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اثر استعمال استراتيجية التساؤل الذاتي في تنمية مهارات عمليات العلم لدى طالبات الصف الاول المتوسط في مادة قواعد اللغة العربية == The Effect Of Using The Self - Questioning Strategy In Developing Of Learning Process For First Stage Middle Stage Students In Arabic Grammar

Author name: خالـدة شاكـر عبد الله
Supervisor name: سندس عبد القادر عزيز بكر الخالدي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يرمي البحث الحالي الى تعرف اثر استعمال استراتيجية التساؤل الذاتي في تنمية مهارات عمليات العلم لدى طالبات الصف الاول المتوسط في مادة قواعد اللغة العربية.وقد وضعت الباحثة الفرضيات الصفرية الاتية : 1. ليس هناك فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى ( 0.05 ) بين متو | Current research aims to know the effect the use of self - questioning strategy to develop the skills of science students in first grade average in the subject of the rules of the Arabic language.Researcher has developed the following hypotheses zero : 1. There is no difference statistically significant at a level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who are studying Arabic grammar rule using the strategy of the question of tribal self - tests and post in the development of skills of science. 2. There is no difference statistically significant at a level (0.05) between the average degree of the control group students who are studying Arabic grammar rule using the traditional method (inductive) in the selection of tribal and post in the development of skills of science. 3. There is no difference statistically significant at a level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who are studying Arabic grammar rule using self - questioning strategy and the average degree of the control group students who are studying the same course in the traditional manner (inductive). The selected researcher Qsidia (secondary - eyed girls), which includes three divisions of the row first and randomly selected Division (a) represents the experimental group while representing the Division (c) the control group, and reached the research sample (60) student, by (30) student in each division.Rewarded the students of the two experimental and control group statistically using the second test in the variables of the following (chronological age, and degrees of Arabic language in the examination of a half years, and the test scores of tribal processes of science in the subject of Arabic grammar, using Chi - square in the educational attainment of fathers and mothers).After that the researcher identified the themes of scientific material to be examined in six subjects during the experiment, prepared plans, teaching them, and presented to a group of experts, in the light of the views held the necessary adjustments, and plans have become ready for application. For the purpose of measuring the skills of science to the two sets of research in the subjects studied by the researcher herself, prepared a test of science processes consisted of (30), paragraph a test of the type of multiple - choice (Multiple choice), presented to the group of experts and specialists to prove the veracity of the test, and analysis of the paragraphs of the test and calculate variability, applied to the sample amounted to (150) female students from first grade average in high school the future of the girls, and after analyzing the results of answers students sample and statistically treated using the commandments statistical occasion, found that the paragraphs of the test are all valid, and to calculate a fixed test used (KR - 20) as total reliability coefficient (0.78), a reliability coefficient is good.And after the end of the experiment, which lasted (eight) weeks, applied test of science to students of the two groups of experimental and control, and after analyzing the results of answers the students and treated statistically using the test Alta?a, it became clear there is a difference statistically significant between the average scores of the experimental group in the two test tribal and dimensional processes of science and for dimensional , and the results showed that there is no statistically significant difference of the average scores in the control group and two test tribal dimensional processes of science, while the experimental group outperformed the control in the post - test for the operations of science.In light of the search resultsthe researcher concluded.The researcher recommended the need to Has proposed a researcher of a study.
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اثر التقطيع السيميائي في تنمية مهارات القراءة الجهرية عند تلامذة الصف الاول الابتدائي == Impact Of Semiotic Hacking In Developing The Skills Of Aloud Reading With The Pupils Of Grade 1

Author name: حــوراء حـميد عبـــد الـنـــداوي
Supervisor name: سماء تركي داخل
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: رمى البحث الى تعرف اثر التقطيع السيميائي في تنمية مهارات القراءة الجهرية عند تلامذة الصف الاول الابتدائي. ولتحقق مرمى البحث اعتمدت الباحثة على تصميم تجريبي ذي ضبط جزئي لاختبار بعدي، هو تصميم المجموعة الضابطة ذات الاختبار البعدي مع اختبار تحصيلي. | This research aims to identify the impact of semiotic hacking in developing the skills of aloud reading with students grade 1 To achieve the goal of research, researcher adopted a design with partial control is the control group design with competence evaluation test.Research sample included 80 students and a pupil of grade 1 pupils in basic Mamonyya school in Adhamiya, belong to Directorate of education of Baghdad/ first Rusafa distributed in two groups of 40 pupils and schoolgirl in the experimental group and 40 pupils and schoolgirl in the control group, researcher has studied experimental group with using semiotic hacking in developing skills of aloud speaking and studied control group in the usual way.It was rewarded between the sets of research in variables (age, calculated in months and academic achievement to parents and the school for mothers)The researcher tried to adjust the number of extraneous variables that literature and previous studies that it may affect this kind of experimental designs (such as the conditions of the experiment and the accompanying events and demo disappearing and differences in sample selection and maturation processes and statistical regression and measurement tool and the impact of the eexperimental procedures. )After the researcher identified of the scientific material which included 20 subject of the book of ,Kuraati , identified to be taught to pupils in grade 1 for the school year 2014 - 2015 in Iraq the researcher prepared the teaching plans of experiment subjects was presented to the Committee of experts for their views on the appropriateness of the content validity of a study to measure reading speed with students search groups.The researcher prepared reading text of book of Kurati decided to be taught to pupils in grade 1 and entitled in the garden.To measure the a comprehension researcher prepared test on the reading text itself composed of three questions been researcher assured of sincerity and persistence of discriminatory power for its, elements and its coefficient of difficulty and effective alternatives of error Using a t - test for two independent samples Study the following results : I. There is a statistically significant difference between students digress average of two groups of research in skill to understand article for experimental group at a level of significance of 0,0 5II. There is a statistically significant difference between students average degrees two groups of search in skill of reading validity for the experimental group with the significance level 0,05 Thirdly ;there is a statistically significant difference between students average degrees of two groups of search in skill of reading speed for the experimental group with the level of significance 0,05 in the light of the results the researcher concluded; Teaching the use of semiotic hacking in developing the skills of aloud reading has the effectiveness in raising the achievement of students in grade 1 in these skills and way of semiotic hacking makes the performance of pupils in grade 1 in reading subject the best from ordinary method.The researcher recommended adoption of a semiotic in hacking skills reciting as a proven method of teaching reading to first grade to complement this studyThe researcher has proposed a number of studies, including a study similar to the current study on the level of the provinces and various sexand conduct research on advanced Arab stages, primary the other and a comparative study between semiotic hacking and normal method.
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اثر نمطي استراتيجية مرشد التوقعات في الفهم القرائي عند طالبات الصف الثاني المتوسط == The Impact Of Pattern (Expectations Mentor) Strategy On Reading Comprehension At The Second - Year Intermediate Stage Female Students

Author name: حنان غضبان هندي حسن العتابي
Supervisor name: كاظم حسين غزال
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يرمي البحث الى معرفة اثر نمطي استراتيجية مرشد التوقعات في الفهم القرائي لدى طالبات الصف الثاني المتوسط.اختارت الباحثة المنهج التجريبي ذا الضبط الجزئي، بلغ عدد الطالبات عينة البحث (75) طالبة، موزعة عشوائيا بين ثلاث مجموعات، التجريبية الاولى تضم (25) طالب | Search aims to find out the impact of a typical guide expectations in Reading Comprehension strategy with second grade students average. To achieve the goal Find drafted researcher null hypothesis the following : there is no difference statistically significant between the average level students the experimental group first women studying material reading using a strategy guide expectations of the first pattern, and the average students Experimental group second who are studying material reading using a strategy guide expectations the second pattern and the average level students of the control group who are studying reading material in the usual way in Reading Comprehension at a level of significance (0.05). Researcher randomly chosen sample of students in the second grade average of secondary students prostration for girls of the General Directorate for Educational Rusafa Baghdad for the second academic year (2014 - 2015) The number of students for the research sample (75) student randomly distributed between three experimental group first of (25) students studied using Expectations first pattern and experimental second guide strategy studied using Expectations second style guide strategy includes (25), and the third officer bench (25) students studied the way normal. Rewarded researcher students between the three groups in chronological age variables, a year earlier degrees of the Arabic language, educational attainment of the parents, and intelligence. Drafted a researcher (90) goals and prepared lesson plans, offered by the group of experts and arbitrators, then prepared a test to measure reading comprehension be of (40) items distributed on four questions distinguish valid and reliable test and objectivity The researcher used the following statistical methods : Unilateral analysis of variance, and Chi - square, paragraph equation difficulty, discriminatory power, the effectiveness of alternatives Error, Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha equation Scheffe method for multiple budgets. The study found the following results : Higher than the second experimental group students studied follows the strategy of using the second style guide expectations on students follows the first group studied using a strategy guide expectations the first pattern and the female control group studied it follows the usual way in Reading Comprehension. Superiority students follows the experimental group first studied using the first style guide expectations strategy the students studied follows the control group using the usual method in Reading Comprehension. In light of the research findings as a result of the researcher to several conclusions, including : 1 - Guide expectations the first pattern and the second strategy style makes the student learning process and this is what the focus advocated by modern trends in teaching.2 - Allowed this guide expectations the first pattern and the second pattern formation for the students positive interaction result of increased personal contact strategy among themselves, and by raising questions and asking opinions and express their views, creating intimacy and interaction among them.The researcher recommended a number of recommendations including : 1 - For teachers need reading material on the foundations of modern strategies and steps, in particular the guide expectations first pattern and the second pattern strategy, through educational courses or seminars, publications own.2 - To encourage educational institutions and research centers to apply guide expectations first pattern and the second pattern strategy within the activities and exercises in the school curriculum materials and everyday situations. The researcher also came up with several proposals are : 1 - A similar study of the current study in other stages of seminars and classes.2 - Similar study and on other variables such as direction, and variable sex
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تقويم كتب اللغة العربية للمرحلة المتوسطة في اقليم كردستان العراق علة وفق معايير الكتاب الجيد == Evaluation Of Arabic Language Books In The Middle Stage In Kurdistan Of Iraq According To The Standards Of Good Book

