الغذائي الزمني مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة (تغذية حرة) .3 - تفوق معنوي (p<0.05)معاملة استخدام الماء الممغنط في نسبة التصافي , الاوزان النسبية لقطعية الصدر , الكبد , القلب , مع وجود انخفاض معنوي في الوزن النسبي لدهن البطن مقارنة بمعاملة استخدام ماء الشرب العادي , بينما لم يظهر تاثير معنوي لنوعية الماء على الاوزان النسبية لقطعية الفخذ , غدة فابريشا , القانصة وطول الامعاء .4 - انخفاض معنوي (p<0.05) في نسبة التصافي , الاوزان النسبية لقطعية الصدر , الفخذ , الكبد , القلب , القانصة ودهن البطن , بينما ظهر ارتفاع معنوي لوزن النسبي لغدة فابريشيا في معاملتي التقنين الغذائي الزمني مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة (تغذية حرة) .5 - تفوق معنوي (p<0.05) معاملة استخدام الماء الممغنط في عدد خلايا الدم الحمر , كريات الدم البيض , تركيز الهيموكلوبين وحجم الخلايا المرصوصة , بينما ظهر انخفاض معنوي في نسبة الخلايا المتغايرة الى الخلايا اللمفاوية مقارنة بمعاملة استخدام الشرب العادي.6 - انخفاض معنوي (p<0.05) في عدد خلايا الدم الحمر , تركيز الهيموكلوبين وحجم الخلايا المرصوصة , عدد كريات الدم البيض ونسبة الخلايا المتغايرة الى الخلايا اللمفاوية معنويا في معاملتي التقنين الغذائي الزمني مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة (تغذية حرة) .7 - تفوق معنوي (p<0.05) معاملة استخدام الماء الممغنط في تركيز الكلوكوز , البروتين الكلي , الالبومين , الكلوبيولين والبروتينات الدهنية العالية الكثافة , بينما ظهر انخفاض معنوي في تركيز الكولسترول, اليوريك , البروتينات الدهنية المنخفضة الكثافة وتركيز انزيمي GPT , GOT مقارنة بمعاملة استخدام الماء العادي , ولم يظهر تاثير معنوي لنوعية الماء المستخدم على تركيز الكلسيريدات الثلاثية في مصل الدم . 8 - انخفاض معنوي (p<0.05) لمعاملتي التقنين الغذائي الزمني معنويا في تركيز الكلوكوز , البروتين الكلي , الالبومين , الكلوبيولين , والبروتينات الدهنية العالية الكثافة , تركيز انزيم GPT , الكلسيريدات الثلاثية في مصل الدم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة (تغذية حرة) وارتفاع معنوي لتركيز الكولسترول لمعاملة التقنين الغذائي مقارنة بمعاملة التقنين الغذائي , بينما لم يكن هناك فروق معنوية بين معاملتي التقنين الغذائي الزمني ومعاملة السيطرة في تركيز اليوريا , انزيم GOT والبروتينات الدهنية الواطئة الكثافة في مصل الدم .9 - وجود تاثير معنوي (P<0.05) للتداخل بين نوعية الماء المستخدم وفترة التقنين الغذائي الزمني في معظم الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية للفروج قيد الدراسة . | This study was conducted at poultry house, Animal Resources Department, College of Agriculture University of from Basrah, with period from 09/01/2014 to 13/02/2014. The aim of study was to investigate the effect of using Magnetically treaded water and Time of feed restriction on broiler chicks performance and some blood physiological traits.Atotal of (216) unsexed chicks of Ross strain aged one day, ware used in the study. The chicks were randomly distributed into (6) treatments with three Contain (12) chicks. Factorial experiment design experience included the first two factors (water type) and the second (food rationing) random design Tam. The treatment were : 1. T1 : Continuous feeding + Tap water.2. T2 : Continuous feeding + magnetically treated water.3. T3 : feed withdrawal [ on feed from 9 : 00 AM to 5 : 00 PM (8 hours)] + Tap water.4. T4 : Feed withdrawal [ no feeding from 9 : 00 AM to 5 : 00 PM (8 hours)] + Magnetically treated water.5. T5 : Continuous feed two days and withdrawal one day + Tap water.6. T6 : Continuous feed two days and withdrawal one day + magnetically treated water.The results of study indicated that : 1. Treatment of use magnetically treatment water Significantly rise (P > 0.05) mortality in the live body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, water consumption, production index and Significantly decrease (P > 0.05) mortality compared with using Tap water.2. significant decrease (P > 0.05) mortality in live body weight, weight gain, feed intake, water consumption, mortality and significant rise in feed conversion, production index . In two method of restriction compared with continuous feed treatment.3. Significantly rise (P > 0.05) mortality in dressing percentage, relative weight of breast heart, liver, while Significantly decrease (P > 0.05) in relative weight of abdominal fat compared with Tap water treatment, while there are no Significant effect due to quality of water in relative weights of leg bursa gland gizzard and length of small intestine.4 - Significantly decrease (P <0.05) mortality in dressing percentage , relative weight of breast , Leg , liver , heart , gizzard , Abdominal , fat , while Significantly increase on relative weight of bursa gland on two restriction treatment compared with continuous feed (control).5 - Significantly rise (P <0.05) mortality on RBC ,WBC , Hb , pcv% while Significantly decrease in H/L ratio compared with tap water treatment.6 - Significantly decrease (P <0.05) mortality in RBC, Hb, PCV, H/L ratio on two restriction feed treatments with continuous feeding treatment while no Significantly effect due restriction period on WBC. 7 - Significantly rise (P <0.05) mortality on use magnetically treated water treat mean in glucose , Total protein , albumin , globulin , HDL while Significantly decrease in cholesterol , urea , LDL , GPT, GOT , con centration in blood serum compared with use tap water theretor no Significantly effect due to triglyceride quality of water in blood of serum.8 - Significantly decrease in (P <0.05) mortality glucose , Total protein , albumin , globulin , HDL , GPT and cholesterol on blood of serum restriction feed treat meant compared with control (continuous feed) , while no Significantly effect due to restriction feed period in , uric , LDL and GOT con centration in blood serum .9 - Significantly interaction (P<0.05) between water quality and feed restriction period in productive per for mance and physiology under study.

دراسة بعض الجوانب الحياتية لاسماك السمنان الطويل Alburnus mossulensis Heckel, 1843 في الجزء الجنوبي لنهر الفرات، العراق == Some Biological Aspects of the Bleak, Alburnus mossulensis Heckel, 1843 in the southern reaches of Euphrates River, Iraq

Author name: ليلى عبود عوفي
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق محمود محمد | باسم محمد جاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: جمعت 2307 سمكة من اسماك السمنان الطويل Alburnus mossulensis Heckel, 1843 من نهر الفرات في منطقة الجبايش جنوب العراق للفترة من تشرين الثاني 2013 لغاية تشرين الاول 2014 باستعمال الصيد بالكهرباء. شكلت افراد النوع نسبة كلية قدرها 48.3% من الصيد الكلي. تراوحت الاطوال الكلية للاسماك بين 3.7 - 18.4سم. سادت مجموعة الطول (9.0 - 9.9) سم مجتمع الاسماك بنسبة 19.72%. تمثلت علاقة الطول (سم) والوزن الكلي (غم) لكل من الصغار والاناث والذكور بالمعادلات التالية : الصغار W = 0.003 L3.087 , r2 = 0.776 , n = 89 الاناث n =256 , r2 = 0.841 , W = 0.002 L3.193 الذكور n = 147 , r2 = 0.778 , W = 0.004 L3.027 كان نمو صغار النوع وذكوره متناظرا بينما كان نمو الاناث غير متناظر. تراوح معامل الحالة النسبي للصغار بين 0.71 في حزيران و1.44 في شباط وبمعدل 1.05 وللاناث بين 0.78 في اب و1.4 في كانون الثاني وبمعدل 1.06 وللذكور بين 0.70 في اب و1.24 في كانون الثاني وبمعدل 0.99. اشارت دراسة الحراشف الى وجود اربع مجاميع عمرية وكانت السيادة لمجموعة العمر 2. وصفت العلاقة بين الطول الكلي (L) ونصف قطر الحرشفة (S) بالمعادلة التالية L =2.549 + 4.825 S بلغت اطوال الاسماك عند الاعمار الاربعة الاولى من حياتها (8.15 و11.33 و13.55 و16.0سم) على التوالي، وبلغت كفاءة النمو لاسماك النوع 2.16، كما امكن وصف نمو اسماك السمنان الطويل بالنموذج التالي : Lt = 20.4(1 - e - 0.35(t+0.277) ) سجلت ادنى قيمة لنشاط التغذية 60.53% في شباط واعلاها 87.76% في ايلول، كما كانت اوطا قيمة لشدة التغذية 6.08 نقطة/سمكة في كانون الاول واعلاها 8.7 نقطة/سمكة في تموز. اظهرت نتائج فحص الغذاء ان اسماك السمنان الطويل تتغذى بشكل رئيس على الحشرات بنسبة 41.2% ثم الطحالب (28.7%) تليها القشريات (15.9%) والدايتومات (12.36%) والنباتات المائية (3.74%) والاسماك (3.36%) ثم النواعم (0.3%) وهي من الاسماك القارتة وتميل للغذاء الحيواني. حديد اول نضج جنسي لاناث اسماك السمنان الطويل وذكورها عند طول 8 سم وبعمر سنة واحدة لكل منهما. وكانت نسبة الجنس 1 : 1.7 لصالح الاناث تراوحت قيم دالة المناسل للاناث والذكور بين 0.8 و0.6 على التوالي في حزيران و14.01 و5.8 في كانون الثاني على التوالي. وضحت المقاطع النسيجية للمناسل الذكرية والانثوية انﱠ فترة وضع السرء كانت خلال شباط وانﱠ افراد النوع تطرح بيضها للتكاثر على مراحل ويبدا نضج البيض من الجزء الخلفي من المبيض قبل الجزء الامامي، كذلك تظهر اثار طرح البيض في الجزء الاوسط للمبيض من الفراغات الملاحظة بوسط مقطع المبيض. اظهر الفحص المجهري للمقاطع النسيجية للمناسل الذكرية انﱠ كيس الخصى يحتوي على مراحل متفاوتة من النضج في النماذج المختلفة من الذكور في شباط، كما تتضح الاوعية الدموية خلال نسيج الفصيصات ولوحظ نسبة قليلة من الخلايا بمرحلة الخلايا النطفية spermatocytes في الجزء الخلفي من المناسل، وانﱠ الجزء الامامي من المنسل اقل نضجا حيث لم تظهر مرحلة الخلايا النطفية spermatocyte. امتازت اسماك السمنان الطويل بخصوبة منخفضة اذ تراوحت بين 1119 بيضة لسمكة طولها 10.4سم و5022 بيضة لسمكة طولها 14.2 سم، وكانت العلاقة بين الطول الكلي (L) والخصوبة (F) متمثلة بالمعادلة التالية : F = 0.148L3.939 , r2 = 0.605. | A total of 2307 individuals of Alburnus mossulensis were collected from the south part of Euphrate River, Chybaish, Iraq from November 2013 to October 2014 using electrofishig. The species constituted 48.3% of the total catch. Fish group size 9.0 - 9.9 cm was dominated in the samples (19.7%).The length - weight relationships of A. mossulensis for immature, female and male were : W = 0.003 L3.087 , W = 0.002 L3.193 , W = 0.004 L3.027respectively, revealing an isometric growth for immature and males, and allometric growth for females. The relative condition factor ranged from 0.71 in June to 1.44 in February with total average of 1.05 for immature, and from 0.78 in August to 1.40 in January with total average of 1.06 for females, and from 0.7 in August to 1.24 in January with total average of 0.99 for males. Four age groups were recorded and the most abundant age group was the second. The relation between total length (L) and scale radius (S) was : L =2.549 + 4.825 S. The lengths of fish during the first four years were 8.15, 11.33, 13.55 and 16.0 cm respectively. The growth performance index of A. mossulensis was computed as 2.16. The growth was described by von Bertalanffy equation as Lt = 20.4(1 - e - 0.35(t+0.277)).Feeding activity values ranged from60.53 % in February to87.7 % in September. The minimum value of feeding intensity was 6.08 points/ fish in December and the maximum value was 8.7 points/ fish in July. Insects comprised 41.2% of the total food items of A. mossulensis followed by algae 28.7%, crustacean 15.9%, diatoms 12.36%, aquatic plants 3.74%, fish 3.36% and Mollusca 0.3%. Fish was found omnivores, tends to animal food more than plant food. The mean value of Lm50 was estimated to be 8.0cm, corresponding to one years old for both sexes. The overall sex ratio was (1 : 1.7 male : female). Gonadosomatic index for females ranged from 0.8 and 0.6 in June for females and males respectively to 14.01 and 5.8 in January for both sexes respectively. The spawning period started in February according to GSI values and histological examination for gonads during spawning season. The results of histological examinations revealed that this species has a short spawning season and female ovaries contained different maturing stages of ova, and the maturation started from the post part of gonads according to the space noticed at the middle part of the ovary. Histological examination proved that testes also contain different maturation stages. Blood vessel penetrate lobules with few spermatocytes at the posterior part of the testes whereas the anterior part less mature with disappearing of spermatocytes. Absolute fecundity for A. mossulensis ranged from1119 eggs for fish of 10.4 Cm length to 5022 egg for female of 14.2 Cm length.The relation between the total length (L) and fecundity represented by the following equation : F = 0.148L3.939 , r2 = 0.605

تاثير موعد الزراعة وكثافتها وحامض السالسليك وتداخلاتها في نمو نبات الكزبرة Coriandrum sativum L. وحاصله من الثمار وفعاليته التثبيطية لبعض الاحياء الدقيقة == Effect of Sowing date, plant density and Salicylic acid in Growth plant coriander Coriandrum sativum (L.) and their yield from fruit and inhibitory activities of some microorganism

Author name: ليلى تركي فضالة البدري
Supervisor name: سميرة عبد الكريم مطرود | ماجد عبد الحميد ابراهيم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted during the growing season of 2015/2016 in the Medical and Aromatic Plants Unit Field, Collage of Agricultural, Basrah University, to study the effect of sowing date, plant density and salicylic acid in growth and yield of Coraiandrum sativum (L and its inhibitory activities of some microorganismThe study Includes 12 factorial treatments, which were the combinations of two sowing dates 1/10 or 1/11, two plant densities 25 plant m - 2 or 50 plant m - 2 and spraying with salicylic acid in concentration of 0 ,7.5 or 15 mg.l - 1. A Complete Randomized Block Design in a factorial experiment was used with three replicates. Treatment means were compared according to the Least Significant Differences Test (L.S.D) in level 0.05 was used to compared with Genstat programs. The most important results may be summarized as follows : - 1. Effect of sowing dates : Plants sown on 1/10 gave significantly increases in plant height, leaf number. Plant - 1, number of main lateral branches.plant - 1, dry weights of shoot system.plant - 1, length and dry weight of root system date to the appearance of the first inflorescence, the total number of inflorescences. plant - 1, total number of mini inflorescences plant - 1.total, the productivity of fruit. hectare - 1 (8.96 ton),oil yield.plant - 1 (0.893g), productivity of oil.hectare - 1 (330 kg), refractive index of volatile oil, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrates, leaves content of vitamin C and fruit content of total soluble carbohydrates. Whereas plants sown on 1\11 had a significant effect in total of mini inflorescences, and total protein percentage in fruit.2. Effect of plant densitycultivated plant at 25 plant.m - 2 had a significantly effect in leaf number.Plant - 1, number of main lateral branches.plant - 1 , dry weights of shootSummaryBsystem.plant - 1, length and dry weight of root system , , total number of mini inflorescences.plant - 1, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrates, fruit content of total soluble carbohydrates. cultivated plant at 50 plant.m - 2 had a significant effect in plant height, the productivity of fruit hectare - 1 (8.56 ton), productivity of oil .hectare - 1 (320 kg).3. Effect of salicylic acidPlant sprayed with SA at 15 mg.l - 1 had a significant effect in number of main lateral branches, dry weights of shoot system.plant - 1, dry weight of root, the total number of inflorescences.plant - 1, total number of mini inflorescences plant - 1. weight of 1000 fruit, , refractive index of volatile oil, oil density, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrates, fruit content of total soluble carbohydrates, total protein percentage in fruit. Whereas Plant sprayed with SA at 7.5 mg.l - 1 had a significant effect in leaf number.Plant - 1, length of root system, and the productivity of fruit.hectare - 1 (8.83ton).4. Effect of the interactionsThe Interactions between the study factors, showed a significant effect in most studied parameters.5. Effectiveness of alcoholic extracts and oil of the plant coriander against the two types of pathogenic bacteria to humanThe activities of methanolic and ethanolic extracts and oil of fruit were tested against some types of bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at three concentrations100, 200, or 400 mg.l. - 1 by using filter paper disc diffusion method. Each of ethanolic extract and oil of the fruits inhibition in concentrations 400 mg.l - 1, were effected growth of bacteria E. coli. They reached the diameter of inhibition 12 mm. Ethanolic extracts of the fruits at concentration of 400 mg.l - 1 gave the highest inhibition of growth of bacteria staph. aureus amount 12mm and E. coli the diameter of inhibition 10 mm.SummaryC6. Effectiveness of alcoholic exteracts and oil of the plant coriander against two pathogenic fungi to humanThe activities of methanolic and ethanolic extracts and oil of fruit were tested against types two fungi Aspergillus niger and Candida albican at three concentrations 100, 200,or 400 mg.l - 1. Was mathanolic extract of the fruits at concentration of 400 mg.l - 1 gave the highest inhibition of growth of A. nigerand C. albican amount 12mm and showed oil fruit and ethanolic extracts at concentration cultivated of 400 mg.l - 1 the highest inhibition against A. nigerand C. albican amount 10mm.

تاثير التعقيم مصدر الجزء النباتي ومنظمات النمو في اكثار نبات الكاردينيا المتقزم Gardenia jasminoides Ellis صنف Radicans خرج الجسم الحي واقلمتة == Effect of Sterilization, The Source of Explants and growth regulators on propagation of dwraf Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. cv. Radicans In vitro and Acclimatization

Author name: لمياء حسين موسى عايش المازني
Supervisor name: هدى عبد الكريم عبد الودود الطه
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This work was conducted in Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Agriculture Collage, Basrah University, Basrah Governorate, Iraq during the period 23/ October/ 2013 to 15/ March/ 2015. The aims of this study can be summarized to : (a) set up a protocol for establishment of sterilization techniques and effect the source of explants in micropropagation of dwarf gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.) cultivar 'Radicans', (b) study the effect of different growth regulators auxins and cytokinins on multiplication and rooting of regenerants , and (c) set up a procedure for plantlet acclimatization .Results can be summarized as follow : 1. Contamination is first obstacle facing the micropropagation for dwarf gardenia. In order to overcome this problem, a sterilization procedure was developed as a base line to determine the relative effectiveness of various disinfectants which is described in this study. Observations indicate that only 26.60% healthy clean cultures was obtained when 40% of sodium hypochlorite solution used singly. But, when explants disinfected first with 40% sodium hypochlorite followed by treating with 0.1% mercuric chloride for 10 minute the percentage rate of aseptic cultures increased to 56.60%. Therefore, the successful protocol was adopted in this study.2. (a) Results revealed that High response to tissue culture , shoot numbers , length, leaf width and leaf numbers (100%, 1.30 shoots/explant, 8.4 - 1.55 cm and 2.66 leaves/explant respectively) were obtained when the shoot tips and nodal explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L BA+ 0.2mg/L NAA+ 0.2mg/L GA3 each. While, maximumsuccessful response of nodal explant to tissue culture 80% and 100% was observed in MS medium enriched with BA 3 and 4 mg/L BA. However, granular callus was formed on the lower part of the nodes, but after a time this callus turned brown and hyperhydric (vitrified).(b) Maximum successful response of shoot tips in vitro 100% was noticed in MS medium enriched with different concentrations of TDZ 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/L in the presence of NAA and GA3 0.2mg/L each, but the high rate of shoot number 1.8 and length 1.18 cm obtained on MS medium containing 1 mg/L TDZ. Where, the rate value of leaf width and numbers were increased only on MS medium fortified with low concentrations of TDZ 0.5 and 1mg/L. On the contrary, nodal explants cultured on same medium failed to responding, except the ones cultured on MS medium containing 1mg/L TDZ , showed moderate rate value of average growth responding66. 06%.3. (a) Results also revealed that the culture of shoot tips on medium supplemented with a combination of 3 mg/L BA, 0.2 mg/L NAA and 2 mg/L GA3 gave the highest value of average shoots number, leave number, and leaf width (2.50 shoots/explant, 6 leaves/plant and 1.7cm respectively). But, at this formula shoots became hyperhydic and leaves fall down. Whereas, highest shoot length 1.75 cm was recorded on MS medium enriched with 1 mg/L BA.(b) Highest shoot and leaf numbers and leaf width recorded on MS medium containing 1 mg/L TDZ in the presence of NAA and GA3 0.2mg/L each 4.33 shoots/explant, 6.00 leaves/ explant and 1.30 cm respectively. Whereas, highest shoot length 1.50 cm recorded on MS medium fortified with 0.5 mg/L TDZ. However, small amount of white brownish callus raised around the nodes grown on medium containing 0.5 mg/L TDZ, whilebig amount of the same callus was recognized around the nodes grown on MS medium containing 1.5 mg/L TDZ.4. (a) The present study has revealed that abundant primary callus formation (100%) could be achieved only from young leaf segments (basal and middle segments) within 10.3 and 15.3 days in MS medium containing 3 mg/L 2,4 - D and 0.2 mg/L BA, and under dark conditions.1) Transferring the primary callus to MS medium enriched with 3mg/L 2,4 - D for 8 weeks under light conditions led to induce somatic embryos, that can be identified by their nodular consistency and green color.2) While, shifting the primary callus to MS medium enriched with 3 or 5mg/L BA + 0.2mg/L 2,4 - D led to converting the primary callus to compact callus, and at the end of incubation period, small adventitious shoots was generating.(b) Results also showed that white brownish granular callus initiated under dark conditions on the base of the leaf petioles (basal segment) explants grown on MS medium containing 5 mg/L BA+0.2mg/L NAA, then the callus increased to covered whole explant during the end of incubation period. However, adventitious shoots was generated from primary callus when shifted to MS medium fortify with 1 or 2 mg/L BA. Results also revealed that the middle segment of the leaf explants failed to form callus on MS medium containing different concentrations of BA used in this study.(c) It was observed that in vitro shoots segments 1.5 cm length produced 100% callus on 1/2 MS medium enriched with 8 mg/L NAA within 8 - 9 days of inoculation. However, transferring this callus to full strength of MS medium supplemented with 1 or 2 mg/L BA led to generating small green adventitious shoots.5. (a)Maximum root formation rate 100% with high number of roots 7.33/plantlet, root length 7.33cm and number of secondary roots (8.00/ main root), were obtained within a short period 13.33 days Also, it was found that the length of shoots and number of leaves were increased to 12 cm and 11.33 leaves/plantlet, respectively.(b) On ½MS medium containing different concentrations of NAA 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg/L in the presence of 0.2mg/L BA, adventitious roots formed with rate 100%. These roots emerged indirectly from the edge of shoots with callus induction phase and developed into white thick and wide roots which grew and branched inside medium. However, maximum value of morphological traits for root was obtained when the shoots grown on MS medium containing 8 mg/L NAA in the presence of 0.2mg/L BA, while the less period of root formation was recorded when the NAA concentration decreased to 2mg/L.6. Two procedures of acclimatization have been attempted to obtain full healthy plantlets ex vitro. Results showed that the soaking of rooted plants for 10 - 14 days in pure water, nearly 60% of plantlets were survived. Whereas, treated the plantlet with 2% PEG 6000 before transplanting to soil increased the survival rate to 100%, Also this concentration of PEG was decreased the precentage of wather loss from leaves of gardenia plants through the acclimatization stage 12.8%.

تاثير احلال نسب مختلفة من مجروش نوى التمر محل الشعير مع او بدون اضافة خميرة الخبز (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) في اداء الحملان العرابية الذكرية == Effect of replacing different ratios of crushed Date Stone instead of barley with or without addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance of Arabi Male Lambs

Author name: كريم حمادي مهنى ابو سلوى
Supervisor name: محارب عبد الحميد طاهر | عـماد فلاح الجاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in the Animal Farm of the College of Agriculture - University of Basrah. A total of 28 Arabi male lambs were used, with average age of 5 months and mean body weight of 21.74 ± 1.33 Kg. Lambs were distributed equally and randomly into 7 nutrition rations in two experiments. First experiment was a growth experiment which lasted for 90 days. The second was digestion field experiment and lasted for 13 days after the end of the first experiment. The experimental rations were as follows : Ration - 1 - (control) - fed on concentrate ration only by 3% of body weight. Ration - 2 - fed on 90% of the control ration and 10% of ground date stones substituted for the barley.Ration - 3 - lambs fed on the ration 2 with addition of 3 grams of bakery yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) / Kg of feed. Ration - 4 - fed on 80% of the control ration with substitution of 20% of date stones for barley.Ration - 5 - lambs fed on the ration 4 with addition of 3 grams of bakery yeast per Kg of feed.Ration - 6 - fed on 70% of the control ration and 30% of date stones.Ration - 7 - lambs fed on the ration 6 with addition of 3 grams of bakery yeast per Kg of feed.Results were as follows : 1 - Mean final body weight (34.00 Kg) except Control ration, total gain weight (12.75 Kg) except the control and 2 rations and daily gain weight (141.67 g/ day) of lambs in ration 3 were significantly higher than animals in other rations.2 - Animals of ration 3 recorded the highest feed consumption arithmetically (0.829 Kg/ day/ lamb) and the best feed conversion ratio arithmetically too (5.85 Kg dry matter/ Kg body weight gain).3 - Substitution of date stones with addition of bakery yeast affected digestion coefficients of feed nutrients. Ration 3 was superior in digestion coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and nitrogen free extract to other rations. These values were 70.64, 72.11 and 80.64 %.4 - Results showed significant differences between means of pH of rumen fluid and total bacterial count which Significant decreases in each of 6 and 7 rations than other rations while in the counts of cellulolytic digestion bacteria, ration 3 were significantly than animals in other rations but not differ significantly from that of the ration 5 while it was similar with control ration. 5 - No significant differences between rations were noticed in means of red blood corpuscles, white blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, cholesterol concentration, glucose concentration and concentration of the enzymes GPT and GOT. While differences between means of blood urea concentration and total protein of blood were significant.6 - Mean empty body weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage on the basis of live weight and empty body weight of lambs in ration 3 28.02 Kg, 16.18 Kg, 47.59% and 57.74% respectively were significantly higher than that of animals in other rations except control ration in hot carcass weight.7 - The highest weights of rib cut (rib 7 - 12), leg cut and loin cut were for animals in ration 3 (1.61, 5.00 and 2.40 Kg respectively) than other rations but in the loin cut, the ration 3 was similar to the control ration 2.16 Kg.8 - For body measurements, the highest leg circumference were recorded for animals in rations 2 and 3 (35.00 and 36.50 cm respectively) than other rations but these rations were similar to the control ration. While the highest rib eye muscle area was for carcasses of animals in ration 3 (14.41 cm2) but this value did not differ significantly from that of the control animals (13.45 cm2).9 - In the case of some carcass muscle weights, the muscle Supraspinatus weight were higher in the animals of the ration 3 (176.67 g) but it was similar to control ration (164.25 g). Weight of the muscle Biceps femoris was higher in the carcasses of animals in ration 3 (625.75 g).10 - Carcasses of animals in ration 3 recorded the highest dissected lean meat 931.70 g and fat 280.55 g in rib cut, but no significant differences were registered for dissected bone weight among the different rations. Also weights of the internal organs of the animals namely : liver, heart, kidneys, lungs, spleen and the testicles for animals in ration 3 were higher than that of other rations.11 - Mean weights of separated fat of carcasses were higher for animals of the 2 and 3 rations (1.93 and 1.95 Kg respectively) in comparison with animals of other rations but these rations were similar to the control ration 2.08 Kg.12 - Substitution of date stones in percentages of 10% and 20%, with the addition of bakery yeast caused significant improvement in organoleptic characteristics (color, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability). Evaluation of samples of rations 3 and 5 were superior to that of other rations.13 - Rations 3 and 5 gave the best results for water holding capacity in meat. No significant differences were obtained in cholesterol concentration and pH of meat.Results showed that the lowest values of cooking loss were in ration 3 (43.30 %).No significant differences were observed in chemical composition of theLongissimus dorsi muscle (moisture, protein, fat and ash) between rations.

مقارنة بعض الصفات الوعية والكيميائية ونمط الترحيل الكهربائي لبروتينات البياض لبيض الاوز المحلي العراقي الابيض والرمادي

Author name: كرار سلام عبيد الزبيدي
Supervisor name: ماجد حسن الاسدي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This Study Was Undertaken To Compare Some of Qualitative and Chemical Characteristics and the Electrophoresis of eggs of white and grey Iraqi geese. Birds were bred at private farm( Babel province) For the Period from 1st oct.2016 to 2nd Feb. 2017. A total of 40 females geese aged 2 years (at their second eggs production season) (20 birds white color and 20 birds gray color) were used. Eggs were collected daily from each group. Birds were kept in closed barns with swimming pool in side. The aim of this study was to estimate some qualities and chemical traits of eggs from different group(White and Gray Geese ). Fatty and amino acids were also estimated Electrophoresis of egg white portions was also compared the results revealed the following : 1 - There was a significant increase in means of egg Weight, yolk and egg white of white geese (143.40 , 52.94 and 62.89m respectively) the grey geese egg shell weight was height than that of white geese.2 - There were significant differences in egg shape index and in Haugh unit of grey geese (68.27 and 100.90 respectively) in comparison with those of white geese.3 - Grey geeses eggs showed higher (p≤0.05) moisture percentage (69.10%). However, Yolk white geese egg showed higher protein and fat percentages (16.96, 35.64) % respectively in comparison with those of grey geese eggs (14.19, 32.97) % respectively.4 - pH of eggs white of white geese (9.12) was significantly higher than that of grey geese, whereas, Yolk showed higher cholesterol level (4.42 mg/gm).5 - Unsaturated fatty acids percentage (mono and poly bonds) of egg yolk were high in both group geese (66.11 and 63.78)% whereas, saturated fatty acids percentages of white and grey geese were 32.94 and 32.22% respectively.6 - Egg white of grey geese revealed significantly(p≤0.05) higher percentage of Arginine and alanine of both white and yolk (26.98 and 17.18% respectively). There were no significant differences in amino acids percentages of egg yolk of both groups.7 - There was genetic Poly morphism in albumin and transferrin of White and grey geese eggs proteins. As well as, there was genetic variation in the two proteins of Iraqi geese.

تاثير التسميد الورقي في نمو وحاصل هجينين من الطماطة Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. المزروعة في البيوت البلاستيكية == EFFECT OF FOLIAR FERTILIZATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF TOW TOMATO HYBRIDS Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. GROWN IN PLASTIC HOUSES

Author name: كاظم سالم لعيبي خليل الحمراني
Supervisor name: عبد الله عبد العزيز عبد الله | عواطف نعمة جري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: An experiment was conducted out during the season of 2014 - 2015 in unheated plastic house conditions belonging to the Maymunah Horticulture Station / Agriculture Directorate of Maysan to investigate the effect of foliar water - soluble fertilizers (Kinglife NPK 12 - 48 - 8+micro and Kally28 NPK 9 - 0 - 6 + Ca, Mg, B) on the growth, flowering and yield of tomato of hybrids ("Wogdan" and "Noura"). The study included eighteen treatments which were the combination of three factors. The first factor was two hybrids tomato "Wogdan" and "Noura" . The second factor was three levels of Kinglife (0, 2, 3 g.l. - 1) .The third factor was three levels of Kally28 (0, 2, 3 ml.l. - 1). A split - split plot design was used with three replicates. Treatment means were compared using least significant difference L.S.D. test at a probability of 0.05. Results may be summarized as follows : 1.Vegetative growth parameters "Noura" hybrid had the highest leaf area per plant and dry weight of shoot system compared to "Wogdan" hybrid after 90 and 150 days from transplanting. Foliar spraying with both fertilizers at both concentrations caused a significant increase in plant height, stem diameter ,leaf number and leaf area per plant after 90 and 150 days from transplanting, and fresh and dry weight of the shoot system after 150 days from transplanting compared with control treatment. The interactions between the studied factors were significant in most vegetative growth characteristics. 2. Leaf chemical characteristics "Wogdan" hybrid showed significantly higher in the concentration total carotenoid and percentage of phosphorus in leaves compared with "Noura" hybrid.Foliar spraying with both fertilizers at both concentrations caused a significant increase in percentage of nitrogen and the total chlorophyll concentration, whereas Kinglife at 3 g.l. - 1 caused a significant increase in total soluble carbohydrates concentration in leaves comparison with the control. Foliar spraying with Kally28 at both concentrations caused a significant increase in total soluble carbohydrates concentration, whereas Kally28 at 2 ml.l. - 1 caused a significant increase in percentage of potassium and carotene concentration in leaves comparison with the control . The interactions between the studied factors were significant in most characteristics. 3. Flowering characteristics "Wogdan" hybrid had the highest number of inflorescences compared to "Noura" hybrid, whereas "Noura" hybrid had the lowest the flower abortion as compared with "Wogdan " hybrid. Foliar spraying with both fertilizers at both concentrations caused significantly increase in the number of inflorescences, the number of flowers per inflorescences and decreased in flower abortion, as compared with the control. The interactions between the studied factors were significant in most characteristics. 4. Yield and its components "Wogdan" hybrid had the highest number of fruit per plant compared to "Noura" hybrid, whereas "Noura" hybrid had the highest the weight of fruit as compared with "Wogdan" hybrid. Both foliar fertilizers at both concentrations caused a significant increase the yield and its components compared with control unfertilized. The interactions between the studied factors were significant in most characteristics. Foliar spraying of "Wogdan" hybrid with Kinglife at 3 g.l. - 1 and Kally28 at 2 ml.l. - 1 gave the highest values of early yield and total yield per plastic house (4.277 and 10.697) Kg.m - 2, Sequentially,whereas "Noura" unfertilized gave the lowest (2.161 and 5.411) Kg.m - 2, Sequentially. 5. Fruit quality characteristics "Wogdan" hybrid caused significant increases in total soluble solids and concentration of vitamin C compared to "Noura" hybrid, whereas "Noura" hybrid caused significant increases in percentage of dry matter as compared with "Wogdan" hybrid. Both foliar fertilizers at both concentrations caused a significant increase fruit quality characteristics (vitamin C concentration, titratable acidity, total soluble solids and percentage of dry matter) compared with control unfertilized. The interactions between the studied factors were significant in most characteristics.

