النص الكامل من المصدر: https://uokerbala.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Rp-Medical-Waste-and-its-Effect-in-Karbala-City.pdf

مكان الجامعة: كربلاء

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: This study was to identify the medical waste in general and to know the nature of their geographical distribution in Karbala city in addition to emphasizing on the gravity and effects of the medical and environmental waste.The most important findings of study are that The health institutions in Karbala city suffer from poor management of medical waste because they do not follow what came out by the world health organization of the proper steps management. There is a mix between normal and dangerous medical waste which leads for increasing of the quantity of dangerous waste and the use of non - efficient ways for processing them including is the burning of medical incinerators in addition to the lack of special medical waste landfill . The weights of medical waste was studies in (27) health institutions including (6) hospitals , (16) health center,(3) specialized centers, one main lab and a major one blood bank. The government and civil hospitals are considered to be the biggest sources for producing the medical waste which has overtaken on the other health institution, in hospitals the medical waste reached (172.581kg) in 2014, in the rate of (92.20%) of the total medical waste rations studied by the health institution. The total waste of other health institution is (14.397kg) per (7.6%), which means that there is a huge difference between the hospitals and other health institutions. This belong is to the capacity of the hospitals and the variety of their specialties.The weights of producing medical waste may differ from one city sector to another (al - haidariya, The old city, Al - jazeera), that is led to the appearance of three regions for distribution the density of medical waste. The first is the region of high - density which appears in al - haidariya sector in the rate of (93%) of the medical waste , the second is region of medium - density that appears in old city sector in the rate of (5.6%), while the third one is the low - density region which showed in Al - Gazeera sector in the rate of (1.4%). Concerning the disparity of time for medical waste that was confined its study on hospitals , there is a difference in the production rates of medical waste between the years 2010 and 2014 AD. In 2010 the average reached to (148.786kg), whereas in 2014 reached to (122.581kg) .The most obvious human and natural factors which contributes to the appearance of regions of medical waste were climate , the distribution numbers and the verity diseases types of populations. However there is a strong direct correlation between the numbers of sick people with verity diseases who visit the hospital and the medical waste for all medicalinstitutions in AL - Haidariyah sector. The correlation factor in this sector is (0.984**) , while the old city sector came with (0.984*), and in AL - Jazeera sector the correlation factor was (0,787). The correlation rate between climate diseases and the medical waste in old city sector was direct in the rate of (0,277), whereas there was a reverse correlation in AL - Haidariyah sector with(0.365_). In AL - Jazeera sector a strong direct correlation reached to (0.6320). The visual pollution is most prominent effect of medical waste that appeared in the area of the study which results frome throwing the medical waste without treatment, as well as incidences of diseases, hepatitis, and respiratory diseases, etc., furthermore there is the pollution of soil of health institutions and water wells near imbedding site with coliform bacteria the pathogens , increasing the rates for the most of chemical elements in it and in wastewater especially sodium, chlorides, nickel and cadmium, rising the rates of gas emission, the high rates of gas emissions and heavy metals from medical incinerators and landfill site, particularly CO and NO2 gases, lead, copper, nickel and zinc from heavy elements in addition to lingering dust.

دور العوامل الجغرافية في زراعة اشجار الفاكهة في ناحية الحسينية - محافظة كربلاء == The Role of geographical factors in the cultiration of fruit trees in husseiniya / karbala Govermorate hard

اسم المؤلف: اشواق عبد الكاظم ارحيم علي الكناني

اسم المشرف: رياض محمد علي عودة المسعودي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2016

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية البشرية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم الجغرافية التطبيقية

اللغة: العربية

النص الكامل من المصدر: https://uokerbala.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Rp-The-Role-of-geographical-factors-in-the-cultiration-of-fruit-trees-in-husseiniya-karbala-Govermorate-hard-.pdf.pdf

مكان الجامعة: كربلاء

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: This study aim at investigating the role of geographical factors (physical - human - and environmental)in the culture and production of orchard crops in the land on Al - Husseiniya.The researcher relied on the premise that the geographical factors have a great role in the decline of the production of orchard crops in the area of study .in addition to the impact of environment factors on the deterioration of agriculture of orchard crops.The physical factors have been studied : they include (location .geological composition . surface .climate. water resources .and soil) in the area of study.cultivating drainage system .The study has diagnosed the impact of some climate factors in the decline of the production of orchard crops and the deterioration of their quality .in addition to low rain ratio and its fluctuation as some farmes in the area depend on ground water and drainage system water for the lack of surface water. Moreover sample were taken from ground water wells.the first sample was from Al - Farashiya region the second was from Al - Jankana region in order to investigate their physical and chemical properties .It appeared that salt rate was high in the ground water .Sample were also collected from Al - Razaza drainage water which proved to be inadequate for irrigating crops.The most salient conclusion the study has arrived at is that human factor have a big role in the reduction of crop production and the dividing the property of agricultural premises is the worst in its effect on agricultural land .this factor results from two reasons. The first is the heritage system and land division to distribute it among familynumbers .The second reason is land owners desire to divide the land for selling it as residential plots to make an income that is considered higher than that which comes from farming .This results in the decrease of the size of agricultural land which leads to the reduction of government support as this support is in the form of providing agricultural equipment (like fertilizers.seeds.pesticides.and machinery) to encourage formers to practice agriculture .While the fact is that government had no tangible role in that . The study has also pointed to the importance of environmental factors which include pests and damages to stored crops is considered the worst past that attacks palm trees in the region of the study while is the most dangerous to citrus and fruit trees in addition to weeds and rodents .The study also includes the challenges that face the cultivation of orchard crops and the future directions to develop crops cultivation in the Ares through suggesting aappropriate solutions

التحليل المكاني لتملح التربة في قضاء الهندية واثره في انتاج المحاصيل الحقلية == The Spatial Analysis Of The Soil Salinity In Al - Hindiyah District And Its Impact On The Production Of The Field Crops

اسم المؤلف: دعاء عباس رشيد جاسم الطرفي

اسم المشرف: سلمى عبد الرزاق عبد لايذ الشبلاوي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2016

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية التطبيقية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: كربلاء

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: تعد مشكلة تملح الاراضي من اهم المشاكل التي تعاني منها الزراعة في المناطق الجافة وشبه الجافة التي هي اثمن الاراضي, حيث تحد من زراعة الكثير من المحاصيل , اذ ينجم عنها هجرة الاراضي الزراعية المتملحة وزيادة الضغط على الاراضي الاقل تملحا واستغلالها بشكل كبير , | Soil salinity is one of the most important problems that faces agriculture in the dry and semi - dry areas which are the most precious lands for their ability to be planted with more than one crop yearly in addition to the ease of their exploiting.That problem (soil salinity ) limits the planting of a lot of crops leading to the migration of the salty agricultural lands , the increase of the pressure on the lands with less salinity ,and exploiting them largely that results in the deterioration of the soil qualities as well as its organic materials which are important for the plant growth. The salinity problem has even taken a global impact that interests the researchers in agriculture and plants production for its close connection with the source of humans food. Accordingly, this study intends to know the effect of the geographical factors (the human and the natural) on the salinity of Al - Hindiyah district lands and point out the most prominent factors that lead to the appearance as well as the growth of that problem. Throughout its chapters, the thesis has found out that the geographical ingredients in that area have paved the way for the appearance of that problem. The climate in those areas is dry where there is an increase in the temperatures and lack of the rain falling that are accompanied by evaporation during Summer.All this leads to the appearance of salinity in addition to the weathering processes that are regarded as a source for most ions which are the components of salts especially the sedimentary rock. Furthermore, the other natural factors also have helped in the appearance of that problem such as the regression and the geological structure. The study reveals that the type of water (the surface and ground water) which is used in the irrigation process contains a rate of salts.After examining the water taken from the area under study and according to the American salinity standard, it is found out that the irrigation water belongs to (C3, C4) criteria which is not used in irrigation process without the availability of specific conditions (network puncture). The appearance of seepage problem in some provinces of the areas under study results from the inefficiency of the brook padding material as it comes across cracking and breaking processes that cause water filtration.This, in its turn, leads to the increase of ground water levels , its rising by capillary property , and then its deposition on the structure after evaporation leaving salts. The human factors , in addition to the natural ones , also play a vital role in the salinity problem.The researcher's direct observation as well as the questionnaire form show that leaving the land without agriculture ,using the christa perfusion ,enlarging of Summer agriculture , and the much use of fertilizers have a great effect in the growth of salinity problem in addition to the bad human administration for water and soil. The difference in the effect of those factors (natural and human ) leads also to the difference in saline soils distribution in the area under study.Such difference has appeared either among those three administrative units (District Centre ,Aljadwal Alghrby ,and AL - Kyratt) or in the administrative unit itself. Lastly, the study shows the direct and in direct impacts of salinity (soil, water) on the lands and the production of agricultural crops (field crops). According to those conclusions, some solutions and suggestions have been recommended to treat the salinity problem and it is possible to apply them on lands to reclaim soil again