Author name: حمدي اسماعيل احمد الكلي
Supervisor name: جمعة رشيد كضاض الربيعي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف هذه الدراسة الى تقويم كتب اللغة العربية للمرحلة المتوسطة في اقليم كردستان العراق على وفق معايير الكتاب الجيد من وجهة نظر مدرسي المادة ومدرساتها، والتعرف على الفروق ذوات الدلالة الاحصائية في تقويم كتب اللغة العربية للمرحلة المتوسطة في اقليم كردستان ا | The present study aimed to build a criteria to evaluate the Arabic language books for the stage in the middle of the Kurdistan region in accordance with the standards of a good book, and calendar as well as the Arabic language books for the intermediate stage from the viewpoint of teachers and Madrsadtha article according to the standards of a good textbook. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the descriptive approach, because the descriptive research aims to describe phenomena or events or certain things, gather information and facts and observations about them. Included community study the original Arabic language teachers and Madrsadtha in middle school to the Kurdistan region of Iraq for the academic year (2013 - 2014) as numbered (1787), a teacher and a school, divided into directorates of the Kurdistan region were divided by (672) as a teacher and a school in the Directorate of Education in Arbil, and the number of teachers (297) as a teacher and the number of teachers (375) schools, and (604) as a teacher and a school for the Directorate of Sulaymaniyah by 264 teachers and 340 schools and 426 teachers and a school for the Directorate of Education in Dohuk and by (190) teachers and (236) School and a last resort (85 ) as a teacher and a school for the Directorate of Education Ckramaan and by (32) teachers and (53) School, the study sample was included by (16.79) from the research community and by 115 teachers and 185 schools were divided according to grade levels and by (100) Instructor and a school for each grade level as the number of teachers for grades seven (40) teachers and (60) School and (30) teacher (70), eighth - grade teacher and (45) teachers and (55) School for the ninth grade, and thus the total sample size (300 ) and a school teacher. The researcher built a scale for the purpose of evaluating the textbook included six areas : (Goals of the book, the content of the book, the setting and authoring, language, format, Calendar) as the researcher has formulated a number of questions to cover all of these areas, taking into account the clarity and precision. The study came up with a number of findings, including : 1. The Arabic language books for the stage in the middle of the Kurdistan region of Iraq Ataatcef quality desired. 2. There is significant interest in the language of the author of books for the Arabic language stems from the authors' belief in the language of the Quran, a Hafiz her secret eloquent as well as her artistic output. 3. twice the capacity of teaching Arabic language books for the stage in the middle of the Kurdistan region of Iraq, the drafting of behavioral objectives because the teacher is not interested in the formulation of the overall objectives. 4. The Arabic language in the Kurdistan region of Iraq is of secondary materials, has not received the attention like other materials. The study came out a number of recommendations, including : 5. A good book to adopt standards prepared by the researcher as a basis to evaluate the Arabic language books in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. 6. the need for a committee of authors all the terms of reference when authoring the textbook. 7. The need to formulate new goals commensurate with modern trends and keep pace with the evolution into account derived from the correct sources. 8. The need to introduce Arabic language teachers and Madrsadtha in the Kurdistan region of Iraq courses teaching methods and modern methods.
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اثر انموذجي (بوسنر) و(التعلم البنائي) في تحصيل مادة البلاغة والاتجاه نحوها لدى طلاب الخامس الادبي == The Effect Of "Bosner" And " Constructive Learning " Models On Fifth Literary By The Branch Students Achievement And Attitudes Towards The Rhetoric Subjects Matter

Author name: احسان عدنان عبد الرزاق
Supervisor name: فاروق خلف حمودي العزاوي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى : 1. معرفة اثر انموذجي بوسنر والتعلم البنائي في تحصيل مادة البلاغة لدى طلاب الصف الخامس الادبي.2. معرفة اثر انموذجي بوسنر والتعلم البنائي في الاتجاه نحو مادة البلاغة لدى طلاب الصف الخامس الادبي.ولتحقيق هدفي الدراسة صاغ الباحث فر | The present study aims to : 1. know the effect of a typical Posner and constructivist learning in the collection of material of balaqa among students in the fifth grade literary. 2. know the effect of atypical Posner and constructivist learning material in the direction towards balaqa among students in the fifth grade literary. To achieve the goals of the study researcher coined the two main hypotheses are : 1 - statistically non significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students collect first taught Posner program and average grades collectible second experimental group students taught constructivist learning program and average grades collectible control group students taught the usual way. 2 - statistically non significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students first and the average scores of the experimental group students and average scores second control group students in the trend towards material of balaq. Researcher chose the experimental design, the officer partial consisting of two experimental and the third officer to achieve the objective of the study. The researcher chose junior Sayyab for Boys in breeding Baghdad Rusafa first, which includes three divisions of the fifth grade literary to conduct the experiment, and the total number of members of the research sample (93) Talibamozein three people, as the number of members of the first experimental group (32 students), which represents Division (b) studied balaqa at Posner way, and the number of members of the experimental group II (31) Taba, which represents Division (c) and studied the material balaqa constructivist learning way, while the third group, which represents the control group, the number of its members (30) students represent Division (a) who has studied balaqa in the usual way. Researcher rewarded the three study groups in several variables, including : chronological age, degrees of Arabic language in the previous year, language ability test, and an IQ test. Having identified the researcher scientific material that will be examined during the trial, which subjects the book of balaqa and application to fifth grade literary and scheduled to be taught for the academic year 2013 - 2014, in the light of the content of these topics coined researcher behavioral objectives of (104) and distributed among the six levels of the domain knowledge to Bloom's Taxonomy, as a promising lesson plans for the three groups in accordance with the course material and the steps each specimen. Two tools of study have included, first test consist from (30) paragraph, spread over three questions, the first is from (18) paragraph of the type of multiple - choice, and second, to be (5) vertebrae of the type of interview (pairing) while the third may be of (7) paragraphs of short answer type. The second tool, which represents the trend towards balaqa, it has a promising researcher himself a barometer of the direction consisted of (30) paragraph characterized by honesty and consistency. The researcher studied the three research groups by himself, and the experiment lasted a whole year, it began and ended 01/10/2013 b b 15/04/2014. At the end of the experiment dish researcher achievement test on Sunday, 04/13/2014, and then applied the scale in the direction of Tuesday, 04.15.2014. To address the data statistically researcher used several methods, including statistical analysis of variance, chi - square (Ca 2), the equation Keodr - Richardon, Pearson correlation coefficient.The study yielded several results including : 1. outweigh the second experimental group students who studied balaqa Bonmozj constructivist learning students on the two experimental groups first studied balaqa Bonmozj Posner, and control group students who studied balaqa in the usual way. 2. outweigh the second experimental group students who studied balaqa Bonmozj constructivist learning on the first experimental group students who studied balaqa BonmozjIn light of this, the researcher put a number of recommendations including : 1 - For Arabic language teachers and teachers on the steps specimen constructivist learning through educational courses or seminars. 2 - increase the number of years of teaching balaqa increase the number of hours scheduled for the teaching of rhetoric in middle school. As a complement to the findings of the current research, and has a development researcher suggests conducting studies including : A. A similar study of the current study in stages and the ranks of another study to identify the impact of this model. B. A comparative study to see the impact of a specimen constructivist learning with other educational models
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اثر استراتيجية الامواج المتداخلة في الاداء التعبيري عند طلاب الصف الخامس الادبي == The Effect Of The Over Lapping Waves Strategy On The Expressive Writing Of Fifth Class Literary Students