تاثير اضافة بعض الاحماض الامينية وعصير البنجر الى المخففات في بعض صفات السائل المنوي المبرد والمجمد للكباش == Effect of adding some amino acid and Beet juice to the dilutors on some cooling and freezing rams semen traits

Author name: فلاح عبد المحسن عبد الله الاسدي
Supervisor name: عماد فلاح حسن | عبد الرزاق نعيم خضير
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted at the agricultural experimental Research Station / College of Agriculture / University of Basrah form 3rd /1/2015 to 3rd /1/2016. A total of 12 mature rams (4 Najdi , 4 Arabi and 4 crosses) aged 3 - 3.5 years with nearly similar weights . Nutrition depended on concentrate ration ( 47 % wheat bran , 50 % barely ,1% urea , 1% CaCo3 and 1% Nacl ) , with 16.58 % crude protein and TDN 72.17% and was given 0.5kg /animal twice aday (at morning and afternoon)500 - 750 g / animal green fodder with wheat straw was given as it was available in the farm , cubic mineral and water provided freely at the day. Rams were training for semen collection for 30 days before the beginning of the study by using artificial vagina used for sheep. Semen was collected three time each month. The study includes two experiments : First experiment : It was designed to study the effect of breed , season ( spring , summer , autumn and winter ) and month on semen characteristics physical , sexual hormones ( testosterone , ICSH and SSH) of blood serum and level of enzymes ( AST , ALT and ALP ) of blood plasma.Second experiment : It included ten diluters from local materials (Beet pulp juice ) with 5 , 10 and 15% egg yolk and amino acids ( Glycin and cysteine ) with concentration of (5, 10 and 15) mmol. It also included the effect of type of dilutor , cooling , freezing storage period ( one and two months) in liquid nitrogen ( - 1960 C) on individual motility and live sperm percent .bThe results can be summarized as follow : 1 - Arabi rams exceeded (P<0.05) Najdi and crosses rams in their semen pH , spring also showed higher (P<0.05)pH followed by winter in comparison with summer and autumn .May showed higher (P<0.05) semen pH in comparison with other months.2 - Najdi rams exceeded (P<0.05)Arabi and their crosses in mean ejaculate volume, mass and individual sperm motility , sperm concentration , live sperm percent and mean testes circumference .3 - Summer and autumn showed higher (P<0.05) in meanejaculate volume , mass and individual sperm motility , sperm concentration , live sperm percent and mean scrotal circumference than winter and spring . Spring also showed higher (P<0.05) dead sperm percent followed by winter in comparison with summer and autumn .4 - August showed higher (P<0.05) ejaculate volume and mass and individual sperm motility followed July and June in comparison with other months. September , August and October exceeded (P<0.05)in comparison with other months sperm percent . October showed higher (P<0.05) in live sperm percent in comparison with other months . Highest (P<0.05) dead sperm percent happened during March followed by April and May . Scrotal circumference was high (P<0.05) during September followed by November and October.5 - Najdi and Arabi rams showed significant (P<0.05)differences in testosterone and ICSH hormones in comparison with their crosses . However , crosses exceeded (P<0.05)Arabi and Najdi rams in mean of SSH hormone. Autumn followed by summer exceeded (P<0.05) wintercand spring in testosterone , ICSH and SSH hormones. September and October showed higher (P<0.05)testosterone, ICSH and SSH hormones in comparison with other months.6 - Arabi rams exceed (P<0.05) both Najdi and their cross by enzymes concentration ( AST, ALT and ALP) of semen plasma . Spring and winter exceeded (P<0.05) summer and autumn by mean of ALT and AST enzymes. However , summer and winter exceeded (P<0.05) autumn and spring by mean of ALP concentration . March showed highest (P<0.05)AST and ALT concentration , while August showed highest (P<0.05) ALP concentration.7 - Amino acid diluter ( 15 mmol glysin and cysteine ) and 10 % beet pulp juice showed highest (P<0.05) individual motility after cooling and freezing for month and two monthsduring all months of year. While the beet pulp juice 15% and control showed the lowest means (P<0.05) of individual motility after cooling and two months of freezing.8 - Glysin 10 and 15 mmol , cysteine 10 mmol and beet juice 10% showed significant (P<0.05) increase in live sperm percent after and cooling and freezing . On other hand beet pulp juice 15% and control recorded the least value (P<0.05) . Beet pulp juice and control showed the highest (P<0.05) level of dead sperm percent after cooling and freezing in contrary with glysin 10 mmol and cysteine 15 mmol

دراسة تشخيصية وبيئية لبعض انواع عائلة الخنافس المائية الغواصة (Insecta : Coleoptera) Family : Dytiscidae وامكانية استخدامها في المقاومة الحيوية في محافظة البصرة == Identification and Ecological study to some Species of water submarine beetles family (Insecta : Coleoptera) Family : Dytiscidae and ability to Use it in Biological Control in Basra Province

Author name: فرج عبد الحي علك
Supervisor name: علاء صبيح جبار | اياد عبد الوهاب عبد القادر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A diagnostic and environmental study of some species of Order : Coleoptera belongs to Fammily : Dytiscidae . The important parts drawn and described for classifying species and put taxonomic key. The impact of environmental conditions in study area showed the presence and spread of species and their role as a larvae predators and pupae on adults mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus and also compete with each other during the study of predation relationship and the statement of the phenomenon of self - predation (Cannabalism) in the same species .The study revealed there is five species belonging to the family of water submarine beetles ( Fam : Dytiscidae) as showed below. 1. Colymbetes piceus (Klug, 1834) Subfamily : Colymbetinae2. Cybister tripunctatus (Oliv., 1785( Subfamily : Cybistrinae3. Hydaticus ponticus (Sharp, 1882) Subfamily : Dytiscinae 4. Hydrovatus clypealis (Sharp, 1876) Subfamily : Hydroporinae 5. Laccophilus minutus (Linnaeus, 1758) Subfamily : LaccophilinaeSpecies C. piceus the body average length 16 - 18 mm and head is black with brown base ,the front dorsal plate brownblack and yellow from both sides but C. tripunctatus that its length is larger than 24 - 29 mm and a sleek sheath does not contain sexual engraving, but H. ponticus body length of 10 - 15 mm, head umber is brown to yellowish and the front back plate is yellow which has provided black strap at the base. The species H. clypealis that its length is larger than 2 - 3 mm , that the body convex oval broad, wrist consists of four pieces in the first and second pair of legs, but L. minutus that its length is larger than 4.1 - 5.7 mm , characterized that a front base (Pronotum) zigzagging back, sheath has a reticular lines..The study of annual presence to family Dytiscidae is started between November 2015 until the end of October 2016. Results showed that theBhighest rate of the species was in the H. ponticus reaching 5.78 insect / month, and the lowest rate 0.13 insect / type of species C. tripunctatus . Alemdaina station recorded the highest rate of the presence of the species, reaching 3.25 insect / month whereas Qurna Station was lowest rate reaching 1.87 insect / month. The results showed that the highest rate of the presence of the species during the months was in the November at a rate of 4.41 insect / month, while the least insect rate was 0.96 / month for the month of July.The study included the impact of certain environmental conditions and the presence of which degrees air temperature, water, dissolved oxygen, pH and water salinity in the five main stations in the districts of the Basrah province which are Qurna , Almdaina , Shatt al - Arab , Abo - Alkaseeb and the city center of Basrah province.The study recorded the highest temperature of air and water for the month of July was 43.23 º C and 32.58 º C, respectively, while the lowest was 17.07 ºC and 18.80 º C, respectively, for the month of January. The results showed a higher rate of oxygen dissolved in the Shatt al - Arab and amounted to 5.50 mg / l while the lowest rate was in the center of the Basrah province and reached 5.25 mg / l. The study indicated that pH values were close to all stations and characterized a light alkali where rates between 7.44 - 8.16 in all the stations as well it was observed that the highest salinity rates were in Abu - Alkaseeb station reached 7.01 ds m - 1 while less than the rate of 5.04 ds m - 1 for the station of Almdaina.The study found the results of the most important linear relationships and correlation treatments between the population density of the species and attributes measured the highest correlation coefficients were between the presence of species through the expense of numerical density are full with water temperatures and salinity during the months of the year, amountingCto - 0.84 and - 0.79 respectively, while the influence of dissolved oxygen and pH was less than it before as they relate reached coefficient as 0.67 and 0.55 respectively.The results of the biocontrol on the larvae and pupae mosquitoes is superior kind Cybister tripunctatus on the rest of the studied species was predation rate on larvae 35.22 larvae / day and the pupae 29.78 pupae / day, while the lowest rate was 1.56 larvae / day and 1.33 pupae / day for the type Hydrovatus clypealis.Predation experiments between species recorded outweigh species Cybister tripunctatus The highest predation rate on the species Hydrovatus clypealis reached 3 insect / day on the second day, while the lowest rate of predation was the species Colymbetes piceus reaching 0.55 insect / day on the third day, while Cannibalism experiments It scored higher predation rate for members of a species Laccophilus minutus reached 0.72 insect / day, while not recorded any case of a self - devouring type Cybister tripunctatus.

تاثير مستويات من N وP وK في نمو وحاصل اصناف من محصول الحنطة (Triticum aestivum L.) == The effect of levels from N , P and K in the growth and yield cultivars of wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.)

Author name: فالح حسن فالح
Supervisor name: وليد عبد الرضا جبيل السباهي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: نفذت التجربة في حقل احد المزارعين في منطقة الشنانة التابعة لقضاء القرنة ( 65 كم شمال البصرة ) خلال الموسم الشتوي 2013 / 2014 في تربة ذات نسجة مزيجية طينية , بهدف دراسة استجابة خمسة اصناف من الحنطة (. Triticum aestivum L ) ( بحوث158 واباء 99 وبحوث 22 وابو غريب 3 وفتح ) لاربعة مستويات منN وP وK ( صفر) و( 60 كغم N + 13.8 كغم P + 25 كغم K هـˉ١ ) و( 120 كغم N + 27.6 كغم P + 50 كغم K هـˉ١) و(180 كغم N + 41.4 كغم P + 75 كغم K هـˉ١ ), اشتملت التجربة على 20 معاملة ناتجة من التوافيق بين اصناف الحنطة ومستويات السماد , ونفذت باسلوب القطع المنشقة وفقا لتصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة وبثلاثة مكررات , احتلت مستويات السماد الالواح الرئيسية بينما احتلت اصناف الحنطة الالواح الثانوية. وقد اظهرت نتائج الدراسة ان الاصناف الخمسة اختلفت معنويا فيما بينها بالصفات المدروسة اذ تفوق الصنف بحوث 158 في متوسط عدد ايام من 50% تسنبل وحتى النضج ( 53.75 يوما ) ومساحة ورقة العلم ( 48.87 ســم2 ) ووزن 1000 حبة ( 40.32 غــم ) والحاصل الحيوي ( 21.39 طن هــˉ١ ) , في حين تفوق الصنف اباء99 في طول السنبلة ( 12.56 ســم ) وعدد الحبوب في السنبلة (85.08 حبة سنبلةˉ١) , اما الصنف بحوث 22 فقد تفوق فـــــــــــــــي صفات حاصـــــــــــل الحبوب ( 7.91 طن هــˉ١ ) ودليل الحصاد ( 41.10 % ) وحاصل البروتين ( 902.09 كغم هــˉ١), وقد سجل الصنف ابو غريب3 تفوقا في ارتفاع النبات ( 90,62 سـم ) وعدد الاشطاءالكلي م2( 958.10 ) وعدد السنابل م2 (859.08 ) وكفاءة التسنبل (88.41% ) , وقد اعطى الصنف فتح اعلى عدد ايام من الزراعة وحتى 50 % تسنبل (111.59 يوما ) وتفوق في نسبة البروتين ( 12.13 % ) . واشارت النتائج الى تفوق المستوى السمادي F₃( 180 كغم N + 41.4 كغم P + 75 كغم K هـˉ١ ) اعلى متوسط في عدد الايام من الزراعة وحتى 50% تسنبل ( 104.07 يوما ) وفي عدد الايام من 50% وحتى النضج (48.27 يوما ) وتفوقه معنويا في صفات ارتفاع النبات (89.98 ســم ) ومساحة ورقة العلم ( 46.50 ســم2 ) وطول السنبلة ( 12.36 ســم ) وعدد الحبوب فــي السنبلة ( 76.78 حبة سنبلة ˉ١ ) . اما المستوى السمادي F₂ ( 120 كغم N + 27.6 كغم P + 50 كغم اK هـˉ١) فقد تـــــفوق معنويا فـــــــــــي صفات عـــــدد الاشطاء الكلي ( 828.00 شطا ) وحاصــل الحبوب ( 7.69 طن هــˉ١) والحاصل الحيوي ( 20.97 طن هــˉ١) ونسبة البروتين ( 11.78 % ) والذي لم يختلف عن المستوى السمادي F₁ فــــي هذه الصفة معنويا (11.72% ) وحاصل البروتين ( 906.22 كغم هــˉ١ ) . وسجل المستوى F₁ ( 60 كغم N + 13.8 كغم P + 25 كغم K هـˉ١ ) تفوقا معنويا في صفة عدد السنابل مˉ2( 709.80 سنبلة مˉ2 ) واعطى نسبة البروتين وبدون فارق معنوي عن المستوى السمادي F₂ وبنسبة ( 11.72 % ) . ومن النتائج ظهر عدم وجود فروقات معنوية لاستخدام مستويات السماد NPK في صفات كفاءة التسنبل ووزن 1000 حبة ودليل الحصاد . اثر التداخل بين الاصناف ومستويات NPK في كل الصفات ما عدا صفة وزن 1000 حبة . وبينت نتائج الدراسة ان الصنف بحوث 22 × F₂ ( 120 كغم N + 27.6 كغم P + 50 كغم K هـˉ١ ) اعطى اعلى المعدلات لحاصل الحبوب (8.55 طن هــˉ١ ) وحاصـــــــــــــل البروتين ( 1012.32 كغم هــ ˉ١ ) والذي لم يختلف معنويا عن التداخل بين الصنف فتح × F₂ والذي اعطى حاصل بروتين بلغ 994.80 كغم هــˉ١ . اما الصنف فتح × F₂ فاعطى اعلى نسبة بروتين من بين كل التداخلات بنسبة بلغت 12.97 % . وجد ارتباط معنوي موجب بين حاصل الحبوب وكل من ارتفاع النبات ومساحة ورقة العلم وعدد الاشطاء الكلي وطول السنبلة ودليل الحصاد وحاصل البروتين ووجد ارتباط معنوي سالب بين حاصل الحبوب وكفاءة التسنبل . وان افضل مردود اقتصادي جاء من استخدام مستوى السماد F₂ ( 120 كغم N + 27.6 كغم P + 50 كغم K هـˉ١ )حيث اعطى ناتجا حديا مقداره (7.76 ) دينار لكل ( 1 ) دينار للانتاج باستخدام السماد NPK المدعوم تحت ظروف شمال البصرة .اما بالنسبة الى تداخل الاصناف والسماد فحققت المعامــــــــلة بحوث22× F₂( 120 كغم N + 27.6 كغم P + 50 كغم K ) هـˉ١ وقد اعطت اعلى ناتجا حديا بلغ ( 14.70 ) دينار لكل (1) دينار مستثمر من استخدام السماد NPK المدعوم حكوميا. | A study was conducted at AL - shinana that belong to AL - Qurna about ( 65) Km north Basrha during winter season of 2013 - 2014 in silty loam soil to study the response of five wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) ( Bhooth - 158 , IPA - 99 , Bhooth - 22, Abu - Graib - 3 and Fateh ) for the four levels of N, P and K zero, (60 kg N + 13.8 kg P + 25 kg K hˉ1) , (120 kg N + 27.6 kg P +50 kg K hˉ1) and (180 kg N + 41.4 kg P + 75 kg K hˉ1) . The experiment included 20 treatment came from the combination between wheat cultivars and fertilizer levels . Split - plot design was used in rendomized block design with three replicates , the level of fertilizer were the main plots , where as wheat cultivars were the Sub - plots . Resulte showed the five cultivars are different in it's characteristics as the Bhooth - 158 was superior in number of days to 50% of spiking to maturation (53.75 days ) , flag leaf area ( 48.87 cm2 ), weight of 1000 seeds ( 40.32 gm ) , biological yield ( 21.39 ton .hˉ¹ ) . IPA - 99 was superior in spike length ( 12.56 cm ) , number of seeds per spike( 985.08 ) . Bhooth - 22 was superior in characteristics of seed yield ( 7.91 ton.hˉ¹ ) , harvesting index ( 41.10 % ) and protein yield ( 902.09 Kg hˉ ¹) . Abu - Graib cultivar was superior in plant height (90.62 cm ) ,number of tillers .mˉ 2 (958.10) ,number of spikes .mˉ 2(859.08) and spiking efficiency (89.75% 0 . Fateh cultivar gave the highest number of days from planting to 50% spiking ( 111.59 days) and protein content ( 12.13% ) . Results showed a variance among fertilizer level where F₃ level (180 Kg N + 41.4 Kg P + 75 Kg K hˉ ¹) caused highest number of days from planting to 50% spiking (104.07 days) , number of days from 50% to maturation ( 48.27 ) , plant height (89.98 cm ) flag leaf area (46.50 cm2 ) , spike length ( 12.36 cm ) number of seeds per spike ( 76.78 seed . spike ˉ ¹) . The F₂ level ( 120 kg N + 27.6 Kg P + 50 Kg K hˉ ¹) was superior in number of tillers (828.00 ) , seed yield ( 7.69 ton .hˉ ¹), biological yield ( 20.97 ton .hˉ ¹) , protein (11.78% ) and protein yield (0.906 ton .hˉ ¹) . The F₁ level ( 60Kg N + 13.8 Kg P + 25Kg K hˉ ¹) was superior in number of spikes per. m2 spike .m(609.80 spike .mˉ 2 ) and protein percent(11.72% ) which not significantly different from level F₂ . There were no significant effect of fertilizer levels on spiking efficiency , weight of 1000 seeds and harvesting index . There were an interaction between cultivars and fertilizer level in all characteristics except the weight of 1000 seeds . Bhooth 22 × F₂ level ( 120 kg N + 27.6 Kg P + 50 Kg K hˉ ¹) produced highest seed yields ( 8.55 ton . hˉ¹ ) and protein yield ( 1.01 ton .hˉ¹ ) which was not significantly different from the interaction between Fateh cultivar and 400 kg .hˉ¹ fertilizer which produced protein ( 0.993 ton .hˉ¹ ) . Fateh cultivar fertilized by 400 kg. hˉ¹ NPK produced highest protein percent which was 12.97 % . There was a positive correlation among seed yield and plant height , flag leaf area , number of tillers , spike length , harvesting index and protein yield . A negative correlation was found between seed yield and spiking efficiency . The best economical profit came from the use of F₂ level ( 120 kg N + 27.6 Kg P + 50 Kg K hˉ ¹) which produce ( 7.76) Iraqi dinar for each one dinar used for fertilizer used in north Basrah . The interaction between Bhooth 22 cultivar and level F₂ produce highest product ( 14.70 ) dinars to each one dinar invested in the use of NPK fertilizer that supported by government

دراسة التنوع الوراثي للجاموس العراقي باستخدام تقنيتي RAPD وSTR == Study of Genetic Diversity of Iraqi Buffalo by RAPD and STR

Author name: فالح حسن حمد
Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد | طالب احمد جايد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study was conducted in the laboratory of Dr. TalibAhmed Jaayide Molecular Genetics / Faculty of Agriculture /University of Basrah. After collecting blood samples from the Iraqibuffalo in the provinces of Basrah (30 samples), Dhi Qar, Maysanand Najaf (25 samples each), bringing the total samples to 105samples. The study aimed to study the genetic diversity of the Iraqibuffalo through the use of tow techniques, first technique was, thePCR - RAPD technique and the second microsatellite technique(PCR - STR). After extracting the DNA samples, seven primers ofPCR - RAPD technique were used, included C01, C04, C06, C07,C09, C11 and C12. Primers of PCR - STR technique wereILSTS005, ILSTS029 and ILSTS072. After analyzing the results ofthe three technologies it can be summarized as follows : 1 - All primers of PCR - RAPD showed genetic polymorphisms,with the presence of many bands except the primer C11which was notamplified in all samples.2 - The size of primer C07 was 1969 bp, which was the biggestprimer size, however, the smallest primer size was C01(1606 bp).3 - Number of bands showed by PCR - RAPD primers were 28,42, 56, 53, 57 and 64 bands of C01, C04, C06, C07, C09,C12 primers respectively.4 - Primer C09 revealed the highest number of polymorphicbands in Basra and Dhi - Qar provinces (47 and 46 bandsrespectively). However, the primer C12 gave highest numberof polymorphic bands in Maysan (47 bands). The primer C01showed lowest number of polymorphic bands in all studiedprovinces (14 bands in Basra and Dhi - Qar provinces, 12bands in Maysan and 13 bands in Najaf province.5 - Shared bands between Basra and Dhi - Qar, Basra andMaysan, Basra and Najaf, Dhi - Qar and Maysan, Dhi - Qar andNajaf and Maysan and Najaf were 177, 151, 162, 146 and152 bands respectively. The high number of shared bandsreflected high genetic similarly among provinces.6 - Maysan province showed highest special bands of primerC07 (8 bands) followed by Dhi - Qar province (5 bands) whichis considered as fingerprint for these provinces even they showed very low frequencies.7 - Primer C04 revealed lowest genetic diversity measured by Shannon index in all studied areas (28.82 - 35.58%), however, all other primers showed higher genetic diversity (47.57 - 55.70%).8 - Similarity among provinces was higher than 70% to 95% for all PCR - RAPD primers, which indicates that all subpopulations of buffalo belong to one breed.9 - Primers C07 and C12 highlighted highest percent of mean gene diversity to population diversity (GST) with a value of 22.69 and 21.46 respectively.10 - All STR markers (ILSTS005, ILSTS029 and ILSTS072) have been amplified in all buffalo samples of all studied areas. Observed allele numbers were 20, 22 and 21 alleles for markers respectively with a total of 63 alleles. The marker ILSTS005 gave highest number of observed alleles in Dhi - Qar (21), Najaf (20) and Maysan (17). Whereas, the marker ILSTS029 showed less number of observed alleles at Maysan province (9 alleles). 11 - Allele frequencies ranged from 0.02 to 0.32 for all markers and provinces.12 - Shared alleles between Basra andDhi - Qar, Basra and Maysan, Basra and Najaf, Dhi - Qar and Maysan, Dhi - Qar andNajaf, Maysan and Najaf were 25, 27, 30, 22, 33 and 33alleles.13 - Special allele mean frequency of studied population was 0.048. While gene flow after adjusted for sample size of each province was 2.25 alleles. Range of missing allele frequency for all studied areas was 0.000 - 0.099.14 - Range of heterozygosity percent was 80 - 100%, whereas homozygosity% was 0 - 20%.15 - All Fis values of studied markers in all provinces were significant except the marker STR072 in Dhi - Qar province which was nonsignificant. This result reflected the absence of inbreeding in all areas and there was no significant deficiency in genetic variation.16 - Linkage disequilibrium test showed that tested markers are not located on one chromosome.17 - The study thus highlights the usefulness of heterologous PCR - RAPD and microsatellite markers to assess the genetic variability in buffalo. Also various diversity indices suggest sufficient genetic variability within Iraqi buffalo that can be utilized as initial guidelines for future breeding strategies and conservation.

تاثير السكر المتعدد الخارجي والخلايا المقتولة حراريا لعزلات محلية من بكتريا حامض اللاكتيك في تثبيط نمو الخلايا السرطانية وكمضادات اكسده ومايكروبيه == Effect of the expolysacaccarid and heat killed cells for local isolates of Lactic acid bacteria in growth inhibition of cancer cells and as antioxidation and antimicrobial

Author name: فاطمة حسن احمد اللعيبي
Supervisor name: قيثار رشيد مجيد | ناهي يوسف ياسين
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Lactobacillus bacteria was Isolated from different food samples included (bananas, tomatoes, apples, mandarin orange, cheese, buffalo milk, local yogurt and imported yogurt) and from infant feaces . 65 isolates were obtained out of 64 food samples, and 11 samples of infant feaces belong to Lactobacillus spp. and identified depending on selective medium MRS agar as well as phenotypic tests, microscopic tests and biochemical examinations including catalase test, production of Co2 from glucose, gelatin liquefaction, ammonia reduction from arginine, nitrate reduction to nitrite, growth examination in different temperatures, indole test, salinity tolerance test, motility test and carbohydrate fermentation test. As well as, confirmed test was done by using PCR technique. Purification and identification conducted and showed it contain (20) isolates of Lactobacillus acidophilus, (23) isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum, (6) isolate of Lactobacillus casei, (12) isolates of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, (3) isolates of bacteria Lactobacillus johnsonii and one isolates of Lactobacillus helveticus. The identified isolates of Lactic acid bacteria were tested on the production of polysaccharide and the optimal conditions for the production by using the modified medium by adding lactose to the medium and vaccine volume was 0.1% and the temperature of incubating was 37c° for (24 - 48) hrs and pH was (6.2 - 6.5) and centrifuged (11000) rpm. Detction of polysaccharide for all obtained bacteria was done . Results showed that the bast of amount production of polysaccharide to(Lactobacillus plantarum )which isolate from imported yoghurt (yR5) because it got the best amount of polysaccharide production which was (850.35) m / ml.SummaryThe presence of polysaccharide was detected by using thin - layer chromatography technique TLC to make sure from the presence of sugar molecules by using sulfuric acid and then the produced polysaccharide was detected by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Technology HPLC with the existence of standard saccharides for the purpose of detection and comparison.Inhibition activity of both crude bacteria cells and produced polysaccharide were studied against gram positive and negative bacteria which included Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonandas aeruginosa and E. coli O157 : H7 as well as the inhibitory activity against fungi was determined for each crude bacteria cells and produced polysaccharide especially against Penicillium spp. and Asprgills niger Result showed that in habithion effect was apparel towel all microorganism however no effect E. coli O157 : H7.Anti - oxidant activity of crude bacterial isolates were tested and the best anti - oxidant activity (Lactobacillus acidophilus (was the isolate which isolated from bananas source (B4) Mar 51.01% reached while less effective was the isolation (Lactobacillus bulgaricus) isolated from the local yogurt source (yL2) if it reaches 14.04% and the highest antioxidant activity of polysaccharide was from the isolate(Lactobacillus bulgaricus) which isolated from the local yogurt source (yL6) , amounting to 67.51% while it was less effective than isolation (Lactobacillus acidophilus ) isolated from the local chess source (Cha2) as it was 1.29% compared with the industrial anti - oxidation BHT and the natural anti - oxidation α - tocopherol in concentration (0.05 g / ml), results showed that the anti - oxidant activity by using the industrial anti - oxidant BHT reached to 82.70%, while the highest inhibitory activity of bacteriaSummaryanti - oxidant compounds 51.01% and for polysaccharide the highest percentage of inhibition was 67.51%, the bacteria anti - oxidant compounds and polysaccharide activity were close, while the activity of the natural anti - oxidants α - tocopherol was 73.96%.The results of sensitivity toward 10 antibiotics showed that all isolates of lactobacillus spp. Were sensitive to clindamycin. While only 16% of isolates were sensitive to nalidaxic acid.The cytotoxicity effect of the Heat killed (HK) cells and polysaccharide extract (EPS) of local isolates of Lactobacillus spp. on three of the cancer cells lines, human cervix uteri epitheloid carcinoma (Hela), muscular cancer cells line (RD) and rat embryogenic fibroblast (REF) as normal cell line , were studied . In this study, six concentrations of both polysaccharide extract and the (HK) cells which were (93.5, 187.5 , 375, 750,1500, 3000) mcg/ml. The results showed that all types of dead cells of lactic acid bacteria and polysaccharide product which clear effect on tumor cells differed depending on the degree of influence, polysaccharide extract of Lactobacillus johnsonii showed highest percentage of inhibition and the highest percentage of inhibition for (Hela) line was (93.64%) at exposure time of 72 hours. while the highest percentage of inhibition recorded for Lactobacillus acidophilus in (RD) line cells was (90.63%) after 72 hours. For the (HK) cells, the highest percentage of inhibition for Lactobacillus casei was 89.77 after 48 hours. While it was no effect of polysaccharide and HK on (Rat Embroy Fibroblast) ofter exposure time 72h.

تاثير تنقيع البذور بالموليبدنيوم ورش النباتات بالبورون في نمو وحاصل الباقلاء (Vicia faba L.) == Effect of Soaking Seeds with Molybdenum and Spray Plants with Boron on Growth and Yield of Broad bean (Vicia faba L.)