تحليل العلاقات المكانية لوفيات الاطفال الرضع في محافظة كربلاء للمدة (1997 - 2014م) == Analysis Of Spatial Relationships Of Infant Mortality In Karbala Cover Narrate For A Proud (1997 - 2014)

اسم المؤلف: حيدر محمد زغير الكريطي

اسم المشرف: احمد حمود محيسن السعدي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية البشرية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: كربلاء

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: Dealt with this athisis (the analysis of spatial relationships of infant mortality in the cover norate of Karbala, for the period (1997 - 2014). It stems importance of this issue from being one of the important indicators which measure the extent of the development of the state in various fields, whether economic, social or health, so the purpose of this study to estimate the size of the infant mortality rate in the province of Karbala and distributed geographically according to the problem of administrative units of the province, whether this distribution annually, according to the study period or seasonally as well, as well as the knowledge of the most important pathogenic causes of infant mortality, whether biological potential or environmental, as well as the most important demographic, economic and social variables affecting on the size of the infant mortality rate in the province of Karbala. To achieve these goals require the researcher data that will help in achieving the desired objectives of the collection and the office work first steps researcher at the stages of data collection which included an inventory and review of the sources, research and topographic maps, as well as official data and statistics collection from ministries and departments related to the subject of the study, it is known The vital statistics are always marred by inaccuracies and shortages and uncertainty, particularly with regard to the statistics of the small Territories, so it makes it imperative for the researcher not adopted dramatically In light of this, the researcher adopted in bridging the lack of such data on a field study, which was started researcher 01/12/2014 and ended on 20 / 3/2015 Any The field study four months continued , During this period, the required data collection through field visits , both for hospitals or primary health care centers and the registration of births and deaths offices in the districts of the province centers as well as other services related to the study , in addition to the design of the questionnaire supplement form (1) that it has been designed on the study area which were distributed ( 1000 ) form a random manner of a subsidiary of the study area and administrative units according to the environment based on the ration card data in Karbala province accessory (2) as limited and numbering to 2009 data. It was relying on descriptive analytical method and approach in the search merits of this subject and treatment of different angles and dimensions and trends as well as the use of a quantitative method has been used standard class which are determined by the relationship accurately and distribute any demographic phenomenon according to levels where reveal how far the phenomenon from the middle of arithmetic, also has been used simple correlation coefficient (Pearson) to determine the degree of relationship between the variables through the use of statistical program (spss) (Statistical bag of Social Sciences) for the purpose of clarifying the impact of the independent variables in the dependent variable (the phenomenon of the study) in order to get out real explanations for infant mortality and spatial distribution in the province of Karbala. The study found that the size of the infant mortality in the city of Karbala and during the period (1997 - 2013) stood at ( 19 877 ) thousand deaths has got an average of 1242 and the death of a distributed during the years ( 1997 - 2013 ) , and using equation ( William Brass ) to correct the infant mortality rate is the total number of deaths to ( 25 850 ) thousand deaths with an average of ( 1561 ) deaths , as well as the study revealed the superiority of the male deaths to female deaths in all years of the study , the study also found that infant mortality in the first Chehrhm more than infant mortality from the age of one month to one year and sometimes up to double the number of female deaths. The main causes of the study that recorded as cases causing infant mortality is (respiratory diseases, diseases of the digestive system, diseases of the weight loss, and diseases of bacterial blood poisoning, and congenital malformations) and different ratios of these diseases during the years of study diseases of the weight loss and blood diseases poisoning Bacterial diseases of the digestive system was one of the most important diseases causing infant mortality in 1997 down to 2003 but after these years differed relative diseases and recorded new diseases most important congenital malformations, which began their rates to rise year after year, diarrheal diseases and other diseases that recorded after 2003 diseases up to 2013 m. The results of the study and also by using Pearson correlation coefficient that there is a strong and real virtual link between most of the variables adopted by the study as independent variables affect the infant mortality that variable. The study also showed that the infant mortality rate RPR contrast either spatially or seasonally or annually during the years of the study

تقييم كفاءة خدمات التعليم الجامعي (الاهلي) في محافظة كربلاء وابعاده الحضرية == Efficiency Assess Of Higher Education (Private) In Karbala Province And The Urban Dimensions

اسم المؤلف: اسامة احمد عبد الصاحب المسعودي

اسم المشرف: رياض كاظم سلمان الجميلي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية البشرية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: كربلاء

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: The study focused in its objectives and approach used to study higher education services (private) in Karbala province, to assess the efficiency and the spatial distribution of these services in the province, analysis and Identify the suitability of this distribution with the requirements of the population and gathering their essential needs of this service, focusing on the reality of the human and geographical indications for this service, and the statement of its impact on urban System of the Karbala city. Depending on results of the study using a variety of scientific methods mainly based on a field study which this service institutions included each of the (University of Ahl al - Bayt, Ibn Hayyan College, Alsfwa college, AL - Hussein engineering college and AL - tuff college), as well as the analysis many of the quality standards set by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and compare it with the reality of these indicators where, Area, number of students in the lecture hall, providing conferences and seminars hall, libraries, sport stadiums, and student clubs, utilities and private, medical clinics, the lecturers ratio to the number of students, in order to assess the efficiency of this service, and the use of stylistic standard distance and presumption closest to know how these institutions are distributed as well as many quantitative and statistical methods as a parameter the link and the coefficient of linear regression of many of the service variables neighbor, as well as the use of a standard degree of satisfaction with the service and students easy access index. It was clear that these institutions did not achieve high efficiency in the provision of standards stipulated by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, the Greatly lack in the space allotted for the students of the total area of the educational institution, as well as the lack of open spaces and green spaces and the lack of references in libraries and the lack of health clinics as well as for lack of dormitories in most of these institutions, despite the recognition by the ministry, but they did not achieve the appropriate amount of these criteria, either for their geographical distribution was suffering from a random and irregular. As it turns out that the number of students enrolled in the study which formed 2.5% of the total age group at the age of university study (18 - 24 years) in the province, either for reasons that prompted students to study at private colleges found that 34% of the number of students preferred to study the result of the availability of scientific disciplines that they wish to study, such as law, pharmacy, dentistry, and the (65%) of the students preferred to study there as a result of dissatisfaction with the central admission in government institutions, in spite of higher wages for study in some of these sections , function as a pharmacy and dentistry department. The ease of access for students University of folks index recorded the highest in the House easily accessible by (49%) of the students who live less than 5 km distance near the University. As for the time spent on the trip was the Ahl al - Bayt University the best of these institutions, as recorded percentage (62%) of the students, they may take 30 minutes of time. Clear imbalance in the public transport efficiency also scored in the province where we recorded 73% of students are using private transport in the trip to university, that an indicator of the weakness of public transport in the province. Degree of satisfaction with the standard of service provided to students in institutions degree of satisfaction with the service provided to them varied as it was the highest percentages refer to the satisfaction of students from AL - tuff college and the lowest ratios indicate AL - Hussein Engineering College. As for the urban effects of these institutions, these institutions have influenced the urban structure of the city of Karbala, as a result attracted many of the usages of urban, making it a pole of the poles of growth in the province, and highlights the urban role through the change of use of agricultural land to other uses where the transformation (69.1) acres of farmland to education usage (89.5%) and trade (4.3%) and transportation (6.2%), from land were changed due to the introduction of higher education institutions (private) in the province. It emerged from the results of the field study that Alsfwa college has a wider functional region between these institutions as up percentage of students who are studying in from outside the province to 35.2% of the total students number, either Ibn Hayyan College (2.8%), Al Hussein Engineering College (1.5%), AL - tuff college (1.3%), and the University of Ahl al - Bayt minimum number of students from outside the province (1%), at the whole it has included the functional region career to this service all Iraqi provinces except governorates (Erbil and Dohuk), it is an indication the importance of this type of education in increasing the interdependence of all parts of the country and create a state of cultural and social communication between members of Iraqi society.

