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بناء المعجم اللغوي العربي في ضوء اللسانيات الحديثة == Reformation of The Arabic Linguistic Lexicon Throughout Modern Linguistics

اسم المؤلف: علاء صاحب حمادي تكي
اسم المشرف: نجاح فاهم صابر العبيدي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: It is no secret today that languages are not only composed of strict linguistic systems but, in fact, they are produced by the interaction of two main components. The first of these is what is already referred to as the system. This aspect touches on a number of linguistic levels that overlap and complement between them from Phonology to the Syntax, while taking into account the suggested semantic effects through the previous systems, but they cannot adopt abstract laws.As these systems must apply their partial rules on the physical ground through which these systems, and this leads us to the second component of the structure of the language is a lexicon that operates according to its own rules, which vary in the way they work and the way the language systems in the first component, the units of the lexicon are the physical part of the language and the most susceptible to change. The units of the lexicon is created the words that are develop, grow and die. This earns the dictionary a vital dimension in the language violates the abstract component of them. If the scientific study of the language or (linguistics) has focused on the first side of the language since the beginning of the last century. The study neglected or ignored the application of the scientific study on the lexicon, even counted among a group of researchers interested in the attached.At the same time, a group of Western linguists began to realize the imbalance caused by the neglect of the lexical side of the language by focusing on syntactic language studies and describing them according to abstract levels. They are filling the gap between the lexicon and other systems. They continue their works until they enter the lexicon as a partner in the theory of transformational theory. because of the difference between the English and Arabic languages, the lexicon is part of the structure of the English language at the same time when the lexicon and structure in Arabic must be completely separated. This is something that has been practiced in the early Arabic linguistic studies specialized in Al. Khalil bin Ahmed al - Farahidi and Sebwayeh, However, he was surprised by the subsequent Arabic linguistic studies until the present era, to make the structure a target in the midst of a clear neglect of the dictionary.After the development of lexical studies in the West. The Arabic lexicon remained silent at a certain moment, with dependency, neglect and irregularity until the lexicon became a reference.This study, which tries to monitor the gap between Arabic dictionary and grammar in an attempt to give the linguistic touch on the Arabic lexicon in order to reach a dictionary based on the basis of a solid. Thesis consists of four chapters preceded by preface. It studies the problems according to two sides : Dynamic and terms. The first chapter deals with Arabic linguistic interpretations of Arabic dictionary through its historical way. It studies the beginnings of linguistic research in the previous nations. It also studied the effects of Arabic linguistic dictionary on historical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, and transformational linguistics within the framework of a group of Arab and Western researchers.The second chapter deals with the sound structure of the lexicon unit in terms of the Arabic lexicon root to balance two different theories. One is an evolutionary theory of heritage origin called the theory of authorship, and the other is a modern theory called lexical root expansion theory. This chapter also studies the sound structure of the stem in Arabic lexicon. The most prominent acoustic laws governing the production of logs.The third chapter focuses on morphological formation of the lexical unit, first to distinguish between the derivation and the discharge according to the affiliation of each of them. Then it studies the most prominent statements produced by the derivation in the lexicon weighted the cognitive vision of the statement on the logical vision. After that it determines the most prominent means of generating lexical units in the lexicon .Fourth chapter focuses the semantic component of the lexicon by looking at the close connection between the two faces of the linguistic sign (signify and signifies) to create a classification with semiotic bases for the units within the lexicon framework and then looking at methods in the Arabic lexicon.The study concluded with a number of results, the most important of which was the necessity of subjecting the Arabic Linguistic to a special study independent of the classification of De Sesser to linguistic levels to take into account the linguistic relativity by separating the lexicon and the structure completely. As well as emphasizing the importance of introducing the lexicon element in the teaching of the Arabic language. And not only on one side of the language, because a study based on a focus on the abstract side or the physical aspect and according to it would not provide a good scientific description.

تميم بن المعز لدين الله الفاطمي في كتابات الــدارسيــن قديــما وحديــثا == Tamim Bin al - Muizz Li - Dinillah Al - Fatimi In Older and modern writings Scholars

اسم المؤلف: حوراء عبد صبر عبد الله الشريفي
اسم المشرف: محمد حسين عبد الله المهداوي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الادب
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Tamim Bin al - Muizz Li - Dinillah Al - Fatimi, is really considered as one of poets who lived in Egypt under the reign of The Fatimid dynasty. For him there is printed poetry collection causing a bunch of critical reactions. And for his study, there are many older and modern scholars who endeavored to deal with and commenting on his character, poetry and poetic language either negatively or positively. Due to my quite extreme want to study the Fatimid literature and being so interested on its literature in this phase, my teacher Doctor Mohammed Hussein al - Mahdawi did suggest this research title for me to study. He himself pointed out to me its seriousness as being a qualified subject to study due it represented a phenomenon in the Arabic literature either it has what it has or what has not. This study is composed of an introduction and three chapters and epilogue, with resources and references list. So, the first chapter is particularly dealt with the poet's life study by the older and modern scholars in three researches. The first Research contained his life in Morocco and Egypt and his rule period in it, and what has been said about all. And The third research is really specialised to study what has been said about his culture, religion, poetry book and his passing away. The second chapter is entirely concerned of studying what has been said about his poetry in older and modern times. It consists of two researches, the first research is composed of what has been said on his poetry in older times, while the second research on what said about his poetry in modern times, presenting the various opinions on all that. On the third chapter the researcher is completely concerned on the older and modern scholars tendencies in the poet study and giving valuation on his literature production negatively or positively. And the second research is dealt with the modern scholar tendencies in his poetry study, and choosing in this chapter to use the term ( tendencies) instead of ( methods). As most scholars who studied Tameem , really did not apply the method tools to describe this method as ensured one with its own regulations and origin, using the term( tendencies) are more comprehensible according to our point of view for such kind of studies. Finally, we ended it up with an epilogue in which we summarised all the important dimensions of our thesis. And the most distinguished results which have been seen and finalised the thesis with the resources and references list which has been varied between the older and modern literature studies and historical studies concerned on Tamim poetry sides, adding to the published researches in the Arabic and local bulletins. As a matter of fact the researcher indeed relied upon using the analytical method in this study, analyzing , discussing, clarifying and confirming sometimes and objecting on other times.

الصورة الشعرية في المجلات العراقية المحكمة من 2003 - 2016م == The Poetic Image In The Refereed Iraqi Journals From 2003 - to - 2016

اسم المؤلف: عبد الستار جبار عطية دهام
اسم المشرف: خضير عباس درويش
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الادب
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تتناول هذه الدراسة قضية الصورة الشعرية في مظهر من مظاهر النقد الاكاديمي العراقي المتمثل بالمجلات العراقية المحكمة ،ضمن فترة زمنية تمتد لثلاث عشر سنة من اصداراتها ،وهي قراءة للجهود النقدية تشتغل على استجلاء وسائل تشكيل الصورة الشعرية ،واتجاهات دراستها،وقضاياها ،ومناهج المتبعة في رصدهواتحليلها ،وقد جاءت الدراسة على تمهيد ،و اربعة فصول رئيسة ،وهي ما ياتي : - التمهيد : الصورة الشعرية (المصطلح والمفهوم) - الفصل الاول : الصورة الشعرية وتحولاتهات ،وهو فصل تاسيس ،حاولنا فيه ان نضع الركائز الاساس لقضية الصورة الشعرية ومبانيها ضمن رؤية نسقية ، ويدور هذا الفصل على محاور رئيسة هي : الصورة الشعرية المصطلح والمفهوم، الصورة الشعرية رؤية تقليدية، الصورة الشعرية رؤية تجديدية، الصورة الشعرية في النص المتداخل - الفصل الثاني : وسائل تشكيل الصورة الشعرية، وهو على محاور متعددة هي : التشبيه، والاستعارة ،والكناية ، ثم هناك وسائل اخرى جاءت بنسبة قليلة وهي : الرمز،التناص ،المفارقة،التضاد، الشكل الكتابي والتقنيات السينمائية، الاسطورة، القناع، المعادل الموضوعي،اللغة المعيارية - الفصل الثالث : اتجاهات دراسة الصورة الشعرية وقضاياها، وهو على محاور متعددة هي : ،الاتجاه الموضوعاتي ،الاتجاه الحسي،بناء الصورة الشعرية،قضايا الصورة الشعريةالفصل الرابع : مناهج دراسة الصورة الشعرية ونتائجها،وقد قدمنا عرضا للمناهج واهميتها ،ووظائفها ،وبعض اشكالياتها،ثم تناولنا ما جاء في البحوث من مناهج مستعملة ،او ملامح منهجية وفق استنباط للاليات المتبعة فيها ،فكان ان تصدر المنهج الفني المناهج الاخرى، ثم المنهج الموضوعاتي ،ثم المنهج النفسي، فالمنهج الاسلوبي ،وهناك مناهج اخرى استعملت بقلة في البحوث محل الدراسة وهي : التحليل الثقافي، الموازنة منهجا، المنهج المقارن،المنهج السيميائي،جماليات التلقي، ثم التقنيات السينمائية منهجا، القضية الاخرى في هذا الفصل تتمثل بنقد نتائج البحوث ،وهي على منحييين : نتائج متشابهة ،ونتائج مختلفةوقد توصلت الدراسة الى نتائج كثيرة منها : - بينت الدراسة قصر التعريفات المتعلقة بالصورة الشعرية ،واغفالها مسارات حداثية للنص الشعرية وتحولاته ، فلم يكن لهذه التحولات اثر في تعريفات الصورة ،وخاصة فيما يتعلق بالتداخل الابداعي في النصوص الشعرية ،وكذلك تحولات النص في القصيدة الرقمية التفاعلية ،وطبيعة الصورة الشعرية في هذه التحولات - جاءت البحوث محل الدراسة على اتجاهات مختلفة في طبيعة دراستها ، وكانت دراسة الصورة من جهة وسائل تشكليها تمثل النسبة الاكبر بين البحوث ، وتاتي دراسة الصورة من جهة موضوعها في المرتبة الثانية من حيث الكم ،ثم دراسة الصورة من جهة الحسية والذهنية ،ثم دراستها من حيث البناء،وهناك قضايا نقدية متفرقة في البحوث تناولت جوانب متعددة للصورة الشعرية - رصدنا منحيين في دراسة الصورة الشعرية في البحوث محل دراستنا، الاول ،وهو مسار تقليدي ويمثل القسم الاكبر من هذه البحوث،والثاني، تجديدي او يحمل ملامح تجديد في ويمثل فئة صغيرة من هذه البحوث - استعمل الباحثون مناهج مختلفة في دراستهم للصورة الشعرية وكان المنهج الفني على راس المناهج في هذا المورد ،ثم المنهج الموضوعاتي، والمنهج النفسي، فالاسلوبية ،ثم مناهج اخرى استعملت بقلة، منها النقد الثقافي ، والموازنة ، والسيميائية - كان استعمال المناهج في اغلب البحوث من غير وعي منهجي ،ولم يكن هناك تاسيس نظري للمناهج المستعملة في كل البحوث ، فجاء تصنيفنا لها بناء على ميلها الى منهج ما عبر قراءتنا لها ،وقد ذكر قسم قليل من الباحثين المنهج الذي استعملوه في بحوثهم | This study deals with the issue of poetic image in the manifestation of the Iraqi academic criticism represented by the Refereed Iraqi journals , within a period of time spanning thirteen years of publications, a reading of the criticism efforts are working to clarify trends in the study of poetic image, and issues, trends, and methods used in monitoring and analysis, the study came to preliminary, and four chapters of the Chairperson, as followsChapter One : The poetic picture and transformations, which is the founding, in which we tried to lay the foundations for the issue of poetic image and its buildings within the framework of a vision, and this chapter revolves around the main axels : the poetic image term and concept, poetic image traditional vision, poetic image renewal vision, poetic image In the nested textChapter Two : the means of shaping the image ، likening ،metaphor، metonymies، and means otherChapter Three : Trends in the study of poetic image in Iraqi journal, which is on multiple axels : the thematic trend, the sensory trend, the construction of poetic image, issues of poetic imageChapter Four : Methods of studying the poetic image and its results. We presented an overview of the curriculum and its importance, its functions and some of its problems. Then we discussed the research methods used or the methodological features according to devising the mechanisms followed. , The psychological approach, the methodological method, and there are other methods used in a few of the research under consideration : cultural analysis, budgeting methodology, comparative approach, synaptic approach, aesthetics of reception, and then cinematic techniques approach, the other issue in this chapter was criticism of research results, On both sides : Similar results, different resultsThe study reached many results, including : - The study has shown that the definitions of poetic imagery and the absence of modernist paths to poetic text and its transformations have no effect on image definitions, especially with respect to creative interaction in poetic texts, as well as text transformations in the interactive digital poem and the nature of the poetic image in these transformations - The research under study on different trends in the nature of study, and the study of the image of the means of formation represent the largest proportion of research, and the study of the image on the subject matter in second place in terms of quantity, and then study the image on the sensory and mental, and then study in terms of Construction, there are sporadic monetary issues in the research dealt with multiple aspects of the poetic imageIn the study of the poetic picture in research, we examined the first, which is a traditional course and represents the bulk of this research. - The researchers used different approaches in their study of the poetic image. The technical approach was at the top of the curriculum in this resource, then the thematic curriculum, the psychological method, the stylistic, and other methods were used in a few, including cultural criticism, - The use of the curriculum in most of the research is not systematic awareness, and there was no theoretical foundation of the methodologies used in all research, the classification came to them based on their tendency to a method of reading through them, and a small section of researchers the method they used in their research

الرطوبة واثرها في انتاج الصوت اللغوي وادائه == Humidity and its impact on the production of linguistic sound and its performance

اسم المؤلف: محمد صلال وذاح الخزرجي
اسم المشرف: فلاح رسول حسين الحسيني
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Since the early studies of sound, many of the purely scientific aspects they were almost devoid of any publication in the field of audio studies. These scientific aspects have been identified by the experience of self - test of the linguistic voices, The study of the linguistic voices in its theoretical part without going into the experimental side to reach scientific reasoning is a virtual study that has become useless. Without the experimental study, the shadow of talking about the linguistic sounds would be a kind of assumption. This development in science has enabled the researcher to go into the experimental study of linguistic voices to prove the facts that were absent from the minds of many researchers was able to hunt the researcher as a result of the conscious induction of the components of the production of language, as it was found that a component of the production of language has been absent from the most common language I can not find the way to not mention it, and improve the reference in this regard that the idea of analysis of votes according to the programs of the analysis of linguistic voices is not entirely new, but experimentation and sampling according to scientific standards and accurate examination of samples and analysis of votes to prove what we want to prove is a new work There is no precedent in this area, we follow the same in the studies in Iraq and the Arab world in general, as the treatment is not going to end definitively, because it brought voice research from the crucifixion of experimental observation based on some of the issues of sensory and virtual and guessing them to a wider and more welcome, In fact, when we started to identify this point, which was founded by a few scientists such as Ibn Sina and died after his death, did not see the light but only to remove the dust of time. Based on the laboratory, and we found ourselves to ask A group of questions concerning the humidity of saliva and other organs of wet pronunciation, which I found not resonating in the answer to the phonologists of the ancient and modern, except what I mentioned only through the laboratory side we have conducted, and summarize these questions as follows : * What is the benefit of having saliva * Is the saliva a component of the pronunciation of the sounds? * What is the reason for the concentration of salivary glands in the lower jaw? * Does the task of the tongue distribute the moisture of the saliva on the mouth for the whole speech? * Is increasing the moisture of the child's mouth and increase the saliva of it before the emergence Teeth have a relationship to utter sounds or not? * Does the presence of fluid in the pulmonary vesicles to • Exhalation of the exhalation air produced by the sound in conjunction with the pronouns or other task • What is the reason for the presence of moisture in the inner surface of the airway • What is the benefit of the gland in the larynx • If we assume that moisture is deprived of the pronouns, will there be a sound? These questions lead us to several reasons : one of them is theoretical regarding the concept of humidity and its nature, and a laboratory related to the physical aspect, which in turn reveal the effect of the moisture side in the production and performance of the linguistic sound. The study was described (humidity and its effect on the production of sound and performance) The study was a research plan that required exploring the fields of several fields, the study was in three chapters preceded by introduction and preface and followed by a conclusion that included the most prominent results and proven sources and references. The preamble was held to know the nature and importance of moisture, and since there are members produce sound and language, In this production we share the same production. It was natural to hold the first chapter, which we characterized by humidity and pronouns (approach in concept, term and function). In the second chapter, we focused on the physical aspect of the sounds and the experimental aspect, Saliva of the sample group was our choice of these samples according to the scientific track, and then analyzed the recorded votes of those samples after the knowledge of the measures inherent to the experimental work helped the researcher to achieve the desired results, we had to mark the second chapter humidity and scientific analysis of the production of votes, The third chapter we have held to know the effect of moisture on the sound performance of the voice language, was the chapter under the title of humidity and sound performance. The most important characteristic of the study : The study was characterized by the following : 1. It is a study study experimental voice to prove that moisture is a component of the production of sound. 2. The study of the theoretical and phizological aspects of the verbal process of the sounds of the Arabic language. 3. This study, without its studies, was open to many scientific aspects that have a great interest in sound studies, including physiological, physical and laboratory aspects. 4. The study took the starting point for starting in experimental field.5 The study was characterized by the use of the digital physics analysis program, the praat, which studies a range of sound properties and analyzes them by wave and spectroscopy. Study Methodology The study adopted the descriptive approach in many aspects. It also adopted the analytical experimental method used by the researcher in the adoption of samples in the laboratory for the sounds of hypothesis research

العتبات النصية في قصص جاسم عاصي : دراسة سيميولوجية سردية

اسم المؤلف: كرار حيدر عباس الاسدي
اسم المشرف: عبد الامير مطر فيلي الساعدي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الادب
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:

الحواس في دواوين اصحاب المعلقات العشر == The Effectiveness Of The Senses in The Owners Of The Ten Pendants

اسم المؤلف: حنان مهدي مال الله مهدي الخفاجي
اسم المشرف: علي ذياب محيي العبادي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الادب
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This research has clarified the role of the senses in the formation of sensory images .This means that the important of senses is not limited to the performance of it's function which is realized of itꞌs senses .Another importance is invested by the write in particular , he produced a poetic color of his poetic poetry ,which is the sensory images through which he could express his ideas and feelings ,or convey his experience and that the imagination of poet and his proficiency and technical tools of his role contribute to the completion of the formation of those images ,the senses the first role in this . there is no sense of perception of what imaginative and creative. The Media recorded asignificant presence on The images , which was written by the revolutiouaries of the ten pacts . The image is full of brightuess and clarity especially analogy Made The recipient embodies The suffering of The poet or lives his joys .. All This Meeting of The senses Are Named compound images . In each of the chapters of this research ,he dealt with one sense ,except for the first chapter one to the limited number of sensual images that were studied by the poets of ten pendant and I presented in the mechanism of the senses at the beginning of each chapter and also mentioned the images that the poet invested more than one sense in its composition to be a compound images composed at The Meeting Of The senses are name compound image

البنية السردية في روايات سعد محمد رحيم == The Narrative Construction in Sa'ad's Mohammed Reheam Novels

اسم المؤلف: نور جواد كاظم الكركوشي
اسم المشرف: رفل حسن طه الطائي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الادب
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Narrative Construction in Sa'ad's Mohammed Reheam NovelsThe novel is considered the era epic due to its great significance within all topics it deals with when the writer skilled his work and was able to run his instruments in addition to his simplicity in presenting the case that he indirectly wanted to tackle. Accordingly, the current study got benefit from the modern superfluity method in studying one of the most prominent literary Iraqi men; he is the novelist Sa'ad Mohammed Reheam who characterized by a variety literary product of story, novel, intellectual, economic and literary studies, and journalistic articles. Our interest, in the current study is limited to his narrative product since his story product has already been studied in a master thesis.The study contained a preface and four chapters. Within the preface, the researcher dealt with the narration concept and the narrative construction. Then, the study talked about this concept from the Arabic and Western critical perspective and later a brief about the novelist's life, works, rewards, and his novel translation.First chapter is devoted to the narrative temporal. Second chapter discussed the narrative spatial which is regarded one of the most important base in the novel. third chapter mentions the most important element in the novel, that is the characters. fourth chapter is devoted to the narrator and the addressee (narrated to). The study was ended with a conclusion which contained the most significant results and a list of references and bibliographies that depended on in the current study.

البحث الدلالي في كتاب (مراة العقول في شرح اخبار ال الرسول) للعلامة المجلسي (1111هـ) == Semantic Search in Book "Meraato AL - aeequli fi sharahe akhbare ali AL - rasuol" by the scientist AL - Majlisi (1111 A.H)

اسم المؤلف: مقداد علي مسلم العميدي
اسم المشرف: رجاء عجيل ابراهيم الحسناوي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The semantic research is a field that meets in its expanse of the sciences and the arts, especially those based on the reading and analysis of normative texts, such as the interpretation of the Qur'an, the prophetic tradition, principles of jurisprudence, and the science of linguistic and criticism linguistic , and this cognitive convergence contribute in divergence of the semantic processors and multitude its tracks, accordingly the semantic need to semi - encyclopedic culture employ them in stop on the purposes, such as what the scientist AL - Majlisi (1111A.H) do in his book "Meraato AL - aeequli fi sharahe akhbare ali AL - rasuol" which is one of the most prominent commentaries on the book "AL - Kafi" of AL - Kellini (329A.H), where he was characterized by the capacity of his article, and The age of style, precision handling of the news honest. This study highlights the linguistic and contextual mechanisms that shaped the features of semantic research in AL - Majlisi in the above - mentioned explanation. This was done through four chapters preceded by a preface on the scientist and his book, followed by a conclusion with the most important results. the first chapters show the starters to the semantic research in (the brain...) Such as : the concept of significance, and the limits of interpretation, and levels, and the second carried out the study of the signs of sound and verbal, while seized the grammatical evidence on all the topics of the third chapter due to the scientist AL - Majlisi put attention on it in his explanation, and the last chapters special lexicography and contextual. The study concluded with a set of results and general perceptions on the subject, such as : that AL - Majlisi was aware of many of the things that boast the codification of Western and modern historians, and that his semantic opinions have emerged from different knowledge resources, led by religious movables, fundamentalist and intellectual buildings, linguistic and rhetorical sciences, as well as his jurisprudence and the resulting opinions

البحث الدلالي عند قطب الدين الراوندي ت 573ه == Semantic search when Qutb al - Din Alrawndy 573A.H

اسم المؤلف: محمد قاسم حسون
اسم المشرف: نجاح فاهم صابر العبيدي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Having taken this study entitled (Semantic search when Qutb al - Din Alrawndy (573A.H) ), after that I checked his value found by the rich God, the Compassionate, the connotation of words in the book and the Sunnah of the prophet and his household God, was according to the plan contained four chapters preceded by a boot and her conclusion Included boot, Profiler with the Holy religion of Islam and its effects on Scientific. Chapter the first : choose customize study guide audio and included two sections : first : the audio side in the floor, and the second : the audio side in the ranking included all of the side branches several. Chapter II : dawn the search the directory of the morphological and ontwo sections : first : choose the study of the semantics of formulas the morphological, and the third test to decide the significance between fishing.The second chapter in the Guide to grammar and discuss the meanings of the arrangement, and the tools of grammar. Or the fourth chapter is the last one, unpack in the directory of the language : included two sections : the first, in the semantic relations which the two parts also, first section : The relationship of Philosophy the amplitude and absolute and detailed. Flashing the second section : it is the relationship of philosophy to pledge and get all of the subscription verbal solidarity.And the third building : the impact of the use of the Institute, and his research field is in truth and components, and focus.Then the conclusion included the most prominent results of the study that appeared after the inventory Search in the fields mentioned above.