Author name: فاطمة فجر فرحان الجبوري
Supervisor name: كاظم حسن هذيلي الوحيلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2015 - 2014 in Abu Alkhasab (located 14.5 km south of Basra province), to study the effect of adding Molybdenum and Boron on growth and yield of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) class Luz de Otono Turkish.Global experiment carried out using a Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications, and included two factors, the first 0, 5 (molybdenum three concentrations of with includes macerating seedsrespectively, and the second 2and M 1and M 0code with M )1 - and 10 mg L0, 25 and (oron which included three concentrations b in spraying factor, respectively, were 2and B 1and B 0, which have a code B )1 - 50 mg Ladded to the plant in the form of boric acid (17.4% B). )The characteristics determined in this study were : number of days from planting until 50% flowering , plant height , the number of branchs number of ,1 - plant pods of number ,podlength of ,leaf area per plant,dry weight ),1 - (kg ha seed yield ,yield plant ,seed weight - 100, 1 - podseeds of shoot system, seed protein percentage and total yield of protein.Results of this study were : 1 - The high levels concentration of boron and molybdenum caused increases in all growth parameters and yield components except the 100 - seed weight, which had a negative impact.podsthe number of dincrease )2(M 1 - LMo 10 mg inacerating seeds M - 2dry , seed yieldtotal ,plant yield ,pod per number of seeds ,plant per, seed protein percentage and total yield of protein ,weight of shoot system %31.87 , 1 - 25.62 g plant ,1 - ha3316 kg , 44.21 g ,4.76 ,1 - (8.36 Pod plant ,44.21%, 36% ,30.05% ,(41.7% ment ofincre with an) 1 - kg ha1073 andWhile this level of respectively. ,12.06% and 40.83%),61.94%which 100 seed reached 111.9, ofve less weight a) g2(Mmolybdenum was 22.5% less than the control.significantly 1 - Lboron at the concentration of 50 mg praying S - 3increased growth and yield and its components more than non - sprayed boron as it led to the increase in both the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, plant yield, seeds yield, dry weight of shoot (7.53 given, as seed protein percentage and total yield of protein ,system32.06% and ,1 - 23.37 g plant ,1 - ha2921 kg , 38.75 g ,4.51 ,1 - Pod plant 16.49 and , 40.44, 24.83, 20. 3, 18.9 ,14.6( to dincrease )1 - ha939.3 kg ve less a) g2. while spraying this level of boron (Brespectively )% 32.89weight for 100 - seed (115 gm) which was 11.5% less than non - spraying.and Boron at the concentration molybdenumThe interaction between - 4 high (95.33 cm), plant dincreas )1 - L+ 10 mg Mo 1 - L B (50 mg ofplant ( 52.80 g yield , (9.58) number of pods ,)7.28( branchsnumber of dry weight of shoots (31.43 g) , )1 - the sum total seed (3803 kg e , )1 - plant ).1 - ha 1192 kgtotal yield of protein (and

التشكيل الوراثي لجين FASN وعلاقته لانتاج الحليب ومكوناته في سلالتي الابقار الجنوبي الفريزيان == FASN Gene Polymorphism and its relation to the production milk and components in the ALJnoby cattle breeds and friesian

Author name: غفران ماجد عزيز مارد النيازي
Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Education
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Atotal of 60 cows belong to freisian local Iraq breed (30 each ) were used in the cow for aperioed of 1/12/ 2012 to 30 /3 /2015 cows were from local breeders within Thi - Qar provin samples were callectted from each animal one hrough study period . After measuring milk asmples of 50 ml were taken to estimate fat , protein and some other milk composition as Well as fatty acid composition were estirm from extracted fat Besides that blood samples from each animal were taken to extract agene was amplicied cat in to different results can be summarized as follow : 1 - FASN gene has been amplified and there were identified .Genotypes were AA,AG and frequency of 0.13 ,0.54 and 0.33 respeccfin freisian breed and 0.47 ,0.33 and 0.16 of A and G alleles frequencies were 0.40 and 0.60 of freisian breed and 0.65 and 0.35 of local breed respechlivy the two population were at aqulibirium .2 - Breeds showed similar obsereved number of alleles (2) observied herrozygosity differe between breeds (53.3% and 36.5 for freisian and local breed respectively ). AHowver showed similar expected heterozygosity (48.81 and 46 .27% respectirely ).3 - AA and GG genotypes excceded the genotype AG by daily and total milk yield of freisian breed . they produced 2968.90 and 2809.80 kg total milk yield respectively .AG gene produced only 2645.54 kg .4 - AA genotype of freisian were produced significantly higher fat and protein (97.10 and 100.05 kg respectively ) that of other genotypes .As well as AA and AG genotypes produced singnificantly higher fat% (3.27% and 3.29% respectively ) in comparicer with 3.17% of GG genotypes the AG genotype produced highest protein% (3.4170)in comparison with other genotypes.5 - AA genotypes of local breed exceeded other genotype in producing daily and total milk yield ,fat and protein.on contrary ,GG genotype yielded higher fat %(4.2) in comparison with that of other genotypes AA and GG genotypes have got highest level of protein (3.25 and 3.30% respechvely ) in comparison with 3.20% AA genotype .B6 - Only AG and GG of local breed were strain in the registration of fat content protein within the standard range ,wich is 1.23, 1.27 respectire .7 - Daily milk breeds value s. recorded negative breedes values.there was an indicater that A allele has positive effecf on daily milk yield .hower A allel has negative effect.8 - A allele has negative effect on fat % in milk cows consequently genotypes have this allele (AA and AG) had negative breeders values. On the other hand ,AG and GG genotypes of local breed had negative breed ing values .9 - GG genotypes of both breeds had positive protein % breeding value ,although its breeding value was nearly zero .10 - GG genotype of Friesian breed produced higher palametic and oleic fatty acids than those of AA and AG genotypes . whereas , AA and AG genotypes produced highes level of palametic and total saturated fatty acid .11 - Genotypes of FASN gene of local breeds did not show significant differences amang all types of milk fatty acid .12 - Freisian exceeded local breed to quantity and quality of milk specially fatty acid composition that has positive effect on human health.C

تاثير اضافة السماد المركب NPK وزراعة النباتات البقولية في التزهير والعقد والصفات الفيزيائية والكيميائية والانتاجية لثمار نخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنف الساير == Effect of NPK fertilizer and culture of legume plants on flowering, fruit set, physical and chemical characteristics and productivity of Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Sayer

Author name: عماد حميد عبد الصمد عباس العرب
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A study was conducted at date palm station that belong to Horticulture office of ministry of agriculture in Basra located in Hartha north of Basra during 2013 - 2014 season to find the the effect of the addition of the chemical fertilizer NPK+TE (20 - 20 - 20) and culture of legumes (alfalfa and broad been) around date palm trees cv. Sayer on chemical and physical characteristics during rutab stage. Fertilizers were added around tree trunk at depth of 25 cm and half diameter of one meter.Fertilizer were added at (0 , 250, 500 , 750, , 1000 ,1250 and 1500) gm / tree at two different time, the first one on 15/10/2013 and second addition on 1/3/2014.Alfalfa and broad bean were culture around trees on 1/10/2013. Results showed the significant effect of fertilizer at 1500 gm / tree level on most physical, chemical and productivity of fruits of cv. Sayer. The 1500 g m/ tree treatment wassuperior in its effecton flowering time, number of pollen spathes and fruit set. Pollen spathes first emergedand its number was 11 spaths and fruit set was 78.67% wheras ,control treatment delayed the emergence of spathsand number of spaths was six with fruit set 51.67%.The 1500gm/tree treatment was not significantly different from treatments of alfalfa and broad been culture and 1250 gm / tree treatments flowering date and fruit set ,also physical characteristics which were, fruit weight , mesocarp , seeds , fruit length , diameter, fruit size which were, 7.59 gm, 6.69 gm, 0.90 gm, 3.76 cm, , 4.47 m5.34 g were, results wheras,control treatment, respectively,3cm, 5.33 cm1.69 significantly , respectively and not 3m, 2.91 cm, 1.27 cm and 5.21 cm, 0.88 gmgdifferent fromalfalfa and broad bean culture and 1250 gm / tree treatment.For chemical characteristics which included moisture content , dry matter ,total soluble solids, total titrable acidity, total sugar, reducing sugar, sucrose and total protein in fruits also nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in leaves where the 1500 gm /treet reatmentwas superior in those characteristics which were (29.29, 70.71, 65.17, 0.54, 61.61, 52.52, 8.64, 0.3, 1.88, 0.45 , 0.92)% respectively compaired to control treatment wheras,it was not significantly different from alfalfa treatment in total soluble solids and total titrable acidity and alfalfa , broad bean treatment and fertilizer at 1250 gm / tree in total and reducing sugar and different froma lfalfa and broad bean treatment in nitrogen percent and alfalfa treatment in phosphorus parcent.Summary الخلاصةThe 1500gm/tree treatment was superior compered to control treatment in ripening percent (69.33% ), bunch weight(6.82 kg) andtotal yield (40.92 kg) but not significantly different from alfalfa in ripening percent and alfalfa and broad bean treatmen and 1250gm/tree in bunch weight and total yield.According on the results of the current study, we recommend to use the NPK+TE fertilizer at 1500gm/tree or its interaction with alfalfa and broad bean culture to support growthand yield.

دراسة فسيولوجية وجزيئية لتاثير بعض منظمات النمو في انقلاب الجنس والثمار العاقدة بكريا في نخيل التمر (Phoenix dactylifera L.) == Physiological and molecular study of The effect of some growth regulators on Sex inversion and Parthenocarpic fruit of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Author name: علي كريم عنبر عذافة
Supervisor name: عقيل هادي عبد الواحد | ايمان عبد العالي السريح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير نظم حراثة التربة وكميات البذار في نمو وحاصل الحنطة (.L Triticum asetivum) والادغال المرافقة == Effect of Tillage System and Sowing Rates on Growth and Yield of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and Associated Weeds Competed With It

Author name: علي عزيز سلمان السعداوي
Supervisor name: علي فرهود ناصر | عبد السلام غضبان مكي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: نفذت تجربة حقلية في احد الحقول الزراعية للمركز الارشادي التابعة لقضاء الغراف (27) كم شمال محافظة ذي قار خلال الموسم الشتوي 2014 - 2015 في تربة ذات نسجه مزيجة غرينية بهدف دراسة تاثير نظم الحراثة وكميات البذار في صفات نمو وحاصل ونوعية الحنطة والادغال المرافقة لها باستعمال ثلاث كميات بذار هي (100، 150، 200) كغم هـ - 1 واربعة نظم حراثة ( نظام بدون حراثة، المحراث المطرحي، المحراث الحفار، المحراث القرصي العمودي ) اشتملت التجربة على 36 وحدة تجريبية ناتجة من التوافق بين عوامل كميات البذار ونظم الحراثة المستعملة، نفذت التجربة وفقا لتصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة وبثلاث مكررات تضمن القطع الرئيسية نظم الحراثة في حين شغلت القطع الثانوية معاملات كميات البذار.اظهرت نتائج الدراسة : 1 - ان استعمال كميات البذار العالية 200 كغم هـ - 1 ادى الى تحسين خواص التربة الفيزيائية، اذ اعطى اقل معدل للكثافة الظاهرية 1,39 ميكاغرام - 3واقل معدل للمقاومة التربة للاختراق393,55 كيلونيوتن م - 2 واعلى معدل للمسامية 48,57%، وادت الى خفض الوزن الجاف للادغال عريضة ورفيعة الاوراق واعطت اقل معدل لهما بلغ 43,62 غم م - 2 و9,39 غم م - 2 بالتتابع، واعلى معدل لارتفاع النبات بلغ 92,8 سم وعدد الاشطاء في النبات بلغ 386,58 شطاء نبات - 1 وعدد السنابل بلغ 333,50 سنبلة م - 2 وحاصل الحبوب بلغ 2,61 طن هـ - 1وللحاصل البايولوجي بلغ 9,12 طن هـ - 1، في حين اعطت كمية البذار المنخفضة اعلى معدل لمساحة ورقة العلم بلغ 22,03 سم2 وطول السنبلة بلغ 7,97 سم وعدد الحبوب في السنبة بلغ 61,64حبة السنبلة - 1ووزن 1000 حبة بلغ 31,41 غم واعلى معدل النسبة المئوية للبروتين بلغ 14,76 % .2 - اثر نظم الحراثة المستعملة في تحسين خواص التربة الفيزيائية بالمقارنة معها قبل الحراثة، اذ بينت النتائج تفوق المحراث المطرحي باعطائه اقل معدل كثافة ظاهرية بلغ 1,33ميكاغرام م - 3 ومقاومة التربة للاختراق بلغ 335,95 كيلونيوتن م - 2 واعلى معدل للمسامية 50,6%، وكذلك تفوق المحراث المطرحي باعطائه اعلى معدل ارتفاع بلغ 91,59 سم وعدد الاشطاء في النبات بلغ 403,56 شطاء نبات - 1 ومساحة ورقة العلم بلغ 23,56 و21,16 سم2 وطول السنبلة بلغ 8,48 سم وعدد السنابل في متر المربع بلغ 367,00 سنبلة م - 2وعدد الحبوب في السنبلة بلغ 59,24 حبة سنبلة - 1وصفة وزن 1000 حبة بلغ 59,24 غم وحاصل الحبوب 3,10 طن هـ - 1 والحاصل البايولوجي بلغ 10,69 طن ه - 2والنسبة المئوية للبروتين 15,19 % في حين اعطى نظام بدون حراثة اقل معدل للوزن الجاف للادغال عريضة ورفيعة الاوراق بلغ 27,97 و12,49غم م - 2 على التوالي. 3 - اظهرت النتائج حصول تداخل بين معاملات كميات البذار ونظم الحراثة المستعملة في اغلب الصفات المدروسة ما عدا الصفات الفيزيائية للتربة والوزن الجاف للادغال رفيعة الاوراق وصفة عدد السنابل في المتر المربع ووزن 1000 حبة، وبينت نتائج الدراسة ان استعمال اعلى كمية بذار مع المحراث المطرحي اعطى اعلى معدل لحاصل الحبوب 4,04 طن ه - 1 | A field experiment was conducted on extension center station at Ai - Qraf zone in Thi - Qar cover orate during winter of seasone 2014 - 2015 in salty loam soil to study the effect of sowing rate and plowing system on growth characters and yield of wheat used IPA - qq Variety and study consist of three sowing rates : 100, 150, 200 K/h, and four plowing systems included no tillage, mold Plough, sub soil plowing and dices plowing. The study included 36 treatments as combined between the two factors and conducted as factored experiments in split blocks with three replicates and the results showed that : 1 - Used high sowing rates caused to improvement soil properties and reduced values of bulk density and total porosity and also reduced dry weight of narrow and broad leaved weeds which reached 43.62g/m - 2 , 9.93 g/m2 as respectively and gave high mean of plant height reached 92.8cm, height numbers of tillers parameter square and number of spikes/m2 reached 333.5 and high yield of grains 2.61 t/h - 1 and gave high biological yield 9.12 t/h - 1 while law sowing rates gave high average of flag leaf area reached 22.03cm2 and high number of grain per spike reached 61.64 and mean of weight of 1000 grains which was31.41 g and high protein percent reached 14.76.2 - The plowing system that used in the experimental caused to improve physical soil properties compared to its values before plowing and the mould plough was the best among all four plowing system that included in the study also this system of plowing gaveAbstracthigh plant height reduced 91.59cm and high mean of tillers per meter, high average of flag leaf area 23.59cm2, also high spike length reached 8.48cm, high number of spike/m - 2 reached 367 and high number of gains per spike which was 39.59 and weight of 1000 grains reached 3.1t/h - 1, and biological yield reached 10.69t/h - 1 and also high protein percent reached 15.19 while the no tillage system caused to reduce dry weight of both weed plants which was 27.97, 12.49 g/m - 2 respectively.3 - The results also showed that the interaction between sowing rates and plowing systems caused improvement of plant characteristics and reduced dry weight of narrow weeds and number of spike/m - 2 weight of 1000 grains and had no affect on physical soil properties.the treatment of high sowing rates with mould plough gave high grain yield reached 4.04t/h - 1.

تاثير الاحلال الجزئي او الكلي للحنطة المخمرة محل الذرة الصفراء في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية لفروج اللحم == Effect of Replaced Partial or Complete Fermented Wheat Instead of Corn on some Productive and Physiological Traits of Broiler Chicks

Author name: علي جبر حمود علي الحميداوي
Supervisor name: عبد الله عبد المنعم محمد | جعفر محمد جاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Nutrition
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study included four experiments, two test laboratory experiments and two field experiments. The first experiment involved the use of laboratory quantities of inoculums dose and different periods of fermentation on the local wheat fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Iraqi probiotic and rumen liquor to obtain the best percentage of crude protein with less fiber content between different fermentation methods. The seconds experiment depended of the best results of the first experiment and re - fermentation process with the addition of urea by 2% to provide a source of nitrogen for use by microorganisms to protein syntheses. The first field experiment was to see the effect of substitution of fermented wheat with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Iraqi probiotic and rumen liquor partially or completely replace corn in diets on the productivity of broiler chickens. Digestion experiment was to determine the proportion of digested crude protein and crude fiber in the various diets also conducted. In this experiment 360 unsexed chicks of broiler class (Ross 308) is distributed over eight treatment by 3 replicates per treatment (15 chicks for replicate) as follows. T1 and T2 : diets control with or without antibiotic respectively; T3 and T4 : substitution partial and complete of fermented wheat with Saccharomyces cerevisiae; T5 and T6 : substitution partial and complete of wheat fermented by Iraqi probiotic; T7 and T8 : treatment replace partial and complete rumen liquor fermented wheat. As the second field experiment designed to study the replacement of wheat fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Iraqi probiotic and rumen liquor with urea partially or completely replace corn in diets on the productive performance of broiler chickens as well as digest it conducted a second test after the end of the second field experiment. In this experiment, A 450 chicks were used and distributed over 10 treatments each with three replicates (15 chicks for replicate)Btreatments are : T1 and T2 partial and complete replacing of wheat without urea instead of corn, respectively (controls); T3 and T4 partial and complete replacing of wheat with urea instead of corn, respectively (controls); T5 and T6 partial and complete replacing of wheat fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae with urea instead of corn, respectively; T7 and T8 partial and complete replacing of wheat fermented by Iraqi probiotic with urea instead of corn, respectively; T9 and T10 partial and complete replacing of wheat fermented by rumen liquor with urea instead of corn, respectively. The current studies included the following results : The first laboratory experiment : Fermented wheat by Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the amount of inoculums get 2 gm. - 1 Kg of wheat and 14 days fermentation period the archieved highest percentage in crude protein, followed by treatment of the fermented wheat rumen liquor with the amount of inoculums dose of 4 ml. Kg - 1 wheat and fermentation period of 14 days and then the treatment of Iraqi probiotic fermented wheat 5 gm. Kg - 1 and fermentation period of 21 days to access to 14.64% ,14.43% and 13.59%, respectively, in the treatment of non - fermented wheat recorded of 11.59% crude protein.The second laboratory experiment : The seconds experiment depended three of the best results of the first experiment (Fermented wheat by Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the amount of inoculums get 2 gm. - 1 Kg of wheat and 14 days fermentation period, fermented wheat by rumen liquor with inoculums dose of 4 ml. Kg - 1 wheat and fermentation period of 14 days and fermented wheat by Iraqi probiotic 5 gm. Kg - 1 and fermentation period of 21 days) re - fermentation process with the addition of urea by 2%.CThe first field experience : fermented wheat treatments by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Iraqi probiotic and rumen liquor increased significantly (P≤0.05) the live body weight, total weight gain, accumulative feed intake, economic figure, percentage of bone ash, villi height, ratio of villi height to crypt depth of the intestine, number of red blood cells, percentage of hemoglobin as well as the level of calcium and cholesterol in serum recorded significant decrease in favor of fermentation treatments were favorable results for the benefit of the treatment of substitution of wheat fermented by rumen liquor (T8) significantly (P≤0.05) was showen in protein and fibers digestibility in T7 and T8. While no significant defferances recorded in feed conversion ratio, viability, dressing percentage, organs weight, sensory characteristics, intestinal length and crypt depth were not different among all including the control.The second field experiment : The results showed that there were significant increases in final live body weight, total weight gain of T5, and accumulative feed intake for the T6 group, while T10 recorded the best conversion ratio, also T9 and T10 recorded the best economic figure, dressing percentage, percent of hemoglobin and packed cell volume. and Femur bone. As well as best protein and fibers digestibility were recorded as compared with control. Six treatment was showed the best results in blood serum ELISA titer against for Newcastle disease, infection bursa disease, Avian influenza and Bronchitis while non significant difference showed in viability, gizzard and proventiculus percent

التشكل الوراثي لجيني اللاكتوفرين والبرولاكتين وعلاقته بانتاج الحليب ومكوناته واداء الحملان قبل الفطام في النعاج العرابية == Relationship between Lactoferrin and Prolactin Genes Polymorphism and Milk Yield and its Components and Pre - weaning Lambs Performance of Arabi Ewes

Author name: علي جاسم عبد الرضا
Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد | سمير اسطيفان حنا
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Education
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Polymorphism analysis of lactoferrin and prolactin genes and its relationship with milk yield and its components and birth, weaning weight and growth rate before weaning were studied. DNA was extracted from 77 blood samples of Arabi ewes (21 ewes from Animal Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah and 56 ewes from Animal Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Al - Muthana). Lactoferrin genotypes were determined by using Hind III restriction enzyme, those of prolactin by Hae III enzyme at Genetic Engineering Laboratory/ College of Agriculture/ University of Basrah and College of Animal Resources/ Mullah Thani University/ Islamic Republic of Iran. Milk yield was measured once a week from 52 ewes belong to Animal Farm/ College of Agriculture/ University of Al - Muthana. Samples were chemically analyzed. Birth and weaning weight were recorded as well as growth rate before weaning during a period of 1/2/2013 to 31/12/2013. Results revealed the following : 1 - The possibility of amplifying both genes and get two alleles for each and three genotypes of the lactoferrin gene (AA and AB and BB) and two genotypes (AA and AB) of the prolactin gene.2 - Prolactin and lactoferrin A allele frequencies were 0.94 and 0.66 respectively. AA genotypes frequency was 0.88 and 0.52; AB 0.12 and 0.29 and BB 0.00 and 0.19 of prolactin and lactoferrin genes respectively. population was at equilibrium for prolactin gene, but was not in lactoferrin gene.3 - Heterozygosity levels were 11.69% and 28.57% for prolactin and lactoferrin genes respectively. inbreeding coefficients (Fis) were - 0.05 and 0.345 for both genes respectively. University of Basrah and Al - Muthana herds showed very high genetic correlation (0.999).4 - The overall means of total and daily milk yields and lactation length were 61.13±2.76 kg, 0.582±0.04 kg and 104.75±1.95 days respectively. Ewe age and lamb sex did not significantly influence the above traits. However, ewes lambed during February exceeded thoselambed in September by daily milk yield (0.661 vs 0.577 kg) and lactation period (110.00 vs 100.00 days).5 - The overall means of total fat, protein and SNF and their percentages were 2.65 Kg and 4.33%, 2.5kg and 4.11% and 11.98% respectively. Only SNF was significantly influenced by ewes age and lamb age.6 - The overall means of birth and weaning weights and pre - weaning daily growth rate were 4.48±0.39 kg, 21.21±0.89 kg and 161.71±8.47 gm./day respectively. Lambs birth weight was significantly influenced by ewes age, ewes aged 4 and 5 years got heavier lambs than those aged 1 and 3 years.7 - Lactoferrin genotypes significantly affected protein and total solids not fat, as AA genotype exceeded the other genotypes. Fat of AA, AB and BB genotypes were 2.85, 2.23 and 2.63 kg respectively. while values of SNF were 7.24, 5.78 and 7.51 respectively.8 - There was arithmetic increase (not significant) in all traits for the AB genotype over AA genotype of prolactin gene.9 - Allele B of prolactin gene positively and significantly influenced most trait. It shared about 75% of each trait variation. That of lactoferrin gene shared about 25% only.10 - Heritability of SNF% and quantity was high (0.652 and 0.666 respectively). Those of birth weight and growth rate were medium (0.309 and 0.346). All other traits had low heritability.11 - Highest value of BLUP was recorded for daily milk yield, total milk yield and adjusted milk yield for 150 days (0.032, 3.072 and 2.220 kg respectively). The lowest values were - 0.021, - 2.071 and 0.00 kg respectively. Their ranges were 0.053, 5.143 and 2.220 kg respectively.12 - The lowest value of BLUP of fat%, protein% and SNF% were - 1.724, - 2.448 and - 4.565% respectively. the highest values were 2.058, 2.466 and 3.764% respectively with a range of 3.782, 4.914 and 8.329% respectively.13 - The lowest values of BLUP of birth and weaning weight and growth rate were 3.00 kg, 19.9 kg and - 1.20 g/day, the highest were 5.5 kg, 23.45 kg and 1.03 g/day with ranges 2.5 kg, 3.86 kg and 2.23 g/day respectively.14 - Breeding values of prolactin AB genotype of all studied traits exceeded those of AA genotype. However, those of lactoferrin AB and BB genotypes exceeded those of AA genotypes.

التعبير الجيني ووفرة نسخ mRNA لجينات نقل العناصر الغذائية في الامعاء الدقيقة لفروج اللحم باختلاف مستوى الطاقة والبروتين في العليقة == Gene Expression and mRNA Abundance of Nutrients Transporter Genes in The Small Intestine of Broiler of Different Levels of Protein and Energy in Diets

Author name: علي احمد عبد الكریم ابراهیم العامري
Supervisor name: اسعد یحیى عاید | عبد لله عبد المنعم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in both Poultry Farm/Animal Resources Department/ College of Agriculture / University of Basra and laboratories of Molecular Biology/ London/ United Kingdom (The Molecular Oncology Unit Laboratories of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital/ Kings College London/ UK). Molecular analysis of the samples and the detection of a number of gene expression of several feed transporter genes in the small intestine of broiler chickens when fed diets with different levels of energy and protein. A total of 225 unsexed one day old broiler chicks (Ross breed) were randomly distributed on five experimental treatments each with three replicates of 15 chicks. Feeding was ad libitum during the whole period of experiment that lasted 35 days.The first treatment was control with 22.3 and 20 % crude protein and 2910 and 3001 kcal/kg for starter and growth period respectively. The second treatment consisted 24.1 and 22 % crude protein and 2920 and 2978 kcal/kg for starter and growth period respectively. The third treatment consisted 20 and 18 % and 2898 and 2996 kcal/ kg for starter and growth period respectively. The fourth treatment consisted 21.9 and 20 % and 3107 and 3199 kcal/ kg for starter and growth period respectively. The fifth treatment consisted 22.2 and 20 % and 2720 and 2800 kcal/ kg for starter and growth period respectively. The results revealed the followings : - The study showed the ability to amplify all genes and find their abundance according to their primers. - The highest value of APN gene abundance of female in the duodenum (1.86 ng) fed diet with 22 % cp and 3199 kcal/kg ME. - Highest abundance (6.19 ng) of Pept1 mRNA showed by males in their jejunum, when fed a diet consisted 22 % cp and 3199 kcal/kg ME. - The greatest value of b - AT and CAT2 amino acids transporter genes effect was revealed by males fed diet with 22 % cp and 3001 kcal/kg ME. - Females fed 20 % cp and 3199 kcal/kg ME diets reordered highest SGLT1 gene expression (4.70ng) within their ileum. - Males fed 20 % cp and 3199 kcal/kg ME diets reordered highest GLUT5 gene expression (6.37 ng) within their ileum. - All genes associated positively and significantly with body weight, growth rate, carcass cuts percentages (legs, breast, intestine length and weight) at the age of 35 days and negatively with feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. - Amino acid and peptides transporter genes abundance improved with an increase in diet protein, that of saccharide transporter improves with the increase of ME level in the diets. - Male gave higher mRNA copies of most genes in comparison with females, except that of SGLT1 and NPA which increased in females. - It is possible to manipulate nutrient transporter gene expression by feeding. That may reflect on birds performance.

مقارنة عزلات مختلفة من الفطر Rhizoctonia solani Kühn باستخدام تقنيات الوراثة الجزيئية وبعض المعايير المظهرية والفسلجية

Author name: علاء محمد رشا عبد الامير الرديني
Supervisor name: محمد عامر فياض | طالب احمد جايد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study had been carried out at Plant Protection Department and Genetic Engineering Labs of Agricultural College / Basrah University, while pots experiments were carried out at fields of Agricultural College / Basrah University. The present study included a comparison experiments of different Rhizoctonia solani isolates depending on molecular genetic techniques alongside with morphological and physiological parameters, host range and anastomosis groups identification.Thirty two different isolates of R. solani have been isolated from several host plants from several plant families throughout different geographical areas at Basra governorate. Result of pathogenicity test revealed that the majority of R. solani isolates caused a significant reduction in the germination percent of cabbage seeds, the isolates of Rs5, Rs16 and Rs19 were found to be more pathogenic and led to complete inhibition of germination, hence, the other isolates varied in their effect on seed germination percent and reported the range of 3.3 - 66.7 %, while, the isolate of BRs15 (binucleate isolate) did not show any significant effect on seeds germination compared to control (untreated) treatment (100%). According to pathogenicity test results, the most pathogenic isolates (Rs2, Rs5, R9, Rs16, Rs27 and Rs29) were selected for more followed experiments.Morphological analyses of R. solani isolates elucidated a profound difference among these isolates, the colony color was dark brown with the Rs9 isolate, light brown at the Rs16, while it was cream at the Rs2, Rs5, and Rs27, a white color with light brownish color was observed with the isolates of Rs29. The growth patterns at the medium supplemented with Potassium Chlorat showed that the isolates of Rs5, Rs9, Rs27 and Rs29 were sensitive to chlorate, while, the isolates of Rs2 and Rs16 were resistant to Chlorate. Regaling the effect of temperature on the growth of R. solani, it was found that the optimal growth temperature was at 25 °c for all examined isolates, while no growth was observed for all isolates at the temperature of 10 and 40 °c. The best pH values for growth supporting were 6 and 7 for all examined isolates.Anastomosis group analysis revealed the occurrence of anastomosis among the isolates of Rs5, Rs16, Rs27 and Rs29 with the standard isolate AG2, this confirms that these isolates belong to the group AG2, while the anastomosis between the two isolates Rs2 and Rs9 with standard isolate AG2 did not happen, therefore these isolates belong to a different group. Microscopic observation revealed theBoccurrence of more than two nuclei in each cell of examined isolates the average of nuclei number was 4 - 8 nucleus / fungal cell, while the number of binucleate isolate BRs15 exhibition two nuclei / fungal cell.The DNA extraction experiments for R. solani isolates (Rs2, Rs5, Rs9, Rs16, Rs27, Rs27, Rs30 and AG2) revealed the efficiency of CTAB procedure to get a high DNA yield and that it’s a good quality, as indicated results of measuring the concentration of DNA isolates it was good quantity amount (197.9 - 560.4 ng / μl) was obtained by following this procedure. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) results showed that all DNA of examined R. solani isolates were amplified by employing different RAPD primers, also each genetic primer succeeded in differentiation among isolates, as showed the polymorphic bands and monomorphic bands.The results of restriction fragment length polymorphism technique (RFLP) using RS1 and RS4 primers showed that the bands size for R. solani isolates obtained between 500 - 522 bp, restriction technique results using enzymes AvaII, HincII, MseI and MunI showed that Rs2 isolate belong to the group AG1 - IB, while Rs5, Rs16, Rs27, Rs29 and the standard isolate (AG2) belong to the group AG2 - 2, while Rs9 isolate belongs to group AG11 so Rs30 isolate belongs to group AG3 - PT.Result of host range of R. solani isolates showed a significant differences in the host preference, the isolates of Rs2 was able to infect all plant hosts except okra plant, while Rs5, Rs16, Rs27 and Rs29 were able to induce the infection on marshmallow, okra, cowpea, cotton and eggplant, no infections were reported on the host of melon and wheat plants, regarding R. solani isolate Rs9 an infection was observed on marshmallow, wheat and cotton, while no infection was noticed on melon, okra, cowpea and eggplant.Results of binucleate R. solani isolates role in protection of cotton plant from the infection with R. solani, revealed their protective role, the pathogenic effect of R. solani was significantly reduced, the germination percents were increased with BRs15 treatment reached 83.3, 86.7, 93.3, 83.3 and 90% at the treatments of Rs2, Rs5, Rs9, Rs16 and Rs27 respectively, without any significant difference with control treatment (93.3%). The highest germination percent was observed at BRs15 treatment with Rs29 and reported the percent of 96.7 %. Similar results were observed with damping - off percent of cotton plant, which proved the significant efficiency of binucleate isolate in their protection against all examined R. solani pathogenic isolates.

استخلاص مضادات الاكسدة بمساعدة الموجات الدقيقة من اليرون حبة القمح وجنينها ونخالتها ودراسة تاثيرها في الصفات الريولوجية للعجين == Extraction of Antioxidant with Assisted Microwave from Aleuron Wheat Grain, Germ and Bran and Study its Impact in the Rheological Properties of Dough

Author name: علاء محمد صالح مجيد المسافر
Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي | علي خضير جابر الركابي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate and test the activity of three essential parts of wheat seed Aleurone, germ and bran which were used as secondary products from grinding grain to feed animals. diversity solvents (distilled water, chloroform, hexane, ethanol, methanol) were applied to extract the bioactive compounds by both traditional and modern extractions.The total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, reducing power, metal chelating, and scavenging of hydrogen peroxidase were determined for all three essential parts of wheat. The stability of the extracts was studied toward temperature and pH at the interval time. In addition, the synergistic effect of the extracts was studied by mixing with different concentrations of ascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol. The extracted compounds were identified using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC - Mass).The ethanol extraction of wheat germ had the highest antioxidant activity, so it was chosen to prevent oxidation in the corn oil. Moreover, the ethanol extractions for germ, bran and Aleurone were added to wheat flour (80 % extraction) in order to study their effects as improvers in the rheological properties of wheat flour dough. The results were as follows : 1 - The microwave - assisted extraction for 40 sec was able to extract the highest level of phenolic compounds from wheat germ compared toconventional extraction conditions. The total phenolic compounds were 556.6 μg gallic/ml, 426 μg gallic/ml for ethanol and methanol extractions, respectively.2 - The microwave - assisted extraction was able to give the highest antioxidant activity (53%) at concentration of 100 mg/ml from ethanolic wheat germ extraction compared to synthetic antioxidant BHT ( 92 %). In addition, the wheat germ had the highest reducing power (163.88 %) at concentration of 5 mg/ml , while the percentage of reducing power for both ethanolic extraction of Aleurone and ethanolic extraction of wheat bran were 112.63 % and 79.68 %, respectively. In contrasts, all of above extractions had lowest reducing power compared to BHT and alpha tocopherol 249.8 % and 223.5 % respectively at the same concentration. Moreover, the wheat Grem had the highest percentage for both Ferrous chelating and scavenging of hydrogen peroxidase.3 - Ethanolic extracts of Aleurone, bran and germ have a higher antioxidant activity in natural pH while decreased when treated with acid and alkaline. In addition, the ethanolic wheat germ was able to give the highest antioxidant activity at 100°C for 100 min wich read 62.2% compared to others and gave synergistic effect for bothascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol exhibited 91.90 % of antioxidant activity at concentration 60 mg/ml.4 - Identification of ethanolic and methanolic extract using GC/MS showed presence of bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, phytosterol compounds, Isoeugenol and alkylresorcinols5 - Ethanolic extracts of germ with concentration 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 mg/g was added to corn oil in order to compared with BHT 0.05% and stored at 45°C for 28 days, the result showed that the ethanolic wheat germ at 0.25 mg/g had the ability to decrease the hydrogen peroxide for the corn oil 6.8 meq/kg at end of stored time compared BHT (0.05 %) 4.3 meq/kg at the same conditions.6 - The ethanolic Aleurone extraction possessed a positive effect on the rheological properties when it was added as improvers to the wheat flour ( 80 % extraction). The dough consistency was 6.7 min, which considered highest reading among all treatments. In addition, the recorded elastic index was 3.2, 2, and 1.8 at interval times 45, 90, 135 min, respectively.

