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الاعتراضات النحوية لشراح الجمل على عبد القاهر الجرجاني == Objections commentators Gamal Abdel omnipotent Jerjani

Author name: نور مسلم صالح الغرابي
Supervisor name: سهى كناوي حسن
General topic: Arabic Language and Literature
Specific topic: Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Arabic Language
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The book (as in sentences) for Jrjana of the most important books shortcut Jerjani, for that this book has received attention by researchers because it is a book to explain (factors), which aims to teach the emerging Arabic grammar is far from the objections and differences of opinion ... And require the nature of the research that divides an introduction followed by a reboot and two doors, followed by a conclusion in which I explained the most important results of the research, and worked hard to be the number of doors pages equal, but the nature of the material in the book required to be the first door has the largest in search share.Boot annexation of two things : First : I talked about him Abdul omnipotent Jerjani and lineage and scientific stature and elders who took his knowledge of them and his disciples who make disciples on his hands and his writings and the year of his death. And it dealt with annotations which explained the book (as in sentences) and the most important commentators their knowledge.The second showed the meaning of the objection and idiomatically language.The doors Vtdment the following : Part I dealt with the parts of speech is on the three chapters : Chapter I : The names includes : First : Border : Name some extent, limit the actor's name, and limited exception, the case united, united the indefinite article and knowledge, and the building and expressed.Second : What caused by name and includes : Deuteronomy, and the expression of the six names, and both and both, the difference between the building and expressed.Chapter II : acts includes : First : an end Function : Second acts includes : (1) the past tense, and addressed it : transitive verb was missing and the full and distress and nearing.(2) the present tense includes : Bug lifter present tense works and what action of the verb.(3) an act which includes : building bug did it.Chapter Three : letters and includes : an end character, and the fact that (will not). And Part II dealt with the (grammatical General provisions) includes the following : Chapter One : doors grammatical and divided by three sections : First : the nominative or indicative included : Bug lifter Debutante and the news, and to provide the news that her name.II : Mouncobac includes : Bug building name not precluding sex, and do not repeat the name after the indefinite article, and factor in the Excluded, and the monument with waw passion (F brilliance). III : Prepositional includes : Addition, and added to the J speaker. The second chapter : grabbed the solo things and includes : the appeal and banned from the exchange. Then sealed conclusion searchable highlighted the findings. It has walked in my research on this analytical approach; a revenue Jerjani opinion matters, as well as the statement of the views of commentators and then present the views of grammarians, and the statement of the right of opinion.

الاسس التداولية للقواعد النحوية == Foundation of deliberative Grammatical rules

Author name: اسماء صبر نعيمة العكيلي
Supervisor name: شاكر سبع نتيش الاسدي
General topic: Arabic Language and Literature
Specific topic: Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Arabic Language
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: الحمد لله رب العالمين الذي جعل الحمد مفتاحا لذكره ، وسببا لمزيد فضله ، ودليلا على عظمته ، والصلاة والسلام على اشرف الخلق محمد المصطفى ( صلى الله عليه وعلى اله الطيبين الطاهرين), اعلام الهدى من تمسك بهم نجا ، ومن تخلف عنهم خاب وهوى وبعد . اولى النحويون في كثير من تحليلاتهم النحوية الجانب التداولي العناية الواضحة, وقد جاءت هذه الدراسة (الاسس التداولية للقواعد النحوية ) لتقف على قواعد النحويين والنظر في تحليلاتهم النحوية التي جاءت منسجمة مع الاسس التنظيرية للتداولية ، فالناظر للقواعد النحوية التي خلفها علماء النحو يرى انهم راعوا الجانب الاستعمالي ، فراعوا في معالجاتهم اللغوية اطراف العملية الكلامية (المتكلم - المخاطب )، والعلاقة القائمة بينهما في اثناء الكلام ، والملابسات السياقية والاجتماعية في صياغة قواعدهم النحوية ، لان النحويين اعتمدوا اللغة المنطوقة الجارية على السنة مستعمليها . وقد تلمس ملامح هذه الفكرة استاذي المشرف ونالت عنايته ورغبني بتتبع الاسس التداولية للقواعد النحوية وكشفها ، فاشار علي ان اكتب بهذا الموضوع واناره بقبس من انوار ارائه السديدة , وتصويباته التي كان يمدني بها على طول مسيرة البحث ، وبعد البحث والاستقراء والتتبع في مظان الدرس النحوي والتداولي وقعت لي بعض المصادر التي يمكن عدها مصادر رئيسة في انجاز البحث، حاولت ان تربط بين التراث اللساني العربي والتداولية منها : التداولية عند العلماء العرب دراسة تداولية لظاهرة "الافعال الكلامية" في التراث اللساني العربي : للدكتور مسعود صحراوي، والاسس الابستمولوجية والتداولية للنظر النحوي عند سيبويه : للدكتور ادريس مقبول، وفي اللسانيات التداولية مع محاولة تاصيلية في الدرس العربي القديم : للدكتور خليفة بوجادي، وبحث بعنوان التداولية في النحو العربي : للدكتور فيصل مفتن كاظم ، ورسالة ماجستير بعنوان : اثر التفكير الاجتماعي في صياغة القاعدة النحوية : للباحثة افراح كاظم ياسر. وسبب اختياري لهذا الموضوع هو الربط بين التداولية والقواعد النحوية والبحث في اسسها التداولية بوصفها ميدانا جديدا من ميادين الدراسات اللسانية ، حاولت فيها البحث في الاسس التداولية التي بنيت عليها القواعد النحوية، وقد حف مشواري بجملة من المصاعب اعترضت طريقي منها : قلة الدراسات التي درست تاصيل النظرية التداولية في القواعد النحوية ، وضخامة المادة المدروسة التي شملت القواعد النحوية باجمعها في كتب النحو عموما فضلا عن المصادر اللغوية الاخر، واقتضت طبيعة هذا الموضوع وتشعباته ان تكون المادة العلمية لهذا البحث موزعة على مقدمة ، واربعة فصول وخاتمة تتبعها قائمة بالمصادر والمراجع. بحثت في الفصل الاول : السياق التداولي للقواعد النحوية، وتشكل من مبحثين : تكفل المبحث الاول ببيان السياق الاجتماعي والقواعد النحوية 0 وعنى المبحث الثاني ببيان سياق المقام والقواعد النحوية . اما الفصل الثاني فقد خصص لدراسة الافعال الكلامية والقواعد النحوية : وجاء على مبحثين، ضم الاول منها الافعال الكلامية المباشرة والقواعد النحوية ، وبحثت في الثاني الافعال الكلامية غير المباشرة والقواعد النحوية. وخصصت الفصل الثالث لدراسة المرجعيات الثقافية والفكرية والقواعد النحوية : وانطوى على ثلاثة مباحث عرض المبحث الاول منها المرجعيات الدينية والقواعد النحوية، وتوقف الثاني على المرجعيات الفلسفية والقواعد النحوية ، وضم المبحث الثالث المدارس النحوية والقواعد النحوية . وكان الفصل الرابع عن الاستلزام الحواري والقواعد النحوية وقسمته على مبحثين اختص المبحث الاول بدراسة التنغيم والقواعد النحوية ، واختص المبحث الثاني بدارسة الاشارات والقواعد النحوية . وقد افاد البحث في كل خطوة من خطواته من مجموعة المصادر القديمة والحديثة ابرزها : - 1 - كتب النحو القديمة ، منها : الكتاب ، والمقتضب ، والانصاف في مسائل الخلاف ، والاصول في النحو ، وشرح ابن عقيل ... الخ2 - التفاسير منها : مجمع البيان في تفسير القران ، والكشاف ، والتفسير الكبير ، وزاد المسير في علم التفسير ، والبحر المحيط ... الخ3 - اللسانيات التداولية ، منها : الاتجاه التداولي والوظيفي الدرس اللغوي ، وافاق جديدة في البحث اللغوي المعاصر ، واستراتيجيات الخطاب مقاربة لغوية تـداولية ،والمقاربة التداولية ثم انتهى البحث بخاتمة بينت فيها ابرز النتائج التي توصلت اليها . وفي الختام اقول : اني بذلت ما بوسعي من جهد واخلصت النية املا في ان يكون عملي مرضيا لله ، واهل العلم ،وطلابه فان كان كما تمنيت فذلك من الله فضل ورحمة ، وان لم يكن كذلك فحسبي انني حاولت وبذلت ما بوسعي ولا ادعي الكمال او انني قدمت جهدا خاليا من النقص، والكمال لله وحده عليه توكلت واليه انيب | Praise be to Allah who made praise the key to the penis and cause more bounly and proof of his greatness. And prayer and peace be upon his creation ALMustafa Muhmmed (peace be upon him and his good followers) the flages of ituda who stuch to them survived and who left them disappointed and after. The grammatians give priority - in their analyses of the grammatical rules to the communicative side which was given much more attenhon and care. This study came (the deliberative foundation of grammatical rules) to study the rules of grammarians and to explain their grammatical analyses which came to be similar with what is called (the deliberative theory). The grammarians were concerned with the use of grammatical rutes in which they try to treat the spoken process between (the speaker - the addressee) in their linguistic treatment and study the relation ship between them, also they deal with contextual and cultural circumstances in clarifying their grammatical rules. The idea of the topic may touch my supervisor's attention by following the basis of the deliberative theory in the grammatical rules and he refers to me by choosing this subject and helps me with his good opinions along my research. And after searching many sources I found just little sources which link between the grammatical rules and the deliberative theory. The book which is under the title (the deliberative in Arab scientests deliberative study for the phenomenon of wordy verbs in the Arabic heritage), and a book under the title (The addressee's respect in Arabic grammar). And a letter under the title (the social context in the grammatical rules). The reason for chosen this topic because it is a new field trying rooting the deliberative theory in the grammatical rules, although many difficulties I faced in my study, few studies are dealt with rooting the deliberative theory of the grammatical rules and the immensity of the material because it does not confine on the grammatical books only but all other linguistic sources. The scientific material will include an introduction, four sections, conclusion and references. At section one the deliberative context for grammatical rules and it is divided into two steps, the first step includes clarifying the social context and the grammatical rules while the second step explains the staning context and grammatical rules. Section Two deals with the study of wordy verbs and grammatical rules, it also comes into two ways, the first the direct wordy verbs and grammatical rules, and the second includes the indirect wordy verbs and grammatical rules. Section Three explains the cultural and intellectual shedies and grammatical rules. It stand in three steps, the first standies the religious references and grammatical rules. While the second deals with the philosophical references and grammatical rukes. Then the third step expresses the grammatical schools and grammatical rules. Section four is about dialogue entailment and grammatical riles, it is divided into two waysm the first particulatizes the tonal study and grammatical rules, the second expresses the study of instructions and grammatical rules. The conclusion of the research explains the main results of the topic. At the end I do all my effort and all my best and I wish the mercy and help from Allah for my

الاحتمال النحوي في شعر المولدين : دراسة نحوية دلالية == The Grammatical possibility in modernists’ Poetry ـStudy grammatical, semantic

Author name: نعمان حسن طاهر
Supervisor name: زكي فليح الموسوي
General topic: Arabic Language and Literature
Specific topic: Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Arabic Language
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: الحمد لله على سوابغ النعم وله الشكر على جلائل القسم، ربنا الذي علم بالقلم، علم الانسان مالم يعلم، وصلى الله على رسوله المبعوث رحمة للعالمين بالدلائل الواضحة، والبراهين الساطعة، داعيا اليه بشيرا ونذيرا، وسراجا منيرا، فبلغ الرسالة وادى الامانة، وعلى اله الميامين الاطايب الاكرمين وسلم تسليما كثيرا، وبعد : تناولت هذه الدراسة ظاهرة ذات اهمية بالغة في النحو العربي، الا وهي ظاهرة الاحتمال النحوي؛ كونها تبين العلاقة بين المعنى النحوي والمعنى الدلالي للنص، وليس بخفي على المطلعين من انه ما من كتاب في النحو الا ومرت هذه الظاهرة في مواضع كثيرة من جنباته، اضف الى ذلك انها تظهر جانبا من القيم الابداعية والجمالية في النصوص الادبية، ولاسيما الراقية منها بما يتسع لها النص من معان محتملة تجري على وفق تقنيات اللغة المعيارية.ولاهمية موضوع الاحتمال النحوي في النحو العربي توجهت لدراسته همم الدارسين في مختلف اصناف النصوص الادبية الرفيعة، ولما كان الشاهد الشعري يعتوره بعض الخلل؛ نتيجة لاستشهاد بعض النحويين بشعر خارج الحدود الزمانية والمكانية التي ارتضوها للاحتجاج، اذ ان بعضهم يحتج بابيات تنسب لادم ()، ويحتج اخرون بابيات تنسب لاهل اليمن، واخرى تنسب الى الجن، واحيانا يحتج بعضهم بمن لا يوثق بفصاحته، ويقعدون على شعر مجهول القائل، واخر يصطنعونه، كما يفترضون شواهدا لم يرد السماع بها عن العرب، بل انهم ياخذون عن الصبيان ولايتورعون من الاخذ عن المجانين في احيان اخرى.لذا جاءت هذه الدراسة في محاولة سد تلك الثغرات التي في الشاهد الشعري من خلال الاستشهاد بشعر العلماء المولدين، البارزين منهم، الذين يوثق بفصاحتهم؛ والذين شهد لهم علماء العربية بالاحاطة بعلوم اللغة واسرارها، كالمتنبي، وابي تمام الطائي، وابي العلاء المعري، وغيرهم.ويجدر بالذكر ان سيبويه قد احتج لبعض الشعراء المولدين في كتابه، وان كان ذلك على نطاق ضيق، الا ان المتاخرين من النحاة قد اكثروا من الاستدلال بشعرهم، وان كان اكثره جاء على سبيل التمثيل.ولهذا السبب اختار الباحث دراسة الاحتمال النحوي في شعر المولدين الذي جاء غالب احتمالاته في امهات الكتب النحوية، فقد وردت عن كبار علماء النحو؛ في محاولة اثبات ان كثيرا مما لحن به الشعراء العلماء من المولدين، انما يحتمل غير ذي وجه يوافق قواعد النحو المعيارية، سواء اكان ذلك على مستوى المفردة في التركيب ام على مستوى تعدد اوجه التركيب نفسه، اضافة الى ذلك، يلقي هذا البحث الضوء على بعض القيم الابداعية والجمالية في شعر المولدين. واما منهج البحث، فانه يبدا في كل مرة بتاصيل القاعدة النحوية ذات العلاقة بالاحتمال، يتلوه بيان على ما يساعد في نشوء الاحتمال في الدراسة التطبيقية، ومن ثم ياتي ذكر ما احتمله كبار النحاة في بيت الشاعر المولد من اوجه نحوية ممكنة، وبعد ذلك تجري دراسة تلك الاوجه وتوجيهها من حيث القوة او الضعف، وبيان ما ينتج عنها من دلالات لا تتعارض وسياق النص، ثم محاولة ترجيح احد الاوجه المحتملة؛ بناء على مقتضيات السياق الخارجية والداخلية للنص وما يحيط به من قرائن مقامية ومقالية.وقد اقتضت طبيعة البحث ان ينقسم الى خمسة فصول يقدمها تمهيد وتليها خاتمة ثم ثبت للمصادر والمراجع.يبين التمهيد مفهوم الاحتمال في اللغة والاصطلاح، وقد عرج على كشف الاسباب المؤدية لحدوث الاحتمال، ثم عرض مفهوم معنى المولدين وطبقتهم في الشعر وموقف العلماء من الاستدلال بها.واما فصول البحث فقد اعتمدت في تبويبها على اول الاحتمالات التي طرحت، فجاءت بالشكل الاتي : • الفصل الاول : الاحتمال النحوي في العمدة، ويضم بعد التوطئة مبحثين، الاول ما يحتمل في المسند اليه، والاخر : ما يحتمل في المسند.• الفصل الثاني : الاحتمال النحوي في الفضلة، ويضم بعد التوطئة ثلاثة مباحث، الاول ما يحتمل في المفاعيل، واما الثاني فهو فيما يحتمل في اشباه المفاعيل، واما الثالث فهو عبارة عن مظاهر اخرى للاحتمال في الفضلة.• الفصل الثالث : التداخل بين المعاني النحوية للادوات، هو مقسم على ثلاثة مباحث، الاول، التداخل في معاني الادوات الاحادية، والثاني التداخل في معاني الادوات الثنائية، والثالث التداخل في معاني الادوات الثلاثية فاكثر.• الفصل الرابع : الاحتمال النحوي الثلاثي ؛ وهذا الفصل يحاول ان يثبت امكانية تعدد المعاني النحوية في شعر المولدين باكثر من وجهين توافق كلها القاعدة النحوية، وبسمات دلالية تكشف عن ابداع الشعراء المولدين، وحيوية اللغة العربية ؛ من حيث قدرتها على الاتساع في المعنى في ان واحد ؛ لذا ابتعد هذا البحث عن الاحتمال الذي منشؤه تعدد لهجي او الذي يكون عن اختلاف نحوي ، ويبتعد ايضا عن السبر والتقسيم الذي هو محاولة استقصاء ما امكن من اوجه متعددة ؛ فلعل ذلك يرهق النص بتكلف ما لا يتحمله من تعدد المعاني الوظيفية؛ وللسبب نفسه ابتعد هذا البحث عن الاحتمالات التي تزيد على ثلاثة اوجه . والفصل هذا ينقسم الى ثلاثة مباحث توافق ما تقدم، الاول : الاحتمال في العمدة، والثاني : الاحتمال في الفضلة، والثالث : الاحتمال في تداخل معاني الادوات، فاساس هذا الفصل قائم بمجمله على الاحتمال الثلاثي.• الفصل الخامس : الاحتمال النحوي في التراكيب، انقسم هذا الفصل الى اربعة مباحث، يضم الاول الاحتمال في الجملة، ويضم الثاني الاحتمال في شبه الجملة، ويضم الثالث الاحتمال في عوارض التركيب، وقد تناولت فيه عارض التقديم والتاخير وعارض الحذف والتقدير وعارض الفصل والوصل، ويضم المبحث الرابع مظاهر اخرى للاحتمال النحوي في التركيب، منها عود الضمير، وتعدد الاحتمال بين الحمل على ظاهر اللفظ والحمل على المعنى، وكذلك تناولت فيه ما يحتمل في القلب النحوي، واما المبحث الخامس فهو فيما يحتمل احتمال ثلاثي في التراكيب.وقد تلت هذه الفصول خاتمة بنتائج البحث، ثم ثبت للمصادر والمراجع التي استقى مادته منها. فاما المصادر والمراجع التي نهل منها هذا البحث، فهي في الاغلب طائفة من مصنفات النحو القديمة والحديثة، وطائفة من كتب البلاغة، وبعض كتب التفسير، وبعض الدواوين الشعرية واخرى شروح لدواوين بعض الشعراء المولدين. لاشك ان لكل عمل جاد ظروفه وتحدياته، فمن اهم الصعوبات التي واجهت البحث، هي ان الشواهد الشعرية لطبقة الشعراء المولدين في كتب النحاة قليلة مقارنة بغيرهم من طبقات الشعراء، اضف الى ذلك انه ليس كل الشواهد التي ذكروها تحتمل اكثر من وجه نحوي؛ مما حدا بالبحث ان يرتفد من الاحتمالات التي ذكرها كبار النحاة في شروحهم لابرز دواوين الشعراء المولدين، كابي تمام الطائي، وابي العلاء المعري، وغيرهم. واخيرا اود القول : لقد بذلت غاية الجهد بما من الله تعالى علي من معرفة، وقد جعلتها من اجل لغتي الحبيبة ـــــ لغة القران الكريم ـــــ فان عرض في هذا البحث زلة قدم، او طغى فيه قلم، فاسال الله تعالى غفران الزلة واقالة العثرة انه نعم المولى ونعم النصير | This study of the grammatical possibility explains that the diversity of the grammatical meaning must cause semantic diversity in the text according to its context . The reason of this diversity , as the study reaches , related for no more than three relations : First : Related to the speaker or what is narrated by him .Second : What is related to the language and its structures .Third : The analysis and direction of the grammatical functions within the structure . This research study broaches that the poetic quotation which is the most important in the linguistic rules - forming has some gaps that make some defect .As we notice in many of standard grammatical references, Grammarians cite poetry out of the spatial and temporal bounders which they approved as a condition for the argument .They argue by verses attributed to Adam ( peace be on him ) , people of Yemen furthermore they argue by some verses attributed to the demons or some who are not trusted their eloquence , so we see them depend on anonymous or created poetry and sometimes they mention unreal quotations that are never heard about Arabs .they narrate about boys and even the insane people as well .The study reaches that it is possible to bridge these gaps in the poetic quotations by citing from the modernists’ poems who are remarkable and their eloquence is trusted and also recommended by the Arabs linguists that are acquainted with the language and its secrets . for example , Al - Mutanbi , Abi Tammam and Albuhtary and others belong to the age which is at least near to the age of argument .This call is supported by our rich linguistic heritage started with Sebaway s book to the latter grammarians who made more inference in the modernists’ poetry although demonstration is the main reason for the most .For the above reason , the researcher chooses the grammatical possibility in the modernists’ poetry which is mostly included in the famous grammatical references in an attempt to prove that a lot of the grammatical mistakes made by the modernists poets might have more than one form according to the standard rules whether on the level of the vocabulary in the structure or the structure’s form itself . the study shows an aesthetic values accompanied by the inference diversity in the texts of the modernists poets and demonstrates their linguistic and creative abilities which consistent with their grammatical standard patterns . in addition to that , it sheds the light on the vitality of the Arabic and its ability to expand in meaning . This study attempts to give preference of one possible meaning depending on the necessities of internal and external context and the surrounding contextual indications

الاتجاه الاجتماعي في النقد العربي القديم : دراسة تحليلة == The Social Trend in the Ancient Arab Critical Discourse