القراءة القرانية والاستدلال بها على تحليل النص القراني نحويا == Quranic reading and its interpretation of the textual analysis of the Qur'anic text

اسم المؤلف: احمد حسن منصور حسين الغانمي
اسم المشرف: خالد عباس حسين السياب
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: شغلت معاني القران الكريم اذهان المسلمين منذ نزول اياته الاولى ، واهتموا بمقاصده ايما اهتمام ، فراحوا يطلبون تفسيره والوقوف على معانيه ومراده ، فكان من بين المظاهر التي برزت عندهم في تفسير القران هي طلب دلالاته في ضوء كلام العرب شعره ونثره ، وشواهد الاحداث - التي لا تخفى على المتتبع - تشير الى توجيه بعض الصحابة للناس ان يطلبوا ما اشكل عليهم من القران في كلام العرب ؛ فانه نزل بلغتهم . غير ان الملفت للنظر ان تلحظ ظاهرة جديرة بالاهتمام تقوم على فهم تراكيب النص القراني ودلالاته وفقا لما قرئ به من القراءات القرانية ، وتوجيه اياته توجيها نحويا استنادا الى تلك القراءات ، او ان يستدل على ذلك الفهم ويستشهد له ويؤيد بالقراءة .تلك الظاهرة اثارت انتباه استاذي المشرف فعرضها علينا - طلبة الدكتوراه - في سنتنا التحضيرية ، وظلت تختلج في عقلي حتى سجلناها موضوعا للبحث بعنوان ( القراءة القرانية والاستدلال بها على تحليل النص القراني نحويا ) . ولم يكن هدف دراستي استقصاء الظاهرة في جميع مظانها ؛ لان ذلك مما لا يسمح به الوقت ، كما انه يحتاج الى مجموعة دراسات مستقلة ، وانما كان الهدف الذي اصبو اليه هو وضع اليد عليها ، وابرازها للقارئ الكريم ، والاجابة - بعد ذلك - عن سؤالين اثنين مهمين - فيما اعتقد - هما : اين ؟ ، ولماذا ؟ . اين وردت مصاديق ظاهرة الاستدلال بالقراءة في تحليل النصوص القرانية ؟ ، ولماذا جاء هذا الاستدلال في هذا الموضع . وهذا ما حاول البحث دراسته في منهج وصفي تحليلي تعليلي ، يصف الاستدلال النحوي بالقراءة ، ثم يحاول تحليل هذا الاستدلال ليصل الى العلة التي تقف وراءه فتبرز بذلك اهميته . توصل الباحث الى بعض النتائج كان اهمها بروز هذه الظاهرة بشكل واضح وجلي في المؤلفات التي اهتمت بتفسير القران الكريم وبيان معانيه , وقد لجا اليها اصحاب هذه المؤلفات حينما تعارض النص القراني مع القاعدة النحوية ، فحاولوا الافادة من القراءة في ايجاد توافق بين تركيب الايات وما ثبت من قواعد النحو | The meanings of the Quran have preoccupied the minds of Muslims since the beginning of its first signs, and they were interested in its purposes with great interest, so they asked for its interpretation and to stand on its meaning and its will. Among the manifestations that emerged in the interpretation of the Quran is the request of its meanings in the light of the words of the Arabs poetry and prose, On the follower - refers to the guidance of some companions to people to ask what they eat from the Koran in the words of the Arabs; it came down in their language.However, it is remarkable to note a noteworthy phenomenon based on an understanding of the structure of the Qur'anic text and its implications according to what was read from the Qur'anic readings, and that its references are directed in a logical way based on those readings.This phenomenon aroused the attention of my supervisor, and presented it to us - doctoral students - in our preparatory year, and it continued in my mind until we recorded a subject for the research entitled (Quranic reading and interpretation of the textual analysis of the Koran).The objective of my studies was not to investigate the phenomenon in all its manifestations; because it is not allowed for time. It also requires a series of independent studies, but my goal was to put it to the reader and to answer two important questions. - I think - are : where? , And why? . Where did Madaiq received the phenomenon of reading in the analysis of Quranic texts? , And why this reasoning came in this place. This is what the study attempted to study in a descriptive analytical approach, which describes the grammatical reasoning of reading, and then tries to analyze this reasoning to reach the cause behind it, thereby sacrificing its importance.The researcher found some results, the most important of which was the emergence of this phenomenon in a clear and evident way in the literature that dealt with the interpretation of the Holy Quran and its meaning. The authors resorted to it when they opposed the Qur'anic text with the grammatical rule grammar

الرسائل والحكم القصار في نهج البلاغة : دراسة في ضوء علم العلامات == Short Messages and Sayings in Nahjul - Balaagha : A Semiotic Study

اسم المؤلف: مرتضى شناوة فاهم العرداوي
اسم المشرف: كريمة نوماس محمد المدني
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Semiotics or what is called "the signs" is considered one of the significant methods and sciences used in the study of literary and religious texts. This science is not limited to a specific thing, but everything is subject to the system of the sign that is the other side of cognitive processes.If we follow the roots of this science, we will find that the Quran is the main guide. However, the West has invested this concept and codified it and put the scientific disciplines and foundations of this science. They called it "Semiotics". On the other hand, the Arabs tried to translate this term; they have multiple labels created a certain chaos to the researcher at the present time. This research found that the nomination"the Signs" is the most appropriate designation of this concept.Semiotics or "the signs"does not have a stand - alone science, only after Pearce who puts the scientific foundations and theoretical perspectives. Pearce disagreed De Saussureinhis view towards the sign. As we know that Saussure made the sign centered around the two main points (Daal "the pronounciation of the word" and Madlool "meaning"), while Pearce made the signcentered around three points(Daal "the pronounciation of the word", Madlool "meaning", and Moudhoo' "the subject") in which it has taken a generalizednaturedistinguished by a general logical sense absorbed by all the semiotic phenomena.From this point of view, this research proved that the messages of Imam Ali "PBUH" and his short sayingsare of the texts that are rich in linguistic and non - linguistic expressions due to their inclusion of the ideas and strategic visions by which Imam Ali "PBUH" wanted to eliminate the thinking of the recipient urgingthem to understand and access the messages' meanings in line with the Islamic spirit and achieve the security and safety of "AhlulBeit" towards the nation. Moreover, these texts are of the written pieces that accommodate all types, styles and practices of studying, including the modern critical studies. These messages and short sayings are a rich and inexhaustible resource. The research also proved the validity of this by extracting the examples that include all forms and types of signs and the achievement of different functional dimensions, whether commercial, cultural or communicative.

المـظاهر السردية في شعر ابن الرومي (ت 283 هـ) == Appearances in the narrative poetry Ibn al - Roumi ( d . 283 AH )

اسم المؤلف: احمد سالم عبيد الشمري
اسم المشرف: علي كاظم محمد علي المصلاوي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الادب
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study, entitled "The Narrative Phenomena in Ibn al - Roumi's Poetry 283 AH," aims at studying a characteristic of Ibn al - Roumi's poetry, which the scholars did not address, despite the large number of pens that dealt with the study of his poetry, which motivated me to choose it as the title of my thesis. The study of the study was organized in four chapters preceded by a preface, followed by a conclusion summarizing the talk about the most important findings of the study, and then a list of the most important sources and references. A brief introduction to the two parts of the subject is summarized : the first is a brief definition of the poet, and the second is the concept of narration. The first chapter entitled "Personality" as one of the important elements in the process of narrative construction, dealt with the study of the most prominent types of personality according to the abundance and importance in poetry, divided into three types : the president (hero) and secondary (help) and women(belove) The second chapter is devoted to the study of the event to show its role in the narrative text, as it is one of the most important elements of the narrative process. The study is divided into two sections. The first topic dealt with the study of the two types of events (external and internal) He replied in his poetry, namely the orchestral (sequence and embedding). In the third chapter, entitled "Dialogue", the study was divided into two sections. The first topic examined the most prominent types of dialogue mentioned in Ibn al - Roumi's poetry. It was divided into two parts : external dialogue and internal dialogue. In the second section, I studied the most important types of methods by which dialogue was achieved (question, appeal, command). The fourth chapter, entitled "Time and Place", is divided into two sections. The first topic dealt with the axis of time through the study of the most prominent time (real and psychological), as well as the study of the temporal relations of studying the techniques of speeding up the narration, And sales. As for the second topic, it examined the axis of "place" in two types : the pet and the ma'adi, with a statement of how the poet treated with the place that took a distinct area of his hair. In this study, I relied on a number of sources and references that dealt with the study of the narration and Ibn Al - Roumi's poetry, especially his poetry book by Dr. Hussein Nassar, as well as some doctoral dissertations, master's thesis and related scientific research. The study concluded with a number of its findings, the most prominent of which are : The study revealed that the narrative was not a single phenomenon in an era, or a poet, but it extends from the roots of the pre - Islamic era to the present day. The study reached Ibn al - Roumi's poetry was a zakra in the narrative narratives such as personality, event, dialogue, time and place, and these features combined a clear narrative feature in his poetry if not complete. The study found that the character was clear in the product of Ibn al - Roumi, as it was often stated in his poems, the main character was a broad presence in his hair is easy to identify, as well as the secondary character that was complementary to the work of the main character, ) Was to attend a prominent narrative feature, and show the importance of character in the poetry of Ibn al - Roumi of the types that it contained, as it represents the main axis that revolves around the events of poetic text . The presence of the element of the event in Ibn al - Roumi's poetry was an essential element of the rest of the other narratives, being a set of facts and deeds depicting the act of characters. The study concluded that dialogue in Ibn al - Roumi's poetry has taken many forms, such as external dialogue (dialog) and internal dialogue, and this contribution has contributed a great contribution in portraying the psychological state of the poet narrator, as well as his contribution in drawing characters easily and easily. The element of time has a broad presence in Ibn al - Roumi's poetry (both real and psychological), and I believe that the reason behind this, especially in the real genre, is the large number of love councils, as well as the battles that took place in the Abbasid period. Often associated with the night, is that the poet finds the right time to express his pain and grief for what he experienced from the scourge and calamities. The element of place has taken a distinct place in his hair types (pet and maim), although the place of the family had the largest share, perhaps because of the sense of the poet / narrator of his true affiliation, that is where he found himself.

اللسانيات المعرفية في الدراسات العربية الحديثة == Cognitive Linguistics in Modern Arabic Studies

اسم المؤلف: حيدر فاضل عباس العزاوي
اسم المشرف: حسن عبد الغني الاسدي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Which is characterized by human thought that Introduction thought ambitious seeking to develop and renew, and the ability to adapt to the emerging tools and discovered means; he can invest and employ to renew research into phenomena that have been the focus of attention throughout the ages. Until recently, the brain was a dark black box. The studies did not dare to break into it, and the mechanics of its work were activated, until the time the man developed his tools and opened windows revealing the darkness of the brain. The laboratory devices developed on the psychological, neurological, medical and intelligent levels. Experiments were done and results were obtained results, all seeking to reveal the mysteries of the brain.The linguistic research was not free from the development of neighboring sciences, and contributed to the tools it had, and the resulting results in the formation of a picture of the mechanism processing of information in the brain, and its relationship to resulting behavior, including linguistic behavior, taking advantage of its findings in other sciences of these , it was necessary to raise the slogan of "overlap of competencies" while maintaining the existence of each specialty, as science intersects the brain area, bringing about all the results.In the midst of all this, the science of the brain and its abilities met under the name of cognitive science, namely : psychology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience including physiological, linguistics, and anthropology, all of which became known as conative. Thus, linguistics emerged as a new research trend Originated because of connected of science, and it's overlappingThe linguistic is a new trend that belongs to the philosophy of language; it examines the mechanisms of the human language in the brain, the stages in which the language reaches its vocal existence; one of the most important is the relationship between language and thought. This has resulted in a reconsideration of a number of lingual phenomena in linguistic research, the metaphor of borrowing by George Laikff and Mark Johnson in 1980.The second study focuses on how Arab researchers treated them. The study is of an exploratory origin, then an assessment of the efforts of the Arab researchers, and that it is a difficult task. Because the novelty of the related ideas by the one hand, and the subject's capacity on the other. The first chapter was devoted to giving account of the stage of the emergence of cognitive linguistics and the main theoretical foundations on which it was built this orientation.The second chapter focused on giving account the most important Arab studies that dealt with the language from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. It was divided in to studies of translated studies and the Arab studies, and was treated according to specific patterns. These studies are based on scanning the most important ideas put, while looking at the sources of the study and the basis of cognitive from which the researcher draws his support in the search, and then focus on the most important results.The third chapter deals with the value of metaphor and its importance before the cognitive stage, and then presenting the knowledge understanding of the metaphor by reading a sample of the Arab effort that dealt with this subject.The sources of research varied between the translated Arabic most of these sources have been published recently in the past few years, which made it difficult to deal with there because of difficult style and the overlapping with other specialties difficulty of language, and overlap with other.

تحليل النص القراني منطلقاته - ومناهجه

اسم المؤلف: عادل حريجه كزار محمد الخفاجي
اسم المشرف: امجد حميد الفاضل
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الادب
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:

الايات القرانية المتعلقة بالامام المهدي (عليه السلام) : دراسة نحوية دلالية == Quranic Verses Related To Imam Mahdi (PBUH)A Semantic Syntactic Study

اسم المؤلف: سجاد عبد الستار شهيد
اسم المشرف: مؤيد جاسم محمد حسين
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The idea of Mahdism case forms in the Islamic heritage a ideological position urged by sunna after the Holy Quran, therefore the research tried to study this case through the Quranic verses a semantic syntactic study, In an analytical descriptive approach it mentions the lexical significance of the words to be searched and especially those words that were mentioned in the holy Hadith, seeking from that lexical significance a general indication of the word , and then consider grammatical directives and their indications for the verse searched in trying to sway each other in consistent and harmony with the lexical meaning of the vocabularies, in order to show the syntactical features of the composition in which the word or the compound was mentioned to be searched.The research then analyzes the specific word or compound to be searched and the associated words in the context of verse of the research subject, and then openness to the other Quranic contexts in which this word or compound is mentioned so that the researcher can observe the features which defined by the Quranic use for this word or compound. The research plan was carried out in three chapters preceded by a preface to clarify the relationship of grammar with semantic and meaning; The first chapter is devoted to study individual words while the second chapter studies the verbal compounds, the last chapter is concerned with the study of sentences, and the study concludes with a conclusion that included the most important results of the research.It has been customary in some words and compounds to be synonymous with the Day of Resurrection, until it became fixed in some of the Quranic sources that its events indicate the death of the creatures and the end of the commissioning time.After reading and managing the research found that in this constant is still something to say, as the research from these resources found what describes future events that will occur in life before the Day of Resurrection, and one of these resources is what describes the Mahdist events of opening of all life locks

التماسك النصي في سورة هود واخواتها == Textual coherence in Surah Hud and Its sisters

اسم المؤلف: سعيد عكاب عبد العالي
اسم المشرف: علاء الدين هاشم الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This research is presented by the student : "Saeed Akab Abdulaali", in partial achievement of the requirement of granting a PhD in Arabic language and literature from the Faculty of Education for Human Sciences - University of Karbala.Textual coherence is in all its vocal, lexical, grammatical, and semantic means Works to achieve consistency and harmonization between units and elements of texts in the light Certain relationships link the units of text to each other, making the consolidated text to the recipient, The researchers had joined efforts to develop models for analysis text and classification of textual standards. The researchers dealt with the verses of the Koran and its surahs and in Hud surah and its sisters Especially for which chose to be a material for this academic research. This is because of these verses have many textual common points, which will come in the search for detailing and find out them, and to indicate what came from the appropriateness and the coherence between these blessed verses. The four chapters included the applied material for the study. The first Chapter deals with the grammatical consistency, and was divided into three sections : referral, deletion, and connection.The second chapter deals with verbal coherence, and was divided into three categories : accompanying pronunciations, repetitions, and substitution. The third chapter dealt with vocal coherence, and was divided between three sections : the rhyming, the alliteration, and the toning.The fourth and last chapter dealt with the semantic coherence, and was divided between three topics : context, semantic relations, and science of appropriateness. These chapters were ended with a conclusion that included the most important findings.

الزمان والمكان في شعر شعراء تغلب == Time and Place in the poetry of Poets of Taghalab

اسم المؤلف: منى عبد الرزاق فخري الياسري
اسم المشرف: علي ذياب محيي العبادي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الادب
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study deals with the temporal and spatial issues mentioned by the poets of Taghalab. Poets of the beat . The study consists of three chapters. The first chapter divides into three sections. The first section focus on "Day " and "Tomorrow", section two tackles "Night" and "Day" whereas third section deals with "Finite tense". Chapter two deals with the sections (place pet and hostile location). Third chapter studies the artistic image in poetry of poets of Taghlab. The first section studies of tenmporal simile and spatial simile. The second studies the visual sensory and audio. Finally the study ends with conclusion, appendix, a list of sources and references

نظرية معاني النحو بين المنهجية والاجرائية في فتوح الغيب للطيبي (ت : 743هـ)

اسم المؤلف: احمد جاسم محمد
اسم المشرف: دريد حسن احمد الصالح العبيدي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Praise be to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon His Prophets and Messengers, Our beloved prophet, Muhammad, and his family and companions ... and after : After looking at what has been written about the Arab prose, it was formed with the vision of a researcher, that the Arab prose has suffered in the long eras of the symptoms of pens seekers, and the departure of most of the studies to the hair, remained many aspects of prose hostage stomachs of old books.This study has teamed in the preface, three chapters, introduced the concept of the boot image in graphic language, when critics, old and modern, and the definitions of terms title, he knew the term efficiency, art and prose. Then singled out the first chapter aesthetics graphic images, has been divided in three sections : the first of which dealt with the aesthetics of simulations images in the messages and speeches and signatures. While addressing the second topic aesthetics of metaphor in the letters and in speeches and signatures. And the third on the aesthetics Alknaiah images in letters and speeches and signatures as well. The second chapter Me examine the effectiveness of the image in the embodiment of the moral perceptions, has been split on the three sections : . The first dealt with the effectiveness of image simulations in the embodiment of the moral perceptions in the letters and speeches and signatures. The second section has been allocated to the effectiveness of the metaphor in the embodiment of the moral perceptions in the letters, speeches and signatures. The third section dealt with the effectiveness of the images Alknaiah in the embodiment of the moral perceptions in the messages and speeches and signatures. Chapter III was devoted to the study of the effectiveness of graphic image in the diagnosis of inanimate objects and moral perceptions, it has been split on the three sections : . The first dealt with the effectiveness of simulations images in diagnosis in the art of the messages and speeches and signatures

الدرس اللغوي عند الدكتور عبد الكريم مجاهد : عرض وتقويم == The linguistic lesson in Dr. Abdul Karim Mujahid / presentation and evaluation

اسم المؤلف: رنا علي حسين
اسم المشرف: يوسف خلف محل العيساوي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad and his family and companions and those who followed them with charity to the Day of Judgment.Knowledge of Arabic science that guided the attention of the mother from early to all of them and the extrapolation and classification and recovery and investigation (early and won the extraction of assets and graduation, the late won the acceleration of assets and construction.And this message stands at the knowledge of the flags of modern Arabic, which is (Professor Dr. Abdul Karim Mujahid), who knew his research and useful investigations, which touched the constants and controls of the science of Arabic, and is evidence of the methods of the people of this science, and their ways to build knowledge, And their methods in analyzing the way the Arabs in their tongue and their speech and methods of writing speech and uses, and the realization of the purposes and verses and address their philosophy in exploring the causes of linguistic phenomenon and the extraction of assets and explanations, and set them in laws easy to pick up and rely on.This thesis contains an introduction, a preface, and five chapters, and its conclusion. The preface was titled (Prof. Dr. Abdel - Karim Mujahid : his biography and its course). The first chapter, entitled : Prof. Dr. Abdul Karim Mujahid, Translation, included three investigations.The first is his method of authorship, the second is his methodology in the investigation, the third is his method of translation, while the second chapter is entitled "Fundamentals of grammar".The Holy Quran is the main source of modern and honorable words of the Arabs.The third chapter was entitled "Authenticity of the Grammar" and included four topics : the Syriac role, the Greek role, the Indian role, the expression and the issue of vulnerability.The fourth chapter includes the linguistic study. And it is in two sections : the first included the word and the meaning and the second phenomena to dialect. The fifth chapter is entitled "The study of the sciences", which is in three subjects. The first one includes the subject of linguistics and other sciences, the second includes linguistic duplication, and the third is the Arabic lexicon. And then the conclusion in which I summarized the most important findings with an annex to the documentation, with a list of sources and references are many and varied

الاحالة واثرها في تماسك النص احاديث الدعاء فــي الصحيحين انموذجا == And their impact on the coherence of the text The hadeeths of du'aa 'in the Sahihin are examples