تاثير الرش بالجبرلين والمنغنيز في نمو وحاصل ونسبة البروتين لمحصول الماش Vigna radiata L. == Effect of spraying by Gibberellin and manganese on growth yield and quality of mung bean(Vigna radiata L).

Author name: علاء صبري فضالة الازيرجاوي
Supervisor name: كريم حنون محسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment executed during 2016 autumn season in farmers' fields in the AL - Aufia district southwest of Missan province ( about 3 km from city center) in Silty loam soil. The objective of the study was to know the effect of sprayed of gibberellin and manganese on growth, yield and protein percentage of Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.).The experiment executed in split - plot in (R.C.B.D) design with three replicates, main plot were include three gibberellin concentration ( 0 , 100and200 mg GA3wq L - 1) , While sub plot were include three concentration of manganese (0, 50and100mg Mn L - 1) the local variety of Mung bean was used, the experiment include 27 experimental units, area of each units(3×3)m.The stude include following characteristics : Number of days from planting to maturity ,plant height(cm), number of leaves(leaf plant - 1), number of branches, leaf area(cm2), leaf area index, number of pod plant - 1, number of seed pod - 1, weight of 100 seed(gm), total seed yield(kg ha - 1), percentage and protein yield in seeds(%).The result of the study showed the following : 1 - gibberellin sprayed with concentration 200 mg l1 - caused significant increasing in most of growth characteristics of mung bean (plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area,), and most of yield characteristics (number of pod in plant, number of seed in pod ,total seed yield 865.70 kg ha - 1, percentage and protein yield in seeds ,and sprayed of gibberellin non - significant on weight100seed.2 - Sprayed of manganese with 100 mg L - 1 concentration modify total studied characteristics and gave highest average plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, leaf area index, number of pod in plant, number of seed in pod , total seed yield 898.76 kg ha - 1, percentage and protein yield in seeds.3 - Results also showed a significant Interaction between gibberellin and manganese, the combination of (200 mg GA3 L - 1×100mg Mn L - 1) gave the highest seed yield 1002.66 kg ha - 1 and protein Yield 268.86 Kg ha - 1,the increase of total seed Yield due to most of growth characterists and Yield components.

تحضير حليب فول الصويا المتخمر ودراسة صفاته الكيميائية والميكروبية والحسية وتاثيره على بعض المعايير الذموية للجرران == Preparing Fermented Soymilk and Studying the Chemical, Microbiological and Sensory Characteristics and its Effects on Certain Blood Criteria of Rats

Author name: علاء سعد ناجي الشريفي
Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي | علاء كرين نعيمة
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study includes soymilk extraction from its grains with three different extraction methods and study the chemical composition, physical properties of the milk for each method. the second method was chosen because its produce milk includes 10.44% total solid material, the chemical composition consist of moisture 89.56%, protein 4.188%, fat 2.47%, ash 059%, carbohydrate 3.192%, and phytic acid 0.225% while the rate of mineral ions ferric, magnesium, phosphor, calcium and potassium (0.004, 0.1, 0.03, 0.09 and 0.063) respectively. The starter company which consist of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium sp. were used in soymilk fermentation and the best incubation temperature 40 °C for 7 hours , inoculation volume 5% the log of the total count of lactic acid bacteria 10.74 cfu / gm and the log of Streptococcus thermophilus 8.56 cfu / gm and the log of L. acidophilus 7.86 cfu / gm, the log of Bifidobacterium 7.65 cfu / gm, the pH was 4.42 and the rate of total acid was 0.8%. The cold storage effect for 28 days were studied for probiotic bacteria survival, the log of total bacterial account 9.78 cfu / gm, the log of St.thermophilus 8.07 cfu / gm and the log of Bifidobacterium sp 6.5 cfu / gm, while the log of L. acidophilus account was the most effect 4.1 cfu / gm the pH value decreased for 4.6 while the total acidity percentage was 0.81%.The chemical composition of yoghurt was studied The percentage of each moisture, protein, fat, ash and Carbohydrate were (88.8, 4.2, 2.3, 0.82 and 4.6) respectively, the phytic acid rate decreased for 0.075% The experimental animals were fed with milk soybean yogurt with 3 ml and 2 ml for 40 days , the result showed decreasing the rate of cholesterol and triglyceride in T1 treatment which were( 114.24 , 74.5 mg / deciliter) respectively compared with control (97.78, 124.67 mg / deciliter) the hematocrit, hemoglobin, White blood cells, thrombocytes, red blood cells, and the average quantity of hemoglobin, the size of blood cells and the hemoglobin concentration in T1 treatment were (49.66,14.76, 18.96, 246.3, 6.4, 16.4, 62.33, 30.53) respectively compared with control (42.0, 12.0, 12.6, 206.3, 6.0, 13.53, 45.33, 24.6) respectively. The standard of immunity were investigated for the experimental animals the rate of neutrophil degreased in T1 treatment which was 7.83% while in control 14.72% the rate of lymphocyte increased in T1 treatment 90.62% while degreased in control 82.0%.The sensory evaluation showed that the yogurt produced from soybean milk include garlic taste had the highest degree 86.6% while the yogurt without addition of taste had the lowest value which was 53.7%.

تاثير موعد الزراعة ومسافتها والرش بالهيومس السائل في النمو وحاصل البذور والزيت لنبات الخلة البلدي Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. وفعاليته التثبيطية لبعض الاحياء الدقيقة == Effect of Sowing Date, Plant Spacing and Spraing with Liquid Humes on Growth and Yield of Khellah Plant Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. and its Inhibition Activitie on Some Microorganisms

Author name: علا عدنان فائز حبيب الجابري
Supervisor name: عصام حسين علي الدوغجي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted during the growing season of 2013/2014 in the Medical and Aromatic Plants Unit Field, Agricultural Collage, Basrah University, to study the effect of sowing date, plant spacing and spraying with liquid hummus and their interaction on growth and seed and fixed yield of Khella plant Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. " Syrian Local " and its biochemical effects.The study Included 12 factorial treatments, which were the combinations of two sowing dates 1/10 or 20/10, three plant spacing 20, 30 or 40 cm and spraying with liquid humus in concentration of 0.75 ml. l. - 1 or without ( spraying with distill water) and their interactions. A Complete Randomized Block Design in a factorial experiment was used with three replicates. The results analyses with SPSS program and Least Significant Differences Test (L.S.D) in level 0.05 was used to compared The most important results may be summarized as follows : - 1. Effect of sowing dates : Plants sown on 1/10 gave a significantly increases in plant height, leaf number. Plant - 1, number of main lateral branches. plant - 1 , earliest in inflorescences appearance, number of inflorescences. plant - 1, total seed yield. plant - 1 (54.3 gm), weight of 1000 seed, seeds productivity. hectare - 1 (4754kg), total fixed oil. plant - 1 (2.9gm), fixed oil productivity. hectare - 1 (309.5 kg), leaf total soluble carbohydrates content, seed total soluble carbohydrates content. Whereas plants grown on 20/10 had a significantincreases in dry matter percentage, fixed oil percentage ( 8.3%) and seed total protein percentage.2. Effect of plant spacing : Plants cultivated at 40 cm a part had a significant increases in leaf number. plant - 1, earliest in inflorescences appearance and number of inflorescences. plant - 1. Whereas plants cultivated at 30 cm a part had a significant increases in weight of 1000 seed and leaf total soluble carbohydrates content, Plants cultivated on 20 cm a part gave a significant increases in seeds and fixed oil productivity. hectare - 1 (3543kg and 311.2 kg), respectively.3. Effect of spraying with liquid humus : - Plants sprayed with liquid humus had a significant increases in leaf number. Plant - 1, dry matter percentage, number of inflorescences. plant - 1, total seed yield. plant - 1 (34.0 gm), seeds productivity. hectare - 1 (3543kg), fixed oil percentage (8.1%), total fixed oil. plant - 1 (2.6gm), fixed oil productivity. hectare - 1 (267.2 kg) and leaf total soluble carbohydrates content.4. Effect of the interactionsThe Interactions between the study factors, showed a significant effect in all studded parameters except leaf total chlorophyll content.5. The activity of the Khella seed and leaf extracts against certain types of pathogenic bacteria to human.The activities of aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of either leaves or seed were tested against some types of bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerugnesa and Staphylococcus aureus at fiveconcentrations 50, 100, 200, 300 or 400 mg. L. - 1. The aqueous extract of the seeds showed inhibition effect in all studied concentrations, the effect increased with the concentration increases.6. The activity of the Khella seed and leaf extracts against two pathogenic fungi Aspergillus nigerCandida albicanThe activities of aqueous, methanolic and ethanolic extracts of either leaves or seed were tested against two fungi Aspergillus nigerCandida albican at five concentrations 50, 100, 200, 300 or 400 mg. L. - 1. All the extracts showed inhibition effect in growth diameters of both fungi, the methanolic extract of leaves was the more effected

مسح وتشخيص بعض الملقحات الحشرية ومصادر حبوب اللقاح في محافظة ميسان == Survey and Identification Some Pollinators and Pollen Resources in Missan Province

Author name: عقيل عبد الرزاق كريدي
Supervisor name: طه ياسين مهودر العيداني | خالد عبد الرزاق فهيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: survey and identification of the most important pollinators were conducted in three locations in Missan province (Amarah, Maymonnh , Almajar alkabir) , for the purpose to survey and identify the most important pollinators in the province,In view of the diversity of plants and insects pollinators the study select three plants , ber tree Ziziphus spina - christi and two crops are alfalfa Medicago sativa and Egyptian clover Trifolium alexenderianum to confine the pollinating insects. Honey bee Apis mellifera be one of the most important pollinator . So pollen sources in the sediment of honey and propolis is studied to identify botanical origin that visited by insects to keep them and provide fingerprint about plant diversity in the province.The study showed the following : 1. there are many insects visiting flowers of ber , alfalfa and clover were some of them are classified to the species level, while others were classified to the generic level such as wild bees Andrena sp. , Megachle sp., Tetralonia sp.And some species belong to family syrphidae such as Eristalis sp. , Syrtta sp. and Syrphus sp..2. Honey bee Apis mellifera is the most common and attracting to the two experiment crops flowers . where on average of 0.978 insects per 3m² during five minutes in alfalfa and 1.2 insects in clover were recorded. the second important is the wild bee Andrena sp. with an average of 0.662 insects in alfalfa and 0.8 in clover. 3. Honey bee were holding maximum quantity of pollen from alfalfa and clover . The average load was 67874 Pollen Grains (PG) was recorded . This quantity may be greater when it's estimated in the bee when they returns to hive .Wild bee Andrena sp. loud of pollen grain counted 54233 PG and ,IIthe wild bee long horn Tetralonia sp. carry about 51664 PG , while the leaf cutter wild bee Megachile sp. and white - banded digger Amegilla quadrifasciata carry 44256 and 38154 PG respectively , The least loud was carried by syrphid fly Eristalis aeneus was 27657 PG in it's gut .4. Honey bee Apis mellifera was the most insect spending time of foraging pollen on clover in average 9.76 second and 8.85 second on clover and alfalfa flowers respectively in the daylight , the next were the miner bee Andrena sp. spending 5.53 sec and 4.32 sec on clover flowers and alfalfa respectively . The white - banded digger wild bee A. quadrifasciata and the leaf cutter wild bee Megachile sp. have not seen visiting clover while they visit alfalfa flowers .5. pollen spectrum in spring and autumn honey sediment was studied , wich showed an important and new sources the tamarisk Tamarix brachystachys that is record the first time as a predominant pollen source , this source rated over than 45% in three sample of spring honey while as known between researchers and bee keepers that spring honey called a Eucalyptus or clover honey. Some weed were also important as pollen sourcessuch as Capparis spinosa , Sonchus oleraceus in addition to Prosopis juliflora and some species of the Families Cruciferae , Compositae and Umbelliferae.6. the light microscope showed that The most important resource of propolis Eucalyptus camaldulensis , Tamarix spp. and Prosopis juliflora

تاثير اضافة الخليط التازري لمسحوق حليب الكيفير المجفف والمصنع في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والمناعية لفروج اللحم == Effect of Addition of Synbiotic of Dried and Processed Kefir Milk Powder in Some of The Productive, Physiological and Immunological Characteristics of Broiler Chicken

Author name: عقيل طوينة عودة
Supervisor name: عبد الله عبد المنعم محمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Four experiments were carried out for this study, two field and two laboratory, to manufacture a Synbiotic for milk powder Kefir ( MPK ) and loaded with some feed material with or without sugar beet milled or Helianthus tuberosus powder and the effect of adding it to some of the production , physiological and immunological characteristics of the chickens . Where the first laboratory experiment was conducted in Microbiology Laboratory at the Animal Production Department in the College of Agricultur - University of Basrah , for the period from 10 / 4 / 2015 to 7 / 5 / 2015 for the purpose of manufacturing a Synbiotic of MPK.The second field experiment was conducted in a commercial field for poultry in Al - Zubair / Basrah during the period from 24 / 1 / 2016 to 27 / 2 / 2016 , which included selecting the best biomass of MPK loaded on wheat , corn , soybeans and wheat bran with the addition of Helianthus tuberosus powder , So that one gram of MPK and loaded on the previous materials can bacteria . In this L. acidophiluscfu / ml 8least 10be provided at experiment, 450 unsexed one day of the Ross 308 chicks, at a rate of 40 g / chick were distributed randomly to six Treatments , three replicates per treatment , 25 birds per replicate and the treatments were as follows ; T1 : Control treatment included a standard diet . T2 : A standard diet supplemented only by amoxicillin antibiotic according to the program of preventive health approach . T3 : A standard meal with 3 g of MPK loaded on wheat/ kg feed .T4 : A standard meal with 3 g of MPK loaded on yellow corn / kg feed. T5 : A standard meal with 3 g of MPK loaded on soybeans / kg feed. T6 : A standard meal with 3 g of MPK loaded on wheat bran / kg feed .The third field experiment was conducted to determine the best effect of the synbiotic MPK loaded with wheat, corn, soybeans and wheat bran and compared with three foreign probiotics in the productive, physiological and immunological characteristics of chicks. This experiment was conductedbduring the period from 4 / 10 / 2016 until 9 / 11 / 2016, using 600 unsexed chickens with one day of the Ross 308 at a rate of weight of 40 g / chick .The chicks were randomly distributed into eight treatments with three replicates per treatment and 25 birds per replicate. The experiment was designed as follows : T1 : Control treatment included a standard diet, T2 : A standard meal with 3 g of MPK loaded on wheat/ kg feed . T3 : A standard meal with 3 g of MPK loaded on yellow corn / kg feed. T4 : A standard meal with 3 g of MPK loaded on wheat bran / kg feed. T5 : added treatment 1/2 g of probiotic Labzyme / kg feed , Korean - made , T6 : added treatment 1/2 g probiotic Biozyme / kg feed , German - made , T7 : added treatment 1/2 g probiotic Biolac / kg feed , Vietnamese made , T8 : A standard diet supplemented only by amoxicillin antibiotic according to the program of preventive health approach .The fourth laboratory experiment was conducted in Microbiology Laboratory at the Animal Production Department in the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah for the period from 6 / 3 / 2016 to 7 / 4 / 2016 for the study of antibacterial activity in the kefir milk and compare it with Biozyme , Pencilin, Gentamycin, Tetracyclin and Neomycin against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli causing bacterial necrosis with Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis ( BCO ) . The results of the study included the following : First laboratory experiment ;The results of the first experiment showed that the wet biomass rate of fermented kefir milk was 70 % . This high percentage is evidence of the growth of Lactate Bacteria in this product. The results showed that wheat bran and wheat bran and corn were the best loaded significant materials (p <0.05) Compared to soybeans in terms of growth and reproduction of lactic acid bacteria. Adding Helianthus tuberosus powder increased the number of bacteria in dried kefir milk compared sugar beet milled , which reduced the number of bacteria in MPK .Second field experiment : cThe results of the experiment showed the following : 1 - There were significant increase (p <0.05)) in the final body weight rate and the body weight gain and Food conversion efficiency, as well as a significant decrease (p <0.05) In the amount of feed consumed for the sixth, third and fourth treatments, supplemented with synbiotic MPK loaded on wheat bran, wheat and corn compared with other treatments .2 - Treatments sixth , third , fourth had significant (p<0.05) decrease mortality percent as comparing with control and treatment two .3 - The sixth , third , and fourth treatments were significantly higher (P <0.05) in the production index and the performance index and drcrease value of economic efficiency compared with other treatments .4 - Total protein and globulin in plasma serum were increased significant (p<0.05) and decreased (p <0.05) in the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol in the sixth, third and fourth treatments supplemented with synbiotic MPK , loaded on wheat bran , wheat and corn , as well as the increased of the third, sixth and fourth treatments significantly (p <0.05) in the concentration of ALP enzyme compared to other treatments .5 - The results showed that the fifth, sixth, third, and fourth treatments did not differ significantly in antibodies titer against Newcastle ( NDV) and the Comboro ( IBDV ) disease, but significantly exceeded (p <0.05) compared to the first and second treatments .Third field experience : According to the results of the second field experiment, the best three treatments were added to the synbiotic MPK and loaded on wheat bran , wheat and corn . It was compared with three foreign prpbiotics , the treatment of addition of amoxicillin antibiotic and control treatment. The results of the experiment showed the following ;d1 - The second , fourth , third and sixth treatments, supplemented with probiotic, MPK , loaded with wheat , wheat bran , corn, and labzyme were significantly higher (p <0.05) in body weight and weight gain . As well as a significant decrease (p <0.05) in the amount of feed consumed and a significant improvement (p <0.05) in the efficiency of food conversion compared to other experimental treatments .2 - The first, fifth, and seventh treatments were significantly higher (p <0.05) in the mortality percent as comparing , to other experimental treatments .3 - A significant (p <0.05) increased was observed in the production index and the performance index and significantly decrease in the economic efficiency value for the second, fourth, third and sixth treatments.4 - The second, fourth, third and sixth treatments were significantly higher (p <0.05) in dressing percentage , tibia and thoracic characteristics , as well as a significant increase (p <0.05) in the weight of the cecum compared to other treatments.5 - There was a significant increase (p <0.05) in the weight of Bursa fabricius for the first, eighth and seventh treatments, as well as a H/L ratio was significant (p<0.05) decrease in the second, third, fourth and sixth compared to other treatments.6 - Total protein and globulin in plasma serum were significant (p<0.05) increased and decrease significantly(p <0.05) in the concentration of triglyceride and cholesterol in treatments second, fourth, sixth and third , compared to other treatments.7 - The superiority of the second, third, and fourth treatment was significantly higher (p <0.05) in the concentration of ALP enzyme in plasma serum compared to other treatments.8 - The third, seventh, second, fourth, and sixth treatments recorded the highest significant mean (p <0.05) of the degrees granted to them by theeEvaluator in the flavor, tenderness and juicy compared to the fifth, first and eighth treatments .9 - The second, seventh, third, fourth, and sixth treatments were significantly higher (p <0.05) in lactic acid in intestinal fluid , as well as There were significant (p<0.05) increase in digestibility of dry matter , protein and fat in treatments fourth, second, third and sixth as compared with other .10 - The fourth, second, third, and sixth factors significantly exceeded (p <0.05) in weight and length of the tibia , bone index , ash ratio , and skeletal weight of the chickens, as well as The second, fourth, third, and sixth treatments were significantly higher (p <0.05) in the level of calcium and phosphorus in the bone compared with other .11 - The first, eighth, fifth and seventh treatments were significantly higher (p <0.05) in the rate of food passage in the gastrointestinal tract compared with other.12 - Significant increase (p<0.05) in villi length and crups depth in treatments fourth, second and third as compared with seventh, fifth, eighth and first.Fourth laboratory experiment : The results of the experiment showed no significant differences in the treatment of MPK with gentamycin in diameter (mm) inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Which cause BCO disease , while significantly increase (P <0.05) with Pencilin, Labzyme, Tetracyclin , Biozyme in diameter of the inhibition zone to the staphylococcus aureus and the diameter of the inhibition zone of Escherichia coli.

مقارنة القيمة الغذائية لاسماك الكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio L. من مصادر مختلفة == Comparison of nutritional value of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. from different sources

Author name: عطور عبد الكريم طاهر العطبي
Supervisor name: امجد كاظم رسن | صلاح مهدي نجم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study was carried out during the period from December 2015 and June 2016 to assess the chemical composition, fatty and amino acids and the total bacterial count of the muscular tissue from the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. in Basrah city which were cached from Shatt Al - Arab river at Abul - Khasib, obtained from earthen ponds at the University of Basrah, fish cages in Shatt Al - Arab river at Al - Hartha district and those imported from Iran Republic which were available in the domestic markets of Basrah city.The results of the study were statistically analyzed using CRD design applying SPSS statistical package ver. 17 on 50 fish from each source with 3 replicates per sample and the studied factors were tested using RLSD test at 0.05 probability level.The results of the statistical analysis indicated no significant differences (p>0.05) in moisture content between Shatt Al - Arab samples, imported samples, iced pond fish and iced cage fish. No significant differences (p>0.05) were detected also between fish from ponds and cages. Significant differences (p<0.05) were detected between fresh fish from ponds and cages with fresh and iced fish from Shatt Al - Arab or imported fish. The highest moisture content of fresh fish was 78.2% in Shatt Al - Arab samples while the lowest 70.8% was in fresh cage fish. The highest moisture content in iced fish 79.4% was in imported samples while the lowest 74.1% was in cage fish. As for ash content, the statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between imported fish and other fish samples. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed also between fresh pond fish and other samples.However, no more significant differences (p>0.05) were detected between other fish samples. The highest ash content in fresh fish 2.29% was in pond fish and the lowest 0.98% in imported fish. Similarly, the highest ash content in iced samples 1.45% was in pond fish and the lowest 0.87% in imported samples. The statistical analysis of fat contents demonstrated significant differences (p<0.05) between Shatt Al - Arab fresh and iced samples and other samples. Fat content in pond fish was in line with those in iced cage and iced imported fish but significantly (p<0.05) differ from those in fresh pond and imported fish while no such differences were shown between pond and imported fish. The highest fat content in fresh fish 11.9% was in imported fish and the lowest 3.43% in Shatt Al - Arab fish. Similarly, the highest fat content of iced fish 9.99% was in imported fish and the lowest 3.17% in Shatt Al - Arab fish. The statistical analysis showed that protein contents in fresh fish from Shatt Al - Arab, ponds and cages were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in imported fish while protein contents in fresh and iced imported fish were significantly (p<0.05) lower than it in other fish. The highest protein content in fresh fish 18.71% was in pond fish and the lowest 10.05% in imported fish. Similarly, the highest protein content in iced fish 16.96% was in pond fish and the lowest 9.98% in imported fish. The statistical analysis showed that the caloric values of fresh and iced fish from Shatt Al - Arab were significantly (p<0.05) lower than other fish except for iced pond and imported fish. Additionally, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in caloric values between pond, iced cage and imported fish while pond and Shatt Al - Arab fishes only showed significant differences (p<0.05) in comparison with other samples. The highest caloric value for fresh fish 165.62 Kcal/100 g in cage fish and the lowest 98.5 Kcal/100 g in Shatt Al - Arab fish. On the other hand, the highest caloric value for iced fish 148.4 Kcal/100 g was in cage fish and the lowest 93.9 Kcal/100 g in Shatt Al - Arab fish.The fatty acids was assessed in the laboratories of The College of Agriculture, University of Basrah by using GC - MS QP210 Ultra , SHIMADZU, JAPAN equipped with capillary column DB - MS 5 with static phase (5% phenyl, 95% methyl polysiloxane) and ultra - high purity Helium 99.9%. The fatty acid analysis for the muscular tissue of fish indicated high levels of oleic ،palmitic ،stearic ،stearic ،docosahexaenoic acid in comparison with lower levels of myristoleic ،eicosadienoic ،dihomo - gamma - linolenic and pentadecyclic acids. The statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between both fresh and iced samples from the different fish sources. However, significant differences (p<0.05) were detected between imported fish and fresh and iced fish from ponds and cages. Additionally, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed between fresh and iced imported samples with both fresh and iced pond fish while fresh and iced cage fish differed significantly (p<0.05) from fresh pond samples.Amino acids were assessed by using HPLC system with ion exchange and Ninhydrin post column derivation in Shimadzu Spd - 6 Av uv - Visible detector. The analysis of amino acids in fish muscular tissue demonstrated high levels of Aspartic ،Serine ،Glutamic،Alanine and Glycine and low levels of Cystine ،Tryptophan ،Isoleucine ،Methionine،Histidine ،Threonine and Tyrosine. The statistical analysis showed no significant differences between fresh and iced Shatt Al - Arab samples with fresh and iced imported fish. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed also between fresh and iced pond fish with fresh and iced cage fish. On the other hand, significant differences (p<0.05) were found between fresh and iced Shatt Al - Arab fish with fresh and iced imported samples. Additionally, another significant differences were detected between fresh and iced pond fish with fresh and cage fish.As for the total bacterial count, the statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between all fresh and iced fish samples. The highest level in fresh fish 7.6 x 103 cfu/g was observed in Shatt Al - Arab fish while the lowest level 2.0 x 103 cfu/g in imported fish. In comparison, the highest level in iced fish 7.44 x 107 cfu/g was also in Shatt Al - Arab fish but the lowest level 5.72 x 107 cfu/g in cage fish.

عزل وتشخيص بكتيريا . Vibrio spp من بعض الاسماك المتداولة في الاسواق المحلية لمدينتي البصرة والناصرية ودراسة بعض خواصها == Isolation and Identification of Vibrio spp. from some fish proffered in local markets of Basrah and Nasiriyah city and study some properties

Author name: عذارء عودة حسين الجبوري
Supervisor name: خديجة صادق جعفر الحسيني | منال بادي صالح التميمي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study included isolation and identification Vibrio spp. bacteria that taken from fresh and frozen fish (Tenualosa ilisha , Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Barbus sharpey and Spondyliosoma cantharus). 210 fishes were collected from Basrah market (Big market in Basrah, Al - Ashar, Al - Tanoma and 5 mile) while 150 fishes were collected of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Barbus sharpeyand Spondyliosoma cantharus) from Nasiriyah market (Big market and Harj market) this collecting process of samples took a period from 02.June till 30.November - 2013.Fishes were brought to laboratory and samples were taken from it and planted directly on biological media (Nutrient agar, Blood agar, MacConkey agar and selective medium (Thiosulphate Citrate Bile salt Sucrose Agar TCBS) then the petri dishes were incubated aerobically at temperature 37cº for 18 - 24 hours. 30 positive samples were identified of Vibrios depending on colony shape, cell under microscope, catalase test, oxidase test and motility test, afer that the types were identified depending on the biochemical tests and by using API20E kit, which led to identifying two kinds of Vibrios bacteria : Vibrio cholera and Vibrio fluvialis. These two bacteria were isolated from fresh fishes more than frozen fishes.Study observed that the Vibrios isolation percentage of these two bacteria in Basrah market was 26% (15 isolates) while the isolation percentage was 21% in Nasiriyah market (63 isolates).Sensitivity and antibiotics tests were done, results showed that all Vibrios cholera bacteria had 100% resistant against Aztreonem, while some of it had low resistant which was about 45% against Amoxicillin - clavulanic Acid and Nalidixic Acid, all Vibrio fluvialis bacteria isolates had resistant against Aztreonem, Amoxicillin - clavulanic Acid and Nalidixic Acid which was 100%, 75% and 25% respectively, while all VibrioAcholera and Vibrio fluvialis isolates were sensitive 100% against Amikacin, Ampicillin, Chloram - phenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Tetarcycline, Trimethoprim /Sulpha - methoxazole.Vibrio cholera and Vibrio fluvialis bacteria isolates were 100% tolerant for acidity at pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 and 8.0, while Vibrio cholera bacteria was 60% tolerant to the acidity at pH 4.5, and Vibrio fluvialis bacteria was more resistant to the acidity of 20% and 50% tolerant at pH 4.0 and 4.5 respectively.The study showed to the ability of Vibrio cholera bacteria to resist the salinity reached 60% and 100% at concentrations 6% and 7% respectively, but it didn't grow on concentrations 8% and 9%.Vibrio fluvialis bacteria was resistant for the salinity in all the concentrations with different percentages reached to 100% at concentrations 6%, 7% and 40% at concentration 8%, while at concentration 9% there was only one sample had resistant of 20% and it was from frozn sample of Beni fish which taken from Big market in Basrah.All isolates from different sources could grow in 25 and 37 cº and in room temperature 15 cº during doing this experiment, while some isolates of Vibrios bacteria could grow with low density in 5 cº, while it couldn't grow in - 20 cº.By using Real Time (PCR) technology for detecting hemolysim enzyme gene in Vibrio spp., that 27 samples from Vibrio cholera bacteria and 3 samples from Vibrio fluvialis bacteria had this enzyme which analyzes red blood cell (RBC) and considered one of toxins that belongs to Vibrio spp. which has a role in occurrence of disease.

تاثير فاصلة ومعاملات الري وتغطية سطح التربة في بعض خصائصها وانتاج نخلة التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. == Effect of interval and methods irrigation in addition soil surface mulching on some soil properties and production of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L

Author name: عبد الرحمن داود صالح الحمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was conducted in an agricultural field which located at Abu - AlKhaseeb distruct /20 Km south of Basra City , during the season of growth (2013 and 2014) on a land area about one hectare, a clay soil texture and classified as Typic torrifluvents. In order to study the effect of method and interval irrigation and mulching soil surface in some physical and chemical properties of the soil and production of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Hillawi c.v. The irrigation method factor included four treatments; drip irrigation method (D) and surface irrigation (S) and rotation method (DS) (rotation drip irrigation with surface irrigation in binary cycle) and tide irrigation method (T), while the mulching factor included three treatments : nylon (N) and coverage waste (W) and no mulching (no). Irrigation interval factor included three treatments are (4 ,8, 12) day. Experiment carried out in factorial Experiment with random complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, the addition of irrigation water calculated from the basin American evaporation (Evap.Pan Class - A - ), which was erected in the study site, plus 20% as leaching requirements.Below is a summary of the study results : 1 - The addition of irrigation water by the irrigation methods (D, DS, S) increase the moisture content significantly for different depths of soil compared with traditional irrigation treatment (tidal). Surface irrigation treatment shows higher values in the moisture content, followed by treatment of irrigation alternately then treated drip irrigation, irrigation with treated showed tidal lowest values. The irrigation methods (drip, drip - surface, surface) increased in moisture content values with lack of a period irrigation, especially when the interval 4 day. Moisture content of the irrigation methods treatments increased significantly values morally using coverage, particularly nylon except irrigation treatment tidal which were not increase significantly. The moisture content values increase significantly with depth for all experimental treatments, and she took to decline at the end of the first season and the second compared to the first season.2 - The treatment of traditional irrigation (tidal) showed the lowest values in the bulk density, followed by treatment of drip irrigation and treatment of rotation and then surface irrigation treatment for all depths .The results showed increased bulk density values of all treatments with depth ,also that the use of the nearby interval and coverage nylon contributed to maintaining the values of bulk density and showed superior in giving the lowest value for the density. Increased bulk density values with the progress of seasonal growth of all treatments and three depths of soil.3 - The use of irrigation methods (drip, drip - surface, surface) to a significant decrease in the values of Mean Weighted Diameter (MWD) compared with the traditional method of irrigation (tidal) and the order of the effect for the irrigation methods is S <DS <D <T. The results showed that values increase with the progress of the growing season, except for the treatment of traditional irrigation (T) with superiority of depth (0 - 30) cm on other depths.4 - The cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate Increased in the soil with the traditional irrigation treatment compared to using other methods of irrigation and the methods irrigation taken following order in the cumulative infiltration and infiltration rateS <DS <D <T. The results showed that the cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate values increased with using mulching especially with nylon and follow short - rang irrigation interval .5 - The use of irrigation methods (drip, drip - surface, surface) decreased the electrical conductivity values on different depths of soil compared with traditional irrigation treatment (tidal), which maintained a significant increase in the electrical conductivity values, especially in (0 - 30 ,30 - 60 ,) cm depth, followed by treatment of drip irrigation and surface irrigation, The rotation treatment DS showed high efficiency in salts washing rate in all depths and recorded the lowest values in the electrical conductivity .The results showed that the using of mulching, especially nylon contributed significantly in reducing the electrical conductivity values, and that the exposed treatment showed higher values, as the results showed that the using of long interval increase in the electrical conductivity values .Other than increase the electrical conductivity values of the surface depth of all treatments and it decreased significantly at both ends of the first and second seasons, compared with the beginning of the experiment except for the treatment of tidal which remained conservative values until the end of the experiment .6 - The use of irrigation methods (drip, rotation, surface) contributed to the significant increase of the values of productivity (weight, size, length, total sugars, dry weight and total yield) of Date Palm compared with the use of traditional irrigation method (tidal ) .The irrigation methods takes the following order in productivity : T <S <D <DS. The results showed that a significant increase in productivity with use short interval and the use of nylon mulching style. The results showed that increase in productivity in the second season compared to the first season.