تقييم جغرافي لستراتيجية الامن القومي العراقي للعام 2007 - 2010 == A Geographical Evaluation Of The Iraqi National Security Strategy For The Years 2007 - 2010

اسم المؤلف: جواد صالح مهدي النعماني

اسم المشرف: عبد العباس فضيخ

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية البشرية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: كربلاء

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: The current study, which is entitled (A Geographical Evaluation of the Iraqi National Security strategy for the Years 2007 - 2010) aims at evaluating the security strategy put for Iraq for the years 2007 - 2010 and measuring it by the scale of Geo - political geography principles that have contributed , and still do, in drawing the features of internal and external strategic milieu for Iraq. The study presents a major problem that can be summed up in a question about the extent to which markers of security strategy for the requirements of geo - political geography and external variables depend as fundamental basis in this level of strategic planning. The study started from the hypothesis that the Iraqi national security strategy (2007 - 2010) had not taken those variables and requirements into consideration; besides, the geo - political principles of strength and weakness had not been considered, which resulted in the weakness of this strategy and the limitation of its chances of success. The study aims at evaluating one of the most recent, comprehensive, and significant experiences in Iraq pertaining strategic and security planning through highlighting the natural and humane basis on which this type of strategic planning depends, so as to reveal the points of strength as well as weakness to help elevate the level of strategic awareness to fulfill the tasks of homeland security and defence in the future. For achieving this aim, the researcher has relied on the analytical approach and the morphological approach (to a lesser extent) for the state power. The research plan included an introduction and four chapters. Chapter one investigated the conceptual frames of national security strategy. Chapter two tackled the elements of Iraqi natural geography and its influence on Iraqi national security and the extent of relying on it in building a security strategy. Chapter three discussed the elements of Iraqi human geography and their influence on Iraqi national security and the extent of relying on them in building the security strategy. While the last chapter shed light on the external variables within the strategic environment surrounding Iraq and the balance of international and regional forces and their impact on Iraqi regional and national security and whether they were taken into consideration during formulating Iraqi security strategy. The salient conclusion of the study is that Iraqi national security strategy is not up to the level of a comprehensive security strategy, rather, it can be considered as a spontaneous tactic or a political maneuver for a limited time; as it lacks the most important basis of comprehensive security strategic planning represented by the geo - political requirements of the state. Moreover, it showed an obvious deficiency in comprehensive strategic planning due to the absence of a strategic vision that relies on a realistic geo - political perception of points of strength that can be employed to achieve and foster external as well as internal Iraqi security, or points of weakness that have been contributing in the collapse of the Iraqi security system, in addition to the absence of a clear strategic vision in drawing features of Iraqi foreign policy according to a geo - political perception of the balance of regional and international forces, in a way that contributes in achieving regional and national security of Iraq, granting the country a decent regional and international position. This had resulted in the weakness and deficiency of it.

اسم المؤلف: هيام فاضل فتاح حميد الدهش

اسم المشرف: رياض محمد علي عودة المسعودي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2017

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية البشرية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

النص الكامل من المصدر: https://uokerbala.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Rp-The-impact-of-immigration-in-the-changing-Agricultural-land-use-of-the-city-of-Kerbala-Outskirts-to2005-2015A.D.pdf.pdf

مكان الجامعة: كربلاء

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: ترمي دراسة انماط استعمالات الارض الزراعية لاطراف مدينة كربلاء بمقاطعاتها الاربعة (الفريحة, الزبيلية, باب الخان, والعباسية) للكشف عن التباين الجغرافي لانماط استعمالات الارض الزراعية في منطقة الدراسة لسنة 2015م واتجاهات نموها وتطورها ومعرفة التغيرات التي حد | Designed study uses agricultural land for the parties to the city of Karbala patterns Bmqatatha four (AL - Fariha ,AL - Zubaylah, Bab Al Khan, and AL - Abbasid) for the detection of geographical variation patterns uses of agricultural land in the study area for the year 2015 and the trends of their growth and development and knowledge of the changes that have occurred, and the impact of immigration factor in this distribution as well to reach a number of indicators and proposals which benefit planners and decision - makers from the preparation of plans and programs of development of appropriate and necessary for the advancement of the existing agricultural land uses and find ways to improve them in the future. The main problem raised by the study is how it influenced the phenomenon of migrant agricultural existing pattern on the outskirts of the city of Karbala immigration and what the quality of that impact you had a negative or positive, and why. Are there any other factors that contributed to the changing patterns of agricultural land uses in the area.The researcher relied on the assumption that the existence of a significant impact of immigration on the plant and animal production process (agricultural style) on the outskirts of the city of Karbala. And it had a positive impact in the agricultural activity. As well as the presence of other factors contributed to the change of agricultural land use geographical patterns like the factors (natural and human).The study aimed to analyze the reality of agricultural land uses patterns in the study area within the framework of the understanding and interpretation of the current situation. And knowledge of the change in agricultural land use patterns in the study area. And what degree the impact of immigration in the agricultural land uses patterns in the region. And the impact of other geographical factors (natural and human) in agricultural land use patterns in the regionIn order to reach the goal of study is based researcher Research Methodology descriptive in the review of the reality of uses of agricultural land patterns, and the methodology of statistical analysis (quantitative) for the analysis of data collected in order to determine the impact of immigration worker inflows in the changing agricultural patterns in the study area, in conjunction with the dependence on the field study and personal interviews, and Form questionnaire. As this study was mainly based on the percentages dramatically for being a simple statistical methods and give clear indications. And it adopted the percentage change in determining the direction of a positive or negative change between the base year and the comparative year in agricultural land uses patterns.The study included four chapters, with an introduction, include the introduction study problem and premise and purpose and justification and the limits of the study and its stages and structural study and studies similar The first chapter dealt with the theoretical framework for the study came in three sections addressing the first part, the concept of immigration, types and sources of data migration and methods of measurement and motives of migration and its implications singled out the second concept agricultural patterns and types of third section dealt with the concept of agricultural land uses and types as well as some related concepts uses of agricultural landThe second chapter came Bembgesan dealt with the first part, the study of the natural factors of the site and the surface and the installation of a geologist and climate and water resources and soils and their impact on uses of agricultural land patterns while the second section came to study human factors affecting land use and agricultural patterns explaining what the region has seen developments in employment Agricultural in technical factors and patterns of irrigation, transport and agricultural policy, while the third chapter study the reality of the geographical distribution of patterns uses of agricultural land in the study area for the year 2015 and came Bembgesan I dealt with the geographical distribution of patterns uses of agricultural land devoted to the production and vegetable intake second part, the geographical distribution of patterns uses allocated to agricultural land in animal productionThe fourth chapter to study the uses of agricultural land patterns change in the study area between 2005 and 2015 came in three sections deal with the first part, Tgbr uses of agricultural land patterns between 2005 and 2015 and taking the second topic the role of immigration in the agricultural, industrial and commercial activity came third section explaining the most important future directions of the study area The study conclusions and recommendations over.The most important finding is that there are positive changes in agricultural land use patterns in the study area between 2005 and 2015, and the biggest reason is due to the incoming migration. Reaching change ratio (87.9%) and vary the degree of change between the crop and the last, according to the factors affecting the crop

تغير الخريطة الهيدرولوجية في محافظة ذي قار واثارها البيئية للمدة 1990 - 2015 باستخدام الاستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية == Hydrological Change The Map In The Province Of Thi - Qar And Environmental Effects For The Period (1990 - 2015) Using Remote Sensing And Geographic Information Systems

اسم المؤلف: فاطمة هادي عناد الغزي

اسم المشرف: حسن سوادي نجيبان الغزي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2017

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية الاداب - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: ذي قار

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: The study aims to detect natural factors and human influence in changing the map hydrological Map province of DhiQar, south of Iraq between latitudes (30.20 - 32.00) and attitudes (45.40 - 47.00) and find out their environmental consequences during the period (1990 - 2015) the study produce of maps of high hydrological accuracy based on remote sensing data of TV visuals using ArcGIS10.2 program one of the most GIS programs. Largest hydrological change is has been observed what happened in 2002, as it reduced the Hammar HorAoanh Gmokh marshes which dried up completely, including Hor Abu your button and Hor easier Gleuen Central and marshes after it was occupies large areas in 1990 and this is illustrated by the map hydrological for the year 1990 and 2002, then they returned these marshes occupies large areas after the recovery of the marshes, which occurred after the year 2003 operations and is continuing to the present time, which led to the emergence of some of the marshes in 2015 and of which Hor Justice low Alsalibat and Hor and some swamps in parts of the province and this is illustrated by the map Alheidroujeh for the year 2015 are installed in aboard the research, as well as that there was a change in the maps hydrological not only in the marshes, but in the number and lengths drainage conals characteristics morphometric for those hydrological units during the period (1990 - 2015) as there has been a change in the (length, width, area, the proportion of the cohesion of the ocean, elongation , rotation)The study also deals with the hydrochemical of rivers and marshes and drainage conals study area, as it was collected (42) samples from different locations than those Alhidologih units in February and July to explain discrepancies spatial and temporal in those characteristics that have signed the maps named maps hydrochemical. The was comparable standards international and global knowledge of their suitability for different uses.Follow this change in the map hydrological during the period (1990 - 2015) the occurrence raised environmental special study area during the year 2002, represented by the occurrence of a change in the climate characteristics of the province of DhiQar, as drought coefficient rose and shrinking vegetation and water cover space and the increase in the barren land area, as well as a clear shortage of Animal Resources and fisheries and change the numbers Mqarndta population in 1990 and 2015

