Show: 25 50 75 100 Results

Search results: 50 out of 37,193

دراسة جزيئية، وخلوية وراثية، ومناعية لمرض سرطان القولون والمستقيم في العراق == Molecular, Cytogenetic And Immunological Study of Colorectal Cancer In Iraqi Patients

Author name: حيدر جاسم محمد الخفاجي
Supervisor name: علي حمود السعدي | عزام قنبر اغا
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The study consists of three parts related with patients of CRC as in : 1 - Molecular part 2 - Cytogenetic and molecular genetics part and 3 - Immunological part. In addition of their relatives of clinical and pathological diagnosis, genus, and tumor locations in 150 of Iraqi patients confirmed with CRC collected from Teaching Hospitals of some Iraqi governorates. The percent of male to female (54.66% / 45.43%) and the aged range of study were 16 to 80 years.The first part consist a study of five types of genes related with CRC represented by MLH1, MSH2, APC, K ras, and SMAD7 genes. Some of these genes develop with germline mutations as in MLH 1 exons1 and 15 so as MSH2 genes. While the rest genes related with a sporadic of CRC. All these genes were amplified by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for study the types of the mutations and their defect of these genes on CRC. The APC exon11and K ras exon1 genes were processed by single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) technique. The results of PCR - SSCP technique for two genes represented by appeared three types of bands, which were (AA), (AB) and (AC) bands. The important band was (AB) which constitutes the variability region represented by 84.2% and 44.82% in patients for both genes. The results of patients with mutated bands with high significant differences(P?0.05).compared with healthy control. Patients carried these bands subjected to PCR - Sequences technique. The analysis results for APC gene sequences were substitutions mutations type of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) change Cytocine to Thiamin (C>T) at 1972 location of genome. While the analysis results of Kras gene appeared two types of mutations, substitution and frame shifts represented by deletion mutation and so as appeared stop codon mutation.The other genes represented by MLH1, MSH2, and SMAD detected by direct PCR - Sequences. The results analysis of MLH1 gene, exon (1and 15) represented by nucleotides change with high frequencies of substitution mutation through exon1 at different locations of nucleotides. So as frame shift mutation type deletion through exon15. While for MSH2 gene, exon 6 from 6.66% represent by deletion mutation. A spread study for SMAD7 gene, exon4 were done through 30 patients average age 52 years (male to female 56.7% : 53.3%) confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma compared with 15 healthy. A mutation of 20% of (SNPs) were identified.The second part which represented standard conventional cytogenetic and molecular genetics were done through peripheral blood culture (PBC). The study showed increasing of mitotic index (MI) in patients with significant differences (P?0.05) compared with healthy controls indicating for increasing of proliferation of the lymphocytes division. The study showed some chromosomal aberrations with significant, the majority of aberrations were higher significant in dwarf and aneuploidy chromosomes so as elongation chromosomes revealed significant differences (P?0.05) between patients and healthy. The appeared of Polyploidy chromosomes, with significant differences (P?0.05), that’s seem to be good indicator for cancer disease. The molecular genetics alterations which dependent on cytogenetic investigation were done through deletion of long arm of 5 chromosome which APC gene is located. The test elucidates the importance of inactivation (deletion) of APC gene in elicited of colorectal cancer. The study of 20 patients, were investigated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The results showed 60% patients which have 5q arm deletion of (+). And (5%) have two deletions (++) which was a male aged less than 60 years. The results analysis explained significant differences (p?0.01) between studied group and deletion (+) of arm 5q. A correlation represented by significant differences (p?0.01)through dysfunction of APC gene deletion of 5q were found with high percent among sporadic adenocarcinoma 58.3%, with less in attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) represented by the (25%), and (16.7) respectively.The last part related with immunological test were done by detection of tumor markers represented by Carcino Embryonic Antigen (CEA), IL - 33 and IL - 31.These markers represented a confirmative indicators for colorectal adenocarcinoma which were tested by ELISA technique in (79) patients confirmed with CRC of male and female. These tumor markers in tested with patients showed high significant differences (p?0.01) compared with healthy controls. Another immunological test for detection of Human papilloma virus (HPV) type 18 E6 gene expression in CRC by Immune histochemistry technique (IHC) in 71 (FFPET) of CRC. The results of this study showed there were a correlations between patients and adenocarcinoma positive HPV18 E6 infection 43.7% of patients infected with virus, with high significant differences (p?0.01) and higher infection in female (67.7%) than male (32.3%). So as a correlations were found between HPV18 E6 expression and tumor tissue locations, explained by high percentage 45.2% in rectum.While a tumor marker was (CD8+) was used to determine its role in human immune surveillance in tumor regions of CRC so as with regions which were infected by HPV. The study revealed high significant differences between healthy control and studied groups which have (CD8+) positive infiltration in tumor origins through detection by (IHC).In conclusions diagnosis of CRC can be detected by special genes like K ras gene through professional PCR processing, compact with tumor markers, so as Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique provides a precise method which can be used for detection of alteration of molecular and cytogenetic related with CRC.

تاثير بعض المستخلصات النباتية في معايير بيولوجية مختلفة للفئران == Effect of Some Plant Extracts On Different Biological Parameters On Mice

Author name: عقيل حيدر عطا الله
Supervisor name: مؤيد صبري شوكت
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية للتحري عن المركبات النشطة الموجودة في المستخلص الخام المائي والميثانولي لاوراق الاس والنعناع والريحان ودراسة تاثيرها على فعالية انزيم الاسيتل كولين استريز ومستوى الدهون ومستوى السكر ومستوى انزيمات الكبد(ALP وSGPT وSGOT) ومستوى الانتر | The present study was conducted to investigate the active constituents found in aqueous and methanolic crude leaf extracts of Myrtus communis, Mentha piperita and Ocimum basilicum, and studies it effect on the acetylcholinesterase activity, levels of lipids, level of glucose, level of liver enzymes (ALP, SGPT and SGOT) and level of Interleukins (IL - 2, IL - 4, IL - 6 and IL - 10) in laboratory mice (in vivo). The results of the phytochemical analysis of the crude aqueous and methanolic extracts of Myrtus communis, Mentha piperita and Ocimum basilicum contain active compounds : Phenols, Flavonoids and Tannins and missing of Steroids and Coumarines in all extract but Saponins and Alkaloids found in alcoholic extract only, while terpens were present in Mentha piperita and Ocimum basilicum and absent in Myrtus communis. The results of administrating animals with different extracts showed no significant difference on blood Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) compared with ethanol liquid diet, while the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of M. communis, M. piperita and O. basilicum in the serum of decreased Acetylcholinesterase level significantly(p?0.05), liver and brain [(1.25 ?pH/30 min, 1.23 ?pH/30 min, 1.28 ?pH/30 min, 1.20 ?pH/30 min, 1.26 ?pH/30 min, 1.28 ?pH/30 min), (0.35 ?pH/30 min, 0.34 ?pH/30 min, 0.34?pH/30 min, 0.36?pH/30 min, 0.42?pH/30 min, 0.39?pH/30 min), (0.32?pH/30 min, 0.37?pH/30 min, 0.39?pH/30 min, 0.36?pH/30 min, 0.34?pH/30 min, 0.37?pH/30 min)] respectively compared with animals fed on ethanol liquid diet [(1.37 ?pH/30 min), (0.47 ?pH/30 min), (0.45 ?pH/30 min)] respectively. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of M. communis, M. piperita and O. basilicum reported a significant decrease in level of the total cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) [(181mg/dl, 186mg/dl, 175mg/dl, 172mg/dl, 181mg/dl, 184mg/dl), (118mg/dl, 121mg/dl, 114mg/dl, 109mg/dl, 118mg/dl and 120mg/dl)] respectively, when compared with animals fed on ethanol liquid diet [(195 mg/dl), (132mg/dl) ] respectively while no effect was reported on High Density lipoprotein. The level of triglyceride reduced after the treatment with ethanol liquid diet, and then the level increased after the treatment with M. communis and O. basilicum extracts. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of M. communis, M. piperita and O. basilicum have led to a reduction in the level of glucose in the serum which increased after the treatment with ethanol liquid diet. Methanolic and aqueous extracts decreased the liver enzymes (ALP, SGPT and SGOT) significantly to the normal level (18, 17, 21, 18, 20 and 21) KAU, (19, 19, 16, 13, 17, 17) IU/L and (21, 24, 17, 15, 17 and 19) IU/L respectively after the increase by the treatment with ethanol liquid diet (24) KAU, (26) IU/L, (28) IU/L as compared to control (20) KAU, (12.2) IU/L, (13.5) IU/L, respectively. The level of Interleukin - 2 and Interleukin - 4 in the serum significantly increased in the treatment of alcoholic and aqueous extract of M. communis, M. piperita and O. basilicum [(18 pg /ml, 17 pg /ml, 20 pg /ml, 18 pg /ml, 20 pg /ml, 20 pg /ml), (100 pg/ml, 110 pg/ml, 119 pg/ml, 108 pg/ml, 90 pg/ml, 92pg/ml)] in comparison with ethanol liquid diet treatment [(14 pg /ml), (77 pg/ml)] respectively. While the level of Interleukin - 6 and Interleukin - 10 increased significantly in the serum, when animals were fed with ethanol liquid diet [(259pg/ml) and (501pg/ml)] respectively, and then decreased significantly after the treatment of methanolic, aqueous extract of M. communis, M. piperita and O. basilicum reported [(198 pg/ml, 202pg/ml, 202pg/ml, 201pg/ml, 214pg/ml, 217pg/ml), (370 pg/ml, 385pg/ml, 200pg/ml, 280pg/ml, 350pg/ml and 350pg/ml)] respectively.

التاثيرات المعدلة - مناعيا للمعززات الحيويه ضد بكتريا Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium المعزولة من حالات الاسهال لدى الاطفال في ذكور الفار الابيض == Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics On Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium Isolated From Diarrheal Children In Albino Male Mice

Author name: صفا خليل ابراهيم
Supervisor name: عبد الواحد باقر الشيباني | علي حسين ادحيه
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - College Of Science - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This study aimed to determine the frequency of Salmonella Typhimurium and its multi - drug resistance (MDR) status as a diarrheal causative pathogen in children younger than five years old, as well as to investigate the role of four probiotic microorganisms(L.acidophillus, L.casei, S.cerevisiae, S.boulardi) in controlling such infection.For this purpose, 128 stool samples of patients (76 males and 52 females) was included in this study. They were children suffering from diarrhea and fever who admitted to the “Central Pediatric Hospital” in Baghdad during the period from April to September, 2012. Their ages ranged from six days up to five years.The immunological effects of probiotics and MDR S. Typhimurium isolate in the experimentally infected and probiotic - treated mice were investigated via assessing the level of ten cytokines (IFN - ?, IL - 1?, IL - 4, IL - 10, IL - 12, IL - 17A, IL - 21, GM - CSF, RANTES and IP - 10) in the lavage of small intestine. Accordingly, five groups of mice were used in the in vivo part of this study; Mice in group I received probiotic for 7 successive days, challenged with S. Typhimurium on day 8, and dissected on days 14 and 21. Group II wassimilarly treated, but the probiotic was continued for 14 days. Group III was given the probiotic only, and group IV was challenged with S. Typhimurium, while group V was the control.Results obtained in this study could be summarized as follows : 1. Out of 128 stool samples, S. Typhimurium was isolated and identified in 9 samples only (7.03%). All isolates were totally resistant to nalidixic acid, with the exception of one isolate which showed intermediate sensitivity.Furthermore, only one of these isolates (symbolized B) was found to be resistant to three antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxicillin and nalidixic acid).Therefore, this isolate was considered as an MDR isolate and selected for further experiments in the study.2. When the susceptibility of MDR S. Typhimurium isolate B was further assessed in vitro by using four probiotics (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. boulardi, Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. casei), results showed that S.cerevisiae and L. acidophilus were the most efficient by recording the highest inhibition zones (12.6 and 16.3 mm, respectively), therefore, they were further investigated for their anti - S. Typhimurium effects in vitro and in vivo. 3. By using the unconcentrated and (one - fold, two - fold, three - fold) concentrated filtrates of these two probiotics, it was found that the three - fold filtrates were most efficient in their antibacterial activity by recording the highest inhibition zones (25.0 mm for S. cerevisiae and 31.0 mm for L. acidophilus.4. Significant increases in the values of liver index were observed in mice of group I treated with L. acidophilus at 21 days (10.73%) compared to the corresponding group treated with S. cerevisiae (7.41%) or other four groups. For spleen, index value in L. acidophilus groups was higher than the corresponding groups in S. cerevisiae. Mice treated with a probiotic alone or in a combination with the pathogen showed significant increases in the spleen index values of all groups compared to the untreated mice (group V).5. Both probiotics were effective in reducing S. Typhimurium colony forming units per plate (cfu/plate) in the liver and spleen. In liver, mice in group IV showed a count of 224.4 cfu/plate, which was significantly higher than any count in groups of L. acidophilus and S. cerevisiae. Group II mice recorded better results than group I mice, while the lowest counts (21.6 and 27.8 cfu/plate for L. acidophilus and S. cerevisiae, respectively), were observed at day 21.6. The ten investigated cytokines showed different levels in the small intestine wash; such differences were subjected to the group of mice underinvestigation and type of probiotics used. In addition, variations in IFN - ?/IL - 4, IFN - ?/IL - 10, IL - 4/IL - 10 and IL - 17A/IL - 10 were also observed.