التنوع السمكي وبعض الخصائص الحياتية في الجزء الشمالي لشط العرب وبعض مقترباته == Fish biodiversity and some biological characteristics in the Northern part of Shatt Al - Arab River and some of its reaches

Author name: عبد المحسن جعفر عبد الله
Supervisor name: ساجد سعد حسن النور
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The aimed of the present study to find out the nature of the qualitative compositionand some biological aspects in the North part of Shatt Al - Arab River and some of its reaches after emergence of many changes in the region and habitats segmenting by Dam construction on Euphrates River in the area between Chibyish and Mudina town and establishment of Qlat - Salih Regulator, reduction of water discharge to minimum limits, entry of alien species on an ongoing basis, so it is necessary to conduct a study to find out the nature of the diversity of fish in the region, and it has shown that the composition of community differs from previous studies revealed that introduced alien small size species and some of uneconomic species were dominate. The samples were caught monthly from the river from December 2013 to May 2015 North of Basrah Province. Several fishing tools were used to collect fishes seine, fixed, draft, cast net and electrofishing. Three stations were selected; the station 1 was in the North of Qurna town about five kilometers North the point which the Tigris and Euphrates River confluence, station 2 at the place of Seweeb River is meeting the Shatt Al - Arab Rive and station 3 at the point that Al - Shafii River which meet Shatt Al - Arab river. Some environmental parameters were measured, namely air temperature ranged from 15ºC in December 2014 in station 3 to 43ºC in the August 2014 at station 2 and 3, while the water temperature from 11ºC in January 2015 for station 1 to 36 ºC in July at station 2. Light penetration revealed 33 cm in April and May 2014 and 132 cm in January 2015 for station 3. Current speed ranged between 0.03 m/s in January 2015 in station 3 and 0.29 m/s in October 2014 for station 1. Salinity ranged from 0.66 g/L in January 2014 for station 1 to 1.46 g/L in February and March 2015 in station 1 and October 2014 for station 2. The pH values tend toward the alkaline, the lowest 7.30 in May 2014 for station 2 and 8.90 measured in February 2014 in station 1. Monthly discharges, average incoming from the Tigris River recorded 35.20 ± 8.47 m3/s in November 2014 to 73.85 ± 17.55 m3/s on February 2014. Lower values of reactive nitrate were recorded 0.69 μ g at. N/L in March 2015 at station 3 and highest 24.32 μ g at. N/L in May for station 2, however the values of reactive phosphate recorded, the lowest 0.0037 μ g at. N/L in March 2015 at station 2, the highest was 0.589 μ g at. N/L in November 2014 for station 1. A total of 29405 individuals was collected during the study period represented 916521g included 33 species eight of them were marine species contain 29 genera belong to 14 families of Osteichthyes, Cyprinids family occupied first degree in the number of species (13) and genera (12), the numerical relative abundance of marine species in the study area was 3.38% and the relative abundance gravimetric was 8.45%. A significant positive correlation was found between number of species and water temperature (r=0. 506). Liza abu, Carassius auratus and Coptodon zillii were the most total numerical relative abundance 30.89, 29.30 and 15.64 % respectively, C. auratus, S. triostegus and C. zillii were the most total weight relative abundance and composing 27.58, 14.27 and 11.64% respectively in the study area. Discharges rates flowing from the Tigris River revealed negative effect with the number of species and the insignificant negative correlation was recorded (r= - 0.109) with discharge monthly rates, and fluctuation relationship was noticed between discharges and ecological indices. However, native species included 15 seasonal species 4 and 14 for rare species. Diversity index (H) ranged between 0.91 in January 2015 at station 3 to 2.05 in March 2015 for station 2, richness index (D) 0.83 in February 2014 at station 3 and 2.79 in March 2015 at station 1, evenness index (J) recorded 0.38 in January 2015 and the highest 0.78 in September 2014 for station 1. The percentage of similarity among stations by Jaccard similarity index (Ss%) showed variation uneven during study months. Cluster analysis of species similarity pointed to clumping in groups controlled by temperature. The Multivariate analysis was (CCA) adopted to clarify the impact of a biotic factors on the distribution of species. Total catches were ranged between 16380 g in December 2013 to 80309g in December 2014. The total average catch per unit of effort was 24.953 kg/hr for seine nets ranged from 0.928 kg/hr in December 2014 at station 2 to 30.271 Kg/hr during January 2015 for station 3. The number of fishing boats in the study area 143 their length between 5 - 7m most of them without an engine. The impact of alien species direct effects during the destruction of nests and reproductive ground, especially eggs which lie on a plant for native species and hybridization between alien and native species, and indirect effects of competition on food, ecological space, environment destruction and aggressive behavior. The length groups of all fish species were recorded, the lowest values were for Alburnus mossulensis, Acanthobrama marmid, Hemiculter leucisculus and Garra rufa, they were 7.3 - 18, 6.3 - 17, 7 - 17 and 7.2 - 17.8 cm respectively, whereas the highest were for Silurus triostegus, Leuciscus vorax and Mastacembelus mastacembelus, they were 10.8 - 72.4, 9.5 - 57.3 and 14 - 55 cm respectively. Faben method used for estimating growth parameters (L∞,K) by applying FiSAT program for C. auratus, Carasobarbus luteus and L. abu, the values of L∞ for three species 38.97, 35.69 and 22.19 cm respectively, and for K 0.29 to the C. auratus and C. luteus and 0.41 for L. abu, the results revealed five years age for C. auratus and C. luteus whereas four years age for L. abu. The present study showed high values of diet overlap between L. abu and Cheon subviridis 09% also high values 90% Oreochromis aureus and Oreochromis niloticus S. triostegus and L. vorax 89%, but it did not reach the competition limit, also high diet overlap 86% and competition was found between C. auratus and C. luteus Absolute fecundity for C. auratus females ranged from 1303 for 8.8 cm total length and 10g weight to51245 egg for 30.1 cm total length and 557g weight, and for C. luteus from 2098 for 13.1 cm total length to 14147 egg for 20.9 cm total length and 131g weight, while in L. abu from 6247 for 9.7 cm total length and 11g weight to 41219 egg for 17.5 cm total length and 63g weight.

تاثير رش التربتوفان والكلايسين واضافة المحفز الحيوي Biohealth للتربة في نمو وحاصل بعض اصناف البطاطا SolanumtuberosumL في الاراضي الصحراوية == EFFECT OF SPRAYING TRYPTOPHAN, GLYCINE AND SOIL APPLIED BIOHEALTH ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SOME POTATO (SolanumtuberosumL.)CULTIVARS IN DESERT LANDS

Author name: عباس كاظم عبید عباس
Supervisor name: عصام حسین علي الدوغجي | نوال مهدي حمود
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Two experimentswere conducted during autum seasonsof 2013 - 2014 and 2014 - 2015 in Tomato Development Project belong to Basrah Agricultural Director, Khor Al - Zubairin southern Iraq to study the effect of foliar application of tryptophan, glycine and soil appliedBiohealthongrowth and yield of some potato cultivars. The aim of the experiments was focused on the effect of three potato cultivars (Draga, Arnova and Provento) in the first season and (Arizona, Arnova and Rivira) in the second season.Spraying with two concentrations( 100 and 200 mg.l - 1)for both Tryptophan and glycine and 0 mg.l - 1(sprying with distilled water).Spryingwas done twice 45 and 60 days after after propagating.Besides, additiontwo concentrations ofBiohealthinto the soil( 0 and 1 g.l - 1for the first seasonand 0 , 1 and 2 g.l - 1 for the second season). The addition ofBiohealthwas done twice 45 and 60 days after propagatingfor both seasons. The experiments was adopted as factional experiment.Split - Split Plot Design was used with three replication,Least Significant Differences Test(LSD) was used at probability of 0.05. The results could be summarized as follows : 1. Emergence of field parameters Results showed that"Arnova" cultivargave asignificant increases in speedemergence field after 20.51 and 19.43 daysin both season,respectively."Brovento"in first season and “Arezona” in the second seasongave asignificant increasesin the percent of field emergence 96.42 and 89.33%respectively, .2.Vegetative growth parameters Resultsshowed that"Draga"cultivar in the first season and "Rivira" inthe second seasonincreased significantly in mostvegetative growth parameters.Spryingwith 200mg.l - 1 tryptophan in bothseasons gave increased significantly in mostvegetative growth parameters.Application withbiohealth1 g.l - 1 in the first seasonand 1, 2 g.l - 1In the second season gave significant increases in mostvegetative growth parameters.The interactions between the studied factors caused significant increased effects in all vegetative growth parameters on both seasons. 3. Yields parameters Results in the first season showed that "Draga" cultivar gave significant increases in tuber number.plant - 1,total plant yield, marketable yield,total yield, small and large tubers yield (6.10 tuber,379.9g,3.36 ton.donum - 1, 3.71 ton.donum - 1,0.35ton.donum - 1 and2.52 ton.donum - 1,respectively), While "Rivira cultivar in the second season gave significantincreases in tuber weigh,total plant yield,marketable yield,total yieldand large tubers yield(88.38 g, 492.6g,4.50 ton.donum - 1,4.82 ton.donum - 1, 3.87 ton.donum - 1,respectively).Sprying with 200 mg.l - 1 tryptophan in the two seasons gavesignificant increases in tuber weigh (69.08, 74.95 g), total plant yield (389.1 , 438.4 g), marketable yield (3.54, 3.87ton.donum - 1),total yield (3.80, 4.28 ton.donum - 1) and large tubers yield(2.44, 3.08 ton. donum - 1) respectively, While the 100 mg.l - 1 tryptophan increases in tuber number.plant - 1 in the first season(5.76 tuber) and 200 mg.l - 1 tryptophan increases in the first seasonin yield medium tubers (1.10 ton.donum - 1)and in the second season increases in tuber number.plant - 1(5.90 tuber).Application with1g.l - 1 biohealthin the first season gave significant increases in tuber number.plant - 1,total plant yield,marketable yield,total yield,medium and large tubers yield(5.72 tuber, 366.6 g, 3.28 ton.donum - 1,3.59 ton.donum - 1,1.03 ton.donum - 1and 2.26 ton. donum - 1,respectively), while in the second season application with 2 g.l - 1 biohealthgave significant increases in tuber number.plantC 1,total plant yield,marketable yield,total yield,and large tubers yield(5.85 tuber, 423.4 g), 3.75ton.donum - 1 ,4.15 ton.donum - 1 and 3.00 ton.donum - 1,respectively). The interactions between the studied factors caused significant increased in allyields parameters on both seasons.4. Chemical characteristics 4 - 1. Leaves chemical characteristics Spraying with 100 and 200 mg.l - 1 tryptophan in Carbohydrate contents. In the second season200 mg.l - 1glycinegave significant increases in carbohydrate contents.Application with 1 g.l - 1biohealthin second season gave a significant increase incarbohydrate contents.The interactions between the studied factors caused significant increased effects in all leaves chemicalparameters on both seasons.4 - 2. Tubers chemical characteristics Results showed that "Brovento" cultivar in the first season gave significant increases in the percentage of dry matter, starch and specific gravity, "Draga" increases in thepercentage of protein, vitamin C and total solubilesoilds, "Arnova" increases intotal free amino acids. In the second season "Rivira" cultivar gave significant increases inthe percentage of dry matter, starch, specific gravity and total free amino acids and"Arezon" increases in thepercentage of vitamin C and total solubilesoilds.Foliar application with tryptophan at 200 mg.l - 1 in the first season caused an increase in the percentage of dry matter, starch,specific gravity and protein, while 200 mg.l - 1 glycine increases in vitamin C and total solubilesoilds, glycine at100 mg.l - 1increases in total free amino acids.Foliar application with tryptophan and glycine at 200 mg.l - 1in second season caused an increase in the percentage of dry matter, starch andspecific gravity, while 200 mg.l - 1 glycine caused increases in the percentage of protein and total free amino acids, glycine at100 mg.l - 1 increasesin vitamin C and tryptophan at 200 mg.l - 1 in total solubilesoilds.Application with biohealth gave asignificant increase in mosttubers chemical characteristics for both season.The interactions between the studied factors caused significant increased effects in all tuber chemicalparameters on both seasons.

استخلاص وتنقية وتوصيف متحللات بروتينية من مخلفات الاسماك والروبيان واختبار كفاءتها في حفظ اقراص مفروم اللحم البقري == Extraction, purification and Characterization of Protein hydrolysates From Fish and Shrimp by - Products and Assay Efficiency in Beef Patties Storage

Author name: عالية زيارة هاشم الحلفي
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was interested in the preparation of bioactive peptides by using shrimp and fish by products.Three types of proteolytic enzymes , Alcalase and Pepsin and Flavourzyme were used for this purpose.The constituents (moisture , protein , fat and ash) of defatted raw and dried materials were studed .The proteolysis action of the three enzymes was observed for 5 hours the peptides chain length of the protein hydrolysates were determined and tested for their antioxidat and antibacterial 240 minutes of enzyme assay was reliance according to the highly antioxidantive and antibacterial properties of produced peptides.The proteolysis of shrimp by - product by Alcalase and Pepsin gave highly antioxidantive activity. The isolation , purification and the peptides bioactivity determination was achieved as below : 1 - The peptides of the both protein hydrolysates were isolated by using Ultrafiltration membranes of 5 MWCO KDa. The isolated peptides were examined for their antioxidative activity. It shown , that the peptides wjich was synthesized by the proteolytic activity of Alcalase has ahigher antioxidative action (53.67%) comparing with pepsin peptides (41.19%) at concentration of 100 mg/mL. The results showed that peptides of hydrolysate enzyme Pepsin give inhibitor zoon against bacteria test in inhibition zoon ranged from 10 - 11 mm and determined peptides content of amino acids and showed glysin , threonine ,valine and lysine, which amounted to 9.11% and 8.94% and 7.51% and 9.16%, respectively in peptides of enzyme Alcalase while recorded amino acids serine 9.69% ,theronine 8.76% ,cystin 14.10% and 7.06% lysine ratios highest peptides hydrolysate enzyme Pepsin respectively.Summaryb2 - purification of peptides by gel filtration was showed four peaks of peptides hydrolysate enzyme Alcalase and three peaks for peptides hydrolysate Pepsin enzyme and tested the antioxidation activity of all peaks and inhibitory to bacteria, which recorded that second peak of the Alcalase enzyme antioxidant activity amounted to 63.28% and peptides The first peak of the same enzyme%48.57 the peptides first and the second peak for hydrolysate Pepsin enzyme was% 41.65 and 55.21% also tested the inhibitory effect against some types of bacteria have been to peptides second peak of the Pepsin enzyme hydrolysate towards the bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibition zoon ranged 13 - 9 mm, and determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of these peptides and found that the concentration of 125 and 250 mg / ml values have affected all types of bacteria testing. The cellular toxicity of peptide peakes in analysis of human red blood cells, and has not any toxic effect observed for all concentrations and different periods incubation of peptides peasks.3 - The molecular weight of peptides two of peak enzymes was determined by electrophoresis and cleared two bandes each peak represents two chain peptide molecular weights 3.71 and 4.37 KDa the first peak and the second peak 3.71 and 4.27 KDa of the hydrolysate Alcalase enzyme and chains peptides first peak of hydrolysate Pepsin enzyme 3.71 and 4.16 KDa the second peak, 3.71 and 3.98 KDa, respectively , The study included determined of amino acids and found that it contains all the amino acid varying percentages depending on peptides peakes hydrolysate protein.4 - The stability of antioxidant peptides towards thermal treatment to different degrees thermal ranged between 25 - 100C and change in pH 2 - 11 and treatment of sodium chloride salt ranged between %2 - 8 was studed and found that the antioxidant activity of peptides and reducing power stable at 60C The ability to binding ion ferrous ,hydrogen peroxide , hydroxyl radical scavenging and superoxide anion scavenging they appear stable at thermal 40C and whenctesting the stability of peptides to change the pH was observed that the peptides two peakes hydrolysate enzyme Alcalase stable at pH 8 but decreases when moving away from this value towards the basic or acidic while shwoed peptides two peakes hydrolysate enzyme Pepsin stability at pH 7, and this stability declined when number pH to 11, and when the treatment with salt sodium chloride showed peptides first peak and second enzyme Alcalase and Pepsin stable antioxidant activity at 4% salt concentration for all tests except the oxidation stability of peptides in binding ferrous ion has showed at 6% salt concentration.5 - when the follow of peroxide values for beef patties treated with peptides two peakes enzymes, The results showed there is adecrease in peroxide values for beef patties treated with peptides of the Alcalase enzyme was more cleared compared to the peptides of first peak for the same enzyme and peptides two peakes Pepsin enzyme also got a decrease in the total number of bacteria and total coliform bacteria and psychrophilic bacteria When the treatment second peptides peak of the Pepsin enzyme concentration of 50 and 100 mg / 100 g meat.6 - Sensory evaluation of beef patties showed that the treatment samples with peptides second peak of the Alcalase enzyme recorded the highest degree of sensory evaluation peptides compared with the first peak of the same enzyme and peptides peaks hydrolysate Pepsin enzyme.

انتاج مشتقات الكايتوسان الذائبة بالماء والمستخلصة من قشور الروبيان بتفاعلات ميلارد وتطبيقاتها في بعض الانظمة الغذائية == Production of Water soluble Chitosan derivatives extracted from shrimp shells by Maillard reaction and their application in some food systems

Author name: عاليه جميل علي
Supervisor name: علي حسين عبد الكريم العامري | منير عبود جاسم الطائي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study included the preparation of of chitin from shrimps shells Penaeus semisulcatus and studied of chemical composition of it like moisture,ash and protein wich was 7.80,0.43and3.50%respectively,The yield was 20.0%,then prepared three different types of Chitosan A,B and C from extracted chitin by removing of acetyl group from chitin at different times 4,10 and 20 hour, determination degree of deacetylation for types of Chitosan and standard Chitosanby FTIR 72.30,83.60,98.50 and85.20% respectively as was the viscosity of the three types of Chitosan 137.70,125.21 and74.11 centipoise respectively, selected Chitosan C,which carries ahigher valuedegree of deacetylation 98.50% and studied physico chemical and functional properties,which included (yield ,moisture , ash, protein and solubility) which amounted to16.20, 5.50, 0.20, 1.15 and 98.90%, respectively and reached a molecular weight (17.782) kilo daltone.Capacity of Chitosan to bind fat FBC and water WBC by using three types of oils are (olive oil, corn oil and sunflower oil) were estimated and were givin the highest capacity link with olive oil 665.0%, while the ability to bind Water amounting to 772%, as measured X - ray diffraction (XRD) and use the scanner electron microscope (SEM) to see morphological Chitosan and standard Chitosan Chitosan and the standard Chitosan, while the profile of the thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) for Chitosan and standard Chitosan show that highest thermal decomposition at 308.56 ,315.92ᵒc respectively .The water soluble Chitosan derivatives were prepared by reaction with five types of reducing sugars by Maillard reactions and the use of three treatments,first treatment at a temperature of 50ᵒc for 1 - 7 days, the second treatment at a temperature of 100ᵒc for 1 - 7 hours and the third treatment at a temperature of 121ᵒc for 1/4 hour by autoclaving, ,and the properties of these derivatives were studied estimated yield, solubility, stability, free amino groups and the change in reducing sugars. highest value of yield gavein by The third - treatment, second treatment, first treatment reached 45.20,43.50,040.0% either solubility reached 1.10 ,0.780, 0.82 g/100 ml and derivatives stability at pH between10.50, 10.0, 9.80 respectively, The largest amount of amino groups and reducing sugars was the first treatment at absorbance 0.590 and0.352 respectively while the second an third treatment amounting to (0.201 and 0.060) respectively for amino groups , and 0.400 and 0.100 respectively for reducing sugars.Properties of antioxidants for prepared Chitosan and its derivatives. The antioxidant activity of Chitosan ranged between17.8 - 73.2%, while the highest activity for the third treatment of derivatives, the second and the first ranged of 76 0.81 - 85.88, 71.30 - 82.70 and 66.01 - 78.50% respectively, The reducing power of chitosan ranged between 0.320 - 0.700, while the highest value of absorbence of reducing power of derivatives to the Third treatment and then the second and finally the first which amounted to 1.290, 1.201 and 0.693 respectively, while the ability of chitosan to chelating ferrous ion and scavenging hydroxyl radical range between27.60 - 72.99%and16.90 - 84.9% respectively.Thehighest percentage to scavenging hydroxyl radical and ability to chelating ferrous ion by derivatives is shown by the third the second and the first treatment reaching 89.98 and 82.8 ,88.80 and 81.90, 84.80 and 76.01 % respectively, the selected third - treatment derivatives (121ᵒc for 1/4 hour) because of its best properties and carried the tests such as analysis of thermal gravimetric (TGA) that was noted three stages to different degrees heat to the disintegration of the derivatives, and the detection of toxicity on human bloodThird treatment compounds identified by GC - MS and the results showed that the derivatives have defferant compounds ,and identified compounds name, molecular formula, structural formula, molecular weight, size and retention time in addition to the profile mass spectrometerIn the practical side the use prepared chitosan in increasing storage time of table eggs, physicochemical tests were carried out for eggs stored at a temperature of 15 ᵒc and for aperiod of six weeks, it included estimation of weight loss (WL) wich amounted to 3.36% for chitosan at the six week as compared with acetic acid and control sample wich 9.01 and 8.96% respectively.Value of yolk Index YI of Chitosan - coated eggs decreased at the sixth week, amounted to 0.35, as compared with acetic acid and control sample wich reached (0.19 and 0.22) respectively, The value of Haugh Unit HU in the sixth week was higher to Chitosan treatment wich amounted to 61.42 compared with acetic acid treatment and control sample wich is24.95 and24.37 respectively.As regards eggs grading EG Chitosan treatment ongradiation A up to fifth week while acetic acid treatment and control sample reached gradiation C , when estimating pH of egg albumin pH high increased has been noted in control and sample treated by acetic acid in compared with chitosan - coated sample wich ranged 9.30, .Chitosan derivatives were also used chitosan as - natural antioxidants in beef products through the follow - up assessment peroxide value at different storage time the highest concentration 0.11g/100g beef meat displays the highest activity to prevent oxidation oil of beef meat wich reached5.11.Asensory evaluation has been carried of product stored on a 4ᵒc for 5 days of recipes sensory color,flavor,juiciness, tenderness and public acceptance using different concentrations.They have shown significant deferences ,but concentration at (0.11g/100g beef meat)was superior over the other concentrations and samples treated with BHT

تاثير التقليم الورقي والرش بالاثيفون في صفات الثمار الفيزيوكيميائية والفسلجية والتشريحية والحاصل في نخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنف الحلاوي117 == Effect of leaf pruning and ethephon spray on fruit physico - chemical , physiological , anatomical and yield of Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Hil

Author name: ظافر ناصر عبود خلف القطراني
Supervisor name: علي حسين محمد الطه
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in a private orchard at Abi El - Khassib district , Basrah Governorate, during the growing season of 2014 to investigate the effect of leaf pruning at levels of 6 , 9 and 12(leaf . bunch⁻¹)during the onset of pollination and spraying ethephon on bunches at concentrations of Zero , 250 and 500 (mg.L⁻¹) , once, at Kimri stage on fruit physico - chemical , physiological , anatomical characters and yield of date palm ,cv. Hillawi . Results showed that leaf pruning treatmeats of 9 and 12 leaf . bunch⁻¹ recorded significant increases in fruit , pulp fresh weight , fruit size , length and diameter and water content of fruit at Rutab stage, carotene pigment concentration of fruit skin and respiration rate of fruit at Kimri and Khalal stages, ripening percentage at Khalal and Rutab stages, bunch weight of tree at Tamir stage . Leaf pruning treatments of 6 and 12 leaf.bunch⁻¹ increased total chlorophyll pigment concentration of fruit skin at Kimri stage significantly. Leaf pruning treatment at 12 leaf.bunch⁻¹ recoreded significant increases in cell length and width of inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, and total yield of tree at Tamir stage. Treatments of 6 and 9 leaf.bunch⁻¹ increases significantly total chlorophyll pigment concentration of fruit skin and number of cells in mm² of inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, whereas treatment at 6 leaf.bunch⁻¹ increased fruit dry matter percentage and total acidity and respiration rate of fruit at Rutab stage. Ethephon treatments at concentrations of 250 and 500 mg.L⁻¹ had significant increases in fresh weight of fruit at Rutab stage, and respiration rate of fruit at both Kimri and Khalal stages. Treatment of 500 mg.L⁻¹ ethephon recorded significant increases in pulp weight of fruit , fruit volume , length , diameter , total soluble solides , phosphorus concentration of fruit at Rutab stage, and carotene pigment concentration of fruit skin at Kimri , Khalal stages, and ripening percentage of fruit at Khalal and Rutab stages, and cell length and width in inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, and bunch weight and total yield of tree at Tamir stage. Both treatments of Zero and 250 mg.L⁻¹ ethephon recorded significant increases in total chlorophyll pigment concentration of fruit skin at Kimri and Khalal stages, and number of cells in mm² of inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, whereas control treatment of ethephon increased fruit total acidity and respiration rate significantly at Rutab stage. Bi - combination of leaf pruning at 12 leaf .bunch⁻¹ and spraying ethephon at concentration of 500 mg.L⁻¹ recorded significant increases in most of the studied characters as compared to other bi - combination treatments

معايرة معادلات التبخر نتح المرجعي لمنطقتي الفرات الاوسط وجنوب العراق وتاثير جدولة الري والتسميد في بعض خصائص التربة الفيزيائية وكفاءة استعمال المياه لمحصول زهرة الشمس Helianthus annuus L) == Calibration of Reference Evapotranspiration Equations in the Midmost Euphrates Region and Southern Iraq and the effect of irrigation schedule and fertilization on some Soil physical properties and water - use efficiency of sunflower crop (Helianthus annuu

Author name: طالب صبر حريجة العسكري
Supervisor name: داخل راضي نديوي | محمد عبد الله عبد الكريم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water - Soil Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Theoretical foundations for research included the estimations of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in the midmost Euphrates region and southern Iraq by applying seven mathematical models as well as CROPWAT 8.0 and CLIMWAT software using two sets of climatic data for periods 1970 - 2002 and 2004 - 2010.The results could be summarized as follow : - 1. The annual mean of ETo calculated by the Penman - Monteith equation (PM) for the meteorological stations of Nasiriya, Amarah, Semawa, Najaf, Diwaniya and Kerballa were (6.00, 6.20, 5.92,5.97,6.13,5.74) mm day - 1 respectively, during the first measurement period, and (6.47, 6.08, 5.86, 5.98, 6.13, 5.65) mm day - 1 respectively, during the second period. Also, the ETo estimated by CROPWAT 8.0 and imported by CLIMWAT software have showed the same trend of PM calculations with overestimate reached (6.10, 5.93) % during the first and secondperiods for CROPWAT 8.0 software, and underestimate for ETo reached 8.16 %during the first period for CLIMWAT software compared to PM calculations.2. The statistical criterions for evaluating the performance of six empiricalequations of the original versions were compared with the Penman - Monteithequation revealed that the variations in their performance with relativelypreference for temperature - based equations in comparison with radiation - basedequations. Blancy - Criddle (1950) equation (BC) has proved superiorperformance in Nasiriya, Semawa, Najaf, Diwaniya and Kerballa stations duringboth periods, also in Amarah station during the second period and declining itsperformance for the benefit of Kharrufa equation (1985) (K) during the firstperiod of measurement.3. The calibration process of the six empirical equations including : Hargreaves - Samani (1985) (HS), Makkink (1957) (M) , Priestley - Taylor (1972)(PT),andHargreaves (1975) (H) in addition to BC and K equations were made bysubstituting recalibrated constant values for the original constant values afterthese constant had modified to fit PM calculations and it used a set of statisticalcriterions to verify the validity of calibration and its ability to reduce theestimates errors compared to the original formulas. As the indices ofconcordance (D), confidence (C), correlation (r) and regression (R2) togetherwith the Nash - Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE), standard deviation ratio (RSR). meanabsolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), relative error (RE)indicators and the ratio between both average estimations of ETo (r) are used toassess the validation of calibration and optimization which revealed thatconfidence became high in modified equations with reducing the estimation errorof ETo due to approach the values of these criterions from optimal value, then,they had improved efficiency of the six equations to simulate the values of EToare more accuracy than original formulae.4. The proposed new constants for the estimation of the ETo with : BC was 1.37for the time periods from January to April and 1.39 for May to December insteadof the original constant 1 : 41, HS was for the time periods from Octoberto March and for April to September instead of the original constantb0.0023, K was for June - July and for remained months instead of theoriginal constant 0.34, M are for the time periods from November to Mayand for June to October instead of the original constant 0.61, the equationsPT and H were 1.96 and 0 0.0165 for the period of December - May and 2.61and 0.0178 for the period from June to November instead of the originalconstants of 1.26 and 0.0135 respectively and equationsThe side applied to the study has included the implementation of the fieldexperiment for the cultivation of sunflower crop through the loop spring 2013 inprivate farm lies according to the geographical positioning system (GPS) withinthe coordinates (606,366.3437642), (606320, 3437729), (606353, 3437749),(606400, 3437660), is located in Batah town, Thi Qar province, at a distance of 17km west of the city of Nasiriyah, up 5 meters from the sea surface. The mainobjective of experiment included the following : i. Measuring ETo for the study through the crop growing seasonii. To determine the crop coefficient (Kc) and the actual water consumption(ETa) of sunflower crop in the Batah areaiii. . To asses effect of irrigation scheduling and fertilizer application as well astheir combinations on the growth indicators, nutrient uptake, dry matter,crop yields, the crop water use efficiency and water productivity.iv. Evaluating impact of irrigation scheduling and fertilizer application besidestheir combinations on some of soil physical properties at the end season.A field experiment was carried out using factorial experiment in a randomizedcomplete block design (RCBD) Layout with three replications in two factors, nineirrigation Scheduling treatments were assigned to the main plots and four fertilizertreatments were assigned to the subplots. Sunflower seeds (flame) were planted onMarch 23 with plant density 61538 plant ha - 1; the harvest operation was conductedon 18 / July / 2013.The irrigation Scheduling was achieved based on replenish root zone to theborders of field capacity when it reach the percentage of management allowabledepletion (MAD) identified about 55% of total available water (TAW), taking intoaccount the diversity of the effective depth of the root zone according to the stagesof growth, . The experiment involved Irrigation scheduling of the sunflower basedby calculating ETa using Kc which adjusted in situ multiplying by ETo thatestimated by PM equation (S1) ,original BC equation (S2) and adjusted K equation(S3) using meteorological data for real time that collected from agrometeorologicalstation nearby the field. PM equation (S6) using historicalmeteorological data and from pan evaporation with applied (FAO 56, 1998) tocalculate pan coefficient (S4). Whereas, irrigation Scheduling based on soil waterbalance according to daily measurements of soil moisture and adjusted daily onthe basis of changes in moisture content (soil water balance) (S5), fixed irrigationinterval and variable irrigation depth (S7), different irrigation interval and variableirrigation depth (S8) and soil water balance for bare soil (S9). Also the studyincluded four fertilization treatments were used ( F : mineral fertilizer, C : Compost,M : mineral fertilizer + Compost , N : non fertilization). The results showed thefollow : c1. The maximum value of ETo during season growth of sunflower crops accordingto field measurements has increased significantly when using evaporation pan,which gave the highest average rate of 8.81 mm day - 1 in comparison with PMequation that recorded the lowest value of ETo with mean equal to 8.00 mm day - 1,while BC and K gave 8.66 and 8.14 mm day - 1 respectively.2. The converged seasonal mean of Kc value for sunflower crops during growthseason were 0.864, 0.862, 0.863, 0.861, 0.862, 0.862, 0.861, 0.862 for S1 - S8treatments respectively, while the Kc varied in different stages of growth, thehigher value of Kc was 1.213 observed during the flowering stage, followed bytwo phases of vegetative growth and maturity with mean 0.796, 0.494respectively, whereas the lowest values (0.350) was recorded in the initial stage3. The ETa values were variable with various irrigation Scheduling treatments,the treatments (S1 - S8) gave mean ( 876.86, 938.98, 885.57, 943.40, 898.47,949.05, 835.61, 839.76) mm Season - 1 respectively, the mean values of ETa aredistributed as 52.28% during flowering stage, 23.38% through maturity, 18.97%during vegetative growth stage and 5.36% in the initial stage4. The Irrigation scheduling of the sunflower based on S5 treatment caused toincrement of water consumption by transpiration during flowering stage to reach83% from total ETa depth, whereas The Irrigation scheduling based on S7treatment caused to increment of water consumption by evaporation during thesame stage to reach 29% from total ETa depth.5. The results demonstrated that all Irrigation scheduling have been showed astrong relationship with water balance measurement (S5), by R2 is greater than0.91 and r greater than 0.95, also, the results showed there was a preference to therevised K equation to calculate ETa of sunflower crops in the region according toindicators of regression model each of the R2, slope and intercept which amountedto 0.9395, 0.9875, - 0.0144 respectively.6. The overall mean of net irrigation depth was 874.6 mm season - 1 ranged from941 mm season - 1 for S4 treatment to 800 mm season - 1 for S7 . the addition ofwater was 14 applications for S1 - S4 treatments and 15, 13, 12 applications for S5,S8, S7 respectively.7. The lowest nitrogen concentration in the leaves of Sunflower crops duringflowering stage related to decrease water supply at S7 (27.69 g kg - 1) , then, itincreased to maximum value ( 31.48 g kg - 1) when irrigation Scheduling based onS1 followed by S3, S5, S2, S4 treatments,. As respect with maturation stages theS5 treatment gave maximum mean (26.81 g kg - 1) was significantly superiorcompared to all treatments except S1 and it gave increment in nitrogenconcentration equal to 22% in comparison with S8 which recorded lowest nitrogenconcentration (21.94 g kg - 1). The results showed the F treatment was significantlysuperior followed by M treatment which gave average 34.43, 33.42 g kg - 1 duringflowering stage and 28.69, 26.48 g kg - 1 during maturation stage respectively.8. Increasing irrigation depth due to an application S4 and S6 treatments andIncreasing the irrigation frequency for S5 treatment led to significant increment inthe bulk density for 0 - 15 cm depth with mean 1.393, 1.384, 1.386 M m - 3respectively, the bulk density decreased steadily with decreasing of irrigationddepth and irrigation interval until reach their lowest level (1.350 M m - 3) at S7treatment. The bulk density was significantly decreasing when C and M treatmentswere applied with means of equal to (1.362, 1.364) M m - 3 respectively, atmagnitude 1% higher than their initial values. Also the results showed theirrigation scheduling treatments and fertilizer application as well as theircombinations failed to exhibit any significant influence on bulk density for depths15 - 30 cm and 30 - 45 cm.9. The results showed a significant increase in the soil penetration resistance forsoil with high watery supply (S4 and S6), while that status is significantlydecreased under treatment of low watery supply (S7, S8 and S1), the soils withmedium watery supply causing the pattern moderate between the two, also, thisepithet is significantly reduced when you add compost with an average of 708.09kPa, while there was a significant increase resulted from control treatment andaddition of chemical fertilizer alone, the proportion of 31.81 and 18.41%sequentially compared with the addition of compost.10. The results showed the possibility basic infiltration rate for most treatmentsunder the category (moderately slow) according to Landor (1991), by the mean ofbasic infiltration rate was 1. cm h - 1 ranged between 0. to 3. cm h - 1, whereasbasic infiltration rate for S4N and S9 decreased to 0.6 , 0.51 cm h - 1 respectively,thus it can be classified into (slow) while it increased greater than 2.0 cm h - 1 forS1C, S1M, S2M, S5C, S7F, S7M,S7C, S8M treatments which refer to moderateinfiltration rate according to the same classification . C and M fertilization led toimprove soil physical properties, which in turn positively affected the infiltrationrate with increment in magnitude (5 , 56) % respectively, compared to Ftreatment.11. Treatment of F gave a significant superior in most morphologicalcharacteristics and yield components, the efficiency of F treatment for productionwas 37.45 % followed by M and C treatments were achieved 24.66, 19.24 %respectively, compared to N treatment.12. Treatment F achieved highest yield of grains 1945.80 kg ha - 1, an increasing was24.32% in comparison with N treatment which gave lowest yield of grains reached1367.24 kg ha - 1, also there were a significant increase in crop water use efficiencyand water productivity are associated with application of F and M fertilization13. The productivity characteristics of sunflower were significantly affected byirrigation Scheduling treatments, The highest seed yield 1893.8 kg ha - 1and thehighest dry matter 5246.2 kg ha - 1were obtained under S5 treatment, while the S7treatment recorded lowest values of these indicators (1512.5 and 3765.4) kg ha - 1 respectively,14. The application of Irrigation scheduling based on S5, S1 and S3 treatments achieved a significant increase in crop water use efficiency and water productivity, the mean of first parameter was (0.219, 0.216, 0.216) kg m - 3 respectively, and themean of the second parameter was (0.228, 0.220, 0.219) kg m - 3 respectively.