Author name: مرتضى محسن عباس الشريفي
Supervisor name: سماء تركي داخل
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present study intends to identify the effect of the over lapping waves strategy on the expressive writing of the fifth class literary students. To achieve this, an experimental design of partial accuracy - the control group and the serial post - test have been used. The sample of the study consisted of 65 students of the fifth literary class in AL - Sidddeq Secondary School for Boys/ General Directorate of Education in Babylon.The student were divided into two groups ; 32 students in the experimental group and 33 in the control group. The researcher taught the experimental group according to the over lapping waves strategy and the control group according to the traditional way.Students were matched according to the following variables : chronological age, parents education, the students' final marks of the fourth literary class at the year 2014/2015 , and the test of linguistic knowledge. An attempt was made, then, to control some of the extraneous variables that might effect on the experimental design as showed by some literatures.A questionnaire of 12expressive topics was constructed and submitted to experts in order to choose 6 expressive topics to be used to test students in the expressive test.A standardized tool was used to measure students expressive writing , series of expressive writing tests were made to be applied on the students of the two groups (experimental and control ), The writings were to be scored according to AL - Hashmi soring criteria (1994).Using T - test for independent samples, analysis has yielded the following results : There is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group who were taught the expressive writing according to the over lapping waves strategy and that of the control group who were taught the expressive writing according to the traditional method ,This significant is to the experimental group.On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that teaching according to the over lapping waves strategy is so effective in raising the level of the expressive writing of the fifth class literary students.It is recommended that teachers of Arabic should be acquainted with over lapping waves strategy when teaching expressive writing to the students of the preparatory stagy, avoid indoctrination and imposing their ideas and solutions , and help students to attain information by themselves.It is suggested that some of the literatures, concerning the over lapping waves strategy, should be conducted to identify its effect on the expressive writing of students of other stages.
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تقويم التدريبات اللغوية في كتب القراءة للمرحلة الابتدائية في العراق من وجهة نظر المعلمين والمشرفين == Calendar Linguistic Exercises In Reading Books At The Primary Level In Iraq From The Point Of View Of Teachers And Supervisors

Author name: اسراء محمد فوزي العبيدي
Supervisor name: ضياء عبد الله احمد التميمي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: هدف البحث الحالي الى تقويم التدريبات اللغوية في كتب القراءة للمرحلة الابتدائية في العراق في ضوء المعايير اللازمة من وجهة نظر المعلمين والمشرفين الاختصاص، ولتحقيق هدف البحث اتبعت الباحثة المنهج الوصفي، وقد تالف مجتمع البحث من مديريات التربية في بغداد وعدد | Thrown search to "evaluate linguistic exercises in reading books for the primary stage in Iraq in light of the standards required of teachers perspective and supervisors jurisdiction," To achieve the objectives of this research researcher followed the descriptive method consisted research community of teachers and administrators of Arabic in Terpaat Baghdad, and adult of (6) Terpaat, affiliated to the Ministry of Education, either sample was six directorates of the Ministry of Education in Baghdad province, consisting of male and female teachers and supervisors specialization in Arabic language, seen by the researcher on a number of related literature relevant, then prepared a researcher search tool author of a questionnaire which developed the necessary standards for language training, and then presented to the experts and specialists in the Arabic language curricula and methods Tdrceaa, after the researcher data Balastabanh preliminary collected, for as stated in the literature and previous studies, the researcher prepared a final resolution, which has become the standard by which depends on it in achieving the goal of the research, researcher used to manipulate search data methods of statistical and descriptive, benefiting from the use of the weighted measure the achievement of the extent of each criterion, weight percentile to benefit from it in the interpretation of results, and the program statistical package for the Humanities (spss) and including three alternatives (available, available limit what, not available), and then presented to the experts and specialists in the Arabic language curricula and teaching methods reached the proportion of convergent agreement,In light of the search results researcher recommended several recommendations, including increased attention to linguistic exercises when authoring books to read, as well as the need to cover the linguistic training of the subject in reading books for the primary stage, and suggested a complementary study to the study calendar linguistic exercises in reading books at the primary level in Iraq from the perspective of teachers and supervisors jurisdiction
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فاعلية برنامج الوان الطيف في تنمية مهارات القراءة الناقدة والقراءة الابداعية عند طالبات الصف الرابع الادبي

Author name: نغم شاكر جبار
Supervisor name: ضياء عبد الله احمد التميمي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This research aims to Identify "the Effectiveness of the spectrum colours in developing the critical reading skills and the innovative reading of fourth literal female - students".To achieve this goal, the researcher put the following two null hypotheses : The first hypotheses : there is no statistical difference between the marks average of the experimental female - students group who study the reading material according to the spectrum colours program and the marks average of the controlling female - students group who study the material according to the conventional program in developing the critical reading skills.The second hypotheses : there is no statistical difference between the marks average of the experimental female - students group who study the reading material according to the spectrum colours program and the marks average of the controlling female - students group who study the material according to the conventional program in developing the innovative reading skills.The researcher adopted the experimental design with the partial control to identify the Effectiveness of the spectrum colours as a design to study it ; it is the design of the non - random selection control group of the two pre and post tests.Concerning the research sample, the researcher selected one of the preparatory school for girls which is related to the educational directorate of first Risafa, and it is Bint Al - huda which is related to Al Rashidiya zone.The number of the female - students was (65) female - students of the fourth literal grade in Bint Al - huda preparatory school, (34) female - students in the experimental group and (31) in the control group, the researcher conducted a valence in the variables between them (the chronological age, the academic achievement of parents, language ability test, intelligence ability test).Preparing the study requirements : 1. Specifying the scientific material - the planned studying subjects - sixteen subjects of the reading material.2. Formulating the behavioral goals.3. Formulating the general goals; the general goals of the program were derived from : the general goals of the reading lesson for the secondary stage / ministry of education / the general directorate of curriculums / Arabic language unit / the educational resources and the previous studies, the goal of the instructional program (the spectrumcolours).4. Preparing the daily teaching plans to carry out the teaching program.Preparing the two tools of the study : the researcher prepared two tests, the first one : to measure the critical reading skills, concluded (16) item, and the second one : to measure the innovative reading skills, concluded (20) items, distributed on the main skills and sub - skills in this chapter, the researcher verified its validity and reliability, and extracted the distinguishing power of its items, and its difficulty coefficient, and the effectiveness of the wrong alternatives.The experiment continued (16) weeks started at Wednesday ______ to Wednesday ______ , the researcher studied the research sample and after analyzing the data by using the t - test for two independent samples, then Cronbach Alpha equation, and Pearson correlation equation. The study came with the following results : - 1. There are differences between the marks average of the experimental female - students group who study the reading material according to the spectrum colours program according to the conventional program in developing the critical reading skills.2. There are differences between the marks average of the experimental female - students group who study the reading material according to the spectrum colours program and the marks average of the controlling female - students group who study the material according to the conventional program in developing the innovative reading skills.In the light of the results, the researcher concluded the following conclusions : - 1. Employing the spectrum colours program by its vital - training examples, led to a positive interaction from the female - students, and the effective participation during the whole duration of the experiment.2. Employing the spectrum colours program helped in raising the academic level of the female - students in the material reading.3. Employing the spectrum colours program helped in raising the thinking level with its different types among the female - students.The researcher recommended the following : - Adopting the program (The spectrum colours) in developing the critical and innovative skills in teaching the reading material among the preparatory school female - students.The researcher suggesting conducting a number of studies and scientific researches : - 1. Re - testing the teaching program (the spectrum program) in other studying stages (the elementary, the intermediate, and the university stage).2. Conducting a similar study to identify the impact of employing the spectrum colours program in other dependent variables such as : the motivation - and the orientation and the tendency towards the material, and in different branches and studying stages.
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فاعلية برنامج قائم على النظرية البنائية في اكتساب المفاهيم النحوية والتفكير المنظومي عند طلاب الصف الرابع الادبي == The Vitality of A Program Based On A Construction Theory In Acquiring The Grammatical And Systematic Thinking Attitndes For Fourth Grade Pupils In The Literary Branch