النمو، الفعالية الانزيمية والتعبير الجيني للانزيمات المحللة للبروتين (Protease) في الفطر الجلدي Trichophyton rubrum == Growth, Enzyme Activity And Gene Expression of Proteases In A Dermatophyte Trichophyton Rubrum

Author name: سارة كريم كاظم الزبيدي
Supervisor name: جواد كاظم الجنابي | عدنان حمد الحمداني
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: صممت الدراسة الحالية لتوصيف الانماط الجزيئية والمظهرية للنمو والفعالية الانزيمية للانزيم المحلل للبروتين والتنوع الوراثي وعلاقته بالتعبير الجيني بين عزلات الفطر الجلدي.Trichophyto rubrum ولهذا الغرض جمعت 150 عينة سريرية (قشطات جلدية (80), اجزاء شعر (60) | The present study was designed to characterize the morphological and the molecular patterns of growth, enzymic activity of proteases, genetic diversity and their correlation with gene expression among strains of Trichophyton rubrum. For these purpose, A total of 150 clinical specimens (skin scrapings (80), hair fragments (60) and nail clippings (10)) were collected from 100 patients (70 males&80 females) whom clinically diagnosed with dermatophytosis after attendingto the dermatology and venereal diseases centre of Mergan Teaching hospital and private clinic in Babylon city from Feb. 2014 to May 2014. T. rubrum were isolated and identified using cultural, biochemical and physiological tests. Isolates were then subjected for confirmation by PCR, genotyping using RFLP - PCR, sequencing and registration of these sequences in GeneBank for obtaining accession numbers then phylogeny. The growth conditions, were tested, in addition to, the genetic expression of proteases (exocellular protease and endocellular aminopeptidase) were determined using Real - Time PCR. Out of 150 specimens, 24 (16%) isolates were dermatophytic fungi and only 5 (20.8%) of them belong to T. rubrum. The influence of cultural conditions in growth of T. rubrum showed that the 30 ?C, pH 6, SDA medium and 7 days incubation were the optimal conditions for its growth. Proteolytic activity of isolates of T. rubrum against casein as a substrate revealed an ability to produce protease in solid and liquid media after 14 days of incubation. This activity was varies according to the type of isolate where the isolate No.1 (isolated from skin) gave a high proteolytic activity (5.6cm) in solid media and (80.1U/ml) in liquid media in comparison with other tested isolates (No.2 - No.8). on the other hands, the 9 days of incubation, 30 ?C, pH 7 and 0.5% substrate concentration were the optimal condition for proteolytic activity of these isolates. The molecular tests confirmed that all tested isolates belong to T. rubrum with amplicon size (601bp) after amplification of ITS1 primers using PCR technique. While the RFLP - PCR technique showed the presence of two genotypes (I%II) belong to T. rubrum with subgenotypes (Ia - Id) and (IIa - IId) respectively. The relative quantification of proteolytic activity (exocellular protease and endocellular aminopeptidase) produced by T. rubrum genotypes were expressed by using Real - Time PCR after amplification of the target gene of ptotease and aminopeptidase in comparison with housekeeping gene (? - actin) as a reference gene. The results showed the up - regulation of gene encoded to exocellular protease than the down - regulation of endocellular aminopeptidase produced by T. rubrum in the presence of casein as a substrate. The internal transcribed spacer 1, partial sequence, 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene and internal transcribed spacer 2, complete sequence and 28S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence of local isolates of T. rubrum were used for sequencing, registration in Genebank - NCBI and phylogeny. Five accession numbers were recorded and available to NCBI, EMBL in Europe and the DNA Bank of Japan. These accession numbers were : KP979787, KP979788, KP979789, KP979790, KP979791. Phylogenetic relation between local strains and world strain showed a high identicasl with T. rubrum (GQ376105.1). This is the first study in Iraq which employed sequencing, registration of sequences in Genebank - NCBI and carrying out phylogeny of local and world strains of T. rubrum.

دراسة بيئية للطحالب الهائمة والملتصقة على النباتات المائية في نهر العباسية/ وسط العراق == An Ecological Study of Phytoplankton And Epiphytic Algae On Aquatic Macrophyta In Al - Abbasiya River/Middle of Iraq

Author name: شيماء جبار هادي الجحيشي
Supervisor name: احمد عبيس مطر | جاسم محمد سلمان
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Environment - Environmental pollution
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية شهريا في اربعة مواقع على نهر العباسية وسط العراق للمدة من اذار 2012 الى شباط 2013، شملت الدراسة قياس بعض الصفات الفيزياوية والكيميائية لمياه النهر ودراسة الصفات النوعية والكمية لمجتمع الطحالب الهائمة (Phytoplankton) والطحالب الملتصقة | The present study was conducted monthly at four sites that located at Al - Abbasiya River middle of Iraq, for the period from March, 2012 to February, 2013 including studying some physiochemical properties of water and quantitative and qualitative of phytoplankton and epiphytic algae on aquatic macrophyta by selecting five species of aquatic plants : Phragmites australis Cav., Typha domengensis per., Ceratophyllum demersum L., Potomogeton pectinatus L. and Myrophyllum verticillatum L. Results also showed that, the air temperature ranged between 10.0 to 45.3 C?, while, the water temperature was 6.3 to 33.0 C?. Transparency values ranged between 0.29 to 3.06 m, while, the current velocity was 60 - 730 cm/ sec. The study also revealed that the pH was limited at the period of study ranged 6.97 to 9.13. Electrical conductivity and salinity were about 163.33 to 1157 ?s. cm and 3.68 to 23.0 0 ‰, respectively. Total dissolved solids values were about 277 mg/L to 900g/L. Total suspended solids values ranged between 0.09 - 37.0 mg/l. Results showed that, slightly alkaline at and bicarbonate ions prevailed, total alkalinity was 42 to 810 mg /L. Dissolved Oxygen values were 1.83 to 12.33 mg/L and biochemical oxygen demand was 1.4 to 8.0 mg/L, water hardness value in the studied sites ranged between 60 to 2000 mg CaCO3/L., While, calcium concentrations was 86.84 to 1783.0 mg CaCO3/L. and Magnesium concentrations was 6.70 to 268.66 mg CaCO3/L. Reactive phosphate concentrations in this study produced values ` ranged from 0.01 to 5.06 mg /L, and Nitrite concentrations ranged between nill to 5.20 mg /L, Nitrate concentration ranged between 0.09 to 6.47 mg /L. 199 species were recorded as total species number of phytoplankton at the period of study that, belong to Diatoms algae consisting of 61.30% : 88 species which belong to Pennales and 34 species for centrales, followed by Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta that were 42 and 21 species, respectively. Pyrrophyta 1, Euglenophyta 2, Rhodophyta 2, Pheophyta 5, Chrysophyta 5 species. Bacillariophyta gave the highest total number was 9303 × 104 to 1074 × 104 cell / L of fresh weight that was recorded at site 1 during April , 2012 and May, 2012, while, others algae 9823× 104cell/L in site 3 in July, 2012 compared to 1036 × 104cell/l at site 4 in April, 2012 for the total phytoplankton population density. Site 1 was the most divers sites with numerous number of species of algae, reaching the number of 66 genera and 85 species. while, the least number of species at site 3 were 65 genera and 70 species. April and October, 2012 have the most total cell numbers available for diatoms and non - diatoms algae. Nitzschia palea ; N.commnis and N. kutzingiana were the highest abundance of species showed an average of 46.80% of the overall phytoplankton sampled. Nitzschia was followed by Ankistrdesmus falcatus (25.53%) and Anabaena cylindrica (17.02%).There were some species present in all sites during the period from March, 2012 to February, 2013 i.e. Anabaena cylindrical, Dimorphococcus lanatus, Draparnaldia judayi, Euastrum dubium, Pilayella littoralis, Chrysoamoeba radiansklebs, Melosira distance, Stephanopyxis turris, Amphora ovalis, Cocconeis placentula, Gomphonema augur, G.tenuirostrum, Semiorbis sp and Pinularia biceps. Epiphytic algae types were diagnosed during the study of 256 species within 8 division. Bacillariophyta division was the dominate reaching 172 species composed to 67.18% of the total number, most of them belong to Pennales with 140 species that was more than Centrales 32 species, Chlorophyta 47 species form 18.35%, Cyanophyta 22 species form 8.59% and Chrysophyta and Pheophyta 5 species for both formed 1.95% , Euglenophyta and Rhodophyta 2 species for both formed 0.78% and Pyrrophyta algae that represented by one species and one genus. The highest genera number during the study period were Cymatopleura, Eunotia, Nitizschia, Cymbella and Gomphonema. Numbers of epiphytic algae varied in months and sites due to the host plants. The highest total number was 31039 ×104 cell/ L of fresh weight was recorded at site 1 during April, 2012 on leaves of Ceratophyllum demersum plant, while, the lowest total number was103×104cell/L of fresh weight which was recorded at site. 2 during June, 2012 on shoot of Potomogeton pectinatus. Many species of epiphytic algae were different among the study sites; the highest number was 148 species in Ceratophyllum demersum recorded 93 species on the shoot and 110 species on the leaves, while, the lowest number was 148 species on P. pectinatus recorded 36 on the root 36 and 52 species on the shoot and 60 species on the leaves. The result of study confirm that some of epiphytic algae were found at the most plant parts and different hosts, such as Anabaena cylindrical A. diolum, Lyngba aestuarii, Microcystis aeruginosa, Cosmacladium tubetculatum, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Palmodictyon, Mougeeotia, Pithophora oedogonia. Results showed that, some species favor some parts of host plant e.g Anabaena cylindrica was the most dominated on the Myrophyllum verticillatum and P.australis.Schizothrix tinctoria was dominated on the shoot of Phragmites australis while, algae Nostic linkia dominated on the shoot of Typha domengensis. Algae Ankistrodesmum falcatus, Pyramimonas tetrarhnchus ; Tetraspora cylindrical were dominated on the shoot of Potomogeton pectinatus. There were only seven diatom taxa common encountered on all plant part e.g. Cyclotella bodanicavar var. michiganensis on the shoot of Myrophyllum verticillatum. Fragilaraia capucina var. mesolepta, Cocconeis placentula and Achanthes affinis were dominated on the shoot of Phragmites australis, it was also found that, Navicula miniscula present on leaves of Potomogeton pectinatus and Ceratophyllum verticillatum. Algae N. notha and N. odioas were found on Myrophyllum verticillatum leaves. Ten species were recorded for the first time at this study in Iraq from phytoplankton and epiphytic algae from the period of March, 2012 to February, 2013 : one species of Cyanophyta epiphytic algae Anacystis nidulans ;one species of chlorophyta epiphytic Trentepohlia aurea ; four species of phytoplankton Bacillariophyta centrales : Melosira jurgensi; M. undulata ; Stephanopyxis turris ; Thalassiosira anguste - lineata ; T.decipiens and four species of epiphytic Baciliariophyta pennales : Achanthes flexella; Amphora bullatoides ; Asterionella formosa ; Navicula notha.Five diversity indices : relative abundance, Species richness; Shanon - Weiner diversity ; Jaccard similarity index and Sorinson similarity index were calculated in this study. Relative abundance index for phytoplankton was 44.5 at site 3 in April, 2012 while, epiphytic algae recorded the highest value was 91.6 on the shoot of C.demersum at site 1 in February, 2013 ; on the roots and leaves of T.domengensis in sites 2 and 3 were 66.6 in March, 2012 and 36.36 in June, 2012 on the leaves the same of plant. The highest value of species richness of phytoplankton was 21.9 at site 3 in April , 2012while, for epiphytic algae was 18.3 on the leaves of M.verticillatum and 9.0 on shoot of P.pectinatus at site 4 in March, 2012; on the leaves of C.desmersmum was 12.3 at site 2 ; on the shoot of M.verticillatum plant was the highest value at site 1 on May and June, 2012, while, on leaves and shoot of P. australis plants was the highest value in May and July, 2012 at site 2 and on root of P. australis and shoot of P. pectinatus at site 4 on August, 2012and February, 2013 at site 3, respectively. Results cleared a similarity with high value of Jaccard and Sorenson indices ranged between 3.2 to 50.0 and 55.87 to 153.21 respectively, while, the value of Shanon - wiener diversity index was ranged between 0 - 18.3 as high value which were 4.6 of M. verticillatum plant leaves at site 1 for May and June, 2012 and at low value during the period of study at sites 2, 3 and 4 for most plant parts. A statistical analysis was done using the canonical correspondence analysis(CCA).