المياه الجوفية غرب منخفض الصليبات وامكانية استثمارها في التخطيط والتنمية باستخدام تقنيات الاستشعار عن بعد ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية

اسم المؤلف: اساور رياض شمخي الزيدي

اسم المشرف: رحيم حميد عبد ثامر العبدان | هيثم عبد الامير ميناس الخالصي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2017

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية الطبيعية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية الاداب - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: ذي قار

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: The study entitled (groundwater west Low Alsalibat and the possibility of investing in the planning and development using remote sensing and geographic information systems GIS) to the distribution, geographic and spatial variation of groundwater in the study site as well as the study of the hydrological and qualitative characteristics of groundwater in order to find out the possibility of investing for the purpose of planning and development , the study area is located between the side of the astronomical latitudes (30 51 - 29 32) in the north and along the brackets (3045 - 1246) to the east, either administratively they are located within the boundaries of the hand Besah to spend within the Salman Al Muthanna province, it is located south low city of Nasiriyah (Salibat), which is a distance of about 45 km, an area of (756) km. (Were selected 32) wells which are distributed in the farms located within the boundaries of the study area for the purpose of quantitative study acting, production and attributed fixed and mobile and deep groundwater, showing through field survey and satellite visuals and topographic maps that the study area drainage area of a natural basin Salman namely with the topography of semi - flat to undulating container on a number of shallow valleys (Abu Ghar and Alasdair and Alkasir and Abu Goyer) with a sandy soil Loam, the region descend gradually towards the north, and the tendency of synthetic layers have the same general direction.There are three underground reservoirs in the upper reservoir study area is confined to exist within the sand and Almtbkharcah deposits within the Quaternary, and the reservoir within the limestone Almarlah and mud for formative Euphrates and laurel, the bottom and the reservoir, one of the trapped type represents the unity of hydrological task within the limestone Almdelmth to form Dammam outstanding high porosity, as has been the hydraulic gradient and direction of groundwater flow is calculated by application of the (law Darcy using GIS) and reached gradient barotrauma groundwater values in the study area by Darcy's law ( - 4.22 to 1.52) towards the low Alsalibat reached values of conductivity coefficient of wells in the study area between the( 374 - 230) (m) / day while the effective porosity of the formations wells study area ranged between (0.32 - 0.14) and extracted based on the geologic column of wells.The results showed physical and chemical analyzes of water samples taken from wells and springs the study area of (15) model, high physical transactions and concentrations and chemical values and this shows itself in the foot and they confined waters. The highest values (EC) (14350 - 14638) Maekeromoz / cm for two seasons and dry wet in a row and the lowest values (1762 - 1930) Maekeromoz / cm for two seasons and dry wet respectively, while the ratio of sodium reached (Na) (1744 - 1930) mg / liter for two seasons and dry wet respectively, and the lowest percentage (143 - 160) mg / l dry wet seasons in a row, chlorine reached the highest rate (3700 - 3821) mg / l dry wet seasons in a row, and the lowest percentage (605 - 710) mg / liters of wet and dry seasons respectively. Depending on the standard specifications (WHO, 2003) and (IQS, 1996) demonstrating that water study area validity to drink human absolutely not to drink poultry and animals, so its high salinity, and pollution of the elements of archaeological toxic Cal (Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe) and derived from Ckarah the region and the mixing of water deep water rising due to compositional situation characteristic of the area. Be water unsuitable for industrial use and for construction purposes, and so intense for Beeftha and be suitable for the cultivation of crops tolerant to high salinity of the medium as wheat and barley, especially since the water has values for the proportion of sodium adsorption (SAR) is located within the range of normal, reaching the highest value (57.57 to 61, 77) during the wet and dry two periods and the lowest value (11.38 to 11.64) during the wet and dry two periods in a row.

دور العمليات الجيورفولوجية في تشكيل المظهر الارضي لمحافظة بابل باستعمال نظم المعلومات الجغرافية GIS == The Role Of Geomorphological Processes In The Forming Of Earth Surface In Babylon Governorate By Using Geographic Information Systems GIS

اسم المؤلف: امير هادي جدوع الحسناوي

اسم المشرف: قاسم يوسف شتيت الشمري

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2016

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية الاساسية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: This study deals with '' The Role Of Geomorphological Processes in The Forming Of Earth Surface in Babylon Governorate By Using Geographic Information Systems GIS '' In which The Researcher depends on field study , literature publications and Topographical maps along with an explanation of visual images with the GIS 9.3 program The study aims at finding out the effect of natural elements in Babylon Governorate and clarifying their effect on the Geomorphological processes. Another aim this study makes a movetowards it is to inuestigale the nature of Geomorphological processes, record the activities, specify the prevailing earthy forms in the lerritory, classify and measure their dimensions, then produce a detailed Geomorphological map that includes most of the Geomorphological forms. The study area is considered part of the Sedimentary plain from a Geological point of view when its Geological formation is connected Somehow with the Geological developments that happened in Iraq and the surrounding areas. The Geological formations on the surface of the study area include rocks, apparent residuals, and rocks belong to era before the quadrilateral age forming a simple part of the apparent rocks such as (Injana formation) which is related to the high Blayoseen andmayoseen ages, 0n the other hand, the residuals are the quadrilateral age residuals that cover the whole area to be classified accordingly into river residuals and air residuals. Weather of the study area can be featurized with temperature changes, rain short age and humid,so its characterized as a dry desert weather. moreouer, in this study, the nesearcher depends on data collected Rom Al - Hilla station for weather measurement during the period(1983 - 2014) to detail the area weather by taking readings of solar radiation, tamperature, rain, wind, humidity and eva poration).This led to the formation of certain earthy forms such as : First earth forms that nesult from wind erosions which are(the desert pauemeuts, bed, holes and windy cause); Second, forms that are resulted from wind residuals. being represented by sand dunes that take many forms and shapes like(crescent dunes, logitadinal and waue sands); Third, the earth forms that one formed because of water erosions such as (turns,river folds ,side sculptures for river banks, matercavities on banks and river terraced); Forth, Those resulted from water residualing such as(water islands, tongues rivers, natune sholdevs, emannation of splays, flood plains); Fifth, the earth forms being resulted as a cause of hydrogeological processes such as (the spread Sabah in the area) ; sixth, those forms resulted because of human being such as (the ancient hills, ancient cities and other forms) The study came out with certain conclusions.

التحليل المكاني لوفيات الاطفال الرضع المسجلة في محافظة ذي قار للمدة 1996 - 2015 == Spatial Analysis For Fatalities Of Nurselins Babies That Recorded In Thi Qar Province During 1996 - 2015

اسم المؤلف: اسيل حسن عكلة

اسم المشرف: عبد العالي حبيب حسين الركابي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2017

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية الاداب - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: ذي قار