Author name: فاضل باني مرعب
Supervisor name: فاروق خلف حمودي العزاوي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف هذا البحث الى : 1 - بناء برنامج تعليمي قائم على النظرية البنائية في اكتساب المفاهيم النحوية والتفكير المنظومي عند طلاب الصف الرابع الادبي.2 - تعرف فاعلية البرنامج التعليمي القائم على النظرية البنائية في : ا - اكتساب المفاهيم النحوية عند طلاب الصف | This research aims to : 1 - At an educational program based on constructivist theory in the acquisition of grammatical concepts and systemic thinking at the fourth grade students literary proposal. 2 - know the effectiveness of the proposed program to acquire grammatical concepts and systemic thinking. To achieve the goal first search : Follow the researcher descriptive approach procedures for the construction of an educational program, which includes theoretical content; (learning goals, and content, and methods of teaching appropriate, and the activities associated with, and teaching aids, for the implementation of this program, check researcher of validity, submitting it to a group of arbitrators and experts).To achieve the second goal of the research hypotheses researcher coined the following cases : 1 - ((no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (05 0.0) between the average scores of the experimental group students, who are studying the proposed educational program according to the constructivist theory, and the average score of the control group students who are studying in the usual way in the acquisition of grammatical concepts)).2 - (( no statistically significant differences at the level of significanc (05 0.0) between the average scores of the experimental group students, who are studying the proposed educational program according to the constructivist theory, and the average score of the control group students who are studying in the usual way of thinking systemic)).To know the proposed educational program effectiveness rely researcher on the experimental method, and used the design experimentally The two groups (theexperimental group and the control group) and post - test, and chose the sample of fourth - grade literary students in junior high Mustafa Boys in the Directorate - General for Education Baghdad Rusafa / third, with the number of members The research sample (68) students, divided between two divisions seminars (b - c), and randomly picked Division (b) to be the experimental group that studied according to the proposed educational program, the rate of (35) students, and represented the other Division (c) the control group studied the usual way by (33) students. Promising researcher in the first two tests to measure the chorus acquire grammatical concepts and systemic thinking, and two tests in the second chorus to measure the acquisition of grammatical concepts and systemic thinking. The test will be the acquisition of grammatical concepts in the first course of (30) items, as well as the course of the second (30) paragraph, the test shall be systems thinking in the course of the first five questions and the second course of five. It was validation of validity and reliability, and the coefficient of difficulty, and its discriminatory, and presented to a group of experts in the Arabic language and methods taught.He studied researcher himself proposed tutorial for the two sets of search in the experiment, which lasted full academic year, and the dish at the end of the two tools Search, and analyzed the results using appropriate statistical methods from which samples t - test (T - test) for two independent samples, study resulted in the following results : - 1 - There is a difference statistically significant between the two groups of students average score in the test Find acquisition of grammatical concepts in the (first and second course), for the experimental group at the level of significance (0.05.).2 - There is a difference statistically significant between the two groups of students average score Search in test systems thinking in the (first and second course), for the experimental group at the level of significance (0.05). In light of the search results researcher concluded a number of conclusions, including : 1 - Action proposed educational program to motivate students to participate effectively in completing required of them and a marked superiority.2 - diversity in the use of different methods and strategies and methods of teaching according to the constructivist theory, the purpose of which leads to the ease of achieving the desired educational goals, and to achieve the wishes of the different students, because of the diversity in the accompanying activities.3 - that in general the proposed educational program has proven its effectiveness in providing the students with grammatical concepts and systemic thinking when literary fourth grade students.The researcher recommended a number of recommendations, including : 1 - the contribution of the proposed tutorial different Botoarh in the consolidation of information and the development of concepts and connect them with each other, researcher finds the need to the attention of curriculum developers to prepare the Arabic language curriculum for this stage, it is the taking into account the principles of the theory of building in general, and the strategies and models based on that theory in private ,and learning about their activity and take into account the individual differences among them. 2 - Based on the search results researcher recommends encouraging Arabic language teachers to make efforts for their students trends development towards other branches of the Arabic language in which they find it difficult to understand, and be done through the use of the proposed educational program, which works to stimulate the interest of these students, which focuses on group activities where they are and discover the collection of information through participation and cooperation with their colleagues which achieves They accept themselves with him to learn the course material and absorbed and increases their interest in it.The researcher suggested a number of studies, a complement to this study, including : 1 - At the proposed training program for the development of teaching skills for teachers of the Arabic language in the light of the use of some of the existing teaching methods on the constructivist theory and in particular (model Appleton Bannaia - scaffolding strategy Altahlmyh - learning strategy centered around the problem).2 - Comparative study between some structural strategies in teaching some of the proposed literacy topics to work on the development of achievement and some systemic thinking skills students at the preparatory stage.3 - calendar content rapporteur grammatical rules of the three stages in the light of the principles of constructivism theor.
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فاعلية برنامج تعليمي قائم على التواصل اللغوي في تحصيل قواعد اللغة العربية والتفكير العلمي عند طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط == Effectiveness Based On The Language of Communication In The Collection of Arabic Grammar And Scientific Thinking At The Second Grade Middle School Educational Program