Author name: هديل قديم جري
Supervisor name: عباس جخيور سدخان الوائلي
General topic: Arabic Language and Literature
Specific topic: Literature
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Arabic Language
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: In poison of Allah Al - Rahman aalrHymaalHmd llh the raising sky wear of intention, fastener of the land in stake, on where height rises, liked where all breath resorts and trivial, does not know him her the hearts in assumption, his insight followed her the eyes in glancing, all statement rose about refuted, waaHtjb about all recklessness and cash.The prayer and the peace on source of the flags and the arbitrator, and return aalxlaay'q and the nations, her kindness the favor, and the informed flag, gentleman Arabic waale'jm, Mohammed Bin Abdullah is messenger represents me, and evidence from Allah executor, ibex of the suns the horoscope, and the illuminative moons, aalttaaabe'yn in sect gentleman of the character, his the publishers for debt followed his family and his friends benevolent from cobra and fasted wllh witnessed.After.Perhaps the statement : Indeed all what the human exports from social statement yjaanb the correctness, followed ye'aaks aalmHjt, so the human being says sentenced reveals you the society and their verb, his effect in circumstance and his submissions of facial paralyses, and what that to mSdaaq for truth for as long as her believer felt and horses weak that the human social being originally normalized him, delivers, and grows, and salutes in light of society, evaluates in him with family froze him, and children financed him the approach portrayed from social various, so different beatings from the interaction straighten in with them, divides w'iyaahm their share from the life, on relationships from the cooperation reconciled once, and the fight is last once, different in disagreement social domains of Al - Hayat numerous, religious and political and artistic also, so the art clarified mSdaaq for the social human, and straight excuse thereon, mouth hairy to image For the society who dismisses in him, and e'aaksCmirror his of circumstances and his situations, and civilization hairy 'inmaa structure on basis from says him and last basis from the statement in him, shown opinions refuges of the correctness and last shown refuges of the multiple and wrong, so if the hair was social, so his cash is likewise also, so there social in the speeches hairy and the cash also, from here idea of the letter came, to brands on after that entitled (the social direction in the money letter old.So to the Arabic cash acquired in many from studious which aamaaTt aallthaam about a lot of the monetary sides which gathered in her raved the inherited cash, who important distances for Arabic nature Al - Hayat discover and ways lived her and her culture, disassemblies of mirror reverses some truths aalmDmrt which already does not request her the passing recipient in the reading, to ends reading requires mtme'nt examiner to Arabic builder Al - Hayat establishes and her culture which designating sides sanctify blessing valuable and the concepts which guarantees in her Arabic and be proud in her wytwaarthhaa the Arab across the centuries, then Al - Hayat was social upright on nervous, and the type, and the ethnic affiliation and the glory in the ratios and the clean blood and the white color the uncles from liabilities the mixture with separation the last people, and hence then abundance for him raved distinguished his the social identity and the standing and the occurrence on the protection about road of affiliation for this nervous, As opposed to her loss so pulls from him this identity and indeed the vagrancy and the ritual consecrations from her protection will be destiny from rebels on her and her laws underestimate in, for that this composition and the laws whether ethnic values were moral mother of assimilation deterring first for the human Arabic for the prevention without spreading of the fsq waalfjwr in the society, because the importance which acquired in her the social laws assimilation date of the affiliation who results him the individual from her , weak including on look Arabic and their thought and their fanaticism to the bases divideDwhich the constitution idealizes first enemy committed to her and upright on accomplishment her, and in this so indeed the stop astride aalmskwt about him in the cash waalmxbw' from impact working social on a lot of the monetary arbitrators which inheriting her the ignorant critics from the era is navel while after him from the eras so assimilation of holy became be necessary aalaaHtdhaa' in him, weak dominant on operation receiving some The money letters, and that in returning some her in intellectual control the inclination and the scholastic affiliation in him.wwqd idea of the searching required division of the letter to three chapters, precedes her our facilitating of taking in him , the problematic term and the understandable speech monetary , and her hill is included end to worries what reached to him the letter from results.The chapter first address in (the class society ) and four topics came in, apparent reasons class in the Arabic society stand on, and her impact in course deviation the cash about the objectivity, produced her the color, and the lineage , and the profession , and the social standing.As for the chapter second losing cares in (the moral society Arabic and favored her on the cash so joining of four topics : The topic first : The flirtation in viewed the cash 'alaajtmaae'y , and the topic second : The satire in viewed the third cash social , and the topic : The truthfulness and the lie in social , viewed the cash and fourth : aaltksb in social viewed the cash, then the criteria were which dealt from during her with this directions self of importance big on tasting the critic and his wisdoms his arbitrator on the hairy purpose.The chapter came third entitled ( customs and traditions gathered ) then nature required studious his division to topics, first of them image aalmmdwH aalaanmwdhjyt heritable, as for second so social taking of image the woman between the reality waalaanmwdhj hairy.EStudies on the method depended in analytic integral who includes many from the methods aaltHlylt social blessing and my breath and cultural.Sources of the searching and his varied returns between old , towards book the songs , and the hair and hairy , and virility hairy , and indentical so around hairy waalmwshH and the chief and changes her , and modern which aatk'at on her in evidence directions of sight of some researchers and their monetary , opinions from her : Book date of the Arabic cash old for the doctor Taha Ahmed Ibrahim and hairy aalSe'aalyk in the era ignorant for the doctor Yousef xlyf , and book of the orders cultural for the doctor Abdullah aalGdhaamy and changes her from the books which reported from her in studies.Nevertheless the work raved the difficulties do not breach from; Because of accurate nature the research and the deep sight to social given of the direction across attempts his evidence and his consolidation in the monetary opinions.To is smooth Allah on us in who helper is for me on accomplishment the work raved, so the thanks all thanks for mn hand of the aid extended for me, special their professorial blessing in the male the professor the helpful doctor grim jxywr aalwaay'ly, losing was eye on the searching saahrt, refines, and revises, and arranges, corroded the searching in substance straighten up his, so his role idealizes in her the letter on all minutes, method, and scientific substance, his wonderful favor about effort in choice the term and the arrangement left.Sleeve relative to the male of grateful all 'al'astaadh Mohammed light of Yousef, losing was aid for me in what took him Allah cut the all welfare of the retribution meant.The seal fulfilled ... Works do not call in raved aalkmaal, so he llh unifies him, according to hit while Hrrarth in him that I potentialbleacher exerted, service for language Arabic and gathered and the scientific research, so indeed hit while hit, so your lowness by virtue of Allah, and indeed was second so sustained, and praise be to praise be to God of god of the scientists firstly and last.

اثر نجيب محفوظ في الرواية العراقية غائب طعمة فرمان انموذجا == Najib Mahfodh's effect on the Iraqi novel Ga'eb To'ma Farman as an example

Author name: زينـب باقـر جـواد
Supervisor name: هادي شعلان حمد البطحاوي
General topic: Arabic Language and Literature
Specific topic: Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of Arabic Language
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The aim of this study is the effect of Najib Mahfodh on the Iraqi novel. The number of the novel was hundred s until the current time, but the mature novel start publishing Al - Nakhla and Al - Jiran in 1966 (The palm and the Neighbor). So, this study focused on Ga'eb To'ma Farman's novel as an example because Farman is the real pioneer for the mature novel artistically in Iraq and for he had pertained to the same age and studied in Cairo and a attended all Najib Mahfodh seminars and debates. so, it was inevitable that the great writer who won the Nobel prize in 1988 leaves an impression or mark profoundly in the Arabian writers including the Iraqis. This study consists of a prefect and three chapters and prefect, it deals with the Arabian novel and its birth and its affected features with the western writings. then, it deals with the Egyptian works that Najib Mahfodh brought out.It converses with his post among the writers and the critic's opinions about him. Finally, it argues with his most prominent writings with brief merits of his novels.The second part of preface charities the condition of the Arabian novel in Iraq and its beginning and the arts' effect in it. Then, it highlights the novel area which Farman brought out and his place among the Iraqi authors and the opinions of the critics about him. hastily, it deals with most significant novels and brief qualities of his novels.The first chapter critically and accurately peruses the effect of Najib Mahfodh in Farman's writing specifically in the structure of the visions and themes which. The second chapter talks about personalities building and keeping the repeated types between the both writers. Najib Mahfodh and Ga'eb To'ma Farman.The third chapter focused on the most artistically features which Najib Mahfodh came in to and its effects that have been observed with Ga'eb To'ma Farman.Eventually, it deals with the results and the conclusion and what this research deducts showing the clarification of Najib Mahfodh's effect with Ga'eb To'ma Farman's writing and then the sources and the referees.This study is a simple effort for the sake of literary criticism and analysis. It shows the Iraqi novel's circumstances and its artistically value. it also deals with the most prominent influences which promote it to be equal in value with the several novels in the Arab world

اليات التاويل عند ابن جني ت 392هـ في كتابه الفسر == Mechanisms of interpretation of Ibn Jinni (D. 392 E) in his book Al - Fasr

Author name: نجاح حسن كاظم
Supervisor name: سهى كناوي حسن
General topic: Arabic Language and Literature
Specific topic: Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of Arabic Language
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The interpretation of the Arab heritage dates back to the early beginnings of the literature and studies in the first Hijri centuries. Its origin and its concepts were intertwined in the context of religious studies that dealt with the Quranic text in interpretation, in order to understand its verses and explain its rulings. However, in the third and fourth centuries of migration, interpretation began to take on a new dimension other than the literary one. In this period, the narratives and narratives of the poetry were active, and the narrator was exposed to these rich texts with meanings and commentary. And many of this phenomenon felt the great poets such as Abi Tammam and Mutanabbi and Abu Nawas and others, were the writings of these poets explained by more than one explanation, the difference occurs, and multiple meanings. Ibn Jinni is one of the most important of these commentators who took it upon themselves to delve into the meanings of al - Mutanabi's poetry. He is the first to collect al - Mutanabbi's poetry in his book al - Fasr and to treat his texts with commentary and commentary. The book included the works of al - Mutanabi poetry and Ibn Jinni's linguistic and literary possibilities. This explanation is distinguished from other explanations, which led us to choose a code for research, and the title (Mechanisms of interpretation of Ibn Jinni (d. 392 e) in his book Al - Fasr), highlighting light on the efforts of Ibn Jeni in his interpretation of the poetry of Mutanabi, and highlight the mechanisms that resorted to Creative text, Jane Gennie has used language and non - linguistic data to illustrate Linguistic and intellectual excellence of Lete. Perhaps the most important motivation behind the choice of the subject is to shed light on the deep intellectual heritage of our general scientists, and the son of the renaissance of the Arab world in particular, as well as linking the old to modernity; the fact that interpretation is renewed day after day, and the need for it constantly appears. Our scholars have beenBunaware of it ever since. The study began with a preface in which he shed light on the interpretation of the Arab and Western thought, and dealt with it in its linguistic meaning, and then the meaning of terminology in these two ideas. As for the chapters, it was in the statement of those mechanisms adopted by the shah in the research code. The first chapter was entitled (linguistic and grammatical mechanisms), which are in two sections, the first in the lexicon and the second in grammar. The second chapter was in (rhetorical mechanisms), which is on three topics : the first section in the metaphor and the second in metaphor and the third in the metaphor. The third chapter was entitled (Reference Mechanisms), where it was in three sections, the first of which was in the premises of the speech, the second in the parallel texts, and the third in the tribes of the author. After these chapters, the study was summarized in a summary summarizing the findings of the study, followed by a list of sources and references. This plan came as a result of a previous step. It preceded a thorough inventory of the mechanisms in the search code, and in the light of the inventory results, this plan, which led to the first chapter being two articles, unlike the other two chapters. The diversity of the titles of the chapters and the researches led to the need for the sources and references of the research to be varied in the stripes, in which the dictionaries, grammar books, books of rhetoric, and modern linguistic books, in order to enrich the research thoroughly. This aspect was one of the most difficult difficulties of study; the scarcity of some of these books, and the price of some of them. In conclusion, I can not but thank God and thank him for what extended to me from his grace and gifts, he is the guardian of success.

الدلالة الصرفية في خطاب الامام الحسن عليه السلام

Author name: حياة نايف صينخ
Supervisor name: شاكر سبع نتيش الاسدي
General topic: Arabic Language and Literature
Specific topic: Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Literature - Department Of Arabic Language
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:

تحليل اسلوبي قائم على لسانيات المدونات اللغوية للخسارة المعجمية في ثلاث ترجمات انكليزية للقران باستخدام نوع الكلمة علامة الكلمة ومؤشر جايرود == A Corpus - Based Stylistic Analysis of Lexical Loss in Three English Quranic Translations Using Type/Token Ratio and Guiraud’s Index

Author name: عبد الحق عبد الكريم عبد الله السهلاني
Supervisor name: خالد شاكر حسين
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: With the aid of corpus linguistics and stylistics in respect to their meeting area corpus stylistics, the researcher measures the lexicons of the three English Quranic translations (those of Yusuf, Pickthall and Muhammad) which have shown different degrees of lexical loss in comparison with the original Arabic Quranic text. These degrees go hand in hand with the size of the linguistic repertoire each translator utilizes in his translation to such an extent that it sounds rather promising to regard lexical loss measure as a trustworthy stylistic marker. That is, each translator has his own distinctive rate of lexical loss that might be an idiosyncratic marker of his translational style.Though loss might not be limited only to one linguistic level (i.e., lexical level) at the expense of other levels, these translations have been characterized by various degrees in terms of the limits of the size of vocabulary each translation holds. However, three hypotheses have been included in this study. First, corpus stylistics is considered to be a reliable source in verifying the validity of controversial issues about lexical loss measurements. Second, the measures of Type/Token Ratio and Guiraud's index can quantify the size of lexical loss efficiently when any translator tries to translate Arabic into English. Thirdly, the lower the degree of lexical loss between the source text and the target text, the more accurate and reliable the translator.After an extensive verification of data reliability, both Arabic and English corpora are segmented into (123) samples. The whole Arabic corpus is distributed into (27) samples. As for the English corpus, it is totally tokenized into (96) samples : Yusufs translation is distributed into (34) samples, Pickthalls translation (31) and Muhammads translation (31). Each sample approximately holds around (5,000) tokens.XIIIAccordingly, the use of Farasa Tools, specifically segmentation module, helps in the morphological analysis of the Arabic corpus. It is so valuable to neutralize the morphological differences between Arabic (a synthetic language) and English (an analytical language). Hence, equalizing the two corpora can be done only by using Farasa tools, a matter that TTR (Type/Token Ratio) and GI (Guirauds Index) analyses can produce more reliable results than what can be produced without working on such tools. Besides, TTR analysis and GI analysis are verified quantitatively and qualitatively. The former is done by using the user - friendly software WordSmith Tools (4.0), specifically Wordlist tool. As for the latter, it is done by using Excel, specifically SQRT equation. To this end, the results taken from such programs are plotted graphically using Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets.The difference, as far as the lexical loss of the entire target texts is concerned, gives an actual indication of where lexical losses do occur among the three translations in comparison with their original Quranic text. Finally, an assessment of the most accurate and reliable English translation of the Glorious Quran can be attained depending on the difference between the size of the Arabic Quranic lexicon and those of the target texts. It is therefore found that : Yusuf's translation ranked in the first place due to the least degree of lexical loss it showed - this makes it relatively the most accurate and reliable translation to the Glorious Qur'an; Pickthall's centered in the second place in terms of lexical loss followed by Muhammad's, in the third place, which revealed the highest degree of lexical loss.

لغة الدساتير : دراسة لغوية قانونيه مقارنه للدستورين الامريكي والعراقي == The Language of Constitutions : A Forensic Contrastive Study of the American and Iraqi Constitutions

Author name: نور نزار جهاد
Supervisor name: محمد جاسم بطي السعيدي | عمار تركي عطيه
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The constitution is a legal document with special legal status which sets out the framework and principal functions of organs of government within the state and declares the principles by which those organs operate. The study of the language of constitutions has been adopted just recently; It is considered one of the new areas.The present study investigates the language of the American and Iraqi constitutions.The study aims at : 1.Describing and analyzing the structure of language of constitution in English and Arabic respectively; (the American and Iraqi constitutions) .2. Describing and comparing the language of the American and Iraqi constitutions, in terms of their lexical, syntactic and pragmatic features.In order to achieve the aims of the study, It is hypothesized that there are no significant differences : 1. Between the formal features of the American and Iraqi constitutions.2. In sentence length in the language of the aforementioned constitutions.3. In sentence complexity in the language of the cited constitutions.4. Between the use of the active and passive constructions in the cited constitutions.5. Between the ways of expressing modality in the data.The American constitution, and the Iraqi constitution(2005) are chosen for verifying the hypotheses , and the American constitution is chosen respectively because it is a written one, unlike the BritishIVconstitution which is unwritten. To analyze the data, the study adopts an eclectic model which is based on Aziz's (1989) and Khalil's (1999) for Arabic on the syntactic level , Al - Hamash and Abdulla's (1976), and Quirk etal's (1985) for English data, Al caraz and Hughes' (2002) for both English and Arabic on the lexical level, and Searl's (1979) on the pragmatic level for both types of data.The study consists of five chapters focuses on constitutions and the language of constitutions, with analyses of both the American and Iraqi constitutions.The study concludes that : 1.The American and Iraqi constitutions share the same formal features : preamble, state powers(legislative, executive and judicial), civil liberties, and constitutional amendments.2.Sentence length and complexity represent one of the differences between the language of the American and Iraqi constitutions.3.The ways of expressing modality differ from English to Arabic.4.There are universal characteristic vocabularies of constitutional law

السمات اللغوية لكلام الشبكة العنكبوتية : الاختصارات, الرموز الاختصارية وعلامات التنقيط == Linguistic Features of Netspeak : Abbreviations, Acronyms and Punctuation Marks

Author name: مهند جاسم داخل الغزي
Supervisor name: كمال كاطع ناصر
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: الدراسة الحالية هي دراسة لغوية وصفية لكلام الشبكة العنكبوتية. تركز هذه الدراسة على ثلاثة ملامح لغوية (الاختصارات, الرموز الاختصارية وعلامات التنقيط). الاختصارات والرموز الاختصارية عوملت شكليا كعمليات لتكوين الكلمات ودلاليا كمفردات باعطاء معانيها, بينما علامات التنقيط عوملت نحويا لانها تدخل ضمن ترتيب الجملة.تتكون هذه الدراسة من اربعة فصول وملاحق. الفصل الاول مقدمة تتضمن المشكلة, الاهداف, الفرضيات, الاجراءات, المحددات واهمية الدراسة. الفصل الثاني "مراجعة ادبية" ويتكون من اربعة مباحث. الفصل الثالث هو الفصل العملي ويتضمن جمع النماذج, صف النماذج, والتحليل. التحليل في هذا الفصل تم بتصنيف وتحليل ثلاث ملامح لغوية : الاختصارات, الرموز الاختصارية وعلامات التنقيط مع معانيها والامثلة. الفصل الرابع الاستنتاجات ويتضمن الاستنتاجات, والاقتراحات للدراسات المستقبلية. ولتجنب ترهل الاطروحه, طول الملاحق (200) صفحة, تم وضعه على قرص سي دي مع الاطروحه. ويمكن تلخيص الاستنتاجات الرئيسية بالنقاط التالية بينما بقية الاستنتاجات قد ذكرت في الفصل الرابع : 1 - تطور التكلنوجيا اثر على استخدام اللغة في كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية وقد انبثقت الكثير من الصفات اللغوية.2 - لدى المستخدمين لكلام الشبكة العنكبوتية "الدردشات الجماعية" ميل وابداع في استخدام الاختصارات والرموز الاختصارية القياسية وغير القياسية في تواصلهم لتسريع كتابة رسائلهم, وتوفير الوقت والجهد والطاقة, وكتعابير اقتصادية في تبادلهم للرسائل.3 - تعتبراختصارات كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية (الكنايات والتقليص) والرموز الاختصارية ابتكارات جديدة وغير مالوفة خارج كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية. تعتبر هذه الاختصارات والرموز الاختصارية الغير مالوفة سمة فريدة فقط في كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية ولا تستخدم في الكتابات والاماكن الرسمية الاخرى.4 - تعتبر علامات التنقيط قليلة واحيانا غائبة في معظم المحادثات المتزامنة لان المستخدمين للشبكة العنكبوتية يحاولون ان يكتبوا ما يقولون.5 - بعض المستخدمين يستخدمون مجموعة من علامات التنقيط او الوجوه المعبرة في نهاية محادثاتهم للتوكيد او كوجهة نظر لتعويض النقص في الاشارات اللغوية الموجودة في المحادثات وجهاﹰ لوجه. | The present study is a descriptive quantitative linguistic study of an informal online English in netspeak. It focuses on three linguistic features which are (abbreviations, acronyms and punctuation marks). Abbreviations and acronyms are dealt with morphologically as word - formation processes and semantically as vocabularies by giving their meanings, whereas punctuation marks are dealt with syntactically as appropriate to sentence order. This thesis consists of four chapters : the first chapter is an introduction that includes the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits and importance of the study. Chapter two is a literature review and consists of four sections. Chapter three is a practical one. The analysis in this chapter is carried out through categorizing and analyzing three linguistic features : abbreviations, acronyms together with their meanings and examples, and punctuation marks with examples. Chapter four includes conclusions and suggestions for further studies. To avoid the flabbiness of the thesis and the length of the appendices (200 pages), the thesis is accompanied with a CD holding the appendices. The main conclusions are summarized in the following points while other conclusions are mentioned in chapter four : 1 - The technological developement affects the language use in netspeak and many linguistic properties such as abbreviations, acronyms and punctuation marks have emerged. 2 - Participants in netspeak "chatgroups" have tendency and creativity to use standard and non - standard abbreviations and acronyms in their exchange to hurry their messages typing, save time, energy and effort, as economy expressions to flow the exchange of conversations. 3 - Netspeak abbreviations (rebuses and contractions) and acronyms are considered as new conventions because they are unfamiliar outside netspeak. They are considered as unique to netspeak only and are not used in offline writing or other formal situations.4 - Punctuation marks tend to be minimized and sometimes absent in most 'synchronous' conversations because participants try to write what they speak.5 - Some participants use a combination of punctuation marks or emoticons at the end of their conversations for emphasis and attitude or to compensate the lack of paralinguistic cues found in face - to - face conversations.

الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Ellipsis and Reiteration in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

Author name: منتظر حسين حميد الفرطوسي
Supervisor name: محمد جاسم السعيدي
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: تعد هذه الدراسة دراسة وصفيه مقارنه نحاول من خلالها ان نعطي شرحا كاملا ومفصلا للحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية لكي نتوصل الى التشابهات والاختلافات بينهم. وتهدف هذه الرساله الى مايلي : 1. وصف الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية.2. مقارنه ومقابله الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية من خلال تعاريفهم وتوضيح انواعهم ووظائفهم.3. بيان التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية في ما يخص الحذف والتكرار.وافترضت الدراسة ما يلي : 1.ان الحذف والتكرار هما ظاهرتان لغويتان موجودتان في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية.2. يتواجد الحذف والتكرار في القواعد والنص في اللغة الانكليزية بينما يتواجدان في النص فقط في اللغة العربية .3. تكون انواع الحذف في اللغة الانكليزية مختلفة عن انواع الحذف في اللغة العربية.4. هناك تشابهات واختلافات في ما يخص الحذف والتكرار بين اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية لكن الاختلافات تكون اكثر من التشابهات. تتالف هذه الدراسة من خمسه فصول وملحق حيث ان الفصل الاول هو مقدمه لهذه الدراسة ويتضمن المشكلة والاهداف والفرضيات بالاضافة الى حدود الدراسة واهميتها. ويعطي الفصل الثاني شرحا كاملا ومفصلا للحذف في اللغتين. اما الفصل الثالث يتكلم عن التكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية . الفصل الرابع يقدم مقارنة بين الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية بينما يقدم الفصل الخامس الاستنتاجات من ناحية التشابهات والاختلافات والتوصيات والمقترحات للبحوث المستقبلية.وتوصلت هذه الدراسة الى استنتاجات عامة اهمها : ۱ - ان النحاة الانكليز يتعاملوا مع الحذف والتكرار كظواهر نحوية ووسائل لربط النص بينما يتعامل معهما العرب بصورة سطحية.۲ - توجد في اللغة الانكليزية ثلاثة انواع للحذف بينما يوجد خمسة انواع للحذف في اللغة العربية.۳ - التكرار في اللغة العربية يستخدم بصورة اوسع من استخدامه في اللغة الانكليزية. | The present study is a descriptive contrastive one because it tries to give a full explanation of ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic to arrive at the similarities and differences between them. The study aims at : 1. Describing ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic respectively.2. Comparing and contrasting ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic by defining them, showing their nature, mentioning and illustrating their types and functions. 3. Showing to what extent the two languages are similar or different from each other in terms of ellipsis and reiteration. To achieve the aims of the study, it is hypothesized that : 1. Ellipsis and reiteration as phenomena are found in both languages.2. In English they exist in grammar and text while in Arabic, they exist only in text. 3. The types of ellipsis in English are different from those of Arabic.4. There are similarities and differences between the two languages in terms of ellipsis and reioteration, but the area of differences is wider than that of similarities. The present study describes ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic depending on a syntactic model that is taken from all the references cited in the present study. The present study consists of five chapters and one appendix. Chapter One is an introduction that involves the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedure, limits and significance of the study. Chapter Two is about ellipsis in English and Arabic and includes definition, nature of ellipsis, cohesive ellipsis, types incohesive ellipsis and its types. Similarly, Chapter Three discuses reiteration in English and Arabic. Chapter Four discuses ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic. Chapter Five is a comparison between ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic and it arrives at some conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for further studies.The general conclusions reached in this study are : 1. English grammarians deal with ellipsis and reiteration as grammatical topics and as cohesive devices while Arabic grammarians deal with them superficially.2. English has three types of ellipsis : nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis while Arabic has five types : nominal, verbal, clausal, ellipsis of the letter, and ellipsis of the case vowel.3. Reiteration in Arabic is more widely used than in English (Kăroly, 2007 : 78).4. The reasons behind using ellipsis in Arabic are more than those in English

التلازم اللفظي في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Collocation in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

Author name: حنان عبد الحسن كاظم
Supervisor name: زينب كاظم عكاب الشيخ
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: تعد هذه الدراسة دراسة وصفية ومقارنة وتحليلية لانها تهدف لوصف التلازم اللفظي من اجل ايجاد التشابه والاختلاف الموجود في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية فهي تصف التلازم اللفظي على انه ظاهرة لغوية تحمل جدلا في علم اللسانيات لعدة اسباب واولها ان التلازم اللفظي يمكن ان يدرس من وجهات نظر متعددة وهنالك اكثر من اسلوب لدراسة الظاهرة وثانيا, يمكن ان يوجد التلازم اللفظي بحقول مختلفة في علم اللغة لذا فالباحث اقتصر الدراسة على خصائص التلازم اللفظي في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية وثالثا ليس من السهل الفصل بين التلازم اللفظي والتعبيرات الثابتة الاخرى. لقد ركزت الدراسة بصورة رئيسية على الخصائص اللغوية للتلازم في اللغتين.تهدف الدراسة الى وصف التلازم اللفظي في الانكليزية والعربية على التوالي ومقارنة التلازم اللفظي بين العربية والانكليزية من خلال توضيح الصفات اللغوية كالصفات النحوية والدلالية والتداولية والنصية وكذلك توضيح التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغة الانكليزية والعربية فيما يخص التلازم او التلازم اللفظي.افترضت الدراسة ان التلازم اللفظي ظاهرة لغوية موجودة في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية ولقد تمت دراسة التلازم اللفظي نحويا ودلاليا وتداوليا ونصيا في اللغتين كما ان كلا اللغتين درستا التلازم اللفظي بشكل مختلف عن الاخر وكذلك فصلت اللغتين التلازم اللفظي عن التعبيرات الثابتة الاخرى. تتضمن الدراسة خمسة فصول وملحق واحد. يمثل الفصل الاول المقدمة التي تحتوي على مشكلة البحث واهدافه والفرضيات وخطوات العمل ومجال الدراسة. اما الفصل الثاني والثالث فانهما يتعاملان مع التلازم اللفظي في اللغة الانكليزية والعربية بالترتيب. الفصل الرابع يتضمن مقارنة التلازم اللفظي بين اللغتين والفصل الخامس يتضمن بعض النتائج والتوصيات وافتراضات لدراسات اخرى. استنتجت الدراسة بان التلازم اللفظي هو ظاهرة لغوية موجودة في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية وتمت دراسته من كافة المستويات اللغوية. قسم النحاة في اللغة الانكليزية التلازم اللفظي نحويا الى التلازم النحوي واللفظي فقط بينما قسمه النحاة العرب نحويا الى تقسيمات متشعبة. | The study is a descriptive, contrastive and analytic one because it describes collocation for the purpose of finding out the similarities and differences between English and Arabic. It describes collocation as a linguistic phenomenon that has a controversial issue in linguistics for more than one reason. Firstly, collocation can be studied from different viewpoints because there is more than one way or approach to it. Secondly, collocation can be found in different fields of linguistics, so the researcher has to limit the study to the basic linguistic aspects of collocation which are syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and textual. Thirdly, it is not easy to make a distinction between collocation and other types of fixed expressions. The study aims at describing collocation in English; describing collocation in Arabic; contrasting and comparing between English and Arabic in terms of collocation through showing the linguistic aspects of collocation which are syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and textual. It also aims at explaining the similarities and differences of collocation between English and Arabic. The study hypothesizes that collocation is a linguistic phenomenon that exists in English and Arabic and the two languages study collocation from all its linguistic aspects which are syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and textual. The two languages are different in the way of describing collocation linguistically and both distinguish between collocation and other types of fixed expressions. This study includes five chapters and an appendix. Chapter one is an introduction that consists of the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits and significance of the study. The second and third chapters deal with collocation in English and Arabic respectively. Chapter four is a comparison of collocation between English and Arabic and chapter five includes the main conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for further studies. This study concludes that collocation exists in English and Arabic as a linguistic phenomenon and the two languages study the term from all its linguistic aspects. However, the way to describe collocation linguistically is different to some extent from one language into another. It also proves that English grammarians divide collocation only into lexical and grammatical while Arabic grammarians divide collocation syntactically into complex types.

النبر في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Stress in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

Author name: وركاء عواد عليوي
Supervisor name: محمد جاسم بطي السعيدي
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: تتناول هذه الدراسة النبر في اللغة الانكليزية والعربية وتعد دراسة مقارنة. النبر هو درجة القوة المستخدمة في نطق مقطع. بشكل منفصل، تحمل كل الكلمات النبر. بينما في داخل الجمل, الكلمات الاكثر اهمية هي التي تحمل النبر والكلمات الاخرى اما ان تحمل نبرا ثانويا او لا تحمل اي نبر.تتضمن اهداف هذه الدراسة : اولا، وصف النبر في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية، ثانيا، مقارنة النبر في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية وذلك بتعريف النبر وبيان درجاته، انواعه، ووظائفه في كل لغة وثالثا، بيان مدى التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغتين فيما يتعلق بالنبر.تفترض هذه الدراسة انه ليس هناك اختلاف بين النبر في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية من حيث تعريفه وصيغه ودرجاته وانواعه ووظيفته.تتضمن هذه الدراسة اربع فصول. يمثل الفصل الاول المقدمة التي تحتوي على مشكلة الدراسة والاهداف والفرضيات وخطوات العمل ومجال الدراسة وتعريف لبعض المصطلحات المرتبطة بالموضوع. يتناول الفصلان الثاني والثالث النبر في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية على التوالي. بينما يتضمن الفصل الرابع مقارنة بين النبر في اللغتين وفيه توصل الى بعض النتائج والتوصيات واقتراحات للمزيد من الدراسة.في نهاية هذه الدراسة تم التوصل الى بعض النتائج منها : 1 - يرتبط النبر بالجهد الفيزيائي ( قوة الانتاج) ويستقبل كظاهرة ادراكية ( سمعية).2 - يوجد النبر في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية. كما ان صيغ النبر في الانكليزية اكثر من صيغ النبر في العربية.3 - تتشابه انواع النبر في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية وهي : نبر الكلمة ونبر العبارة ونبر الجملة.4 - يكون النبر في اللغة العربية متوقعا لانه يتبع قواعد معينة. بينما يكون النبر غير متوقع في اللغة الانكليزية. لا يعطي النبر معنى جديدا في كلتا اللغتين وهناك استثناءات لهذه القواعد العامة في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية.5 - يرتبط النبر بالمقاطع القوية في كلتا اللغتين وليس بالمقاطع الضعيفة.6 - ان الدرجتين الرئيسية والثانوية هي الدرجات الاكثر شيوعا للنبر في كلتا اللغتين.7 - يعتمد موضع النبر في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية على التراكيب الصوتية والصرفية.8 - يكون التركيب النحوي للكلمات مهما في تحديد موضع النبر في اللغة الانكليزية بينما لا يؤخذ التركيب النحوي بنظر الاعتبار في اللغة العربية.9 - ان التوكيد هو الوظيفة الاساسية للنبر في كلتا اللغتين | This study discusses English and Arabic stress and conducts a contrastive study. Stress is the degree of force used in producing a syllable. In isolation, all words carry stress whereas in sentences, the most important words carry stress and other words carry either secondary stress or no stress. The aims of the study include : describing stress in English and Arabic; comparing and contrasting stress in English and Arabic by defining it, showing its degrees, types, and functions in each language; and showing to what extent both languages are similar or different from each other insofar as stress is concerned. This study hypothesizes that there is no difference between stress in English and Arabic in definition, degrees, types and functions. The study consists of four chapters. Chapter one is an introduction which contains the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits, value of the study and related terms. Chapters two and three deal with stress in English and Arabic respectively. Chapter four provides comparisons, conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for further research. At the end of this study, some conclusions (including similarities and differences) are arrived at, among which are the following : 1. Stress is associated with physical effort (force of production) and received as a perceptual phenomenon (loudness or prominence). 2. Stress as a phenomenon exists in English and Arabic. The forms of stress in English are more than the forms of stress in Arabic.3. Types of stress are similar in both languages. They are : word stress, phrase stress, and sentence stress.

الالصاق في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Affixation in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

Author name: اسراء علي كريم العايدي
Supervisor name: زينب كاظم عكاب الشيخ
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:

تحليل قائم على اللغويات الحاسوبية لاستخدام الكلمات الوظيفية في اسناد التاليف العدلي للغة الانكليزية == A Corpus - Based Analysis of Using Function Words in English Forensic Authorship Attribution

Author name: ايمان عبد الكريم عبد المحسن
Supervisor name: خالد شاكر حسين
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: لقد كان للتطور الحاصل في علم اللغة الحاسوبي والعلوم الحسابية الاثر الواضح على ظهور وتطور الدراسات اللغوية وتطبيقاتها المعتمدة على المدونات والنصوص اللغوية المتوفرة بصيغتها الالكترونية الحاسوبية . لم يشمل هذا التاثير الحاصل الدراسات اللغوية الصرفة فقط والتي تعني بدارسة اللغة بحد ذاتها بل تعداها الى ان يتضمن الدراسات اللغوية التي تعالج مجمل القضايا ذات الصلة بحياة الافراد والمجتمع بصورة عامة. واحدة من تلك القضايا التي شملها التاثير هي الدراسات المعنية باسناد التاليف العدلي للنصوص المجهولة المصدر او المختلف في اسنادها لمصدر معين. هذه الدراسات هدفها تشخيص وتحديد المؤلف الاقرب (من بين مجموعة من المؤلفين) لنص ما مجهول او مختلف في اسناده. ولتحقيق هذا النوع من التشخيص , صممت مجموعة واسعة من الطرق والوسائل واختبرت على عينات مختلفة لتحديد مدى فاعليتها في التشخيص الدقيق. بالرغم من عدم وجود اجماع مطلق في ادبيات الموضوع حول الطريقة الامثل والافضل, الا ان جميع هذه الطرق والدراسات تستند على فرضية وجود " بصمة او طابع لغوي" لكل شخص والذي يتم تعينه وتشخيصه من خلال دراسة وقياس المظاهر والاختيارات اللغوية التي يعتمدها الفرد عند استخدامه اللغة والتي تشكل في مجملها اسلوبه اللغوي.اتخذت الدراسة الحالية طابعا تجريبيا وهي تهدف الى فحص وتقييم مدى نجاح الطريقة المعنية في التعاطي مع نوع معين من البيانات يشتمل على عينات من مقالات صحفية سياسية.تعد العينة الحاسوبية المجموعة عينة ذات غرض محدد ومحصورة بدقة من ناحية الجنس الادبي, واللهجة الخاصة وتاريخ النشر. وتشتمل على احدى عشرة عينة ماخوذة من احدى عشرة مقالة وبطول يتراوح بين (1,101) و(1,113) كلمة . ثلاث من هذه العينات اخذت كنصوص مجهولة المصدر(افتراضيا) اما الثمان الاخريات فاعتبرت كنصوص معروفة المصدر والتي تستخدم كاساس للمقارنة مع الثلاث المذكورات انفا لايجاد العناصر المشتركة والمختلفة. ان العينات المختارة خضعت الى التحليل الاسلوبي اللغوي والحاسوبي والحسابي. اعتمد التحليل الاسلوبي اللغوي بنوعيه النوعي والكمي على الكلمات الوظيفية. ففي التحليل النوعي تركز الاهتمام حول تحديد الصفة الاكثر تميزا في النصوص المجهولة المصدر بعد مقارنتها مع النصوص المعروفة المصدر اما في التحليل الكمي فقد تم الاعتماد بادئ الامر على برنامج (Wordsmith Tool) لفرز وتعيين الكلمات الثلاثون الاكثر تكرارا في مجمل العينة الحاسوبية. شكل بعد ذلك جدول ,باستخدام برنامج (Excel) , يتضمن بيان عدد كل من هذه الكلمات في كل عينة من العينات الاحدى عشر. بعد نقل هذا الجدول الى برنامج (SPSS) تم اجراء نوعين من التحليلات الحسابية وهي التحليل العاملي والتحليل التجمعي او الترتيبي . كلا التحليلين الحسابيين يتميزان بقدرتهما على التجميع او التفريق بين النصوص على اساس التشابهات والاختلافات الموجودة في هذه العينات. ان النتائج التي توصل اليها البحث والتي ظهرت على شكل عناصر رقمية في التحليل النوعي واشكال صورية في التحليل الكمي اعطت دليلا عمليا يبدو الى حد ما مقنعا لمدى فاعلية هذه الطريقة في التمييز بين العينات العائدة لمؤلفين مختلفين ونسب العينات الغير معروفة (افتراضا) الى مؤلفيها الفعليين. | The advancement in computational linguistics and statistics has made an explicit impact on the emergence of corpus linguistics and the sophistication of its applications and studies involving not only pure linguistic issues but also areas related to real - life problems. One of these areas is authorship attribution. Authorship attribution is a domain of study concerned with identifying the most likely author of a particular anonymous or disputed document from a set of suspected authors. To this end, several methodologies, techniques, and approaches have been devised and so often assessed on various sets of data to make sure of their effectiveness. Although the literature shows no consensus as to which methodology is the best among others, there is an overwhelming fact that all authorship attribution studies are grounded on the assumption that each author has a particular "linguistic fingerprint" which can be captured through detecting and measuring the linguistic clues hidden in their authorial styles. Taking an experimental framework, this study is an attempt to gauge the discriminating and clustering power of the selected methodology against a particular type of data covering samples of political journal articles. The corpus compiled is a special purpose one strictly controlled for genre, register, and date of publication. It comprises eleven samples extracted from eleven articles with their lengths ranging between (1,101) to (1,113) words; three of them are taken as test (hypothetically questioned) samples and the rest as training samples. The corpus represents the journalistic writings of four authors. The corpus compiled is scrutinized and analysed stylistically, computationally, and statistically. The linguistic stylistic analysis is conducted qualitatively and quantitatively taking into account one type of style markers, namely function words. In the qualitative analysis, the marked feature is identified after a close investigation of both test and training samples. In the quantitative analysis, a set of the most frequent thirty function words detected computationally via Wordsmith Tools (Wordlist tool) in the master corpus is selected to build a matrix. The matrix built in an Excel Spreadsheet represents the frequencies of the identified function words in each sample. Such matrix, after transmitted into SPSS program, is handled statistically utilizing two techniques (principal component analysis and cluster analysis). These two statistical techniques have the potential to group and distinguish between samples based on similarities and differences found among them. The results obtained provide a rather convincing evidence of the effectiveness of such methodology in distinguishing between samples of different authors and attributing the (held out) questioned samples to their respective authors. These results are displayed as numerical values in qualitative analysis and graphically in quantitative analysis

دراسة جدلية - تداولية للمؤشرات الجدلية في مناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية == A Pragma - Dialectical Study of the Argumentative Indicators in American Electoral Campaign Debates

Author name: امال عودة غضاب
Supervisor name: محمد جاسم بطي السعيدي
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: تعنى هذه الدراسة بدراسة جدلية - تداولية للمؤشرات الجدلية في مناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية. وبقدر معرفة الباحث فان هذا الموضوع لم يتلق اهتماما كافيا من الباحثين. تهدف الدراسة الى ما يلي : (1) اكتشاف مؤشرات ترامب الجدلية ووظائفها في مناظرات حملته الانتخابية (2) اكتشاف مؤشرات كلينتون الجدلية ووظائفها في مناظرات حملتها الانتخابية (3) معرفة اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين ترامب وكلينتون في استخدام المؤشرات الجدلية ووظائفها. تفترض الدراسة انه لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين ترامب وكلينتون فيما يخص : 1 - استخدام مؤشرات مرحلة المواجهة فيما يتعلق بما يلي : (ا) مؤشرات موقف الاقتراح (ب) مؤشرات تعديل القوة (ج) مؤشرات الشك.2. استخدام مؤشرات مرحلة الجدال من : (ا) تبعية (ب) منسقة (ج) تراكمية (د) حجج متعددة.3. العدد الاجمالي لمؤشرات المراحل : (ا) المواجهة (ب) الافتتاحية (ج) الجدال (د) الختامية.4. استخدام وظائف المؤشرات الجدلية لمرحلة المواجهة فيما يتعلق بما يلي : (ا) تقديم وجهة النظر (ب) التعبير عن الراي (ج) اظهار الشك في راي المجادل الاخر. 5. وظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الافتتاحية على النحو التالي : (ا) تحدي الدفاع عن وجهة النظر (ب) الاتفاق على عبء الاثبات الاحادي الجانب من البرهان (ج) الحرمان من عبء الاثبات الاحادي الجانب من البرهان ( د) الاتفاق مع اقتراح المجادل الاخر.6. استخدام وظائف مؤشرات مرحلة الجدال على النحو التالي : (ا) تقديم سببين متسلسلين لدعم وجهة نظر (تبعية) (ب) الجمع بين حجتين لتكوين راي (منسق) (ج) تزويد المجادل بالمزيد من سببين هما اقل اهمية او اكثر اهمية (تراكمي) (د) استخدام اسباب منفصلة لدعم الراي (متعددة).7. وظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية وهي : (ا) عرض نتيجة المناقشة (ب) الاحتفاظ بالراي حتى نهاية المناقشة.8. اجمالي عدد وظائف مؤشرات المراحل : (ا) المواجهة (ب) الافتتاحية (ج) الجدال (د) الختامية. يشمل اجراء الدراسة ما يلي : (1) مراجعة الادبيات حول الدراسة الجدلية - التداولية بشكل عام واستخدامها في مناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية على وجه الخصوص (2) جمع ووصف البيانات (3) اختيار نموذج التحليل (4) تحديد المؤشرات الجدلية ووظائفها الموجودة في مناظرات ترامب وكلينتون (5) بيان اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين ترامب وكلينتون من حيث استخدام المؤشرات الجدلية ووظائفها باستخدام النسب المئوية ومربع كاي للتحليل البيانات كميا. قسمت هذه الدراسة الى خمسة فصول وملحقين. يعرض الفصل الاول مشكلة البحث واهدافه وفرضياته والاجراء والحدود واهمية الدراسة والطريقة الاحصائية للتحليل ويعرض الفصل الثاني الادبيات حول الدراسة الجدلية - التداولية والخطاب السياسي بشكل عام ومناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية. وقد خصص الفصل الثالث لنموذج التحليل بينما يقدم الفصل الرابع جمع البيانات ووصفها وتحليلها ومناقشتها. ويقدم الفصل الخامس بعض الاستنتاجات المتعلقة باختبار صحة الفرضيات ويظهر اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين ترامب وكلينتون ويشمل ايضا توصيات واقتراحات لمزيد من الدراسات. ومن الاستنتاجات التي تم التوصل اليها هي : - 1. يستخدم كل من ترامب وكلينتون مؤشرات مرحلة المواجهة.2. تستخدم كلينتون مؤشرات الجدال التتابعية والتراكمية اكثر مما يفعل ترامب. وكلاهما يستخدمان مؤشرات الجدال التناسقي. ويستخدم ترامب مؤشرات الجدال المتعدد اكثر مما تفعله كلينتون.3. تستخدم كلينتون مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية اكثر من ترامب.4. يستخدم كل من ترامب وكلينتون مؤشرات مرحلة المواجهة.5. تستخدم كلينتون وظيفة مؤشرات المرحلة الافتتاحية وهي "الاتفاق مع اقتراح المرشح الاخر" ووظيفة مؤشرات الحجة التراكمية ووظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية واجمالي عدد وظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية اكثر من ترامب | This study is concerned with a pragma - dialectical study of the argumentative indicators as used in American electoral campaign debates. The topic in question has not received sufficient attention by researchers. Hence, the study aims at the following : (1) investigating Trump's argumentative indicators and their functions in his electoral campaign debates, (2) investigating Clinton's argumentative indicators and their functions in her debates, (3) finding out the similarities and differences between Trump and Clinton in the use of argumentative indicators and their functions. The study hypothesizes that there are no significant differences between Trump and Clinton in : 1. The use of confrontation stage indicators regarding : (a) propositional attitude indicators, (b) force modifying indicators, and (c) dispute indicators. 2. The use of argumentation stage indicators of : (a) subordinative, (b) coordinative, (c) cumulative, and (d) multiple argumentations. 3. The total number of the indicators of : (a) confrontation, (b) opening, (c) argumentation, and (d) concluding stages. 4. The use of the functions of argumentative indicators of confrontation stage concerning : (a) present a standpoint, (b) express an opinion, and (c) show a suspicion of the other arguer's opinion. 5. The functions of opening stage indicators as : (a) a challenge to defend a standpoint, (b) an agreement of a one - sided burden of proof, (c) a denial of a one - sided burden of proof, and (d) an agreement with the other arguer's proposition. 6. The use of the functions of argumentation stage indicators as : (a) presenting two serial reasons to support a standpoint (subordinative), (b) combining two arguments to develop an opinion (coordinative), (c) providing the arguer with more than two reasons which are of less or great importance (cumulative), and (d) using separate reasons to support an opinion (multiple). 7. The functions of concluding stage indicators which are : (a) presenting the result of discussion, and (b) maintaining an opinion till the end of discussion. 8. The total number of functions of the indicators of : (a) confrontation, (b) opening, (c) argumentation, and (d) concluding stages. This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter One presents the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedure, limits, significance of the study, and the statistical method of analysis. Chapter Two views the literature review about pragma - dialectics, political discourse in general, and American electoral campaign debates as the genre of the study. Chapter Three is devoted to the model of analysis. Chapter Four introduces data collection, description, analysis, and discussion. Chapter Five sums up conclusions related to testing the validity of the hypotheses and shows the similarities and differences between Trump and Clinton. It also includes recommendations and suggestions for further studies

دراسة اسلوبية للسخرية في مسرحيتي هاملت لشكسبير وفولبوني بين جونسون == A Stylistic Study of Irony in Shakespeare's Hamlet and Ben Jonson's Volpone

Author name: سعد عبد الله مرداس
Supervisor name: محمد جاسم بطي السعيدي | عماد ابراهيم داود
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Irony means a difference between what is said and what is meant. It is not a simple phenomenon. The common definition of irony is saying what is contrary to what is meant. The disparity is between the apparent meaning of words that are written or spoken and a far different meaning under the surface. In this case, the words of the speaker are not literally interpreted.The present study is concerned with reviewing irony within a suitable theoretical background in Shakespeare's Hamlet and Ben Jonson's Volpone. This study is also concerned with detecting, analyzing and discussing verbal irony, pun and sarcasm in Hamlet and Volpone. It compares the results of analysis and discussion of those types in the two plays. It tries to testify the hypotheses postulated in the study to arrive at some similarities and differences between Hamlet and Volpone through applying the adopted model. The model, which shows the linguistic tools which are used in analyzing the three types of irony, verbal, pun, and sarcasm includes Grice's maxims, politeness principle, echo utterance, pun and sarcasm.It is hypothesized through this study that verbal ironic speeches flout Grice's maxims in Shakespeare's Hamlet and Ben Jonson's Volpone, that pun is more effective and frequently used than the other types of irony in the aforementioned plays, that all the politeness maxims are exploited in the selected plays and that the two dramatists are different in their purposes behind using irony in the selected plays.The study falls into five chapters. It concludes that the number of irony in Hamlet is more than Volpone, although the former play is a tragic one while the latter is comedy. It is also concluded that Shakespeare uses the types of irony which are used by educated people, while Jonson uses the types which are used by uneducated people. Most of verbal ironic speeches in Hamlet are produced by flouting the maxims of quality and manner while, in Volpone, they are produced by flouting the maxim of quality. The less use of sarcasm in Hamlet indicates the bigger number of high class characters compared to Volpone. Concerning Leech's maxims, Shakespeare and Ben Jonson exploit the maxim of agreement only.