اسم المؤلف: رند قيس هادي
اسم المشرف: هناء محمود اسماعيل
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, the house of the book with a clear Arabic tongue, and prayers and peace be upon the honorable messengers, Muhammad and his clean family, and his companions and the people who followed their guidance and followed them to the Day of Judgment.The language of the Holy Quran is preserved forever and ever. When our former scientists realized this close connection between the language and the true religion, they turned their attention to its collection, and its origins and elements were destroyed. They studied and categorized it based on the sources of this main language, namely : - The Holy Quran. - The Hadith. - And the words of the Arabs Alshasha (poetry and prose).However, the second source (the Hadith) did not enjoy what the other two sources (the Holy Quran and the Arabs) have received from research and study. Therefore, some researchers in modern times have directed their efforts towards the language of Hadith, The purpose of this thesis was to link the second source of the Arabic language (Hadith) with one aspect of modern text science, and to study a textual phenomenon in the hadeeth of the Prophetic Prophets.The study of text is a series of evolutionary and methodological developments in the study of language, a new form of dealing with the linguistic phenomenon, a modern vision of the human tongue, and a new approach that stands at the most important criteria of text formulation. It studies the language as a whole unit rather than successive sentences. To find rules and mechanisms in which the text of speech is proven, and its parts are connected to one another, using the contextual structure that guides these texts in some cases.As well as the reasons for the cohesion of this text or that, and coherence, and the tools and means that contributed to the achievement of this coherence.So I wanted to apply a phenomenon of the phenomena of this modern science, namely, "the phenomenon of referral" in the Prophet's Prophetic Traditions, the title of the message : (Referral and its impact on the cohesion of the text (Ahaadeeth du'aa

تحليل اسلوبي قائم على لسانيات المدونات اللغوية للخسارة المعجمية في ثلاث ترجمات انكليزية للقران باستخدام نوع الكلمة علامة الكلمة ومؤشر جايرود == A Corpus - Based Stylistic Analysis of Lexical Loss in Three English Quranic Translations Using Type/Token Ratio and Guiraud’s Index

اسم المؤلف: عبد الحق عبد الكريم عبد الله السهلاني
اسم المشرف: خالد شاكر حسين
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: With the aid of corpus linguistics and stylistics in respect to their meeting area corpus stylistics, the researcher measures the lexicons of the three English Quranic translations (those of Yusuf, Pickthall and Muhammad) which have shown different degrees of lexical loss in comparison with the original Arabic Quranic text. These degrees go hand in hand with the size of the linguistic repertoire each translator utilizes in his translation to such an extent that it sounds rather promising to regard lexical loss measure as a trustworthy stylistic marker. That is, each translator has his own distinctive rate of lexical loss that might be an idiosyncratic marker of his translational style.Though loss might not be limited only to one linguistic level (i.e., lexical level) at the expense of other levels, these translations have been characterized by various degrees in terms of the limits of the size of vocabulary each translation holds. However, three hypotheses have been included in this study. First, corpus stylistics is considered to be a reliable source in verifying the validity of controversial issues about lexical loss measurements. Second, the measures of Type/Token Ratio and Guiraud's index can quantify the size of lexical loss efficiently when any translator tries to translate Arabic into English. Thirdly, the lower the degree of lexical loss between the source text and the target text, the more accurate and reliable the translator.After an extensive verification of data reliability, both Arabic and English corpora are segmented into (123) samples. The whole Arabic corpus is distributed into (27) samples. As for the English corpus, it is totally tokenized into (96) samples : Yusufs translation is distributed into (34) samples, Pickthalls translation (31) and Muhammads translation (31). Each sample approximately holds around (5,000) tokens.XIIIAccordingly, the use of Farasa Tools, specifically segmentation module, helps in the morphological analysis of the Arabic corpus. It is so valuable to neutralize the morphological differences between Arabic (a synthetic language) and English (an analytical language). Hence, equalizing the two corpora can be done only by using Farasa tools, a matter that TTR (Type/Token Ratio) and GI (Guirauds Index) analyses can produce more reliable results than what can be produced without working on such tools. Besides, TTR analysis and GI analysis are verified quantitatively and qualitatively. The former is done by using the user - friendly software WordSmith Tools (4.0), specifically Wordlist tool. As for the latter, it is done by using Excel, specifically SQRT equation. To this end, the results taken from such programs are plotted graphically using Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets.The difference, as far as the lexical loss of the entire target texts is concerned, gives an actual indication of where lexical losses do occur among the three translations in comparison with their original Quranic text. Finally, an assessment of the most accurate and reliable English translation of the Glorious Quran can be attained depending on the difference between the size of the Arabic Quranic lexicon and those of the target texts. It is therefore found that : Yusuf's translation ranked in the first place due to the least degree of lexical loss it showed - this makes it relatively the most accurate and reliable translation to the Glorious Qur'an; Pickthall's centered in the second place in terms of lexical loss followed by Muhammad's, in the third place, which revealed the highest degree of lexical loss.

السمات اللغوية لكلام الشبكة العنكبوتية : الاختصارات, الرموز الاختصارية وعلامات التنقيط == Linguistic Features of Netspeak : Abbreviations, Acronyms and Punctuation Marks

اسم المؤلف: مهند جاسم داخل الغزي
اسم المشرف: كمال كاطع ناصر
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الدراسة الحالية هي دراسة لغوية وصفية لكلام الشبكة العنكبوتية. تركز هذه الدراسة على ثلاثة ملامح لغوية (الاختصارات, الرموز الاختصارية وعلامات التنقيط). الاختصارات والرموز الاختصارية عوملت شكليا كعمليات لتكوين الكلمات ودلاليا كمفردات باعطاء معانيها, بينما علامات التنقيط عوملت نحويا لانها تدخل ضمن ترتيب الجملة.تتكون هذه الدراسة من اربعة فصول وملاحق. الفصل الاول مقدمة تتضمن المشكلة, الاهداف, الفرضيات, الاجراءات, المحددات واهمية الدراسة. الفصل الثاني "مراجعة ادبية" ويتكون من اربعة مباحث. الفصل الثالث هو الفصل العملي ويتضمن جمع النماذج, صف النماذج, والتحليل. التحليل في هذا الفصل تم بتصنيف وتحليل ثلاث ملامح لغوية : الاختصارات, الرموز الاختصارية وعلامات التنقيط مع معانيها والامثلة. الفصل الرابع الاستنتاجات ويتضمن الاستنتاجات, والاقتراحات للدراسات المستقبلية. ولتجنب ترهل الاطروحه, طول الملاحق (200) صفحة, تم وضعه على قرص سي دي مع الاطروحه. ويمكن تلخيص الاستنتاجات الرئيسية بالنقاط التالية بينما بقية الاستنتاجات قد ذكرت في الفصل الرابع : 1 - تطور التكلنوجيا اثر على استخدام اللغة في كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية وقد انبثقت الكثير من الصفات اللغوية.2 - لدى المستخدمين لكلام الشبكة العنكبوتية "الدردشات الجماعية" ميل وابداع في استخدام الاختصارات والرموز الاختصارية القياسية وغير القياسية في تواصلهم لتسريع كتابة رسائلهم, وتوفير الوقت والجهد والطاقة, وكتعابير اقتصادية في تبادلهم للرسائل.3 - تعتبراختصارات كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية (الكنايات والتقليص) والرموز الاختصارية ابتكارات جديدة وغير مالوفة خارج كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية. تعتبر هذه الاختصارات والرموز الاختصارية الغير مالوفة سمة فريدة فقط في كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية ولا تستخدم في الكتابات والاماكن الرسمية الاخرى.4 - تعتبر علامات التنقيط قليلة واحيانا غائبة في معظم المحادثات المتزامنة لان المستخدمين للشبكة العنكبوتية يحاولون ان يكتبوا ما يقولون.5 - بعض المستخدمين يستخدمون مجموعة من علامات التنقيط او الوجوه المعبرة في نهاية محادثاتهم للتوكيد او كوجهة نظر لتعويض النقص في الاشارات اللغوية الموجودة في المحادثات وجهاﹰ لوجه. | The present study is a descriptive quantitative linguistic study of an informal online English in netspeak. It focuses on three linguistic features which are (abbreviations, acronyms and punctuation marks). Abbreviations and acronyms are dealt with morphologically as word - formation processes and semantically as vocabularies by giving their meanings, whereas punctuation marks are dealt with syntactically as appropriate to sentence order. This thesis consists of four chapters : the first chapter is an introduction that includes the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits and importance of the study. Chapter two is a literature review and consists of four sections. Chapter three is a practical one. The analysis in this chapter is carried out through categorizing and analyzing three linguistic features : abbreviations, acronyms together with their meanings and examples, and punctuation marks with examples. Chapter four includes conclusions and suggestions for further studies. To avoid the flabbiness of the thesis and the length of the appendices (200 pages), the thesis is accompanied with a CD holding the appendices. The main conclusions are summarized in the following points while other conclusions are mentioned in chapter four : 1 - The technological developement affects the language use in netspeak and many linguistic properties such as abbreviations, acronyms and punctuation marks have emerged. 2 - Participants in netspeak "chatgroups" have tendency and creativity to use standard and non - standard abbreviations and acronyms in their exchange to hurry their messages typing, save time, energy and effort, as economy expressions to flow the exchange of conversations. 3 - Netspeak abbreviations (rebuses and contractions) and acronyms are considered as new conventions because they are unfamiliar outside netspeak. They are considered as unique to netspeak only and are not used in offline writing or other formal situations.4 - Punctuation marks tend to be minimized and sometimes absent in most 'synchronous' conversations because participants try to write what they speak.5 - Some participants use a combination of punctuation marks or emoticons at the end of their conversations for emphasis and attitude or to compensate the lack of paralinguistic cues found in face - to - face conversations.

الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Ellipsis and Reiteration in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

اسم المؤلف: منتظر حسين حميد الفرطوسي
اسم المشرف: محمد جاسم السعيدي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد هذه الدراسة دراسة وصفيه مقارنه نحاول من خلالها ان نعطي شرحا كاملا ومفصلا للحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية لكي نتوصل الى التشابهات والاختلافات بينهم. وتهدف هذه الرساله الى مايلي : 1. وصف الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية.2. مقارنه ومقابله الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية من خلال تعاريفهم وتوضيح انواعهم ووظائفهم.3. بيان التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية في ما يخص الحذف والتكرار.وافترضت الدراسة ما يلي : 1.ان الحذف والتكرار هما ظاهرتان لغويتان موجودتان في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية.2. يتواجد الحذف والتكرار في القواعد والنص في اللغة الانكليزية بينما يتواجدان في النص فقط في اللغة العربية .3. تكون انواع الحذف في اللغة الانكليزية مختلفة عن انواع الحذف في اللغة العربية.4. هناك تشابهات واختلافات في ما يخص الحذف والتكرار بين اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية لكن الاختلافات تكون اكثر من التشابهات. تتالف هذه الدراسة من خمسه فصول وملحق حيث ان الفصل الاول هو مقدمه لهذه الدراسة ويتضمن المشكلة والاهداف والفرضيات بالاضافة الى حدود الدراسة واهميتها. ويعطي الفصل الثاني شرحا كاملا ومفصلا للحذف في اللغتين. اما الفصل الثالث يتكلم عن التكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية . الفصل الرابع يقدم مقارنة بين الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية بينما يقدم الفصل الخامس الاستنتاجات من ناحية التشابهات والاختلافات والتوصيات والمقترحات للبحوث المستقبلية.وتوصلت هذه الدراسة الى استنتاجات عامة اهمها : ۱ - ان النحاة الانكليز يتعاملوا مع الحذف والتكرار كظواهر نحوية ووسائل لربط النص بينما يتعامل معهما العرب بصورة سطحية.۲ - توجد في اللغة الانكليزية ثلاثة انواع للحذف بينما يوجد خمسة انواع للحذف في اللغة العربية.۳ - التكرار في اللغة العربية يستخدم بصورة اوسع من استخدامه في اللغة الانكليزية. | The present study is a descriptive contrastive one because it tries to give a full explanation of ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic to arrive at the similarities and differences between them. The study aims at : 1. Describing ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic respectively.2. Comparing and contrasting ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic by defining them, showing their nature, mentioning and illustrating their types and functions. 3. Showing to what extent the two languages are similar or different from each other in terms of ellipsis and reiteration. To achieve the aims of the study, it is hypothesized that : 1. Ellipsis and reiteration as phenomena are found in both languages.2. In English they exist in grammar and text while in Arabic, they exist only in text. 3. The types of ellipsis in English are different from those of Arabic.4. There are similarities and differences between the two languages in terms of ellipsis and reioteration, but the area of differences is wider than that of similarities. The present study describes ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic depending on a syntactic model that is taken from all the references cited in the present study. The present study consists of five chapters and one appendix. Chapter One is an introduction that involves the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedure, limits and significance of the study. Chapter Two is about ellipsis in English and Arabic and includes definition, nature of ellipsis, cohesive ellipsis, types incohesive ellipsis and its types. Similarly, Chapter Three discuses reiteration in English and Arabic. Chapter Four discuses ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic. Chapter Five is a comparison between ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic and it arrives at some conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for further studies.The general conclusions reached in this study are : 1. English grammarians deal with ellipsis and reiteration as grammatical topics and as cohesive devices while Arabic grammarians deal with them superficially.2. English has three types of ellipsis : nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis while Arabic has five types : nominal, verbal, clausal, ellipsis of the letter, and ellipsis of the case vowel.3. Reiteration in Arabic is more widely used than in English (Kăroly, 2007 : 78).4. The reasons behind using ellipsis in Arabic are more than those in English

التلازم اللفظي في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Collocation in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

اسم المؤلف: حنان عبد الحسن كاظم
اسم المشرف: زينب كاظم عكاب الشيخ
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد هذه الدراسة دراسة وصفية ومقارنة وتحليلية لانها تهدف لوصف التلازم اللفظي من اجل ايجاد التشابه والاختلاف الموجود في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية فهي تصف التلازم اللفظي على انه ظاهرة لغوية تحمل جدلا في علم اللسانيات لعدة اسباب واولها ان التلازم اللفظي يمكن ان يدرس من وجهات نظر متعددة وهنالك اكثر من اسلوب لدراسة الظاهرة وثانيا, يمكن ان يوجد التلازم اللفظي بحقول مختلفة في علم اللغة لذا فالباحث اقتصر الدراسة على خصائص التلازم اللفظي في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية وثالثا ليس من السهل الفصل بين التلازم اللفظي والتعبيرات الثابتة الاخرى. لقد ركزت الدراسة بصورة رئيسية على الخصائص اللغوية للتلازم في اللغتين.تهدف الدراسة الى وصف التلازم اللفظي في الانكليزية والعربية على التوالي ومقارنة التلازم اللفظي بين العربية والانكليزية من خلال توضيح الصفات اللغوية كالصفات النحوية والدلالية والتداولية والنصية وكذلك توضيح التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغة الانكليزية والعربية فيما يخص التلازم او التلازم اللفظي.افترضت الدراسة ان التلازم اللفظي ظاهرة لغوية موجودة في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية ولقد تمت دراسة التلازم اللفظي نحويا ودلاليا وتداوليا ونصيا في اللغتين كما ان كلا اللغتين درستا التلازم اللفظي بشكل مختلف عن الاخر وكذلك فصلت اللغتين التلازم اللفظي عن التعبيرات الثابتة الاخرى. تتضمن الدراسة خمسة فصول وملحق واحد. يمثل الفصل الاول المقدمة التي تحتوي على مشكلة البحث واهدافه والفرضيات وخطوات العمل ومجال الدراسة. اما الفصل الثاني والثالث فانهما يتعاملان مع التلازم اللفظي في اللغة الانكليزية والعربية بالترتيب. الفصل الرابع يتضمن مقارنة التلازم اللفظي بين اللغتين والفصل الخامس يتضمن بعض النتائج والتوصيات وافتراضات لدراسات اخرى. استنتجت الدراسة بان التلازم اللفظي هو ظاهرة لغوية موجودة في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية وتمت دراسته من كافة المستويات اللغوية. قسم النحاة في اللغة الانكليزية التلازم اللفظي نحويا الى التلازم النحوي واللفظي فقط بينما قسمه النحاة العرب نحويا الى تقسيمات متشعبة. | The study is a descriptive, contrastive and analytic one because it describes collocation for the purpose of finding out the similarities and differences between English and Arabic. It describes collocation as a linguistic phenomenon that has a controversial issue in linguistics for more than one reason. Firstly, collocation can be studied from different viewpoints because there is more than one way or approach to it. Secondly, collocation can be found in different fields of linguistics, so the researcher has to limit the study to the basic linguistic aspects of collocation which are syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and textual. Thirdly, it is not easy to make a distinction between collocation and other types of fixed expressions. The study aims at describing collocation in English; describing collocation in Arabic; contrasting and comparing between English and Arabic in terms of collocation through showing the linguistic aspects of collocation which are syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and textual. It also aims at explaining the similarities and differences of collocation between English and Arabic. The study hypothesizes that collocation is a linguistic phenomenon that exists in English and Arabic and the two languages study collocation from all its linguistic aspects which are syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and textual. The two languages are different in the way of describing collocation linguistically and both distinguish between collocation and other types of fixed expressions. This study includes five chapters and an appendix. Chapter one is an introduction that consists of the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits and significance of the study. The second and third chapters deal with collocation in English and Arabic respectively. Chapter four is a comparison of collocation between English and Arabic and chapter five includes the main conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for further studies. This study concludes that collocation exists in English and Arabic as a linguistic phenomenon and the two languages study the term from all its linguistic aspects. However, the way to describe collocation linguistically is different to some extent from one language into another. It also proves that English grammarians divide collocation only into lexical and grammatical while Arabic grammarians divide collocation syntactically into complex types.

تحليل النوع للمقالات البحثية الانجليزية للاكاديميين العراقيين والامريكيين : دراسة تقابلية == Genre Analysis of English Research Articles by Iraqi and American Academics : A Contrastive Study

اسم المؤلف: عزيز خلف عبد صالح
اسم المشرف: فراس عبد المنعم جواد
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان الدراسة الحالية تتعلق بتحليل النوع للمقالات البحثية حيث يتم تحليل "تكرار او تدوير الانتقالات" ونسبة تكرار الانتقالات والخطوات و"الانتقالات المركبة" المستخدمة في كتابة فصول الخلاصة والمقدمة والاستنتاج. تتركز مشكلة الدراسة الحالية حول حقيقة ان هنالك قصور في معرفة تنظيم النص لفصول الخلاصة والمقدمة والاستنتاج من قبل الكتاب الاكاديميين العرب العراقيين. ان الاكاديميين العراقيين هم بحاجة الى ان يتعرفوا على اسس كتابة تلك الفصول. ان القصور في معرفة تنظيم الكتابة في اللغة الانكليزية لدى الكتاب الاكاديميين العراقيين, خصوصا تنظيم فقرات النص يمكن ان يؤدي الى عدم التواصل الاكاديمي بالصورة المطلوبة. تفترض الدراسة الحالية ما يلي : 1. هنالك فرق بين الكتاب الامريكيين والعرب العراقيين في ما يسمى "بتكرار او تدوير الانتقالات" في كتابة فصول الخلاصة والمقدمة والاستنتاج.2. هنالك فرق بين العينتين فيما يخص نسبة تكرار الانتقالات والخطوات في تلك الفصول.3. فيما يخص فصل الخلاصة والمقدمة, هنالك تنوع في استخدام "الانتقالات المركبة" وطرق توثيق المصادر. للتحقق من صحة الفرضيات تم تحليل ستين مقالة, ثلاثون منها مكتوبة من قبل الكتاب الاكاديميين الامريكيين وثلاثون اخرى من قبل الكتاب الاكاديميين العرب العراقيين.ان الطرق المستخدمة في تحليل العينتين هو(1990 Swales (و (2003 )Yang and Allison .فيما يخص فصلي الخلاصة والمقدمة, لقد اثبتت النتائج مايلي : 1. هنالك تنوع باستخدام "تكرار او تدوير الانتقالات" من قبل الكتاب العرب العراقيين في كتابة فصول الخلاصة والمقدمة والاستنتاج.2. كما اثبتت الدراسة ان هنالك قصور من قبل الاكاديميين العراقيين فيما يخص استخدام الانتقالة 2 ( تحديد مشكلة البحث) في فصل الخلاصة والمقدمة والانتقالة الخامسة (اختصار الدراسة) والسادسة (تقييم الدراسة) في فصل الاستنتاج.3. فيما يخص فصل الخلاصة والمقدمة, هنالك تنوع في استخدام "الانتقالات المركبة" وطرق توثيق المصادر من قبل الاكاديميين العراقيين والتي والتي تم تمييزها بنسب منخفضة. اما بالنسبة لطرق توثيق المصادر, فان الطريقة التي يتم فيها ذكر اسم المؤلف بين قوسين غير مدعومة من قبل الاكاديميين العراقيين في فصل الخلاصة , ويمكن ملاحضتها بنسب منخفضة في فصل المقدمة. يتكون البحث من خمسة فصول, الاول يتعلق بمشكلة واهداف وفرضيات واجراءات وحدود وقيمة البحث. الفصل الثاني هو مسح نظري لدراسة النوع للمقالات البحثية واهم الطرق المتعلقة به. الفصل الثالث يعطي وصف كامل لاهم الطرق المستخدمة في تحليل العينة. الفصل الرابع يعطي النتائج التي تم التوصل اليها في ضوء العينة التي تم تحليلها. واخيرا الفصل الخامس يلخص الاستنتاجات التي تم الوصول اليها في ضوء البحث. | This study is concerned with genre analysis. The research article abstract, introduction and conclusion sections are analyzed in terms of their cyclicity (move structure), move - step analysis and embedded moves. The problem of the present study is that there is a gap in genre knowledge, especially in rhetorical organization (text organization) of research article abstract, introduction and conclusion sections written by the Iraqi Arab non - native speakers of English which may lead to misunderstanding in communication. The Iraqi Arab non - native academic researchers need to be familiar with writing research article abstract, introduction and conclusion sections when they write in English. It is hypothesized that : 1. There is a difference between the American native and Iraqi Arab academic researchers in English regarding the use of cyclicity (move structure) in research article abstract, introduction and conclusion sections.2. A difference can be noted between the two sets of data in the frequencies of the occurrence of moves and steps in the sections under study. 3. As to research article abstract and introductions, a variation can be noted in the use of embedded moves and the form of citation (integral and non - integral). In order to test these hypotheses, the analysis of move - step structure has been applied to the data of sixty research articles; where thirty of them are written by American native academics, and the rest are written by Iraqi Arab non - native academics. Swales' (1990) model is used to analyze the macro - structure of both sections of abstracts and introductions. Yang and Allison's (2003) model is used for the analysis of research article conclusion sections. The results of the analyses yield the following conclusions : 1. There is a variation in the use of cyclicity (move structure) of abstract, introduction and conclusion sections written by the American native and Iraqi Arab non - native speakers of English.2. As to move - step analysis, the Iraqi Arab non - native data show a shortage in the use of Move 2 Establishing a niche in the abstract and introduction sections and Move 5 : Summarizing the Study and Move 6 : Evaluating the Study in conclusion sections.3. The embedded moves in research article abstracts and introductions by the Iraqi Arab non - native speakers of English are recognized with low frequencies. As to the forms of citation, the non - integral citation is never supported in the Iraqi Arab abstracts, and is recognized with a low frequency in introduction sections. This study comprises five chapters, the first of which is devoted to the discussion of the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limit and value of the study. Chapter two is a theoretical survey for the development of genre analysis, approaches to genre analysis, research genres in academic settings. Chapter three presents a full description for the formal models used for the analyses of the collected data. Chapter four outlines the results of the analyses applied for the collected data of the American native and Iraqi Arab research article abstracts, introductions and conclusion sections. Finally, chapter five summarizes the conclusions arrived at in this study.