Author name: عدي ابراهيم مسلم
Supervisor name: محسن حسين مخلف الدليمي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يرمي البحث الحالي الى : 1. بناء برنامج لمادة قواعد اللغة العربية قائم على مهارات التواصل اللغوي .2. بيان مدى فاعلية البرنامج التعليمي في تحصيل مادة قواعد اللغة العربية عند طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط.3. بيان مدى فاعلية البرنامج التعليمي في التفكير العلمي عند طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط . ولتحقيق اهداف البحث وضع الباحث الفرضيتين الصفريتين الاتيتين : 1.لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات تحصيل طلاب المجموعة التجريبية التي تدرس مادة قواعد اللغة العربية باستعمال البرنامج التعليمي ومتوسط درجات تحصيل طلاب المجموعة الضابطة التي تدرس المادة نفسها باستعمال الطريقة التقليدية عند مستوى دلالة ( 0,05) .2. لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات طلاب المجموعة التجريبية التي تدرس مادة قواعد اللغة العربية باستعمال البرنامج التعليمي ومتوسط درجات المجموعة الضابطة التي تدرس المادة نفسها باستعمال الطريقة التقليدية عند مستوى دلالة (0,05 ) في اختبار التفكير العلمي. حدود البحث : يتحدد هذا البحث بالاتي : 1. بناء برنامج لمادة قواعد اللغة العربية قائم على مهارات التواصل اللغوي .2. طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط في المدارس المتوسطة والثانوية النهارية التابعة للمديرية العامة لتربية بغداد / الرصافة الاولى .3. موضوعات مادة قواعد اللغة العربية المقرر تدريسها خلال الفصل الدراسي الاول من العام الدراسي ( 2014 - 2015 ) والموضوعات هي : ( المنقوص والمقصور والممدود ، المثنى والملحق به ، جمع المذكر السالم والملحق به ، جمع المؤنث السالم والملحق به ،جمع التكسير ، الممنوع من الصرف الاسماء الخمسة ، ادوات الاستفهام ) .اجراءات البحث : اولا : خطوات بناء البرنامج وتطبيقه : اطلع الباحث على الدراسات التي اعتنت بالتواصل اللغوي ، وبتعليم قواعد اللغة العربية ، وبناء البرامج، قبل ان يعد البرنامج ثم وضع الباحث مسوغات بناء البرنامج التعليمي والاسس والمبادئ المنطقية والنفسية التي استند اليها البرنامج وحدد عناصره واهدافه ، والاهداف العامة لمحتواه، والاهداف السلوكية ، وتحديد المادة العلمية له (المحتوى التعليمي) ، اذ بلغت عدد الموضوعات (8) وحدد الاهداف العامة للمحتوى ، وحدد الاهداف السلوكية لمادة قواعد اللغة العربية، اذ بلغ عددها (80) هدفا سلوكيا، بعد الاخذ باراء الخبراء، واستعمل الباحث وسائل تعليمية محددة بحسب طبيعة البرنامج وطبيعة التواصل اللغوي وحدد النشاطات واساليب التقويم. وبعد الانتهاء من اعداد البرنامج عرضه على المحكمين لتقرير صلاحيته وصدقه من حيث الصدق الظاهري وصدق المحتوى والاجراءات. ثانيا : اجراءات تطبيق البرنامج : اختار الباحث متوسطة الربيع للبنين احدى المدارس التابعة للمديرية العامة لتربية بغداد/ الرصافة الاولى عشوائيا وفي ضوء التصميم التجريبي للبحث اختار الباحث شعبتين بطريقة السحب العشوائي الثابت من بين اربع شعب فكانت شعبة ( ا ) المجموعة التجريبية والتي تدرس مادة قواعد اللغة العربية على وفق البرنامج وشعبة ( ب ) المجموعة الضابطة التي تدرس المادة نفسها بالطريقة الاعتيادية من دون استعمال البرنامج اذ تالفت عينة البحث من( 60 ) طالبا بواقـــــع ( 30 ) طالبا لكلا المجموعتين وكوفئ بين مجموعتي البحث احصائيا في المتغيرات الاتية : ( العمر الزمني للطلاب محسوبا بالشهور، ودرجات اللغة العربية للعام السابق واختبار رافن للذكاء ، والمعلومات النحوية السابقة ، والتحصيل الدراسي للوالدين ). واعد الباحث المحتوى التعليمي لمادة قواعد اللغة العربية لطلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط،وبنحو يتوافق مع الاهداف العامة،واعد الخطط التدريسية الانموذجية لتدريس مادة قواعد اللغة العربية. ثالثا : تطبيق البرنامج : درس الباحــــث نــفسه مجمـــوعـــتـــي البــــحــث في بداية الفصـــل الاول من العام الدراســــي ( 2014 - 2015 ) بواقع حصتين في الاسبوع بعد ان حدد المادة العلمية ( الموضوعات الثمانية الاولى ) من محتويات كتاب قواعد اللغة العربية المقرر للصف الثاني المتوسط ، مستعملا البرنامج التعليمي القائم على مهارات التواصل اللغوي للمجموعة التجريبية ، اما المجموعة الضابطة درسها بالطريقة التقليدية ، بعد ان اعد الخطط التدريسية لمجموعتي البحث ، وفي نهاية الفصل الدراسي الاول اجرى الباحث اختبارين لمجموعتي البحث بعد ان تم التحقق من صدقهمواثباتهمواايجاد الخصائص السايكومترية لفقراتهما متمثلين ﺒــــ : - اختبار التحصيل الذي اعده الباحث ، تالف من (40) فقرة اختبارية على وفق خريطة اختبارية تقيس خمسة مستويات من المستويات الستة لتصنيف بلوم من نوع الاختيار من متعدد ، والدرجة الكلية للاختبار (40) درجة لكل فقرة درجة واحدة. - اختبار التفكير العلمي الذي اعده الباحث ، تالف من ( 40 ) فقرة اختبارية على وفق مجالات التفكير العلمي ( تحديد المشكلة ، فرض الفروض ، اختيار صحة الفروض ، التفسير ، التعميم ) من نوع الاختيار من متعدد ، والدرجة الكلية للاختبار (40) درجة لكل فقرة درجة واحدة ، ثم صححت الاجابات وعولجت احصائيا. رابعا : الوسائل الاحصائية : استعمل الباحث الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين : للتكافؤ بين مجموعتي البحث في العمر الزمني، ودرجات مادة قواعد اللغة العربية للعام السابق، ودرجات اختبار المعرفة النحوية السابقة، ومستوى الذكاء، وايجاد الفرق بين الطلاب في اختباري التحصيل والتفكير العلمي، ومربع (كا2) : للتكافؤ في التحصيل الدراسي للاباء والامهات، ومعامل الصعوبة : لحساب صعوبة كل فقرة من فقرات اختباري التحصيل والتفكير العلمي، ومعامل تمييز الفقرة : لحساب قوة تمييز كل فقرة من فقرات اختباري التحصيل والتفكير العلمي ، وفعالية البدائل الخاطئة : لايجاد فعالية البديل الخاطئ لفقرات اختباري التحصيل والتفكير العلمي، ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون : لايجاد معامل الثبات والتجزئة النصفية للاختبار وارتباط الفقرة بالدرجة الكلية ومعادلة سبيرمان براون : لحساب معامل التصحيح لمعامل ثبات الاختبار التحصيلي بطريقة التجزئة النصفية. وبعد انتهاء التجربة، طبق الباحث ادوات البحث، فاظهرت النتائج ما ياتي : 1. تفوق طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الذين درسوا مادة قواعد اللغة العربية على وفق البرنامج التعليمي القائم على التواصل اللغوي على طلاب المجموعة الضابطة الذين درسوا المادة نفسها على وفق الطريقة الاعتيادية في اختبار التحصيل. اذ اظهـرت النتائج الاحصائيـة وجود فرق بين متوسط درجات تحصيل الطلاب في المجموعة التجريبية البالغ ( 30 ) درجة ومتوسـط درجات تحصيل الطلاب في المجموعة الضابطة والبالغ (4 ,26) درجة اذ كانت القيمة التائية المحسوبة اكبر من الجدولية عند درجة حرية ( 58 ) ومستوى دلالة 0,05 .2. تفوق طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الذين درسوا مادة قواعد اللغة العربية على وفق البرنامج التعليمي القائم على التواصل اللغوي على طلاب المجموعة الضابطة الذين درسوا المادة نفسها على وفق الطريقة الاعتيادية في اختبار التفكير العلمي. اذ اظهـرت النتائج الاحصائيـة وجود فرق بين متوسط درجات تحصيل الطلاب في المجموعة التجريبية البالغ ( 27 ) درجة ومتوسـط درجات تحصيل الطلاب في المجموعة الضابطة والبالغ ( 24 ) درجة اذ كانت القيمة التائية المحسوبة اكبر من الجدولية عند درجة حرية ( 58 ) ومستوى دلالة 0,05 . في ضوء النتائج التي توصل اليها البحث الحالي استنتج الباحث ما ياتي : 1 . ان لمهارات التواصل اللغوي ميزة ومكانة في تحفيز اذهان الطلاب ، اذ تبعدهم عن السلبية والملل الناتجة من الاساليب النمطية او التقليدية في التدريس. 2. ان طلبة مدارس المرحلة المتوسطة على العموم بحاجة الى برامج تعليمية مرتبطة بالمنهج الدراسي ومبنية على اسس علمية ، وفقا لحاجاتهم ومشكلاتهم النفسية والمعرفية والاجتماعية ، فضلا من المرحلة العمرية او الدراسية .3. اسهم تصميم البرنامج التعليمي في اعطاء الدرس دورا جيدا في اعادة تنظيم المحتوى بعيدا عن العشوائية وبما يتناسب مع تحقيق الاهداف التعليمية .4. ان البرنامج المتبع في مدارسنوابحسب النتائج التي اسفرت عنها نتائج البحث هو برنامج لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه ويمكن ان يعطي نتائج جيدة اذا تم توظيفه بشكل حديث من خلال الخطط التدريسية المعدة سلفا التي توظف كل الامكانات التدريسية المتنوعة في الموقف التعليمي . في ضوء نتائج البحث يوصي الباحث بما ياتي منها : 1. اعتماد البرنامج القائم على مهارات التواصل اللغوي في تدريس مادة قواعد اللغة العربية.2. فتح دورات تدريبية لمدرسي اللغة العربية ومدرساتها لتدريبهم على اعداد برامج تعليمية مرتبطة بالمنهج الدراسي والاستراتيجيات المستعملة في تنمية مهارات التواصل اللغوي ليتسنى لهم تنميتها لدى طلبتهم . 3. التاكيد على مدرسي اللغة العربية بضرورة استعمال الاستراتيجيات التي تزيد من التحصيل الدراسي وتنمي مهارات التفكير العلمي ، ويمكن ان يتم ذلك من خلال المتابعة والتاكيد من قبل المديرية العامة للاشراف التابعة لوزارة التربية .4. يمكن الافادة من نتائج هذا البحث عند اعادة بناء المناهج الدراسية وتصميمهوا خاصة مناهج اللغة العربية سواء للمرحلة الابتدائية او المتوسطة او الاعدادية .5. ضرورة ان تكون الامتحانات في المواد الدراسية المختلفة ومنها مادة قواعد اللغة العربية بعيدة عن الحفظ والتلقين، وان تتضمن معالجات ايجابية للمعلومات.6. ضرورة مراعاة جوانب التفكير بانواعه عند تاليف المناهج الدراسية لاسيما في مادة قواعد اللغة العربية بما يساعد على تنمية التفكير والابداع عند الطلبة. 7. جعل التفكير العلمي والبرامج التدريبية لتنميته ضمن مفردات طرائق التدريس لاقسام اللغة العربية في كليات التربية ، مع اعطاء الاولوية لاساليب قياس هذه المهارات وتقويمها لدى الطلبة. استكمالا للبحث الحالي يقترح الباحث اجراء البحوث الاتية : 1. دراسة مماثلة للدراسة الحالية في فروع اللغة العربية الاخرى ، كالمطالعة والنصوص والبلاغة والادب والنقد والتعبير وللمراحل الدراسية غير المنتهية جميعها .2. دراسة لبيان فاعلية البرنامج على طالبات الصف الثاني المتوسط وفقا لمتغير الجنس.3. دراسة لمعرفة فاعلية البرنامج التعليمي في متغيرات تابعة اخرى من التفكير مثل : ( التفكير الابداعي ، والتفكير الاستدلالي ، والتفكير الناقد )4. دراسة لمعرفة فاعلية البرنامج التعليمي في انواع اخرى من المتغيرات، كالاتجاه نحو مادة قواعد اللغة العربية او الاستبقاء او الميل . | The current research aims to : 1. Building program for Arabic language rules based on linguistic communication skills . 2. The effectiveness of the educational program in the collection of Arabic language rules at the second - grade students average a statement. 3. Statement of the effectiveness of the educational program in scientific thinking at the second grade average students . And the achievement of the objectives of the research put Researcher run Datin zero Tin Tin follows : 1. There is no difference with Statistically significant differences between mean scores collect dew August experimental group taught Arabic language rules by using the tutorial and the average grades Collection of students The control group, which is studying the same material using the program and practice Headquarters The Ministry of Education at the level of significance ( 0.05 ) . 2. Do not There are significant differences between the average scores of the experimental group of students enrolled in Arabic language rules by using the tutorial and the average degree of the control group, which is studying the same material using the program and followed the headquarters of the Ministry of Education at the level of significance ( 0.05 ) In the test of scientific thinking . Borders Search : This research is determined by the following : 1. Building program for Arabic language rules based on linguistic communication skills. 2. Second grade average students in middle school and high school the day General Directorate of Breeding Baghdad / Rusafa. 3. A number of topics Arabic language rules due taught during the first semester of the academic year (2014 - 2015) and topics are : (Undiminished and exclusive and elongated, Muthanna and by extension, the collection of masculine and Salem thereto, feminine collection Salem and appended to it, collect cracker, barred from exchange The five names, question) tools. Research procedures : First of all : Steps to build the program and its application : Check researcher On the studies, which focused on the language to communicate, and to teach the Arabic language rules, and building programs, before the program is Then put the researcher justifications building tutorial And foundations and Logical principles and Psychological relied upon by the program And Select elements And objectives, and The overall objectives of its content, and behavioral objectives, and identify scientific article to him (educational content), which reached the number of subjects (8) topics And Select the general objectives of the content, and Select behavioral objectives for Arabic language rules, as numbered (80) behaviorally target, after taking the opinions of experts, and the use of specific educational researcher means according to the nature of the program and the nature of linguistic communication And select activities and methods of evaluation, and after the completion of the presentation to the arbitrators to determine the validity and sincerity in terms of virtual honesty and sincerity of the content and procedures of the program. Second : Application procedures for the program : Researcher chose medium Spring Boys one of the General Directorate for Educational Baghdad / Rusafa first randomly schools and in the light of the experimental design to search Akhtar researcher divisions (Randomly) from among the four people were Division ( A ) The experimental group And taught Arabic language according to the rules of the program, and the Division (B) the control group, which is considering the same article the usual way without the use of the program The research sample consisted of 60 students a trumpeter (p 30) students of both groups and was rewarded Find statistically between the two groups in the following variables : (Age Time for students, calculated in months, and degrees of the Arabic language in the previous year And Raven test of intelligence, And Previous grammatical information, and educational attainment of the parents). And systems researcher educational content for Arabic language rules for students of second grade average, about in line with the overall objectives, and prepared lesson plans Alonmozjah according to the areas of material after verification of the way (normal) used to teach Arabic grammar. Third, the application of the program : He studied the researcher total T. Alp j h w himself at the beginning of the first lobe of the public for the school year (2014 - 2015) by two servings a week after that select the scientific article (the first eight topics ) of contents Arabic grammar book scheduled second grade average, using existing tutorial on linguistic communication experimental group skills, while the control group studied the traditional way, having prepared lesson plans for the two sets of research, and at the end of the first semester researcher conducted two tests Baadian the two sets of search after it has been verified of sincerity and Thbathma and find Alsekoumtria characteristics of Vaqrathma imitators : - Achievement test prepared by the researcher , Consisted of 40 items, risk trial According to the test map measure five levels of the six levels of Bloom's Taxonomy of multiple choice, The total score for the test (40) the degree of each paragraph one degree. - Test of scientific thinking, prepared by the researcher, consisted of 40 items, risk trial According to the areas of scientific thinking (problem identification, the imposition of hypotheses, selecting hypotheses, interpretation, circular) of multiple choice, The total score for the test (40) the degree of each paragraph one degree, then corrected answers and treated statistically. Fourth : Statistical methods : Use the researcher test samples t for two independent samples : the equivalence between the two sets of research in chronological age, and degrees of Arabic language rules in the previous year, and degrees of knowledge of grammatical prior test, the level of intelligence, and to find the difference between students in a test collection and scientific thinking, and square (Ca 2) : parity in academic achievement for parents, and the coefficient of difficulty : to calculate the difficulty of each paragraph of a test collection and scientific thinking, and the coefficient of discrimination paragraph : To calculate the power of discrimination each paragraph of a test collection and scientific thinking, and the effectiveness of false alternatives : to find the wrong alternative effective paragraphs test collection and thinking scientific, and Pearson correlation coefficient : to find consistency and retail midterm test and correlation paragraph college degree and equation Spearman coefficient Brown : To calculate the coefficient of achievement test in a way retail midterm stability correction factor. After the end of the experiment, the researcher applied research tools, mother - results as follows : 1. Superiority of the experimental group students who have studied the Arabic language according to the rules - based tutorial on linguistic communication to the control group students who have studied the same material according to the normal way in achievement test. The statistical results showed a difference between the average scores of student achievement in the experimental group of (30) and the average student achievement scores in the control group and of (4.26). 2. outweigh the experimental group students who have studied the Arabic language according to the rules based on linguistic communication to the control group students who have studied the same material on the way according to the usual test of scientific thinking in the tutorial. The statistical results showed a difference between the average scores of student achievement in the experimental group of ( 27) and the average student achievement scores in the control group and adult (24) In light of the findings of the current research researcher concluded the following : 1. effectiveness based tutorial on linguistic communication to increase the academic achievement level in Arabic language rules through the promotion of multiple cognitive aspects of second year students of the medium. 2. tutorial effective not only in raising the level of achievement in Arabic language rules, It contributed to the promotion of scientific thinking at the experimental group students as well as from the development of linguistic communication skills. 3. The linguistic skills and communication feature Position in stimulating the minds of students, keep him as m negative and boredom resulting from typical or traditional methods of teaching. 4. The Schools middle school students generally need to be linked to the curriculum and science - based education programs, According to their needs and problems Psychological, cognitive and social, as well as from school age or stage. 5. tutorial design contributes to give teaching a good role in the reorganization of the content away from the random and proportional to achieve their educational goals. 6. The practice program in our schools, according to the results of the research and its results Program irreplaceable and can j gives good results if he was employed In an interview through lesson plans prepared in advance, which employs all the diverse possibilities of teaching in the classroom. In light of the results of the search guardian researcher including the following : 1. Open courses For Arabic language teachers to be trained in the preparation of curriculum - related educational programs and strategies used in the development of linguistic communication skills to enable them to develop in their students. 2. Paying attention to the Arabic language teachers to select appropriate teaching strategies for learners, particularly when determining the appropriate activities and teaching aids, because the education process to be effective when they match with the nature of the cognitive strategies of information among students This leads naturally to reduce the waste of time and effort by the teacher and student And This is done by knowing the characteristics and needs of learners before starting any lesson. 3. emphasis on Arabic language teachers need to use strategies that increase academic achievement and develop scientific thinking skills, It can be done through follow - up and confirmation by the General Directorate for the supervision of the Ministry of Education. 4. can benefit from the results of this research when re - building and design curriculum and Especially the Arabic language curricula, both primary stage or middle or junior high. 5. The need to be examinations in various subjects including Arabic grammar is far from conservation and indoctrination material, and That include positive processors of information. 6. necessity of taking into account aspects of different kinds of thinking when authoring the curriculum, especially in the Arabic language rules as to help the development of thinking and creativity of the students. 7. Make Scientific thinking and training programs for the development of teaching methods within the vocabulary of the sections of the Arabic language in the colleges of education, With priority given to the methods of measurement and evaluation of these skills among students. Continuation of the current research is proposed researcher conducting the following research : 1. d similar Study The current study in other branches of the Arabic language, and Kalmtalah texts and rhetoric and literature and criticism and expression of all academic levels. 2. Study of the statement on the effectiveness of the program the students of the second grade average, according to the variable sex. 3. study to determine the effectiveness of the educational program in other types of thinking, creative like thinking, and deductive, and critic. 4. study to determine the effectiveness of the educational program in other types of variables, Kalatjah about Arabic language rules or retention or inclination
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مستوى مقروئية كتب القراءة العربية للمرحلة الابتدائية في العراق == The Readability Level of Arabic Textbook For Primary Stage In Iraq