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: تتضح اهمية دراسة وفيات الاطفال الرضع في كونها عنصرا من عناصر النمو السكاني , فضلا عن كونها مؤشرا للاوضاع الاقتصادية والصحية والثقافية والسياسية للبلد , وتتجلى اهمية هذه الدراسة في انها تبين حقائق التوزيع الزماني والمكاني لوفيات الاطفال الرضع, فضلا | Basically , The importance of studying the fatalities of nurselins babies appeared as an important element of population growing. In addition , it is an index to the economic , healthy , cultural and political situations in the country. The importance of such study waylays that it is showing the facts of the spatial and temporal circulating of the babies fatalities and their age and type as well. The study depended on a group of statically styles to analyze the phenomenon , represented by the average of nurselings babies fatalities with normative degrees.The linearity gradient style was used in (spss) programme , and also the (RC GIS) programme was used to draw the main map of the studying area. The searcher resorted to the field study with a random sample (1%) of the studied society in order to cover some aspects.The study showed that the recorded aggregate of babies fatalities which was counted within the studied area reached : (10112) for the period : (1996 - 2015) and the study detected the beggaring of males fatalities on females. The average of males fatalities reached (10.1) per thousand , While females fatalities were (7.2) per thousand, which means (58.9 %) for males and (41.1 %) for females. With the age structure of the nurseligs babies fatalities the study showed that the earlier fatalities had passed the lately ones , in average of (5.1) per thousand for the earlier and (3.5) per thousand for the lately ones during the year.The comparison of reasons of fatalities between 1996 - 2015 showed that the diseases of the digestive organ , blood poisoned , diseases of breathing organ and congenital maims are the main reasons of fatalities in 1996 , While the diseases of childbearing short period , lack of weigh , breathing difficulty , neonatal babies , bacterial blood poisoned , congenital maims an obstetrical asphyxia came in the first four ranks in 2015.The geographical distribution in the administrative units showed the variation in results whereby , the center of AL - Nassiriyah city came within the first level in a normative degree of (+1 upwardly) where it had recorded (47.3 %) of the total fatalities of the province.The fielded study showed the decreasing of fatalities in cultured areas than the countryside.The study concluded that fatalities nurselings babies differ according to the year seasons and the study also showed that there is an opposite relationship between the average of fatalities and the temperatures. Also the study showed the results of the average of the simple relevancy and existence of a real relevance relationship appearing among most of the dependent and independent variables.The variables include : mother age , concatenation of baby and the period to the next birth , mothers who got the high school degree, mothers don't work , kinship relevance , habitation case , number of hospitals , number of doctors and the number of beds in hospital.The relevancy relationship had proved that these variables had exerted a strong direct effect.The image wasn't clear with the other factors which leads to it's indirect effect.

تحليل جغرافي سياسي لتغيير النظام السياسي في مصر بعد عام 2011

اسم المؤلف: دلال محمد علي كروع الربائع

اسم المشرف: مهدي فليح ناصر الصافي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2017

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية الاداب - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: ذي قار

الصفحات الاولى:

التقييم الجغرافي للمشاريع الزراعية الحكومية في محافظة كربلاء == Geographical Evaluation To The Government Agricultural Projects In Kabala The

اسم المؤلف: وفاء حسين علي ثامر الحسناوي

اسم المشرف: سلمى عبد الرزاق عبد لايذ الشبلاوي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2017

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية الطبيعية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة كربلاء - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

النص الكامل من المصدر: https://uokerbala.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Rp-Geographical-Evaluation-to-the-Government-agricultural-projects-in-kabala.pdf

مكان الجامعة: كربلاء

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: The attempt investment desert spaces of in Karbala to do many government agricultural projects especially that Karbala has many geographical elements include : plain land,a flat surface, a water resource (ground and surface) but what hinders the investment process is the government financial allocations have been which represent the only reason for its reservation0 The thesis discussed the natural characteristics and their direct and indirect influences to do the agricultural projects in Karbala aiming at analysing geologicad changings analysis and show the deflection to the climate characteristics ,the land and the kind of irrigation water0 Human characteristics and its role for the establishment of government agricultural project in Karbala are discussed where the man has role can’t be ignored in the establishment of the agricultural project and its continuation as well as the use of fertilizer and pesticides and irrigation method in an orderly and thoughtful way0 The reality of the government agricultural projects and their spatial distribution on the level of administrative units to Karbala and varied area and set up stages and objectives of which were also discussed0 The study also discussed the coherence and correlation of natural and human characteristics in Karbala for the purpose of production of the so - called success agriculture project through several statistical methods (T - tests,spread sheet, the correlation coefficient of variation , standard class,the statistical model0 In the lights of obtained data study concluded at the possibility of Investing vast desert spaces and use the to set up agricultural projects (environmental, research, extension) to turn the desert surround in Karbala to green areas in additions to aesthetic touch of the province ,as well as guidance and counseling for farmers to correct methods in agriculture and breeding domestic animals to promote the reality this is what gives the agricultural possibilities and opportunities for new development and investment in future0

تحليل مكاني للعشوائيات السكنية وانعكاساتها السلبية على البيئة الحضرية لبلدية الغدير في مدينة بغداد لعام 610 == A Spatial Analysis Of Residential Slums And Their Negative Impact On The Urban Environment Of Ghadir Municipality In The City Of Baghdad For 2016

اسم المؤلف: محمد صبيح صبر الماجدي الحسيني

اسم المشرف: حسين عليوي ناصر الزيادي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2017

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية الاداب - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: ذي قار

الصفحات الاولى:

اسم المؤلف: منى محمد علاوي

اسم المشرف: حسام صاحب حسون ال طعمة

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2017

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية الاداب

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المديونية العربية واثارها : تحليل في الجغرافيا السياسية == Indebtedness Arabic And Ats Effect Analysis In Geographic Political

اسم المؤلف: معــن حسين عبد الله

اسم المشرف: اعياد عبد الرضا عبد ال

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2016

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

اسم المؤلف: فاضل عبد العباس مهير الفتلاوي

اسم المشرف: عبد الحسن مدفون ابو رحيل

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2010

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة الكوفة - كلية الاداب - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: النجف

الصفحات الاولى:

مؤشرات التغير المناخي واثرها على زراعة وانتاج الرز في محافظتي النجف والقادسية == The Indicators Of Climate Change And Their Impact On The Agriculture And Production Of Rice In The Governorate Of Najaf And Qadissiya

اسم المؤلف: غيداء عبد لازم الكعبي

اسم المشرف: سلام هاتف احمد الجبوري

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية الطبيعية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: The phenomenon of climate change is a universal one that has local influences for the differences of the nature and sensitivity of the environmental systems in each region. The agricultural activity in the region of the study in general and the agriculture of rice in particular has high sensitivity for climate change. The area of study is arid and depends basically on the water of Euphrates. Therefore, the study has a problem which is the indicators of climate change and their impact on the agriculture and production of rice in the governorate of Najaf and Qadissiya.The answer to this question was supposed that there are indicators in the area of the study in the climate element of the area which shed light on the agriculture of rice and production. In order to reveal these indicators and prove their existence, six climate stations distributed into two are in the area of the study. The record duration has been (1980 - 2012) to represent the general trend of the change indicate in the elements of climate. The climate features of the area of the study in terms of radiation, brightness, heat, pressure, and dust, moisture and rain through the method of average and annual collection of these elements. The objective is to know the nature and distribution all year long. Then, we will be comparing with the climate and the production of rice, the quantitative and cartographic method with their programming techniques that are developed were used in the field of study of the global climatechange. The statistical analysis of the annual average of the previous elements was conducted so as to know the general trend and the annual change. It became clear that the area of the study had its share of the change which occurred in the climate in general and in the climate of Iraq in particular. The indicator show clear indicators of the tendency towards increase and decrease.The results of the study found clear indicates of change in the climate represented in the regular temperature, the maximum and the minimum towards raise in the temperature and decrease of the solar radiation and the hours of brightness, as well as the wind speed. That would lead to the decrease of evaporation and the exudation and the water allocation of rice corps. The general trend of these elements and the extraction of the average annual change of these through the duration of the study in the season of rice growth (May - November Link results have shown in Najaf station and a relationship strong between the amount of production Mahso rice and cultivated area and the maximum temperature was an inverse correlation between production and variables of the actual brightness and wind speed and 65% of the changes in crop production due to these variables But in Diwaniya station show a strong correlation between the amount of production and cultivated area and the actual brightness and maximum temperature was leech inverse correlation between production and relative humidity, and 84% of the changes that have occurred in rice production due to the studied variables in this station

اسم المؤلف: عذراء حسين ثامر الزيادي

اسم المشرف: غالب ناصر عبد العزيز السعدون

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2016

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية الاداب - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: ذي قار

الصفحات الاولى:

الحوثيون في اليمن : دراسة في الجغرافية السياسية == Houthis In Yemen Study In The Political Geography

اسم المؤلف: عبد الامير هادي بلبول العمري

اسم المشرف: مهدي فليح ناصر الصافي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2016

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية الاداب - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: ذي قار