دراسة تداولية بلاغية للتفنيد في المناظرات السياسية الاميركية والبريطانية == A PRAGMA - RHETORICAL STUDY OF REFUTATION IN AMERICAN AND BRITISH POLITICAL DEBATES

اسم المؤلف: حسين ضاحي مزهر الحسناوي
اسم المشرف: احمد صاحب جابر مبارك
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعنى هذه الدراسة بموضوعة التفنيد من منظور تداولي بلاغي في مجموعة مختارة من المناظرات السياسية الاميركية والبريطانية. وتحاول الدراسة بحث هذا الموضوع لانه لم يدرس على نحو منفرد في المناظرات السياسية. وقد وضعت مجموعة من الاهداف التي نروم تحقيقها فيما يتعلق بالتفنيد في المناظرات السياسية، وتضمنت الاهداف الاتية : (1) الكشف عن الاستراتيجيات التداولية الفرعية بالاضافة الى الاستراتيجيات اللغوية الاكثر استعمالا للتفنيد في المناظرات المذكورة في اعلاه (2) تحديد الاستراتيجيات التداولية البلاغية للتفنيد واثرها في تفعيل التفنيد في المناظرات السياسية (3) تبيان نوع المناورات الاستراتيجية المستخدمة للتفنيد (4) تحديد الاستراتيجيات التداولية الجدلية الاكثر استعمالا في المناظرات قيد البحث (5) بيان اهمية التفنيد في الكشف عن الموقف غير الموضوعي في التعاطي مع الموضوعات السياسية (6) تحديد الاستراتيجيات الاكثر استعمالا لتفعيل التفنيد(7) تطوير نموذج تداولي بلاغي لتحليل التفنيد في النصوص المختارة تحليلا دقيقا شاملا.وفي ضوء الاهداف المذكورة في اعلاه ، قدمت الفرضيات الاتية : (1) تتمثل الاستراتيجيات التداولية الفرعية والاستراتيجيات التداولية اللغوية بمجموعة من الاستراتيجيات الاكثر فاعلية في التفنيد مثل الدفاع والتسويغ والانكار والتفسير والتفنيد المقنع والاتهام والسخرية والمغالطة وعلى نحو ذلك في النص والمذكورة انفا (2) ان استعمال التفنيد في المناظرات السياسية لم يكن اعتباطا،بل له غايات اخرى يمارسها السياسيون للتاثير على ارادة الناخب (3) يستعمل المتناظرون الاميركان الاستراتيجيات التداولية الجدلية اكثر من نظرائهم البريطانيين في المناظرات المذكورة (4) يستعمل السياسيون عموما السخرية والتركيز على عيوب الاخرين لغرض التمهيد الى عملية التفنيد على نحو اكثر استعمالا خلال المستوى الدلالي البلاغي (5) لقد ركز المتناظرون على استراتيجيتين في استعمال التناور الاستراتيجي لجذب الجمهور وكسب الرهان .. احداها : (عليك ان تلبي مطالب الجمهور) والاخرى : (طوع خطابك ليكون لصالح الجمهور) (6) ويذلك تقوم البنية التداولية للتفنيد على اساس مراحل متعددة (7) يستعمل الجمهوريون الاستراتيجيات الاقل حشمة او لياقة من الاستراتيجيات ذات الطابع العقلاني المتقن من الديمقراطيين في المناظرات الاميركية(8) الفرضية الصفرية تقترح بان هناك متغيرات لاتؤثر في تفنيد المناظرات السياسية.ولتحقيق اهداف الدراسة واختبار فعالية الفرضيات المقترحة في اعلاه ، اتبعت الاجراءات الاتية : (1) عرض الدراسات السابقة التي تخص موضوعة التفنيد واسسها النظرية وعلاقتها بالبلاغة والخطاب السياسي (2) انتقاء مناظرات سياسية انتقاء عشوائيا لتكون مادة للتحليل (3) استعمال انموذج التحليل الذي تم تطويره للقيام بتحليل تداولي بلاغي للنصوص المختارة التي تمثل عينات من المناظرات. والحمد لله اولا واخرا. | The current study investigates refutation pragma - rhetorically in American and British debates. It is studied in situations selected from American and British political debates. This topic is chosen since it has not been tackled independently in political debates. The present study aims at (1) finding out the pragmatic micro - speech acts and other pragma - linguistic strategies that are more frequently used by politicians in British and American political debates;(2) pinpointing the pragma - rhetorical devices of refutation and demonstrate the significance of employing them on developing the act of refutation in British and American political debates; (3) determining the strategic maneuvers in the process of refutation in British and American political debates; (4) pointing out the pragma - dialectic strategies that are deployed in British and American political debates; (5) identifying the significance of refutation in revealing prejudices on the part of the parties involved in the process of argumentation in British and American political debates; (6) displaying which pragmatic strategies have more significance in the triggering of refutation; and (7) developing a model for pragma - rhetorically analyzing refutation in British and American political debates. In line with the aims mentioned above, the following hypotheses are set as regard refutation process in ' political debates ' with emphasis on American and British debates : (1) There are principal micro - speech acts and other pragma - linguistic strategies that broadly fulfill refutation such as rebuttal, defense, justification, denial, explanation, disclaiming, accusation, irony, fallacy and the like that can be a typical feature of politician argumentations in British and American political debates;(2) Refutational acts are not utilized arbitrarily in political debates; they have multiple functions, which might be used and misused in unpredictable ways in various degrees and for different purposes in British and American political debates;(3) American politicians use more pragma - dialectic strategies than their British counterparts in British and American political debates; (4) American politicians use more pragma - dialectic strategies than their British counterparts in British and American political debates; (5) Irony and negative other - representation are the mostly used pragma - rhetorical devices in refutation in British and American political debates; (6) . BIL and AA are the most effective presentational tools that are deployed as maneuvers in British and American political debates; (7) Refutation is processed in the light of some stages that constitute its pragmatic structure in British and American political debates; (8) The offensive strategies are heavily used by the Republican Party than the Democratic Party in the American debates and; (9) A null hypothesis is provided which comprises six variables : first, the strategies (whether pragma - linguistic, pragma - rhetorical, pragma - dialectic and strategic maneuvers) have a significant role on the process of refutation; second the type of party being involved in the process of debating; third the interaction between the strategies employed and the given parties; the country and the politician. In other words, how far is it true that the aforementioned variables do not affect the processing of refutation? Certain procedures are tracked to achieve the aims of the study and check the validity of its hypotheses : (1) Providing a thorough theoretical background on refutation ; (2) defining the role of pragma - rhetoric in political debate ;(3) Choosing random samples from British and American political debates to be the data of the study; (4) using the model developed for pragma - rhetorically analyzing illustrative examples which are representative of the data under investigation; (5) Using suitable statistical means for calculating and tabulating the results of analysis and (6) discussing the findings of the pragmatic as well as the statistical analyses to come out with some conclusions. Chapter Five provides some main conclusions of the study, recommendations and suggestions for future research. The findings of the nalysis reveal that the first, second, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, and eighth hypothesis have been verified, whereas, the fifth hypothesis has been refuted. As regard the ninth hypothesis, it is partly confirmed and partly rejected since this hypothesis involves various variables.

الخطاب الديني للاقتباس والرواية في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة تداولية - اسلوبية == Religious Quotative and Reportive Discourse in English and Arabic : A Pragma - Stylistic Study

اسم المؤلف: صادق مهدي كاظم الشمري
اسم المشرف: رياض طارق كاظم العميدي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان خطاب الاقتباس هو احد التقنيات اللغوية المؤثرة التي تستعمل في صياغة البنية السردية , اذ انه عملية اعادة استعمال لحديث نطق سابقا او فكرة دارت ولم ينطق بها في سياقات سردية جديدة. ينحصر خطاب الاقتباس باربعة اساليب من صيغ نقل الكلام والفكر وهي اسلوب الكلام المباشر واسلوب الكلام المباشر الحر واسلوب الفكر المباشر واسلوب الفكر المباشر الحر. ان خطابي الانجيل والقران يستعملان خطابات اقتباس بالاساليب نفسها , وعلى الرغم من ذلك فان هذين الخطابين يبدوان مختلفين الى ابعد الحدود. ومن اجل ذلك فان هذه الدراسة تحاول الاجابة على التساؤلات الاتية : (1) ما هي الخصائص النحوية والاسلوبية الانكليزية والعربية المميزة لخطاب الاقتباس عن تلك الخطابات المقاربة له؟ (2) ما هي استراتيجيات التثمين الانكليزية والعربية لخطابي الاقتباس والرواية؟ (3) ما هي اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين خطابات الاقتباس والرواية الانكليزية والعربية بقدر تعلق الامر باساليب الخطاب وانواع الانتقال الخطابي واستراتيجيات التثمين المتبعة؟ تهدف الدراسة الى : (1) التعرف على الخصائص النحوية والاسلوبية المميزة لخطاب الاقتباس في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية والتي تميزه عن الخطابات المقاربة له. (2) هيكلة استراتيجيات التثمين لخطاب الاقتباس والرواية في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية. (3) التعرف على اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين الخطابات الانكليزية والعربية المستهدفة بالدراسة فيما يتعلق بخطابي الاقتباس والرواية وانواع الانتقال الخطابي واستراتيجيات التثمين المتبعة. تتبنى الدراسة الفرضيات الاتية : (1) تستعمل اللغة الانكليزية وكذلك العربية خطابات الاقتباس وان اقرب الخطابات لخطاب الاقتباس في كلتا اللغتين هو خطاب الرواية لكونه يستبطن خطاب اقتباس مثمن. (2) ان خطابات الاقتباس والرواية الانكليزية والعربية هي غالبا ما تكون مثمنة من قبل الرواة داخليا و/او خارجيا. (3) ان خطابات الاقتباس في العهد الجديد وكذلك في القران الكريم تتبنيان اثنين من اساليب استحضار الكلام وهما على وجه التحديد اسلوب الكلام المباشر واسلوب الكلام المباشر الحر , واسلوب واحد من اساليب استحضار الفكر وهو اسلوب الفكر المباشر, (4) ان الاساليب الحرة لخطاب الاقتباس والرواية في كلتا اللغتين يتم توليدهما من خلال بعض انواع الانتقال الخطابي او ما يسمى بالالتفات , (5) ان خطابات الاقتباس الانجيلية والقرانية هي غالبا ما تكون مثمنة من الرواة داخليا و/او خارجيا , (6) ان الخطابات القرانية للاقتباس والرواية هما من الناحيتين الاسلوبية والتداولية اكثر جلاء مما هو موجود في الانكليزية. لقد طورت الدراسة انموذجا انتقائيا لتحليل التثمين لخطابي الاقتباس والرواية على ضوء شروحات بلاك (2006) وببلتز وبدنارك (2009) اضافة للشروحات المتاحة الاخرى للاسس النظرية للتثمين في اللغة الانكليزية لغرض تحليل بعض المقتبسات الروائية النموذجية من العهد الجديد والقران الكريم وفقا لنماذج التحليل الاسلوبية والتداولية الخاصة بالدراسة. ولقد توصلت الدراسة الى النتائج التي اثبتت جميع فرضياتها باستثناء الفرضية السادسة التي ثبت صحتها جزئيا. تتضمن الدراسة ثمانية فصول : الفصل الاول هو المقدمة , والفصلان الثاني والثالث يتصديان لاسلوب الاقتباس في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية. يعرض الفصل الرابع انموذج التحليل, وقد كرس الفصلان الخامس والسادس لتحليل بعض المقتبسات النموذجية الانجيلية والقرانية , ويتضمن الفصل السابع تحليلا تقابليا, وقد خصص الفصل الثامن للخاتمة والتوصيات والمقترحات | The quotative discourse is one of the effective linguistic techniques of building narrative genres. It is the process of recontextualising previously uttered or internally kept speeches in some narrative contexts. It is limited to four modes of speech and thought presentation : direct speech, free direct speech, direct thought, and free direct thought. Biblical and the Qur’anic discourses employ quotative discourses of the same modes; yet, they stylistically and pragmatically sound different to a large extent. The study tries to answer the following questions : (1) What are the English and Arabic syntactic and stylistic characteristics of the quotative discourse which distinguish it from other closely related types of discourse?, (2) What are the English and Arabic evaluative strategies of the quotative and reportive discourses?, and (3) What are the similarities and differences between the Biblical and Qur’anic quotative and reportive types of discourse as far as modes of discourse, types of discoursal shifts, and the evaluative strategies employed are concerned? The study aims to : (1) Identify the syntactic and stylistic characteristics of the quotative discourse in English and Arabic, and differentiate them from the interrelated types of discourse, (2) Characterise the English and Arabic evaluative strategies of the quotative and the reportive discourses, and (3) Point out the similarities and differences between the Biblical and Qur’anic targeted discourses concerning the quotative and reportive discourses, types of discoursal shifts employed, and their evaluative strategies. It is hypothesised that : (1) English and Arabic employ quotative discourse to which the reportive discourse is closely related since it underlies an originally evaluated quotative discourse, (2) English and Arabic quotative and reportive discourses are often internally and/or externally evaluated by the narrators, (3) The quotative discourse of the New Testament and that of the Qur’an employ two quotative modes of speech presentation; namely direct speech and free direct speech, and one quotative mode of thought presentation which is direct thought’, (4) The free types of the Biblical and the Qur’anic quotative as well as the reportive discourses are generated by some types of discoursal shift Iltifat’ (5) The Biblical and the Qur’anic quotative discourses are often internally and/or externally evaluated by the narrators, and (6) The Qur’anic quotative discourse and its related reportive one are stylistically and pragmatically more explicit than the Biblical ones. The study develops an eclectic model of evaluation of the quotative and the reportive types of discourse in the light of Black’s (2006), Bublitz and Bednarek’s (2009), and the available pragmatic accounts of evaluation in English in order to analyse some representative narrative extracts from the New Testament and the Qur’an according to the stylistic and evaluative models of the study. In its conclusions, the study has validated all its hypotheses except the sixth hypothesis which is partially validated. The study consists of eight chapters : Chapter One is an introduction. Chapters Two and Three tackle the quotative discourse in English and Arabic consequently. Chapter Four provides the model of analysis according to which Chapters Five and Six analyse some representative Biblical and Qur’anic extracts. Chapter Seven is a contrastive analysis. Chapter Eight is about the conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions

تفاعل استراتيجيات الخطاب مع قيود التواصل السياسي : دراسة تداولية اجتماعيه == The Interaction of Discourse Strategies with the Constraints of Political Communication : A Sociopragmatic Study

اسم المؤلف: كاظم شاكر فشل
اسم المشرف: قاسم عبيس العزاوي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This work is concerned with a sociopragmatic study of the interaction of discourse strategies with constraints of political communication. This work has set itself to tackle this issue in situations taken from the American presidential interviews and presidential debates. The impetus behind the selection of this topic for study is because it has not been given its due attention in previous studies in the Iraqi academic circle. The current study aims at : 1 - Pinpointing the proposed stakes to group discourse strategies into categories as well as figuring out the discourse strategies in perspective of the field of socio - pragmatic .2 - Finding out the communicative constraints that influence the utilization of the propositional discourse strategies.3 - Identifying the role of the identity of the participants in determining the appropriate use of certain discourse strategies. 4 - Explicating the interaction between interlocutors and the third party in communication situations .5 - Developing a model for analyzing the interactions between discourse strategies and the constraints of political communication. According to the aforementioned aims, the following hypotheses are put forward as far as the interaction between discourse strategies and the constraints of 'political communication' is concerned : 1 - Legitimation ,credibility and captataion are stakes to determine the choice of any discourse strategy . 2 - Situational constraints are the most influential constraints in determining which discourse strategy must be adopted in certain communication situations . 3 - The prerogative of adopting an appropriate discourse strategy is in accordance with the identity of the participant ( his status. his social role and his place in the communicative relation ). 4 - In political communication, when an interlocutor adopts any discourse strategy the audience are taken into the account regardless of their existence physically. To fulfill the aims of this study and test the validity of its hypotheses, certain procedures are followed : 1. Providing a thorough background on discourse strategies theory and communicative constraints.2. Choosing certain situations from the political interviews and political debates under study to be the data of the work.3. Using the developed model to conduct a qualitative socio - pragmatic analysis of illustrative examples of the data under study.4. Employing certain reliable and valid statistical means for calculating the quantitative results of analysis.5. Discussing the findings that result from both of the analyses above. Based on the analysis of the data, the study finds out that strategies are multiple but they can be grouped into three categories based on three stakes. Moreover, as far as the strategy choice is concerned, the analysis above shows that the interlocutor takes into account his status, his social role and his place in the communicative relation. The analysis also denotes that most influence factors in strategy's choice is the situational constraint. Additionally, it is explicated through the above analysis that in political communication the discourse strategies are delivered to the third party. The findings of the analysis indicate that all the hypotheses have been confirmed. On the basis of the findings of the analysis, various conclusions can be introduced. In political communication, the impetus behind the participants adopting any discourse strategy is one of the following : (to legitimize,to show credibility And for sake of captation.). Most of politicians' discourse strategies are determined by one of the following factors : i - he place that the participants occupy and his identity in the interaction. ii - The aim's viewpoint. iii - The material circumstances and the content in which the discourse is performed. On the basis of the findings, this study has come up with a number of recommendations and suggestions for further studies . The study consists of five chapters . Chapter One is intended to present the outline of the study. It, in consequence, will introduce the problem around which the study revolves, the main objectives of the study, its hypotheses, the procedures followed to fulfill its objectives, in addition to the limitations this study will abide by and finally its significance. Chapter Two deals with the theoretical aspects related to the Sociopragmtics in which it presents its prominent definitions, principles, aims and approaches. It also is devoted to making a detailed theoretical overview of 'discourse strategies ' in relation to the studies that have been written with it. Additionally, it presents the concept of constraints of communication and other relative topics, in addition to the concept of political communication. Chapter Three presents the developed model which based on two approaches( kim's1994 and Charadeau’s 2002. Chapter Four represents the practical part of the current study where data are collected, described and analyzed by different methods of analysisChapter Five , it is drawn several conclusions. On the basis of.

الالصاق في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Affixation in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

اسم المؤلف: اسراء علي كريم العايدي
اسم المشرف: زينب كاظم عكاب الشيخ
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:

دراسة جدلية - تداولية للمؤشرات الجدلية في مناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية == A Pragma - Dialectical Study of the Argumentative Indicators in American Electoral Campaign Debates

اسم المؤلف: امال عودة غضاب
اسم المشرف: محمد جاسم بطي السعيدي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعنى هذه الدراسة بدراسة جدلية - تداولية للمؤشرات الجدلية في مناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية. وبقدر معرفة الباحث فان هذا الموضوع لم يتلق اهتماما كافيا من الباحثين. تهدف الدراسة الى ما يلي : (1) اكتشاف مؤشرات ترامب الجدلية ووظائفها في مناظرات حملته الانتخابية (2) اكتشاف مؤشرات كلينتون الجدلية ووظائفها في مناظرات حملتها الانتخابية (3) معرفة اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين ترامب وكلينتون في استخدام المؤشرات الجدلية ووظائفها. تفترض الدراسة انه لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين ترامب وكلينتون فيما يخص : 1 - استخدام مؤشرات مرحلة المواجهة فيما يتعلق بما يلي : (ا) مؤشرات موقف الاقتراح (ب) مؤشرات تعديل القوة (ج) مؤشرات الشك.2. استخدام مؤشرات مرحلة الجدال من : (ا) تبعية (ب) منسقة (ج) تراكمية (د) حجج متعددة.3. العدد الاجمالي لمؤشرات المراحل : (ا) المواجهة (ب) الافتتاحية (ج) الجدال (د) الختامية.4. استخدام وظائف المؤشرات الجدلية لمرحلة المواجهة فيما يتعلق بما يلي : (ا) تقديم وجهة النظر (ب) التعبير عن الراي (ج) اظهار الشك في راي المجادل الاخر. 5. وظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الافتتاحية على النحو التالي : (ا) تحدي الدفاع عن وجهة النظر (ب) الاتفاق على عبء الاثبات الاحادي الجانب من البرهان (ج) الحرمان من عبء الاثبات الاحادي الجانب من البرهان ( د) الاتفاق مع اقتراح المجادل الاخر.6. استخدام وظائف مؤشرات مرحلة الجدال على النحو التالي : (ا) تقديم سببين متسلسلين لدعم وجهة نظر (تبعية) (ب) الجمع بين حجتين لتكوين راي (منسق) (ج) تزويد المجادل بالمزيد من سببين هما اقل اهمية او اكثر اهمية (تراكمي) (د) استخدام اسباب منفصلة لدعم الراي (متعددة).7. وظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية وهي : (ا) عرض نتيجة المناقشة (ب) الاحتفاظ بالراي حتى نهاية المناقشة.8. اجمالي عدد وظائف مؤشرات المراحل : (ا) المواجهة (ب) الافتتاحية (ج) الجدال (د) الختامية. يشمل اجراء الدراسة ما يلي : (1) مراجعة الادبيات حول الدراسة الجدلية - التداولية بشكل عام واستخدامها في مناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية على وجه الخصوص (2) جمع ووصف البيانات (3) اختيار نموذج التحليل (4) تحديد المؤشرات الجدلية ووظائفها الموجودة في مناظرات ترامب وكلينتون (5) بيان اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين ترامب وكلينتون من حيث استخدام المؤشرات الجدلية ووظائفها باستخدام النسب المئوية ومربع كاي للتحليل البيانات كميا. قسمت هذه الدراسة الى خمسة فصول وملحقين. يعرض الفصل الاول مشكلة البحث واهدافه وفرضياته والاجراء والحدود واهمية الدراسة والطريقة الاحصائية للتحليل ويعرض الفصل الثاني الادبيات حول الدراسة الجدلية - التداولية والخطاب السياسي بشكل عام ومناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية. وقد خصص الفصل الثالث لنموذج التحليل بينما يقدم الفصل الرابع جمع البيانات ووصفها وتحليلها ومناقشتها. ويقدم الفصل الخامس بعض الاستنتاجات المتعلقة باختبار صحة الفرضيات ويظهر اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين ترامب وكلينتون ويشمل ايضا توصيات واقتراحات لمزيد من الدراسات. ومن الاستنتاجات التي تم التوصل اليها هي : - 1. يستخدم كل من ترامب وكلينتون مؤشرات مرحلة المواجهة.2. تستخدم كلينتون مؤشرات الجدال التتابعية والتراكمية اكثر مما يفعل ترامب. وكلاهما يستخدمان مؤشرات الجدال التناسقي. ويستخدم ترامب مؤشرات الجدال المتعدد اكثر مما تفعله كلينتون.3. تستخدم كلينتون مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية اكثر من ترامب.4. يستخدم كل من ترامب وكلينتون مؤشرات مرحلة المواجهة.5. تستخدم كلينتون وظيفة مؤشرات المرحلة الافتتاحية وهي "الاتفاق مع اقتراح المرشح الاخر" ووظيفة مؤشرات الحجة التراكمية ووظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية واجمالي عدد وظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية اكثر من ترامب | This study is concerned with a pragma - dialectical study of the argumentative indicators as used in American electoral campaign debates. The topic in question has not received sufficient attention by researchers. Hence, the study aims at the following : (1) investigating Trump's argumentative indicators and their functions in his electoral campaign debates, (2) investigating Clinton's argumentative indicators and their functions in her debates, (3) finding out the similarities and differences between Trump and Clinton in the use of argumentative indicators and their functions. The study hypothesizes that there are no significant differences between Trump and Clinton in : 1. The use of confrontation stage indicators regarding : (a) propositional attitude indicators, (b) force modifying indicators, and (c) dispute indicators. 2. The use of argumentation stage indicators of : (a) subordinative, (b) coordinative, (c) cumulative, and (d) multiple argumentations. 3. The total number of the indicators of : (a) confrontation, (b) opening, (c) argumentation, and (d) concluding stages. 4. The use of the functions of argumentative indicators of confrontation stage concerning : (a) present a standpoint, (b) express an opinion, and (c) show a suspicion of the other arguer's opinion. 5. The functions of opening stage indicators as : (a) a challenge to defend a standpoint, (b) an agreement of a one - sided burden of proof, (c) a denial of a one - sided burden of proof, and (d) an agreement with the other arguer's proposition. 6. The use of the functions of argumentation stage indicators as : (a) presenting two serial reasons to support a standpoint (subordinative), (b) combining two arguments to develop an opinion (coordinative), (c) providing the arguer with more than two reasons which are of less or great importance (cumulative), and (d) using separate reasons to support an opinion (multiple). 7. The functions of concluding stage indicators which are : (a) presenting the result of discussion, and (b) maintaining an opinion till the end of discussion. 8. The total number of functions of the indicators of : (a) confrontation, (b) opening, (c) argumentation, and (d) concluding stages. This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter One presents the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedure, limits, significance of the study, and the statistical method of analysis. Chapter Two views the literature review about pragma - dialectics, political discourse in general, and American electoral campaign debates as the genre of the study. Chapter Three is devoted to the model of analysis. Chapter Four introduces data collection, description, analysis, and discussion. Chapter Five sums up conclusions related to testing the validity of the hypotheses and shows the similarities and differences between Trump and Clinton. It also includes recommendations and suggestions for further studies