Author name: رقية علي حمزة الشمري
Supervisor name: رقية عبد الائمة عبد الله العبيدي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يرمي هذا البحث تعرف مستوى مقروئية كتب القراءة العربية للصفوف الثلاثة العليا من المرحلة الابتدائية في العراق، وتعرف ترتيب الموضوعات القرائية على وفق درجة مقروئيتها في كتب القراءة، وتعرف درجة المقروئية على وفق متغير الجنس.ولاجل الوصول الى هذه المرامي | The researchers and educators indicated that there is a weakness in reading in the primary stage so they gave stature to study it in this research which aims at the read ability of Arabic reading textbooks of the high three classes of the Primary stage in Iraq, determining the effect of pupils gender on the degree of readability and to achieve these aims the researcher has chosen randomly (27) different topics to pick from the textbooks of Arabic for the high three classes of the primary stage.Nine reading topics from each textbook is the sample of the research.These topics are taken from the beginning, middle and the end of the textbooks. For the sake of measuring the readability of the reading topics. The researcher has prepared (27)test of a (cloze) type, she did that by deleting the word of fifth arrangement from each topic of the research sample topics. The average of the topic length is fifty word and the number of the deleting words from each topic is ten words.After achieving the validity and reliability they have been applied to a random sample that consist of (650) male and female (348) male and (302) female who are distributed on six directorate in Baghdad governorate. Two schools for boys, two schools for girls and one school (mixed for girls and boys) from each of the six directorates.After analyzing the results of the (cloze) test by using the statistical means. It is found that : 1 - The degree of the readability of Arabic reading of the fourth primary class is (2.80),for the fifth class is (4.25) and for the sixth class is (5.03)2 - The majority of the pupils performance in the (cloze) test falls in the bad level and about 1/4 in the teaching level and a small ratio is in the readability level.3 - The reading topics in the textbooks of Arabic reading for the high three classes of the primary stage are not graded according to the degree of their readability.4 - There is a difference of statistical significance among the degree of the readability reading topics according to the difference in the pupils gender and for the sake of girls.From previous results , it is concluded that the reading topics in the textbooks of the Arabic reading for high three classes of the primary stage in Iraq are not suitable for pupils levels. The researcher has explained this result by many reasons, some of them are related to the pupils and others the reading topics themselves.In the light of the research results, the researcher has recommended many recommendations for example to limit the degree of readability of the school textbooks in general and especially the reading textbooks before generalizing them to pupils by using one of the methods of measurement of readability such as (cloze) test. The researcher has suggested to make further studies as a complement of this research in this vital field which still needs more studies and investigations.
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تقويم تحصيل طالبات اقسام رياض الاطفال في كليات التربية الاساسية في العراق في مادة علم الصوت == Evaluating Female Students 'Achievement At The Kindergarten Department / College of Basic Education In Iraq