دراسة عدد من ملوثات الهواء وتاثيراتها البيئية في منطقتين مختارة من جانب الرصافة في بغداد == Study of Several Air Pollutants And Their Environmental Effects In Two Regions In Al - Rusafa Site In Baghdad

Author name: شيماء هادي حمادي الدليمي
Supervisor name: محمد نافع علي العزاوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Environment - Environmental pollution
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Several air pollutant concentrations such as Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), carbon oxides (COx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), methane (CH4), ozone (O3) and some heavy metals such as lead (Pb) , chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni). Were measured in selected areas of the Rusafa in Baghdad, Anda’lus square (as a commercial site) and Wazeria district (as industrial site).The results showed that the concentration of air pollutants from gases, SPM (NO2, CO, SO2, and SPM) and heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, and Ni) were exceeded globally and locally permissible limits in both study sites, while the concentration of O3, CO2 were within the globally and locally standard limits in both study sites. Commercial site had recorded higher concentrations of (CO2, SPM, Pb) than those of industrial site. While the industrial site had more pollution with (NO, NO2, CO, CH4, Cr). Results showed a relationship between climate factors and air pollutants, where windspeed, temperature, and relative humidity had influenced on the concentration of air pollutants.Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) to nitrogen dioxide gas was identified, by exposing a community of 30 adult male mice. The mice weights were between 23 - 31gm and their age was 8 - 12 weeks. The mice were randomly divided into five groups (6 male of each group). The exposure periods were 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 minutes using different concentrations 50, 100, 150, 200 ppm.The results showed a higher mortality during 150 and 200 ppm concentrations, for exposure periods of 80 and 100 minutes, but other concentrations have not been recorded. LC50 was calculated 161.86 ppm for 80 minutes and 110.53 ppm for 100 minutes.

دراسة التاثيرات الحادة والمزمنة للمبيد العشبي - 4, 2 دايكلوروفينوكسي اسيتك اسد في نوعين من اسماك الكارب == Study The Acute And Chronic Effects of The Herbicide 2, 4 - Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid In Two Species of Carp Fish

Author name: ضحى زكي السويفي
Supervisor name: احمد جاسم محمد العزاوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Environment - Environmental pollution
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية التاثيرات السمية الحادة والمزمنة لمبيد 2, 4 - d في نوعين من اسماك الكارب (الاعتيادي والعشبي)، استعمل في دراسة التاثيرات الحادة عدة لكلا النوعين قيد الدراسة وكانت ((170, 165, 160, 155, 145, 140, 130 و(140, 130, 115, 95, 70)ملغم/لتر ع | This study included acute and chronic effects of 2, 4 - d pesticide in two species of carp fish (Cyprinus carpio and Ctenopharyngodon idella) using several concentrations for the two carp fish species that were (130, 140, 145, 155, 160, 165, 170) and (70, 95, 115, 130, 140) mg/l respectively for 96 hours, to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) and the behavioral changes was used as a standard of those effects. Whereas three concentrations (20, 40 and 60) and (10, 15, 25) mg/l respectively for the two carp species were used in the chronic exposure for six weeks. The behavioral, histological and hematological changes were used as a standard to observe these effects through the study period. The value of LC50 for common carp fish were 157.77, 157.25, 156.41 and 152.62 mg/l. For grass carp, LC50 were 115.92, 114.92, 112.94 and 96.52 mg/l for 24, 48, 72, 96 hrs of exposure to 2, 4 - d pesticide concentrations respectively.Behavioral changes were recorded more effects in high concentrations than in low concentrations. To discover the toxic effects of this substance on fish, many parameters were used. They included the clinical symptoms by erratic swimming, hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium with respiratory effects such as rapid gill movement and swam near the water surface. While in chronic effects, blood parameters were changed in Red Blood Cell R.B.C., White Blood Cell W.B.C., Packed Cell Volume P.C.V., Haemoglobin Hb and liver enzyme (GPT & GOT).Values elevated significantly according to the pesticide concentration (P?0.001) and exposure periods (P?0.05) in comparison with control. The histological examination of the gills, liver and kidney of the common and grass carp fish after chronic exposure to 2, 4 - d herbicide showed pathological changes and alterations such as fusion of the secondary lamella, epithelial lifting, blood congestion, epithelial hypertrophy of the lamellar epithelium and epithelial necrosis. In the liver, pathological changes were seen, including hepatocytes hypertrophy, cytoplasmic vacuolation, blood congestion and cellular necrosis. Degenerative changes of the renal epithelium, necrosis in renal tubules and occlusion of the tubular lumen where the pathological alterations in the kidney.

الكشف عن بكتريا الكوكسيلا بيرنتي في حالات الاجهاض في الانسان والمجترات الصغيرة في محافظة ذي قار == Detection The Role of Coxiella Burnetii In Abortion of Human And Small Ruminants In The Thi - Qar Province

Author name: عباس دخيل مطر جبر الجوراني
Supervisor name: عبد الله كاظم هندي | محمد عبد الله جبر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: الحمى المجهولة من الامراض الواسعة الانتشار في العالم تحدث بسبب جرثومة الكوكسيلا بيرنتي.هذه الجرثومة تسبب عدة امراض الاجهاض هو الاكثر حدوثا. المخاطر البيولوجية وانشار هذه البكتريا على النساء المجهضة والحيوانات في العراق غير معروفة. لذلك هدفت هذه الدراسة ال | Query fever is a worldwide distributed disease caused by Coxiella burnetii bacteria causes several disease main of this disease is abortion, the biological hazard and prevalence of this bacterium on the aborted woman and small ruminants are not known in Iraq. Therefore this study was aimed to detection and isolation of Coxiella burnetii as a causative agent of abortion in woman and female of small ruminants.352 samples were collected includes human samples and animals samples. A total of 120 blood aborted women, 7 breast milk samples, 20 placental samples and 50 blood samples from normal women as control groups, these samples collected from Bent Al - Huda hospital in Thi - Qar province. Animals samples, a total of 80 aborted animal blood samples, 15 milk samples, 10 placental samples and 50 blood samples, these samples from normal animals as controls group, these samples collected from veterinary hospital in Thi - Qar province. The results of this study showed a high incidence of abortion occurs in first trimester of gestation (41.666%) and high incidence in rural regions (64.16%) and also age group from 21 to 30 years old (50%).The methods used for detection of Coxiella burnetii includes serology tests, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for confirmation serological test and isolation on embryonated chicken eggs and detection by PCR technique. Out of the 120 women serum samples analyzed by enzyme ELISA, the results of percentage of anti - Coxiella burnetii IgM and IgG in human samples were 36 (30 %). The percentage of anti - C. coxiella IgM in human samples were 10 (8.333%), while the percentage of anti - C. Coxiella burnetii IgG in human 26(%21.667%).. In animals total of (80) serum samples, the percentage of anti - C. coxiella IgM and IgG in animals' serum samples were 31(38.75%) The percentage of anti - Coxiella burnetii IgM in animals 10 (12.5%), while, the percentage of anti - C. coxiella IgG in animals are 21(26.25 %). PCR technique used for identification of Coxiella burnetii in human and animals samples by targeting three genes including outer membrane protein (com1 and com2), 16S rRNA and transposase insertion element (IS1111) genes. In human blood samples the com1 and com2 genes detected in 23of 120 (19.166%) samples and in breast milk samples 1 of 7 (14.28%). and not detected in placental samples. The 16S rRNA gene was detected in 16 of 120 blood samples (13.33%) and in breast milk samples and placental samples were not detected. The IS1111 gene was detected in 9 of 120 blood samples (7.5%) in human blood samples, also were not detected in milk and placental samples.. In animals blood samples the com1 and com2 genes were detected in 19 of 80 blood samples (23.75%) and were not detected in milk and placental samples. The 16S rRNA gene detected in the same percentage of com1 and com2 genes 19 of 80(23.75%) and in the milk samples and placental samples not detected. The IS1111 gene detected in 10 of 80 (12.5%) in animal blood samples, also were not detected in placental samples. An isolation of Coxiella burnetii which identified by ELISA and PCR via inoculated Coxiella burnetii buffy coat samples in embryonated chicken eggs from 6 to7 days old and then completed an incubated to 10 - 15 days, harvested yolk sac contains then detecting Coxiella burnetii by PCR. The results of PCR after inoculation of (43) samples were positive in PCR (100%). Statistical analysis revealed no significant different between ELISA test, PCR and isolation results in human and animals samples. These mean that we can use the ELISA in the primary diagnosis. The correlation coefficient was highly significantly between human and animal samples at 0.01%.

العلاقة بين متلازمة تكيس المبايض وهرمون المضاد لمولر وبرامج تحريض الاباضة عند اجراء عملية التمنية داخل الرحم

Author name: عبير ناظم جاسم
Supervisor name: محمد باقر محمد رشاد فخر الدين | صباح مهدي حسين
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Higher Diploma
University: Al-Nahrain University - Higher Institute For Infertility Diagnosis And Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تعد متلازمة المبيض متعدد الا كياس هي من اكثر امراض الغدد الصماء شيوعا عند النساء حيث يصاب من النساء في سن الانجاب مايقارب (5 - 10%). الاعراض الرئيسيه لمرض متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس هو اضطراب الدوره الشهريه مع فشل لاباضه وظهور اعراض زيادة الهرمون الذكر

التحري الجزيئي عن بعض التغيرات في الدنا المايتوكونديري للنطف لمرضى يعانون من وهن حركة النطف == Molecular Screening of Some Changes In Sperm Mitochondrial DNA In Asthenozoospermic Patients

Author name: عدي عدنان مهدي
Supervisor name: اسماعيل عبد الرضا عبد الحسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: من خلال البحوث والدراسات التي اجريت على اسباب وهن حركة النطف لدى الرجال الا انه هناك عدد من المسببات لم تحدد والى الوقت الحاضر. الا انه بالرغم من ذلك بعض الدراسات تشيربان العامل الوراثي يلعب دور في ذلك والمتمثل بعضيات المايتوكوندريا والحاوية على الدنا الم | Through researches and studies done on the causes of the asthenozoospermia in men, although there was no specific reason so far responsible for the infertility in people, but some of the studies were indicated that the genetic factors plays a role in the sperm dysmotility through the mitochondria that contained mitochondrial DNA responsible for providing the energy required for the sperm motility by production of ATP, which serve as the fuel that is consumed by sperm during motility. This study is conducted to determine the changes that could occur in the sperm mtDNA which included (common deletion, mtDNA copy number per cell and mutations in the ATPase8 and ATPase6 genes).This study was consisted of two parts as follow : The first part was consisted of two steps : The first step conducted on 71 samples from subjects suffering from the weakness of the movement of sperm and 12 samples from subjects who have a normal movement of sperm, total samples were 83 samples were divided patient samples into 5 groups depending on the percentage of the sperm motility under the classification adopted by the World Health Organization as well as a control group, that it has become 6 groups, these samples were subjected for investigation about the mitochondrial DNA deletions and mitochondrial DNA copy number by using real time PCR.On the other hand was taking 66 sample dispersed sample 56 patients and 10 healthy samples were subjected to the tests of ATPase6 and ATPase8 genes sequences for detection about mtDNA mutation.The second step was included the use of discontinuous gradient centrifugation (percoll) , which are 40 % and 80 % which represent both progressive and non progressive motile sperms, bringing the total samples 166 samples that collected and fractionated in a hospital, Kamal Al - Samarrai to treat infertility and IVF in Baghdad and examined for further molecular investigations for the period from February 2012 to October 2013.The second part was included the molecular tests that carried out after DNA extraction from the cells and this part include three steps : The first step was to investigate the common deletion in mtDNA where the results showed that the total number of deleted samples in the group (0 - 5) in the nonprogressive sperm was 81.25 %, which ranged between 6.8 - 74.7% while the ratio between the other groups 6 - 10, 11 - 15 , 16 - 20, 21 - 25 where were 75, 35.72, 28.5 , 36.3, and 12% for control group respectively. The second step was to investigate the sperm mtDNA copy number. The same groups where the results showed that the content of DNA in subjects with impaired movement of sperm was high compared with the control group where scored in some samples the highest level of gene expression 246.9 copies per cell in the group (0 - 5%) either other groups have shown lower levels were observed in groups (6 - 10) , (11 - 15) , (16 - 20) and (21 - 25) were 203.1, 180.7, 133.5 and 128.3 copies per cell, either the highest level of DNA content of the control group was 94.7 copies per cell, there was also a significant difference (P>0.05) between the normospermic motile isolated from 80% class and poor sperm movement isolated from 40 % class. The third step was included the detection of mutations by analyzing the sequences of the MT - ATAase8 and MT - ATPase6 genes which documented 59 mutations that were 23 missense and 36 silent mutations where all of them were heteroplasmic mutation except for a single mutation of the type missense (A8860G) which was homoplasmic mutation was noticed in all mtDNA copies of patients and control subjects also in progressive and non progressive sperm cells. Thought this current study novel nucleotides changes in MT - ATAase8 and MT - ATPase6 genes among groups where 3 novel missense mutations in MT - ATAase8 gene at positions (8378, 8483 and 8558), the changes of nucleotides bases were A>G, A>C, A>C and A>C respectively, replacing Asparagine to Aspartic acid, Leucine to Proline and Proline to Alanine respectively. Also two novel missense mutations were observed in MT - ATPase6 gene at positions nt (8822 and 9055) where the changes nucleotides were (C >T and G>A) that replaced amino acids (Serine to Phenylalanine and Alanine to Threonine) respectively. Silent novel heteroplasmic change as a transition substitutions in ATPase8 gene at position nt (8371) by replacing C>T without any changing in amino acid of protein. Results of this present study showed novel heteroplasmic silent mutations in ATPase6 gene at positions nt (8899, 9048 and 9060) nucleotides changes (C>T, T>C and C>A) respectively, without changing in amino acid of protein which were observed in infertile group