تحليل خطاب نقدي مقارن للدستور الاميركي وعهد الامام علي (عليه السلام) لمالك الاشتر == A Contrastive Critical Discourse Analysis of the American Constitution and Imam Ali's (p.b.u.h.) Epistle to Malik Al - Ashter

اسم المؤلف: سماح عبد الستار الكعبي
اسم المشرف: فراس عبد المنعم جواد
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد هذه الدراسة محاولة لاستخدام تحليل الخطاب النقدي لمعالجة نصين هما الدستور الامريكي وعهد الامام علي (عليه السلام) لمالك الاشتر. المهمة الرئيسية للدراسة هي تحليل النصين نقديا وتقابليا. يمكن لهذا التحليل ان يتم من خلال اجابة الاسئلة الاتية : 1) كيف ركب النصان لغويا؟ 2) ما النصوص الي التجا اليها النصان؟ وكيف؟ 3) كيف جسدت الايديولوجيات في النصين اعتمادا على التحليل اللغوي والتناصي؟ الاجراءات المتبعة لهذه الدراسة كالتالي : 1) تقديم وصف نظري عن تحليل الخطاب النقدي ووصف مختصر حول النصين. 2) تطوير نموذج تحليل انتقائي يعتمد على نموذج فانديك (1980) و(2013) وبزرمان (2014) وفيركلوف (1989). 3) تحليل النصين نوعيا وكميا في بعض الاحيان قدر الامكان. التحليل النحوي وجزء من تحليل المعنى ستؤدى باتباع طرق كمية ونوعية في حين ان الطريقة النوعية ستطبق وحدها في تحليل المعنى وتحليل المفردات.النتائج التي توصلت اليها الرسالة كالتالي : 1) لغويا, الدستور الامريكي وعهد الامام علي (عليه السلام) لمالك الاشتر يمتلكان تركيبين لغويين مختلفين واللذين ظهرا من خلال تحليل المعنى العام والدقيق.2) تناصيا,تاثر الدستور الامريكي وعهد الاشتر بنصوص مختلفة والتي ساعدت في كشف مختلف الايديولوجيات المضمنة في النصين.3) ايديولوجيا : الايديولوجيات التي بني عليها النصان تختلف بين الايديولوجية العلمانية والدينيةتباعا, بالاضافة الى ايديولوجيات اخرى كالايديولوجية الليبرالية وحقوق الانسان والديمقراطية والعنصرية والتميز على اساس الجنس ومكافحة العنصرية. وهذه الايديولوجيات المختلفة انعكست من خلال التركيب اللغويللنصين. | The present study is an attempt to apply Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth, CDA) to analyse two texts, namely, The American Constitution(henceforth, AC) and Imam Ali's (p.b.u.h.) Epistle to Malik Al - Ashter (henceforth, IAE). The main task of the present study is to analyse the two texts critically and contrastively. This analysis could be done by answering the following questions : (1)How are AC and IAE constructed linguistically? (2)What are the texts that AC and IAE draw on? And how? (3) How are ideologies expressed in AC and IAE depending on the linguistic and intertextual analyses? The procedures adopted in the present study are : (1) presenting a theoretical account of critical discourse analysis as well as a brief account of the two texts under study. (2) Developing an eclectic model of analysis based on Van Dijk (1980 and 2013), Bazerman (2004), and Fairclough (1989). (3) Analysing the two textsqualitatively and quantitatively when possible. The syntactic analysis and part of semantic analysis are carried out by followingquantitative as well as qualitative methods whereas a quantitative method only is applied for lexical analysis. The present study has concluded the following : (1) Linguistically, AC and IAE have different linguistic structures as shown by the analyses of the macro and micro structures. (2) Intertextually, AC and IAE have been influenced by different texts which help in revealing different ideologies embedded in the two texts. (3) Ideologically, ideologies upon which AC and IAE are built diverge between secular and religious respectively in addition to other ideologies such asliberalism, human rights, democracy, racism sexism, and anti - racism. These different ideologies are reflected linguistically in the construction of the two texts

التحليل النقدي للخطاب لاخبار الازمة السورية في قناتي (سي ان ان) و(ارتي) == A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE SYRIAN CRISIS NEWS IN CNN AND RT CHANNELS

اسم المؤلف: عمر علي والي عطاطفة
اسم المشرف: صالح مهدي عداي المعموري
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تقدم هذه الاطروحة دراسة في التحليل النقدي للخطاب للاخبار التي تتناول الازمة السورية بقناتين، هما : (سي ان ان) الاميريكية و(ارتي) الروسية الناطقة بالانجليزية. تهدف الاطروحة الى ايجاد فيما اذا كانت القناتين المختارتين تتلاعب باللغة من اجل الحصول على منافع ايديولوجية، وكذلك كشف اثر التدخل العسكري الروسي في سورية على الخطاب الذي تقدم به القناتان الازمة في اخبارهما.ومن اجل تحقيق الاهداف، تعرض الاطروحة عدد من الفرضيات، منها : يتم التلاعب باللغة في القناتين من اجل الحصول على اهداف ايديولوجية، وكذلك تفترض الدراسة بان التدخل العسكري الروسي في سورية ادى بالقناتين الى تغيير خطابهما المتعلق باخبار الازمة السورية. كما وتقدم الاطروحة، بصورة تفصيلية، مفهوم التحليل النقدي للخطاب وعلاقته بالاعلام والدعاية. تتبنى الدراسة انموذجا انتقائيا يتكون من "المربع الايديولوجي" لفان دايك (1998) للتحليل الكلي، وكذلك "تحليل الخطاب الايديولوجي" لفان دايك (1995 ب) و"التحليل الانتقالي" لهاليدي (1994) للتحليل الدقيق. من خلال تحليل البيانات، تكشف الدراسة وجود تلاعب لغوي في التقارير الاخبارية للقناتين المختارتين للتحليل، كما وان التدخل العسكري الروسي في سورية ادى بالقناتين الى تحويل اهتمامهما الخطابي من اللاجئين واحتياجاتهم الانسانية الى خصوم القناتين السياسين في سورية. يخاطب البحث الاعلام بان يكون اكثر دقة وموضوعية فيما يتعلق بتقديم الاخبار. على ضوء هذه النتائج التي توصلت اليها الدراسة، وضعت بعض التوصيات والمقترحات لدراسات مستقبلية في نهاية الاطروحة. | This study conducts a critical discourse analysis of the news which tackles the Syrian crisis in two television channels, namely, the American CNN channel and the English - speaking Russian channel, RT. The study aims to find out whether the two selected channels manipulate language to gain ideological benefits, and explore how the Russian military intervention in Syria affected the discourse that presents the crisis in both channels. To achieve its aims, the study proposes a number of hypotheses; like, language is manipulated in the two channels for the purpose of ideological benefits, and the Russian military intervention in Syria caused the two channels to shift their Syrian crisis news discourse. The study also presents a detailed theoretical background to the concept of critical discourse analysis and its relation to media and propaganda. The study adopts an eclectic model for the analysis, consisting of van Dijk's Ideological Square (1998) for the macro - level analysis, as well as van Dijk's Ideological Discourse Analysis (1995b) and Halliday's Transitivity Analysis (1994) for the micro - level analysis. Based on the analysis of the data, the study finds out that language is manipulated in the reports of the two selected channels. The study also finds that, after the Russian military involvement in Syria, both channels shifted their discourse's attention from the refugees and their humanitarian needs to the acts of each channel's political opponent in Syria. The study addresses media to be more accurate and objective in presenting the news. On the basis of these findings, some recommendations and suggestions for further future studies are put forward at the end of this thesis.

تحضير بعض المشتقات الحلقية غير المتجانسة الجديدة وبعض متراكباتها مع PVC ودراسة سلوكها الضوئي المحفز == Synthesis of some New Heterocyclic Derivatives and some of their composites with PVC and Study their PhotoCatalytic Behaviour

اسم المؤلف: نور عبد الرزاق عبد اللطيف
اسم المشرف: سعدون عبد الله عودة | عباس جاسم عطيه
الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تضمنت هذه الدراسة جزئين, الجزء الاول هو تحضيرمركبات عضوية والجزء الثاني هو تحضير مواد متراكبه عضوية - فيزياويةفي مجال التحضير العضوي تم تحضير مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة جديدة باستخدام بارا امينو حامض البنزويك و2 - نفثول كمواد اولية للحصول على الجزيئات الوسطية والجزيئات النهائية المطلوبة، وفقا لمسارات التفاعلات السبعه المذكورة في ادناه. تم تشخيص المركبات المحضرة باستخدام تقنيات الرنين المغناطيسي الهيدروجيني والكاربون 13 وتحليل العناصر والاشعة السينية والاشعة فوق البنفسجية والفلورة والاشعة تحت الحمراء.المسار الاول : تم تحضير مركب الازو [N1] من تفاعل 2 - نفثول وباراامينو حامض البنزويك عند (0 - 5) سيليزي، تفاعل [N1] مع الايثانول المطلق في وجود حامض الكبريتيك المركز ينتج المركب [N2] الذي منه تم تحضير مشتق ثايوسيميكاربازيد [N3].تم غلق المركب 1،3،4 - ترايازول ثايول من مركب [N3] بعد ذلك تم مفاعلته مع هاليدات الكيل مختلفة ]يوديد المثيل, كلوريد الاليل, كلوريد البنزايل[ لانتاج المركبات [N5 - N7].المسار الثاني : استخدم المركب [N4] في هذا المسار كمادة اوليه حيث تمت مفاعلته مع ادوية امينية مختلفة [سيبروفلوكساسين، باراسيتيمول، بسيوفدرين، الثيوفيلين، كلوروديزيبوكسيد وسولفاديازين] لينتج المركبات [N14 - N8].المسار الثالث : في هذا المسارتم مفاعلة المركب [N1] مع ثيوسيميكاربازيد في وجود فوسفوروس اوكسي كلوريد لاعطاء المركب [N15] والذي تمت مفاعلته مع مشتقات الانلين المختلفة لانتاج المركبات [N20 - N15].المسار الرابع : مركبات الالديهايد الاروماتية [N، N - داي ميثيل امين، م - هيدروكسي بنزيلديهايد، 9 - انثرالدهايد، باراكلورو بنزيلديهايد، بنزيلدهايد وتيريفثالدهايد] فوعلت مع 1،3،4 - ثياديازول امين [N15] في الايثانول المطلق لتعطي مركبات شيف [N21 - N26 ].المسار الخامس : تم مفاعلة المركب [N15] مع ثلاثي ايثيل امين وبروميد البروبرجايل في الايثانول المطلق لينتج المركب [N27] الذي تمت مفاعلته مع مختلف الادوية الامينية [سيبروفلوكساسين، باراسيتيمول، بسيوفدرين، الثيوفيلين، كلوروديزيبوكسيد وسولفاديازين] حيث انتجت مركبات [N33 - N28].المسار السادس : في هذا المسار تم مفاعلة المركب الاستر N2] ] مع هيدريت الهيدرازين ليعطى المركب [N34] والذي تم غلقه لاعطاء مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة خماسية وسداسية الحلقة [N35 - N37] عن طريق التفاعل مع الاسيتايل اسيتون, انهيدريد الماليك وانهيدريد الفثاليك، على التوالي.المسار السابع : في هذا المسار تم تحضير بوليمرات محورة متماثلة [N38, 39] من خلال تفاعل (1،2،4 - ترايازول [N4]، 1،3،4 - ثياديازول [N15]) مع بولي كلوريد الفينيل في وجود البيريدين ورباعي هايدروفوران.وايضا تم تحضير البوليمر المحور غير المتماثل [N40] نتج من تفاعل جزيئتين من هذه المركبات (1،2،4 - تريازول [N4]، 1،2،4 - ثياديازول [[N15) مع بولي كلوريد الفينيل بوجود البيريدين ورباعي هايدروفيوران.اما في مجال تحضير المواد المتراكبه الفيزياوية والعضوية يتضمن مايلي : عمل تحوير لسطح اوكسيد الزنك بتطعيمه بالبوليمر المحور [N39] ثم دراسة فعاليتة الامتزازيه وفعالية التحفيز الضوئي له من خلال امتزاز وتكسير الصبغة بسمارك براون جي BBG من المحلول المائي لها على سطح اوكسيد الزنك المجرد وسطح الماده المتراكبه بدرجات حرارية 293و 298و 303 و308 كلفن . حيث كانت الدرجة الحرارية 293 كلفن هي الافضل في كلا الفعاليتين. تم دراسة التكسير الضوئي للمركب [N38] لمدة ستة ساعات بدرجات حرارية (308,303,298) سيليزي. حيث تم دراسة وقياس اللزوجة والوزن الجزيئي والثباتية لهذه المركبات. ووجد ان عملية التكسير الضوئي تزداد مع زيادة زمن التشعيع مع ارتفاع درجة حرارة التفاعل.ايضا تمت دراسة البلمرة الضوئية للمركب [N4] بوجود اوكسيد الزنك وبدرجات حرارية 298,293 ,303كلفن حيث تم الحصول على البولمر المترابط على السطح في هذه العمليه اما البولمر المستخلص فلم يتم الحصول عليه بهذه الطريقه ربما بسبب قوة الترابط بين سطح الاوكسيد والسلاسل البولمريه المتكونه في هذه العمليه علما ان النوع الاول من البولمر هو المهم لانه يعتبر طريقه لتحضير المواد المتراكبه ذات التطبيقات المهمه | This study involves two parts; first part are organic compounds synthesis and the second part are preparation of composites (physical organic) materials. The organic synthesis part, involves synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds using P - amino benzoic acid and 2 - naphthol as starting materials to produce the intermediates molecules and target molecules. This would involve seven routes as they are presented below. The synthesized organic and inorganic materials were characterized using different technique : 1H - NMR, 13C - NMR, CHNS, X - rays diffraction , UV - Visible spectroscopy, UV - Visible fluorescence spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. First Route : The azo compound [N1] was synthesized from reaction of 2 - Naphthol and p - amino benzoic acid at (0 - 5) ºC, [N1] reacted with absolute ethanol in presence of concentrated sulfuric acid to give [N2] that afforded compound thiosemicarbazide derivative [N3] . Cyclized triazole thiol was prepared from compound [N3] then reacted with different alkyl halides [methyl iodide, allyl chloride, and benzyl chloride] to give compounds [N5 - N7].Second Route : 1 - ((4 - (5 - mercapto - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazol - 3 - yl)phenyl)diazenyl)naphthalen - 2 - ol [N4] was react with dibromo ethane to synthesis compound [N8]. Also compound [N4] was reacted with different amino drugs [ciprofloxacine, paracetemole, pseuphedrine, theophylline, chlorodizepoxide and sulphadiazine] afforded compounds [N9 - N14].Third Route : Compound [N1] was reacted with thiosemicarbazide in presence phosphorous oxychloride to give 1 - ((4 - (5 - amino - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - yl)phenyl)diazenyl)naphthalen - 2 - ol [N15] which reacted with different aromatic amines to yield compounds [N16 - N20].Fourth Route : Aromatic aldehyde compounds [N,N - dimethyl amine aldehyde, m - hydroxy benzyldehyde, 9 - Anthraldehyde, p - chlorobenzyldehyde, benzyldehyde and terephthaldehyde] reacted with 1,3,4 - thiadiazole amine [N15] in absolute ethanol afforded Schiff - base compounds [N21 - N26].Fifth Route : Compound [N15] reacted with triethylamine and proprgyl bromide in absolute ethanol to yield 1 - ((4 - (5 - (prop - 2 - yn - 1 - ylthio) - 1,3,4 - oxadiazol - 2 - yl)phenyl) diazenyl) naphthalen - 2 - ol [N27] which reacted with different amino drugs [ciprofloxacine, paracetemole, pseuphedrine, theophylline, chlorodizepoxide and sulphadiazine] afforded compounds [N28 - N33].Sixth Route : 4 - ((2 - Hydroxynaphthalen - 1 - yl)diazenyl)benzohydrazide [N34] was cyclized to give five and six membered ring heterocyclic compounds [N35 - N37] by reaction with acetyl acetone, maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride, respectively. Seventh Route : In this route modified homo polymers [N38, N39] were synthesized by reaction of (1,2,4 - triazole [N4], 1,2,4 - thiadiazole [N15],) with polyvinylchloride in the presence of pyridine and tetrahydrofuran (THF). And Modified co - polymers [N40] yield from reaction two molecules from these compounds (1,2,4 - triazole [N4], 1,2,4 - thiadiazole [N15]) with polyvinylchloride in the presences of pyridine and tetrahydrofuran. Physical Organic (composites) route involves : This route involves modifying zinc oxide surface by grafting with 1 - ((4 - (5 - mercapto - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazol - 3 - yl)phenyl)diazenyl)naphthalen - 2 - ol - PVC [N39]. The activity of the produced composites was investigated by adsorption of Bismarck Brown G (BBG) at 293, 298, 303 and , 308 K. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared composite was investigated by following removal of BBG dye via photocatalytic degradation of over the surface at 293, 298, 303, and 308 K. From obtained results, it was found that, the best result for both adsorption and photocatalytic dye removal over the surface was noted at 293 K. Studying the photodegradation of 1 - ((4 - (5 - amino - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - yl)phenyl) diazenyl)naphthalen - 2 - ol - PVC polymer [N38] for six hours under irradiation with UV light at 298, 303, and 308 K . Change in molecular weight of these materials were investigated from viscosity measurements and from these measurements their relative stability was investigated. Also, this part involves investigating the photocatalytic polymerization of 1 - ((4 - (5 - mercapto - 4H - 1,2,4 - triazol - 3 - yl)phenyl) diazenyl)naphthalen - 2 - ol) [N4] over zinc oxide at 293, 298,and 308 K. This process yields both grafted and extracted polymer and the first type produces composites materials