اختبار مبادئ الحوار من خلال اختبارات موجهة نحو هدف معين بواسطة متعلمين عراقيين متقدمين : دراسة دلالية اجتماعية == Testing Dialogue Principles in Task - Oriented Dialogues by Advanced Iraqi EFL Learners : A Socio - Pragmatic Study

Author name: جعفر حاجم مالح البدري
Supervisor name: رعد شاكر عبد الحسن النواس
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Education - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Sociolinguists and applied linguists regard the collective performance of language by speech communities as the proper object of study ( Trask , 2007 : 130 ) , so language is a social phenomenon used to satisfy communicative needs . Accordingly , the present study seeks to find the conditions and the principles of a real dialogue and to measure different levels of effort while engaging in dialogues and their development over time . Generally , natural language is an object - oriented language . Hence , there is a kernel of object orientation in all natural languages under the linguistic specifications of expression manner of each natural language . As a result , the object - oriented technique is a mode of any common natural language . This study is concerned with how speakers behave while engaging in a task - oriented dialogue . Speakers have a multitude of decisions to make when producing an utterance . It discusses the hypotheses of Grices ( 1975 ) Cooperative Principle depending on the work of Davies ( 1997 ) . The aims is to compete the explanatory power of Grices Cooperative Principle when it is applied to natural human language data collected by involving advanced Iraqi EFL learners in task - oriented dialogues . Grices Cooperative Principle ( 1975 ) is a real abstract concept that can be tested in different ways . The study converts the mentioned principle into three representative hypotheses about the type of behaviour that they would suppose in dialogue . Then , the effort involved by the participants is coded according to a certain coding system of dialogue behaviour . Accordingly , the three hypotheses could tested on suitably sized dataset . Then , the predictions of the hypotheses on the information generated by the coding system are statistically tested . The data chosen for this study has been drawn from the HCRC Map Task Corpus ( Anderson et al. 1991a ) . A strong support was found for the hypotheses of Gricean Cooperative Principle . The researcher found out that there is evidence that : 1 - dialogue strategies change over time ,2 - there is a decrease of effort over time , and3 - task success improves over time , In this study , there is a focus on the level of the ' move ' . Speakers have their own decisions of the type of the move they employ . There is a categorization of such move - types according to their general and specific type . This labelling system is called by Davies ( 1997 ) the " Typology of Move Attributes " which is described later , see Davies ( 1997 )This study is divided into FIVE chapters : Chapter one is devoted for stating the problem of the study and its significance . Then , there is a presentation of the aims , the hypotheses , the values , the limits of the study and the procedures of the empirical study . Chapter two reviews communicative competence and several approaches to dialogue . Then , it introduces the concept of cooperation as a structuring principle . Finally , it presents the model of study according to which , the researcher operationalizes his hypotheses . Chapter three is concerned with the methodology according to which the study is empiricalized . Chapter four is an empirical study which presents its empirical tools and adopted systems , especially , the coding system and the Typology of Move Attribute . Chapter five presents the conclusions , recommendations and suggestions for further research .

تحليل اسلوبي قائم على اللغويات الحاسوبية لمنحنى الثراء المعجمي في ستة روايات انكليزية من تيار الوعي == A Corpus - based Stylistic Analysis of Lexical Richness Curve in Six English Novels of Stream of Consciousness

Author name: علي حسين عبد الامير
Supervisor name: خالد شاكر حسين
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: ازداد الاهتمام بتحليل النصوص الادبية والبحوث المعتمدة على استخدام الحاسوب في السنوات الاخيرة وجزا من هذا الاهتمام حصل في حقل تحليل اللغويات الحاسوبية . تستخدم الدراسة الحالية برنامج (وورد سمث 7.0) في تحليل اللغويات الحاسوبية وتعتبر هذه النسخة من احدث اصدارات البرنامج . ويسهل هذا البرنامج عمليه جمع الكلمات المستخدمة في النصوص الادبية ويقوم بتصنيفها حسب النوع والكلمة. وتعتمد الرسالة بشكل اساسي على اداة( قائمة الكلمات) والتي تستخدم في تحليل ست روايات لثلاث من الكتاب المشاهير وهم : جيمس جويس وفرجينا وولف ووليام فولكنر . وقام الباحث بتكوين عينه خاصة والتي تتالف من مجموعه عينات عشوائية اختيرت من ست روايات وهي : الامواج والى المنارة لفيرجينا وولف وضوء في اغسطس والصخب والعنف لوليام فولكنر وعوليس وصورة الفنان في شبابه لجيمس جويس . اختيرت خمسه عشر عينه من كل رواية مع (1000) كلمه فارقه بين عينه واخرى وكان مجموع العينات المستخدمة في الدراسة هو (90 ) عينه بواقع (720,000) كلمة . تم تحليل هذه العينات احصائيا للكشف عن ثرائها المعجمي من خلال تقسيم عدد الانواع على مجموع الكلمات . وقد مثلت هذه العملية بالرسوم التوضيحية وساهم هذا في تكوين تحليل دقيق للثراء المعجمي عند كل كاتب . تتالف الرسالة من ستة فصول وتكرس الفصول الثلاث الاولى للجانب النظري في حين تضم الفصول الثلاث الاخيرة الجانب العملي . يعرض الفصل الاول المشكلات والاهداف والفرضيات والاجراءات وكذلك حدود واهمية الدراسة . يكرس الفصل الثاني لعرض المصطلحات المتعلقة بدراسة الاسلوبية والمدونات اللغوية والادبية وانواع المدونات وكذلك حلقه المدونات اللغوية والتقييم لادبي . يركز الفصل الثالث على مفهوم قياس الاسلوب والمشكلات المتعلقة في استخدام قياس اسلوبي موثوق وتكرار الاسلوب والخصائص الكمية للاسلوب وكذلك الثراء المعجمي ومنحنى النوع والكلمة . يعد تصميم المدونات من المتطلبات الاساسية في تحليل المدونات الادبية لذلك فان الفصل الرابع يهتم بتصميم المدونات وكذلك المنهج المستخدم في التحليل . ويركز الفصل الخامس على عملية التحليل وكذلك نتائج الدراسة . اخيرا فان الفصل السادس يشمل الخلاصة والتوصيات وكذلك اقتراحات للدراسات اللاحقة . | In recent years, interest has increased in computer - assisted research and analysis of literary texts. In fact, part of this interest has occurred within the field of corpus stylistics. The present study explores the lexical richness of certain well - known literary texts using a statistical gauge called 'lexical richness curve'. This curve is used to show the lexical richness of each work, by dividing the number of tokens(words) on the number of the Type( distinct vocabulary words). The analyses conducted throughout the study are corpus - based using a recent version of 'WordSmith' Tools (7.0 ) to process the basic statistical frequencies of types and tokens. This program facilities the process of calculating and distributing the words of literary texts into 'tokens' and 'types'. The study depends basically on 'Wordlist' tool used to analyze digitalized samples of six novels written by three well - known novelists : Virginia Woolf, William Faulkner, and James Joyce. A special - purpose corpus is compiled by the researcher and made of randomly selected samples of six novels of 'stream of consciousness' : Virginia Woolf's The waves and To the Lighthouse, William Faulkner's Light in August and The Sound and the Fury, and James Joyce's Ulysses and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Fifteen samples are taken from each novel with (1,000)tokens intervals so the overall number of the samples used in the study are 90 samples with (720,000) tokens in size. These samples are statistically analyzed to find about their lexical richness. Then the number of the 'tokens' (words) and the number of the 'types' (distinct vocabulary words) are counted for each sample. The ratios of types to tokens are visually represented by type - token curves for all the segmented samples. This would facilitate a rigorous process of figuring out the lexical richness of each novelist. As a result, the study demonstrates that James Joyce's Ulysses is the richest novel amongst other novels of 'stream of consciousness' conducted in the study . The study comprises six chapters; the first three chapters are devoted to the theoretical part whereas the last three ones represent the practical part of the study. Chapter one presents the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, the limits of the study and its value. Chapter two provides an overview of the terminologies related to stylistics, corpus linguistics, corpus stylistics, types of corpora, and the circle of corpus linguistics and literary appreciation. Furthermore, chapter three focuses on the concept of measuring style, the problems of conducting a reliable gauge of style, style as recurrence, quantitative features of style, and lexical richness and type - token curve. Since corpus design is a basic requirement in corpus stylistic studies, chapter four gives an account of how the corpus is designed and outlines the methodology used in the analysis. Chapter five tackles the analysis process as well as the results of the study. Finally, chapter six includes a set of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for further studies

قدرة المتعلمين العراقيين على استخدام النغمات في اللغة الانكليزية في المستوى الجامعي == THE ABILITY OF IRAQI EFL LEARNERS TO USE ENGLISH TONES AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL

Author name: مروة جبير مجير
Supervisor name: محمد جاسم بطي السعيدي
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: ان احدى الخصائص الرئيسية للغة البشرية هي الخاصية التعبيرية(expressive function)،التي تمكن اللغة المتكلمين من خلالها ليعبروا عن مشاعرهم ومواقفهم, ومن خلالها يستخدم المتعلمون كلمات او جملا لتحصيل ذلك الغرض, وقد تعطي هذه الجملة معنى اتصاليا اوضح من الكلمات المفردة. وهناك عدد من الخصائص تاتي تباعا مع تلك الجمل تسمى الخصائص الفوق مقطعية، واحدى هذه الخصائص هو التنغيم (intonation)، وان هنالك انواع مختلفة من التنغيم استخدمها المتكلمون لنقل مواقفهم مع معان مختلفة عبرت اعتمادا على نوع النغمة، مثلا : من المعروف ان الجملة التقريرية تعطي معنى النهاية مع النغمة الهابطة, الا ان الشك والموافقة المحدودة يعبر عنها باستخدام نغمة هابطة - صاعدة(falling - rising) مع نفس الجملة. وتهدف الدراسة الى اكتشاف قدرة المتعلمين العراقيين على استيعاب وانتاج النغمات في اللغة الانكليزية في المستوى الجامعي كما ان الجنس قد اخذ كعامل مؤثر في التحصيل النهائي للنتائج ؛ لذا وضعت الفرضيات الاتية, من اجل الحصول على اهداف الدراسة : 1. ليست هنالك اية اختلافات مؤثرة بين الذكور والاناث في مستوى الاستيعاب.2. ليست هنالك اختلافات بين المتعلمين في مستوى الاستيعاب.3. ليست هنالك اية اختلافات مؤثرة بين الذكور والاناث في مستوى الانتاج.4. ليست هنالك اختلافات بين المتعلمين في مستوى الانتاج.5. لا توجد اختلافات بين المتعلمين في الجانب الاستيعابي والانتاجي.6. ليست هنالك اية اختلافات بين الذكور والاناث في استيعابهم وانتاجهم لنغمات اللغة الانكليزية.7. ان اداء المتعلمين في استيعاب وانتاج النغمة الهابطة افضل من ادائهم في الانواع الاخرى. ولغرض التحقق من فرضيات الدراسة, اعد اختبار لفحص قدرة اربعين طالبا من طلبة المرحلة الثالثة, قسم اللغة الانكليزية, كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية في جامعة ذي قار على استيعاب وانتاج النغمات في اللغة الانكليزية ، وكان الجنس عاملا مؤثرا في التحصيل النهائي للنتائج. وتالفت الدراسة من خمسة فصول بالاضافة الى قائمة المصادر وثلاثة ملاحق، يضم الفصل الاول مشكلة واهداف وفرضيات ومجال الدراسة والاجراءات المقدمة ،ويصف الفصل الثاني التنغيم في اللغة الانكليزية ،ويتضمن الفصل الثالث وصف وادارة الاختبار،وكرس الفصل الرابع لتحليل ومناقشة النتائج ، اما الفصل الاخير فقد تضمن الاستنتاجات والتوصيات ومقترحات الدراسات اخرى ، وبعد تحليل النتائج الحاصلة توصلت الباحثة الى الاستنتاجات الاتية : 1. يخمن المتعلمون في استيعابهم لمعنى الجملة اعتمادا على بعض المفردات في تركيب تلك الجملة، فقد اعطوا مثلا معنى الاحتمالية بناءا على وجود كلمة" استطاع" وكذلك معنى التاكيد بناءا على ورود كلمة "بالطبع".2. لقد ساعد تركيب كثير من الجمل الطلاب ليعطوا النغمة الصحيحة في مستوى الانتاج ولم يكن السياق ما قادهم لذلك. 3. ظهرت هنالك اختلافات واضحة بين الذكور والاناث في مستوى الاستيعاب والانتاج نتائج بعد اجراء اختبار لاستيعاب وانتاج الطلاب للنغمات في اللغة الانكليزية.4. لقد بينت النتائج الاحصائية ان هنالك اختلافات واضحة بين الذكور والاناث في مستوى الاستيعاب والانتاج,اذ ان الطلبة قادرين على استيعاب وانتاج النغمة الهابطة افضل من الانواع الاخرى .5. لقد ظهرت الاناث في المستوى الجامعي قادرات على استيعاب وانتاج النغمات الانكليزية افضل من اقرانهن الذكور, وهكذا نتيجة ترجع الى المعلومات والتردد الاساسي العالي اللذان يمتلكهما الاناث.6. يمتلك ا الذكور والاناث على حد سواء القابلية على استيعاب وانتاج النغمة الهابطة اكثر من الانواع الاخرى.7. لم يستخدم الطلبة النغمات الانكليزية بجميع انواعها جيدا في مستوى الاستيعاب والانتاج.8. لم يعرض الطلبة في المستوى الجامعي الى دروس في مادة المحادثة.9. لا تحتوي الكتب الصوتية التي درست للطلاب في المرحلتين الاولى والثانية في الكلية على شرح وافي حول استخدام النغمات.10. تطبيق الدرس الصوتي على المرحلتين الاولى والثانية ليس كافيا.11. اجابات الطلبة غير صحيحة سببها التركيز على الجانب النظري واهمال الجانب التطبيقي.12. الممارسة مهمة جدا في الدرس الصوتي , نظريا كان ام تطبيقيا.13. ينقل الطلاب خبرتهم في النطق الصوتي اعتمادا على لغتهم الام في تعلم النغمات الانكليزية | One of the principal functions of human language is the expressive function. Through this function, language enables speakers to highlight their feelings and attitudes. Speakers may use words or sentences to achieve that purpose, but sentences communicate more meaning than words do. There is a number of features which go hand in hand with these sentences. They are named suprasegmental features. Among these features is the tone which is considered one of the most important features. Different tone types are manipulated by speakers to express their attitudes with different meanings expressed depending on tone type. For example, it is known that statements express finality when they are used with a falling tone, but doubt and limited agreement are expressed by assigning the same statement a falling - rising tone, amongst others. The study aims at investigating the ability of Iraqi EFL learners to recognize and produce English tones at the university level and gender is taken as a factor that affects this achievement. In order to achieve the aims of the study, the following hypotheses are set : 1. There are no significant differences between males and females at the recognition level.2. There are no significant differences among informants at the recognition level.3. There are no significant differences between males and females at the production level.4. There are no significant differences among subjects at the production level.5. There are no significant differences between males and females at their recognition and production of English tones.6. There are no significant differences among informants at their reception and production of English tones. 7. The informants' performance at the falling tone is better than at the other tone types. To validate the hypotheses, a test is applied to third - year students, department of English, College of Education for Humanities, University of Thi - Qar. The test is manipulated to test forty subjects at the recognition and production levels and gender is taken as an effective factor in achievement. The study consists of five chapters, a bibliography and three appendices. The first chapter is an introduction which consists of the statement of the problem, aims of the study, hypotheses, procedures, the scope of the study and value of the study. Chapter Two is concerned with tones in English. The third chapter involves the description and procedures of the test. The fourth chapter is devoted for data analysis and discussion, and the fifth one sets the conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for further research. After analyzing the data, the researcher has come up with the following conclusions : 1. The subjects guess the meaning of the items in the recognition side depending on certain words in such items rather than depending on tone type. For example, they assign 'possibility' meaning from the word 'could' and 'certainty' from the item' of course' as well . 2. The structure of many items helps informants assign the right tone type for many items in the production level rather than being guided by the context. 3. There are significant differences between males and females at the reception and production levels. Throughout making a reception and production test, such result is achieved for the benefit of females. 4. The results show that there are significant differences among informants at the production and recognition levels. The subjects are able to recognize and produce the falling tone, but they fail to recognize and produce the other tone types. 5. The females' subjects at the university level are able to recognize and produce English tones better than the male subjects do. This can be attributed to the practical knowledge and the louder fundamental frequency that females have. 6. Both males and females have the ability to recognize and produce the falling tone more than other tone types. This is because of the similarity between the subjects' mother tongue and English. Both languages use the falling tone to signify finality and it is associated with statements in both languages(Bishr, 2000 : 533 - 52).7. The subjects do not use English tones well in their recognition and production levels.8. The informants are not exposed to enough conversation lessons.9. The phonetics and phonological books which are taught during the first two years to the subjects do not involve a comprehensive explanation about the use of tones. 10. Teaching phonetics and phonology for only two years(1st and 2nd) is not enough.11. The subjects' incorrect responses are due to focusing on theoretical issues and neglecting practice.12. Practice is more needed whether in the theoretical classes and/or in the practical ones.13. The subjects are transferring their tone knowledge of their mother tongue in the leaning of the English tones

دراسة دلالية - تداولية للمشددات في عشرة من نصوص الانتخابات الامريكية الرئاسية == A Semantic and Pragmatic Study of Intensifiers in Ten American Presidential Election Texts

Author name: زهراء علي حسن الشمري
Supervisor name: رعد شاكر عبد الحسن النواس
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: تعتبر المشددات ادوات لغوية تقوم بتعزيز او اضعاف معنى العنصر الذي تعدله. مع ذلك , يستخدم القادة السياسيين الادوات اللغوية بما في ذلك المشددات كوسائل مؤثرة لاداء عدد من الوظائف الدلالية والتداولية من اجل تحقيق بعض الاهداف السياسية.ويسمى الخطاب الذي يستخدم فيه السياسيون مثل هذه الادوات بالخطاب السياسي. والذي هو نوع من انواع الخطاب الذي يركز على لغة المحافل السياسية كالمناظرات.و الخطب , والمقابلات , وجلسات الاستماع كموضع اهتمام.تركز هذه الدراسة على الوظائف الدلالية - التداولية للمشددات في الخطاب السياسي. وتتحدد الوظائف الدلالية بخمس فئات دلالية الا وهي العددية , التوكيدية , التقييمية , المقارنة , ونسخ الخصائص الدلالية . اما الوظائف التداولية فتتحدد بدرجة التعبيرية والمشاركة, وتعديل افعال الكلام.وتشتمل اهداف هذه الدراسة على التالي : اولا , استقصاء الوظائف الدلالية للمشددات في الخطاب السياسي. ثانيا , معرفة التاثير التداولي لاستخدام المشددات في النصوص السياسية. وثالثا , التحقيق في اهم الاختلافات بين الخطب السياسية والمقابلات السياسية من حيث استخدام المشددات.وتفترض الدراسة التالي : 1. تستخدم النصوص السياسية المشددات وظيفيا الى حد كبير للتعبير عن عدد من الوظائف الدلالية المقصودة.2. يتعمد السياسيون استخدام المشددات من اجل تحقيق اثار محددة ومدروسة على جماهيرهم وبالتالي الاسهام بتعديل قوة الانجاز لافعال الكلام. 3. يستخدم السياسيون , في المقابلات السياسية , طائفة اكثر تنوعا من المشددات من تلك المستخدمة في الخطب السياسية لان الحديث في المقابلات يتسم بانه اكثر حرية وعفوية. وتتالف الدراسة من خمسة فصول. الفصل الاول هو مقدمة ويحتوي على المشكلة , الاهداف , الفرضيات , حدود الدراسة , وقيمتها. يتحدث الفصل الثاني عن المشددات والخطاب السياسي. اما الفصل الثالث فيتضمن نموذج التحليل , فيما يتضمن الفصل الرابع تحليل البيانات ومناقشة النتائج , ويتضمن الفصل الخامس الاستنتاجات , والتوصيات , والاقتراحات لاجراء مزيد من البحوث. خلصت هذه الدراسة الى ان استخدام الساسة للمشددات التي تنتمي لفئة العددية يهدف الى تقدير درجة شيء ما من اجل ضمان ان يتم استيعاب التاثير الكامل لعباراتهم من قبل الجمهور. اما المشددات التي تنتمي لفئة التوكيد فيتم استخدامها من قبل الساسة من اجل اعطاء مصداقية لما يقولون , المشددات التي تنتمي لفئة التقييم تستخدم لاعطاء تقييمات , اما تلك التي تنتمي لفئة المقارنة تستخدم لاعطاء اهتمام خاص لنقطة محددة دون غيرها او شخص دون غيره. وقد تم التوصل ايضا الى انه يتم استخدام المشددات المعززة للمعنى من اجل لفت انتباه السامع / القارئ الى القضايا الرئيسة واعطاء درجة عالية من اليقين والالتزام من جانب المتكلم. في حين تستخدم المشددات التي تقوم باضعاف المعنى كاجتناب لغوي للالتزام. ويتحقق الغموض وانعدام الدقة والتقييد من خلال استخدام المصغرات للتقليل من اهمية ما يقوله الساسة , تستخدم المسويات والمقرابات للتعبير عن الشك , الاحتمالية , ونسبة منخفضة من الالتزام من جانب المتكلم . كما يستخدم الساسة المشددات الشخصية لاظهار درجة عالية من الذاتية والمشاركة الشخصية من جانب المتكلم فضلا عن انها تساعد على انشاء صلة شخصية مع جماهيرهم. وتستخدم المشددات التي تعبرعن العواطف غير المميزة في الخطاب السياسي لتضخيم او تخفيف شدة المحتوى العاطفي الموجود مسبقا. كذلك بامكان الساسة اقتراح العواطف التي ينبغي ان يشعر بها الجمهور باستخدام مشددات مع عواطف محددة (اي بتسمية العاطفة داخل الظرف المستخدم ) . فضلا عن ذلك , يستطيع السياسيون الاستفادة من المشددات في تعزيز او اضعاف قوة التحقيق في افعالهم الكلامية. وتشير الدراسة الى ان هناك تباين في استخدام المشددات في كل من الخطب والمقابلات السياسية اذ ان نسبة استخدام المشددات في المقابلات السياسية هو اعلى منه في الخطب السياسية. وتكشف الدراسة ايضا ان المقابلات تتميز عن الخطب السياسية باستخدامها مجموعة اكثر تنوعا من المشددات اذ تم العثور على اربع فئات من المشددات في المقابلات (العددية , التوكيدية , التقييمية , والمقارنة) يقابلها ثلاث فئات فقط في الخطب السياسية (العددية , التوكيدية , التقييمية ) مشيرة الى ان الساسة يتكلمون بحرية اكبر في المقابلات وبالتالي حرية في استخدام المشددات منها في الخطب السياسية.