دراسة بعض الجوانب الحياتية والبيئية للروبيان الشرقي Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan, 1849) وطرائق تربيته واكثاره في البصرة، العراق == Study of Some Biological and Ecological Aspects, Aquaculture and Breeding Methods of Oriental Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan, 1849) In Basrah, Iraq

Author name: طارق حطاب ياسين المالكي
Supervisor name: مالك حسن علي | امنة علي هاشم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية انشاء مفقس للروبيان الشرقي Macrobrachium nipponense وتجربته عمليا على الاناث الحاملة للبيض والمصطادة من منفذ المسحب خلال شهري حزيران وتموز لسنة 2013 واجراء عملية التكاثر وتسجيل اربع مراحل تطور جنينية في البيض، وتراوحت مدة التطور الجنيني للبيض بين (20 - (30 يوما.بينت الدراسة تسجيل افضل معدل وزن لليافعات في اثناء تربيتها في الاحواض المختبرية والمغذاة على عليقة ذات محتوى بروتيني 42 % مع نسب البقاء مرتفعة بين 90) - (95%، وهذا ما انعكس على التركيب الكيميائي لجسم الروبيان بعد التجربة. بينت نتائج السلوك بان الروبيان المدروس يفضل التعلق ضمن عمود الماء، اذ بلغ افضل معدل وزن عند استعمال عليقة الرقائق (Aquafin) ونسب بقاء 95 % خلال مدة التجربة، واظهرت نتائج تجارب الاقلمة الملحية واستهلاك الاوكسجين بان التركيز الملحي نصف القاتل (LC50) لليافعات خلال 96 ساعة كان 15.5 psu مع نسب بقاء مرتفعة في الملوحتين (0.9 و(5.0 psu، ولوحظ ارتفاع تدريجي باستهلاك الاوكسجين مع ارتفاع كل من درجة حرارة الماء والملوحة. بلغت نسبة الجنس 1 : 3.8 ذكور : اناث على التوالي. تراوح عدد البيض للروبيان المصطاد من منفذ المسحب بين 3,600) - (10,200 بيضة /انثى. في حين بلغ معدل التفقيس لليرقات (1632 ± (861 يرقة زؤيا، وكان معدل عدد اليرقات نسبة الى وزن الجسم 225 ± 110 /غم من وزن الجسم، كما لوحظ وجود ارتباط بين وزن الامهات مع كل من وزن البيض وعدد اليرقات الفاقسة، واظهرت نتائج رعاية اليرقات حديثة الفقس في انظمة الاستزراع المختلفة بان اغلب اوزانهواصل الى 3 ملغم خلال المدة الممتدة بين 12) - (22 يوما ، وكانت اعلى معدلات نسب بقاء لليرقات 63.75 % سجلت في الحوض الطيني فيما تراوحت بين 27.50) - (47.50% في الانظمة الاخرى.بلغت معدلات الاوزان النهائية (813 و978) ملغم لليافعات الفاقسة المرباة في الاقفاص الطافية والغاطسة على التوالي، في حين بلغت معدلات الاوزان 805) و950) ملغم لليافعات الطبيعية المرباة في الاقفاص الطافية والغاطسة على التوالي خلال 28 يوما، وبنسب بقاء بين (86 - 93)%، في حين تراوحت معدلات اوزان اليافعات المستزرعة في النظام المغلق من (938 والى 4010) ملغم خلال 90 يوما، وبنسب بقاء بين 86) - (92 %، وسجلت اعلى نسب البقاء ليرقات الروبيان ويافعاتها المرباة خلال 42 يوموابلغت 78.13% في الحوض الطيني فيما تراوحت بين (47.50 - (58.13% في الانظمة الاخرى. تحقق افضل معدل اوزان لليرقات المغذاة على عليقة (46% بروتين) ولمدة ستة اسابيع في الحوض الطيني وكان697 ملغم واقلها في الحاضنات وبلغ 312 ملغم، تتحول اليرقات حديثة الفقس (طور الزؤيا) الى طور ما بعد اليرقي بعد عمر 12) - (22 يوما، في حين طور اليرقة المتقدمة بعد عمر 23) - (44 يوما يتحول الى الطور اليافع الذي بدوره يتحول بعد عمر (45 - 129) يوما الى الطور قبل البالغ الذي بعد عمر 130 - 179 يوما يصل الى الطور البالغ، اي بعد عمر 180 يوما الروبيان يصبح في الطور البالغ.حددت انتاجية المفقس من الاحواض الداخلية بين (53,504 - (190,000 يرقة زؤيا، في حين ينتج بين (32,355 - (99,560 يرقة متقدمة، وتراوح الانتاج من الاحواض الخارجية ما بين (4,347 - (24,098 يرقة زؤيا، وبين 2,527) - (18,828 يرقة متقدمة، كذلك على ضوء نتائج المساحة الكلية للحوض الطيني وحوض الالياف الزجاجية فان عدد يرقات الزؤيا التي يمكن ان تستوعبها تتراوح ما بين 36,559) - (15,300,000 يرقة زؤيا، وبين (21,248 - 11,954,400) يرقة متقدمة، اما مجموع الانتاج الكلي في جميع انظمة الاستزراع الداخلية والخارجية فكان ( 12,600,188 - 15,760,462) يرقة زؤيا، وبين 9,753,349) - (12,197,630 يرقة متقدمة.بلغت النسب المئوية للتركيب الكيميائي لبعض مكونات العليقة المصنعة في الدراسة الحالية والمستعملة في تغذية اليرقات 44.84) و51.27 و2.57) % للبروتين والدهن والرماد على التوالي، في حين بلغت لعليقة مسحوق الاسماك المستعمل في تغذية الامهات واليافعات (40.37 و25.29 و15.13) % للبروتين والدهن والرماد على التوالي. | This study included hatchery construction for oriental prawn Macrobrachium nipponense, a gravid females were collected from Al - Masshab Outlet, Basrah, during the peak of occurrence in June - July / 2013, is for application of breeding process, with recorded four developmental of eggs, with range time of embryonic development stage of eggs between 20 - 30 day. The present study revealed that the best weight for juvenile in laboratory which were feeding on diet contain 42% protein with high survival rates between 90 - 95%, this reverse on the chemical composition of prawn body after the experiments. Showed result behaviour that this prawn preferred to feeing hold on the ponds columns, it reach a best weight by using flake feed (Aquafin), with survival rate 95% during the experimental period. The salinity acclimation and oxygen consumption showed that LC50 for juvenile was 15.5 psu after 96 hours, with high survival rate in tow salinities 0.9 and 5.0 psu. A gradual increasing in oxygen consumption with increasing temperature and salinity clearly proved in this experiment. Sexual ratio was recorded to be 1 : 3.8 for males : females respectively. The number of eggs were collected from Al - Masshab Outlet between 3,600 - 10,200 egg for number of females, while the ranged of all hatching larvae were 1,632 ± 861 zoae. The range of ratio of larvae to the ratio of body weight was 225 ± 110 g from body weight of prawn, and the present study showed that there is a correlation between female weight with both egg weight and number of hatching larvae, by using different nursing systems of newly hatched larvae for 12 to 22 day, and the larvae reached weight to 3 mg., while higher range of survival larvae were 63.75% in muddy pond, in others systems were 27.50 - 47.50 %.The final weight range were reached 813 and 978 (mg) for hatched juveniles that were reared in floating and emerged cages respectively, while the naturally reared Juvenile have weight range between 805, 950 (mg) for nature floating and emerged cages during 28 day, with a survival rate between 86 - 93%, and weight range of juvenile reared in closed system from 938 to 4,010 (mg) during 90 day, with survival rates 86 - 92 (%). High levels of survival rate recorded to be 78.13% for larvae and juvenile of prawn cultured earth in ground pond during 42 day, comparison with 47.50 - 58.13% in others system. The best weight for larvae that feeder on protein diet (46%) for six weeks in ground pond reached to 697 mg while the lowest weight in nursing system reached to 312 mg. The age which zoea needs Metamorphosis zoae between 12 - 22 days to reach post - larvae, were 23 - 44 day for Metamorphosis post - larvae to Juvenile, and this needs between 45 - 129 day for reached to sub - adult with in 130 - 179 day. After 180 day more prawn reached to adult stage.The hatchery production of zoea larvae was fluctuated between 53,504 - 190,000, it and between 32,355 - 99,560 post - larvae. The total production from earth pond (mud pond and fiberglass tank), the number of zoae larvae between 36,559 - 15,300,000 larvae, and between 21,248 - 11,954,400 post - larvae. While the total production in all culture systems were 12,600,188 - 15,760,462 zoea larvae, and between 9,753,349 - 12,197,630 post - larvae.The chemical composition for prepared diet the present study which used for nutritional diet experiment were 44.84 % protein, 51.27 % fat and 2.57 % ash. Fish meal constituents was 40.37 % protein, 25.29 % fat and15.13 % ash

دراسة لمرض لفحة سعف النخيل المتسبب عن الفطر Diplodia phoenicum وبعض الفطريات المرافقة له وامكانية مكافحة المرض كيميائيا واحيائيا == A study of date palm leaflets blight caused by Diplodia phoenicum and some fungi associated with it and the ability of it?s chemical and biological control

Author name: ضرغام صباح لفتة باقر العوفي
Supervisor name: محمد عامر فياض | يحيى عاشور صالح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out at the laboratories of plant protection Department - College of Agriculture - Basrah university for a.peroid during 1/9/2014 - 27/7/2015 . The study aimed to detect the leaflet bligh disease for different datepalm cultivars such as Chipchap ,Sayer , Zehdi and Khodrawi at three regoins, Medainah , Abu Al - khaseeb and Nashwa.The result showed that the infection percent was 86.51, 83.61 and 76.03% at Medainah , Abu Al - khaseeb and Nashwa respectively . The results also showed that the infection intensity was 25.96 , 23.56 and 21.1 % for the three above regoins respectively .The higher infection intensity was noticed on Chipchap culture which was 30% while the lowest one found on Sayer culture which was 23.3% .The infection intensity also differs according to surfaces , it was 76.37 % on the lower surface , while it was 55.55 , 37.91 and 24.34% on the middle ,foot and terminal of leaflet .Leaflet dried and oval pustules which contain the spores of serenomyces phoenicis were recorded as symptoms represented the scorch disease while the other fungi caused yellowish and spotting symptoms sixteen species belonging to 13 genera were isolated from the leaflets , these species were as follows : Chaetomium atrobrunneum , C.globosum , Chalaropsis thielavioides , C.radicicola ,Stemphylium.sp.,Bipolaris australis ,Cladosporium herbarum , Nigrospora sphaerica , Diplodia phoenicis , Phoma glomerata , Fusarium verticillioides , Alternaria alternate ,bA. longipes ,Coniochaete sacchareo , Melanospora sp., andS.phoenicis.Most of of them caused blight disease .Among of them D. phoenicis and S. phoenicis gave scorch symptoms pathogenicity testing .The study epplained that Extract agare was the best medium for A. phoenicis growth ;it was 7 cm , while PCA gave the lowest growth, the fungus growth , the best growth 6.83 cm was noticed on 25 c while the growth stopped on 35 c . PH also effected on the fungus radial growth , it was 4.35 cm at PH4 , while it was 6.57 cm at PH 8 .Tested fungicides revealed significant differences . Dazim and Revus Top inhibited the radial growth in a percent of 100% ,while it reduced to 83.34% with the fungicides Hunter , so Dithane M4S inhibited the radial growth to 54.22% . The biological agent Trichoderma harzianum antagonists with D. phoenicis in the alevel 1,P. fluorescence also inhibited D. phoenicis in a percent OF 100%.The field experiment revealed that pa fluorescence reduced infection intensity to 50% , while Dazim biological agent T. harzianum treatment were the lowest treatment in reducing the infection intensity which reduced to 4.1 and 6.3 respectively .

تاثير حقن بيض التفقيس بفيتامين A وE وD3 وخليطهم في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والسلوكية لطائر السمان الياباني (Coturnix japonica) == Effect Of In Ovo Injection of Vitamin A , E , D3 and AD3E on some Productive , Physiological and Behavioral Traits of Japanese Quail )Coturnix japonica)

Author name: صلاح مهدي كاطع سلمان
Supervisor name: طارق فرج شوكت | قصي موسى جعفر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was conducted in the Animal Production field which belong to the Technical College - AL - Massaiab - AL - Furat AL - Awsat University which included two experiments the first was during 4/3/2014 until 22/3/2014, the second was during 22/3/2014 until 10/8/2014 and the to investigate the effect of injection of japanese quail eggs A,E,D3 and AD3E Vitamins on some productive , reproduction, physiological , behavioral and hematological traits .A total number of 720 eggs were used in the experiment ,those eggs were randomly distributed into six treatments , 120 egg in each treatment . The eggs were injected before the first day of incubation in the air sac by vitamins. Treatments were arranged as fallow : T1 : Negative control treatment .T2 : Positive control treatment , it included injection of 50 microliter of corn oil for each egg.T3 : It included injection of 50 microliter per egg by vitamin A (100 IU/egg).T4 : It included injection of 50 microliter per egg by vitamin E (15 IU/egg).T5 : : It included injection of 50 microliter per egg by vitamin D3 (100 IU/egg).T6 : : It included injection of 50 microliter per egg with the blend of AD3E vitamins by the same concentration per egg.The most important results recorded in the first experiment were high significant increased (P≤0.05) of hatchability of fertile egg and post chick weight but not effect significant on embryo mortalities during embryogenesis .The second experiment included rearing of the post hatched chicks of the first experiment in wooden dataries , chicks were all randomly allocated inSummarybto three replicates for each treatment (17 chick / replicate) to study productive , reproductive , physiological, behavioral , histological , biochemical and hematological traits for Japanese quail.Results illustrated the followings : 1 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of productive traits in treatments of injection (body weight , weight gain , feed utilization , feed conversion ratio ) and find significant increase egg production , egg weights and mass as well as shell characteristics (egg shell weigh and thickness ) in Treatments (T5 , T6 ) comparisons with the negative and positive control treatments .2 - A significant effect (P≤0.05) on early maturation for males and females in treatments of vitamins injection , more over there were a significant increase of their body weights during maturation and early behavioral jumping with a significant surpass of cloaca area in comparison with males in control treatments.3 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of relative weights of testes in males of all ages in injection treatments with a significant increase of seminal tubules diameters and thickness of germinal layer of testes during 28 and 47 days in comparison with that of the negative and positive controls.4 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of relative weights of ovaries with an increase of the primary follicle diameter in females of injection treatments during 28 , 47 and 69 days in comparison with that of the control .5 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of relative weight of fabricia gland and spleen for both sexes of birds in injection treatments , more over the interaction between vitamins injection and sex was significant in all ages.6 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of PCV in injection treatment , moreover the PCV was increased in females at 28 and 47 days, the interaction between vitamins injection and sex was significant in all ages .7 - No significant increase (P≤0.05) was noticed in Hb of injection treatments at 28 but there were a significant increase (P<0.05) in 47 days in vitamins injection treatments and there was a significant increase (P≤0.05) of Hb in 69 days in the sixth treatment in comparison with the control treatments, and it was numerical on other treatments ( 3rd, 4th and 5th) there was no interaction between vitamins injection and sex at 28 days but the interaction was significant in at 47 and 69 days .8 - There were no significant increase (P≤0.05) of RBC in injection treatments at 28 days but it was significant at 47 days in the third and sixth treatments , at 69 days there was a significant increase of RBC in injection treatment as compared with the control treatments , the interaction between injection of vitamins with sex was not significant at 28 days but it was significant at 69 days .9 - There were no significant effect (P≤0.05) in WBC in vitamins injection at 28 , 47 , 69 days as compared with the control treatments moreover there was no significant interaction between injection treatment and sex.10 - There were significant increase (P≤0.05) in LH , FSH and testosterone levels in serum of vitamins injection treatment for both sexes , the interaction between treatment sex was significant in all ages .11 - There were a significant surpass (P≤0.05) of total protein level in injection treatments at all ages as compared with the control treatments and the interaction between treatments and sex was significant at all ages . glucose and cholesterol level were not affected according to the treatment but females were significant surpasses on males at all ages . The interaction between treatment and sex was not significant at all ages12 - There were a significant surpass (P≤0.05) of Ca and P in injection treatment at all ages as compared with control treatments , the interaction between treatment and sex for Ca and P level was significant at all ages .13 - The study revealed no significant improvement in concentration Ca , P and ash in tibia bone , weight and length of thigh for both sexes in injection treatment at all ages .

تاثير انظمة الاضاءة والتقنين الغذائي الزمني في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والتناسلية لطائر السمان الياباني (Coturnix japonica) == The Effect of Lighting Systems and Feed Restriction timing on Some Productive, Physiological and Reproductive Traits of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

Author name: صباح كاظم مرزوق الحمود
Supervisor name: ریاض كاظم موسى | ربیعة جدوع عباس
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تصميم وتصنيع وتقييم الاداء الميكانيكي لالة زراعية من خلال وضع السماد العضوي في خنادق تحت سطح التربة وتاثيرها في بعض خصائصها ونمو وحاصل الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L == Designing , constructing and evaluating the mechanical performance for agricultural machine laying the manure under the soil surface and its effect on some of soil properties and growth and yield of corn ( Zea mays L.

Author name: صادق جبار محسن
Supervisor name: شاكر حنتوش عداي | محمد عبد الله عبد الكريم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: ditch opener and manure laying machine was designed and manufactured in the agricultural machines and equipment dept., Agriculture college, Basrah university in 2015. This machine was evaluated to determine its mechanical performance and its ability in laying manure in ditches under the soil surface as well as the effect of the added manure on the soil physical and chemical properties, corn crop growth and production parameters.The machine consists of a frame, manure tank, chemical fertilizers tank, subsoiler for soil disturbance down to 80 cm, two boards for soil digging out to open the ditch , two boards to return the soil to ditch to bury the manure , manure and chemical fertilizers feeding mechanisms and blades for manure mixing with the soil. Also its provide with two pipes to transfer the chemical fertilizers to the soil and a petrol engine to operate the two feeding mechanism.The machine disturbed the soil by the subsoiler and digging different ditches of different depths by two boards . In additional to that it can lay the manure at different levels in the opened ditches using the feeding mechanism and thereafter buried the manure in the soil . The manure can be laid under the soil as separate layer or mixed with soil using the mixing blades.Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the machine performance. These experiments are : (1) - Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of the machine forward speeds (0.32, 0.46 and 0.63 m sec - 1), manure feeding mechanisms rotating speeds (360, 440, 560, 710 and 880 rpm) and two manure feeding openings areas (0.024 and 0.048 m2) as well as the interaction of the above parameters on the amount of the manure per hectare (ton ha - 1). These results were analyzed using CRD and the statistical program (Genstat). Mean results were compared using least significant difference (RLSD) at 0.05 level.The results showed the manure amount per hectare significantly increased as the rotating speeds of the feeding mechanism increased,Bthe forward speeds decreased and the feeding opening areas increased. The highest value was recorded for forward speed of 0.32 m sec - 1 , rotating speed of 880 rpm and feeding open area of 0.048 m2. These means are 64.17, 62.06 and 54.06 ton ha - 1 respectively. while the forward speed of 0.63 m sec - 1 , rotating speed of 360 rpm and the feeding open area of 0.024 m2 gave the lower values which they are 26.91, 30.04 and 33.75 ton ha - 1 respectively. Also, the forward speed of 0.32 m sec - 1 , the rotating speed of 880 rpm and the feeding area of 0.048 m2 recorded the highest amount of manure per hectare (110.00 ton) while the forward speed of 0.63 m sec - 1 , rotating speed of 360 rpm and manure feeding area of 0.024 m2 recorded the lowest value of manure per hectare (4.00 ton).(2) - A field experiment was conducted in silty loam soil in the agriculture college field at Garmit Ali location to study the effect of the implement operation depths (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm), the angle between the soil digging out boards (45⁰ and 60⁰) two soil types namely cultivated soil before one year and uncultivated soil and their interaction on the implement mechanical performance parameters . These parameters are the draft force, soil disturbed area and the energy utilization efficiency (EUE) as well as the draft force requirement of the implement units (subsoiler, ditch opening boards, soil returning boards and soil mixing blades). The results were analyzed using RCBD. The analyzing was carried out by the statistical program (Genstat). Mean results were compared using RLSD at probability level of 5% , and showed the followings : (2 - 1) - The draft force, the disturbed area and the energy utilization efficiency increased significantly when the operating depth increased from 10 to 50 cm. The amount of the increase is 26.66 kN , 0.4111 m2 and 7.67 m3 mJ - 1 respectively.(2 - 2) - The angle between the opening boards of 60⁰ significantly surpassed angle of 45⁰ in increasing the draft force, the disturbed area and EUE. The percentage of increase is 12.55 , 21.93 and 10.85 % respectively.C(2 - 3) - The draft force decreased while the disturbed area and EUE increased by 16.30, 14.91 and 20.72 % in the disturbed soil compared with undisturbed soil respectively.(2 - 4) - The draft force requirement of the subsoiler was higher than that for the other implement parts. The share of the draft force requirement of the subsoiler was 60 % out of the total draft force requirement of the implement while it was 26, 9 and 5 % for the ditch opening boards, the soil returning boards and soil mixing blades respectively.(2 - 5) - The draft force requirement of all implement units increased significantly with implement operating depths and the angle between the ditch opening boards and it was higher in the uncultivated soil compared with the cultivated soil. The draft force requirement of the soil returning boards and the soil mixing blades in both soil types was not significantly different.(3) - Another field experiment was conducted in the field of the agriculture college at Garmit Ali location in the season of 2015 in a cultivated soil of silty loam texture. The aims of the experiment were to study the effect of the added manure level (0, 20 and 40 ton ha - 1), the depths of added manure (10, 20 and 30 cm) and the methods of the addition (subsoil layer and mixing with soil) and their interaction on the soil properties and corn crop (Zea mays L.) growth parameters and yield at the end of the growth season.The soil was plowed and harrowed (soil clods breaking down). The manure was added thereafter by the implement in the soil according to the studied treatments. The corn seeds were sown in rows at 1/7/2015. The drip irrigation method was used to irrigate plants until the end of the experiment 10/10/2015. The other agricultural operations were conducted according to methods used in the around area.Soil and plants samples were collected for analysis and the corn seeds yield was calculated at the end of the growth season. The measurements included soil bulk density, soil moisture content, soilDsalinity, soil pH, the dry weight of the shoot, N, P, K uptake in shoot and the total seeds production.The split - split plot in RCBD design was used to analyze the means using Genstst program. Mean results were compared using RLSD at probability level of 5 %, and showed the followings : (3 - 1) - The manure level of 40 ton ha - 1 surpassed the other two levels (0 and 20 ton ha - 1) in giving higher values of soil moisture content, higher uptake of N, P, K, a greater amount of dry weight and total yield while it gave lower soil bulk density, soil salinity and soil pH.(3 - 2) - Increasing the depth of added manure from 10 to 30 cm with the mixing method lead to significant increase in the soil moisture content, uptake of N, P, K, the dry weight and the total yield production. Whereas the soil bulk density, soil salinity significantly reduced while the soil pH was not significantly affected.(3 - 3) - Mixing of 40 ton manure ha - 1 at depth of 30 cm gave the highest crop growth and yield production which they are 13.94 and 6.75 ton ha - 1, respectively.

عزل وتشخيص بكتريا Bacillus cereus واستعمالها في انتاج متعدد هيدروكسي البيوترات == Isolation and Identification of Bacillus cereus Bacteria and Using in Polyhydroxybutyrate Productio

Author name: شيماء ذياب جدوع السهلاني
Supervisor name: امال كاظم غضبان الاسدي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Forty three local bacterial isolates were obtained after heating treatment for different sources collected from many places in Basra government. Included : Vegetables, Fruit, Pastry (cakes), Legumes, Soils, Sand, Animal manure, the papyrus plant, milk, water liquefaction and sewage water. Primary screening for the isolates by Sudan black B dye only. 22 isolates were chosen with strong staining, and the identification of all the isolates revealed were belong to genus Bacillus by studying microscopic and biochemical tests. They were : 4 isolates Bacillus cereus, 2 isolates Bacillus firmus, 2 isolates Bacillus lichenformis , 3 isolates Bacillus megaterium, 4 isolates Bacillus mycoides , 3 isolates Bacillus pumilus and 4 isolates Bacillus subtilis.Secondary screening of these isolates was Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) produced, Bacillus cereus B5 given 2.4 g / L the highest production of PHB. A PCR technique was used for 16S rRNA test and detecting the gene of PHB production in Bacillus cereus B5.The highest PHB production from Bacillus cereus B5 was 6.2 g / L, biomass 8.4 g / L and yield 73.8% the by using optimum conditions : incubation temperature 35̊ C, for 48 hours aerobically by using shaking incubator for 150 RPM/ min, 2% inoculum volume, the pH was adjusted to 7, and the production media where contained 1% glucose as carbon source and peptone as a nitrogen source. 3% have dated juice was the best substitute for glucose as carbon source, it gave 7.11 g PHB / L and the yield 79 %.Analysis with FT - IR was showed, that PHB produced from date juice media had a peak at 1723 cm - 1 this means it belong to an esterpolymers group. And GC - MS showed 12 compounds produce from analyzing PHB as short chains of fatty acids.The properties of PHB produced from date juice media were : The degradation temperature was 312̊ C, the percentage of crystallization was 60%, molecular weight was 423.674 KDa., permeability of water vapor was 56.2 ×10 - 8 g / Pa.s.m2, tensile strength was 24.9 MPa, the blend 40% polyethyleneglycol as plasticized with PHB increased the percentage of elongation to 8.7%. PHB is non - toxic and without hemolysis on human blood.Studying biodegradation of the plastic films of PHB by using bacterial isolates were E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in petri dish showed that all isolates can degrade PHB, biodegradation in soil and at soil surface was 100% after 28 days.PHB packages increased the shelf life of strawberries and grapes after storage for 15 days, compared with polyethylene packages, and It was reduced the numbers of microorganisms in butter, the percentage of free fatty acids and peroxide value compared with butter with polyethylene after 15 days

استجابة زهرة الشمس للحامض الاميني البولين تحت مدد ري مختلفة == The Response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus.L) to Proline under different Irrigation intervals

Author name: شاكر اسماعيل عبد الرضا
Supervisor name: هاشم رشيد مجيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Field Crops
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment was conducted during the fall season of year 2014 done in farmer's fields in the Auffia area southwest of Missan province (about 14 km .1 - m the soil was clay loam with 4.2 ds . city center)fromThe objectives were to determent the response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus .L) hybrid Flame to amino acid - Proline in order to reduce water stress. The experiment executed in split - plot (R.C.B.D) design with three replicates. The experiment were three levels of proline (P1 spray Proline concentration in addition to the control 1 - ; P2 spray Proline concentration 100 mg L 1 - 50 mg LP0 as distilled water were located in sub - plot) while the other factor was irrigation period (W1= irrigation every 10 days; W2= irrigation every 15 days andW3= irrigation every 20 days) as the main - plot.The crop sprayed with Proline acid after mixed with water in two phases of growth is V6 (the phase of six real leaves) and R1 (flowering stage) with application of irrigation system. After the plants reaches to physiologic maturity and growth characteristics measured; the contains of yield and quality characteristics and the results were analyses statistically and compared with averages LSD test. The results showed the following.e uhigher valgave to the control compared 1 - 100 mg Lwith praying ProlineS - 1for growth measurement in mean of plant height; number of leaves; stalk diameter ; head diameter and LAI and they were (126. 19 cm ; 28. 60 leave ; 23. 27 mm; 17. 48 cm and 2. 28) respectively. Also increased the mean of yield and seed yield; weight of 100 seed the; 1 - head er of seedsnumb components) 1 - 16 ton h .and 1 1 - 48 tons h .0 4 g; 3 .40 seeds; 6 .(1003 oil yield ofrespectively.2 - Applying irrigation every 10 days improve all growth characteristics; yield's components and quality compared to applying irrigation every 20 days, which gave the lowest mean in above characters.3 - The results also showed that the interaction of applying Proline and irrigation periods was significant for the most of the growth characteristics; yield and quality characteristics. It was concluded from to reduced period of irrigation not differ from hich W .1 - 100 mg L Proline once applying daysevery 15 applying irrigation every 10 days for most of the studied characteristics. Is the most important yield; oil production and this can saves 25% of irrigation water under conditions - Missan Auffia area. That reduces the wastae of water resources or expansion of the agricultural area and increase the yield.