الحماية الجنائية لاموال القاصرين : دراسة مقارنة == The Criminal Protection for underage property A comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: حوراء احمد شاكر محمود
اسم المشرف: اسراء محمد علي سالم
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان الحماية الجنائية لاموال القاصرين تتمثل بالنصوص القانونية التي يقرها المشرع لحماية اموال القاصرين من الاعتداءات التي تقع عليها سواء وردت تلك النصوص في قانون العقوبات ام في اي قانون اخر ،كما ان النصوص القانونية الخاصة بالحماية الجنائية لاموال القاصرين شانها شان جميع النصوص القانونية فهي محددة بنطاق تطبيق معين من حيث الزمان والمكان والذي من خلاله يمكن بيان مدى اهتمام المشرع بحماية هذه الاموال . كذلك فان توفير الحماية الجنائية الخاصة باموال القاصرين له ما يبرره حيث ان هذه الاموال عائدة لاشخاص غير قادرين على ادارة اموالهم والحفاظ عليها فهم لا يميزون بين التصرفات النافعة والتصرفات الضارة لهم ، لذلك اراد المشرع حماية اموال القاصرين خاصة من القائمين عليهم سواء كانوا اولياء ام اوصياء ام قيمين وذلك من خلال الاشراف عليهم ومراقبتهم ومحاسبتهم عن سوء ادارتهم لاموال القاصرين ، ولما كان القاصر غير قادر على ادارة امواله بنفسه والمحافظة عليها ، لذا فقد شرعت انظمة قانونية لرعاية مصالح القاصر وحماية امواله كالولاية والوصاية والقوامة فبموجب هذه الانظمة القانونية يتم ادارة اموال القاصر ومباشرة التصرفات القانونية نيابة عنه وذلك وفق قواعد واحكام محددة قانونا . وتاخذ الحماية الجنائية لاموال القاصرين صورتين فهي اما تكون حماية موضوعية وتتمثل بالنصوص الجزائية التي تجرم انماط السلوك غير المشروعة الماسة باموال القاصرين وتحديد العقوبات التي تترتب على ذلك كجريمة انتهاز حاجة قاصر والتي بها وفر المشرع حماية خاصة لاموال ممن يستغلون ضعف القاصر وحاجته وعدم خبرته فيحصلون منه على مال او سند مثبت لدين او مخالصة او الغاء هذا السند او تعديله مما يضر بمصلحته او بمصلحة الغير ، وجريمة الامتناع عن الابلاغ بوفاة شخص عن القاصر حيث الزم المشرع العراقي ورثة المتوفي البالغين وشركائه في المال ابلاغ مديرية رعاية القاصرين بوفاة الشخص الذي يكون احد ورثته قاصر خلال سبعة ايام من تاريخ الوفاة وعاقب على مخالفة ذلك ، واما ان تكون حماية اجرائية تتمثل بالنصوص الاجرائية التي تحدد الجهات المختصة بالكشف عن الجرائم الواقعة على اموال القاصرين والتحقيق مع مرتكبيها ومحاكمتهم . وتناولنا بالبحث الحماية الجنائية لاموال القاصرين ـ دراسة مقارنة ـ في ثلاثة فصول سبقتهم مقدمة ، فخصصنا الفصل الاول لماهية الحماية الجنائية لاموال القاصرين من خلال مبحثين تناولنا في المبحث الاول مفهوم الحماية الجناية لاموال القاصرين ، وبينا في المبحث الثاني ادارة اموال القاصرين والتصرف بها ، وكرسنا الفصل الثاني لبحث الحماية الجنائية الموضوعية لاموال القاصرين وذلك في مبحثين افردنا المبحث الاول لجريمة انتهاز حاجة قاصر ، وتناولنا في المبحث الثاني جريمة الامتناع عن الابلاغ بوفاة شخص عن القاصر ، واستعرضنا في الفصل الثالث الحماية الجنائية الاجرائية لاموال القاصرين في مبحثين تناولنا في المبحث الاول اجراءات الدعوى الجزائية في الجرائم الواقعة على اموال القاصرين في مرحلة ما قبل المحاكمة ، وبينا في المبحث الثاني الحماية الجنائية الاجرائية لاموال القاصرين في مرحلة المحاكمة والطعن ، ثم انهينا البحث بخاتمة خصصناها لاهم ما توصلنا اليه من استنتاجات ومقترحات | The Criminal Protection for property underage present in the law text that recognizes the legislator of the criminal for property underage present , from text found in punishment law or any other law ,also that the protection of for property underage found in the base of the eslmic and mention in the holy of quran in many parts of it that motive to protect the orphan and weak person and protect their money and never taken their money ,and the alsona alnboai also motive to protect the money of orphan and never taka their money , also the mathhp alphka aleslmy to protect the underage and the protect their property , inaddition there is maney international law and agreemets that provided to the underage and their property . The crime of exploit the need of minor inorderto achieve and commits to find twosides are the moral croner and the physical corner in addition for this there must be special corners to other corners and this special corner is the person must be minor ( semen it ) or destroy by this person ( minor ) or others and the place that this crime achie veal by the money clutch ,quittance or camceled or modification , the punishment of this crime is different from it canmits in special case or normal case . The protect of criminal law for the for property underage take tow sides first subject protection which represent by penalty texts which criminal all behavion that illegal which these for property underage and limited the punishment of this crime and call the crime of needs to the underage of the property of the underage , the second side is the procednre protection which represent by procedures text which limit by sides and it to reveal by criminal crime that happen to the for property underage and inrestigate with person who committee it and punish them by the law. For this we want to put under light The Criminal Protection for property underage in the legislation of Egyptian law ,Jordan law ,Morocco law ,France with compare it Iraqi legislation from this divide research in to three part . we pointed the first chapter for studying what we called the criminal Protection for property underage by two researches ,from the first research what we called the Criminal Protection for property underage ,by second research we mentioned the definition of the property underage and administration these . we devoted the second chapter from this reseach for the subjection the criminal Protection for property underage by two groups the first group devotes the needs of underage and the second group criminal dishonesty for property underage . In the third chapter we mention the criminal Protection procedures for property underage by two groups , in first group we studied the criminal Protection for property underage before the age of the court judgment , we offer in second group the criminal Protection for property underage after the court judgment , in the end of this research we offer the most important results suggestions

خلافة الدول في جنسية الاشخاص الطبيعيين : دراسة في القانون الدولي العام == States’ Succession in the Natural Persons Nationality A Study in the Public International Law

اسم المؤلف: ابو طالب هاشم احمد حمادي
اسم المشرف: طيبة جواد حمد المختار
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي العام
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study deals with the nationality of the natural persons after any of the states’ succession, as one of the important subjects on the practical applied level and on the level of the international relations as well, because any change of a state sovereignty has a great effect on different aspects concerning the international community and the public interests such as the international treaties and the possibility of transferring these treaties from the predecessor state to the successor state especially after the appearance of ( the White sheet ) principle and ( the state continuity) principle. The first principle based on the impossibility oftransferring a treaty concluded by the predecessor state to the successor state, while the second principle aims to obligate the successor to apply the international treaties, because the legal personality of the state is kept in spite of the sovereignty change. The same thing is applied on the properties, money and debts. The regional sovereignty changes affect the nationality of the region’s subject, so this study is to show this effect. Nationality is one of the basic rights that the individual should enjoy as had been laid down by many of the international conventions of Human Rights Organization 1948, issued by the United Nations, and the two international conventions concerning the civil rights, the political rights, the social rights and the cultural rights 1966. The aim of this study is to deal with the negative effect of states’ succession on the natural persons, considering that the public law stated the principle of the state right of organizing its subjects nationality affairs : naturalization and denaturalization. This principle is valid for all the natural persons in the predecessor and successor states, and this could result in having more than one nationality, or in been without a nationality, and this, in its turn, would result in many problems on the level of the individual - states relation, and the individual relation with the international community, leading in a international conflict. It also affect the person residency after the succession, and the family members’ nationality. One of the important subjects that had been dealt with in this study is to grant the individuals the right of choosing the nationality, not to distinguish the individuals concerning naturalization or denaturalization. The reports of the international organizations concerning the human rights indicate that the state’s succession participates greatly in the non - nationality phenomena. The international law conventions did not neglect this matter; the convention of 1954 treated the legal status of those who do not have a nationality, and that of 1962 attempt to limit this phenomena. Worthy mention that the international law conventions attempted hardly to treat all the negative effect of nationality in case of states’ succession by establishing a number of the international agreements and declarations such as the declaration of Venice 1996, issued by the European commission for democracy and law, the European nationality agreement 1997, the United nations agreement for the natural person nationality 2000( issued according to the public assembly decision No.55/153 in 12/12/2000) and the agreement of the council of Europe 2006 where all those agreements aimed treat all the negative effect of nationality in case of states’ succession and organize the region’s citizens, or part of the region, which the international law called the states’ partial succession, and in the case of union or separation which is called the total succession. The thesis is divided into three chapters preceded by an introduction. The first chapter deals with the general conception of states’ succession with its linguistic and traditional meaning, showing the conventional attitude upon this subject, exhibiting the types of the states’ succession( partial and total), the destiny of the legal personality of the predecessor state and the effects of these two types concerning the agreements, money, properties, debts and preservations and the legal system. It also shows the attitude of the two agreements of Vienna( 1978 and 1983), and the other international exercises. This chapter exhibits thetraditional and modern theories that explain the legal nature of states’ succession( the global heritage) and( gathering the deductive and inductive methods) respectively. In addition to other important points. The second chapter studies the public judgments organizing nationality in the cases of states’ succession via tackling the main principles( naturalizing and denaturalizing) and the right of choosing the nationality, with the criteria that are followed in naturalizing and denaturalizing stated by the international agreements especially the agreement of the United nations 2000 where the 21st and 25th articles refer to the detailed judgments of each case of states’ succession. The third chapter is devoted to the effects of states’ succession on nationality, and the sequences in the state interior regime and the international regime as well as the foreign relations. It submits the ways of limiting these phenomena according to the international agreements. How to settle the disputes arising from states’ succession is also mentioned in this chapter according to the international agreements and declaration such asthe declaration of Venice 1996, the European nationality agreement 1997, United nations agreement for the natural person nationality 2000 and the agreement of reducing the no - nationality cases instates’ succession. It is necessary to explain the role of the international judiciary authorities represented by the international arbitration and the international court of justice, where the international judiciary authorities judgments participated in creating international principles governing the nationality instates’ succession. The thesis is ended with the conclusion that includes the most important results and recommendations. The subject had been studied philosophically and analytically in the terms of the public international law and theinternational judiciary authorities compering with the international practices concerning the nationality destiny instates’ succession.

الارتباط في اجراءات التقاضي : دراسة مقارنة == Link in litigation proceedings Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: مروى عبد الجليل شنابة حميد
اسم المشرف: هادي حسين الكعبي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: قانون المرافعات المدنية
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The idea of a link between procedural work has a significant role and can not be underestimated within the procedural structures of the various civil law systems, reflecting the full effectiveness of the various procedural tools in those systems. The procedural work is thus linked to the legislator's objective of granting objective, Legal persons. By establishing the link between procedural action and its valuation, a dispute resolution before the court can be settled within the principle of the economy of proceedings in terms of time or expenditure or through which it is possible to put an end to conflicting provisions that are not easily enforceable in resolving the dispute before the Court in a comprehensive manner from all its elements , As if the link had broadened the scope of the litigation against the competent court to accept new applications or to include other related claims; in other words, the link between the procedural proceedings would bring justice to the proceedings. Accordingly, the work of the association is defined as a procedural concept in the field of litigation, defined as any positive course that is part of the proceedings may relate to its initiation, participation in or termination of its liability, direct procedural effect, and an indirect objective effect of legal protection of the rights to be protected. However, what is worth mentioning is that these procedures differ in terms of their content, form and people. Some are issued by the judge, such as judicial decisions and judgments, and others are initiated by his assistants such as the judicial assistant, informants or experts. The other part of the proceedings is carried out by the litigants or their. agents or third parties, Each of these procedural actions has a specific objective that the legislator seeks to achieve by organizing each litigation procedure. However, some of these actions can only be achieved by linking it with another procedural action or by establishing a link between more than one procedural action. Since the legislator aims at the unity of the existing case or the simplification of its procedures, we find it in certain subjects that necessitates the link between procedural action and another or between more than procedural work and other topics we find that opponents or judges or even others sometimes activate the idea of the link between procedural actions, The legislator aims at simplifying the formality of procedures by simplifying the formality of procedures, thus simplifying the performance of its work and thus reducing the severity of this formality, in such a way as to minimize the cases of procedural waste and to summarize the cases and related claims. In other words, engagement can only be achieved through legal rules that must be allowed or allowed to be realized between procedural actions in accordance with the legislator's philosophy of how to achieve the objectives they have addressed in judicial proceedings. It is therefore possible to define it as a legal idea created by the procedural law to indicate the link between a procedure and another of the proceedings between different procedural systems or in a single procedural system and can be achieved even within a framework of procedural action; Conflicting or difficult to implement and thus achieve the proper functioning of justice in the proceedings. The correlation between procedural actions reflects the controls on which litigation is based, both in terms of the economics of the proceedings, in terms of time and expenses, or in terms of preventing contradictory or difficult provisions, and thus ensuring the proper functioning of justice in the proceedings. Through the organization of the rules of the Code of Civil Procedure, under which the substantive rules are put into practice, justice is also the objective that the judge must achieve by performing his function by applying the law procedural or substantive to the dispute.

الحجية القانونية للقرينة القضائية في الاثبات المدني : دراسة مقارنة == Legal evidence for judicial contexture in Civil prove (comparison study

اسم المؤلف: جعفر صادق هاشم فاضل
اسم المشرف: وسن قاسم الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: قانون المرافعات المدنية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Legal contexture is considered one of the evidences prove in civil case because it doesnt lead directly in its references on reality which it is wanted to prove but it is concluded by inspection then it leads to others reality which it connects with event which it is wanted to prove as firm connection the second event is considered as replaced event which it is provable for the first evidence. Judge is required to explain the references and he relies on regular context for occurrences or normal currencies for circumstances then he chooses from all the possible explanations for events or references in particular explanation and he decides on this Explanation and it is considered the real reference which develops the references therefore the judicial contexture is reproduced it related to judge work so it is free to follow or reject it therefore the legislator confesses with estimated authority for Judge to estimate the evidence in case the law doesnt published the truth of judicial contexture but it gives the Judge the authorization to direct the estimated authority toward it.

علاوة الاصدار في الشركات المساهمة : دراسة مقارنة == Premium in the company's contribution Comparative Study)

اسم المؤلف: رحيم عبيد عطية الاسدي
اسم المشرف: ابراهيم اسماعيل ابراهيم الربيعي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: It is well known that all companies have a great role in the commercial and economic life of societies. They have a role to play in the development and revitalization of the commercial movement and its economic development through various projects. As these companies grow and expand continuously , And the need for this expansion of large capital, sought to achieve this purpose, and is seeking to increase capital to specific ways under the law, and perhaps the most prominent and most used is to resort to increasing capital, by offering new shares to the public to subscribe , Or to resort to the approach This is often preferred by companies because of the disadvantages that are not in the interest of the company, perhaps the most prominent is the large size of interest imposed by the banks on these companies, as well as shortening the duration of these loans, Is a burden on companies, so they appeal to the public to borrow from it, through the issuance of loan bonds and put up for subscription.The use of a joint stock company is the first method, which is the introduction of new shares offered to the public for the purpose of subscription, sometimes paid these companies, to set the price of the share value higher than the price determined by law, which is under the Iraqi Companies Law No. (21) of 1997 This increase is due to the preservation of the rights of the old shareholders on the one hand and to the company's prestige and economic reputation on the other. This increase in the value of the share exceeds the price determined by law, Shares.The use of the shareholding company for the second method of increasing its capital, borrowing from the public, through the issuance of loan bonds equal to the value of the increase of the expansion, the joint stock companies and in order to achieve the greatest possible subscription to these bonds, the issuance of bonds (including bonds) The premium is different in meaning from the share premium, because it does not represent an increase in the value of the underlying bond. The idea is that the company takes from the subscriber less than the value of the nominal bond. Be committed to return the bond value With a commitment to pay the periodic benefits of the bond to the Subscriber.Therefore, our study will focus on building an integrated legal entity for the premium of the issue, whether in shares or bonds, and this is achieved through the statement of the concept of this premium by defining its definition and characteristics and the reasons for imposing them and their conditions and legal adaptation and then distinguish them from the suspect, And determine the entity responsible for the imposition and the requirements and controls of this imposition, specifying the methods of calculating this allowance and any account can be included and placed, and determine the extent of the company's ability to act in any area on the other hand, and we will work to identify the effects that entail To be imposed by the company This allowance

الحماية الجنائية لسير العدالة : دراسة مقارنة == Criminal protection of the conduct of justice (comparative study)

اسم المؤلف: فخري جعفر احمد علي
اسم المشرف: حسون عبيد هجيج
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: العدالة تمثل الاساس الذي يجب ان تقوم عليه الدولة لتحقيق غايتها المتمثلة بالخير العام للمجموع والخير الخاص لكل فرد,ويجب ان توضع على اساسها القوانين الصادرة عن ارادة المشرع , كما ان العدالة هي الاساس الذي تستمد منه هذه القوانين قوتها الملزمة للافراد ,فالعدالة تقتضي اطاعة القوانين التي تسنها الدولة,لكن الطاعة للقانون لا تكون في جميع الاحوال بنفس المستوى,فطاعة القانون تقل في الحالات الخاصة التي يكون فيها نظام الحكم في الدولة استبداديا ظالما,وعندها يظهر بوضوح ان القانون مخالف للعدالة ولمنطق العقل وغير جدير بالاحترام. وقد عمدت الدول من خلال التشريعات الجنائية الى تحديد كل سلوك اتفق افراد المجتمع على عده سلوكا منحرفا,وغير متالف مع مفاهيم المجتمع واخلاقياته,وجرمته واقرت له عقوبات تنزل بكل من تسول له نفسه الاخلال بامن المجتمع او التعدي على حقوقه او حقوق اي فرد من افراده, وانشات لهذه الغاية اجهزة متخصصة,اوكلت اليها امر التنفيذ والقيام بواجب الملاحقة , وهيات لها افضل الظروف والفرص من اجل احقاق الحق. فالحق هو ادراك للحقيقة واقامة للعدالة في ان واحد,فهو من ناحية ادراك الحقيقة الواقعة, وهو من ناحية اخرى تعديل لهذه الحقيقة عما هي عليه من تعارض مع العدالة القانونية,لتصبح متطابقة معها,فالعدالة تتحقق اذا كان الفعل الفردي عادلا غير مخل بقواعد السلوك التي يسعى كل فرد عاقل الى اتباعها متفقا مع صالح المجموع. والدولة لا تقوم بممارسة حقها في حماية سير العدالة من دون ضوابط تبين الحدود التي يجب على المشرع ان يلتزم بها في تحريم انماط السلوك الذي يخل بسير العدالة ويضر بالمصالح الاساسية في المجتمع,فالمشرع يتنازعه عند سن التشريعات الجزائية في هذا الشان تياران متعارضان هما : تيار المصلحة العامة وتيار المصلحة الخاصة,والتشريع الامثل هو الذي يصل الى التوفيق والمواءمة بين هذين التيارين او بالاحرى بين هاتين المصلحتين . وقد اهتمت المجتمعات الحديثة بسير العدالة فقررت في تشريعاتها الجنائية الحماية الجنائية لسير العدالة لتحقق اثارها المرجوة في المجتمع من عدل وامن واستقرار,وضمان استقلال القضاء ونزاهته ليؤدي وظيفته بعيدا عن كل ما يمس سير العدالة او يحرفه عن الحق والعدل؛ليكفل تحقيق العدالة في المجتمع. والحماية الجنائية التي اقرتها التشريعات الجنائية لسير العدالة هي ذات شقين لا تكتمل الا بهما : الاول حماية جنائية موضوعية لسير العدالة تتمثل في تجريم بعض الافعال التي تخل بسير العدالة وتحديد العقوبات المناسبة لها في نصوص اوردها المشرع في القوانين العقابية.والشق الثاني حماية جنائية اجرائية لسير العدالة تتمثل في مجموعة الاجراءات الجزائية التي اقرها المشرع في القوانين الاجرائية لملاحقة مرتكبي الجرائم الماسة بسير العدالة والقبض عليهم وتقديمهم للمحاكمة. ولما تقدم,ولغرض الاحاطة بموضوع الاطروحة ( الحماية الجنائية لسير العدالة ) تم تقسيم البحث على ثلاثة فصول تسبقها مقدمة,خصص الفصل الاول لماهية الحماية الجنائية لسير العدالة وفيه بيان مفهوم الحماية الجنائية لسير العدالة واساسها ونطاقها ومبرراتها في ثلاثة مباحث,والفصل الثاني خصص للحماية الجنائية الموضوعية لسير العدالة لبيان الجرائم المعرقلة لسير العدالة والجرائم المعطلة لسير العدالة في مبحثين.اما الفصل الثالث فخصص للحماية الجنائية الاجرائية لسير العدالة لعرض الحماية الجنائية الاجرائية لسير العدالة خلال مراحل الدعوى الجزائية المتمثلة في مرحلة التحري | Justice is the basis on which the state should be established to achieve its goals which are : public and private welfare for each individual and to apply on the same basis all the laws which the legislator puts on display according to his will - bearing in mind that justice is the source from which laws take their power which bind the individuals to them - ; therefore justice necessitates full obedience to the laws which are issued by the state, but this does not mean that at all times a man - made law is binding but rather obedience is to be followed in special cases when the ruling system of the state is despotic and oppressive and thus it will appear crystal clear that a man - made law runs opposite to justice and its respect is unbinding. Countries are determined, through punitive legislations, to restrict the authority of every conduct agreed upon by the group, considering it a perverted conduct and doesn’t run harmoniously with the concepts of the society and its ethics, but rather criminalized it and issued punishments against everyone who disturbs social security or transgresses over his rights or the rights of any individual of the society for this reason, it has prepared specialized experts to whom were delivered the task of executing them and the duty of follow up the proceedings as well as arranging the best conditions and opportunities for putting right in its due location. Right is but the recognition of truth at the same time. It is, on the one hand, the recognition of the occurred truth, and amendment to this truth on the other hand - as to what bears of opposition to the lawful justice to go in accord with it. so, justice can be achieved if the individual act is just and rightly follows the rules of good behavior which every wise individual wishes to follow and goes in agreement with the welfare of the group. The state does not practice its right in protecting the proceedings of justice without regulations which can demonstrate the limitations to be abided by in banning modes of conduct which will disturb the normal on - going of justice and spoil the principal interests in society. So, the legislator while starting to issue penal legislations in this respect, will encounter two opposing currents which are : the current of public interest and the current of special interest. Building on the foregoing, the typical legislation is that which can get to what harmonizes and reconciles between these two currents or rather between these two interests. Modern penal legislations have paid much attention to what makes justice go along without impediments and confusion, they, therefore, decided to establish in their penal laws - the penal protection for justice proceeding. To fulfill their desired effects in society with regard to justice security, stability and granting of judicial independence and integrity to implement its function away from everything that may disturb the smooth progress of justice or averts it from right and justice to grant the achievement of justice, fairness in society. The penal protection wets resolved the punitive legislation for the proceeding of justice is of two parts which can’t be completed without both : The first part is objective penal protection for the proceeding of justice represented in criminalizing some deeds which oppose moral behavior and impede the ongoing of justice and limitation of due punishments for such deeds in texts introduced by the legislator as punishment law; and the second part is penal protection proceeding for justice embodied in a number of penal procedures which have been resolved by the legislator within the proceeding laws to run after criminals who commit deeds which have much to do with justice, arrest them and bring them to courts of justice for trial. Building on the foregoing and for the sake of highlighting more upon the topic of this research ( The penal protection for justice proceeding ) the research has been divided into three chapters preceded by an introduction : The first chapter is specified for stating the essence of the penal protection for the proceeding of justice wherein includes explanation of the penal protection for the proceeding of justice and demonstration of its foundation scope and justifications in three researches. The second chapter is specified for objective penal protection for the proceeding of justice for stating the crimes which stand in the way of justice proceeding and the crimes which delay justice to proceed in two researches. But as for the third chapter, it is specified for penal protection proceeding of justice through the stages of penal complaint represented by the stage of investigation about the crimes and fact finding accumulation, and the stage of elementary investigation