تقييم بعض الدلائل الحيوية وصورة الدهون وعلاقتها مع مرضى السكري من النوع الثاني == Assessment of Some Biomarkers And Lipid Profile In Relation With Diabetic Patients Type 2

Author name: عذراء باقر حسن الشيباوي
Supervisor name: ارشد نوري غني الدجيلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: لازال البحث مستمرعن ايجاد متغيرات جديدة قد تساعد في تشخيص ومتابعة مرض السكر وهو من المجالات المهمة في ميادين البحث العلمي حيث ركزت بعض الدراسات على حالة الانسولين بينمراكزت بحوث اخرى على صورة الدهون والشدة التاكسدية كاسباب للسكري. اجريت هذه الدراسة لمرض | The search of a new parameters for monitoring and even prediction of diabetes mellitus (DM) are still an important issue in many research fields. Some studies focused on the role of insulin status, while others concentrated on lipid disturbances or even oxidative stress disorders in the diabetes. This study was conducted on randomly selected 68 type 2 diabetic patients (27 Males and 41 Females) attending the diabetes mellitus center in Al - Sadder Teaching Hospital in Al - Najaf province, Iraq and a group of 20 apparently healthy subjects (10 Males and 10 Females) were included as a control group. The study was carried out from February 2013 to July 2013. The age of patients and control groups were range of 35 - 65years. The concentration of fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, HDL, Apelin, Omentin, Vaspin, Visfatin and BMI were estimated in patients and control groups. The results show significant increase (P?0.05) in fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL, Apelin, Vaspin and Visfatin levels in patients compared with control groups, also the results show significant decrease (P?0.05) in HDL and Omentin level in patients compared with control groups. The results revealed that all biomarkers (Apelin, Omentin, Vaspin and Visfatin) not significant difference (P>0.05) in patients at different ages. The results also revealed that biomarkers (Apelin, Vaspin and Visfatin) levels increase significantly (P?0.05) in males than females in both patients and control groups, while the result of omentin level reveal no significant difference (P>0.05) between males and females in both patients and control groups. The results also revealed that significant increase (P?0.05) in BMI in patients compared with control groups. The results also show that biomarkers (Apelin, Vaspin and Visfatin) concentration increase significantly (P?0.05) with increasing BMI in males than females compared with control groups, while the result of omentin concentration show no significant difference (P>0.05) in patients and control groups and show lower significantly increase (P?0.05) in females than males compared with control groups. The results have been shown significant positive correlation (P?0.05) between biomarkers (Apelin, Vaspin and Visfatin) and FBG, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL in patients (males and females), while the results have been shown significant negative correlation (P?0.05) between biomarkers (Apelin, Vaspin and Visfatin) and HDL in patients (males and females). The results also have been shown significant negative correlation (P?0.05) between omentin and FBG, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL in patients (males and females), while the results have been shown significant positive correlation (P?0.05) between omentin and HDL in patients (males and females). The results also have been shown no significant correlation (P>0.05) between Vaspin and FBG in patients (males and females). The present study concluded that Apelin, Omentin, Vaspin and Visfatin levels maybe that could be adopted as markers for detection and diagnosis of diabetic patients type 2.

تقييم قابلية بعض انزيمات السليليز الفطري على تخمير تخمير بقايا النباتات لانتاج الايثانول == Evaluation of Capability of Some Fungal Cellulase In Fermentation of Plant Residues For Ethanol Production

Author name: عذراء حرجان محسن الدحيدحاوي
Supervisor name: فاطمة عبد الحسين التميمي | محسن هاشم رسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى تقييم قابلية بعض انزيمات السليليز الفطري على تخمير بقايا النباتات على انتاج الايثانول من بعض الفطريات المحلية المعزولة من 50 نموذج من التربة والذي تضمن Aspergillus oryzae , A. niger, A. terreus , A.flavus , A.fumigatus, A.parasiti | The present study was conducted to proceed a Bioethanol production using some of the waste fermentation plant by cellulosic hydrolysis enzyme produced by some local fungi isolated from 50 samples from soil which were including Aspergillus oryzae, A.niger, A.terreus , A.flavus , A.fumigatus, A.parasiticus, A.nidulans, Penicilliuum chrysogenum, Trichoderma longi, Rhizopus stolonifer, Cladosporium spp, Mucor indicus, Trichothecium spp. The prominent isolates were A. oryzae, A.niger, A. terreus which were chosen for further studies and screening to producing cellulase enzymes the fungal isolates revealed variation values of clear zone It’s (5.1, 5, 5, 4.8) cm to A. oryzae, A.niger, A. terreus , A.flavus respectively. The results revealed that the suitable carbon source to the cellulase activity was induced in different raw plant substrate, the highest was produced when using Corn cobs, Rice husk and Reed reached to (1.72, 2, 1.26)IU/ ml respectively when using A. oryzae and (1.24, 1.17, 1.89) IU/ ml when using A.niger, and (1.31, 1.19, 1.93)IU/ ml when using A. terreus. but using the cellulose powder and CMC, Avical sole carbon source total cellulase given least activity compare with raw plant substrate.on the other hand, using Mandels - Weber medium activity of enzyme production by A. oryzae, A.niger, A. terreus recorded (6.51, 4.14, 5.61) U/ ml respectively when using Corn cobs and (5.79, 4.03, 5.24) U/ ml and (5.55, 3.97, 5.19) U/ ml when using Rice husk and Reed by different fungi. The results refers that , the best chemical pretreatment results were appear when using NaOH at 100Co in 30min on Corn cobs, the total cellulase activity were (1.63, 1, 1.21) U / ml when using fungal isolated to degradation after treatment, while using hot water at100Co without NaOH in 15 min to pretreatment Rice husk activity were (2.16, 2.07, 2.12) U / ml but Reed are appear high activity when pretreatment with NaOH at 100C0 in 15min activity It’s (2.28, 1.65, 2.09) U / ml. The results revealed that, The optimized conditions of the enzymes were different in this study that give activities of Fpase, CMCase and ? - glucosidases to fungus A. oryzae compared to the rest of the fungi using Corn cobs as carbon source, it reached to(2.21, 2.30, 46.72) IU / ml respectively when pH6, and temperature tested for these enzymes recorded (1.64, 1.61, 30.86) IU\ ml respectively at a temperature of 30 C° and when using the concentration of substrate gave activity (2.4o, 2.48, 42.34) IU / ml of 6 % from Corn cobs and recorded when using nitrogen source concentration at 6 % (1.92, 1.89) IU\ ml in KNO3 and (NH4)2SO4 to Fpase and CMCase and the effectiveness of ? - glucosidase at the same nitrogen source (43.54, 50) IU / ml. on the other hand, showed enzymes Fpase, CMCase and ? - glucosidase high activities to ? - glucosidase, CMCase to fungus A. oryzae compared to the rest of the fungi using Reed as carbon source reached (2.31, 2.21, 46.15) IU/ml respectively at pH 6, and at different temperatures were (1.66, 30.94) IU/ml to Fpase and ? - glucosidase at 30 C°, but CMCase gave the highest efficacy (1.60) IU \ml at 25 C° and decreased effectiveness to (2.60, 2.57, 49.69) IU / ml at 6 % of the carbon source recorded effectiveness of the enzyme Fpase (1.19, 1.09) IU / ml when using (NH4)2PO4 and (NH4)2SO4 at 6 % as a nitrogen source of from either enzymatically CMCase and ? - glucosidase was effective at same nitrogen source (1.29, 2) and (35.19, 40.41) IU / ml respectively.The results showed when you use a Rice husk recorded higher effective enzymatic Fpase and CMCase and ? - glucosidases of fungus A. oryzae was (2.32, 39.27) IU /ml for Fpase and ? - glucosidases at pH 6 but CMCase gave the highest efficacy at 5 pH as recorded (2.04) IU / ml at temperatures 30 C°, reached to (1.64, 1.58, 29.13) IU / ml respectively for Fpase and CMCase and ? - glucosidases at a temperature of 30 C°, and when using 6% of the substrate was effective (2.47, 2.19, 44.86) IU / ml, activity recorded when using (NH4)2PO4 and (NH4)2SO4 at 6 % as a nitrogen source of (1.1) IU / ml to FPase on either enzymatically CMCase and ? - glucosidase was effective when use same a nitrogen source (1.18, 1.83) and (31.92, 36.91) IU/ml, respectively. In addition, The results refers when precipitation by ammonium sulfate specific activity were (38.69, 1.25, 5767.5) IU of the enzyme with 0.012 mg protein and then, Elution protein of crude enzyme solution of A.oryzae from DEAE - cellulose column was shown to the protein was separated in (33) fractions.It was found that only the fractions (F - 8) contained cellulase activity, while fraction (F - 30) eluted in column containing buffer and different concentrations of NaCl then using gel filtration and gave three peak of enzymes alone and Characterize enzymes purified FPase activity was found at 5.5 pH which (0.91) U and temperature was having activity at 25 and 30 C°, were (0.14, 0.15) U and CMCase found that the enzyme exhibited maximum activity at 25 C° was (0.33) U but 30 C° for ? - glucosidase was (38.22) U and the molecular weight of the protein was found to be about (38, 52 and 49) kD for (FPase, CMCase, ? - glucosidase) respectively. Finally, estimated ethanol density (0.80 - 0.91) g /ml and ethanol concentration (60 - 97) % but using chromic acid test of purified ethanol the complex enzyme with Reed, complex enzyme with Corn cobs recoded high value of ethanol which were (0.98, 1.72, 1.87, 1.89 ) % and (1.09, 1.83, 1.92, 1.99) % respectively but complex enzyme with Rice husk were given (1.01, 1.12, 1.48, 1.79) % in 4, 5, 6, and 7 days respectively on the other hand, when using the A.oryzae and A.terreus with Reed gave high ethanol value from other fungi with substrate in this study, and observed Rice husk in all results was recorded less absorbance at 350 nm and determination of ethanol concentration by gas chromatography mass used ethanol concentration 99 % as standard, also we showed the ethanol when using enzyme pure with substrate in which were (93.7, 97.1, 88) % ethanol to enzyme with Corn cobs and Reed and Rice husk respectively

دراسة مناعية ووراثية تتبعية لمرضى العقم من الرجال == A Prospective Immunological And Genetic Study of Infertile Men