الاستبدال في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Substitution in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

Author name: دينا رحم طراد البديري
Supervisor name: زينب كاظم عكاب الشيخ
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Applied Linguistics
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of English Language
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: الاستبدال هو العملية التي تتم بها استبدال عنصر لغوي باخر ضمن وحده لغوية اكبر. تتناول الدراسة الحالية مقارنة الاستبدال في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية. تعد هذه الدراسة دراسة مقارنة من خلال تسليط الضوء على نقاط التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغتين.تهدف الدراسة الى وصف الاستبدال في اللغة العربية والانكليزية . تهدف الدراسة ايضا الى مقارنة الاستبدال في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية وذلك بتعريف الاستبدال واظهار جوانبه النحوية والدلالية والتداولية واظهار علاقتة بالاحالة والحذف فضلا عن ذلك انها تعرض مدى التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغتين فيما يتعلق بالاستبدال.تستند الدراسة على افتراض ان اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية متشابهتان من حيث الجوانب الدلالية, التداولية والنصية للاستبدال. الاستبدال موجود في كلتا اللغتين العربية والانكليزية. يوجد الاستبدال في اللغة الانكليزية في نحو الجملة ونحو النص اما في اللغة العربية فانه يوجد في نحو النص فقط. هناك بعض نقاط التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغتين ولكن نقاط الاختلاف تفوق نقاط التشابه. تتضمن الدراسة اربع فصول وملحق واحد. يمثل الفصل الاول المقدمة التي تحتوي على مشكلة الدراسة والاهداف والفرضيات وخطوات العمل ومجال الدراسة وتعاريف لبعض المصطلحات المرتبطة بالموضوع. اما الفصل الثاني والثالث فانهما يتعاملان مع الاستبدال في اللغة الانكليزية والعربية بالترتيب. الفصل الرابع يتضمن مقارنة بين الاستبدال في اللغتين وفيه تم التوصل الى بعض النتائج والتوصيات ومقترحات لدراسة اخرى.توصلت الدراسة الى ان الاستبدال موجود في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية. وقد وجد انه في اللغة الانكليزية يمثل موضوع واضح ومنفصل وله صيغ في النحو ونحو النص بينما في اللغة العربية لم يهتم النحويين العرب بالاستبدال بوضوح. علماء نحو النص ذكروه ووضحوا كيفية تاثيره في اتساق النص. تتشابه اللغتين العربية والانكليزية من حيث النواحي الدلالية والتداولية والنصية. هناك بعض نقاط التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغتين ولكن نقاط الاختلاف تفوق نقاط التشابه. اللغة الانكليزية تظهر توسع اكثر في انواع العناصر المستبدلة. هناك عناصر بديلة للاسماء والافعال والظروف والجمل. لا يوجد في اللغة العربية عناصر استبدالية للظروف. الصيغ الصرفية للبدائل اكثر تنوعا من نظائرها في اللغة الانكليزية. على سبيل المثال الصيغ الصرفية للعنصر الاستبدالي الفعلي( يفعل) في اللغة العربية هي (تفعلان ويفعلان وتفعلون ويفعلون وتفعلين). يؤخذ التوافق في العدد والجنس بين عنصر الاستبدال والعنصر المستبدل بعين الاعتبار في اللغة العربية. انواع الاستبدال متشابهة في كلتا اللغتين في انها تكون اسمية وفعلية وجملية. عنصر الاستبدال يمثل دليل على وجود عنصر لغوي يتعلق به وان يكون مناسبا ليحل مكانه. | This study deals with substitution as a process by which a linguistic item is replaced by another within a larger unit. The present study deals with comparing substitution in English and Arabic. It is contrastive by sheding light on the points of similarity and difference between the two languages. This study aims at investigating substitution in English and Arabic. It also aims at comparing and contrasting substitution in English and Arabic by defining it, showing its syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and textual aspects and illustrating its relation with reference and ellipsis. Furthermore, it shows to what extent both languages are similar or different in terms of substitution. It is hypothesized that the two languages are similar to each other in terms of semantic, pragmatic and textual aspects of substitution. Substitution is found in both languages. In English, it exists in grammar and text linguistics while in Arabic, it is found only in text linguistics. There are some points of similarity and difference between the two languages, but the differences outweigh the similarities. The study includes four chapters and an appendix. Chapter One is an introduction that consists of the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits of the study, and definitions of some related terms. Chapter Two and Three deal with substitution in English and Arabic respectively. Chapter Four provides a comparison of substitution in English and Arabic, gives some conclusions. The thesis has arrived at recommendations and presents some suggestions for further studies. The study comes out with some conclusions. Substitution is found in English and Arabic. In English, it is a separate and clear topic and it has its obvious formula existing in grammar and text linguistics. Arabic grammarians do not explicitly consider it. Text lingustic scholars mention it and show how it is effective in cohesion. The two languages are similar to each other in terms of semantic, pragmatic and textual aspects of substitution. There are points of similarity and difference between the two languages, but the differences outweigh the similarities. English shows more expansion in the type of substitutes. There are substitutes for nouns, verbs, adverbs and clauses. In Arabic, there are no substitutes for adverbs. Furthermore, the morphological scatter for the Arabic pro - forms is more varied than English counterparts. For example, the morphological forms for the verbal substitute 'yafAal (يفعل)' in Arabic are 'tafAalaan (تفعلان), yafAalaan (يفعلان), tafAaluun (تفعلون), yafAaluun (يفعلون) and tafAalyn (تفعلين)'. Agreement in number and gender between the substitute and the substituted item is taken into consideration in Arabic. In English, there is agreement in number only with 'one/ones and do/does'. The types of substitution are alike in both languages in that they are nominal, verbal and clausal. The substitute or the pro - form represents evidence that there is a linguistic item that relates to it or should be to fit its position

تحضير بعض الفورمازنات والثايازوليدينونات الجديدة ودراسة فعالية بعض المركبات المحضرة في خفض سكر الدم

Author name: هبة محمد داغر راشد
Supervisor name: حيدر عباس مهدي | كريم سالم عباس
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter is concerned with the introduction described the chemistry of Schiff bases , formazans and thiazolidinones compounds including importance , applications , synthesis and literature reviews.The second chapter describes the chemicals and solvents which were used in the synthesis of the new Schiff bases, formazans and thiazolidinones derivatives, physical measurements , synthesis methods of compounds and evaluation of anti - hyperglycemic activity. The formazans compounds[4a - 4h] were prepared by reacting diazonium salts amines[3a - 3c] with the appropriate Schiff bases[2a - 2h].Schiff bases themselves are synthesized by the condensation of different primary amines with various aromaticaldehydes. The thiazolidinones derivatives[5c,5e,5i,5j,5k] are synthesized by condensing thioglycolic acid with various Schiff bases[2a - 2h]. All the structures prepared [2a - 2k] , [4a - 4h] and [2c, 2e ,2i ,2j , 2k] were shown in scheme(1), and characterized on the basis of the spectral data : IR, Mass, 1H and 13C NMR. The third chapter deals with , the results and discussion. The IR spectra show an important absorption band at (1558 - 1689)cm - 1 attributed to azomethine (C=N) for Schiff bases, the IR spectra showed important absorption band at (1681 - 1597 )cm - 1 attributed to azomethine (C=N) and (1465 - 1558) cm - 1 to ( - N=N - ) for formazans derivatives. Also, the IR spectra show an important absorption band at (1689 - 1658)cm - 1 attributed to the thiazolidinones ring . The 1H - NMR spectra of formazans show aromatic protons at the range (7.07 - 8.49 )ppm and pyridyl protons as downfield signal at (8.22 - 9.15 ) hydrazide signal at 11 ppm. The 1H - NMR of thiazolidinones exhibit new signals attributed to - CH2 and - CH of thiazolidnones ring at δ (4.52 - 4.71) and (5.70 - 5.81 ) ppm, respectively .13C - NMR spectra of formazans exhibit that the a signal at 156 - 168 ppm (amide carbonyl) , thiazolidinones show a signal at (207.35 - 208 .60) ppm attributed to the C=O ring thiazolidinones.The mass spectra of the formazans compounds [4d ,4e, 4g , 4h] show a molecular ion peak. M+(354 .401 . 516. 498) m/z corresponding to the target compounds. Also, mass spectra of thiazolidinones compounds [5e, 5i] show molecular ion peak. M+ (356 , 369 ) m/z corresponding to the target compounds .This study is also concerned with anti - hyperglycemic activity ,and male mice (Mus musculus Balb/c ) weighing (25 - 35)gm were used for the study of the effects of formazan compound [4e] and thiazolidinone compound [5e] on the blood glucose levels of the animals.Animals are divided into seven different groups, Group (A) : negative control (normal) that is only treated with distilled water (D.W). Group (B) : positive control that is treated with alloxan (125mg/kg) B.W. only to induce diabetes. Group (C) : that is only treated with (DMSO) only. Group (D) : alloxan - induced diabetes mice that are treated with (75 mg/kg) of formazan derivative [4e]. Group (E) : alloxan - induced diabetes mice that are treated with (150 mg/kg) of formazan derivative [4e]. Group (F) : injected alloxan and thiazolidinone [5e] (75 mg/kg). Group (G) : injected alloxan and compound thiazolidinone [5e] (150 mg/kg) .The mice were treated for two weeks and used Colorimetric to Determination of serum Glucose Level by spectrophotometer. The results how that the determination of serum glucose concentration is in males mice groups (A , B , C , D, E , F and G ).A significant decrease can be observed among ( D, E, F and G) groups as compared with group (A) after treatment (2 week) with (75 mg /kg) and (150 mg /kg ) respectively of formazans [4e] and also treatment with(75 mg /kg) and (150 mg /kg ) from thiazolidinone [5e] . while groups (A , C ) do

تحضير وتشخيص قواعد شف ومعقداتها المشتقة من الازاتين واستخدامها في استخلاص ايون النيكل الثنائي == Synthesis and characterization of Schiff Bases and its complexes derived from isatin and using in extraction of nickel ion(II)

Author name: الاء محمد علي عبد الامير
Supervisor name: ساهر عبد الرضا علي | ابراهيم عبود فليفل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The present work include preparation of three ligands (schiff base) derived from condensation reaction isatin and 5 - Bromoisatin and 5 - Methyl isatin with (2 - aminoBenzylamine) ,to give the following ligands : (z) - 3 - (2 - ((z) - 2 - oxoindolin - 3 - ylideneamino)benzylimino)indolin - 2 - one (z)5 - bromo - 3 - (2 - ((z) - 2 - oxoindolin - 3 - ylideneamino)benzylimino)indolin - 2 - one (z)5 - methyl - 3 - (2 - ((z) - 2 - oxoindolin - 3 - ylideneamino)benzylimino)indolin - 2 - one The new complexes were prepared from the reactions of ligands L1,L2,L3 with the transition metal chlorides (NiCl2.6H2O,CoCl2.6H2O, CrCl3.6H2O).The prepared derivatives and Their complexes were studied and characterized by elemental analysis (CHN),Infrared(IR),Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy(1H - NMR),Mass Spectra , Molar conductivity techniques were used. The complexes of [Ni(II), Co(II), Cr(III)] for all ligands have shown octahedral configuration. Shiff base has been stadied by liquid - liquid extraction to words the metal ion Ni2+ from aqueous phase to organic phase .the study of condition o extraction shows that the optimum pH values for extraction was (pH= 8). the suitable concentration of (L3) was(1×10_2M).so the suitable concentration of Ni2+ ion in aqueous solution wich is giving highest distribution ratio (D) was(80μg/ml) .the optimum shaking time to reach the equilibria was(15 minute). The results show that D and (E%) depend on the structure of organic solvent used.the temperature effct that areduce in the efficiency of extraction with increase of temperature means that the reaction is exothermic .The (L3) use in the extraction of nickel from sample of tobacco . it was found that the efficiency of extraction is (E %= 98.98 ) .

دراسة مقارنة لفرط الاكسدة ووظائف الكبد في النساء ذوات تضخم الغدة الدرقية قبل وبعد عملية الاستئصال == Compartive Study for Oxidative Stress and Liver Functions in Women with Euthyroid Goiter before and after Thyroidectomy

Author name: الاء عبد فيصل
Supervisor name: رائد معلك حنون الصالح | علي نايف عاصي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Multinodular goiter defined as the palpation of multiple distinct nodules in the enlarged thyroid gland and it is one of the commonest thyroid diseases encountered in the practice of surgery. Treatment modalities are mainly antithyroid drugs and surgery. The most common surgery being performed for multinodular goitre is subtotal thyroidectomy for the reasons that it is comparatively easier to perform, less time consuming and has a lesser complication rate especially of damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve andparathyroids. Subtotal thyroidectomy involves removal of majority of the diseased thyroid tissue along with the isthmus leaving behind a remnant of roughly 4 - 8 grams on each side.This study was accomplished for evaluation the effect of thyroidectomy on thyroid hormones levels (T3, T4 and TSH) ,serum oxidant - antioxidants status( malondialdehyde (MDA) , ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf ) and albumin (Alb)) , also liver function tests (aspartate amino transferase enzyme (AST), alanine amino transferase enzyme (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (BIL)). Blood samples were obtained from (100) patients with euthyroid goiter, as well as (50) healthy subjects as a control group.The comparison is based on three variables : general comparison ]Group A (Control) : - Included fifty health subjects aged (15 - 60) years. Group B (preoperative) : - Included fifty preoperative patients aged (15 - 60) years. Group C (postoperative) : - Included fifty postoperative patients aged (15 - 60) years[, age ]each one divided into three groups : G 1(15 - 30),G 2 (31 - 40), G 3 (41 - 60)[and according to the time period after surgery ] Post - 1 group : (Less than month). Post - 2group : (From month to year). Post - 3 group : (More than year)[.The results showed that there was a significant increase in MDA, Cp, AST and ALT in all preoperative and postoperative patients in comparison with control group. Yet, Alb, Tf levels showed a significant decrease in all patients groups of preoperative and postoperative in comparison with control group. Also, MDA, Cp, AST and ALT showed a significant increase in postoperative patients in comparison with control group. But, ALP, Alb and BIL showed no significant increase in postoperative patients in compared to control group.While Tf showed a significant decrease in postoperative patients in as compared to the control group. MDA, Cp, AST, ALT, ALP and BIL was decreased in the postoperative group when compared to preoperative group. Yet, Alb, Tf showed a significant increase in postoperative patients group when compared to preoperative group .The results showed a significant increase MDA, Cp, AST, ALT, ALP and BIL in Pre - G1 in comparison with Cont - G1. But, Tf, Alb showed a significant decrease in Pre - G1 in comparison with Cont - G1. Also, MDA, Cp, ALT, ALP and BIL showed a significant increase in Pre - G1 in comparison with Post - G1. While AST showed no significant differences in Pre - G1 as compared to Post - G1. The results showed that there were a significant increase MDA, Cp, AST, ALT and BIL in Pre - G2 in comparison with Cont - G2. But, Alb showed asignificant decrease in Pre - G2 in comparison with Cont - G2. Tf showed a significant decrease in Post - G2 compared to Pre - G2, Cont - G2. While ALP showed no significant differences in all age groups as compared to Cont - G2.Also, MDA, AST and BIL showed a significant decrease in Post - G2 in comparison with Pre - G2. While ALT and ALP showed no significant differences in Pre - G2 as compared to Post - G2.The results showed that there were a significant increase MDA, Cp, AST, ALT, ALP and BIL in Pre - G3 in comparison with Cont - G3. But, Tf and Alb showed a significant decrease in Pre - G3 in comparison with Cont - G3. lso, MDA, Cp, AST and ALT showed no significant differences in Pre - G3 in comparison with Post - G3. While Tf showed a significant increase in Pre - G3 as compared to Post - G3, there were no significant differences in Alb in Pre - G3 and Post - G3 .According to The Time Period there were a significant increase in serum MDA ,Cp concentration in Post - 1and Post - 3 in comparison with Control group(P≤0.05), but there were no significant differences in serum MDA concentration between Post - 2 and Control group (P≤0.05). there were no significant differences in serum Alb, Tf concentration between Post - 1 , Post - 2, Post - 3 and Control group (P≤0.05). there was a significant increase in serum AST concentration in Post - 2, Post - 3 in comparison with control group (P≤0.05), but there were no significant differences in serum AST concentration between Post - 1 and Control group (P≤0.05), there were no significant differences in serum MDA, Cp, AST concentration between Post - 1 , Post - 2, Post - 3(P≤0.05) But, ALT and ALP showed a significant decrease in Post - 1 comparison with Post - 2 and Post - 3, there were no significant differences in serum ALT ,ALP concentration between Post - 1, Post - 2 and control group(P≤0.05), While there was a significant increase in Post - 3 comparison with control. BIL show a significant decrease in Post - 1 comparison with Post - 3.There were no significant differences in Post - 2, Post - 3 in comparison with control. But, BIL show a significant increase in Post - 1 in comparison with control.

دراسة التاثيرات الانجابية لبعض العناصر النزرة على العقم عند الرجال في محافظة ذي قار - العراق == Reproductive Effects of Some Trace Elements On Male Infertility, In Thi - Qar Governorate/Iraq

Author name: ملاك حريز نعيم الخفاجي
Supervisor name: ساجد حسن كزار | ايناس صالح جواد
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:

تحضير وتشخيص وتقييم الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض مركبات الفورمازان المشتقة من قواعد شف ومركبات الازو الجديدة ومعقداتها مع الكادميوم الثنائي II == Synthesis , Charactrization and Evaluation Biological Activity of some New Formazan Compounds Derived from Schiff Bases and Azo Compounds and Their Complexes With Cadmium(II)

Author name: محمد عبد الحسن شلال
Supervisor name: حيدر عباس مهدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The letter includes the preparation of twenty new derivatives of Formazan compounds that include Schiff bases associated with AZO compounds.The spectrum of spectroscopy (FT.IR) for all compounds, the NMR spectrum, the NMR spectrum of NMR and the CHIS for all compounds and the identification of some of their physical properties such as grade (TPC), and then to prepare four complexes (two of them for morphine and two forformas) as complexes with cadmium ion, to determine optimal conditions for complex formation and then to measure the molecular conductivity of the complex as well as the electronic measurements Wa For magnetic sensitivity. And then studying of biological activity. For some of these vehicles the research has included two main parts : section One : I attended and identified a group of derivatives (Schiff bases) and then were linked through the interaction of the nuts under certain conditions for the preparation of new Formazan compounds containing (Schiff bases - AZO compounds) on the same compound and then attended four complexes of two Schiff bases and two of the Lycandat Formazan The new vehicles have been identified above Section Two : This part of the work was studied by studying the vital effectiveness of some compounds. Schiff bases and Formazan compounds were selected to determine the effect of the active groups of the compound on inhibiting the biological activity of the microorganisms studied in this thesis

تحضير وتشخيص بعض مشتقات قواعد شف والفورمازانات ومعقداتهما واستخدامهما في استخلاص ايون Cr+6 بطريقة استخلاص نقطة الغيمة == Preparation and Characterization of some Schiff base and formazans derivatives and their Complexes and using them in the Extraction of (Cr+6) Ion By Mothed Cloud - Point Extraction

Author name: بتول مهدي صالح
Supervisor name: ساهر عبد الرضا علي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: This study includes the preparation of ten ligands and it′s complexs : Ligand L4 (N - (4 - ((2 - (phenylcarbamothioyl)hydrazono)methyl)phenyl) acetamide) was prepared by the condensation of (4 - acetamido benzaldehyde) with (4 - phenylthiosemi carbazide). Ligand L5 (1, 3 - bis (2 - hydroxy - 3 - methoxy - (E) - benzylideneamino) eurea) was prepared by the condensation of (o - vanillin) with (carbohydrazide). Formazan F1 (1 - benzoyl - 3 - (2 - hydroxyphenyl) - 5 - phenylformazan) is prepared from coupling the diazonium salt with (L1) proportions Molar (1 : 1). Formazan F2 (3 - (2 - hydroxyphenyl) - 1 - nicotinyl - 5 - phenyl formazan) was prepared by coupling the diazonium salt with (L2) proportions Molar (1 : 1).Complexes were prepared for (L3), (F1) and (F2) by interaction with the salts of the elements NiCl2.6H2O, CoCl2.6H2O, CdCl2.6H2O, CrCl3.6H2O. The ligands and it′s complexes were characterized by using Elemental Analysis (C.H.N) Infrared Spectroscopy(FT - IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H - NMR) , Mass Spectra and Molar Electrical Conductivity and the results were identical to what is expected scientifically. The spatial shape of the complexes prepared is (octahedral). (ligand L1 and formazan F1) on distribution ratio values and percentage of extraction, where results showed that percentage values and distribution ratio in this way increase with increasing concentration of (L1 and F1) where he found that the best distribution ratio (D) and percentage (% E) to extract ion(Cr+6) when concentration (L1 & F1) is (5 * 10 - 4 M).