القانون الواجب التطبيق على عقد التامين البحري : دراسة مقارنة == The law applicable on the maritime s insurance contracts A comparative study

اسم المؤلف: امير اشكح عبد علي اشكح
اسم المشرف: فراس كريم شيعان
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يحظى عقد التامين البحري باهمية على المستوى الدولي كونه من عقود التجارة ذات البعد الدولي ومن العقود النموذجية,يربط مابين طرفين المؤمن والمؤمن له ويرتب التزامات متبادلة لكل منهما,ويثير هذا العقد اشكالية تتمثل بالقانون الواجب التطبيق عليه ومايعتري هذا التحديد من صعوبة خاصة اذا كان ضمنيا,فلا يثار اشكال اذا ما كان هذا التحديد صريحا كونه يمثل قانون الارادة,مع مراعاة القيود الخاصة بهذا الاختيار واهمها ان تكون صلة بين العقد والقانون المتفق عليه بين الاطراف,لكن الاشكالية غالبا ما ترافق التحديد الضمني للقانون الذي يحكم العقد مما يستدعي تدخل القضاء للبحث عن هذا القانون من خلال ظروف التعاقد وما يتمتع به القاضي من سلطة تقديرية , هذا من جهة ومدى تاتير صفة الاذعان على هذا التحديد كونها تؤثر بشكل او باخر على هذا التحديد وتتجلى هذه الصفه في البنود الخاصة بتحديد القانون الواجب التطبيق (تنازع القوانين) وتحديد المحكمة المختصة لنظر النزاعات المتعلقة بهذا العقد (تنازع الاختصاص القضائي) وبالتالي تلعب القواعد العامة الواردة في القانون الداخلي دورا في رفع الشروط التعسفية الواردة في هذا العقد او تعديلها بما يكفل رفع هذا التعسف وكون ان هذه القاعدة واردة في قانون داخلي الا ان لها قابلية على حل هذا التنازع الذي قد يظهر بالعقود الدولية بشكل عام وعقد التامين البحري بشكل خاص,كما يؤثر النظام العام على تحديد القانون الواجب التطبيق على العقد كون ان تاثيره مزدوج الجانب فهو يعمل على تعطيل القانون الواجب التطبيق كونه يتعارض مع النظام العام لدولة القاضي,وجلب الاختصاص لقانون اخر وغالبا مايكون هو قانون القاضي,اي تتعطل قاعدة الاسناد وتحل محلها قاعدة موضوعية في القانون المختص | The contract of maritime insurance is important at the international level as itis a trade contract with an international dimension and model contracts, linking between the insured and insured parties, no forms are raised if this limitation is specific with the meanings of the restrictions imposed on each of its cost to search for this law through Working conditions and litigation, And on the one hand, and the extent to which the degree of compliance with this limitation has been altered as it affects in one way or another limitation. This distinction is reflected in the provisions on determining the applicable law (conflict of laws) and the determination of the competent court to hear disputes related to this contract The provisions of the internal law shall play a role in lifting the arbitrary conditions contained in this contract or amending them in such a manner as to ensure that such arbitrariness is lifted and that this rule is contained in domestic law but that it is capable of resolving this conflict which may appear in international contracts in general and maritime insurance in particular. Impact General System to determine the applicable contract law, the fact that the double impact, It is working to disrupt the applicable law because it is contrary to the public order of the state of the judge, and bring jurisdiction to another law and often is the law of the judge, which invalidates the rule of attribution and replaced by an objective rule in the relevant law

الهجرة غير القانونية في ضوء القانون الدولي == Illegal immigration In the light of international law

اسم المؤلف: فاهم عباس محمد شنبارة
اسم المشرف: صدام حسين وادي الفتلاوي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الانساني
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد تدفقات الهجرة غير القانونية من اخطر المشكلات العالمية التي تواجه المجتمع الدولي في الوقت الحاضر عموما، ودول المنشا، ودول العبور، ودول المقصد للمهاجرين خصوصا، ومثلت تحديا كبيرا لقواعد القانون الدولي النافذة، بسبب ضعف معالجتها للجوانب الانسانية في سياق هذا النوع من الهجرة، اذ لم ينظم جميع جوانبها واشكالها، ما ادى الى حصول ازدواجية في تعامل مختلف دول العالم المعينة بشانها.ان الامم المتحدة لم تحرم هؤلاء المهاجرين من حقوقهم الانسانية بغض النظر عن مركزهم القانوني، ومن الحماية الفعالة المقررة في صكوك حقوق الانسان العالمية، مع تاكيدها على اهمية تسوية وضعهم القانوني. وبسبب المخاطر الناجمة عن الهجرة غير القانونية على السلم والامن الدوليين، فقد نشطت المنظمات الدولية في معالجة هذه الظاهرة، من المسببات الى المساعدة الانسانية والتمكين والعودة الطوعية، وخاصة الى المهاجرين الذين فروا من دولهم بسبب النزاعات المسلحة او الحروب الداخلية او عدم الاستقرار الامني، الى دول اخرى بغية التماس ملجا امن لهم ولعوائلهم. وفي هذا السياق وضعت الامم المتحدة في اعلان نيويورك لعام 2016 الاسس القانونية للاتفاقية العالمية التي ستبرم عام 2018 من اجل ان تكون الهجرة امنة ومنظمة ومنتظمة, التي ركزت على البعد الانساني في معاملة المهاجرين غير القانونيين. تنبع اهمية بحث هذا الموضوع من توجيه الانتباه الى الحاجة الملحة لتطوير القواعد القانونية الدولية الخاصة بموضوع الهجرة غير القانونية، او تطوير مجالات عمل المنظمات والوكالات الدولية المعنية فيما يخص معالجة ظاهرة الهجرة غير القانونية. يفترض الباحث ضعف التنظيم الدولي للمركز القانوني للمهاجرين غير القانونيين بدوافع انسانية، على الرغم من ان القواعد القانونية الدولية قد منحت بعض الحقوق الاساسية للمهاجرين غير القانونيين.تنطلق مشكلة البحث في ان الفرد الذي يقوم بالهجرة غير القانونية من دولته الى دولة اخرى بحثا عن ملجا امن، لم يكن مخيرا بارادته بل مجبرا بسبب الظروف المختلفة، لذا يتعين ان لا يخضع الى المساءلة القانونية، بل يستلزم ان تمتعه الدولة المستقبلة بكافة الحقوق المنصوص عليها في الشرعة الدولية لحقوق الانسان والوثائق الدولية الاخرى. | Illegal migration flows are one of the most serious global problems facing the international community, the countries of origin, the Country of Transit and the Country of destination of migrants, and constitute a major challenge to the rules of international law because of their poor handling of humanitarian aspects in the context of such migration, Has not been regulated in all its aspects and forms, leading to duplication in the treatment of migration by the various countries of the world.The United Nations did not deprive these migrants of their human rights regardless of their legal status and effective protection established in universal human rights instruments, while stressing the importance of settling their legal status.Because of the dangers posed by illegal migration to international peace and security, international organizations have been active in addressing this phenomenon, from causes to humanitarian assistance, empowerment and voluntary repatriation, especially to migrants who have fled their countries because of armed conflict, internal wars or insecurity. In order to seek safe haven for themselves and their families. In this context, the United Nations, in the New York Declaration of 2016, laid the legal foundations for the Global Convention to be concluded in 2018 in order to ensure safe, and orderly migration, which focused on the human dimension of the treatment of illegal immigrants.II - The importance of research : The importance of this topic stems from drawing attention to the urgent need to develop international legal norms on the subject of illegal migration or to develop the areas of work of the relevant international organizations and agencies to cover the treatment illegal migration.III - Research hypotheses : The researcher assumes the weakness of the legal status of illegal immigrants on humanitarian grounds of the international organization, although international legal norms have granted certain basic rights to illegal immigrants.IV - Research Problem : The problem of research is that the individual who is illegally migrating from his country to another country in search of a safe haven was not voluntarily chosen but forced by the circumstances of war and security, hoping to get rid of the death of an investigator if he remained in his state. They requires that the Country of destination grant them all the rights provided for in the International Bill of Human Rights and other international documents.VI. Division of research : This research will be divided into an introduction, three chapters, a first chapter on illegal immigration, a second chapter on illegal immigrants' rights in international documents, and Chapter III on the role of international organizations in addressing illegal migration.VII. Main results : One of the most important findings is that the actual reality points to the continuing grave violations of the rights of illegal migrants in many countries of the world, such as detention or refoulement, in contravention of the rules of international law. And that the international legal regulation of illegal migration did not include all international norms that protected the rights of migrants, whether legal or illegal, in the States concerned. And that the United Nations was seeking to conclude the Global Agreement on Secure, and Organized Migration in 2018 under its auspices.

تفوق قانون القاضي على القانون الاجنبي : دراسة مقارنة == The judge's law is superior to foreign law A comparative study

اسم المؤلف: محمد حسناوي شويع حسون
اسم المشرف: عبد الرسول عبد الرضا جابر الاسدي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الخاص
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The issue of the law of the judge over foreign law is of special importance stemming from the search for cases of proven jurisdiction for the national law of law such as Iraqi law, for example, and the attempt of the law of the judge to unify the solutions through the application of one law in cases where the conflict of laws, and may be considered a drawing of the special limits for the use of foreign law .The national judge in each country applies the rules of attribution of its national law. This means that the judge initiates in his process to determine the legislative jurisdiction and application of this law by following a logical sequence of operations beginning with adapting the case before him and then determining the legislative jurisdiction (applicable law) And the development of the foreign law that it determines by its proper legal status.The jurists of private international law have agreed that the applicable foreign law under the rule of attribution in the law of the judge is the solution to the conflict of laws, but the subject of discussion represents a departure from this agreement by the obvious solution, through the application of the law of the judge (the law of the national judge) The application and the reversal of its legal status from the law of the state of the judge to the applicable lawThe issue of the superiority of the law of the judge on foreign law raises many problems, the most important of which is the attempt to avoid the consequences associated with the superiority of the judge's law, which leads to the violation of the legitimate expectations of the parties and the unfairness of their rights in the event that the rule of the relationship of health in accordance with the law of creation to nullification in accordance with the law of the judge and this of course not dangerous in their time The existence of the relationship and it is possible to overcome these results on the basis of creating harmony and harmony between the rules of attribution in the legal systems of the countries to which the parties belong, the researcher aspires to uphold the law of the judge in resolving the problems of conflict of laws by analyzing the complementary role Talking about the jurisprudence of private international law between international conflict law judge and foreign law applicable under national attribution rule.

السلطة التنظيمية للادارة في مجال تنفيذ القوانين : دراسة مقارنة == The Administrative Authority of the Administration in the Field of Law Enforcement

اسم المؤلف: ثامر محمد رخيص حسين
اسم المشرف: اسماعيل صعصاع غيدان البديري
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: اذا كان البرلمان وطبقا لمبدا الفصل بين السلطات, يختص بوضع القوانين بوصفه ممثل الارادة العامة والمعبر عنها, الا ان الواقع العملي يشير الى ان البرلمان بحاجة الى سلطة تؤازره, لضمان تنفيذ ما يصدر عنه من قوانين, ولايراد التفصيلات التي يغفل عنها البرلمان في القوانين الصادرة عنه, وقد اوكلت هذه المهمة للادارة وتبرير ذلك يتمثل في حجتين : الاولى لعدم سعة وقت المشرع لتفصيل ما قننه بكل دقائقه, وسبب ذلك يعود الى قصر الدورة البرلمانية التي يهتم فيها البرلمان بتنظيم المسائل التي يزدحم بها جدول اعماله, ناهيك عن الدور الرقابي الذي يمارسه على اعمال الحكومة, اما الحجة الثانية فتتمثل في قلة الخبرات الفنية لدى البرلمان اذ لا يتمتع بالخبرات الكافية لتفصيل دقائق الامور, فتطبيق القانون يحتاج الى من يخبر الواقع العملي ويكون على اتصال دائم بالجمهور, اضافة الى طبيعة تشكيل البرلمان, اذ يتكون من مرجعيات سياسية ومذهبية متباينة ليس باستطاعتها الخوض في المسائل الفنية التي تحتاج الى خبرات متميزة مما تدعو لايكال ذلك الى سلطة الادارة لما تمتلكه من خبرات فضلا عن احتكاكها اليومي بالجمهور الذي يؤهلها الى تقدير احتياجاته.واستنادا الى هذه المسوغات اوجدت السلطة التنظيمية للادارة في مجال تنفيذ القوانين, والتي تجد اساسها في نص المادة (21) من الدستور الفرنسي لسنة 1958, والفقرة (5) من المادة (60) من دستور دولة الامارات العربية المتحدة لسنة 1971, وفي العراق تجد سندها في البند (ثالثا) من المادة (80) من دستور جمهورية العراق لسنة 2005, ويترتب على الاساس الدستوري لهذه السلطة امور ثلاثة : اولها ان كل قاعدة عامة مجردة وغير شخصية تصدرها الادارة بهدف تنفيذ قانون ما تعد انظمة تنفيذية, وثانيها ان هذه السلطة تؤسس بموجب ارادة السلطة التاسيسية التي تنشئها بموجب الدستور وتمنحها وظيفتها, وثالثها يوحي ان سلطة الادارة في مجال تنفيذ القوانين هي استثناء من الاصل العام وهي مقصودة لغيرها وللمنافع المتوخاة منها لا لذاتها, لذا لا يمكن الارتكان اليها الا لمسوغات تبررها حتى لا تمثل تطاولا على السلطة المختصة بالتشريع اصلا مما يؤثر سلبا في مبدا الفصل بين السلطات التي تتبناه الدساتير الحديثة, وان اساس ممارسة هذه السلطة يتم ضمن شروط وحدود معينة يسهم الدستور والمشرع والقضاء الاداري برسم حدودها والزام الادارة على الالتزام بها كلما ارادت استخدام سلطتها في مجال تنفيذ القوانين.وتتمحور اشكالية البحث في معالجة الحالات التي تنحرف بها الادارة في سلطتها في تنفيذ القوانين لتحقيق غايات غير التي ارادها المشرع لتتخذ من حجة تنفيذ القوانين ذريعة تسعى من خلالها لتقويض الارادة العامة بحيث تسعى لتعديل القوانين او تعطيلها او الاعفاء من تنفيذها وهو ما يتنافى مع الغرض من وجود هذه السلطة, الامر الذي يتطلب البحث عن معيار لعلاج هذه المشكلة للتاكد من حقيقة الانظمة التنفيذية التي تصدرها الادارة ومدى توافقها مع ارادة المشرع ببيان حدود وسلطة الادارة في مجال تنفيذ القوانين, وهذا من ابرز الاهداف التي يسعى البحث الى تحقيقها من خلال ايضاح الحدود الموضوعية والشكلية لسلطة الادارة في هذا المجال, وقد اتبع المنهج الفلسفي التحليلي المقارن في دراسة هذا البحث, واختيرت فرنسا كنطاق لتطبيق هذا البحث كونها ذات تجربة عريقة في هذا المجال, فضلا عن دولة الامارات العربية المتحدة كونها دولة ذات شكل اتحادي فيدرالي, اضافة الى جمهورية العراق كونها اساس هذه الدراسة, وقسمت خطة البحث على ثلاثة فصول الاول خصص لجوهر السلطة التنظيمية للادارة في مجال تنفيذ القوانين من حيث مضمونها وخصوصيتها ثم اساس هذه الانظمة، ويعقبه الفصل الثاني لبيان حدود سلطة الادارة في هذا المجال ببيان الحدود الشكلية والموضوعية لهذه السلطة, بينما افرد الفصل الثالث لبيان الرقابة على حدود سلطة الادارة التنظيمية في تنفيذ القوانين من حيث الحدود الدستورية وحدود المشروعية.وتمخض عن هذه الدراسة خاتمة لخصت فيها اهم النتائج التي توصلنا اليها ثم ايراد اهم المقترحات التي تم طرحها خدمة للبحث العلمي, ومن اهم النتائج التي توصل اليها البحث استخدام دستور جمهورية العراق لمصطلح "الانظمة" وهذا يخالف ما استخدمه الدستور الفرنسي ودستور دولة الامارات العربية المتحدة, اضافة الى انه على الرغم من النص على سلطة الادارة التنظيمية في مجال تنفيذ القوانين في البند (ثالثا) من المادة (80) من دستور جمهورية العراق لسنة 2005 لم تحدد هذه المادة ضوابط او ترسم حدودا لممارسة الادارة لسلطاتها في هذا المجال, وقد اسهم القضاء الاداري بدوره الانشائي والفقه في رسم الحدود الموضوعية والشكلية لسلطة الادارة في هذا المجال, ومن ابرز المقترحات لمعالجة مشكلة هذا البحث هي : الاولى استخدام الدستور لمصطلح "اللوائح او اللائحة" كون هذا يتماشى مع مضمون العمل التشريعي الفرعي الصادر عن الادارة اضافة لتطابقه مع ترجمة المصطلح في الدستور الفرنسي واستخدامه في اغلب الدول العربية, اما الثانية فتتمثل في التوصية للسلطة التاسيسية المشتقة في اعادة النظر في الاساس الدستوري للوائح التنفيذية بحيث يصاغ البند (ثالثا) من المادة (80) من دستور جمهورية العراق لسنة 2005 ليكون على النحو الاتي : - (يمارس مجلس الوزراء الاتحادي الصلاحيات الاتية : ...ثالثا - وضع اللوائح التنفيذية والتعليمات والقرارات اللازمة لتنفيذ القوانين الاتحادية, بما ليس فيه تعديل او تعطيل لها او اعفاء من تنفيذها, ويجوز بنص خاص في القانون او لمجلس الوزراء, تكليف الوزير الاتحادي المختص او اية جهة ادارية في اصدار اللوائح التنفيذية اللازمة لتنفيذ القوانين), وقد لعب الفقه والقضاء الاداري بدوره الرائد في رسم حدود اللوائح التنفيذية ضمن ضوابط محدد من ابرزها الاولى عدم مخالفة اللائحة للقانون والثانية فيجب ان تكون اللائحة ضرورية لتنفيذ القانون اما الثالثة فهي الا تخرج هذه اللوائح عن القصد الذي اراده المشرع من اصدار قانون معين واخيرا فهي عدم التعسف او الانحراف في سلطة الادارة في استعمال حق الاضافة بعدم التعرض للمسائل التي تمس اصل الموضوع الذي نظمه القانون | Parliament, in accordance with the principle of separation of powers, was concerned with the drafting of laws as the representative of the public expressed, but the practical reality indicated that the Parliament needed a power to support it, to ensure the implementation of its laws, And this task was delegated to the administration. This is justified by two arguments : the first is the lack of time for the legislator to detail his condemnation in all his minutes, and this is due to the short parliamentary session in which the Parliament is interested in organizing the issues that are crowded on its agenda, not to mention the oversight role it carries on the work. The second argument is the lack of technical expertise in the parliament, as it does not have enough expertise to detail the minutes of the matter, law enforcement needs to tell the practical reality and be in constant contact with the public, in addition to the nature of the composition of the parliament, consisting of different political and doctrinal references cannot go into Technical issues that require special expertise, which call for the management authority to possess the expertise, as well as the daily contact with the public that qualifies it to assess its needs.Based on these justifications, the administrative authority of the administration has been established in the field of law enforcement. This is found in the text of Article 21 of the French Constitution 1958 and Article V of Article 60 of the Constitution of the United Arab Emirates. In Iraq, (80) of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq 2005, and the constitutional basis of this authority three things : first, that all general rules abstract and impersonal issued by the Department for the implementation of a law is the executive regulations, and the other that this authority is established under the will of the constituent authority that creates under the Constitution and give it its function, the latter suggests that the authority of the administration in the implementation of the laws is an exception to the general origin and intended for others to the benefits envisaged for itself, and therefore cannot be relied upon to justify justifications so as not to affect the authority of the competent legislation in the original, which negatively affects the principle of separation of powers adopted by the modern constitutions , And that the basis of the exercise of this power is within certain conditions and limits contribute to the Constitution and the legislator and the administrative judiciary to draw its borders and obligate the administration to abide by whenever it wants to use its authority in the implementation of laws.The problem of research is to deal with situations in which the administration deviates from its authority in implementing laws to achieve goals other than that which the legislator wanted to take from the pretext of implementing the laws as an excuse to undermine the public will to amend the laws or to disable them or exempt them from implementation, which is contrary to the purpose of existence This authority, which requires searching for a standard to address this problem to ascertain the truth of executive regulations issued by the Department and its compatibility with the will of the legislator to define the limits and authority of the administration in the field of law enforcement, and this is one of the most important goals that this research seeks to achieve from vinegar. It was followed by a comparative analytical philosophical approach in the study of this research, and France was selected as a domain for the application of this research because it has a long experience in this field, as well as the UAE as a federal state in addition to adding to the Republic of Iraq as the basis of this study, and divided the research plan into three chapters. I was devoted to the essence of the regulatory authority of the Department in the implementation of laws in terms of content and privacy and then the basis of these systems, followed by the second chapter to show the limits of administrative authority in this area, and the objectivity of this authority, while the third chapter of the statement of control on the limits of the authority of administrative management in the implementation of laws in terms of constitutional limits and limits of legitimacy.The most important findings were the use of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the term "regulations" and this is contrary to what was used by the French Constitution and the Constitution of the United Arab Emirates, In addition, despite the provision of the regulatory authority in the implementation of the laws in paragraph (III) of Article (80) of the Iraqi Constitution of 2005, however, this article did not specify controls or draw limits for the exercise of management of its powers in this area, Administrative in turn The first is the use of the constitution for the term "executive regulations" as this is in line with the content of the legislative work of the department, in addition to its conformity with the translation of the term in the French Constitution and its use of the majority of the Arab countries. The second is to recommend to the Constituent Constituent Authority to reconsider the constitutional basis of the executive regulations so that paragraph (III) of Article (80) of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq 2005 is drafted as follows : The Council of Ministers shall exercise the following powers : Issuing the executive regulations, instructions and decisions necessary for the implementation of federal laws, including no amendment or disabling of them, or exemption from their implementation. A special provision in the law or the Council of Ministers may instruct the competent Federal Minister or any administrative authority to issue the executive regulations necessary to implement And the administrative judiciary has played its leading role in drawing the boundaries of the executive regulations within specific controls, the most prominent of which is the first not to contravene the regulations of the law and the second must be the regulation necessary for the implementation of the law and the third is that these regulations are excluded from the intention that the legislator wanted to issue One particular Finally, they are not arbitrary or deviation in administrative authority in using the right of adding without exposing to the issues that touch core subject organized by the law