Author name: علي عبد الزهرة مهدي الفحام
Supervisor name: يحيى كاظم السلطاني | عبد الزهرة كاظم محمد علي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: ان من الحقائق العلمية الثابتة اليوم ان الفحص الروتيني للسائل المنوي يعد عاملا تنبؤيا اجماليا للقدرة الاخصابية للرجال، ولذلك فان حاجة متزايدة بدات تبرز لاكتشاف فحوصات وظيفية جديدة في عملية تقييم العقم عند الرجال. ان الهدف الاساس من هذه الدراسة هو تعزيز الج | It is a scientific fact today that routine seminal fluid analysis is a key predictor of male reproductive potentiality ; so that there is an increasing need for finding out other functional tests in the assessment of male infertility. The main goal of the current study is to consolidate the scientific and practical efforts concerned with male infertility assessment especially from immunological and genetic aspects. The study was carried out between January 2013 and December 2013 including one hundred (100) selected infertile men who attended the Fertility Center in al - Sadr Medical City in Al - Najaf Al - Ashraf Governorate, the study also included twenty (20) healthy volunteer fertile men as a control. Serum and seminal antisperm antibodies (ASA) were determined by ELISA (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) technique ; sperm chromatin condensation was evaluated by aniline blue staining (AB) ; sperm DNA fragmentation (damage) was evaluated by toluidine blue staining (TB). The results showed that the incidence and concentration of serum and seminal plasma ASA in the infertile men were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in control fertile men. The incidence and concentration of serum and seminal ASA were also significantly (p<0.05) higher in normozoospermic infertile patients than that in control fertile men. There was a high significant negative correlation (p<0.01) between the concentration of serum and seminal plasma ASA in the infertile men and sperm motility and progressive motility, the concentration of serum and seminal ASA also showed a high significant positive correlation (p<0.01) with sperm agglutination, and a significant positive correlation (p<0.05) with seminal WBC count. The results also revealed that there were no significant effects (p>0.05) for patients' age, infertility duration, ABO blood groups and smoking habits on the levels of ASA in the serum and seminal fluid, while higher significant increase (p<0.01) in serum and seminal ASA concentrations was observed in infertile patients with varicocele as compared with those without. The results have also revealed that the percentage of sperm with chromatin decondensation and DNA damage has shown a high significant (p<0.01) increase in infertile patients compared to fertile men. There was also a significant increase (p<0.05) in sperm DNA damage in normozoospermic infertile patients comparing with fertile men, but no significant difference (p>0.05) was found in sperm chromatin condensation between normozoospermic patients and fertile men. Both sperm chromatin decondensation and sperm DNA damage showed a significant positive correlation (p<0.05) with sperm morphology, and a significant negative correlation (p<0.05) with sperm concentration, motility and progressive motility. The present study also revealed that the level of chromatin decondensation has been affected by patients' age, infertility duration, smoking habits and varicocele. It was observed that the higher percentage of chromatin decondensation was recorded in patients older than 37 years, and in patients subgroups with infertility duration more than 15 years, it was also higher in smoker as compared with non - smoker patients and in those with varicocele as compared with those without. Similarly, the level of sperm DNA damage has also been affected by patients' age, smoking habits and varicocele. It was observed that the highest percentage of sperm DNA damage was recorded in patients older than 37 years. The highest level of sperm DNA damage was also seen in smoker patients as compared with non - smokers and in those with varicocele as compared with those without. In contrast, the effect of infertility duration on sperm DNA damage was not statistically different (p>0.05). The correlation and regression results recorded high significant correlations (p<0.01) between serum ASA and seminal plasma ASA, and between sperm chromatin decondensation and sperm DNA damage. However, there was no significant correlation (p>0.05) between the level of serum and seminal ASA and each of sperm chromatin decondensation and sperm DNA damage. The current study concluded that the defects in sperm chromatin status (chromatin decondensation and DNA damage), and the immunological disorders caused by serum and seminal plasma ASA may - at least partially - contribute to the etiology of infertility of the patients under study, even in those with normal seminal parameters. However, it seems that ASA affect fertility in a pathway that is different from that affected by sperm chromatin defect. It was recommended that both sperm chromatin staining techniques and ASA tests could be routinely used as complementary tests to diagnose infertility.

تشخيص بكتريا Neisseria gonorrhoeae بالطرق التقليدية والجزيئية في المرضى الذكور ودراسة مدى تاثيرها في حدوث الحذوف في موقع AZF == Conventional And Molecular Diagnosis of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae In Male Patients And Study Its Suspected Effects In Microdeletions In Azf Locus

Author name: غزوان علي مسلم الرماحي
Supervisor name: عبد الرضا عبد الحسن اللامي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This study includes 82 clinical samples from male patients suspected to have gonorrhea (urethral discharge with dysuria). Two types of samples were collected from each patient, urethra swab and blood samples from patients who attended Al - Yarmouk teaching hospital in Baghdad city, Clinics and private laboratories during a period from December 2012 to April 2013. All of them were married and have children's, and 20 samples were taken from apparently healthy subjects.Cases caused by gonococci were diagnosed by finding the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria in the samples using microscopic examination and culturing on rich media chocolate agare for growth bacteria and selective media modified Thayer martin agar (MTM) contact antibiotic to prevent growth of all the types of bacteria except N. gonorrhoeae.Microscopic examination using specific kit for gram stain, showed gram negative diplococcus, like bean shape. Culturing on rich media revealed that 82 (100%) samples positive but re culturing on Modified Thayer martin media revealed that 76 (92.68%) out of 82 positive. Then biochemical test had the same results.Results of the molecular diagnosis of the bacteria causing gonorrhea using specific primers that were specific for the Orf1 gene, revealed that 80.26% of samples (61 out of 76) were positive. Results of the microdeletion in Y chromosome AZFc region revealed that no microdeletion were occurred in SY - 254 STS and BPY - 2 gene.This study, provided high specificity and sensitivity for the diagnosis of gonorrhea using PCR technique which is cheaper and faster than traditional methods. Also, PCR - based method for detection of N.gonorrhoeae can be readily used in hospitals and laboratories.

تقييم وعزل فيروس الانفلونزا للانسان ودراسة الاستجابة المناعية في الجرذان التجريبية == Evaluation And Isolation of Human Influenza Virus And Studying Their Immune Response In Experimental Rats

Author name: فاديه مهدي مسلم العبيدي
Supervisor name: عبد المجيد عبد الله السعدي | يونس عبد الرضا الخفاجي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: This study has been conducted for the first time in Najaf / Iraq, and the study included the preparation of a local inactivated vaccine (whole and subunit).The number of cases infected with seasonal influenza virus were 647 cases out of one thousand suspected case. They were distributed into eleven groups. Seasonal influenza virus was detected by two diagnostic methods (rapid test device and real time PCR).The present study has reflected that the most diagnosed cases infected with seasonal influenza virus during the period extended from March 26, 2012 up to April 30, 2013 represented by were type A (H3N2) (283) cases. Whereas H1N1 (148) cases, H3N2+H1N1, (56) cases, H1N1 + H3N2 + B were (30) cases and 130 cases were infected with type B.Current study also revealed that age group of 46 - 60 years old infected with seasonal influenza virus were (159) case including (368) male and females were (279) of different infected group..The spread of seasonal influenza virus in Najaf varies from one region to another depending on the population density. Clinical cases were collected randomly during the months of the year. It has been found that the spread of disease has something to do with temperature and humidity as high humidity and low temperature lead to increased spread of the disease because of their relationship at the stage of the spread of epidemic influenza that spread from Dec 26, 2012 and up to April 1, 2013 in addition to expatriates infected..Two techniques were used for isolation of seasonal influenza virus first inoculation of embryonated chicken egg and secondly chicken fibroblast cell culture.It was found that at the embryonated egg lethal dosage (ELD 50 / 0.5 ml) (109.6) whereas tissue culture infective dosage (TCID50 / 0.1 ml) was (109.3) of (H1N1+ H3N2) and type (B) virus..Virus was purified by two ways that are depending on the vaccine type. The gamma irradiation that dosage used for inactivating vaccine of the purified virus which was extracted from allantoic fluid and tissue culture was (5.702) mSv/h for subunit virus vaccine type whereas gamma irradiation dosage for complete (whole) virus vaccine was (8.816) mSv/h. The results proved that immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA and IgG) levels as well as (IL - 17, IL - 10 and INF - 1?) indicated significant differences among vaccinated, infected and control groups.Subunit and whole virus vaccine extracted from chicken fibroblast cell culture are considered the best of derived from virus propagated in embryonated chicken eggs.Subunit virus vaccine is better than the whole virus vaccine derived from virus propagated in embryonated chicken eggs and extracted from chicken fibroblast cell culture.The current study also reflected that locally prepared virus subunit vaccine and purified whole virus killed vaccine capable of inducing humoral and cellular immune response in experimentally vaccinated rats..Histopathological changes appeared clearly on tissue sections (lung, trachea, heart, liver, spleen, kidney) of the infected group as compared with control and the vaccinated groups.

دراسة بعض المؤشرات المناعية لدى بعض المرضى المصابين بفيروس المليساء المعدية في محافظة ديالى == A Study of Some Immunological Parameters In Some Patients With Molluscum Contagiosum In Diyala Province

Author name: رغد ياسين اعويد
Supervisor name: عباس عبود فرحان الدليمي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Diyala - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Diyala
First pages:
Abstract: المليساء المعدية مرض يسببه فيروس (MCV) الذي ينتمي لعائلة POXVIRUS.المليساء المعدية حيث انه مرض غير قاتل وشائع في جميع انحاء العالم, قد يشترك مع اورام المليساء التهابات قليله, المليساء المعدية يستمر لشهور او سنوات..اجريت الدراسة الحالية للفترة من 1 تشرين ا | The molluscum contagiosum (MC) virus (MCV) is a dermatotropic poxvirus, and the causative agent of MC. MC is nonlethal, common andworldwide. Additionally, little inflammation is associated with MCpapules, and MC can persist for months to years. The present study was conducted for the period from1 November 2013 to 30April, of 2014 in outpatient clinic of Baquba Teaching Hospital in city. The study aimsat assessing the immune status of patients infected with molluscumcontagiosum through the measurement ofthelevel of immunoglobulin(IgG, IgM)and the level of complementcomponents especially (C3, C4) by radial immune diffusion assay and measurement of the level of interleukin 18 R1 by Elisa assay which immune responses are key for the eventual resolution of MC. 75 patients were diagnosed with clinical lesions of MCV on different areas of the body, age of patients ranged from(2 - 50 years) including 40(53.3%) males and 35(46.7%) females.The control were 26.6±15.4 years (range from 2 - 50 years), 8 (53.3%) of them were males and 7(46.7%) females.After theexamination by single radial immune diffusion and Elisa kit.The results showed the patientswere equal or less than 16 years, 24 (32%) from 17 - 30 years, 19 (25.3%) from 31 - 45 years and 12 (16%) above 45 years and 40(53.3%) males and 35(46.7%) females, no static significant difference showed between the MCV infection and either the sex or age.The results revealed the level of IL 18R1in patient the mean±SD were 677.15±874.22 ng/ml while in control were 178.46±31.79 ng/ml. There was significant statistical difference between both groups as patients with MC had high level of IL18R1 than control.Themean±SD of IgMinpatients were 1946.6±825.6 mg/dlwhile in control were 140.1±68.7mg/dl This result was highly significant which indicates that patients with MC had higher level of IgM than control In contrast, patients had lower levels of IgG than control, The mean±SD of IgG in patientwere 221.9±96.7mg/dl while in control were 1229.9±299.7mg/dl. This result was highly significant. Also the patients had lower level of C3 and C4 than control. The mean±SD of C3 in patients were 109.6±64.8mg/dl while in control were 120.8±22.1mg/dl. The mean±SD of C4 in patients were 27.8±12.7mg/dl while in control were 38.7±9.8mg/dl. These results were statistically significant. Eleven 9 (14.7%) of patients had positive CRP while 12 (80%) of control had positive CRP which was statistically highly significant. Forty seven (62.7%) patients were from rural area while 28 (37.7%) from urban. There is no statistical difference between both groups as. Family history of MC and Recurrence of MC in patients were nostatically significant difference to infection by MCV.