تحضير , تشخيص ودراسة بيولوجية لمشتقات جديدة من 4,3,1 - ثايادايازول ومعقداتها مع بعض ايونات العناصر الانتقالية == Preparation , Characterization and biological study of new derivatives of 1,3 , 4 - Thiadiazole and their complexes with some transitional element ions

Author name: نعيم عبد السادة بشير الخفاجي
Supervisor name: ابراهيم عبود فليفل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The present study involves preparation of three new ligands derived from the thiadiazole (2,5 - dihydrazineyl - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol) with 1H - indole - 2,3 - dione (Isatin) by the ratio (1 : 2). the ligands L1 and L2 were synthesized from the reaction between thiadiazole derivative with (Benzophenone) by the ratio (1 : 2). The ligand L3 was prepared from thiadiazole derivative and (3 - aminoacetophenone) by the ratio (1 : 2), the following are the structural formulas of the prepared ligands : Prepared the complexes of the transitional elements ions [Cr+3, Fe+3, Co+2, Ni+2 and Cu+2] with ligands (L1, L2 and L3), where the ligands and their complexes characterization by precision analysis of elements (C.H.N.), Infrared spectrum (FT - IR), proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H - NMR), Mass spectrometry, measurement magnetic sensitivity and measurement molarconductivity the results were practical exactly matching with the molecular and structural formulas of the proposed compounds. Hyperchem was used to draw ligands and their complexes and to show the distribution of electronic density. The data indicates that the configuration of the complexes {[CrL1Cl3], [FeL1 3] , [CoL1 3]}, {[CrL2 3], [FeL2 3] ,[CoL2Cl3]} {[Cr(L3)2Cl ]Cl, 3)2Cl2] and [Co(L )2Cl2]Cl} are octahedral , while the proposed configuration of the complexes {[NiL Cl2], 1Cl2]}, [NiL2Cl2] [CuL2Cl ]} ,{[NiL Cl2] and [CuL3Cl2 are square planer. A study was conducted testing the biological activity for the prepared ligands and their complexes against two types of bacteria (staphylococcus aureus) and (Escherichia coli) compared to the standard inhibitor (Ciprofloxacin), the obtained results confirmed the biological effectiveness of prepared preparations except for the third ligand higher than standard inhibitor (Cipro) towards the bacteria (Escherichia coli), the following complexes also showed (A5, C5, C4, C3 and C1) biological effectiveness towards the bacteria (Escherichia coli) higher than standard inhibitor (Cipro), while the rest complexes showed less effectiveness than the standard inhibitor (Cipro) ) 4and A 3, A2(A ) except the complexesEscherichia colitowards the bacteria (where don't showed any biological effectiveness. Also the study confirmed that ligands and their complexes did not show any biological activity towards the bacteria (staphylococcus aureus).

استخلاص وتشخيص ودراسة كيموحيوية لبعض الزيوت الاساسية في نبات الرشاد البري في مدينة الناصرية / العراق

Author name: مريم ماجد كاظم الحسيناوي
Supervisor name: حسام محمد كريدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:

تحضير وتشخيص وتقيم الفعالية البيولوجية لبعض مركبات الفورمازان المشتقة من قواعد شف الجديدة ومعقداتها مع بعض العناصر الانتقالية == Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of some new Formazan compounds derived from Schiff Bases and their complexes with some transition Metals.

Author name: اعراف محمود داود
Supervisor name: حيدر عباس مهدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis contains three chapters represents, the first chapter introduction and interested in studying the chemistry of schiff base and derivatives of formazan, their complexes in terms of their characteristics, importance and synthesis.The second chapter is interested in describing the chemicals and procedures used in the synthesis of the required compounds, and the study of physical measurements, synthesis methods of compounds and evaluation as well as the biological activity.In this research, four new derivatives of formazan (L3, L4, L5 - 4d), which synthesized from the reaction of Diazonium salt amine with suitable Schiff base (L1, L2 - 2d). The Schiff base can product of different primary amines with several aromatic aldehyde and synthesized both of the (Schiff bases, formazans) suitable complexes.The third chapter Results and Discussion, identified synthesized formazan derivatives as well as Schiff bases prefix and its complexes by appropriate spectral methods including of infrared spectroscopy (FT - IR) for all compounds, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrum (1H - NMR) for all compounds Microanalysis (CHNS) for the majority of compounds as well as Mass spectra. For all complexes were recording certain physical properties, such as melting point (m.p.). Monitoring progress of the chemical reaction by using thin chromatography layer (TLC). We synthesis eight complexes (three from Schiff bases and five from formazan derivatives) were complexes with ions (Co, Ni, Cd), then measuring the molar conductivity of complexes. Then study the biological effectiveness for some compounds have been chosen complexes Schiff bases, as well as formazan complexes to determine the effect of active groups in these compounds to evaluate the efficiency ofXIthe compounds against different type of bacteria.The research also includes a test of biological effectiveness of the prepared ligands and their metallic complexes, where we study response inhibitory to the three types of bacteria, a gram positive type of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureuse) and gram negative type of the bacteria (Escherichia Coli and salmonella species) and compared with the standard inhibitor (Cipro).The biological effectiveness swohs positive results as it was noted The ligand L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 and Schiff base 4d Showed lower efficiency than the standard inhibitor trend three types of bacteria. The prepared complexes from ligands appeared high effective than the effectiveness of the ligands itself The formazan (L3, L4, L5 dna 2d) appeared high effective than the effectiveness of the prepared Schiff base

تخليق وتشخيص بعض المركبات الاحادية والثنائية للكاما لاكتام والثايزوليدينون == SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME MONO AND BIS ? - LACTAMS AND THIAZOLIDINONES COMPOUNDS

Author name: اصالة سلام جبر
Supervisor name: محمود شاكر مكطوف التميمي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Organic Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: This study is concerned with the synthesis and characterization of mono, bis γ - lactams 3(a - h) and mono, bis Thiazolidinone 4(a - i). The structures of the prepared compounds are confirmed by the spectral data include FT - IR spectroscopy , 1H - NMR spectroscopy , 13C - NMR spectroscopy, Mass spectroscopy.Mono and bis γ - Lactams are prepared by reacting Phenyl succinic anhydride with the appropriate Schiff base , in dry chloroform. The obtained mono and bis γ - lactams 3(a - g) is in moderate yields (51 - 75%).The FT - IR spectra showed an absorption bands at (1636 - 1692 cm - 1) attributed to amide carbonyl group ( - N - C=O), and at (1699 - 1733 cm - 1) carboxylic group which attributed (COOH) . The 1H - NMR spectra of compounds 3(a - g),show signals of the aliphatic protons at rang (3.356 - 4.02) ppm and signals for aromatic protons at rang (7.202 - 8.218) ppm. The 13C - NMR spectra of compounds 3(a - e), show signal at rang (171.30 - 178.58) ppm which related amide carbon ( - N - C=O), and at rang (178.32 - 182.16) ppm carboxylic carbon (COOH).Mono and bis Thiazolidinones are prepared by the reaction of thioglycolic acid with Schiff base, in dry benzene. The produced Thiazolidinones 4(a - f) is in moderate yields (55 - 78%).The FT - IR spectra showed an absorption band at (1654 - 1691 cm - 1) attributed to carbonyl group which is related to ( - N - C=O). The 1H - NMR spectra show signals of the aliphatic protons at rang (4.2 - 7.1) ppm and signals for aromatic protons at rang (7.352 - 8.015) ppm. The 13C - NMR spectra show signals at rang (172.32 - 179.52) ppm which is related to amide carbonyl group ( - N - C=O).

دراسة مستويات مصل الهوموسيستين وعلاقته مع بعض انزيمات القلب في المرضى الذين يعانون من احتشاء عضلة القلب في محافظة ذي قار - العراق == Study of Serum Homocysteine levels and Its Correlation with Some Cardiac Enzymes in Patients with Myocardial Infarction In Thi - Qar Province/Iraq

Author name: اديان سعد حمزة
Supervisor name: محمد عجة عودة
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the medical term for an event commonly known as heart attack. An MI occurs when blood stops flowing properly to a part of the heart, and the heart muscle is injured because it is not receiving enough oxygen. Biochemical tests are restricted to monitoring cardiac enzymes activities. Therefore, introducing homocysteine test in hospitals for MI patients may provide a clearer picture on the patient condition and help in the disease management.The study was conducted during the period from October 2015 till August 2016. Sixty - three of the people who have a history of injury in the acute myocardial infarction are studied. The diagnosis is based on the clinical presentation and confirmed by ECG, and cardiac enzyme. Forty - eight of persons as healthy volunteers were selected as a control group.The results indicated the following : The proportion of patients male (57%) and females (43%), smokers (49%) and non - smokers (51%), most of them are females. The results also showed that (32%) live in cities, compared to (68%) live in rural areas, and patients Serum homocysteine was significantly higher in MI patients compared to the control group. Homocysteine levels were higher in smokers(p = 0.0001). and unemployed individuals(p < 0.0001)., as well as in individuals with family history of MI or CAD(p < 0.0001). High hypertensive, diabetic and obese individuals had also higher levels of homocysteine . Based on the results of this study suggested measuring the amino acid Homocysteine levels of security as one of the effective ways to diagnose patients with myocardial infarction in hospitals

دراسة كيمو حيوية مقارنه للاجهاد التاكسدي وانماط الدهون في المرضى كبار السن المصابين بمرض الارتجاف الاذني في محافظة ذي قار العراق == A Biochemical Comparative Study of Oxidative Stress and Lipid Profile in Elderly Patients With Atrial Fibrillation in Thi - Qar Governorate/Iraq

Author name: سارة عاشور ساير
Supervisor name: رائد معلك حنون الصالح | عدنان الطعان الخفاجي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: English
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in the general population, and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Lifetime risk for development of AF has been estimated to 1 in 4 in individuals aged 40 years or more.The present study is designed to determine the levels of oxidative stress by measuring lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde MDA), antioxidant state by measuring some antioxidants such as (ceruloplasmin Cp, Transferrin Tf, albumin Alb ,uric acid Ua) ,in addition to lipid profile (cholesterol TC, triglyceride TG, high density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL - C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL - C and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol VLDL - C) in atrial fibrillation patients .The study included (150) subjects; (75) normal subjects (control) and (75) patients with atrial fibrillation. The patients are divided into two groups according to the age : (39) elderly patients [the age range (60 - 80) years] and (36) others patients [the age range (20 - 59) years], also patients are divided in to two groups according to the age with one or more risk factor (Hypertention (HTN), Ischemic Heart Disease(IHD), Heart Hailure (HF)) : elderly which included (18) patients (lone AF) , (21) patients (AF with HTN, IHD, HF) and others which included (17) patients (lone AF), (19) patients (AF with HTN, IHD, HF).The normal subjects (control) also divided into two groups according to the age : elderly [the age range (60 - 80) years] and others [the age range (20 - 59) years] .According to age, the results shown significant increase in the concentration of serum (MDA, Cp, uric acid, TC, TG, VLDL - C, LDL - C ) in elderly and other groups in comparison with their control groups (p≤0.05). It was found significant increase in the concentration of serum MDA in elderly group in comparison with other group, also it was found significant increase in the concentration of serum uric acid in control elderly group in comparison withXIVcontrol other group (p≤0.05). The results also showed non significant differences in the concentration of serum (Cp, uric acid, TC,TG, LDL - C, VLDL - C) between elderly and other groups. It was also found non significant differences in the concentration of serum ( Cp, TC, TG, LDL - C, VLDL - C) between control elderly and control other groups (p≤0.05). While serum Alb , serum Tf and serum HDL - C concentrations show a significant decrease in elderly and other groups in comparison with their control groups (p≤0.05). The results showed significant decrease in the concentration of serum HDL - C in control elderly group in comparison with control other group. Also there were no significant differences in the concentration of serum Alb serum Tf and serum HDL - C between elderly and others groups (p≤0.05).According to the age with one or more risk factor (HTN, IHD, HF) the results show a significant increase in the concentration of serum (MDA, Cp , uric acid, TC, TG, VLDL - C , LDL - C ) in elderly and other groups in comparison with their control groups (p≤0.05). It was found a significant increase in the concentration of serum MDA in the groups AF and AF with HTN, IHD, HF ( in elderly groups) in comparison with groups AF and AF with HTN, IHD, HF (in other groups) respectively (p≤0.05). It was also found a significant increase in the concentration of serum uric acid in control elderly groups in comparison with control other groups , also there were no significant differences in the concentration of serum (CP ,TC , TG ,VLDL - C, LDL - C) between elderly and other groups (p≤0.05). serum Alb ,serum Tf and serum HDL - C show a significant decrease in elderly and other groups in comparison with their control groups, also there was significant decrease in the concentration of serum HDL - C in control elderly groups in comparison with control other groups (p≤0.05). It was also found non significant differences in the concentration of serum Alb and serum Tf between elderly and other groups (p≤0.05).

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة بايولوجية لمشتقات جديدة من - 3,4,0 اوكسادايزول و3,4,0 - ثايادايازول ومعقداتها مع بعض العناصر الانتقالية واستخدامها في استخلاص الكوبلت الثنائي == Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological activity Study of New 1,3,4 - Oxadiazole and 1,3,4 - Thiadiazole Derivatives and Some of Their Transition Metal Complexes and Using in extraction of cobalt ion (ll)

Author name: ازهار حميد كاطع
Supervisor name: ساهر عبد الرضا علي | ابراهيم عبود فليفل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - College Of Science - Chemistry Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The thesis include preparation and characterization of some new derivations of 1,3,4 - oxadiazole and 1,3,4 - thiadiazole as ligands which are : - L1 = 2,2' - [(1E,2E) - ethane - 1,2 - diylidenedi(2E)hydrazin - 1 - yl - 2 - ylidene]bis(5 - methyl - 1,3,4 - oxadiazole) L2 = 2 - hydrazinyl - 5 - [(2E) - 2 - {(2Z) - 2 - [2 - (5 - hydrazinyl - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - yl)hydrazinylidene]ethylidene}hydrazinyl] - 1,3,4 - thiadiazole L3 = 2,2' - {1,3,4 - thiadiazole - 2,5 - diylbis[(1E)hydrazin - 2 - yl - 1 - ylidene(E)methylylidene]}bis(6 - methoxyphenol) with structural formula L1 L2 L3 The new complexes were prepared from the reactions of ligands L1,L2,L3 with the transition metal salts (CrCl3.6H2O, COCl2.6H2O,NiCl2.6H2O) . The elemental analysis (CHN) , Infrared(IR) Spectroscopy , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H - NMR) , Mass Spectra , Magnetic Susceptibility and Molar conductivity techniques were used to characterize the structural formula of these ligands and their complexes.1) The complexes of [Cr(III) , Co(III)] for all ligands have shown octahedral configuration. 2) Complexes of [Ni(II)] with all ligands have shown square planar configuration.liquid - liquid extraction using L2 as extracting agent , The best results were obtained from liquid - liquid extraction in which Co(ll) had a 95% extraction rate at pH 9 ,temperature degree at 40 C0 Testing the biological activity for ligands and their complex by using spreed method and measurement inhibition zone by using (DMSO) as solvent and erythromycin as standard bactericidal , using in this study two types from bacteria one gram negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli ) and other isgram positive bacteria strains staphylococcus aureus

دور الادعاء العام في حماية حقوق الانسان : دراسة مقارنة == The Role of General Prosecution in the Protection of Human Rights (A comparative study)

Author name: انتصار جعفر خضر الخفاجي
Supervisor name: ناصر كريمش خضر الجوراني
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Principles of Criminal Trials
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Public Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The General Prosecution is considered one of the judicial jurisdiction formations, a specialized authority of protecting human rights during the levels of the panel case, it totally concerned in the good management of law applying, whether it was for the sake of the accused or the victim, in which it does not take sides for each. It represents the common good and performs its roles objectively and equally.The Iraqi legislator authorized the general prosecution to do different roles during all procedures of the penal case, on the level of investigation and collecting of evidences, we find out that it takes charge of supervision and inspection over the members of the judicial checking up in order to see how committed they are in the standards of investigating crimes without making any violation or diverging in the investigation.When instituting the penal case , we find out that it is commencing its authority in evaluating the properness of instituting the case or in how not well the process is going , agreeing with the standards , which the legislator has guaranteed to the rights of the accused , its bearing the burden of proving the charge of guilty in all details , having worked it in justice seeking innocence of the accused . Whenever it is being forced by the necessitates of investigating the truth, it might have to violate the individual freedoms, for it is not seeking to violate any rights except when the legislator has provided it with guarantees. .In a narrowed standard of the crimes, it must not call for an arrest unless the accused has given enough guarantees to show up , as well as thegeneral Prosecution will take care of the victim rights via allowing the victim the right by applying a complaint in the penal case .As on the level of primary investigation, we find out that it is playing very significant roles , that contribute in providing the necessary guarantees for human rights of the accused , in this level by way of reporting the investigation judge , and by taking charge of the investigation duties in limited situations , and by having presented the special procedures of the primary investigation .We touch upon an extension in its role too , in the level of the trial , it is the perfect supervisor over what the legislations have provided of a fair trial as a guaranty , whenever the court has issued its decision , it has the right of appealing it , if the decision of the court was absolute , it will supervise the acting out of the decision within what the legislator has decided if a problem existed in the decision , stopping the decision will be ordered in response of what humanitarian necessities have presented

المسؤولية الانضباطية لعضو مجلس المحافظة : دراسة مقارنة == isciplinary responsibility of member of local councils - comparative study

Author name: احمد عبد الله خلف الكناني
Supervisor name: وليد خشان زغير الموسوي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Constitutional Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Public Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: That the provincial councils perform their functions requires a great deal of responsibility and awareness of members, which requires the activating the self - censorship of these councils over its members as the tool that expresses the will of the council. The disciplinary responsibility is one of the most important tools for activating the self - censorship of these councils. Membership, the member may commit administrative, civil or even criminal liability. Therefore, disciplinary accountability is one of the most important pillars of the service systems in the world, because it aims to maintain order within the Council and the impact on the functioning of the Council The local supervisory and legislative work of these councils, since the member's commitment to his duties and dedication to the public interest has become one of the objectives through which the Council can perform its functions and provide its services to the fullest.There were several reasons that led to the selection of this study, including the lack of studies in the disciplinary responsibility for members of the provincial councils, showing the face of inadequacies in the disciplinary system, so addressed the subject of disciplinary liability of a member of the provincial council in the light of each of the Iraqi discipline system contained in the law of provinces not organized in Region No. 21 of 2008 amended, and the Egyptian disciplinary system in the law of the local administration system No. 43 of 1979 amending.We divided the study section primer and three chapters, we dealt with Definition local council irregular in the province ,and dealt with irregularities disciplinary of the member of the provincial council in the first chapter, and dealt with the explanation of disciplinary punishments in Chapter II, Chapter III was allocated to discuss Disciplinary safeguards for faculty of the member of the provincial council.We concluded with a final result that weak legislative treatment of the issue of disciplinary responsibility and its ineffectiveness in the law of governorates that are not organized in the amended region No. 21 of 2008, or rather the lack of a complete disciplinary legislative system concerned with the statement of disciplinary penalties for violating the system of hearings and penalties for violating the rest The duties and prohibitions of membership, the procedures for imposing such penalties, and the provision of adequate guarantees of investigation, reasonableness and proportionality between the disciplinary penalty and the violation committed by the member and ending with the grievance and judicial appeal. Party consensus and its impact on activating disciplinary accountability. B As we have reached legislator Iraqi inter of recommendations the most important of which need to establish a disciplinary system for the members of the provincial councils instead of relying on the individual treatment of The internal regulations of the provincial councils and their deficient treatments, through which the investigation and investigative committees are used to prove the violation committed by the member when the subject of his dismissal from office Membership, rather than questioning, for several reasons including that the investigative committees are more specialized and deeper in verifying the availability of the reasons for the dismissal (dropping membership) or not, in addition the interrogation is carried out by the Council itself. Either the member belongs to the majority of particular party it takes them to be lenient with their colleague or if the member belongs to an opposition party the decision to drop membership in the hands of the ruling party is based on political considerations that are more consensual than the member committing a sin or a career fault. Thus denying justice and depriving the punishment of its intended purpose of assessment and deterrence.

الاليات الدولية لاسترداد الممتلكات الثقافية : دراسة تطبيقية على الممتلكات الثقافية العراقية == International mechanisms for the restoration cultural property an applied study on the Iraqi cultural property

Author name: علي وطن عنيد عاتي
Supervisor name: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
General topic: Law
Specific topic: International Humanitarian Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Public Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The study dealt with the definition of the concept of the recovery of cultural property, in accordance with a precise presentation of the most important international conventions that defined this concept. It then proceeded to put forward the principles governing restitution, especially the principle of international law, the principle of territoriality and their impact on the principle of restitution. In view of the existence of formal and objective conditions to complete the implementation of this principle, while acknowledging the existence of criticism of each of these conditions, which may lead to the release of the condition or the whole subject of its content, that the suspicion of Iraq from the illegal trading of cultural property and difficulties In restitution This shows the multiplicity and diversity of means of recovery, which shows the urgent need to indicate the way for governments, organizations and stakeholders to contribute to the recovery of Iraqi cultural property by determining the mechanisms that can be followed for the recovery of such property, in the chaos of legislation and the lack of knowledge of the mechanisms and means that Through which the Iraqi state can restore its lost heritage as the international legislations concerned have agreed on the right of Iraq to recover its cultural property through national and international means. The legal necessity is to activate the UN Security Council resolutions and regulations. Competent in order to prevent the trafficking of Iraqi cultural property and work to bring it back, and the conclusion of bilateral agreements in order to recover as much as possible from our property located abroad, because some states provide for the need for reciprocity, in order to overcome the obstacles facing the recovery process.