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: Alhothin movement in Yemen are political and media critical attention, and a wide area of political, cultural and intellectual debate on the internal and external levels, since this phenomenon has emerged strongly on the political scene in Yemen, especially after he has become a political and military weight The active impact on the security, stability and prosperity of Yemen , if the popular revolutions in some Arab countries in the years (???? and ????) have contributed to the fall of the regime in Yemen, led by former President Saleh, the Huthi movement displayed on the control over the course of political events in Yemen was the product of these popular revolutions, which produced radical changes in the political scene, most notably the fall of President Saleh, as well as change the map of political alliances, paving the external regional and international interventions have affected and directly on the political track and the Yemeni reality in general.And the fact that the Houthi phenomenon in Yemen may operate internal and external public opinion, so taken by the researcher subject of research and study, and our belief in the importance of the subject we went to study the phenomenon dimensions politically and intellectually, and we follow the course since its inception to the reality of armed conflicts being waged today against the ruling power in Yemen, came this study (study Houthis in Yemen in the geo - political) to clarify the dimensions of the evolution of the Houthi movement in Yemen after depth in the joints of this phenomenon and in an integrated manner, the study has reached a number of conclusions and most important of which : ? found during the study that the President Huthi stronghold in the province of Saada in northern Yemen, on the borders of Saudi Arabia and of the mountainous region, one of the reasons for their power and emergence on the scene of Yemen 0?. Yemen has illuminated two main Shafi'i school, which represents about 55% of the population of Yemen and al - Zaidi to 40%, which is concentrated in the provinces of Saada and Sanaa and Dhamar and Hajjah, and the rest represent religious minorities, and distributed Yemen today on the parties and different currents of thought, political and sectarian result openness political 0?. Huthi influenced by the model of Iran's Revolutionary experience and Hezbollah in Lebanon, and repeating the slogan (Death to America, Death to Israel....) through the establishm The study has emerged that there are internal and external factors helped the emergence of the Houthis in Yemen, including the roots of political bias, which limits the right of the rule of Imamate Balbtunaian (Hassan and Hussein, p) and external of the idea of exporting the Iranian revolution after its victory in 1979, but remains a political vulnerability, when Man founder Hussein al - Huthi, has emerged as an influential political force on the Yemeni arena can not be ignored internally and externally 5 There constitutional directed towards the expansion of women's participation in political life and this trend in the case of mounting a positive indicator reflects the seriousness of the authority in establishing the principle of equality between men and women, which The basis for the consolidation of the democratic system in the country.5. The weakness of the central government and its inability to deal with the crisis of this size and not processed in ways that a wise political and containment within the state and not to the use of external factor, and the insistence of some internal leaders to use military force to resolve them and to enter into conflict with the Huthi 06. enter Saudi Arabia in the sixth war with the government against the rebels gave regional character and sparked international attention for fear that the conflict extends to the important region in the export of oil in the world, and was able to deliver the Houthis through which their voices to the international public opinion about their case 07. As a result the geographical location of Yemen became the arena for regional enticements to enter Iran to support Alhothin which considered Saudi Arabia a threat to its national security and turning the conflict into a sectarian between the two countries and Yemen Square proxy war and on the track the Saudi - led military alliance against it and still the war continues until the writing of this search 0

كــــفاءة النقل الاقليمي لطريقي بغداد - سامراء, وبغداد - كربلاء : دراسة مقارنة == Regional Transport Efficiency For Roads Baghdad - Samarra, And Baghdad - Karbala

اسم المؤلف: عبد الستار عبود كاظم

اسم المشرف: بشير ابراهيم الطيف الدايني | جمال حامد رشيد

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية البشرية

الدرجة: دكتوراه

الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: ارتكزت الدراسة على المشكلة الرئيسة التي مفادها,(( هل يوجد تباين مكاني في كفاءة النقل الاقليمي بين طريقي بغداد ــ سامراء, وبغداد ــ كربلاء ؟ )), وتتجسد هذه المشكلة بمشكلات اخرى ثانوية, لتتم الدراسة والبحث عن واقع حال الطريقين والمشكلات التي تواجه النقل الب | The Study is based on the main problem that, ((Is there a spatial variation where I am in the regional transport efficiency between the two Roads Baghdad - Samarra and Baghdad - Karbala)), this problem is embodied with other secondary problems to be the study, and the search for the reality of the roads, and the problems facing the transport land on the paved roads in the study area.The study was conducted and research in problems to achieve health hypothesis, developed by the researcher, and has already been confirmed the hypothesis according to which, ((There is variation where I am in the regional transport efficiency between my way of Baghdad, Samarra and Baghdad, Karbala)), the study showed that the efficiency of the roads do not elevate to the size of the optimal use, in terms of the flow of traffic, easy access, and efficiency of road services, and even the furniture which is one of the basics of roads lacking the study area. And the inability of the two roads to accommodate the traffic momentum generated by the rise in the number of vehicles, it has been shown from the field study the high volume of traffic in both ways more than the designed capacity of the network, and the problem is during the morning rush of ordinary days. The daily traffic rate for vehicles arrived on the road to Samarra (28120) vehicle, which offset (33330) passengers. But the way of Karbala, the daily traffic rate which reached (41080) vehicle, which offset (89795) passengers.The divergence indicator has reached 113 km road to Samarra, and 122 km of road Karbala, and the closer the index is (100) was an indication that the road is close to a straight line, for easy access.The field study has proved that there is variation where I am between the two roads, in the volume of services, and furnishing, and absorptive capacity, and the density of traffic, and here outdone by Baghdad - Karbala, and Baghdad - Samarra by these qualities, but the intensity of use of the road with this large number of vehicles and passengers , reduces the efficiency of the use of the road, and thus the increase in traffic is not commensurate with the capacity design of the road, which entails several negative things, the most important of which (frequent congestion, traffic jams, slow vehicle traffic, and the length of time it takes for the trip, and increased pollution, and poor services ), and other things, which generates a severe strain on the infrastructure of the road, and it is capable of upgrading its services in providing optimal image to suit the size and optimal use.And not through Samarra best off by Karbala. Besides the intensity of use of the road, especially pregnancy vehicles vie with small vehicles, deterioration and neglect, which hit the road, and poor pavement, and free most of the way sections of the protective fences, poor services, and many other things, made the road is unable to provide its services according to what is commensurate with the size rating enjoyed by (Amain Road), in order to live up to the optimum level in the transport service.In conclusion, the study concluded with the findings and recommendations as it deems researcher solutions to transport problems in the study area

تحليل التباين المكاني لمؤشرات التنمية البشرية في محافظة الانبار == Analysis Of Locative Of The Indications Of The Human Development In Anbar Province

اسم المؤلف: صلاح عثمان عبد صالح العاوي

اسم المشرف: محمد دلف احمد الدليمي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2016

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: دكتوراه

الجامعة: جامعة الانبار - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: الانبار

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: The study deals with the analysis of the locative disparity far human development in Anbar province, through shedding list on the most important indications which are related to the human development subject by depending on the worldwide - yearly report of human development. The indication of the education , health and economic system were highly focused , in addition to studying the indication of housing and the related important services. The available services in the house are consierd one of the important indications that reflect the level of comfortability of the individual.As the study aims to find out the reality of human development indicators and the extent of variability on the level of urban and rural districts of Anbar province, by selecting its efficiency and adequacy of employment in the light of a group of local certified standards, by which they can measure the levels of human development and the contrast between the districts of the province by relying on evidence human development and the use of a method factor analysis, depending on the program (Spss), as well as the employment of geographical using a program of information systems technology (Arc Map) in determining the nature of the discrepancy between the development indicators that have been adopted in this study, by building digital models Alcartograveh and analysis of hierarchical relations between index The index last.As the results of the Human Development Index in Anbar province showed hit (0.746) of any within the medium human development, according to a UN report in 2014 and in the light of that divided the district into three levels due to varying education manual and income, and to four levels according to the results of factor analysis, as shown results of the analysis program (Arc Map) issued eliminate him first place and then spend the Haditha, Ramadi,Fallujah and Hit, Rawa and Qaim and finally wet wipe.