التفكك الحياتي لمبيدي الملاثيون والدورسبان باستخدام مزارع احاديه وخليطه من البكتيريا == Biodegradation of Malathion And Dursban By Mono And Mixed Bacterial Cultures

Author name: فائزة كاظم عمران
Supervisor name: عادل مشعان ربيع
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Environment
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: عزلت 45 عزلة بكتيرية محليه من مجموع 30 نموذج تربه ملوثة بالمبيدات والتي جمعت خلال فترات زمنيه مختلفة ومن مناطق مختلفه في بغداد. اختبرت قابلية العزلات البكتيريه على تفكيك مبيدي الملاثيون والدورسبان. اجريت غربلة اولية وثانوية باستخدام وسط الاملاح المعدنية ا | Forty five local bacterial isolates were isolated from thirty different soil sample contaminated with pesticide, These samples were collected from different Baghdad regions at different periods. The bacterial isolates were tested for their ability to biodegrade certain pesticides (Malathion and Dursban). Primary and secondary screenings were carried out using solid Mineral Salts Medium (MSM) and Liquid (MSM) with 100 ppm Malathion and Dursban at 37 0C, pH 7. Twenty seven isolates resistant to Malathion and Dursban were isolated. Out of 27 bacterial isolates from different locations in Baghdad. Results from primary screening showed that the 10 isolates had good growth, 5 isolates gave moderate growth, 12 showed weak growth and only 9 isolates failed to show any growth.According to current results, 10 bacterial isolates were tested for their ability to biodegradation of Malathion and Dursban in liquid medium, However, secondary screenings results by using minimal inhibition concentration(MIC) revealed that only four bacterial isolates had the highest ability to degrade Malathion and Dursban and subsequently were identified as Pseudomonas putida, Esherichia coli, Escherichia hermanii and Staphylococcus vitulinus by Vitek compact system respectively.The optimum conditions (incubation period, pH, temperature) for growth and biodegradation of Malathion and Dursban were examined. The obtained results indicated that the best incubation period was after 7 days, pH =6 and favorite temperature was 350C.Measurement physicochemical properties for soil pH, temperature (C°), electrical conductivity EC (µs/cm) for both Dursban and Malathion concentrations(ppm) collected from six different locations within Baghdad city. Biodegradation of Malathion and Dursban in soil inoculated with different bacterial mono - cultures and mixed - cultures were investigated. soil pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, cations and anions, on the population of native Malathion - Dursban tolerant bacteria in the cultivated soils of six sites. The result showed that soil physical properties like temperature and electrical conductivity affect significantly to native Malathion - Dursban tolerant bacterial density. Similarly, the soil chemical properties like pH, cations and anions had more effect on the abundance of Malathion - Dursban tolerant bacteria in the soil. However, the impact of soil organic carbon, organic nitrogen and available phosphorus was very significant. The results of the present study can be utilized for the development of effective bioremediation process for pesticide - contaminated soil. Under optimal conditions, Malathion and Dursban degradation was measured by using GC - MS analysis. The results revealed that Pseudomonas putida was the best isolate for degrading Dursban by monoculture isolate (47.18%) , while mixed culture(P.putida and S.vitulinus) was the best in degrading Malathion and Dursban that gave 90.84% and 81.055% respectively. Results also indicated that the number of byproducts produced by mono and mixed culture of Malathion and Dursban biodegradation. Whereas the results obtained from GC/Ms analysis revealed that not detected of toxic byproduct Malathion and Dursban degradation by Pseudomonas putida and Staphylococcus vitulins respectively.Moreover, under natural conditions.The study tested the ability of selected bacterial isolates (P. putida and S. vitulins) in biodegradation of Malathion and Dursban, the results showed slower biodegradation by selected bacterial isolates compared with laboratory conditions but study showed a intermediet product like phenol, diethyl phosphorothioate and oxon.The GC - MS results showed that the number of metabolic intermediates formed during the degradation of Malathion by bacterial mixed - culture were relatively higher in number than by bacterial mono - culture.The mass spectra of malathion containing samples treated with bacterial mono and mixed culture showed no any known toxic intermediates. The result indicated that the two main degradation products resulted from bacterial degradation, namely malathion monocarboxylic (MMA) and malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDA), the first one may convert into the latter over time. Some other degradation products may occur such as ethyl hydrogen fumarate (EHF) but in negligible amount.The result indicated that the main degradation products resulted from bacterial degradation of dursban is trichloropyridinol(TCP) and then de - chlorinated into 2 - pyridinol.The mass spectra results obtained in this study showed that the dursban was degraded to many metabolites.The results suggested that the bacterial isolates were not forming any toxic intermediates but no any intermediate was identified till R.T. 22 minutes. This indicated that dursban is probably completely metabolized by the isolates into smaller intermediatesThe isolate Pseudomonas putida isolated from soil contaminated with pesticides was identified genotypic tests. Molecular typing was performed by RAPD - PCR and comparison of the results to other Pseudomonas isolates. The result shows that genotyping differences between isolates and found the convergent percent biodegradation between this isolates of both selected pesticide, although from these differences, there was no more effect to biodegradation, which means that the biodegradation of Malathion and Dursban not related to genotype

دراسة امكانية الاستفادة من تركيز بروتين المصل الفعال نوع سي بروتين التفاعلي CRP في التشخيص المبكر للاصابات البكتيرية لحديثي الولادة وتحديد توقف اعطاء العلاج من خلاله == The Study of Usefulness of C - Reactive Protein Concentration In The Early Diagnosis And Determining The Duration of Antibiotic Therapy of Suspected Neonatal Bacterial Infection

Author name: قاسم ابراهيم حسين
Supervisor name: ايمان ناطق ناجي البياتي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان التشخيص السريع لاصابات تجرثم الدم في الاطفال حديثي الولادة من الامور المهمة وذلك لخطورة الاصابة المؤدية الى الموت.الغرض من دراستنا هو امكانية استخدام فحص سي - البروتين الفعال في التشخيص المبكرلهذا المرض البكتيري وكذلك استخدامه في تحديد نقطة التوقف عن ا | Rapid diagnosis of bacterial infections of newborn infants is very important itcause of morbidity and mortality. Aim of the studyThe aim of the studyis to examin the possibility of using C - reactive protein in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, as well as its use in determining thestop point of the antibiotic treatment.Patent, Materials and methods This study was conducted at the Hospital of Ibn - Albaladi for children and women in Rusafathe Healthoffice / Baghdad.Iraq from February 2013 to February 2014.The number of patients with bacterial infection was 102 (62%) of the total number of patients (165) who were admitted to the neonatal care unit aged less than 28 days and their weights was more than 1500 g,. The number of males was 92 (56%) and the number of females was 73 (44%), the number of patient withearly onset sepsis EOS (less than three days) was 43 (42%) and with late onset sepsis LOS for (more than three days) was 59 (58%), 43 (57%) ofEOSwas normal deliveries infected and cesarean deliveries infected 33 (43%), while51 (57%) of LOS was normal deliveries infected and cesarean deliveries in LOS was 38 (43%). Blood samples were collected and divided into three portion : bloodculture, CRP andhematological profile.1 - Blood culture.Blood was collection from neonatal sepsis patientinto special blood culture bottle and incubate in bact /Alert 3 D device when growth of bacteria then subcultured on blood agar, MaCconkey agar, and incubatedusingvitek /2 to diagnose bacterial infection anddeterminetheir susceptibility to antibiotic treatment.ResultThe Compact results indicated that 63 (38%)of patient were negative and 102 (62%) were positive out of them 23 patients (22.6%)were infected with gram negative bacteria including {Klebsiella pneumonia 30%, Acinetobacterlowffi 17%, Enterobacter cloaca 13%, } while 79 (77.4%) were infected with gram positive bacteria including { staph Homins and staph hemolyticus each 28% then staph epidermidis 13% and staph aureus 10%, while strep spp was 6% }. 2 - c - reactive protein.It was done by twomethod for the same samples in order to characterize the accuracy of the diagnosis. The first method was agglutination test (method 1) the cut off value for positive result ? 6 µg % 79 (48%)were negative, while 86 (52%) werepositive, while the second method was immune test (method 2) µµµusing Nycocard device werethe cut off value for positive result ? 5 µg % the results 102 (62%) were positive while 63 (38% negative.3 - hematological profile.The hematological profile of our patient included PCV, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, count were measured using Emerald automated Hematology device. The results of these tests werenot compatible with the results of the blood culture, but normal result were compatible with negative blood cultures. The results adopted of blood culture confirm the presence of bacterial infection and then compared with theresults CRP test and blood profilefor the same samples.Negative result of blood culture and CRP test were 54 (33%) while positive results of blood culture and CRP test were recorded and improved after taking treatment for (, 3, 5, 7,) days for (40, 31, 5)patients respectively.ConclusionWeconcluded C - reactive protein test was useful in the diagnosis of bacterial blood infections and determine the stop - point otreatment. Gram negative bacterial isolates were sensitive impinim, livofloxacin and Amikacin while they were resistant to Ampicillin, Ampicillin /Sollbectam and Gentamycin. on the other hand gram positive bacteria were sensitive to Amikacin, Ampicillin/sulbactam Ciprphloxacin, and Tigecyclin and were resistant to Erythromicin, and Oxacillinand Benzylpencillin.

دراسة كفاءة بعض المضادات الحيوية ذات المناشئ المختلفة على بعض انواع البكتريا المعزولة من حالات مرضية مختلفة == The Efficacy Study of Some Antibiotics From Different Origins On Some Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated From Different Cases

Author name: ليلى عاصي خزعل
Supervisor name: نجدت بهجت مهدي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Kirkuk - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Kirkuk
First pages:
Abstract: شملت الدراسة جمع 278عينة سريرية تضمنت نماذج من اخماج المجاري البولية ومسحات الجروح والحروق وعينات الدم ومسحات الاذن الوسطى من مستشفى كركوك العام ومستشفى طوز العام وللمدة من ( 2013 - 4 - 15) ولغاية ( (2013 - 10 - 15. اظهرت نتائج الزرع البكتريولوجي الاولي | The study included the collection (278) clinical samples included the same of urinary tract infections and swabs of wounds and burns, and blood samples and swabs from ear from Kirkuk General Hospital and Tuz General hospital in period from (2013 - 4 - 15) until (2013 - 10 - 15). The results of the first Bacteriological implant using the blood Agar and Macconkey agar emergence of planting positive in (148) of the total sample (278) sample rate (53.33%). Diagnosed colonies developing depending on planting characters and biomicroscopy and tests biochemical as possible diagnosis (90) the isolation of clinical divided to (30) isolation of each of the bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) divided to (28) isolates of Urine and 21 isolated from wounds and 25 isolates of burns and 11 isolated from blood and 5 isolates from the ear of the total isolates, confirmed diagnosis using the API Staph System and API 20E system. The study included examination of sensitivity using discs toward the 15 antibiotic for three types. The isolates showed to different in resistant rate, and was Anti Chloramphenicol is the most effect on the bacteria S.aureus where all isolates were sensitive to him 100%, and was an anti Imipinem, Nitrofuranation the most effect on bacteria E.coli where the percentage of sensitivity to two anti - (90%), either Anti Amikacin was the most impact on the isolates of Ps. aeruginosa where all isolates were sensitive to him ratio (100%) I tested the sensitivity of bacterial species toward (5) antibiotic (Amoxicillin Augmantine, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Tetracyclin) concentrations of certain several different origins for each antibiotic using the method of casting dishes, use an anti Amoxicillin concentration (25) mg / ml and origins different (Iraqi, Indian, Turkey, United Arab Emirates) The results show that the origin United Arab Emirates is the most efficient than the rest of other. Use the adversaries (Cefotaxime, Augmantine) concentration (10) mg / ml and three - origins (Turkish, Indian, United Arab Emirates), oukd show that Origin United Arab Emirates is the most efficient of the rest of the origins Other. also used anti Tetracyclin concentration (10) mg / ml for three origin (Iraqi, Indian, Chinese). show that Origin Iraqi is the most efficient of the rest of the origins Other.and used anti Ciprofloxacin concentration (5) mg / ml for four origin (Iraqi, Indian, Turkish, United Arab Emirates) and show that the United Arab Emirates and Turkish origin is more efficient than the rest of other origins.Bacterial isolates showed multiple drug resistance to antibiotics where all isolates Ps. aeruginosa with resistance to multiple antibiotics by (100%) and showed isolates of S.aureus resistant multi - rate (93.3 %) and showed isolates of E.coli (96.6%) as well characterized bacterial isolates in multiple resistance to antibiotics Alpittalaktam particularly where the rates of multiple resistance (93.3 %) of the isolates of E.coli and (100%) isolates Ps.aeruginosa and (93.33%) of the isolates by S.aureus.the rapid Iodine standard method was used for screening for susceptibility of bacterial isolates to produce enzymes Beta - Lactamase have shown (73) the isolation of a positive result from the total (90) isolation rate (81.1%), were distributed among the isolates produced (27) isolated from bacteria by S.aureus (90 %) and (25) isolates of E.coli bacteria by (83.3%) and (21) isolated from bacteria Ps. aeruginosa (70%).to detect broad - spectrum Beta - Lactamase enzymes is used discs method adjacent and the results showed that there are (24) isolation of the total (73) is positive for examination by (32.87%) distributed on (12) isolated from bacteria S.aureus by (44.44%) and (5) isolates of E.coli bacteria (20%) and (7) of the bacterial isolates Ps. aeruginosa by (33.33%).Tested susceptibility bacterial isolates to produce mineral Beta - Lactamase enzymes Metallo ? - Lactamase using IMP - EDTA Combination disc and three isolates can from the production of the enzyme (4.10%) by two isolates of bacteria Ps.aeruginosa by (9.52%) and one isolate of the bacterium E.coli (4%).