Author name: عدي راشد محمد عبد الرحمن القلمجي
Supervisor name: حاتم طه ياسين السامرائي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اهمية البحث والحاجة اليه : لقد قطعت العلوم التربوية شوطا في التقدم والرقي الانساني، اذ ما انفكت تؤكد على توفير النمو المتكامل لشخصية الفرد في جوانبها الجسمية والنفسية والعقلية والاجتماعية، فبواسطة التربية والتعليم يتمكن المجتمع من المحافظة على عاداته | Educational sciences have done a lot in the field of human development. It emphasizes on the growth of individual's personality in its physiological, psychological, mental, and socrial aspects. Education and instruction enable the society to adhere to its values, traditions, heritage and to advance more and break all the barriers that prevent its development.This study stems its significance from the significance of the Arabic language itself, which is our national language and the language of Quran and people of paradise. Moreover, it is the language of social communication among nation's individuals. A language consists of many joined and integrated skills. One of the most essential skills is the correct articulation of speech.However, it is clear that learners are weak in language phonology as it is referred to by Al - Kesayi (189 H.), Al - Jahidh (255 H.), Ibin Jinny (285 H.). modernists also referred to this wealness such as, Dr.Rasheed Al - Aubaydy and Dr.Ahmed Abdul Haq Muhammed, Dr.May Fadhil Al - Juboory, and Sabir A.Jumaa. they believe that the reson behind this weakness is the deficiency in teaching Arabic phonology at both the basic level and at the college level Hence, there is a need to remedy This weakness in language performance starting from the initial stages of learning, i.e. from kindergartens and more specifically from the teacher of kindergartens who is responsible about which training learners at the initial stages.
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فاعلية استراتيجية مقترحة قائمة على دمج استراتيجيتي التعلم السباعية والخرائط المفاهيمية في اكساب مفاهيم قواعد اللغة العربية عند طالبات الصف الرابع الادبي == Effectiveness of The Proposed Strategy Is Based On The Integration of The Seven - Learning Strategies And Conceptual Maps In The Acquistion of Arabic Grammar Concepts At The Fourth Grade Students of Literary

Author name: افراح لطيف حميد الزبيدي
Supervisor name: سعد علي زاير المسعراوي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The goal of this research is to find out Vaalahastratejah proposed integration strategies based on the seven - learning and conceptual maps in the Acquistion of the concepts of the rules of the Arabic language students at the fourth grade literary.To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher developed a null hypothesis of the following : There is no difference with statistically significant differences in the concepts of the Acquistion of Arabic grammar, between the experimental group students who were studying the proposed strategy and the control group students who are studying in the traditional way.Adopted researcher experimental design a partial seizure, and chose researcher preparatory Arab Revolt for Girls in Baghdad, affiliated to the breeding Baghdad province Rusafa / 1, the Directorate as the research sample of (64) female students from fourth grade literary, and abide by randomly into two groups, the rate of (32) student in the experimental group, and (32) students in the control group, and conducted a researcher parity between them statistically in the variables (chronological age of the students, and degrees of the Arabic language for the academic year before, and intelligence, motivation and academic). The researcher prepared Search of behavioral objectives kits, were 178 goals, and plans for teaching each subject of the specific experience of topics, and researcher prepared test Acquistion concepts Arabic grammar, be of (38) items, divided between test Almzoajh and multiple choice, it was verified of sincerity, and the coefficient of difficulty, and the strength of indistinguishable, and persistence.Using samples t test for two independent samples, was reached to exceed the experimental group students who have studied the proposed strategy according to the control group students who have studied according to the traditional way in the Acquistion concepts of Arabic grammar.In light of the findings of the research, the researcher concluded that the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in the Acquistion of Arabic grammar concepts at the fourth grade students of literary, and was able to Tksabhn true understanding, use strategies helped to integrate concepts Acquistion of fourth grade students at the literary.In light of this, the researcher developed a number of recommendations on the results of the research, including : . 1 - You need Arabic grammar concepts to the special attention of the biggest specialists and authors of Arabic language books in general, and interesting, and the rules of the Arabic language in particular, and taking into account the importance of these concepts.2 - The establishment of training courses for teachers to be trained in the use of modern educational strategies in the Acquistion concepts rules Arabic Aalgh in Arabic language classes in general.Complementing this research researcher has proposed a number of studies and scientific research, including : 1 - conducting a similar study by the proposed strategy in the Acquistion concepts of Arabic grammar in the last stages of study.2 - conducting a similar study to know the impact of a proposed strategy in a last variables such as : collection, creative thinking, and innovative thinking, and motivation, direction and orientation toward the material.
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فاعلية برنامج تعليمي قائم على مهارات الاستماع في تنمية التعبير الشفوي لدى تلامذة المرحلة الابتدائية == The Effectiveness of An Educational Program Based On Listening Skills In The Development of The Oral Expression For Pupils of Primary School

Author name: عدي راشد محمد القلمجي
Supervisor name: قصي عبد العباس حسن الابيض
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف البحث الحالي الى : - بناء برنامج تعليمي قائم على مهارات الاستماع. - تعرف فاعلية البرنامج التعليمي في تنمية التعبير الشفوي لدى تلامذة المرحلة الابتدائية. ولتحقيق الهدف الثاني صيغت الفرضيات الصفرية الاتية : ا. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط در | This study aims to : 1 - Bulidling an educational program having based on the listening skill.2 - Knowing the effect of this program in developing the oral comprehension of pupils at primary school. To fulfill this aim, the research er put the following theories : a - There is no a statically signification difference between the average grades for pupils of the experimental group who have been studying the oral comprehension according to the suggested program and the others who study the same material according to the traditional method in the pre - test of the oral comprehension.b - There is no a statically signification difference between the average grades for pupils of the experimental group who studying the oral comprehension according to the suggested program in the pre - and post test of the oral comprehension.c - There is no a statically signification difference between the average grades for pupils in the controlled group who have study the same subject fallowing the traditional method in the pre - and post test of the oral comprehension. d - There is no a statically signification difference between the average grades for pupils of the experimental group who study the oral comprehension according to the educational program and the average grade of pupils in the controlled group who study the same subject fallowing the traditional method in the post - test of the oral comprehension. e - There is no a statically signification difference between the average grades for pupils of the experimental group(males)and the average grades for pupils of the experimental group(females) in the post test of the oral comprehension.The limits of the study : 1 - pupils of the fifth grade in Iraqi primary school / morning studies of the general directorates in the province of Baghdad in its both sids.2 - Year of study 2014 - 2015.The procedures of the research : 1 - The research sample identification consists of forty pupils (males and females) distributing them into two sections. One group represents the experimental group which study the oral comprehension according to the educational program and the second group represent s the controlled group which fallow the traditional method in studying the oral comprehension The inside and outside safety of the experimental design has been checked by identifying the factors that effect the tow variables.2 - The research requirement include : - Specify the scientific material of the dialogue and comprehension subjects already in the Arabic readying book for first class. - Wording the behavioral objectives (included twenty objects) have been distributed into three main fields : cognitive, emotional , and self - kinesthetic. - Prepare lesson plans to fill full the suggested educational program.3 - Prepare the research tools;The researcher prepare the oral comprehension standards consisting of the paragraphs. They are divided into five field. These are ; provide ideas field, stylistic field , voice field , performance field and features of the speaker field ).Statistical methods;The researcher user the following statistical methods ;1 - pearson coefficient sprain.2 - Alpha ratio equation.3 - T test for tow independent sample.4 - Ci - square for independence.5 - Pearson correlation coefficient.6 - Applying the experiment.Out weigh pupils of the experimental group upon those of the controlled group , Also superiority of females to males of the same group.The conclusions; The researcher has concluded the following;1 - You can employ listening skills through an educational program which develops the expression for pupils.2 - The pupils understanding and acceptance of the listening skill help them to understand the greatest possible topic of the expression have been studied earlier.Recommendations;1 - Encourages primary school pupils to exercise listening skill through their education.2 - Teachers of the Arabic language in primary schools can take standard oral expression as a tool to measure the level of pupils in this subject.Suggestion : 1 - A similar research to the current one can be studied but with a different variable such as the grammar of the Arabic language.2 - Conduct a research on the relation ship of oral expression with , other variable like attention and memory.
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فاعلية برنامج مقترح في تنمية مهارات ما وراء المعرفة عند طلاب الصف الرابع الادبي وعلاقتهما بادائهم التعبيري == Effectiveness of The Proposed Program In The Development of Metacognitive Skills of The Students At The Fourth Grade And Their Relation To The Performance of Literary Expressions