فكرة التعويض العقابي واثرها في المسؤولية المدنية : دراسة مقارنة == The Idea Of Punitive Damages & Its Effect On Civil Liability (Compararative study)

Author name: مها ناجي جاسم
Supervisor name: ظافر حبيب جبارة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Civil Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Private Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Compensation shall always be proportionate to the damage caused by the defendant. Therefore, one of the conditions for compensation is to be equal to the damage. Punitive damages, on the other hand, does not consider the damage to the extent that it considers the mistake. Punitive damages is an exception of the principle of full compensation, for it aims to punish the perpetrator and deter others from doing the same thing. A punitive damages was created by British Common Law. It is described as one of the features of the British judiciary, for the British legislator realized that there are legal cases in which the compensation does not adress the justice. Therefore, the perpetrator deserved more than just a compensation for causing damage, but he must be getting a punitive damages. Meanwhile, this act did not reach the level of crime, which is punishable under the liability system in the criminal law; thus, it was necessary to invent a punitive damages system. Aware of the shortcomings of the civil liability system in some cases, this legislation has legitimized this type of compensation in order to impose it on any reckless behavior that conducted by the defendant, rather than to compensate the plaintiff. Courts believe that composing the plaintiff for the actual damage that he suffered of is insufficient and that the defendant must be punished financially as a result of his bad behavior, and deterring anyone who intends of committing similar behavior in the future. For the purpose of the subject , We divided our research into two sections, In the first chapter, we discussed the concept of punitive compensation and its distinctive characteristics. In the second chapter, the subject of punitive damages in English law and the problems raised by the subject of the research, and we devoted The second of the field of application of punitive compensation in Iraqi law divided into two chapters, we discussed the field of application compensation punitive in the Iraqi judiciary as the first chapter, and allocated the second chapter to the field of application of punitive compensation in Iraqi legislation.

التنظيم القانوني لعقد الدلالة في التشريع العراقي : دراسة مقارنة في ضوء قرارات محكمة التمييز الاتحادية == Legal Regulation Of Brokerage Contract In Iraqi Legislation A Comparative Study In The Light Of Decisions Of The Federal Court Of Cassation

Author name: احمد عكار نزال
Supervisor name: ظافر حبيب جبارة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Civil Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Private Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Brokerage works have a distinct position in economic life, given the need of people, from traders and others, to who is looking for someone be a party to a particular contract, and he shall intervene, as appropriate, in the negotiations necessary for its conclusion, and this is the essence of a broker's work.The broker in this case is doing just a physical act, so he do not conclude the contract which he has mediated on behalf of his client, neither in his name, nor in the name of his client, which is a work exercised by the broker freely, and independently, for his own account, without being subordinate to his client. The Broker's undertaking to work on facilitating the conclusion of the transaction that the Client wishes to complete creates a legal relationship, regulated by a contract, called the brokering contract, it is one of the specific consensual bilateral contracts, which gained a commercial character and entered in to the scope of nominated contracts after the legislator assigned out to regulate its provisions in a special law, namely the Brokerage Act 1987.Although the general rule, is the liberty of will to conclude the contracts, but the Iraqi legislator, preferred to restriction this will to a large extent, whether in the liberty to choose the person who take over the task of mediation of, or in the liberty of arrangement of obligations arising from the contract, as the brokerage is not permissible for all those who wish to practice it, because the law restricts its practice to people of integrity from Iraqis, who have completed the twenty - fifth year of age, and must be fulltime to practice in a commercial place, after getting a commercial name, and obtaining a permit from the competent authority. These conditions of public order, violation of them shall result in invalidity of the contract, and depriving the party pledged in brokering of any right to commission or indemnity resulting from the impossibility of returning the situation to what it was as a result of nullity. In spite of the ordinary terms of brokerage contract which imposes parallel obligations on the contracting parties, the Iraqi legislator obliged the broker to perform the transaction faithfully, as well as the Iraqi legislator obliged him to keep maintain the documents relating to the transaction. The breach of theses duties involve the broker's criminal and civil responsibility.,On the other hand, the Iraqi legislator determined a fixed amount for the remuneration of broker, which the contracting parties can not be agree to the contrary, and he restricts its entitlement by two conditions : concluding of contract which mediated by the broker, and the existence of a link of causality between this conclusion and the broker's efforts, in which, without these efforts, the contract would not have been concluded. But the practical application of the rules governing the remuneration of broker, showed two problems, led to the prejudice towards broker, to the extent that his rights were wasted.The first problem, Relating to broker's remuneration in scope of formal contracts, however he deprive of his remuneration for just undoing completion the formality required by law by one of the parties, the Courts embed this prejudice, by depriving the broker of any compensation for his efforts to conclude the contract, without a legal justification.The second problem relates to the official tariff, which is no longer compatible with the value of transactions that broker mediates in their conclusion, due to the devaluation of the Iraqi currency, compared to its value at the time of the enactment of the law, who as appointed the ratios, on the basis of which the broker's remuneration, and must not exceed one thousand and five hundred dinars, exceeding the commission of the broker, the maximum limit of the remuneration, is considered a criminal offense and administrative, resulting in a fine and the withdrawalof this permit.However, the Iraqi judiciary has subjected the broker's remuneration to its discretionary power, based on a general principle that decides the possibility of changing the provisions, which based on custom or interest, if that custom or interest changes in view of the requirements and variables of life. Undoubtedly, the texts that organized the broker's remuneration, were put in the interest represented by, the reducing the overvaluation, this interest has changed by changing the value of the currency, thus, the Official tariff became an inappropriate standard to exaggeration, on the contrary, it has become a trivial amount, not commensurate with the transactions that are determined according to their value.

مسؤولية المورد المدينة عن مخاطر نقل التكنولوجيا == Civil Liability For Risks of Technology Transfer

Author name: عبد الحسين لوكي زاجي
Supervisor name: طارق كاظم عجيل
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Commercial Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Private Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: In the technological world we live in, transfer of technology is of great importance. Technologies transferred all over; from an advanced and industrialized country to a poorer developing country, from a developed country to another developed country and among firms in a developed market. The primary means of technology transfer is by imitating and making copies, which are sold on to purchasers. However, there are cases, as I will discuss further, where copying is impossible, or other cases where copying is prohibited. In those cases, technology transfer involves contracting. Agreements of technology transfer may have several methods. For example, license agreement, supply agreement for products protected by intellectual property rights, technical assistance agreement relating to the training needed to use a specified technology and acquisition of a technology based firm.One of the most new dilemma in the 21th century is the rising of technologies, and these type of modern human innovation have a complex side at its invisible hazardous, by its waste or the products that made by using of technology.That mad there is Avery important challenge in some new technologies as well as the flowing : - 1 - Biotechnology, refer to classic bio technology, and nanobiotechnology2 - Nanotechnology, means the nanorobots technology and nanomaterial technology, that deal with atoms and all tiny thing, Nanotechnology has marked its presence in various fields of science and technology. After the first and second generation nanotechnology applications it has open up the door for the possibility of applying in almost any sector of science and technology. Thus with its progress into diverse sectors, it's uses and applications are also diverse, serving a wide range of purposes like food, health and fitness, electronics, medical. Nanotechnologies refer to “technologies of the tiny”. They span domains as diverse as computing, material science, medicine, energy production and storage, etc., bring together fields as varied as physics, chemistry, genetics, information and communication technologies, and cognitive sciences, and should become virtually ubiquitous before long.Nanotechnologies are with us already. Indeed, consumers are already being offered products manufactured with nanotechnologies including cosmetics, clothing, and sporting goods. But, while technology and market analysts alike expect the very small to become very big, nanotechnologies are still emerging.3 - Informationtechnology, the important of this technology is appear at individual actives but it our info at a general web, for that reason it must be regulated in Iraq, By regulation of transfer of technology. As follow : - Bi - Simply put, technology transfer is the process by which a technology, expertise, knowhow or facilities developed by one individual, enterprise or organization is transferred to another individual, enterprise or organization. Effective technology transfer results in of a new product or service or in the improvement of an existing product or process.Depending on the nature of technology and the capacity of the recipient, the process of technology transfer may be simple and straightforward but usually is iterative, collaborative, and fairly complex. In the latter case, it may require the users to acquire new information and skills and change old habits and ways of doing things.ii - It may even require changes in the technology being transferred, to improve the chances of “fit” and optimal performance in the new situation. Technology transfer may happen from country to country, from industry to industry, or from research laboratory to an existing or new business. It may be facilitated by financial or other types of assistance and support that may be provided by government or other agencies at national, regional, local or institutional levels. This article deals with issues such as how is technology transferred; what are the main types of legal contracts for the transfer of technology and what will determine the type of agreement that is entered into by the two parties involved in the technology transfer.The creation or absorption of new technology has become a vital component for companies to improve or maintain their competitive position in the market place. Companies operating in sectors where competition takes place on the basis of price alone, such as the extraction or commercialization of raw materials, may rely on new technologies to improve their efficiency in the extraction of raw materials by improving their productive processes or acquiring new machinery and equipment. They may also use new technology to better commercialize their products or to improve their management structure, control and communication.In other sectors, where the market evolves incessantly as new products with new functions or designs appear on a regular basis, companies are forced to innovate by acquiring or developing new technologies. Technological innovation is therefore a crucial element ofiii - the competitive strategy of any enterprise, big or small, high - tech or low - tech. The ongoing integration of domestic and international markets through continuing deregulation and liberalization of markets has enhanced competitive pressure for all firms, and especially increased the technological needs of small enterprises worldwide while also improving their access to new technologies and capital goods.iv - technology in - house or to obtain it from others. While investing in technology creation may be expensive and risky, as there are many uncertainties linked to the innovation process, it has the advantage ofCpreventing technological dependence on other companies and enables the company to enhance its technological capability and to innovate according to its own specific needs.IN briefly and a finally viewing A technology transfer is any transaction which involves the acquisition of, or the right to lawfully use, specified intellectual property assets developed, owned, and/or controlled by another. Depending on the circumstances, such a transaction will involve not only the intangible legal rights associated with the specific assets, but also will require a transfer of the relatively tangible technology and other confidential information necessary for the legal rights to be properly used and exploited. Simply put, technology transfer is the process by which a technology, expertise, knowhow or facilities developed by one individual, enterprise or organization is transferred to another individual, enterprise or organization. Effective technology transfer results in commercialization of a new product or service or in the improvement of an existing product or process.Depending on the nature of technology and the capacity of the recipient, the process of technology transfer may be simple and straightforward but usually is iterative, collaborative, and comple

المحاكم المختصـة في دعاوى الجنسيـة العراقيـة == The competent Courts in the disputes of Iraqi nationality

Author name: وجود خلف لفتة الزيرجاوي
Supervisor name: اياد مطشر صيهود
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Private International Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Private Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: الملخصالجنسية الرابطة القانونية والسياسية بين الفرد والدولة، تنفرد الدولة بتنظيم احكامها، ولا سلطة عليها فيما تضعه من قواعد منظمة لهذه المفردة، ولاهميتها اختلفت الدول في اعطاء مرتبة القوة لاحكامها، فبعضها جعلها من اعمال السيادة، ومنع المحاكم من نظرها، في حين ذهب الاتجاه الاخر الى عدها من اعمال الادارة العادية الخاضعة لرقابة القضاء، وهذا الاخير عندما اخضعها للقضاء، ذهب في ذلك مذاهب مختلفة، فبعضها ذهب الى منح الاختصاص للقضاء الاداري، كما في مصر، وجعل كل منازعاتها خاضعة لهذا القضاء، بيد ان بعضها الاخر ذهب الى اختصاص القضاء العادي بها، كما في فرنسا، وهناك اتجاه اخر ذهب الى ان المختص بها هو هيئات او لجان مختصة غير تابعة للقضاء الاداري ولا حتى للقضاء العادي، كما في دولة الكويت وعمان .بعد التغييرات التي حصلت بالنظام في عام 2003، وجد المشرع العراقي نفسه امام قانون جائر للجنسية العراقية، نتج عن تطبيقه حرمان المئات من العراقيين من جنسياتهم بدون سبب، وفي عام 2005 بعد صدور الدستور العراقي، كان قد تضمن احكاما تتعلق بالجنسية العراقية، لم يكن تتضمنها التشريعات السابقة، وبه صدر قانون الجنسية العراقية النافذ لسنة 2006 الذي تضمن الاحكام التي جاء بها الدستور، والتي حرص المشرع فيها على الغاء الاحكام الجائرة الموجودة في القوانين السابقة، ومن ضمن هذه الاحكام نصه على التنظيم القضائي في دعاوى الجنسية العراقية.بيد ان الاتجاه المتبع في العراق غير واضح المعالم كما في تشريعات الدول، بل جاءت النصوص المنظمة لهذا الاختصاص بمصطلحات غير دقيقة، ومعنى غير رصين، لا يبين على وجه الدقة من هي الجهة صاحبة الاختصاص، لذا ثارت الخلافات بين اتجاهات الفقه العراقي، فبعضها ذهب الى ان القضاء الاداري هو المختص، وهو ما متسالم عليه تقريبا، بكون محكمة القضاء الاداري هي من تختص بهذه المنازعات، وبعضها الاخر ذهب الى ان محاكم القضاء العادي هي المختصة بهذه المنازعات، متمثلة بمحكمة البداءة؛ كونها خليفة المحاكم الادارية التي ذكرها المشرع بالنص، هذا من جهة النظر الابتدائي، اما من جهة الطعن في الاحكام الصادرة في دعاوى الجنسية ايضا كان الخلاف سائدا في تحديد الجهة المختصة، فبعضها ذهب على انها المحكمة الاتحادية العليا، وبعضها ذهب على انها محكمة التمييز الاتحادية. | Nationality is a legal relation between the individual and the state. The State has the right and authority to regulate the provisions of nationality and there is no authority over the State to regulate the rules of nationality. For the importance of regulating the provisions of nationality, states different in giving legal force to their provisions. Some countries have considered them from the acts of sovereignty, while others have regard them as normal acts of administration which must be subject to judicial oversight. The jurists have different on the determination of the judicious objection to resolve nationality disputes. Some jurists consider the administrative jurisdiction to be the solution to those disputes as in Egypt. Other jurists consider that the ordinary judiciary is as competent as in France. There is a new trend that assigns the task of resolving disputes to competent committees. These committees are not subject to either the ordinary judiciary or the administrative judicial, as in Kuwait and Oman. The Iraqi legislature has found that the old nationality law is an impartial law that has left many unfair applications. One of those applications, where hundreds of Iraqis are preempted from retaining their nationality for no apparent reason. In 2005, the new Iraqi constitution includes new provisions relating to the regulation of nationality, and accordingly to the Constitution, the Iraqi Nationality Law was issued in force in 2006. The new Iraqi nationality law contains provisions approving the articles of the constitution, in which the legislature is keen to repeal the old unfair verdicts found in previous laws. One of the most important provisions that the legislature referred to is the judicial organization of disputes in cases of nationality. The legal trend applied in Iraq is not clear other than the legislation of other countries. The provisions governing the jurisprudence of sexual disputes are inaccurate and imprecise. Correspondingly, there has been a doctrinal dispute in Iraq. Some jurists consider that the administrative jurisdiction is the judicial competent to resolve disputes, and the Administrative Court is the body authorized to resolve the disputes of nationality. Some of the jurists consider that the court of first instance is the competent court. As for the challenge of judicial decisions relating to the disputes of nationality, there was also a jurisprudential dispute about who is the competent court to receive appearances. Some jurists define the Federal Supreme Court, others choose the Federal Court of Cassation

استبعاد الادلة الجنائية غير المشروعة : دراسة مقارنة == Exclusion of illegal Criminal Evidence (A Comparative Study

Author name: عبد الحسن دويج خفيف
Supervisor name: ناصر كريمش خضر الجوراني
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Public Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The leading legal idea in the legislation of criminal procedural laws, is in the balance between the interest of society in the fight against crime, represented by the right of the state to punishment, and the interests of individuals in protecting their rights and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution, these laws take multiple ways to achieve that budget, all of which stem from the principle of criminal legality, that principle that delineates the process of criminal prosecution, which would determine what constitutes acceptable behavior to the parties to the criminal dispute and what is not, and ensure respect for what is imposed by this principle, We have asset of sanctions, come in the forefront of them, exclusion of illegal criminal evidence, through the waste of work contrary to that principle, in terms of its legal effects, and to exclude any potential benefit from that action, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence in fact is a link between the theory of invalidity on the one hand and the theory of criminal evidence on the other, that is, what is derived from what is contrary to the theory of invalidity can not be accepted in the rules of criminal evidence.The importance of excluding illegal criminal evidence is highlighted by the paucity of the legislative rules governing it, and that they involve as well as substantive a delicate philosophical aspect, the subject of the study is related to many of the principles established in procedural criminal law, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence is widely applied in the field, the rules of legality of criminal procedure are broad and numerous, and the possibility of violating them is natural and imagined in many cases, it is therefore important to protect the(B(right and freedoms of individuals from the abuse of power, so the subject of the study will be based primarily on what that idea is, through the definition and statement of nature and rationale and legislative status and the most famous discussions on the usefulness and rules and exceptions, this is done by comparing the position of Iraqi law on the one hand, and the United States of America and Egypt on the other.The study concluded that the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence is the basis of the constitution, although not in the explicit texts, as the spirit of the constitution leads to it, because it inters the field of right and freedoms which is the core competence of the constitution, but is the basic goes with it a presence and nothing, when a constitutional legislator establishes a right, the right holder must have access to it, otherwise his words will become, hollow and pointless, it is an increase, the constitutions are distinct from the increase, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence was the effective means by which the right holder could be entitled to redress, this is based on the fact that the ordinary legislator complies with this basis and ensures that his texts are useful, the study also concluded, that the exclusion of illegal evidence is a means of judicial control, including the penalty imposed on the wrongful procedure and the resulting evidence by stripping it of its legal value, and destroy any effect that results from it, the realization of exclusion also enhances the confidence of individuals in the state, because it ensure that illegal evidence is not accepted, to accepting the defective means before the judiciary to obtain evidence.

اثر القانون الشخصي على قواعد تنازع الاحوال الشخصية == The impact of personal law on the conflict of the personal status rules

Author name: نسرين حسن كوني
Supervisor name: اياد مطشر صيهود
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Private International Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Private Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Verily the particular relations amid individuals which are really admixed with foreign element, do need to a conflict rulein self concerning to identifythe required practicable law. It is also including the personal civil affairs which has been selected the personal law to be the required practicable law in it, due to its nature which is definitelycharacterized with stability.That law which has no longer been available after the change which has been carried out by Iraqi nationality law No 26 in 2006 which do ensure the individual right to change nationality. Thus it really imposes on in waytoreorganize the rules concerningthe personal status written down in Iraqi civil law No 40 in 1951 to be in harmony with what are prevailing now.According to that, we herby suggest presenting alternatives and bases dependable for the sake of coping with development and to make conflictrules which are entirely featured with reality and logics.In the past and still therules of conflict of personal statusconcerning marriage located with greatargument in jurisprudence whether between supporter and opponent for two reasons; First of all,that concerned of preferring the husband nationality law to wife's. Secondlyto hold on of the personal nationality law at the time of entering into marriage. Therefore,jurisprudence has suggested presenting alternative laws asfor, will law, and judge law,which a conflict ensued before him.In the same way for theadvantage which is granted by the national law maker to his law whether for the sake forindividuals oreconomy. That may which form a breach to conflict riles which are relied uponpreferring likely best law.Therefore, this is really considered unstable, as for various motives and pretexts behind its confirmation and not be violation in some cases of practicing such as in inheritance which obliged to shift the money of foreigner dead which are existed in a country to the same country incase of no inheritor for him due state is more rightful to any other country, as long as it does not form violation to stableinheritance rules

فسخ الزواج بخيار البلوغ واحكامه في الفقه الاسلامي والقانون الوضعي == Marriage Revocation With the Choice Of Growing Up And Its Rules In The Islamic Jurisprudence And The Positive Law

Author name: سهير قيصر فارس
Supervisor name: حسام عبد الواحد كاظم
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Personal Status Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Private Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The Islamic Shari'a (Law) has paid great attention to marriage bondage as one of the most important and most influential certificate in the life of the individual. In addition, it incurs a lot of terms and conditions due to what is legally permissible and impermissible. Among these terms is eligibility. In order to be a valid and effective certificate, it should be issued by an eligible authority as a general rule, though this rule is violated under certain circumstances as to marrying minors by their parents' consent. Such marriages certainly cause harm to minors. In order to achieve the desired goal of marriage, which is affection and compassion and consummation, which cannot be achieved unless the contract is done through a formal proposal of marriage (ijab) and acceptance of the proposal (qabul) of the two parties as chaste and sane adults, having the ability to sign the contract with their free will. When the minors or one of them are unable to set up the contract by themselves but through their guardians(Walis), the contract, despite being correct, is not considered obligatory for lacking the term of the proposal of offer and acceptance of the minor who may have an opinion after passing puberty. Therefore minors under a certain trend of Islamic jurisprudence are entitled to give their opinion of the contract after reaching puberty, either to stay or terminate it. This right is called the "right of puberty".

ضمانات الحدث في الدعوى الجزائية == The Warranties of the Juvenile in the Criminal Action - A Comparative Study

Author name: غسان عبد السادة حسن الحميداوي
Supervisor name: عقيم عزيز عودة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Public Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: This study sheds the light on the most important warranties that should be granted to the juvenile committing a crime when is questioned by the law according to the international conventions from the principles and the bases that should be taken into consideration during action. These principles are concerned in giving a portion of juveniles a special care during the stages of penal action.The penal portion is given to the delinquent juveniles is acquired a great care for being related to an accused who did not reach the age that makes him pose a danger. They are usually victims of circumstances and personal factors as well as the environment and weakness or to the incomplete psychological or physical structure.Therefore, the special procedures of trail of the juvenile on the basis on base that is different from these of the adults’ trail. Then, the penal procedures represent exception from the general rule of the penal procedures. He study shows the attitude legislations from special international trails of juvenile action.The study concludes that among the most important warrantees of the juvenile in the advanced stage of the trail is the existence of the investigation or inspection bodies that are concerned in dealing with the juveniles as well as making personal studies. The arrest of juveniles should be an exceptional procedure for the shortest duration possible. It should be held in places concerned with the juveniles care and rehabilitation. In addition to that, there are special warrantees the juveniles such as the warrantee of the juveniles’ right to his parent’s presence, to appoint an attorney, assuming his innocence and respecting his privacy.The study also concludes the necessity that the juveniles tribunals should be formed mutually combining the legal and the sociological members. The most important warrantees that the juveniles should have in trail is the secrecy of the procedures, and the conduction of organic, psychological and sociological examination of the juveniles before the trial, in addition to other warrantees related to the ensuring his right in defending himself and applying the system of stay of execution and the simplification of procedures of trail as well as not permitting to execute him.For the most important warrantees of the subsequent stage of the juveniles’ trial we conclude in the study is the judicial supervision over the execution of the procedures issued against the juveniles and the necessity of executing the procedures of imprisonment in juvenile - concerned institutions in which they are rehabilitated according to scientific programs, in addition to the importance of applying the system of conditional release of juveniles by the freedom - depriving procedures for the positive results that resulted from applying the system.In addition to the above, there are important warrantees that are related to the subsequent care programs which the juveniles should be subjected to as a complementary treatment of the rehabilitating institution.

