Author name:
عبد السلام متعب عيدان الربيعي
Supervisor name:
موسى محمد ال طويرش
Abstract:
Ccounted for the study of religious communities in modern history and contemporary to the attention of esearchers and scholars, especially in the Middle East region, which is the cradle of religions and religious sects.Because our study deals with the influence of the Christian Maronite community which expand and spread over a large area of Arab and foreign countries in which the followers of Christianity and based in Lebanon exists, a country that embraced after the saint (Saint Maroon) in the fourth century AD and his disciples after him to pursue a different approach to the Eastern Church which believes in the principle of one nature of Christ (p), and took his followers after him turning to link the Western Catholic Church in Rome and under the authority of the Pope, but they chose the difference; it was necessary for them to move from Syria, home to the Saint (Saint Maroon) to Lebanon Mountains and hills and plains to keep themselves from their opponents first, and try to maintain their approach is chosen, making them their own Church and Patriarch.Passed the Maronite community throughout history long Among the series of events and interact with each other and with others, and gradually evolved role with all over the Levant and Lebanon from the control and occupation of foreign and Islamic countries and ending with the control of France by 1920; hence emerged as the role of communities located therein, and the largest communities are Christian and Muslim, and the largest Christian denominations were Maronites; and this accounted for the lion's share in thegovernance of the country by assigning the position of head of state to them, and the protection of the Mandatory (France), political conflicts and differences between communities, especially among the Maronites and Druze arose, and between Sunnis and Shiites, The Greek Orthodox both his face look at the rule of Lebanon and linked thirdparty external likely.After Lebanon gained independence in 1943, approved a national charter an agreement to form co - existence among the different communities in the governance of Lebanon, and indeed all denominations worked on Charter formula that, so I took a Maronite President of the Republic of great powers, and the post of prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and the post of prime parliament a Shia Muslim, and as defense minister of the Druze... and so the case even bear the dispute between the sons of the Maronite community; and especially between President Bechara El Khoury and President Camille Chamoun, was about to another term of Bechara El Khoury and give some powers to the Muslims, and when Camille Chamoun defeated in battle Presidential 1952; taking the Maronite community to through international alliances more and link the Christian West and the Middle account, which belongs to Lebanon, did not satisfy the policy pursued by the rest of the communities, especially Muslim Sunni and Shiite, both, and even Orthodox Christians; Faqamt 1958 uprising that broke out in south to reach Blhebha to Beirut and the north and make all the sects of Lebanon in case of congestion and boiling on each other; because Shimon March the game of politics and religion, all of them in order to remain in office and extend a second presidential term, and also to be a bulwark to realize the dreams of Abdul Nasser, who set up a unity between Egypt and Syria, the first unit between the Arabs and the most recent. Then ended the role of Simeon after that try to Lebanon first bloody conflict between communities and between themselves and stepped outside powers to end the crisis, came the role of Fouad Chenab, who ruled since 1958 - 1964, taking an approach known as the (curriculum Shihabi) aiming at the abolition of political sectarianism in the administration and the rule of the country, for the first time Shia Muslims gets some rights in management, staffing and other, Lebanon became in this period, the development of economic excellent and the meeting of the Arab and Western criticism through the many financial banks located in it, thanks to the Gulf oil that is being invested and deposit revenues in banks. Shihabi approach in the reign of Charles Helou, whoruled from 1964 - 1970 continued, but two important things happened during his first term; bankruptcy Bank (INTRA), one of the major banks in Lebanon, and even the Lebanese state depend on it, and it is the second founding of the PLO in 1964 and the adoption of the Palestinian issue and defend the way to address the Zionist entity from the Lebanese territory, because they are the closest point to the north of occupied Palestine, Palestinians Who's bringing the Lebanese land military force trained strong training and semi - formal,which worried the Maronites in Lebanon and feared politicians prominent leaders and clerics on the growing presence inside Lebanon, and the escalation of power that are outside the framework of the rule of law into the Maronites ruling, and also the fear of the Maronites of growing Palestinian refugees in Lebanon to prepare a justification for that they - that continued to do so forth Vsasubhon minority within a few years, and especially that they are living in a sea of Arab and Islamic their surroundings, Fkaddoa first agreement among them as rulers and the Palestinians is (Cairo Agreement) in 1969, which defined their relationship with the Lebanese government and the method of confrontation with the Zionists from the inside and then followed it with an extension known as (queens) in 1974 during the reign of President Suleiman Franjieh, which lasted until 1976, but things did not subside and conflicts between communities existed, especially among the Druze and Maronites, and the hanger is the Palestinian presence and actions from within its territory and its impact on Lebanon's relationship with neighboring countries, especially Israel, from the standpoint of the Maronites, who purports to politicians and religious leaders to keep the state of the truce at the very least, including country and Israel, or until a peace agreement, but was the spark that ignited a bloody sectarian war between the Lebanese people components lasted for 15 years came on the green and crusty; where the Lebanese civil war began in 1975, for reasons simple and continued in the first phase for two years, then swept by Israeli forces in 1978 to Lebanon for visits First under the pretext of eliminating the Palestinian resistance which, here emerged the Syrian role clear, opponents of the Israeli invasion of support and even from some of the Maronite parties, which split into two teams : Team sees the establishment of a normal relationship with Israel, and the team believes that they - Like all Arabs remain supportive of the Palestinian cause and its defenders , the first team leader Falangist Bashir Gemayel, a Maronite who collaborated with the Israelis, helping them to invade Lebanon again in 1982 during the reign of President Elias Sarkis has been represented, and was able to reach the verdict after it, but he did not enjoying it for a long time; after 14 days of his election just assassinated at the headquarters of his party entered Lebanon and became the Maronites in fear and anxiety on their fate, but the external role, especially Syria and Saudi Arabia and the US was present manages to Lebanon, Maronite according to their own desires, Amin Gemayel Vantakb substitute for his brother in 1982 - 1988 and was the Maronites here have entered into a new phase entirely; when split team hardline them along the previous periods into two categories : category with Elie Hobeika, who nearly Syria held a tripartite agreement with them and the rest of the Lebanese communities, and the class with Samir Geagea, who has taken the position of President Amin Gemayel and the militant wing of the Maronites. After two categories conflict and coup and one on the other; the presidency of Amin Gemayel ended in 1988, but without agreement on a Maronite president succeeds, then the back of the role of General Michel Aoun - Aljeiccommander who led the liberation war as defined betweenhim and Prime Minister Salim Hoss backed by Syria and the Arab world, and led to the declaration of a military government from one party not recognized by the non - Maronite violators to Syria's presence in Lebanon, Fastart war between the Syrians and Michel Aoun, and then come all the Lebanese parties to an extended conference ending the civil war in the Conference Taif, Saudi Arabia in 1989 and elected Rene Mouawad as president of Lebanon, but did not last long; On 22 November 1989, was assassinated in front ofthe interim government palace. Maronites were able then, to choose a new president, a Maronite Elias Hrawi of the year 1989 - 1998 and his covenant, which ended the Lebanese civil war; that is the most destructive and bloody wars in the twentieth century