التباين المكاني للوفيات المسجلة في محافظة واسط == The Spatial Variation For Recorded Deaths In The Province Of Wasit

اسم المؤلف: صباح وهب عبد الله العتابي

اسم المشرف: صلاح محسن جاسم

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2014

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: دكتوراه

الجامعة: جامعة بغداد

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: تتضح اهمية دراسة الوفيات من كونها عنصرا مهما من عناصر النمو السكاني، فضلا عن كونها عاملا مؤثرا في تركيب السكان. وتتجلى اهمية هذه الدراسة من انها تبين حقائق عن المتوفين من حيث حجم الوفيات ومعدلاتها وخصائص المتوفين واسباب الوفاة، فضلا عن التوزيع الزماني وال | The importance of studying deaths is indicated as one of the important factors of population growth. Moreover, it is an influential factor in the structure of population. The importance of this study is notable as it identifies the truths of deaths with regard to the size of deaths, rates, characteristics, reasons of death, timeframe, and place within the study site. This research aims at studying the spatial variation of recorded deaths within the administrative boarders of the Province of Wasit. The data were collected from the deaths records at the Health Office and its centers in the Province of Wasit , the population statistics for the years of 1987 - 1997, and the population estimations for the year of 2012. This study consists of four chapters. The first chapter consists of two parts, where the first part discusses the population growth and the rate of population growth, as it changes from year to year, in the Province of Wasit. The second part focuses on studying the structure of population with regard to gender and age. Chapter two discusses the deaths numbers (raw deaths rate, quality deaths rate, age deaths rate, infants’ deaths rate, and mothers’ deaths). It shows that the raw deaths rate decreased in the study site within Iraq. The study also shows that the men deaths rate is higher than the women deaths rate between the years (1987 - 2012). The age deaths of 65 years were higher than the other ages. The ages of (10 - 14) years were the lower. It also shows that the infants’ death rate decreased in the districts centers and increased in the suburbs. It also shows that mothers’ deaths decreased. Chapter three illustrates the main reasons of deaths and it consists of two parts. Part one discusses the “deaths because of diseases” where it shows the reasons of death changes from the contiguous and epidemic diseases to the modern diseases such as cancer, blood and circulation system diseases. Part two discusses the “deaths because of accidents” where cars and shooting increased significantly. The accidents differ based on the types and the seasons of the year. Chapter four focuses on several factors such as natural, human, self, and behavioral that have an effect on the increasing rate of deaths in the study site. This study depended on some statistical techniques to find the relation between the natural and human factors and the raw deaths rate. It also studied the suicide phenomenon in the study site and its role in increasing the deaths rate as one of the self and behavioral factors.

المياه الجوفية في محافظة واسط وسبل استثمارها == Groundwater In Wasit Province And Ways Of Its Investment

اسم المؤلف: شيماء مهدي شريف اخشيف

اسم المشرف: صباح عبود عاتي الخزعلي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2016

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية الطبيعية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: The thesis entitled (The Groundwater in The Governorate of Wasit and It's methods of Investment). The region is located in the middle part of Iraq, which occupies the North East part of the flood plain between the latitudes (33.30 - 31.40) north and the longitudes (46.30 - 44.30) east. The aim of the thesis is to contrast the physical and chemical properties of the Groundwater in the region under study. Geologically the region is located within two ranges, which are the flood plain range and the feed and the mountains ranges represent the central and outer units of the unstable pavement of the Nubian Arabian plate influenced by the regional structural movement, unfolding in the region the depositions of the triple and Quaternary Era, the depositions of the triple Era represent the formation of (Al - Fathaa, Anyanh, Al - Muqdadiyah, and Bai Hassan). As for the depositions of the Quaternary Era, they represent the depositions of Holocene and Pleistocene. Hydrologically, it showed through calculating the climatic water balance in the region under study, that there are water deficit along the months of the year in all the terminals due to the high temperatures and the lack of rainfall accompanied by an increase in evaporation - transpiration. The study showed the general properties of the wells water and that most of the depths of the wells were more than 60 meters, as for the fixed water levels it ranged between (30 - D) meters. There were 16 wells with fixed water levels. Which ranged between (9.9 - D) meters, while the moving water levels range between (37 - 0) meters, and the moving water levels of 12 wells ranged between (0 - 9.9 ) meters, as for the productivity, it ranged between (10 - 2) Liter/second, and most of the production of the wells ranged between (5.9 - 4) Liter/second. Due to the fact that the wells are located in the east of the region under study, so their development lies only the areas in which the wells are centered which represent the region of (Zurbatiyah, Badra and Sheikh Saad), the laboratory results showed that most of the wells in the region under study are suitable for the irrigation of the agriculture lands, as their total needs of water reached (89929170) merter3/year, followed by the suitability of water to irrigated animals as the total needs of water reached (1195981) merter3/year. As most of the water of the wells are suitable of watering animals, as for the water of the wells varies in their suitability for drinking, it showed that half of the water of the wells are drinkable and the other half needs desalination and filtering, as the total annual consumption of drinking water reached (2939172) merter3/year.

تاثيـر العشوائيات في الوظيـفة السكنيـة لوحدة بلدية بغداد الجديدة == Affect The Slums Of Residential Function Unit Municipal Of New Baghdad

اسم المؤلف: شيماء رزاق فاضل عبد الله

اسم المشرف: رفل ابراهيم طالب

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة بغداد

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: تعد العشوائيات موضوعا خصبا لكثير من الدراسات ومنها الدراسات الجغرافية، لكونها تمثل احد اهم المشاكل التي تواجه المدن في الوقت الحاضر وتؤثر سلبا في وظائفها المختلفة، من هنا جاءت هذه الدراسة في جغرافية المدن لتسلط الضوء على تاثير العشوائيات في الوظيفة السكني | Slums are a fertile subject for many studies, geographical studies, because they represent one of the most important problems facing the city at the present time and adversely affect its various functions, From here came this study in Urban Geography to shed light on the effect of the slums in the job of residential unit for the new mayor of Baghdad , where the focus phenomenon and one of the most mind municipalities contain the city of Baghdad slums, This is in four chapters addressing the first chapter of the foundation geographic characteristics of natural and anthropogenic and its role in directing the study area about population growth and urbanization, which resulting in many problems most notably problem of the study was one of the most important problems of housing ,Which necessitated the second chapter in the study of installation use of residential and stand on the most important characteristics and problems and the extent of its ability to absorb the phenomenon of slums, Which is revealed through the study in the third chapter for the clarity of its features and capacity of the space that it occupies in excess of the original area of the housing planned , And what constitutes a third of the population , households and residential units in the study area , adding to the burden of job of residential experiencing deficiencies in many aspects , came fourth chapter connects the second chapter third and Laud over the impact that the slums in use of residential , which reflected negatively on the performance of the function of residential of the study area , Accredited to clarify that a set of tables and statistical technology, maps graphic formats to highlight the phenomenon and clarify larger , and finally exited the study a set of conclusions and recommendations have appropriate a contribution in containing and remedy the problem or minimize the effects of current and future

التحليل المكاني لصناعة المشروبات الغازية في محافظة بغداد == The Spatial Analysis Of Carbonized Drink Industry In Baghdad Governorate

اسم المؤلف: شيماء حسين صالح العبيدي

اسم المشرف: عمران بندر مراد الربيعي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2016

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: دكتوراه

الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: تعد صناعة المشروبات الغازية فرعا من فروع الصناعات الغذائية المهمة الواسعة الانتشار محليا وعالميا، ولها تقنيات محددة ومتطورة، وبالنظر الى اتساع اسواقها وكونها تستهلك من قبل طبقات المجتمع كافة، ومن مختلف الفئات العمرية ؛ فانها شهدت اهتماما كبيرا لز | The industry of carbonized drink is an offshoot of the food industry which is widespread locally and internationally. For the expansion of their market and as they are consumed by the whole class of society of various age portions, they got the great attention for the increase of the production and quality improvement. They got the attention of the governments, companies and scientific centers of research, and penetrate the world trade markets in spite of the features the limit their validity like the size and the economic feasibility for long distance transportation. The study reveals the problem which is posed as following : has the industry of carbonized drink in Baghdad achieved success since its establishment until the present time in the industrial and economic fields? What are the geographic factors (natural or human) affecting the points of the settlement of the spatial destruction? The hypothesis of the study which is based on the carbonized drink industry is one of the industries that achieve clear success in quantity of production. In addition to the effect of the natural factors represented in the availability of water resources, which is the basic raw material of the production of carbonized drink, as well as the availability of human sources which is responsible for achieving the internal and external surplus. The study is concerned with the carbonized drink industry in the Baghdad for the year 2013 which is he base year on which the data collecting and field study depended. Therefore, it was clear that the number of carbonized drink plant is 8 in the area of study employing 1536 workers. The study came to a number of findings the most important of which is that it began in the year 1950. Also, the study concludes that the governorate possesses the natural elements (lad, climate, water sources) and human and economic elements (capital, raw materials, working hands, fuel and energy, transportation and market). These spatial factors varied in their efficiency in effecting the settlement and distribution of carbonized drink temporally and spatially. The factor of demand has the clearest influence in the production of carbonized drink and the fluctuating nature of producing in summer and winter season as it increase in the former season and decrease in the latter. There are plants whose production lines are worn - out and poorly maintained. The production cost is considered as high in Iraq in general and the governorate in particular causing poor competitiveness with the imported production and the limitation of the profit margin that prevents the owners of the carbonized drink plants from developing and updating the production lines and keeping up with the advanced technology. It has become clear through the quantitative analysis that the area of study possesses big amounts of capitals that are capable of funding the carbonized drink industry in addition to the availability of raw materials in a big extent. That encouraged these industries in the area of study that it affected the emergence of numerous problems like the raw materials, fuel, working hands and market. In addition to the environmental and health effects which led to the contamination of the regions near the carbonized drink plants in air, water and soil.