اســتـخـلاص السـكريات المـتــعددة مـــــن الطــحــلــب الاخضر Cladophora sp. وتوصيفها واســــتعمالها في اقراص اللحم البقري == Extraction and Characterization of Green Algae Cladophora sp. Polysaccharide and use it in Beef Patties

Author name: سـهام ولـيـد عـلك الامارة
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي | روضة محمود العلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة استخلاص السكريات المتعددة من الطحالب، اذ تــــــــــــــم جــــــــــــمع عـــــــــــــينات مـــــــــــــن الطحالب الخضراء من مياه شط العرب ضمن منطقة كرمة علي في البصرة وبعد التنظيف والتنقية والتجفيف تم تشخيصهواتبين انها تعود الى جنسCladophora sp. ، درس تركيبها الكيميائي على اساس الوزن الجاف من الرطوبة والرماد والبروتين والدهن والكاربوهيدرات اذ بلغت نسبة الرطوبة 4.16% والرماد 29.78% والبروتين 16.10% والدهن %1.25 والكاربوهيدرات %48.71. وتم استخلاص السكريات المتعددة من الطحالب بواسطة كاربونات الصوديوم Na2CO3، وقدر محتواها من السكريات الكلية اذ بلغت 78.4%. كذلك درس تاثير ظروف الاستخلاص على حاصل السكريات المتعددة شملت نسبة خلط المادة الاولية : المذيب (غم/ مل) اذ استعملت اربع نسب 7 : 1و9 : 1 و1 : 12 و15 : 1 حيث اعطت نسبة 9 : 1 اعلى حاصل واقل نسبة حاصل كانت %2.3بنسبة خلط 15 : 1. استعملت درجات حرارة (60 و80 و100) م حيث اعطت درجة حرارة 80 م اعلى نسبة حاصل %7.53، اما اقل نسبة حاصل فكان عند درجـــــــــــــــــة حرارة 100 م %2.09. درس تاثير مدة الاستخلاص واستعملت مدد زمنية (2 و4 و6) ساعة اذ اعطت مدة 2و4 ساعة نسبة حاصل 6.95 و%7.60، بينما اعطت مدة استخلاص 6 ساعات نسبة حاصل%3.40 وهي الاقل، ودرس تاثير الرقم الهيدروجيني حيث اعطى الرقــــــــم الـــــــــــــهيدروجيني 2 اعلى حاصل وهو 7.49مقارنة مع 4 و6 حيث كانت نسبتي الحاصل 2.33 و1.92% على التوالي. من خلال دراسة الظروف اعلاه تبين النتائج ان افضل نسبة حاصل تم الحصول عليها عند الاستخلاص بكاربونات الصوديوم بنسبة خلط 9 : 1 وبدرجة حرارة 80 م لمدة 4 ساعات وعند رقم هيدروجيني2. درست الخصائص الفيزيوكيميائية للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة من الطحالب وكانت النتائج كالاتي : - 1 - اظهرت نتائج اللزوجة النسبية للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة من الطحالب ان اللزوجة تزداد بزيادة التركيز وتقل بزيادة درجة الحرارة حيث كانت اعلى قيمة للزوجة بدرجة حرارة 30 م (11.0020) واقل قيمة للزوجة النسبية (8.0576) عند درجة حرارة 50 م وكانت لزوجة السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة اقل من لزوجة الجينات الصوديوم القياسية.2 - لوحظ ان قابلية السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة لامتصاص الماء وربط الدهن تزداد بزيادة التركيز وكانت مقاربة لقابلية الجينات الصوديوم القياسية. - كانت النسبة المئوية لذوبان السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة 69.72% وهي اعلى من ذوبان الجينات الصوديوم القياسية والبالغة 65.68%. 4 - اظهرت النتائج انخفاض قابلية السكريات المتعددة على تكوين الرغوة.5 - قدر الوزن الجزيئي للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة بقياس لزوجة السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة من الطحالب اذ تم تقدير اللزوجة الحقيقية لاستخراج الوزن الجزيئي الذي بلغ 875.26 كيلو دالتون. تم دراسة التحلل الوزني الحراري للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة وكان الفقدان بحدود7% والمتبقي93% عند درجة حرارة 515.27 م.6 - اختبرت السمية الخلوية للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة من الطحالب اتجاه كريات الدم الحمر للانسان واظهرت النتائج عدم سميتها لكافة التراكيز المستعملة ولمدد الحضن 10 و30 و60 دقيقة.7 - تم ادخال السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة والجينات الصوديوم القياسية في اقراص اللحم البقري وبنسب 0.2 و0.4 و0.6% وخزن بالتبريد بدرجة حرارة 4 م ولمدد زمنية1 و4 و7 يوم.8 - درست الصفات الفيزيائية لاقراص اللحم البقري اظهرت النتائج ارتفاعا معنويا p<0.05)) في قـــــــيم قابلية حمل الماء لاقراص اللــحم المعاملة بالــــــــــــــسكريات الـــــــــــــــــمتعددة (المعاملة المحضرة) والجينات الصوديوم (المعاملة القياسية) مقارنة بالعينة الضابطة. بينت النتائج ان الرقم الهيدروجيني في اقراص اللحم يزداد معنويا بتقدم مدة الحفظ بالتبريد ولوحظ انخفاض نسبة الفقد في الوزن اثناء الطبخ وارتفاع نسبة حاصل الطبخ في اقراص اللحم البقري المعاملة بالسكريات المتعددة والجينات الصوديوم القياسية مقارنة بالعينة الضابطة. 9 - درست الصفات الحسية لاقراص اللحم والتي شملت اللون والنكهة والطراوة والعصيرية والقبول العام وقد اظهرت بعضها اختلافا معنويا((p<0.05 خلال مدة الحفظ بالتبريد ولم يظهر البعض الاخر اختلافا معنويا فالنسبة لدرجات تقييم اللون لاقراص اللحم المفروم لم تتاثر معنويا عند معاملة اقراص اللحم بالسكريات المتعددة المحضرة والجينات الصوديوم القياسية، اما درجات تـقييم صفـــــــــــــــــة النـــــــــــكهة لاقراص اللحــــــــــم فقد تاثرت معنويا p<0.05)) عند المعاملة بالسكريات المتعددة المحضرة والجينات الصوديوم القياسية مقارنة بالعينة الضابطة. | The study included extraction of polysaccharides from algae. The green algae was collected from Shatt Alarab water in Karmat Ali in Basrah, the green algae was purified and it is Cladophora sp. Polysaccharides was extracted by sodium carbonate Na2CO3. It̓s chemical composition including moisture, ash, protein, fat , carbohydrate and total saccharides was studied and it was moisture 4.16%, ash 29.78%, protein 16.10% at 1.25%, carbohydrate 48.71% and total sharrides 78.4%. The effect of extract conditions on polysaccharides yield were also studied included mixing percentage 1 : 7, 1 : 9, 1 : 12 and 1 : 15 and 1 : 9 exhibited the highest yield (7.48%) and the lowest yield (3.2%) when we use 1 : 15. The extraction was carried on different temperature 60°C, 80°C and100°C the highest yield was 7.53% when extraction on 80°C .The effect of the time of extraction in 2 hrs, 4hrs so the yield was 6.95% and 7.60% for 2 and 4 hrs respectively, the highest yield was 7.49% when extraction on pH 2. The results showed that the best yield was when the extraction on 1 : 9 and 80 °C for 4hrs and pH 2. The physiochemical properties for polysaccharides wer studied and the result showed the relative viscosity was increased with the increase of concentration and decrease with the increase of temperature the highest viscosity was 11.0020 in 30°C and the lowest was 8.0576 in 50 °C. The ability of polysaccharides for water absorbtion and fat binding was noticed that it was increased with the increased of concentration, the percentage of polysaccharides solubility was 69.72%, and it was higher than sodium alginate (65.68%). The results also showed decrease of foaming of polysaccharides because of it̕s high viscosity. The molecular weight of polysaccharides was 875.26 Kdal, the Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was 7% for loss and the residue was 93%. The test of cytotoxicity was appaired that the polysaccharides was no toxic in all concentration and for all incubation periods 10, 30 and 60 min. The extracted polysaccharides and sodium alginate were used in beef patties for 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% and storage for 1, 4 and 7 days, the results showed that there were significant increased (p<0.05) in water holding capacity in all treatments comparing with control and pH increased during storage periode and also noticed that cooking loss was decreased and increased in cooking yield for beef patties treated with polysaccharides and sodium alginate comparing with control. The results showed that addition of extracted polysaccharides and sodium alginate to beef patties improved sensory properties (color, falvor, tenderness, juicness and overal acceptability) during storage periode compared with control.

تاثير مستويات مختلفة من السماد الفوسفاتي في نمو وحاصل ثلاثة اصناف من محصول الحنطة Triticum aestivum L == Effect of different levels of Phosphate fertilizaer on growth and yield of three cultivars of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Author name: سندس كامل جبار الحلفي
Supervisor name: هاشم رشيد مجيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: نفذت تجربة حقلية خلال الموسم الشتوي 2013 / 2014 في حقول احد المزارعين في منطقة الشنانة التابعة لقضاء القرنة ( 65 كم شمال مركز محافظة البصرة ) في تربة مزيجية طينية بهدف دراسة استجابة ثلاثة اصناف من الحنطة الناعمة . Triticum aestivum L (اللطيفية وابوغريب - 3 وتموز - 2) في النمو والحاصل والنوعية لتاثير اضافة اربعة مستويات من السماد الفوسفاتي ( 0 و40 و80 و120 كغم P2O5 ه - 1 ) طبقت التجربة باسلوب التجارب العاملية ووزعت المعاملات وفقا لتصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة بثلاثة مكررات . اظهرت نتائج الدراسة ان الاصناف اختلفت معنويا فيما بينها في معظم الصفات المدروسة اذ تفوق الصنف اللطيفية في صفة ارتفاع النبات ( 96,44 سم) ومساحة ورقة العلم (32,97 ســم2) وطول السنبلة (10,41سم) وعدد الحبوب في السنبلة (61,50 حبة سنبلة - ١) السنبلة ونسبة البروتين (11,84 ٪) في حين تفوق الصنف ابوغريب - 3 في صفة عدد الاشطاء(600,35 شطا م - 1) وعدد السنابل (572,07 سنبلة م - 1) ووزن 1000 حبة ( 31,09 غم ) وحاصــل الحبوب ( 6,31طن هــ - ١ ) والحاصل الحيوي( 14,64 طن هــ - ١ ). واشارت النتائج الى تفوق المستوى السمادي 120كغم P2O5 هـ - ١ معنويا في صفات ارتفاع النبات (99,11ســم ) ومساحة ورقة العلم ( 35,74 ســم2 ) وطول السنبلة (10,68 ســم) وعـــدد الاشطاء الكلي(621,82 شطا م - 1) وفي جميع صفات الحاصل وحاصل الحبوب( 6,68 طن هــ - ١ ) والحاصل الحيوي (14,98 طن ه - 1) ودليل الحصاد(44,58 ٪) ونسبة البروتين في الحبوب (12,62 ٪) . كان التداخل معنويا بين الاصناف ومستويات الفسفور في حاصل الحبوب وحققت التوليفة للصنف ابو غريب - 3 اعلى متوسط لحاصل الحبوب (6,98 طن هــ - ١) ويلاحظ من النتائج ان زيادة حاصل ابو غريب - 3 عند المستوى 120 كغم P2O5 هـ - ١ هو نتيجة لزيادة عدد الاشطاء (669,33 شطا م - 1 ) وزيادة مكونات الحاصل وهي عدد السنابل(636,81 سنبلة م - 1) ووزن 1000 حبة(33,03 غم) . | A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2013 - 2014 at AL - shinana that belong to AL - Qurna about ( 65) Km north Basrha in silty loam soil in order to determine the best production of the three cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Abu Graib - 3 , Tammoz - 2 and Latifia ) to determine the best level of phosphate fertilizer (0 , 40 , 80 , 120 kg P2O5 hˉ1 ) .The experiment design was R C B D with treatments arranged in factorial in three replicates . Results showed that cultivars are different in it's characteristics as the Latifia superior in plant height (96.44 cm ) flag leaf area ( 32.97 cm2 ), spike length ( 10.41 cm ) number of grain per spike( 61.50 ) and protein content ( 11.84% ). Abu Graib - 3 superior in number of tillers .mˉ2(600.35) number of spikes .mˉ2(572.07) weight of 1000 grain ( 31.09 gm) , grain yield (6.31 ton.h - 1 ) biological yield (14.64 ton.h - 1 ) Results showed a variance among fertilizer level where 120 kg P2O5 hˉ1 caused highest number of , plant height (99.11 cm ) flag leaf area (35.74 cm2) , spike length ( 10.68 cm), number of tillers (621.82 ) and all yield component and grain yield ( 6.68 ton .hˉ ¹), biological yield ( 14.58 ton .hˉ ¹) , protein (12.628% ) and harvesting index(44,58 %) . Results also showed a significant interaction between cultivars and P levels, grain yield which increased in all cultivars with increase in P levels grain yield obtained at treatment Abu - Graib - 3 ×120 kg P2O5 hˉ1 (6.98 ton.h - 1) the increase in grain yield Abu - Graib due to higher yield components number of spike m - 2 (636. 81) and 1000 - grain weight (33.03 gm

تاثير اضافة النتروجين في امتصاص NوPوK وتوزيعها في اجزاء النبات ونمو وحاصل ثلاثة اصناف من الحنطة Triticum aestivum L. == EFFECT OF NITROGEN APPLCATION ON N, P, K UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION WHIHIN PLANT PARTS, GROWTH AND YIELD OF THREE WHEAT CULTIVARS Triticum aestivum L.

Author name: سندس عبد الكريم محمد العبد الله
Supervisor name: عبد المهدي صالح حسين الانصاري | وليد عبد الرضا السباهي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at Al - Daire site 40 km north of center Basrah Governorate .The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on dry matter accumulation, (N, P, K) uptake, distribution in different parts of three cultivars of wheat plants and their yield during two seasons (2011 - 2012 & 2012 - 2013).The experiment was split - plots in R.C.B.D design with three replicates, Nitrogen rates (0, 60,120 and 240Kg ha - 1 occupied the main plots, while (IPA - 99, Abu - Graib and Latifia) Cultivars Occupied the sub - plots. Samples of wheat plants were collected at 10 growth stages : seedling stage, tillering (main shoot and 1 tiller), tillering (main shoot and 4 tillers), stem elongation, booting, 50% of spike emergence, 50% flowering, milk stage, dough stage and maturity. Each plant sample was separated into different plant parts : blades, sheathes, stems, flag leaves, spikes and seeds. These parts were dried at 70°C and dry weight of each part was recorded and sub sampled for chemical analysis of N , P , and K. Growth parameters (No. of day till 50% flowering , No. of day from 50% flowering to Maturity , flag leaf area , plant height, spike length and No of tillers m - 2) , yield components (No. of spike m - 2, No. of grain in spike and weight of 1000 grain ),grain yield, biological yield, harvest Index, grain protein percentage and nitrogen use efficiency were also studied.Results showed that dry matter accumulation in plants of all cultivars did not differ at early growth period, While after the growth stage of 50% flowering plants dry weight of Cv.IPA - 99 was higher than other cultivars, This difference in dry weight continue till maturity stage at which total dry weight were 14473.58, 13373.96 and 12743.59 Kg ha - 1 for IPA - 99, Abu - Graib - 3 and Latifia respectively.Dry matter yield were not affected by N levels during the early growth period ,then after dry weight of plants increased as N rates increased ,total dry weight were10752.61, 12737.49 and 15347.10 Kg ha - 1for 0, 60 , 120 Kg Nha - 1 respectively, with no differences between 120 and 240 Kg Nha - 1 levels.Dry matter of plant parts differed among cultivars, with IPA - 99 having the highest results. Increasing nitrogen rates increased weight of different plant parts, but did not influence the relative proportion of each plant part for all cultivars.IIResults also showed reduces in dry weight of different plant parts(except grains)after reaching a maximum weigh at dough stage for Spikes, and 50% flowering for the other parts. The highest decreased was in blades and lowest in sheathes. The application of N fertilizer decreased translocation of dry matter from plant parts to grains. Data showed that no differences in nutrient uptake were observed for cultivars till ending of tillering stage, but after this stage IPA - 99 cultivar showed highest uptake till the end of the season. Nitrogen uptake was157.68,136.72,124.51 Kgha - 1 ,P uptake 19.70,16.93,15,67 Kg ha - 1, K uptake136.30,121.10,112,60 Kg ha - 1 for IPA - 99,Abu - Graib - 3 and Latifia, respectively.Increasing N rate increased nutrient uptake of different plant parts, but did not influence the relative proportion of each plant part for all cultivars.uptake of N, P, and K for all cultivars and nitrogen rates declined as the season progressed, this decline differed among nutrients and plant parts.Grain contained 59.20, 79.00 and 7.45% of total nutrient N, P and K uptake, whereas vegetative parts contained 40.80, 21.00 and 92.55% of total nutrient uptake, respectively.Cultivar IPA - 99 resulted in highest grain yield among studied cultivars. Increasing N rate from 0 to 120 Kg N ha - 1 only increased grain yield, the rate 240 KgNha - 1 did not affect yield significantly as compared with that of 120 Kg N ha - 1.Results also showed a significant interaction between Cultivars and N rates. The highest grain yield obtained at treatment IPA - 99×240 Kg N ha - 1with no significant differences than IPA - 99×120 KgNha - 1.Results indicated that highest nitrogen use efficiency (66.23%) was found in plant of IPA - 99 cultivar, whereas, the lowest efficiency (47.37%) was found in plant of Abu - Graib - 3 cultivar. At all cultivars increasing N rates to 240 KgNha - 1 decreased nitrogen use efficiency.Therefore it can be concluded that 120 Kg Nha - 1 can be recommended as the best rate for N to all cultivars under similar growing conditions

معالجة مياه الصرف الصناعي لمعمل الاسمدة في المنطقة الجنوبية واعادة استعماها لري نبات الطماطة Lycopersicon esculentum Mill == Industrial wastewater treatment of fertilizer factory south region and reuse for tomato irrigation( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Author name: سماح رسول جويد العكيلي
Supervisor name: محمد عبد الله عبد الكريم | نجلة جبر محمد الاميري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate the possibility of using the effluent originated from fertilizers factory/ south region, Basrah province for tomato irrigation. Effluent samples were collected from urea unite line, ammonia unite lion, and collection basin at nine periods during 3\9\2015 to 5\8\2016. Tap water was used as control water. Three types of filters were used to enhance the characteristics of water collected from the fertilizers factory which are Rice Husk Ash filter, sand filter and Rice Husk Ash + sand filter(75 : 25). chemical characteristics (EC, PH, Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl - , SO4 - - , total hardness, NO3 - , NH4+, urea) were obtained before and after filtration then Removal efficiency (%) was calculated. Basin on above experiment, a pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of fertilizers industry effluents on chemical parameters of soil and its impact on growth parameters of the tomato plant. Each pot was prepared by filling loamy sand soil 10 kg collected from a farm nearby the factory. All the pots were fertilized by manure, phosphorus and potassium. Nitrogen fertilizer (urea) was applied an equivalent of 0, 50% and 100% of recommended level (300 kg N ha - 1). Tomato seedlings (hybride Newton F1) were transplanted in the pots. The pots were irrigated with above fertilizer industry effluents or tap water after the seedlings standing in the pots. After 90 days, soil and plant samples were collected to measure EC, pH, NO3 - in soil, NH4+ in soil, plant height, shoot dry weight, N concentration,number of flowers plant - 1 and number of fruits plant - 1.The results showed that there was a significant changes among sample periods in all water characteristics. The highest removal efficiency of urea, NH4+, NO3 - , cations and anions were recorded by using Rice Husk Ash filter, while the lowest efficiency were recorded by using sand filter. Data alsoBshowed that chemical parameters (EC, NH4+ and NO3 - ) of soil were differed by different filter used and follow the order : control (without filtration) < sand filter < Rice Husk Ash + sand filter < Rice Husk Ash filter. This result was reflected on plant growth parameters (plant high, shoot dry weight, N concentration ,number of flowers plant - 1 and number of fruits plant - 1) and follow the order : Rice Husk Ash + sand filter < Rice Husk Ash filter < sand filter < control. However soil pH was not affected at different filters used. Increasing the level of nitrogen significantly increased EC, NH4+ and NO3 - in soil and decreased soil PH resulted in increased plant parameters. Soil chemical parameters and plant growth parameters were differed by different source of fertilizers industry effluents and follow : ammonia line < urea line < collection basin < tap water. Data also revealed that tomato plant irrigated with water of ammonia line and filtered through Rice Husk Ash + sand filter showed best growth parameters as compared with other plants with higher shoot dry weight of 11.69 g plant - 1. The pot experiment suggested the possibility to using the water of ammonia line which filtered through Rice Husk Ash + sand filter with 50% of nitrogen recommended level to enhance tomato growth and it would save costs on fertilizer and reduction in pollution load of soil and water.

المكافحة الاحيائية لمرض الذبول الفيوزارمي في الطماطا المتسبب عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici باستخدام الفطر Trichoderma harzianum وفطر المايكورايزا Glomus mosseae == Biological control of tomato Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum fsp.lycopersici by using Trichoderma harzianum and mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae

Author name: سلام نجم عبود الاسدي
Supervisor name: يحيى عاشور صالح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في مختبرات قسم وقاية النبات /كلية الزراعة / جامعة البصرة خلال الفترة من 1/11/ 2015 الى 1/6/2016 لتقييم كفاءة فطر المايكورايزا G. mosseae والعامل الاحيائي T.harzianum في مكافحة مرض الذبول الفيوزارمي لنبات الطماطا المتسبب عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum fsp.lycopersici . اظهرت النتائج دور العامل الاحيائي في تثبيط نمو الفطر الممرض بطريقة الزراعة المزدوجة حيث كان التضاد من الدرجة 1 حسب مقياس Bell . كما اظهر راشح الفطر الاحيائي T.harzianum تفوقوااضحا في تثبيط نمو الفطر الممرض . اوضحت نتائج تاثير فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae والعامل الاحيائي T.harzianum والتداخل بينهما في انبات البذور ونمو نبات الطماطا ( تجربة الاصص) وجود فرق معنوي في النسبة المئوية لا نبات البذور ، اما في ما يخص اطوال النبات بعد ستة اسابيع من الانبات فقد اشارت النتائج الى وجود فروق معنوية بين المعاملات حيث بلغت اطوال النباتات 4.55 و18.22 و14.44 و18.00 و15.33 و15.44 و15.55 سم على التوالي للمعاملات Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici(f) وTrichoderma harzianum(T.h) وGlomus mosseae(G.m) ومعاملة التداخل بين العامل الاحيائي وفطر المايكورايزا GT ومعاملة التداخل بين فطر الممرض وفطر المايكورايزا GF ومعاملة التداخل بين العامل الاحيائي وفطر الممرض TF ومعاملة التداخل بين العامل الاحيائي وفطر المايكورايزواالفطر الممرضر GTFقياسا بمعاملة المقارنة التي بلغت 12.33 سم ، وكان اكثر الفطريات تاثيرا في زيادة اطوال النباتات العامل الاحيائي T.harzianum كما حقق التداخل بين العامل الاحيائي T.harzianum وفطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae زيادة معنوية في الوزن الطري للمجموعين الخضري والجذري حيث بلغ الوزن الطري للمجموعين الخضري والجذري 6.27 و0.72 غم على التوالي قياسا بمعاملة المقارنة التي بلغ الوزن الطري للمجموعين الخضري والجذري فيها 2.83 و0.51 غم على التوالي . اما التجربة الحقلية فقد اظهرت نتائجهواجود فروق معنوية في شدة الاصابة بالفطر الممرض حيث كانت اقل شدة اصابة في المعاملة التداخل بين فطر المايكورايزواالفطر الممرض GF اذ بلغت 22.21% تلتها المعاملات TF وGTF حيث بلغت شدة الاصابة فيها 27.77 و35.01% على التوالي قياسا بمعاملة المقارنة البالغة 48.02% ، اما اطوال النبات فقد ازداد بشكل معنوي في المعاملة GTF اذ بلغت 72.1 سم والتي تفوقت بفروقات معنوية عالية تلتها المعاملات GT وG وGF وT اذ بلغت 69.9 و68.9 و65.4 و63.8 سم على التوالي اذ اختلفت معنويا عن معاملة المقارنة التي بلغت 55.3 سم ومعاملة الفطر الممرض البالغة 47.2 سم ، وكان اعلى وزن طري للمجموع الخضري في المعاملة TF اذ بلغت 40.0 غم تلتها المعاملات GF وG وGTF وGT حيث بلغ الوزن الطري لها 35.0 و34.5 و32.3 و30.0 و29.7 غم / نبات والتي اختلفت معنويا عن معاملتي المقارنة والفطر الممرض اذ بلغت 17.33 و13.7 غم . وان اعلى زيادة في الوزن الطري للمجموع الجذري بلغت 29.53غم لمعاملة المايكورايزا G.mosseae والتي اختلفت معنويا عن معاملة المقارنة البالغة 17.7 غم . اشارت النتائج الى دور فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae في زيادة وزن حاصل الثمار اذ بلغ الوزن 3.067 كغم / نبات قياسا بمعاملة المقارنة التي بلغت 1.630 كغم / نبات وبفارق معنوي ، وبينت النتائج دور فطر المايكورايزواالعامل الاحيائي في زيادة الفعالية الانزيمية لا نزيم البيروكسديز فقد اعطت معاملة فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae اعلى نسبة اذ بلغت 1.710 وحدة / غم وزن رطب وقد اختلفت معنويا عن معاملة المقارنة البالغة 0.510 وحدة / غم وزن رطب .اوضحت نتائج التجربة الحقلية ايضا كفاءة العامل الاحيائي وفطر المايكورايزا في زيادة كمية الفسفور في نباتات الطماطا حيث بلغت اعلى نسبة للفسفور في معاملة التداخل GF حيث بلغت 38.93 ملغم / كغم تلتها المعاملات G وT وGT وGTF وTF وF اذ بلغت نسبة الفسفور فيها 38.44 و28.93 و28.93 و26.58 و23.91 و13.25 ملغم / كغم على التوالي قياسا بمعاملة المقارنة اذ بلغت 21.23 ملغم / كغم. وبينت النتائج دور فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae والعامل الاحيائي T.harzianum في زيادة نسبة وشدة اصابة الجذور حيث بلغت اعلى نسبة وشدة اصابة لمعاملة التداخل GT 66 و58% على التوالي وقد تفوقت بفروقات معنوية عالية تلتها المعاملات G وGTF وGF حيث بلغت نسبة وشدة الاصابة فيها 38.00 و36.66% و37.66 و34 % و31.33 و32.00% على التوالي . وبينت النتائج ايضواجود فروقات معنوية في عدد ابواغ فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae حيث بلغ اعلى عدد للابواغ 45.83 بوغ / نبات في معاملة التداخل GT تلتها المعاملات GF وG وGTF حيث بلغ عدد الابواغ فيها 29.16 و22.50 و16.66 بوغ / نبات . | This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Plant Protection , College of Agriculture , University of Basra .during the period from 1/11/2015 - 1/6/2016 ,to evaluate the interaction efficiency between Glomus.mosseae and bio agent Trichoderma.harzianum against tomato fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lycopersici . .The results showed the role of T.harzianum in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungus where the antagonism degree is of class 1 according to Bell scale. Also it showed that T.harzianum exaudate inhibited the growth of pathogen. The results also explained a significant effect of mycorrhiza G.mosseae and T.harzianum and their interaction on seed germination percent and growth of tomato plant (pots experience) , As regards to the lengths of the plants after six weeks from germination the results indicated a significant difference among the treatments , the lengths of plants reached 4.55 ,18.22 , 14.44, 18.00, 15.33, 15.44, 15.55, cm for the treatments , F, T ,M, MT , MF , TF and MTF, respectively compared to control which amounted to 12.33 cm ,T.harzianum led to increase the lengths of Plant significantly .The interaction between T harzianum and G.mosseae (TM ) also led to increase the fresh weight in comparison with control which reached respectively 2.83 and 0.51. The field experiment results showed significant differences in the severity of the infection with pathogen where the less severe of the infection was found in the treatment MF which was 22.21 % followed by TF and MTF treatments which were 27.77 and 35.01% respectively. The plant lengths also significantly increased , it reached 72.1 cm in the treatment MTF followed by the treatment MT , M , MF and T which reached 69.9, 68.9 , 65.4 and 63.8 respectively , which they significantly differed with control and pathogen treatments which were 55.3 and 47.2 cm respectively . The treatment TF led to increase the shoot fresh weight up to 40.0 gm. , followed by MF , M,T, MTF and MT which were 35.0, 34.5 , 32.3 , 30.0 and 29.7 which significantly differed with control and pathogen treatment which reached 17.33 and 13.7 respectively . The root fresh weight also increased when G.mosseae was used , it reached 29.53 gm. compared with control (17.7 gm.).The results indicated the role of G.mosseae in increasing fruit weight which reached 3.067 kg Plant compared with control which was 1.630 kg/plant .The results also showed the role of G.mosseae in increasing the enzymatic activity of peroxidase which reached 1.710 unit/gm. Compared to control which reached 0.510 unit/ gm wet weight . The results of field experiment also revealed that T.harzianum and G.mossese increased the amount of phosphor in tomato Plants in a percent of 38.93 , 38.44 , 28.93 , 28.93 , 26.58 , and 23.91 mg / kg for the treatment MF , M , T , MT , MTF and TF respectively in with comparison with control which was 21.23 mg / kg. From other hand , the interaction between G.mosseae and T.harzianum led to increase the root infection percent and infection up to 66 and 58% respectively the treatment M, MTF , MF as they were 38.00 , 36.66% 37.66 , 34% 31.33 , 32.00% . Finaly the results elucidate that the interaction between G.mosseae and T.harzianum led to increase the number of spores of G.mosseae reaching to 45.83 spore/ plant followed by the treatment M , MTF , MF , which gave 29.16 , 22.50 , and 16.66 , spores / plant respectively

الكشف عن بكتريا E.coli O157 : H7 في لحوم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة ودراسة تاثير بعض مواد الحفظ الحيوية على عيوشيتها بظروف الخزن بالتبريد == Detection of E.coli O157 : H7 in ground beef meat and study the antimicrobial effect of some bio Protection materials on bacterial survival during cooling storage