تحديد شدة الاصابة الحادة والمزمنة لداء المقوسات الكوندية بواسطة مستويات (IL - 6, IL - 8, TNF - ?) == Determination of Acute And Chronic Toxoplasmosis By Estimation of IL - 6, IL - 8 And TNF - ? Levels

Author name: لينا قاسم كاظم الزهيري
Supervisor name: بان نوري القاضي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: المقوسات الكونديه من الطفيليات الشديده النجاح في انشاء اصابة مزمنه طويلة الامد. وقد اجريت الدراسة الحاليه على 366 امراة (117 مجهضات، 141 حوامل، 108 غير متزوجات) جمعت من مستشفيات مختلفة في بغداد. جمعت عينات الدم لجميع المجاميع المدروسة خلال الفترة مابين تش | Toxoplasma is a highly invasive parasite which establishes a life - long chronic infection. The present study was performed on 366 women (117 miscarriages, 141 pregnant and 108 singles) aged (17 - 35) years old from different hospital in Baghdad. Blood samples were collected from all patients during the period of Oct.2013 until of Jan. 2014. Anti - toxoplasma antibodies in the sera of all samples by using two tests, Latex test (LAT) and ELISA (IgG), (IgM) while, the proinflammatory cytokine were estimated by evaluation of the cytokine such as (IL - 6, IL - 8, TNF - ?). The results were showed that : ? The infection rate of toxoplasmosis by LAT was (41.53%) which was more sensitive than ELISA IgG (36.85%), and miscarried women were diagnosed by higher anti - toxoplasma IgG antibodies 62/117(52.99%), while pregnant result were lower 30/108 (27.78%). ? The most frequent age group of chronic infection with T.gondii was (23 - 28) year in both miscarriage and pregnant women, and represented by 45.16%, 40% respectively. While the most frequent age group for a single woman was (17 - 22) years, and represent 46.511% of the total number of this group.? Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis by ELISA IgM test revealed low sensitivity in different studied groups 25/366(6.830%), and miscarried women were diagnosed by a highly significant (P ?0.01) percentage of acute toxoplasmosis14/117(11.965%).and The age group of (17 - 22) years old diagnosed high significant (p?0.01) percentage of acute toxoplasmosis in all studied groups.? According to the distribution of infected miscarried women with toxoplasmosis and gestational age by ELISA IgM the result showed that most of miscarriages were occurred at the first trimester which considered high significant (p? 0.01) 8/14(57.42%). While, chronic infected women at the second trimester (4 - 7 month) diagnosed by significantly (P?0.01) higher percentage of miscarried 24/62(38.71%).? The level of pro - infalmmatory cytokine (IL - 6) in acute infected miscarried women with toxoplasmosis distincted with a significantly high increase (P? 0.05) (177.31±12.53 Pg/ml) in comparison to chronic infected one (119.36 ±14.07 Pg/ml).While, chronic infected pregnant women was low significantly (P ?0.01) (48.41± 2.79 Pg/ml) in comparison to acute infected one and other studied groups, ? The acute infected singles was (118.98± 15.68 Pg/ml) higher non - significantly (P?0.05) than chronic infected one (112.65 ± 17.91 Pg/ml) and both disease activity were significantly higher than its level in healthy singles.? The level of TNF - ? in acute infected miscarried women distincted with significantly higher (P?0.05) (97.46 ± 5.37 Pg/ml) in comparison to chronic infected women (69.55 ± 4.58 Pg/ml), Whereas the mean level of TNF - ? in pregnant infected women during acute phase (62.31 ± 3.82 Pg/ml) was significantly (P?0.05) higher than chronic infection (21.42 ±2.74 Pg/ml)? Single infected women showed high significant increase (P?0.05) of TNF - ? level (50.48 ± 7.42 Pg/ml) in comparison to chronic infected one (35.46± 5.36 Pg/ml) and both disease activity scored high significant increase (P?0.05) of TNF - ? in comparison to healthy singles (18.29 ± 1.02 Pg/ml).? Finally, the mean level of IL - 8 in miscarried women with positive infection with T. gondii during acute phase (187.92 ± 15.38 Pg/ml) was significantly (P?0.05) higher than chronic phase of infection (140.57 ± 13.87 Pg/ml).Whereas the mean level of IL - 8 in acute infected pregnant women (110.32 ± 9.13 Pg/ml) was higher significantly (P?0.05) than healthy pregnant (91.49 ± 7.59 Pg/ml) and healthy singles (88.82 ± 5.62 Pg/ml).? Infected single women showed highly significant (P?0.01) increased levels in both diseases activity in comparison to single women without infection (88.82± 5.62 Pg/ml).

دراسة التاثيرات السمية للـ Gliotoxin المنتج من العفن Aspergillus fumigatus باستخدام تخمرات الحالة الصلبة == Study Toxicity Effects of Gliotoxin Produced By Aspergillus Fumigatus Using Solid State Fermentation

Author name: محمد عادل نوري
Supervisor name: عبد الكريم جاسم هاشم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Fungi
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم اختبار قابلية عشرة عزلات للعفن Aspergillus fumigatus على انتاج الغليوتوكسين بوساطة تخمرات الحالة الصلبة وباستخدام الرز كوسط زرعي (ركيزة). اشارت نتائج الغربلة ان العزلة AF - 5 كانت هي الافضل واعطت اعلى انتاجية.كانت الظروف المثلى لانتاج السم على وسط الر | The ability of Ten Aspergillus fumigatus isolates for gliotoxin production were screened by solid state fermentation (SSF) using rice medium as substrate. The results indicated that, the AF - 5 isolate was the highest gliotoxin producer.The optimum conditions for gliotoxin production by AF - 5 isolate on rice medium were : - inoculum size 6×106 spores, moisturizing ratio (5 : 1) (w : v) with distilled water and incubation at 37 ?C for 10 days. Gliotoxin was purified from crude extract of AF - 5 isolate after production under the optimum conditions using solid state fermentation SSF. Purification of gliotoxin was achieved by two steps including : filtration and solid phase extraction. These processes were accessed to remove debris from crude extract and gives pure gliotoxin. The gliotoxin concentration was (122.6 ppm), which was detected by Thin layer Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography.The result of cytotoxicity effect of both purified extract and standard gliotoxin on human lymphocytes with exposure time of 24 hours at four different concentrations 25, 50, 100 and 200 ppb showed growth inhibition percentage 21, 39.10, 61.99, 87.45% and 17.89, 34.92, 58.34, and 85.22% respectively. The cytotoxicity effects have been done using conversion of the MTT to MTT formazan. After DNA was extracted from lymphocyte treated with toxin and analyzed by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel, gliotoxin appeared to have ability to damage the DNA. Results showed that both growth inhibition and DNA damage were increased gradually with the increasing of gliotoxin concentration.

تحديد بعض المعادن الثقيلة والتلوث البكتيري في الحليب الخام والمستورد المجفف == Determination of Some Heavy Metals And Bacterial Contamination of Raw And Imported Powder Milk

Author name: مروة صباح طالب
Supervisor name: محمد نافع علي العزاوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتعرض الحليب للعديد من الملوثات الفيزيائية والكيميائية والبيولوجية وذلك بسبب طرق الانتاج واسلوب النقل وعمليات التسويق ومن هذه الملوثات المعادن الثقيلة والرقم الهيدروجيني ودرجة الحرارة والبكتيريا. وقد صممت الدراسة الحالية لفحص عينات للحليب الخام التي جمعت | Milk is subjected to various physical, chemical and biological pollutants duo to producing, transporting and marketing processes such as certain heavy metals, pH, temperature and bacteria. The current study was designed to examine fresh milk samples were collected randomelly at early morning from six different locations at a rate of once each month during study period which commenced in October 2013 and ended in march 2014 and powder milk brands which were examined again for six months as in case of fresh milk where these milk brands were collected from local markets each month. The results of heavy metals showed that : • The investigation of Lead content in raw milk revealed that the highest mean value (1.801±0.311 ppm) was scored in Abo - Ghraib sample and the lowest mean value (0.941±0.104 ppm) was observed in Ghazaliya sample. For the Cadmium content in raw milk that the highest mean value (1.532±0.124 ppm) was found in Abo - Ghraib sample and the lowest mean value (0.063±0.044 ppm) was found in Fal'loga. The Copper content in raw milk also investigated and resulted the highest mean value was (0.931±0.092 ppm) in Azizia milk sample and almost similar value (0.931±0.301 ppm) was found in Madain sample while the lowest mean value was (0.308±0.029 ppm) in Fal'loiga sample. The highest mean value of Potassium in raw milk was recorded in two samples in Azizia (9718.8±246.6 ppm) and (9718.3±482.2 ppm) in Abo - Ghraib but the lowest mean value (4156.3±268.3 ppm) was recorded in Essaouira. Regarding Sodium content in raw milk, the results have found that the highest mean value was (2968.8±312.2 ppm) in Essaouira sample while the lowest mean value was (1432.5±156.8 ppm) in Abo - Ghraib. The Chloride content in raw milk samples, the highest mean value was (3053.0±128.6 ppm) recorded in Fal'loga sample and the lowest mean value was (639.0±198.4 ppm) was found in Azizia sample. Analysis of variance of these data showed significant effects (P?0.001) of both sampling sites and collecting months on milk (pb, Cd, K, Na and Cl) contents while analysis of variance of these data reveals no significant impact of sites on milk Cu content (P> 0.05) where no differences were observed between mean value of different collecting sites but shows highly significant (P? 0.001) effects of collecting months.• While powder milk has shown that the highest mean values of Lead (1.225±0.052 ppm) were found in Al - Mudhish brand and the lowest mean value (0.088±0.002 ppm) was detected in Anchor. The highest mean Cd value was (0.184±0.005 ppm) in Nido brand and the lowest mean value was (0.069±0.003 ppm) in Altunsa sample. While the highest mean value of Copper was (1.656±0.254 ppm) in Dielac powder brand and Anchor milk brand had the lowest copper mean value which was (0.767±0.014 ppm). The concentration of Potassium was (9625.0±462.9 ppm) which is the highest recorded in Dielac milk sample and the lowest mean value (3356.8±225.6 ppm) was found in Al - Marai milk sample. While the highest average of Sodium was (2625.0±342.6 ppm) scord in Dielac brand and the lowest average was (1745.0±338.4 ppm) recorded in Al - Marai sample. The highest mean value of Chloride (193.0±41.0 ppm) was recorded in Nido milk brand and the lowest mean value (122.7±22.2 ppm) was found in Altunsa milk sample. However, analysis of variance shows significant differences (P?0.001) between examined milk brands while no such differences were found between these brands (P>0.05) regarding collecting months.From the above results, it seems that the highest content of (Pb, Cd and Cu) are higher than those of standards of the International Dairy Federation (IDF) while contents of (K, Na and Cl) are within the standard requirement according to National Research Council (NRC).Microbial tests of raw milk samples were positive for bacterial growth, as different bacterial species were observed such as Lactobacilli spp. 63.8%, Streptococcus spp. 61.1%, Staphylococcus aureus 44.4%, Escheritia coli 88.8%, Bacillus spp. 72.2%, Salmonella typhi 72.2%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 30.5%, Pseudomonas spp. 47.2%, Micrococcus spp 27.7%, Clostiridia spp. 66.6%, Enterococci spp. 11.1% and K. pneumonia 75% from bacterial contamination of raw milk samples.However, only (11.1%) of the total collected samples of raw milk were suitable for human consumption and (88.9%) unsuitable, indicating that the source of infection or contamination of milk may be due to the animal health, human handler and the environmental factors, e.g., contaminated vessels, polluted water, flies and dust, etc… Obviously, bacterial contamination test of powder milk samples was carried out and negative results were obtained. However, it seems clearly that the opportunity of finding bacterial contamination in powder milk samples may be very rare since milk powder is produced in well designed and modern techniques. Nevertheless, a single bacterial contamination test has indicated to a positive growth of Staphylococcus aureus colonies.