المسؤولية الجنائية الناشئة عن التظاهرات : دراسة مقارنة == The Criminal Responsibulity Created by Demonstration A Comparative Study

Author name: ازهار عويني عبد الرضا الحمداني
Supervisor name: عقيل عزيز عودة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Public Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: يتلخص بحثنا الموسوم (المسؤولية الجنائية الناشئة عن التظاهرات - دراسة مقارنة) بان الافراد في المجتمع مهما تنوعت فئاتهم ومستوياتهم انما يجمعهم المصير المشترك والمصلحة العامة ، وهم بحاجة الى التعبير عن رايهم والتصريح بمطالبهم ، فكان الخروج الى الطريق العام في شكل تظاهرات هو احدى طرق التعبير عن الراي, وقد يكون مصحوبا بالهتاف ورفع اللافتات والشعارات كوسيلة للضغط على السلطة الدولة بهدف تحقيق مصالحهم المشتركة , الا ان بعض مظاهر التعبير عن الراي في التظاهرات تشكل جرائم يعاقب عليها لما تتضمنه من تهديد لامن الدولة او قذف او اهانة , او اعاقة المرور , الا ان المشرع قد يبيح بعض هذه الافعال في اثناء التظاهرات وفق ضوابط يضعها ، وبموجبها يتم تحديد متى تتوافر الاباحة، فاذا خالفت تلك الافعال ضوابطها تلك تكون قد جاوزت حدود الاباحة , واكتسب الفعل فورا" صفة عدم المشروعية مما يرتب المسؤولية الجنائية . هذا مما يدفع السلطة العامة الى فض التظاهرات وتفريقها بالقوة وفق ضوابط ومعايير قانونية ، مما قد يتسبب فى وقوع اصابات وقتل وفي المقابل قد تثور مسؤوليتهم في حالة تجاوز الحدود المقررة لاستخدام القوة .ومن هنا تبرز اهمية هذه الحرية في المجال الجنائي , فلا تعد ممارسة حرية التظاهر جريمة ، لان القاعدة وفقا لمبدا الشرعية ان لا جريمة ولا عقوبة الا بنص ، الا ان ما يترتب على الخروج عن الضوابط التظاهرات سواء من قبل الافراد العاديين ام افراد السلطة العامة ، تتمثل بافعال وسلوكيات غير مشروعة ومحظورة يعاقب عليها القانون .وتكمن مشكلة الدراسة في ان التظاهرات وان كانت شكلا من اشكال التعبير فان ذلك قد لايجعل من هذه الالية حقا مشروعا للافراد يتيح لهم التعبير عن مواقفهم وارائهم بكل حرية حيث انه بالمقابل نجد حق الدولة في فرض نظامها وبسط امنها على كافة مواطنيها بواسطة القوانين التي تقنن هذه الحرية وتضع حدا لها, وتتجلى مشكلة البحث في ان هل وجود هذه النصوص كاف لممارستها من قبل الافراد، ام ان هناك واجبا يتمثل بالانصياع الى التشريعات الاخرى ذات الصلة بحرية التظاهر لتحديد مسؤولية من يسئ استخدامها ، وهل كان المشرع موفقا في وضع مثل هذه الخطوات الواجب اتباعها عند ممارسته هذه الحرية .وقد تم تقسيم هذه الدراسة على مبحث تمهيدي وثلاثة فصول , خصص المبحث التمهيدي للبحث في الاساس القانوني للتظاهرات , ومن ثم تناول الفصل الاول ماهية التظاهرات من خلال تعريفها وضوابطها العامة المادية والغائية . اما الفصل الثاني فقد بحثنا فيه المسؤولية الجنائية للمتظاهرين من خلال بيان حدود الاباحة والتجريم في التظاهرات والتطبيقات مسؤولية المتظاهرين. اما الفصل الثالث فقد تناولنا فيه المسؤولية الجنائية لافراد السلطة العامة من خلال بيان استخدام افراد السلطة العامة للقوة في حدود الاباحة والتجريم والتطبيقات المسؤولية افراد السلطة العامة . واخيرا فقد اختتمنا الرسالة بخاتمة اشتملت على اهم النتائج والتوصيات التي رايناها ضرورية لاخذها بالاعتبار عند النظر بمشروع قانون التظاهر في العراق .وقد تم التوصل الى عدة نتائج منها , ان التظاهرات تجمع ثابت او متحرك للافراد في الطرق والاماكن العامة , وان لها طبيعة خاصة تنعكس على التنظيم القانوني , وان التظاهر وفق القانون العراقي لايتم الا بتصريح من الادارة , وان التشريع النافذ في العراق لم ينظم المسؤولية الجنائية للمتظاهرين بشكل واضح ودقيق , ولم يتناول مسؤولية الشرطة بشكل مطلق . اما اهم التوصيات, فتتمثل في تاييد الباحث لنظام الاخطار من دون الترخيص, واللجوء الى جهة محايدة كالقضاء لتقدير خطرها على النظام العام ومنعها , والدعوة الى عدم اقرار مشروع القانون لانه يمس جوهر الحرية ويقيدها , وضرورة اعادة صياغته بالتنسيق مع منظمات المجتمع المدني, بالشكل الذي تحدد فيه مسؤولية المتظاهرين بشكل دقيق , وتنظيم مسؤولية الشرطة والنص على اصدار تعليمات واظحة ومحددة بشان استخدام القوة في التظاهرات .واخيرا ادعو الله تعالى ان اكون قد وفقت في اعطاء موضوع البحث حقه، فان فعلت فنعمة من الله تعالى ، وان لم افعل فبشر يخطئ اكثر مما يصيب , والله ولي التوفيق | Our thesise entitled (The Criminal Responsibulity Create by Demostration - A Comparative Study) Summarized in , The individuals in the society, regardless of their different categories and levels, are united by common destiny and the public interest. They need to express their views and make their decisions. Going out to the public road in the form of demonstrations is one of the most important ways to express of opinion, and may be accompanied by cheering and raising signs and slogans , as a means of exerting pressure on State to achieve your common interests. However, some manifestations of opinion in the demonstrations constitute crimes punishable by the threats it poses to the security of the state or the flagellation or insult, or obstruction of traffic, but the legislator may allow some of these actions during the demonstrations according to the regulations put them. Under which it is determined when the availability is available, and if the violation of those acts its controls that have exceeded the limits of permissibility.And the act immediately gained the status of illegality, which placed criminal responsibility, which forces the public authority to disperse and disperse the demonstrations by force according to legal controls and legal standards. Which could cause injuries and murder and in return may be their responsibility in case of exceeding the limits set for the use of force. Hence, the importance of this freedom in the field of criminalization would not consider the exercise of freedom of demonstration is a crime, because the rule according to the principle of legality that the crime and punishment are only by text. However, the consequences of breaking out of the control of demonstrations, whether by ordinary individuals or members of the public authority, represented by illegal acts and behaviors are punishable by law. - The problem of this study is that the misuse of freedom of protest, which is one of the most dangerous methods used by those who tamper with it, is manifested in how to distinguish between peaceful demonstration as a freedom aimed at improving the situation and demonstrating as a means of demolishing society and opposing any decision or action. To the Constitution and the Law. This study was divided into introductory and three chapters. The introductory course was devoted to research on the legal basis for demonstrations. The first topic studies the core of administration , its definition and its material and non - material general controls. The second chapter, in which we discussed the criminal responsibility of the demonstrators through showing the limits of permissibility and criminalization in the demonstrations, and we devoted to the applications of the responsibility of the demonstrators . Chapter three dealt with the criminal responsibility of the police, through showing the use of force by the police force to the limits of permissibility and criminalization , and the applications of police responsibility.Finally, we concluded the thesis with a conclusion that included the most important conclusions and recommendations that we considered necessary to take into account when considering the draft law of demonstration in Iraq. It has been connected to several results, including that the demonstrations a fixed gathering or a mass of people in the roads and public places, and have a special nature reflected on the legal organization, and that the demonstration under Iraqi law is carried out but by authorization by the administration. And that the in force legislation does not regulate the criminal responsibility of demonstrators as clearly and accurately, and does not address the responsibility of the police absolutely. As for the most important recommendations, is the researc support to the system of notification without authorization, and recourse to a neutral body such as the judiciary to assess the danger to public order and to prevent it. And calling for not to adopt the draft law because it touches the essence of freedom and restrict it, and there is a need to reformulate it in coordination with civil society organizations, in a manner that determines the responsibility of the demonstrators accurately, and regulate the responsibility of the police and the provision of instructions on the use of force in demonstrations.

المركز القانوني للممثل الخاص للامين العام للامم المتحدة : دراسة تطبيقية على ممثل الامين العام للامم المتحدة في العراق == Legal Status Of The Special Representative For The Secretary - General Of The United Nations

Author name: نجدي محي دهيمي
Supervisor name: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Public International Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Public Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The Special Representative will lead the UN Secretary General functions mostly as President of integrated mission, to support him through several agencies, programmes and funds belong to The United Nations in order to achieve goals and objectives determined on which the nature of the mission described as civilian or military nature, noting the evolution and multiple functions and tasks according to the need for them as the international situation, the situation might be related to situations of armed conflict, have regard Promoting peace and support development programs.This was a result of the guide the thinking of the international community to establish better system and effective to substitute what existed before. The most popular mechanism to achieve it was the UN mission and special representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations upon decision of the Security Council as an international officer declares to according to the legal system of the world Organization. Resulting in international mechanism prospered in conjunction with the ongoing transformation of the international system. The International Labor Association, which is a special representation of the Secretary - General of the United Nations as one of its important applications in international events, has many implications and consequences, such as that of the rights and powers of the Special Representative and the obligations and obligations imposed on him. These rights and duties are either determined by the Charter establishing the United Nations and the domestic legislation and regulations of its departments, in particular those relating to personnel matters. Or include the headquarters agreements, declarations and international resolutions commensurate with what distinguishes the Special Representative as an international official with certain characteristics. Thus, these rights and duties are divided into those of an international official who is governed by the provisions of internationalAbstract .......................................................................................... Blaw in view of his or her international character, as well as the nature of the title he holds as an officer performing his functions for the benefit of the United Nations. These rights and duties are varied on the basis of multitasking Which are essentially the same as the obligation of neutrality and impartiality, as well as the mandate of the World Organization.Iraq has been - and still is - one of the Special Representative's most famous fields of work, and has witnessed the relationship Between Iraq and the United Nations has developed significantly in the years following the events of August 1990, after the relations between Iraq and the international community had been generally spoiled during the last three decades preceded 2003, Because of the foreign policies of the Iraqi political system at the internal and external levels, which led to Iraq being subject to dozens of resolutions issued under Chapter VII of the Charter, including comprehensive economic sanctions that resulted in economic and financial burdens, as well as prejudice to the sovereignty of Iraq. However, these decisions took on another dimension after 2003, starting with Resolution No. 1476 of 2003, which included the mandate of the Secretary - General of the United Nations, Mr. Kofi Annan, to administer the oilfor - food program, and Resolution No. 1483 of 2003 to lift the sanctions imposed on Iraq and authorize the Coalition authority to run the political process. Then to the resolution No. (1500) for the year 2003 concerning the establishment of the United Nations Mission and the appointment of a special envoy to the Secretary - General of the United Nations for its administration. These resolutions have mandated the UN to intervene in the various political, economic and administrative fields in the light of some of the mechanisms adopted by the Organization in accordance with international resolutions and covenants. These resolutions ,and covenants made clear the rights and powers of the Special Representative in Iraq, as well as his duties.

الضوابط الدستورية لسياسة التجريم : دراسة مقارنة == Constitutional criterias on the policy of criminalization : Comparative Study

Author name: محمد عبد الحسين شنان الموسوي
Supervisor name: عمار تركي عطية الحسيني
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Public Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: لكل دولة نظامها الدستوري الخاص بها, الذي يجب ان يتضمن المبادئ العامة لنظام الحكم, ويبين السلطات في الدولة ويحدد اختصاصاتها, ويحمي الحقوق والحريات, ويعمل الدستور على تحديد الضوابط التي يتعين على السلطات العامة الالتزام بها عند ممارستها لاختصاصاتها الدستورية. وقد ارست الدساتير في الكثير من دول العالم, ضوابط يتحتم على المشرع الجنائي التقيد بها عند ممارسته لسلطته في التجريم, وهذه الضوابط منها مايرد بشكل صريح في صلب الوثيقة الدستورية كمبدا (لا جريمة ولا عقوبة الا بنص), ومبدا (عدم رجعية القانون الجنائي على الماضي), ومنها ما يرد بصورة ضمنية تستشف من خلال الاطار الدستوري العام للحقوق والحريات, كضابط (الضرورة والتناسب في التجريم). ولهذه الضوابط اهمية بالغة في اطار سياسة التجريم, كون ان هذه السياسة تنال من حقوق وحريات الافراد بشكل كبير, وان من شان عدم وجود ضوابط دستورية يتقيد بها المشرع ان تتعرض تلك الحقوق والحريات الى المساس اما بمصادرتها او التقليل من فاعليتها, كما ان الدول, ولاسيما العراق, تشهد حاليا نهضة تشريعية في مجالات عديدة, ولضمان سلامة هذه التشريعات, يجب ان تكون الاخيرة متفقة مع الضوابط والمبادئ الدستورية, ولاسيما ان قانون العقوبات العراقي صدر في عام 1969, واصبحت الحاجة ملحة لتعديل العديد من احكامه بما يتفق والدستور الدائم الصادر سنة 2005. واذا كانت سلطة المشرع الجنائي, تتسم بالتقدير؛ فان سلطته في هذا المجال مقيدة بوجوب الالتزام بمبادئ الدستور الخاصة بالتجريم, ومن هنا تظهر مشكلة الدراسة, اذ قد تتجاوز السلطة التشريعية او التنفيذية حدود اختصاصها, وتحاول المساس بالقيمة الدستورية لحقوق الانسان وحرياته عن طريق التجريم, معتمدة في ذلك على السلطات المخولة لها, هذا من جانب, ومن جانب اخر ان السلطة المكلفة بعملية التجريم قد تمد نطاق التجريم ليشمل افعالا ليست بتلك الخطورة التي تهدد امن المجتمع وسلامته, الامر الذي يدفعنا الى التساؤل عن ماهية الضوابط الدستورية التي يستند اليها المشرع الجنائي في صياغة نص التجريم ؟ وهل واكب الدستور العراقي لسنة 2005 التطورات التي لحقت بسياسة التجريم, او انه بقي على الحال الذي كانت عليه دساتير ما قبل عام 2003؟ وما دور القضاء الدستوري تجاه الضوابط الدستورية لسياسة التجريم, ولاسيما القضاء الدستوري العراقي؟ وقد تناولنا هذه الدراسة من خلال ثلاثة فصول, تطرقنا في الفصل الاول الى اهم المبادئ الدستورية لنص التجريم, والتي يجب على المشرع الجنائي ان لا يحيد عنها في كل الاحوال, واهمها مبدا شرعية الجرائم والعقوبات, تكلمنا عنه في المبحث الاول, ومبدا عدم رجعية قانون العقوبات على الماضي, وذلك في المبحث الثاني , وفي نطاق الفصل الثاني بحثنا الضرورة والتناسب في سياسة التجريم, حيث ان المشرع الجنائي يرتكز على ضابط الضرورة والتناسب وهو بصدد احداث التوازن بين حماية الحقوق والحريات من جهة وحماية المصلحة العامة من جهة اخرى, وقد درسنا في المبحث الاول ماهية الضرورة التناسب في سياسة التجريم, وفي اطار المبحث الثاني تناولنا اثر غاية التجريم ومعياره على الضرورة والتناسب, وبحثنا في اطار الفصل الثالث والاخير ضمانات التزام سياسة التجريم بالضوابط الدستورية, حيث ان ترك تحديد الجرائم والعقوبات لاختصاص السلطة التشريعية لا يعني ان هذه السلطة لها حرية مطلقة في هذا المجال, وانما هي مقيدة بالحدود التي رسمتها المبادئ الواردة في الدساتير, ومن اجل ضمان التقيد بتلك المبادئ, فان الرقابة على دستورية نصوص التجريم تؤدي دورا بارزا في هذا المضمار, وعلى هذا الاساس تناولنا في المبحث الاول حدود سلطة المشرع الجنائي تجاه الحقوق والحريات, وفي نطاق المبحث الثاني, درسنا الرقابة على دستورية نصوص التجريم. وفي نهاية المطاف توصلنا من خلال هذه الدراسة, الى جملة استنتاجات من اهمها : ان المشرع العراقي قد سمح بفكرة التفويض التشريعي في مجال التجريم, في الدستور وقانون العقوبات على حد سواء, كذلك توصلنا الى ان الضرورة في التجريم يراد بها الاسباب او المبررات التي تدور في ذهن المشرع, والتي تدفعه الى تجريم اشكال معينة من سلوكيات الانسان, بهدف حماية المصالح الاجتماعية الجديرة بالاعتبار. اما التناسب في التجريم, فهو العلاقة بين ضرورة التجريم (الهدف من التجريم), والعقوبة المقررة للجريمة (اثر التجريم), بحيث تكون العقوبة ضرورية لمواجهة الجريمة؛ لتحقيق اهدافها المتمثلة بالردع العام والردع الخاص وتحقيق العدالة. وقد اقترحنا في هذه الدراسة على المشرع العراقي ان يتبنى نظام ( ازدواج قانون العقوبات), بدلا من نظام (وحدة قانون العقوبات), اذ يقتصر قانون العقوبات على ذكر الجنايات والجنح, بينما تكون فئة المخالفات في اطار مجموعة مستقلة يمكن ان نسميها بقانون العقوبات الاداري, وكذلك وصينا المشرع الجنائي بان يضع نصوصا جنائية تملك من الكفاية والفاعلية ما يمكنها من مواجهة فاعلية التطور الاجرامي واساليب ارتكابه في ظل الاجرام المستحدث | Each State shall have its own constitutional system, which shall include the general principles of the system of government. It shall set out the powers of the State and determine its competencies. It shall protect the rights and freedoms. The Constitution shall specify the regulations to be complied with by the public authorities in the exercise of their constitutional powers. In many countries of the world, constitutions have established controls that the criminal legislator must adhere to when exercising his authority to criminalize them. Such controls are explicitly included in the constitutional document as a principle (nullum crimen sine lege) and the principle of " ), Including implicitly revealed through the general constitutional framework of rights and freedoms, as an officer (necessity and proportionality in criminalization). These restrictions are of great importance in the context of the criminalization policy, since this policy severely infringes upon the rights and freedoms of individuals. The absence of constitutional regulations that the legislator complies with can undermine or diminish the effectiveness of these rights and freedoms. Iraq is witnessing a legislative renaissance in many areas. In order to ensure the safety of these legislations, the latter must be in conformity with the constitutional rules and principles. In particular, the Iraqi Penal Code was promulgated in 1969 and many of its provisions have been amended to comply with the permanent constitution of 2005. While the authority of the criminal legislator is appreciated, its authority in this area is constrained by the obligation to abide by the principles of the Constitution on criminalization. Hence, the problem of the study is that the legislative or executive branch may go beyond its jurisdiction and attempt to violate the constitutional value of human rights and freedoms through criminalization, On the one hand, and on the other, that the authority in charge of the criminalization process may extend the scope of criminalization to include acts that are not such a threat to the security and safety of society, which leads us to ask what the constitutional controls on which the legislator Jinn In drafting the text of the criminalization? Did the 2005 Iraqi constitution comply with developments in the criminalization policy, or did it remain the same as the pre - 2003 constitutions? What is the role of the constitutional judiciary towards the constitutional controls of the criminalization policy, especially the Iraqi constitutional judiciary? We discussed this study in three chapters. In Chapter 1, we discussed the most important constitutional principles of the criminalization text, which the criminal legislator must not derogate from in all cases, the most important of which is the principle of the legality of crimes and punishments. In the second section, and in the second chapter we discussed the necessity and proportionality in the policy of criminalization, since the criminal legislator based on the officer of necessity and proportionality and is in the balance between the protection of rights and freedoms on the one hand and the protection of public interest on the other, What is the necessity of rotation In Chapter II, we discussed the effect of criminalization on the necessity and proportionality. In the third and final chapter, we examined the guarantees of the policy of criminalization of constitutional restrictions, since leaving the definition of crimes and penalties to the jurisdiction of the legislative authority does not mean that this authority has absolute freedom in this In order to ensure adherence to these principles, the control over the constitutionality of criminalization provisions plays a prominent role in this regard. On this basis, we discussed in the first part the limits of the authority of the criminal legislator towards rights and Reat, and in the scope of the second topic, we studied control over the constitutionality of the provisions of criminalization. In the end, we reached, through this study, a number of conclusions, the most important of which : The Iraqi legislator has allowed the idea of legislative authority in the field of criminalization, both in the Constitution and the Penal Code, and we have concluded that the necessity of criminalization intended for reasons or The mind of the legislator, which leads to the criminalization of certain forms of human behavior, in order to protect the social interests worthy of consideration. The proportionality of criminalization is the relationship between the need for criminalization (the purpose of criminalization) and the penalty prescribed for the offense (the effect of criminalization), so that the punishment is necessary to confront the crime; to achieve its objectives of public deterrence and deterrence. In this study, we have proposed that the Iraqi legislature adopt a system of double criminality instead of the Penal Code. The Penal Code is limited to mentioning crimes and misdemeanors, while the category of offenses within an independent group can be called the Administrative Penal Code. We have also instructed the criminal legislator to put in place sufficient and effective criminal texts to enable it to deal with the effectiveness of criminal development and the methods of committing it under the new criminality.

التدابير الدولية المضادة للفساد الاداري واثرها في التشريعات العراقية == International Regulation of Anti Administrative Corruption and their effect in the Iraqi legislation

Author name: حميدة علي جابر
Supervisor name: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Constitutional Law
Degree: Master
University: University of Thi-Qar - Faculty Of Law - Department Of Public Law
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Corruption and various forms is an international and internal character of the crime, a phenomenon of countries affected all have not spared any of the communities did not distinguish between a developed country and the other backward has this phenomenon been associated with the presence of humanitarian, an ancient but worsened recently.There is no specific definition of administrative corruption, which means the existence of problematic when researchers in the filming of this term and expression as well as avoid the delegates at the United Nations Convention against Corruption to adopt a comprehensive definition of corruption and limited to business Rea said the course agreement not to give a comprehensive definition of corruption course Mahmoud fearing that lead differences political, economic and cultural relations between countries not to adopt the Convention and to respond to future cases images disclosed administrative system.The research topic of important topics that dealt with the impact of preventive and curative measures adopted by the United Nations Convention against Corruption and other conventions and highlight the importance of this issue in thatthere is no study on this topic specifically which there is not a study looked at the anti - corruption administrative and their impact on legislation and international measures Iraqi precisely in spite of the existence of studies on administrative corruption and its effects and ways to treat some of which dealt with Iraqi legislation which provided for the anti - corruption ways and preventive or therapeutic but did not address the international dimension and the impact of international measures to combat corruption at this legislation. Measures of international anticorruption impact in Iraqi legislation and that the Iraqi legislator with regard to crimes of corruption came in principle compatible with the United Nations Convention against Corruption, whether at the level of general laws or laws did not move away from the provisions of the Convention only as an exception.
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