Author name: سحر صبيح جورج
Supervisor name: نوفل عبد الامير حسين الحلفي | صباح مالك حبيب الشطي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجري الكشف عن تواجد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7 في عينات لحم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة لخمس مناطق مختلفة في محافظة البصرة شملت (الجزائر وابي الخصيب والزبير والبصرة القديمة وكرمة علي) خلال الفصول الاربعة على مدار اشهر سنة 2013، وقد وجد ان هناك تفاوتا كبيرا في تواجد هذه البكتريا المرضية المصلية، اذ بلغ اعلى مستوى تلوث للحم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة لمنطقة البصرة القديمة تليها مناطق الزبير وكرمة علي والجزائر بينما لم يلاحظ اي تلوث لعينات لحم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة لمنطقة ابي الخصيب، وقد لوحظ تواجد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7 خلال اشهر (شباط، اذار، نيسان، تموز، تشرين الاول وتشرين الثاني) التي امتازت باعتدال درجات الحرارة والرطوبة النسبية .تم الحصول على 27 عزلة موجبة لبكتريا E.coli O157 : H7 من اصل 540 عينة لحم بقر طازج مفروم وبنسبة 5% شهريا على مدار سنة كاملة وشخصت اعتمادا على استخدام الاوساط الانتقائية الخاصة Sorbitol MacConkey Agar المدعم بالسفكسيم تولريت واجراء الفحوصات المظهرية والمجهرية والكيموحيوية باستخدام نظام API20E واجراء فحص التلازن باستخدام اشرطة اللاتكس للتشخيص الدقيق، كما استخدمت التقنية الحديثة وهي شرائح البتري فلم petrifilm لعد بكتريا القولون الكلية وE. coli شهريا على مدار السنة، اذ بلغت اعلى متوسطات لوغاريتم اعداد بكتريا القولون الكلية (6.15 ، 6.22 و6.43)cfu/g وللاشهر (ايلول، تشرين الاول وتشرين الثاني)على التوالي لمنطقة البصرة القديمة والتي كانت الاكثر تلوثا مقارنة مع بقية المناطق المشمولة بالدراسة وكذلك الحال بالنسبة لبكتريا E. coli بينما سجلت منطقة ابي الخصيب اقل مستويات لتلوث اللحوم الطازجة المفرومة اذ بلغ المتوسط اللوغارتمي لاعداد بكتريا القولون الكلية وE. coli ( 1.52 و1.53) cfu/g خلال شهري (شباط وايار) على التوالي.استعمل الكيتوسان المحضر بطرق الاستخلاص الكيميائية التقليدية من قشور الروبيان والحوامض العضوية(الخليك واللاكتيك) ونواتج ايض بكتريا حامض اللاكتيك كمواد حافظة طبيعية ضد النشاط البكتيري لاطالة العمر الخزني للحوم المفرومة والبيركر المصنع من اللحم البقري المفروم ومستخلص ماء اللحم المعقم وغير المعقم لمدة 12 يوم من الخزن بالتبريد بالثلاجة عند درجة حرارة 4 م وباستخدام ثلاث تراكيز مختلفة .اظهرت نتائج الدراسة تاثير اضافة الكيتوسان بانواعه (Kp الكيتوسا القياسي وK3 الكيتوسان المؤستل بالاوتوكليف لمدة ساعة وK2 الكيتوسان المؤستل بالاوتوكليف لمدة نصف ساعة وk1 الكيتوسان المؤستل بالظروف الجوية لمدة ساعة) وبتراكيز (0.75 و1 و1.5 )% خلال الخزن بالتبريد على متوسطات لوغارتيم اعداد بكتريا (E. coli O157 : H7 وcoliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria ) اذ لوحظ اعلى تثبيط عند تركيز 1.5% لمعاملة Kp لجميع انواع البكتريا اعلاه تواليا لعينات لحم البقر الطازج المفروم والبيركر ومستخلص ماء اللحم المعقم وغير المعقم والتداخل بينهم وقد بينت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية (p<0.05) لتاثير التركيز ومدة الخزن بالتبريد ونوع البكتريا للمعاملات اعلاه، وقد وجد هناك انخفاض معنوي (p<0.05) للوغاريتم اعداد بكتريا E.colio157 : H7) وcoliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria ) عند درجة حرارة 4 م لمعاملات الحوامض العضوية (الخليك، اللاكتيك والخليط الحامضي ) بتقدم مدة الخزن بالتبريد مقارنة مع السيطرة الموجبة وللتراكيز (0.75 و1و1.5)% وقد حددت المعاملة الافضل في التثبيط البكتيري وهي حامض الخليك اذ بلغت ادنى متوسطات لاعداد البكتريا عند تركيز 1.5% في نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد، كما لوحظ انخفاض معنوي (p<0.05) لمتوسطات لوغارتيم اعداد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7) وcoliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria ) عند درجة حرارة 4 م اذ بدات بالانخفاض التدريجي بتقدم مدة الخزن بالتبريد مقارنة مع معاملات السيطرة للتراكيز (0.75 و1 و1.5) %اذ بلغ ادنى متوسط لوغارتمي لاعداد البكتريا اعلاه عند تركيز 1.5 % عند نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد .وقد اشارت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي الى وجود فروق معنوية (p<0.05) لكل من التركيز ونوع المعاملة ومدة الخزن بالتبريد، وقد بينت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية (p<0.05) لتاثير اضافة نواتج ايض بكتريا حامض اللاكتيك (L.p, L.c وL.p+L.c)على متوسطات لوغاريتم اعداد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7)و coliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria) اذ اظهرت معاملة LP افضل نتائـــج تثبيط بالمقارنة مع معاملتي ( LCو LP+ LC )عند تركير 1.5 % وعند نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد ولجميع انواع البكتريا اعلاه على التوالي. | The presence of E. coli O157 : H7 bacteria I fresh ground beef samples about five different areas in Basra included (Al - jazaaer - Abu alkhaseab - Zubair - Basra al kadema and Karmat Ali) durig the foure seasons over all months In (2013), a large contamination was found in the presence of these pathogenic bacteria serological E. coli O157 : H7 ,the highes serologically of fresh ground beef from Basra al kadema then ALzubair, Karmat Ali and Aljazaaer, while no any contamination notice fresh ground beef samples from Abu alkhaseab. The presence of E.colio157 : H7 bacteria during (February - March - April - Juli - October and Novenber) in this year. Which was characterized by moderate temperatures.27 E.colio157 : H7 straing were isolated from 540 samples of fresh ground beef by 5% per at all months in the year.Then characterize by using the selective culture media Sorbitol MacCokey Agar (SMA) compatible with Cefixime tellurite and phenotypic test and microscopic - biochemical test using API20E system and latex agglutination from exact diagnosis .Technology which is petrifilm to enrcumation coliform and E.coli bacteria through this study. The highest logarithm number of preparation of total coliform bacteria (6.15, 6.22 and 6.43) cfu/g in (September - October and Novenber) from Basra al kadema, which was the most contaminated compared with other areas included in this study, as well as from E.coli bacteria while Abu al khaseab area recorded the lowest levels of coliform and E.coli bacteria (1.52 and 1.53 ) cfu/g durig (February and May) respectively.Chitosan was used record by chemicals extraction methods, organic acid and free cell supernatant of metabolism of lactic acid as material natural preservative agents to that decrease the life storage time of fresh ground beef - burger - extract sterile and non serial water meat for 12 day by storage at 4C refrigerator and using three different concentrations.Studied the effect of adding the chitosan (KP, K3, K2 and K1) in (0.75, 1 and 1.5)% concentrations during the cooling storage ,the bacteria prepared are (E.colio157 : H7, coliform bacteria , E.coli and total count bacteria ) showed greater inhibitions at concentration 1.5% from KP treatment for all specie of bacteria are above.At these results of the statistical analysis show significant differences at (p<0.05) for effects of period of storage, type of bacteria among fresh ground beef - burger - extract serial and non serial water meat . There is no significant differences (p<0.05) in a (E.colio157 : H7, coliform bacteria, E.coli and total count bacteria ) at 4c then it declines gradually in progress from cooling storage compared with control coefficients of concentration (0.75, 1 and of 1.5)% as the lowest log number these bacteria at 1.5% concentration in the end of period cooling storage. This results indicated statically analysis and significant differences (p<0.05) for each type of bacteria, concentration, treatment and period cooling storage. The present studied lowest significant (p<0.05) for log number in (E.colio157 : H7, coliform bacteria , E. coli and total count bacteria ) at 4c organic acid (acidic acid, lactic acid and the mixed of there tow organic acid )in cooling period storage compares with positive control of (0.75, 1 and of 1.5)% concentration. The best treatment in these results was acidic acid then the lowest log number of bacteria recorded at 1.5% concentration in the end period cooling storage . statically analysis showed significant differences(p<0.05) for effect of adding the free cell supernatant of metabolism of lactic acid bacteria (LP, LC and LP+LC) then the best treatment in these results were LP that inhibitions compeers with (LC and LP+LC) at 1.5%concentration in the end of the cooling storage period for (E.coliO157 : H7, coliform bacteria, E. coli and total count bacteria )

دراسة بيئية مقارنة لتاثير الحاجز المائي في قضاء المدينة عند اسفل نهر الفرات == A comparative ecological study to the impact of Mudayna district barrier at the lower reaches of Euphrates River

Author name: سجاد عبد الغني عبد الله
Supervisor name: صادق علي حسين | عبد العزيز محمود عبد الله
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: An Ecological study was conducted, on monthly basis, for the period from November 2013 to October 2014, on the Lower reaches of the Euphrates River covering a location at northwest of Basrah province within the area between Al - Chebaysh district of Thi Qar province, and Mudayna district of the city of Basrah. The study area covered a distance of 16 kms lies between latitudes 47˚00 ' 18.81 " and 47˚09 '55.46" E and latitudes 30˚57' 41.53" and 30˚57'7.38" N. On 2010 the Ministry of Water Resources constructed an obstruction on the Euphrates River, 11 km west of Mudayna of a width 760 m. It’s aims is to raise water levels in the western side of the river for water to flow to Hor Al - Chebaych. Three stations were selected to execute the study. The former was situated in front of the Chebaish district and with a distance of nine kilometers east where station 2 was located. However, to the east of the constructed embankment and just three kms apart station 3 was chosen. The study revealed that air temperature ranged from 11 - 45°C and water from 10.5 - 37°C, light penetration from 15 to 210 cm. Turbidity from 0.66 NTU in October at station3 and 40.8 NTU in September at station1. Current speed ranged between 0.01 m/s to 0.41 m/s.The lowest value of Electric conductivity (2.4μS/cm) recorded in November at station 3 and the highest (5.74μS/cm) in March at station 1. Total dissolved solids between 1788 mg/ L to 3832 mg/L. the lowest value of pH (7.4) measured in August at station 2 and the highest (8.7) in February at Station 3. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 5.5 to 10.1 mg/L. BOD5 ranged from 0.19 to 3 mg/L. The lowest value of salinity (1.3 g/L) recorded in June and July from Station 2 and the highest (2.9 g/L) was encountered in February at station 3. Total hardness the lowest (880 mg/L) encountered in July at station2 and the highest (1350 mg/L) in February at station3. Total alkalinity ranged from 84 to 182 mg/L. Reactive nitrate ranged from 0.6 to 37.7μg at. N/L. Reactive phosphate ranged from 0.023 to 1.857μg at. P/L. Concentrations of some heavy metals were also studied. Copper was impalpable in November and December in stations2 and 3, but the highest (1.90 μg/L) was in August at station2. Intangible value was also recorded for Lead in November at station3 and the highest (0.1 μg/L) in July of the same station. Non - tangible value encountered for cadmium in November and December at stations 2 and 3 but the highest (12.73 μg/L) in July for station1. The study took in consideration application of the general index to the quality of water (CCME) as seasonal readings were calculated depending on river maintenance system for the year 1967 and amended in 1980. Throughout the study period values ranged between marginal (56.3) and FairB(69). Values were obtained depending on the previous studies, as were between marginal (47) and Fair( 65). Fish community structure was described. A total of 11851 specimens were collected included 28 species and 25 genera belonging to 12 families all belong to class bony fishes Osteichthyes. Cyprinidae came first concerning the number of species (13) and genera (11) and composing 37.44 %, these are Hamri (Barbus luteus), Prussian carp (Carassius auratus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), (Acanthobrama marmid), (Alburnus mossulensis), Shillug (Aspius vorax), bunni (Barbus sharpeyi), gattan (Barbus xanthopterus), Hemicultuer leucisculus), small mouth benine (Cyprinon kais), big mouth benine (Cyprinon macrostomum), (Garra rufa) the mullet family Mugilidae formed 35.50 % and consist two species , namely, Liza abu green and Liza subviridis. Tilapia Cichlid family was represented by 21.84 % and two species, namely Tilapia zilli and Oreochromis aureus. Gumbusia (Pociliidae) formed 2.70% and represented by two species , namely (Gambusia holbrooki) and Poecillia latipinna, Clupeids family accounted for 0.025% and represented by two species, namely Tenualosa ilsha) and Nematalsoa nasus. However one species of seven families included Siluridae (Silurus triostegus) 0.58%, Sparidae Acanthopagrus latus (arabicus) 0.57%, Mastacembelidae (Mastacembelus mastacembelus) 0.28% , Hemiramphidae Hyporhampus limbatus)) 0.23% and minnows Engraulidae (Thryssa whiteheadi) rate of 0.345 % and Gobiidae (Bathygobius fuscus) was collected for the first time in the study area and in station 3 at 0.050 % and Heteropneustidae (Heteropneustes foosilis) formed the lowest contribution. The study also was taken in consideration the diversity indices in the Euphrates. The lowest value (1.04) of Shannon diversity index (H) was recorded in May from station1 and the highest (2.70) in the same month from station3, and was the lowest value for the evenness index (J) (0.476) in May was recorded for the station1 and the highest (0.933) in January. The lowest value of richness index (D) (0.868) was obtained in December from station1 and the highest (3.285) in May from station3. The lowest value for Jaccared similarity index (13.25 %) was in October between stations1 and 2 and the highest (100 %) in November and January between stations 1 and 2. Multivariate analysis (CCA) was applied to clarify the relationship between abiotic environmental characteristics and fish distribution in the aquatic environment.

تاثير توزيع النباتات بالحقل في نمو وحاصل الباقلاء Vicia faba L

Author name: سارة علي طالب
Supervisor name: هيثم عبد السلام علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Field Crops
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment was conducted during the winter season 2014 - 2015 in one of the agricultural fields in Sarraji area south of Basra province, just 2 km from the center of the province (soil Texture loamy clay), to determine the best combination of distribution of plants among between Rows and hills, to get the best seed yield, Carried out the experiment design (R.C.B.D) with four replication, two factors the first factor four distances between the Rows (30, 40, 50 and 60 cm) and the second factor three spaces between the hills(10, 15 and 20 cm), the factorial experiment is used with 48 experimental units. Results show moral superiority in most of the traits excelled as distance 30 cm between the Rows at all the distances used to achieve the highest seed yield amounted to 3463.94 kg ha - 1 as this distance hasworked to increase the plant significantly increased since given rise the highest rate of highest plants 122.50 cm and also excelled in the 100 - seed weight at a rate 140.20g, while surpassed the distance of 60 cm in leaf area was at a rate of 0.29 m2 and the highest rate of number pods at plant reached 15.48 pod/ plant and the number of seeds pod - 1 average of 4.37 seeds pod - 1 and high Protein content average of 28.51%. As shown by the results moral superiority of 10 cm seed yield3817.85 kg ha - 1 in 93.73 plant height cm and outperformed the distanceof 20 cm in the number of pods plant - 1 13.43 pod plant and the number of seeds/ pod 3.80 seed pod - 1 in 0.22 m2 leaf area and in protein content in seeds 29.36%, while surpassed the distance of 15 cm in 100seed weight was 98.02g The results showed that there is an interaction between the distance of Rows and the hills are significant in most of the traits and the effect of the interaction is similar to the effect of the main factors as excelled combination 30*10 cm in the sum total of seeds yield to 4067.22 kg ha - 1 as well as excelled in plant height was 131.45 cm and also surpassed 100 seed weight with a means 156.64 g, while the combination 60*20 cm in a number pods of 18.8 pod plant - 1 and the number of seeds/ pod of 5.18 seed pod - 1 and leaf area of the plant 0.35 m2 and in Protein content average of 33.11%.

استخلاص وتوصيف صبغة Astaxanthin من مخلفات الروبيان واختبار فعاليتها المضادة للاكسدة واستعمالها في بعض الانظمة الغذائية == Extraction and Characterization of Astaxanthin Pigment from Shrimp Waste and Tested it as Antioxidant Activity and Using in Some Food System

Author name: زينة طارق نعمة الكنعان
Supervisor name: منير عبود جاسم الطائي | روضة محمود علي العلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study aimed to exploit the peels of shrimp in extracting dye, the following results were obtained : shrimp peels contained 1.29% moisture, 1.83% protein, 18.56% fat and 77.82 ash. The astaxanthin dye was extracted and its amount and activity were determined. Five solvents were used to choose the best one in extraction the dye from fresh, dried, boiled and freezed peel. Among all solvents hexane gave less content and activity. Fresh peels gave high content and activity 60.71μg/g and 45.92 % respectively. Mixtures of isopropanol : ether and hexane : acetone also gave high extraction. 90 % acetone showed high extraction of astaxanthin, 79.61μg/g and 98.26% respectively for the activity and content, while results were converged for acetone 90%. Antioxidant activity was measured after 24 hours of incubation, it was increased proportionally with dye concentration and ranged between 83.47 - 98.7% and 2 - 20 mg/ml, respectively. Astaxanthin activity was the best in comparison with standard astaxanthin, BHT, and α - tocopherol, which were 93.76%, 96.75% and 94.50%, respectively at higher concentration. Astaxanthin showed significant antioxidant activity in comparison with standard astaxanthin, BHT, and α - tocopherol, during three months of storage. During the storage period, from the first day to thirteenth antioxidant activity was fixed and ranged between 80.83 - 96.57% at 20 mg/g, while BHT and α - tocopherol activity was between 73.44% - 95.31% and 49.44% - 93.42% respectively at same conditions. Astaxanthin showed high reduction strenth 275%, which was closed to ascorbic acid 278%, while each of BHT, α - tocopherol and citric acid gave reduction force less than the extracted dye, 200 and 190 and 225%, respectively. The pigment gave good ability to chelate Fe (II) at concentration of 89% which was higher than BHT and α - tocopherol, 44.6% and 45.1% respectively, while EDTA, ascorbic acid and citric acid were excellent in chelating Fe (II), 97.7%, 96.9% and 94%, respectively. The capacity of astaxanthin to scavenge hydroxyl radicle was 84.79% which was close to the ascorbic acid and citric acid, 85.45% and 87.39%, respectively, while it was higher than that of BHT and α - tocopherol which have values of 57.45% and 58.13 respectively. The dye showed a clear ability to scavenge the hydrogen peroxide, 83.03% - 89.67%, from a concentration of 12 - 20 mg/ml, which was higher than BHT, α - tocopherol and ascorbic acid at concentration 74.05%, 86.41% and 86.92%, respectively, while it was less than the ability of citric acid to scavenge the radical of hydrogen peroxide that was 92.29%. Astaxanthin was the best in ability to scavenge the radical of the active oxygen in comparison with standard BHT, α - tocopherolSummary الخلاصة - bandascorbic acid, which recorded values of 87%, 71% and 85%, respectively, while it was slightly less than that of citric acid which was 88%. The dye was characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC), which compared with β - carotene and standard astaxanthin dye and showed three spots closed in their rate of flowing with the standard astaxanthin, and the fourth spot of β - carotene. The values of flowing were 0.35 and 0.55 and 0.73 and 0.97 respectively. The dye was characterized by the infrared spectrum (FTIR), which showed the most important peeks and bands of active functional groups for each of extracted and standard astaxanthin, and it was concluded that they were the same for two dyes. The thermal gravimetric analysis curve (TGA) showed that the extracted dye passed through two stages, the first stage began from evaporate of the water and weight loss at a temperature of 128.17Co, while at the second stage the dye disintegrated at a temperature of 399.29 Co and 85% loss in comparision with standard astaxanthin that needed one stage, 454.37Co and the loss of 84% to reach the disintegration and stabilization phase. The extracted dye was diagnosed by using UV and visible spectrum and compared with the standard astaxanthin, and both of them gave a higher absorbence at wavelength of 565 nm. The determinnation of the cellular toxicity of dye on human solution blood detected that there are no changes in the shape and appearance of blood, this confirmed safety of astaxanthin against decomposition and precipitation of blood. Astaxanthin was used to preserve crude sesame oil that put in two types of containers, dark and transparent, for three months. The peroxide value, value of alansidin, thiobarbituric acid, the value of total oxidation (Totox), conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated trines (CT), and antioxidant activity were estimated. All measures showed significant results for the oil in dark containers in comparesion with oil in transparent. Beef burger was prepared and submitted to sensory evaluation after adding antioxidant to it, stored for 15 days at 4 - 8°C, during this period, peroxide value and TBA value were measured. Cake was prepared and the sensory evaluation was done, then stored for 35 days, also, peroxide value, TBA and acid value were estimated. The concentration of 300 ppm recorded significant results for all treatments and samples that treated with BHT and the blank. So, it was concluded that astaxanthin dye could be used as a natural antioxidants in food preservation to avoid lipid oxidation, and to improve the quality and safety as food supplement with a healthy and beneficial effects.

تاثير فترة الخزن بالتجميد في بعض الصفات النوعية لقطعتي الصدر والفخذ لطائر السمان الياباني == Impact of Freezing Storage Period on some Characteristics Quality of Breact and Thigh Meat of Japanese Quail

Author name: زينب علي كاظم شاهر السعيدي
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى | ماجد حسن عبد الرضا
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted at the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture / University of Basrah. The aim was to determine the effect of freezing storage period at ( - 18)ºc for the periods of (0,30,60,90) days on physical , chemical and sensory changes of breact and thigh meat of Japanese quails of both sexes at the age of (42) days . Chemical tests ware moisture % , protein % and ash % as well as the concentrations of free fatty acid and cholesterol concentration . Physical tests included pH, total dissolved nitrogen % , protein and non - protein tryptophan , thyrosin / tryptophan coefficient and loss percent at cooking . Sensory tests were color , flaver , tenderness , juiciness and total acceptance . The results can be summarized as follow : 1 - A significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in moisture % and protein %, and increase (p≤ 0.05) in fat % and ash % of breact and thigh of both sexes as storage period advanced .2 - There was a higher loss in moisture % of breact cut of male carcasses as storage period advanced in comparison with breact cut of female carcass . However percentage of losing in female thigh was higher than that of male thigh .3 - Decreasing percent of protein in preceding storage period of breact and thigh cuts of male carcasses were higher than that of female abreact and thigh cuts .4 - An increase in fat % of female breact with preceding storage period was higher than that of males in contrast with thigh of male and female .5 - Breact and thigh cut of male carcasses recorded higher ash% in storage advances .6 - The was a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in essential and non - essential amino acids concentration of breact and thigh as in flounced by storage period in comparison with fresh carcasses .7 - There was a significant (p≤ 0.05) increase in percentage of saturated fatty acid ( palmatic and stearic ) and a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in non - saturated fatty acid ( palmatic , oleic and lionelic ) of breact and thigh cuts of males and females in proceeding of storage period .8 - Essential amino acids ( methonin , isolucein , phynel alinane and valin ) and non - essential ( alnine , argnin , ceren , prolin , thyrosin and glysin ) losing rate of breact and thigh cuts of male carcasses were higher in storage advance in comparison with those of females.9 - Peroxide and free fatty acid and cholesterol concentration of abreact and thigh cuts of both sexes showed significant (p≤ 0.05) increase with preceding period of storage .10 - There were significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in pH and increase in total dissolved nitrogen , protein and non - protein tryptophan ,tyrosine / tryptophan coefficient and loss% during cooking of abreact and thigh cuts of carcasses of both sexes in advanced storage period .11 - There was a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in sensory characteristics ( color , flavor , juice mess , tenderness and total acceptance of abreact and thigh cuts of both sexes in advance storage period .

تقييم كفاءة مستحضر احيائي للفطر Trichoderma viride والاسمدة العضوية في مكافحة مرضي الذبول الفيوزارمي وتبقع الاوراق في الطماطا

Author name: زهراء عبد اللطيف جاسم العقبي
Supervisor name: ضياء سالم علي الوائلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة في قسم وقاية النبات - كلية الزراعة - جامعة البصرة وقد هدفت الدراسة الى تقييم كفاءة المستحضر الاحيائي للفطر Trichoderma viride والاسمدة العضوية في مكافحة مرض الذبول الفيوزارمي المتسبب عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici ومرض تبقع الاوراق المتسبب عن الفطر Alternaria alternata اللذين يصيبان نبات الطماطا ، والكشف عن بعض المركبات الفعالة التي ينتجها المعاملات المختلفة باستخدام جهاز GC - mass . اوضحت نتائج اختبار كفاءة المستحضر الاحيائي للفطر T.viride ضد الفطرين الممرضين F.o.f.sp. lycopersici وA.alternata في المختبر ان نسبة التثبيط 53.01 قد بلغت 62.65 و65.47 % على التوالي . بينت نتائج تطبيق المستحضر الاحيائيT.viride والاسمدة العضوية في مكافحة الفطر F.o. f.sp. lycopersici في الاصص ان اقل شدة اصابة كانت في المعاملة المستحضر الاحيائي وسماد الابقار المخمر M1Tv اذ بلغت 0% مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 80.33 % , وكان اعلى ارتفاع للنباتات في المعاملة M1Tv اذ بلغ 77 سم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 47.33 سم وكذلك سجلت المعاملة ذاتها اعلى وزن طري للمجموع الخضري اذ بلغت 67 غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 28.50غم ، وسجلت اعلى انتاجية للنبات اذ بلغ معدل الانتاج فيها 160.25غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 34.14غم . اظهرت نتائج التجربة الحقلية ان اقل شدة اصابة بالفطرين F.o.fsp lycopersici وA.alternata كانت في المعاملة M1Tv اذ بلغت 6.25 و9.33 % مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 85.71 و51.67 % على التوالي . وكان اعلى ارتفاع للنبات في المعاملة M1Tv واذ بلغ 89.84 سم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 58.67 سم . سجلت المعاملة M1Tv اعلى وزن طري للمجموع الخضري 212.17 غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة 53.67 غم وكذلك سجلت اعلى معدل انتاجية اذ بلغ 592.63 غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة 211.37 غم . تم استخدام تقنية GC - mass للكشف عن المركبات في المعاملات المستخدمة في التجربة وقد وجد ان المعاملة M1Tv انفردت باحتواءها على المادة 4 - Cloro - 3 - hexyltrahydro - 2H - pyran في حين وجدت المادتين 1,5,9 - Cyclododecanetriol وpropanol 1 2 - Cyclohexyl - في كل من المعاملة M1Tv ومعاملة المستحضر الاحيائي فقط Tv . ويعتقد ان لهذه المواد دور فعال في تقليل نسبة الاصابة وتحسين مؤشرات النمو والانتاجية لنبات الطماطا

استخدام جين الميتوكوندريا COI في تمييز انواع لحوم مختلفة من الحيوانات اعتمادا على تقانة PCR - RFLP == The use of mitochondrial gene COI in Identifying different animal types of meat based on PCR - RFLP technique

Author name: زهراء رياض محمود الموسوي
Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Animal Production
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في مختبر د. طالب احمد جايد للوراثة الجزيئية في قسم الانتاج الحيواني التابع لكلية الزراعة في جامعة البصرة. اذ جمعت عينات اللحوم الطازجة والمعلبة من الابقار والجاموس والاغنام والماعز والدجاج والديك الرومي، بشكل عشوائي، من مناطق مختلفة في محافظة البصرة بالاضافة الى عينات من دم الجمال. واجريت هذه الدارسة للتعرف على لحوم الانواع الحيوانية المختلفة (عدا الجمال) ومن هنا تاتي اهمية الاعتماد على كشف الانواع من خلال استهداف الحامض النووي الرايبوزي منقوص الاوكسجين DNA عبر تطبيق تقانة PCR - RFLP. تم استخلاص الحامض النووي منقوص الاوكسجين DNA من نسيج اللحوم 0.2) غم) والدم باستعمال عدة استخلاص الدنا (Invitrogen). اما فيما يتعلق بنقاوة عينات DNA المستعملة في الدراسة فقد قيست اعتمادا على الطول الموجي 260 - 280، حيث تركيز DNA 1.8 - 2.0 نانوغرام.استخدم تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي PCRلتضخيم جزء من المورثة الميتوكونديرية mt COI DNA باستعمال بادئ عام، ولتحديد هوية الانواع استخدمت تقانة التمييز على اساس تعدد طرز اطوال قطع التقييد PCR - RFLP من خلال استخدام اربعة انزيمات قطع محددة( Hpa II وAva II وRsa Iو Taq I ) والتي تقطع وفقا لتتالي تسلسل DNA الخاص بكل نوع.  ويمكن تلخيص نتائج هذه الدراسة بما ياتي : 1 - اعطى منتج التضخيم لجين COI الحزمة 710 زوجا قاعديا ولجميع الانواع كونه بادئ عام.2 - ميز انزيم TaqIالماعز حيث انتج الحزمة 650زوجا قاعديا كذلك الجمال اذ انتج حزمتين بحجم 303و 403ازواج قاعدي بينما لم يميز بين لحوم الجاموس والابقار والدجاج والديك الرومي بسبب حصولهما على الحزمة 637 زوجا قاعديا عند الهضم في حين لم يتم الحصول على حزم من لحوم الاغنام. 3 - تمكن انزيم HpaII من توليد ملف تعريفي خاص لتمييز انواع اللحوم جميعا على حدة اذ انتج الحزمة 480في الابقار و520 في الجاموس و372 - 336في الاغنام و300 - 410 في الماعز و333 - 234 في الدجاج و533 - 177 في الديك الرومي و130 246 - 213 - زوجا قاعديا في الجمال.4 - انتج انزيم Rsa I انماطا مميزة لجميع الانواع عدا الماعز والدجاج، اذ انتج منتج هضم كل من الاغنام 300 - 350والجمال130 - 580والابقار153 - 193 - 337 والجاموس600 والديك الرومي 214 - 481زوجا قاعديا.5 - انتج انزيم Ava II حزمتين للجمال 224 - 485وحزمة واحدة للاغنام بحجم650 وحزمة بحجم 600 زوجا قاعديا للجاموس. | This study was conducted in the Laboratory of Dr.Talib Ahmed Jaayid Molecular Genetics, Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Basra. Cow, buffalo, sheep, goat ,chicken, turkey meat (fresh or canned) & camels blood samples are randomly collected from different areas of Basra province. The aim of this study is to identify the animal species from their meat except camels by targeting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) through PCR - RFLP technique. DNA is extracted from the tissue of meat (0.2)g and blood using kit (invitrogen). With regard to the purity of DNA sample used in this study it has been measured depending on wave length of 260 - 280 and 1.8 - 2.0 ng DNA concentration.Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the part of the mitochondrial gene (mt COI DNA) by universal primers and to identify the species origin PCR - RFLP technique applied through the use of four restriction enzymes (Ava II, Rsa I, Taq I, Hpa II) that cut according to the following bases of each type of DNA. The results of the current study can be summarize as follows : 1 - PCR product gives the fragment 710 bp in all species for being a universal primers.2 - TaqI enzyme distinguish goats with a fragment of (650) bp, (303 - 403) bp in camels. While it doesn’t distinguish between buffaloes , cow, chicken , turkey meat. As they obtain the same fragment (637) bp when digestion. Whereas, no fragments are obtained from Sheep meat.3 - The enzyme HpaII enables to generate a special file definitions to distinguish all types of meat separately if they yield the fragment of (480) bp in cow, (520) bp in buffaloes, (300 - 410) bp in sheep, (336 - 372) bp in goats, (234 - 333)bp in chicken, (533 - 177) bp in Turkey and (130 - 213 - 246) bp in camels. 4 - Rsa I enzyme generates patterns characteristic for all species except goats and chickens. Whereas, fragments are obtained in sheep (300 - 350) bp, cow (135 - 193 - 337) bp, buffaloes (600) bp, turkey (214 - 481) bp & (130 - 580) bp in camels.5 - AvaII enzyme generates two fragments in buffaloes (600) bp, (224 - 485) bp in camels and (650) bp in Sheep meat

تاثير الرش بالحديد والتسميد الارضي بالبوتاسيوم في نمو وحاصل حنطة الخبز Triticum aestivum L == Effect of Iron foliar applications and Potassium ground Fertilizer on Growth and Yields of bread Wheat Triticum aestivum L.)

Author name: رونق منصور جازع العلوي
Supervisor name: كريم حنون محسن | بهاء الدين محمد محسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during The winter season of 2015 at farmer in Al - Dear district, Alshenana (65 km north of Basra) in a loamy clay soil in order to study the effect of foliar nutrition by iron and potassium fertilization on growth and yield quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) The treatment were the spray of iron in three concentrations (0,40,80 mg Fe L - 1) which were (Fe0, Fe1, Fe2) and four levels of potassium fertilizer (0, 20, 40,60 kg K ha - 1) which were (K0, K1, K2, K3). The statistical system was split plot design in randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) in three replications the main plot was Fe and the sub plot was potassium. The cultivar that was used Bohooth 22 and the total experimental units were 36.The result showed the Increase Fe concentrations caused increased period from culture to 75% flowering, plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area and length of spike. Also, crop content increased and the increase of bio yield and biological yield where the high concentration of Fe produced grain yield 5.86 tons/ha.Potassium fertilizer increased plant height, number of the tillers, flag leaf area and spike length. The high levels of potassium increased yield content which intern increased bio and biological yield. The high level of potassium increased grain yields to 7.01 tons /ha. The interaction between the high Fe and potassium level gave significant effect on most characteristic, the (Fe2k3) caused high grain yield, biological yield content which were 7.17 tons /ha, 13.70 tons /ha.

تقييم المضافات الغذائية في بعض المنتجات الغذائية المحلية ودراسة تاثيراتها الكيميائية والفسلجية والنسيجية في الفئران المختبرية == Evaluation of food additives in some local food products and study their chemical, physiological and histological effects in laboratory mice

Author name: رنا داود سلمان الكامل
Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي | قاسم فوزي عبد الكريم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Due to the progressive expansion in the use of chemical additives in food processing associated with absence of quality control and loss of proper application of the international standards of food additives, making human beings exposed to high risks from ingestion of these foods which might be so mild in cases like simple poisoning and more complex like cancers, the present study was performed, which includes four axes : The First Axis : 1 - A questionnaire study of food additives : the results of which indicated that 55.42% of consumers eat packed food continuously, and most of them(61.44%) have no interest in reading the labels on the outside cover of the packaging , despite the fact that 49.39% of them consume it daily.Whereas 51.80% of consumers had no specific knowledge or familiarity about food additives, 54.14% of them do not possess any knowledge about their side effects and 77.10% of them did not know the symbols listed out.2 - A survey of some food products that used sodium benzoate as a preservative in their manufacture. The results indicated that 163 types of food samples contain sodium benzoate, including different products such as soft drinks, canned juices, sherbet, jams, tomato sauce, pickles, ketchup and ambah.3 - A survey of some food products in which sugar enters in their composition, These include 231 products which mentioned the word sugar or artificial sugar within labels on the outside without mentioning its kind .These products include : imported ice cream, jams, candies, soft drinks and diet drinks, cake, sherbet , fruit preserved in sugar solution and biscuits. 4 - A questionnaire study of the market sales of locally made pickles. The results indicated that : 71.79% of consumers frequently ate pickles in large quantities despite the fact that 48.71% of them does not have any information about sodium benzoate preservatives added to some of its , whereas 64.10% of them have no information about its side effects that result from the ingestion of these products beyond the allowable limits. 5 - A questionnaire study for the market sales of locally made ice cream.The results showed that : 77.77% of consumers ingested ice cream in large quantities despite the fact that 63.88% of them did not have any information on the sweetener saccharin added to some of its. While 62.50% of consumers possess no information about the side effects resulting from consumption of products that contain artificial sweeteners used in food processing especially when there is more than the allowablelimit.
1 ... 57 58 59 60 61 ... 93