دراسة الرياح الشمالية والشمالية الشرقية واثرها في بعض عناصر وظواهر مناخ العراق

اسم المؤلف: شذى حميد احمد

اسم المشرف: بدر جدوع احمد المعموري

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2016

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة بغداد

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: The current research aims to study(A study of the North and North eastern Winds and its Impact on some of the Elements and phenomena of Iraq Climate ) and to achieve this objective study adopted the descriptive approach and climatic conditions existing in the study area and their impact statement in determining the surface wind direction towards the north and north - east; Also follow the analytical approach by analyzing charts liturgical Al saatah to see a repeat depressions and elevations flanking the northern and north - eastern wind and see which ones cause the wind gusts, As well as follow a quantitative approach in dealing with climate data on the subject of research for the period ((from 1990 to2013.It was clear through the current study, there are several factors that Affect wind in the north and north - eastern, including direction of fixed factors, including the variable factors that affect recurrence in contrast spatially and temporally to the study area.The study showed that there are several systems caused the recurrence of Northern winds and north - eastern and the most important is the low Indian as cause blowing this wind by a large margin for being more repetition and the dominance of the study area in the summer, followed by the Siberian high in importance because it comes from the North - east and the north side East and cause the wind blowing this then Sudanese low, oualemrtf EU and semi - tropical and finally low - Mediterranean.The statistical analysis of time series data itself, show that there is a relationship between (0.874 - 0.03)direct correlation between the frequency and North wind temperaturesaccompanying her while a relationship between moral occurrences of North East wind and temperatures accompanying them did not appear. And it found that there is a relationship between moral northern winds recurrence rates and the relative humidity while the moral relationship between occurrences of northeast winds and relative humidity levels did not show , also found that there is a direct correlation between the occurrences of the north wind and dust spiraling ranged between (0.886 - 0.512) and the relationship is found between occurrences of wind north - eastern and dust spiraling The relationship between the occurrences of the north wind and dust stuck relationship moral ranged between (0.893 - 0.652), and no significant relationship between the occurrences of the north - eastern wind and dust stuck in most of the stations.Which indicates that at higher temperatures in summer increase with the north wind frequency and vice versa when they fall, either north wind East they increasingly Tkaradtha at lower temperatures and less at the height of that relationship is a moral emerged, while the relative humidity is not affected when you increase or decrease the occurrences North and north - eastern wind on the study area.As for the dust we note that it increases the rising cases of dust and stuck with a north wind that any recurrence of increased North wind recurrence increases ,with dust situations, and vice versa for the north - east wind , with increasing northeast winds repeat at least repeat dust cases

تحليل جغرافي لحالات الطلاق المسجلة في محافظة المثنى للمدة 2004 - 2014 باستخدام GIS == Geographical Analysis Of Divorce Cases ReGIStered In Muthanna Province For The Period Of (2004 - 2014) Using The (GIS)

اسم المؤلف: شاكر عواد ضاحي محيسن البركي

اسم المشرف: حسين عليوي ناصر الزيادي

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية الاداب - قسم الجغرافية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: ذي قار

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: This study was primarily aim to reveal the image of spatial and temporal variations of divorce cases in the province of Muthanna for the period (2004 - 2014), relying on the analytical method associated Balosfi to determine the spatial disparities and temporal, as well as the use of quantitative methods and technology (GIS) in the distribution of divorce cases The characteristics of the population divorced and the reasons for divorce in the study area.In order to achieve the goal of this study, it was deemed necessary that the scientific study be four classes, as well as its findings and recommendations. The first chapter discusses the theoretical guide and characteristics of the population of the study area, and included theoretical evidence the problem of the study and premise, relevance and objective, as well as curriculum, style and sources of the study and previous studies and the most important obstacles faced by the researcher and concepts pertaining to the study. Then build geographic data of the population divorced base in the study area, and the role of the (GIS) to study the phenomenon of divorce, and the modalities of employment of the (GIS) in social studies, while the second chapter focused on the growth of the phenomenon of divorce and their geographical distribution in the province of Muthanna for the period of (2004 - 2014 ) and Me Chapte III characteristics population divorced, while the fourth chapter dealt with the causes of divorce and the effects and consequences in the province of Muthanna The study group of the most important results that the general path of the phenomenon of divorce in the study area indicates upward in spite of the presence of a relative disparity during the years of the study, The study showed that the elimination of Samawa Center came in first place as the form of a percentage of (54.3%) of the total cases of divorce, the study also created a high incidence of divorce in rural areas more than urban centers, as recorded (76.7%) in urban areas, in while the value (23.3%) in the countryside, then the study has shown that the inverse relationship between level of education and the high incidence of divorce, as rising divorce cases when illiterate for both sexes (male and female) by (14.8%, 17.0%), respectively goes down when university graduates, while the study created that the relationship proportional between income level and the high incidence of divorce, the study revealed the role of social causes, economic, health, cultural, and other reasons, in effect directly in contrast divorce cases at the county level and by the environment and administrative units, and in the latter study showed the effects and consequences of the phenomenon of divorce, including the social, psychological and economic effects, including alimony, dowry, and grabbing Furniture.

التوزيع المكاني للنشاط الزلزالي في محافظتي واسط وميسان

اسم المؤلف: سهاد حسين غشيم الشمري

اسم المشرف: زينب وناس خضير الحسناوي | سعد عجيل مبارك

الموضوع العام: الجغرافية

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: الجغرافية

الدرجة: دكتوراه

الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بغداد

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: ان الهدف الاساسي من اعداد هذه الدراسة هو تحديد التوزيع المكاني للهزات الارضية في منطقتي (واسط وميسان) والواقعة بين خطي طول (45,35 - 47,57) ودائرتي عرض (31,12 - 33,30) وللفترة (1980 - 2013م), ورسم خرائط للمناطق التي يتركز فيها النشاط الزلزالي من اجل رمفد المسؤو | The main objective of the preparation of this study is to determine the spatial distribution of the earthquakes in the regions of ( wasit and masyan) which are located between longitudes (45.35 - 47.57) and latitudes (31.12 - 33.30) for the period - 1980 to 2013 and the map of areas in which is evident the seismic activity in order to provide accurate planning with seismic information for the study area to take the necessary measures when developing special designs for any engineering establishment.The seismic historical data were analyzed for the period from (839 - 1979) which have collected from various sources where it is noticed that western Iran area and Wasit goverorate recorded the highest seismic movement on a scale Mrkala reaching 7 - 8 degrees in the years( 839 - 849 - 872 - 880 - 956 - 957 - 1052 - 1063 ) additionally most of the historical earthquakes are of seismic surface foci - 27 - 33 km and it highly effective.The seismic modern data were analyzed for the period of 1980 - 2013 they were divided into two periods the first is from ( 1980 to 2004) and the second from (2005 to 2013) they have been recorded 824 different magnitudes earthquake on Richter scale, (69) earthquakes for the first period and 695 earthquakes for the second period. It sample survey method is used in order to collect the required information by witnesses form of and (350) forms distributed over the study area (240) forms were wasit and (110) forms for masyan area in order to compare the feeling of people in those areas on Markali scale with (semis amount) on the Richter scale to earthquake occurred in 22 /11/2 013 and the result was the feeling of Ali Al - Garbi people was 77 degrees on a scale Markali and it equal - 5,5 - 6,1 - degree on Richter scale.Badrah district , came after it where their sense of 6 degree on Markali scale and equivalent to 4,9 - 5,4 on Richter scale the less area feeling with earthquake is the center of Kut district whose feeling is( 3) degrees on a scale Markali which is equivalent to 4,2 degrees on Richter scale followed by center amarah district whose feeling was (2) degrees on a scale of Markali which is equivalent to 3,5 degrees on Richter scale.The study arrived to map the seismic division of the study area, which describes the areas more vulnerable to earthquake west of Iran, which is the borderline between Iraq and Iran area Badrha - Ali Gharbi area. - In order to predict future seismic hazard was applied equation (Seismic prediction equation was) for the period from 2014 - 2030 and the result was the continuation of seismic activity in the region where an earthquake will reach 1622,187. The study came up with some recommendations to take the necessary measures in the future.