الحماية الجنائية للاشياء المضبوطة : دراسة مقارنة == The Criminal Protection for seized objects A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: امجد ناظم صاحب ال نصيف
اسم المشرف: اسراء محمد علي سالم
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يكتسب موضوع (الحماية الجنائية للاشياء المضبوطة) اهميته الخاصة لاتصاله بالتحقيق الابتدائي والقضائي والذي من خلاله يمكن الوصول الى الحقيقة , وحماية مصلحة الافراد في الحفاظ على يمس حقوقهم وحرياتهم الفردية التي لا يجوز التعرض لها باي شكل من الاشكال الا في حدود ما يرسمه الدستور والقانون وعدم اتخاذ اجراءات بحق اشخاص لا علاقة لهم بارتكاب الجريمة , وحصر الادلة التي تثبت ارتكاب المتهم للجريمة , فالغاية الاساسية من وجود الاشياء المضبوطة تحت تصرف السلطة القضائية هو من اجل الاستعانة بها في الكشف عن الحقيقة والوقوف على مضمونها من خلال ضبط ما يتصل بالجريمة من اشياء لغرض ايجاد الدليل او تعزيز الدليل , فالاشياء المضبوطة قد تكون هي الادلة او يمكن الاستعانة بها في الوصول الى الادلة ومعرفة الجاني ومعاقبته لانه بارتكابه للجريمة قد اعتدى على كل من حق الفرد الذي وقعت عليه الجريمة وحق المجتمع معا . فالاشياء المضبوطة يمكن الاستعانة بها في التاكد من وقوع جريمة يعاقب عليها القانون, ومعرفة نوع الجريمة المرتكبة , والمكان الذي وقعت فيه والاسلحة والادوات التي استعملت في ارتكابها , اذ يمكن ان تتنوع الوسائل التي يستخدمها الجاني في ارتكاب الجريمة , وذلك تبعا لنوع الجريمة المرتكبة هذا من جانب ومن جانب اخر ان للاشياء المضبوطة دور في معرفة السبب الدافع لارتكاب الجريمة , والتعرف على شخصية الجاني من خلال استقراء ما تم ضبطه من اشياء تثبت ادانته وتقديمه للمحكمة المختصة لمحاكمته عنها . ان المبدا العام في المسائل الجنائية هو ان ضبط الاشياء كاجراء من اجراءات التحقيق الابتدائي يرد على موضوع الجريمة او محصلاتها او ما استعمل في ارتكابها , فالاشياء المضبوطة يقتضي وجوب صلتها بالجريمة كان تكون مما استعمل في ارتكابها من الالات او ادوات او اي اشياء منقولة اخرى او نتجت عن ارتكابها , وقد تكون من الاشياء التي وقعت عليها الجريمة كالاشياء المسروقة او انها مستقلة عن الجريمة المرتكبة التي يجري التحقيق بشانها الا ان هذه الاشياء التي تم ضبطها تعد حيازتها جريمة قائمة بذاتها , وكذلك ضبط كل ما يفيد التحقيق وكشف الحقيقة , فاذا لم يتحقق في الشيء المضبوط ما يفيد التحقيق فلا يجوز ضبطه , لذا يثير موضوع حماية الاشياء المضبوطة مشكلات كثيرة اهمها ما تثيره الحماية الجنائية وهي تضع مداها ونطاقها في تقييد الافراد من التمتع بحقوقهم على الشيء المضبوط والزام السلطة المختصة بالضبط بالقيود الاجرائية اتجاه ما تتخذه من اجراءات في ضبط الاشياء والمحافظة عليها والتصرف بها بعد انتفاء الغاية منها . | The subject of "Criminal protection of seized objects" acquires its special importance in relation with the objective of primary investigation in the access to truth and the interest of individuals in maintaining to the detriment of their individual rights and freedoms, which cannot be subjected in anyway except within the limits prescribed by the Constitution and the law and the failure to take proceedings against persons not connected with committing the crime, and the inventory of evidence to commit the accused to the crime. The basic purpose of the existence of the seized stuff at the disposal of the judicial authority is for use in detecting the truth and stand on its content and its significance by adjusting related to the crime of things for the purpose of a serious evidence or enhancement guide, knowledge of the offender and to punish him because he committed a crime had attacked both the right of the individual who signed the crime and the right of society together. The seized items can be used to ascertain the occurrence of a crime punishable by law, to know the type of crime committed, the place where it occurred, and the weapons and tools used to commit it. The means used by the offender may be varied depending on the type of offense committed on the one hand and the other hand, the seized items from which knowledge of the perpetrator and the motive for the reason of having committed them, and to identify the character of the offender through the extrapolation of what's set of things found guilty and submitted to the competent court for trial. The general principle in criminal matters is that the seizure of objects as a preliminary investigation procedure is the object of the crime or its proceeds or what was used in committing it. The seized items must be connected to the crime, such as that used in the commission of the crime of machinery and tools or movables or resulted from committing them. These things may have been committed by the crime or are independent of the crime committed and are being investigated, but those things that have been seized are possession of a crime in its own right, as well as seizing all that is useful for the investigation and revealing the truth, if the seized thing is not help the investigation, it is not permissible to justify it.The protection of seized objects raises many problems, he most important of which is the nature and scope of criminal protection in restricting individuals to the enjoyment of the rights them to the exact thing and to oblige the competent authority to take procedural restrictions in the direction of their actions in controlling and preserving objects. In order to get acquainted with the subject of the research, we have discussed three chapters. The first chapter deals with the nature of the criminal protection of the seized objects, which we have divided into three sections. The first section deals with the concept of criminal protection of seized objects. The second one deals with the legal basis for the criminal protection of seized objects. the third, we reviewed the types and subjectivity of the seized objects. The second chapter dealt with some of the applications of objective criminal protection of the seized things and included three sections. The first section studied the crime of disclosure of information about seized objects and use them. In the second we took the offense of assaulting the things submitted to the courts. In the third, we reviewed the crime of unsealing seals. The third chapter devoted to the procedural criminal protection of the seized things, which we divided into three detectives identified. In the first, the authorities are competent to protect the seized objects and the scope of protection. In the second, we explained the procedural controls to protect the seized objects. The third one devoted to the procedural provisions for the disposition of the seized objects.

التنظيم القانوني لعروض شراء الاسهم في سوق الاوراق المالية : دراسة مقارنة == Legal Regulation Of Stock Purchase Offers In The Stock Market A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: نـهـى خالـد عيـسى جاسم المـعمـوري
اسم المشرف: ابراهيم اسماعيل ابراهيم الربيعي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان عروض شراء الاسهم تعد وسيلة لشراء اسهم شركة ما، حيث يقوم الراغب في الشراء سواء اكان شخص طبيعي او معنوي باعلان رغبته الى الجهة المشرفة على العرض من خلال تقديم المستندات والمعلومات المطلوبة، وبعد موافقة الاخيرة على مشروع العرض واعتمادها له، تقوم باشعار صاحب العرض بذلك، لكي يعلن الشركة المستهدفة برغبته في شراء اسهمها. وهذا الشراء يكون بمقابل محدد مسبقا اما نقدا، او عينا اي عن طريق مبادلة اسهم باسهم، وفي كل الاحوال يكون سعر العرض اعلى من سعر السوق في الغالب. ويبقى عرض الشراء مفتوحا لمدة زمنية معينة؛ لكي يعلن خلالها المساهمون في الشركة المستهدفة رايهم من حيث قبول هذا العرض المطروح عليهم او رفضه. لذا فان عروض الشراء هي ايجاب عام غير قابل للرجوع فيه يوجهه صاحب العرض الى مساهمي الشركة المستهدفة لغرض شراء الاسهم التي يمتلكونها. وان الغرض من عروض الشراء لاستثمار اسهم الشركة المستهدفة، او لغرض السيطرة عليها، وذلك من خلال شراء الاسهم التي تتمتع بحق التصويت، باعتبار ان هذا النوع من الاسهم هو الذي يخول صاحب العرض الحق في التصويت على قرارات الهيئة العامة للشركة، والتمتع بعضوية مجلس ادارتها اذا ما بلغ نصاب الاسهم حدا معينا وفقا لنظام الشركة. ولكن السيطرة على الشركة من خلال عروض الشراء تتميز عن وسائل السيطرة الاخرى كالاندماج او شراء اصول الشركة المستهدفة، من حيث ان الشركة المستهدفة تبقى رغم السيطرة عليها متمتعة بالشخصية المعنوية المستقلة بكل ما يترتب على ذلك من اثار، ومن ثم تبقى محتفظة بذمتها المالية وخصومها واصولها، وهذا ما يطمئن دائنيها في الحصول على اموالهم، بينما هذه النتائج لا تتحقق اذا ما اتخذت السيطرة الوسائل الاخرى. سيما وان نظام عروض الشراء يحقق اكبر قدر من الشفافية في سوق الاوراق المالية بما يفرضه هذا النظام من ضرورة افصاح مقدم العرض عن نواياه وخططه المستقبلية تجاه الشركة المستهدفة بعد نجاح العرض وتحقيق السيطرة عليها، وكذلك الحال بالنسبة لمجلس الادارة في الشركة المستهدفة عليه الافصاح عن كل تفاصيل العرض للمساهمين حتى يكونوا على بينة من العرض المطروح عليهم، ومن ثم اتخاذ القرار الاستثماري الصحيح. فضلا عن ذلك ان نظام عروض الشراء يضمن تحقيق المساواة فيما بين المساهمين في الشركة المستهدفة؛ لان شروط العرض تقتضي ضرورة ان يكون مقدما الى جميع المساهمين ولا يكون مقصورا على بعضهم دون البعض الاخر، وان يكون بسعر واحد فلا يجوز التمييز بينهم في السعر، كما يحقق مصلحة اقلية المساهمين في الشركة المستهدفة باعطائهم الخيار بين البقاء في الشركة او الخروج منها بنفس شروط العرض . فضلا عن كونه يعد الية متطورة تسمح باعادة هيكلة الشركات المقيدة اسهمها في سوق الاوراق المالية، من خلال تحويلها من شركات خاملة الى شركات نشطة، بما يجعلها اكثر قدرة على مواجهة المنافسة الدولية، بدلا من انشاء مشروعات جديدة وما يستتبع ذلك من اجراءات معقدة وتكاليف. | The purchase offer is a means of buying a company's shares. The person wishing to buy, whether a natural person or a legal entity, declares his desire to the supervisor of the offer by submitting the required documents and information. After the latter approves the project, , In order for the target company to announce its desire to buy its shares. This purchase is predefined in cash or in kind through a share swap. In any case, the bid price is often higher than the market price. The offer shall remain open for a specified period of time in order for the shareholders of the target company to announce their acceptance of or rejection of such offer. Therefore, the offers of purchase are a general irrevocable affirmation directed by the bidder to the shareholders of the target company for the purpose of buying the shares they own. The purpose of the purchase offers is to purchase or control the shares of the target company through the purchase of shares that have the right to vote, since this type of shares entitles the bidder to vote on the decisions of the general assembly of the company and to enjoy the membership of its board if The share price reached a certain limit according to the company's system. But control of the company through the offers of purchase is characterized by other means of control, such as merger or purchase of the assets of the target company, in that the target company remains in spite of control, enjoying the independent moral personality with all the implications of this, and then keep the financial wealth and liabilities and assets, This will reassure their creditors to get their money, while these results can not be realized if other means are taken. Especially since the tender offers system achieve the greatest transparency in the stock market. This system dictates that the bidder should disclose his intentions and future plans towards the target company after the success of the offer and control of it. Also, the board of directors of the target company must disclose all details Offer the shareholders to be aware of the offer before them, and then make the right investment decision. In addition, the system of offers of purchase guarantees equality among the shareholders of the target company; because the conditions of the offer require that it be submitted to all shareholders and not limited to each other without one another, and that the price of one may not be distinguished between them in the price, as achieves Interest of the minority shareholders of the target company by giving them the option of remaining in the company or exiting them on the same terms of offer. As well as being a sophisticated mechanism that allows the restructuring of companies listed on the stock market, by converting them from inactive companies to active companies, making them more able to face international competition, rather than the establishment of new projects and the consequent complex procedures and costs

المصلحة في عقد التامين البحري : دراسة مقارنة == Interest in the Marine Insurance Contract A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: ديار حطاب قاسم
اسم المشرف: علي عبد العالي خشان الاسدي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:

الحماية المؤقتة للعلامة التجارية : دارسة مقارنة == The Temporary protection for trademark A comparative study

اسم المؤلف: بان علاء عمر محمد
اسم المشرف: حسين عبد القادر معروف
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Temporary trademark protection is intended to preserve the right to a trademark when by it is concerned with the protection of trademark ownership when Paired with a certain period of time, which varies according to the circumstances in which such protection is legislated, or that may protect the trademark from any imminent attack Or maintained evidence from abuse or aggression when it's occurs, when it takes the form of procedure taken quickly. The importance of the research is that it discusses one of the subjects of intellectual right, which is a trademark that is especially important because of the diversity of these marks that distinguish products and services and gain specialty distinguish them from others, as the attack on the right of the trademark is of a special nature, As entail the damage is not limited to the owner's profits and sales, but may damage the value of the trademark and its moral reputation. The temporary protection of the trademark has it's own Provisions. It has not been directly covered by legislation. The Iraqi legislator has dealt with the provisions of temporary protection sporadically between the texts, making it difficult for us to establish a specific framework for such protection or to adopt a clear idea of it. The problem of research is to clarify the situation of Iraqi law on the establishment of this type of protection and it's domain in object and procedure, and the extent to which this protection coincides with developments at the legislative level in the developed countries that adopted this type of protection, And we will try to answer all these questions in the folds of this research. In the research methodology we will use the comparative analytical method. We will divide the research into two chapters, the first chapter of which isSummary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..bspecified to the study of the definition of temporary protection of the trademark. We divided it into two topics : The conception of temporary protection for the trademark (first topic)' types and conditions of temporary protections (second topic).The second chapter is specified to temporary protections means for the trademark which divided them into two topics, temporary substantive protections means of the trademark (first topic), temporary procedural protections means of the trademark (second topic). One of our most important findings and recommendations is that temporary trademark protection seeks to preserve the right to a trademark when it is concerned with the protection of trademark ownership when coupled with a certain period of time, which varies depending on the circumstances in which such protection is initiated, On the brand of any imminent attack or keep evidence of aggression when it occurs, when it takes the form of actions taken in a hurry. We recommend that the Iraqi legislator in the Law on Trademarks designate a temporary protection section for the trademark that includes the text of the forms, terms and means of such protection

المسؤولية الانضباطية لعضو مجلس المحافظة : دراسة مقارنة == isciplinary responsibility of member of local councils - comparative study

اسم المؤلف: احمد عبد الله خلف الكناني
اسم المشرف: وليد خشان زغير الموسوي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: That the provincial councils perform their functions requires a great deal of responsibility and awareness of members, which requires the activating the self - censorship of these councils over its members as the tool that expresses the will of the council. The disciplinary responsibility is one of the most important tools for activating the self - censorship of these councils. Membership, the member may commit administrative, civil or even criminal liability. Therefore, disciplinary accountability is one of the most important pillars of the service systems in the world, because it aims to maintain order within the Council and the impact on the functioning of the Council The local supervisory and legislative work of these councils, since the member's commitment to his duties and dedication to the public interest has become one of the objectives through which the Council can perform its functions and provide its services to the fullest.There were several reasons that led to the selection of this study, including the lack of studies in the disciplinary responsibility for members of the provincial councils, showing the face of inadequacies in the disciplinary system, so addressed the subject of disciplinary liability of a member of the provincial council in the light of each of the Iraqi discipline system contained in the law of provinces not organized in Region No. 21 of 2008 amended, and the Egyptian disciplinary system in the law of the local administration system No. 43 of 1979 amending.We divided the study section primer and three chapters, we dealt with Definition local council irregular in the province ,and dealt with irregularities disciplinary of the member of the provincial council in the first chapter, and dealt with the explanation of disciplinary punishments in Chapter II, Chapter III was allocated to discuss Disciplinary safeguards for faculty of the member of the provincial council.We concluded with a final result that weak legislative treatment of the issue of disciplinary responsibility and its ineffectiveness in the law of governorates that are not organized in the amended region No. 21 of 2008, or rather the lack of a complete disciplinary legislative system concerned with the statement of disciplinary penalties for violating the system of hearings and penalties for violating the rest The duties and prohibitions of membership, the procedures for imposing such penalties, and the provision of adequate guarantees of investigation, reasonableness and proportionality between the disciplinary penalty and the violation committed by the member and ending with the grievance and judicial appeal. Party consensus and its impact on activating disciplinary accountability. B As we have reached legislator Iraqi inter of recommendations the most important of which need to establish a disciplinary system for the members of the provincial councils instead of relying on the individual treatment of The internal regulations of the provincial councils and their deficient treatments, through which the investigation and investigative committees are used to prove the violation committed by the member when the subject of his dismissal from office Membership, rather than questioning, for several reasons including that the investigative committees are more specialized and deeper in verifying the availability of the reasons for the dismissal (dropping membership) or not, in addition the interrogation is carried out by the Council itself. Either the member belongs to the majority of particular party it takes them to be lenient with their colleague or if the member belongs to an opposition party the decision to drop membership in the hands of the ruling party is based on political considerations that are more consensual than the member committing a sin or a career fault. Thus denying justice and depriving the punishment of its intended purpose of assessment and deterrence.

الاليات الدولية لاسترداد الممتلكات الثقافية : دراسة تطبيقية على الممتلكات الثقافية العراقية == International mechanisms for the restoration cultural property an applied study on the Iraqi cultural property

اسم المؤلف: علي وطن عنيد عاتي
اسم المشرف: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الانساني
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study dealt with the definition of the concept of the recovery of cultural property, in accordance with a precise presentation of the most important international conventions that defined this concept. It then proceeded to put forward the principles governing restitution, especially the principle of international law, the principle of territoriality and their impact on the principle of restitution. In view of the existence of formal and objective conditions to complete the implementation of this principle, while acknowledging the existence of criticism of each of these conditions, which may lead to the release of the condition or the whole subject of its content, that the suspicion of Iraq from the illegal trading of cultural property and difficulties In restitution This shows the multiplicity and diversity of means of recovery, which shows the urgent need to indicate the way for governments, organizations and stakeholders to contribute to the recovery of Iraqi cultural property by determining the mechanisms that can be followed for the recovery of such property, in the chaos of legislation and the lack of knowledge of the mechanisms and means that Through which the Iraqi state can restore its lost heritage as the international legislations concerned have agreed on the right of Iraq to recover its cultural property through national and international means. The legal necessity is to activate the UN Security Council resolutions and regulations. Competent in order to prevent the trafficking of Iraqi cultural property and work to bring it back, and the conclusion of bilateral agreements in order to recover as much as possible from our property located abroad, because some states provide for the need for reciprocity, in order to overcome the obstacles facing the recovery process.

التنظيم القانوني لعقد الدلالة في التشريع العراقي : دراسة مقارنة في ضوء قرارات محكمة التمييز الاتحادية == Legal Regulation Of Brokerage Contract In Iraqi Legislation A Comparative Study In The Light Of Decisions Of The Federal Court Of Cassation

اسم المؤلف: احمد عكار نزال
اسم المشرف: ظافر حبيب جبارة
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون المدني
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Brokerage works have a distinct position in economic life, given the need of people, from traders and others, to who is looking for someone be a party to a particular contract, and he shall intervene, as appropriate, in the negotiations necessary for its conclusion, and this is the essence of a broker's work.The broker in this case is doing just a physical act, so he do not conclude the contract which he has mediated on behalf of his client, neither in his name, nor in the name of his client, which is a work exercised by the broker freely, and independently, for his own account, without being subordinate to his client. The Broker's undertaking to work on facilitating the conclusion of the transaction that the Client wishes to complete creates a legal relationship, regulated by a contract, called the brokering contract, it is one of the specific consensual bilateral contracts, which gained a commercial character and entered in to the scope of nominated contracts after the legislator assigned out to regulate its provisions in a special law, namely the Brokerage Act 1987.Although the general rule, is the liberty of will to conclude the contracts, but the Iraqi legislator, preferred to restriction this will to a large extent, whether in the liberty to choose the person who take over the task of mediation of, or in the liberty of arrangement of obligations arising from the contract, as the brokerage is not permissible for all those who wish to practice it, because the law restricts its practice to people of integrity from Iraqis, who have completed the twenty - fifth year of age, and must be fulltime to practice in a commercial place, after getting a commercial name, and obtaining a permit from the competent authority. These conditions of public order, violation of them shall result in invalidity of the contract, and depriving the party pledged in brokering of any right to commission or indemnity resulting from the impossibility of returning the situation to what it was as a result of nullity. In spite of the ordinary terms of brokerage contract which imposes parallel obligations on the contracting parties, the Iraqi legislator obliged the broker to perform the transaction faithfully, as well as the Iraqi legislator obliged him to keep maintain the documents relating to the transaction. The breach of theses duties involve the broker's criminal and civil responsibility.,On the other hand, the Iraqi legislator determined a fixed amount for the remuneration of broker, which the contracting parties can not be agree to the contrary, and he restricts its entitlement by two conditions : concluding of contract which mediated by the broker, and the existence of a link of causality between this conclusion and the broker's efforts, in which, without these efforts, the contract would not have been concluded. But the practical application of the rules governing the remuneration of broker, showed two problems, led to the prejudice towards broker, to the extent that his rights were wasted.The first problem, Relating to broker's remuneration in scope of formal contracts, however he deprive of his remuneration for just undoing completion the formality required by law by one of the parties, the Courts embed this prejudice, by depriving the broker of any compensation for his efforts to conclude the contract, without a legal justification.The second problem relates to the official tariff, which is no longer compatible with the value of transactions that broker mediates in their conclusion, due to the devaluation of the Iraqi currency, compared to its value at the time of the enactment of the law, who as appointed the ratios, on the basis of which the broker's remuneration, and must not exceed one thousand and five hundred dinars, exceeding the commission of the broker, the maximum limit of the remuneration, is considered a criminal offense and administrative, resulting in a fine and the withdrawalof this permit.However, the Iraqi judiciary has subjected the broker's remuneration to its discretionary power, based on a general principle that decides the possibility of changing the provisions, which based on custom or interest, if that custom or interest changes in view of the requirements and variables of life. Undoubtedly, the texts that organized the broker's remuneration, were put in the interest represented by, the reducing the overvaluation, this interest has changed by changing the value of the currency, thus, the Official tariff became an inappropriate standard to exaggeration, on the contrary, it has become a trivial amount, not commensurate with the transactions that are determined according to their value.
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