Author name: علاء عبد الحسين شبيب الحسيناوي
Supervisor name: رقية عبد الائمة عبد الله العبيدي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يرمي هذا البحث : 1 - بناء برنامج لتنمية مهارات ماوراء المعرفة عند طلاب الصف الرابع الادبي.2 - تعرف فاعلية البرنامج المقترح في تنمية مهارات ماوراء المعرفة وعلاقتها بادائهم التعبيري. ولتحقيق مرمى البحث ؛اعد الباحث برنامجا تعليميا تضمن اهدافا تعليم | This research aims at : 1 - building a program to develop the metacognitive skills of the fourth grade students at literary. 2 - finding the effectiveness of the proposed program in the development of metacognitive skills and their relationship with their p
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اثر اسلوب باكسا في التحصيل والتفكير الابداعي لدى طلاب الصف الخامس الادبي في مادة الادب والنصوص == The Effect of Style of Pacsa In The Achierement And Innovative Thinking For The Fifth Grade Students In Subject of Literature And Text

Author name: تحسين عبيد محمد البوحمد
Supervisor name: قصي عبد العباس حسن الابيض
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يرمي البحث الحالي الىاوا : التعرف الى اثر اسلوب باكسا في التحصيل لدى طلاب الصف الخامس الادبي في مادة الادب والنصوصثانيا : التعرف الى اثر اسلوب باكسا في التفكير الابداعي لدى طلاب الصف الخامس الادبي في مادة الادب والنصوصولتحقيق هدفي البحث وضع الباحث | The present study aims at : First : knowing the method of Paksa in the acquisition for the fifth grade students in subject of Literature And Texts.Second : Knowing the style of Paksa in the innovative thinking for the fifth grade students in subject of Lite
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تقويم دليل كتاب قراءتي للصف الاول الابتدائي من وجهة نظر معلمي المادة ومشرفيها == The Evaluation Book Reading First Grade Primary From The Perspective of Teachers And Supervisors Article Directory

Author name: هديل غازي لفتة
Supervisor name: محسن حسين مخلف الدليمي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الى تقويم دليل كتاب قراءتي للصف الاول الابتدائي من وجهة نظر معلمي المادة ومشرفيها، واختارت الباحثة عينة بحثها بصورة عشوائية من معلمي الصف الاول الابتدائي ومعلماته، بلغ عددها (430) معلما ومعلمة، وعينة من المشرفين والمشرفات، بلغ عددها (50) مشر | The goal of this research is to evaluate a book reading first grade primary from the standpoint of teachers article and supervisors, and to achieve the goal Find sample researcher chosen randomly from teachers of first grade and his teachers guide, and nu
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اثر التدريس باستراتيجية التعليم المتمايز في تحصيل قواعد اللغة العربية لدى طالبات الصف الخامس الادبي == The Effect of Teaching By The Distinguish Teaching Strategy on The Achievement of The Arabic Grammar For The Fifth Grade \Literary Branch Female Students

Author name: ميلاد ابراهيم عبيد الشمري
Supervisor name: محسن حسين مخلف الدليمي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يرمي البحث الحالي الى تعرف اثر التدريس باستراتيجية التعليم المتمايز في تحصيل قواعد اللغة العربية لدى طالبات الصف الخامس الادبي, وللتحقق من ذلك وضعت الباحثة الفرضية الصفرية الاتية : ليس هناك فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى (0,05) بين متوسط تحصيل طالبات الم | The present study aims at knowing The Effect of teaching by the Distinguish Teaching Strategy on the Achievement of the Arabic Grammar for the Fifth Grade \Literary Branch Female students. Therefore, the researcher put the following zero hypothesis : -
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فاعلية برنامج مقترح في تنمية مهارات الاستماع التذوقي والناقد عند طالبات الصف الرابع الادبي == Effectiveness of A Proposed Program In The Development of Appreciated And Critical Listening Skills of The Fourth Grade Female Students At Literary Branch of Secondary Schools

Author name: غصون علي حسن الخفاجي
Supervisor name: رقية عبد الائمة عبد الله العبيدي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This research aims at : 1 - Building a proposed program in the development of Appreciated Listening skills and Critical Listening skills of the fourth grade female students at literary branch of secondary school.2 - Finding the effectiveness of the pro
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اثر برنامج تعليمي قائم على استراتيجيات التدريس البصري في تنمية الاداء التعبيري لطالبات الصف الثاني المتوسط == Effect of Educational Program Based on The Visual Teaching Strategies In Developing The Expressive Performance For The Second Intermediate Class Female Pupils

Author name: عناية يوسف حمزة
Supervisor name: ميسون علي جواد التميمي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف هذا البحث تعرف "اثر برنامج تعليمي قائم على استراتيجيات التدريس البصري في تنمية الاداء التعبيري لطالبات الصف الثاني المتوسط" وفي ضوء هدف البحث واجراءاته تم التحقق من صحة الفرضية الصفرية الاتية : لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى (0.05) بين متو | This research aims at knowing " Effect of Educational programmable on The Visual Teaching Strategies in Developing The Expressive Performance For the Second Intermediate Female Pupils " and according to the research and its procedures, we are verifying fr
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تقويم كتب القراءة في ضوء التراكيب اللغوية لدى تلاميذ المرحلة الابتدائية == Dissertation Submitted To The Council of The College of Basic Education In Mustansiriya University, Which Is Part of The Requirements For A Degree Doctor of Philosophy In Education (Methods of Teaching Arabic)

Author name: عقيل عبد الرضا صادق
Supervisor name: كاظم حسين غزال
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان الباحثين والتربويين قد اشروا وجود الضعف اللفظي للتراكيب اللغوية في المرحلة الابتدائية لذا اعطوا مكانة لدراستها. ويهدف البحث الحالي الى تقويم كتب القراءة في ضوء التراكيب اللغوية لدى تلامذة المرحلة الابتدائية (الصف الرابع والخامس والسادس الابتدائي ).ا | Testifies today's society a number of changes that appear raised on educational systems, and in the countries of the developing countries These changes are very important, since these countries are struggling to eliminate the problems of learning, and als
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تقويم اسئلة كتب القراءة للمرحلة الابتدائية على وفق مستويات الفهم القرائي == The Evaluation of Questions of Reading Books For The Primary Stage According To The Levels of Reading Understanding

Author name: عدي صبحي جبير عياش
Supervisor name: كامل محمود نجم الدليمي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: « تقويم اسئلة كتب القراءة للمرحلة الابتدائية على وفق مستويات الفهم القرائي », ولتحقيق هدف البحث اطلع الباحث على الاهداف العامة لمادة القراءة لهذه المرحلة, ولم يجد الباحث في منهاج الدراسة الابتدائية المعد من وزارة التربية العراقية على النسب المئوية لهذه | The present study aims at “evaluating the questions of the book of Reading books for the primary stage according to the levels of reading understanding. In order to achieve the objectives of the study the researcher comes up with the general objectives o
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فاعلية برنامج قائم على نظرية التلقي في تنمية مهارات القراءة الابداعية والتذوق الادبي عند طلاب الصف الرابع الادبي == Effectiveness Is Based on The Theory of Receipt In The Development of Creative Literary Taste And Reading Skills At Fourth Grade Students Literary Program

Author name: طارق حسين طارش
Supervisor name: ميسون علي جواد التميمي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The goal of this research is to identify "(based on the effectiveness of the receiving theory in the development of creative literary taste and reading skills program at the fourth grade students literary)" In light of the research and its procedures been
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تقويم كتب الادب والنصوص للمرحلة الاعدادية على وفق معايير التذوق الادبي == The correction of the High school Literature Books according to the Literature Taste standers

Author name: صبا حامد حسين
Supervisor name: رقية عبد الائمة عبد الله العبيدي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This research aims to the correction (straightened) of High school Literature Books according to the Literary Taste standers. The researcher Uses the Curriculum descriptive to its research, as well analyzing the content to reach her goal, because it’s the
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تطور الاداء التعبيري والاتجاه نحو التخصص لدى طلبة قسم اللغة العربية كلية التربية الاساسية == The Development of The Expressive Performance And The Trend Towards Specialization For The Students of The Department of Arabic Language

Author name: زينة صدام سادة الكناني
Supervisor name: فاروق خلف حمودي العزاوي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف البحث الحالي الكشف عن " تطور الاداء التعبيري والاتجاه نحو التخصص لدى طلبة قسم اللغة العربية في كلية التربية الاساسية/الجامعة المستنصرية واتبعت الباحثة المنهج الوصفي, ولتحقيق هذا الهدف وضعت الباحثة الفرضيتين الصفريتين : 1 - لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائ | The current research aims to detect “The development of the expressive performance and the trend towards specialization for the students of the Department of Arabic Language in the college of basic education / university of Al - Mustansiriya”, and to achi
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