التحري عن جين الاوتولايسين في المكورات العنقوديه البشروية المقاومة لمضاد الفانكومايسين == Autolysin Gene Detection In Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Author name: مريم خميس عبد ربة بريس
Supervisor name: مي طالب فليح
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: من مجموع مئة عينة سريرية جمعت من مصادر مختلفة شملت الحروق والدم والجروح ومسحات انفية, تمكنت 90 عزلة من النمو على اكار المانيتول الملحي , ومن بينهم 40(44.4 %) عزلة عائدة لبكتريا المكورات العنقودية المنتجة للانزيم المخثر للبلازما و50 (55.5%) عائدة لبكتريا ا | Out of one hundred clinical samples were taken from different sources which include burns, blood cultures, wounds and nasal swabs infections ; 90 isolates developed growth on mannitol salt agar. Among these, 40 (44.4%) were Coagulase positive (Staphylococcus aureus) isolates, 50 (55.5%) belong to coagulase negative staphylococci in which Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates were 30(60%). The pattern of antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates to 12 antibotics (Amoxiclav, Ceftazidim, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, Erythromycin, Gentamycin, Imipenime, Penicillin G, Tetracycline, Rifampin , Methicillin, and Vancomycin) were determined using disc diffusion method. The results revealed that resistance to Penicillin G10 and Amoxiclav (Amoxicillin - clavulanic acid) were 100%, Methicillin were 93%, Erythromycin were 90%, Gentamycin and Clindamycin were 70%, Tetracycline and ceftazidim were 75%, Ciproflaxacin were 60%, Rifampin were30%. 95% of S.epidermidis isolates were sensitive to Imipenim and 5% of them were intermediate resistant, while these isolates showed 90% sensitivity to vancomycin. 19 isolates were multidrug resistance. Minimum inhibitory concentration of S.epidermidis isolates to vancomycin, was determined. The results revealed that (12) S.epidermidis isolates (40 %) were vancomycin resistant, the MIC of them were between 256 ?g\ml and 32 ?g\ml, (4) S.epidermidis isolates (13.3%) were intermediate resistance, the MIC to 3 of them were 16 ?g\ml and the last was 8 ?g\ml. Some virulence factors of VRSE and VSSE were detected including the hemolysin, protease, lipase and urease. The S. epidermidis isolates were produce hemolysin, protases, lipase and urease, were 100%, 100%, 25%, 100% respectively in VRSE, while in VSSE 100%, 100%, 60%, 100% respectively. The isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in monoplex pattern to amplify resistant incoding gene : the vanA, vanB and autolysine gene aae gene. The results by this study showed that 12 (40%) S. epidermidis isolates gave the implicone size (1030 base pair) of the vanA gene. However the results of MIC and PCR were similar but no any isolates gave product for presence of vanB gene. All S.epidermidis were able to produce implicone size(858bp) of aae gene. The effect of vancomycin resistant S. epidermidis on cell autolysis activity was detected by whole cell autolytic assay.The results revealed that there was significant difference among three isolates, the VSSE isolate (S.epidermidis 22) have the highest autolytic activity in the presence of antibiotic, followed by the VRSE isolate (S. epidermidis 1) and the VISE isolate (S. epidermidis14) which was the lowest autolytic activity with the presence of antibiotic. The result of transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that the VRSE isolates (S.epidermidis 1) have thicker cell wall followed by VISE (S.epidermidis 14) isolates.However, the VSSE (S.epidermidis 22) didn't showed any cell wall thickening.

دراسة مقارنة للكشف عن الجيارديا لامبليا والطفيليات المصاحبة لها بين الاطفال في مدينة كركوك باستخدام بعض التقانات المختبرية == A Comparative Study For Detecting Giardia Lamblia And Associated Intestinal Parasites Among Children In Kirkuk City By Using Some Laboratory Methods

Author name: مها اسماعيل مصطفى الجبوري
Supervisor name: يحيى جرجيس سلمان
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Master
University: University Of Kirkuk - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Kirkuk
First pages:
Abstract: The current study had been carried out from January 2013 to July 2013 in medical laboratory researches - Kirkuk Faculty of Medicine. A total of 310 stool samples have been collected from children suffering from liquid diarrhea, their ages are from below one year to 12 years; six different laboratory diagnostic methods have been applied for detecting Giardia lamblia and other intestinal parasites. For microscopy diagnosis; direct wet double prepartions, zinc sulphate flotation are used. While immunological methods involve; Enzyme Linked Immuno - Sorbent Assay, corpo - antigen (ELISA), Direct Fluorescent Assay (DFA) and Lateral immune - chromatography assay (Triage panel). Giardia genome amplification is done using conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) single step procedure by using of mixed primers of Giardia assemblages A1, A2 and B. The total rate of intestinal parasitic infection is 51.93 % distributed in 161 stool samples. This rate involve high frequency of protozoan infection in 132 (42.58 %) compare to 29 (9.35 %) for helminthes, P<0.05. More common intestinal protozoan parasites were Giardia lamblia 63(20.32 %) followed by Blastocyst hominis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Iodomoeba butschili, Endolimax nana and Balantidium coli with the rates : 6.77%, 6.45%, 4.18 %, 2.58 %, 1.29 %, 0.64 % and 0.32 % receptively. Concerning intestinal helminthic infection, high number and rate 23(7.41 %) was with Hymenolepis nana is compare with 1(0.32 %) record for Ancylostoma duodenale.According to gender high rate of giardiasis is recorded among males than in females, conversely to high rate of other intestinal parasites among female than in males P<0.05. Statistically relationship between Giardia distribution and ages are not significant P>0.05. Giardia co - existence are highly detected with Balstocystis hominis, and Cryptosporidium parvum total Giardia mixed parasitic infection rate 8.06 % is lower than12.23 %of pure Giardia lamblia infection, P>0.05. Regarding Giardia lamblia detecting according to laboratory methods; high rate of giardiasis 22.29% is reported by using PCR technique, followed by 20, 23 % by using direct wet preparation technique, P<0.05.The efficacy of laboratory methods for detecting Giardia stages are reduced; the following rates 19.35%, 19.03%, 17.74% and 14.51% obtained by using ELISA, DFA, flotationand lateral immuno - chromatography assay (Triage) respectively, P<0.05. Also statistical analysis reveals significance of PCR sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in detecting giardiasis than other laboratory methods. Negative predictive values NPV in relation to type of laboratory methods are high, but statistically they are not significant, controversy to positive predictive value PPV that are significant. The efficacy of Triage panel is high for detecting giardiasis 14.45 % as compare with 4.5 % and 3.5 % for detecting Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Entamoeba histolytica respectively P<0.05 %. Considering the application of double direct wet preparations, the results of using this method are beneficial for detecting protozoan and helminthic parasites. While the using of zinc sulphate flotation technique reveal fluctuated results in spite of significant statistical analysis P<0.05. The employee of five laboratory methods for detecting the oocysts of Cryptosporidum parvum; the following rates 6.45%, 5.48%, 4.83%, 4.51% and 3.22% are recorded with the usage of DFA, direct microscopy, modified Ziehl - Neelsen method, Traige panel and flotation method respectively, P>0.05. Giardia lamblia DNA extraction from 80 stool samples that amplified using Giardia gene loci K725, reveal 66 samples positivity, pure Giardia lamblia genomic mass mean is 437.56 bps, with 1.705 % of genome purity and the extension of genomes range from 280 to750bps.While 23 of mixed Giardia plus other protozoan parasites, the mean of gemonic mass is 439.89 bps with genome purity mean 1.56 %. Amplification of Giardia genome mixed with helminthes reveal 443.33 bps of genomic mass mean and 1.49 % genome purity mean. In general the all genomic mass of Giardia lamblia (Pure and mixed infection) is 440.26 bps and purity mean 1.54 % P>0.05.PCR amplification in stool sample exert that Giardia lamblia genomes are mixed of human and animal type.

دراسة انتشار الحيوانات الابتدائية الرئيسية المسببة للاسهال بين المرضى باستخدام الطرائق المجهرية والجزيئية في محافظة بابل == Prevalence Study For Main Protozoa Diarrheal Agents Among Patients By Using Microscopically And Molecular Methods In Babylon Province

Author name: ميس كاظم عليوي
Supervisor name: احمد خضير عبيس الحميري
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Life Science
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science For Girls - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية خلال المدة من تشرين الاول 2014 الى شهر شباط 2015 حيث تضمنت هذه الدراسة فحص 987 عينة براز (اطفال وبالغين, ذكورو اناث) بطريقة الفحص المجهري المباشر و96 عينة موجبة فحصت عن طريق تقنية تفاعل سلسلة متعدد البلمرة. للمرضى المصابين بالاسهال و| The current study during period was conducted from October 2014 till February 2015 examination of 987 stool samples for direct smear method (Lugol's Iodine, Normal Saline (0.9%) for detection of the following parasites G.lamblia, E.histolytica while using floatation methods and Ziehl - Neelsen method (Malachite green) for detecting the Cryptosporidium spp. by using light microscope) and 96 positive samples from these samples examined by polymerase chain reaction technique PCR. For patients infected with diarrhea (children and adults, male and female) who attended to Babylon maternity and children hospital and specialized Marjan Hospital for Internal and Cardiac Diseases in the Babylon province as well as primary health care and private clinics. The age ranges from(Less than one year - 31and more).The current study showed the rate of infection with parasites that causative of diarrhea47.3% (E.histolytica, G.lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp.) was 26.4%, 17.9% and 3.7%, respectively.They were examined by a direct smear method to detect the trophozoites, cyst and oocyst phases of these parasites. The highest rate of infection by microscopic examination was in the rural area 67.2% in comparing with city that was 32.9%. Also the highest rate of infection among males was 51.5% in comparing with females 41.2%. It has been recorded that the higher rate of infection was 76.1% in the age group (16 - 20) years while the lower infection rate was in the age group (26 - 30) years that was 22.8%. It has been observed significant differences in infection rates at the (P ? 0.05). The present study recorded difference in the rates of parasitic infections according to the presence of animals in houses, the high rates of infection where with those have animals in their houses 51.2% while the lowest rates of infection where with those not have animals in their houses 38.9%.It has been observed significant differences in infection rates at the (P ? 0.05). This study reveals a difference in parasitic infections rates, according to the level of education the head of household, and found that the highest rate of infection for those with the head of the family is non - educated or illiterate 48.3%, while the rate of infection was declined with head of the family who get primary education level 46.2%. It had recorded the highest infection rate in October 63.8%, while the lowest percentage was in February 27. 6%. It has been observed significant differences in infection rates at the (P ? 0.05). In the present study Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to 96 positive results in direct smear methods to detection the main parasitic diarrhea agent. It had recorded total of infection rate of 43.4% (31.3%, 28.1% and 2.1%, respectively). Depending on PCR technique showed the highest rates of infection was in the male 36.7% while the lowest rates of infection in females 30.6%. It had recorded the highest rate of infection in the rural areas 45.3% in comparing rate of infection in the urban areas 25.9%. The present study recorded the highest rates of infection were in the (16 - 20years) age group 46.2%, while the decline in the rates of infection was in the (21 - 25years) age group 16.7%. Also it showed the highest rates of infection were in the presence of animals in the houses 36.1% while the lowest rate of infection where there were no animals 31.4%.It has been observed significant differences in infection rates at the (P ? 0.05). The study found that the highest rates of infection for those with the head of the family is non - educated or illiterate 38.9%, while the rate of infection declined with head of the family who got Academic education level 33.3%. Also it had recorded the highest rate of infection in November (2014) 42.1%, while the lowest rates percentage was in December (2014) 23.1%. It has been observed significant differences in infection rates at the (P ? 0.05). Through the current study it was concluded that the prevalence of the parasites that cause diarrhea in the Babylon province are very highly when detection microscopic examination and PCR method, comparison with previous studies and rural area highest rates of infection from urban area.

نوعية البويضة والتكوين الجنيني بعد الاعطاء الفموي للسبيرماكس لاناث الفئران : موديل تجريبي للبائن == Oocyte Quality And Embryonic Development After Oral Administration of Speramax® In Female Mice : Experimental Model For Mammal

Author name: هبة صاحب حمزة
Supervisor name: سعد صالح الدجيلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Embryology
Degree: Master
University: Al-Nahrain University - Higher Institute For Infertility Diagnosis And Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Speramax® has been found to play an important role in sperm function characters and males reproductive performance with no studies on its effects on the oocyte maturation and embryonic development in females.Objective : The goal of the thesis is to examine the effect of Speramax ® on oocyte maturation. And to emphasize the effect of Speramax ® on ova quality, embryonic development and newborn. Materials and Methods : Speramax ® treated by oral administration for 1, 2 and 4 weeks. A hundred and twenty six female mice were randomly divided into four groups, the first group was treated without Speramax® with superovulation(SUO) while the second group were treated by Speramax® with SUO and the third group were superovulated only and the fourth group was not treated and spontaneously ovulated (SPO) and considered the control group(thirty two mice). Results : The results indicated that the treatment with Speramax® showed a positive effect on oocytes maturation in vivo. There was a highly significance (p? 0.0001) improvement in number of mature oocytes following treatment with Speramax® in SPO and SUO mice compared with SPO and SUO mice not treated with Speramax®. The embryonic developmental rate after 24 and 48 hours of mating in treated groups with Speramax® was significantly (p? 0.05) higher than those of SPO and SUO mice too.The study showed that the quantity and quality of embryos generated from the treated groups were superior to that of untreated groups.Conclusion : It was concluded that the treatment by Speramax® has a great improvement on oocyte maturation, early embryonic development and embryo grading quality of mice embryos with an increase in the numbers of mice newborn.

دور الفيروس المضخم للخلايا CMV في مرضى التهاب الكبد الفيروسي ذاتي المناعة في حالات التهاب الكبد المزمن نمط B == The Role of CMV In Autoimmune Hepatitis Among Chronic Cases of Hbv

Author name: هـدى جميل باقر الخلخالي
Supervisor name: محمد عبود محسن | محمد عبد كاظم السعدي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى تشخيص التهاب الكبد الفايروسي نمط (ب) وتشخيص التهاب الكبد ذاتي المناعة في المرضى المصابين بالتهاب الكبد.ودور الاصابة بالفايروس المضخم للخلايا البشرية CMV في حث التهاب الكبد ذاتي المناعة.من مجموع 360 حالة مشبه بها جمعت من مستشفى ال | This study aimed to investigate the existence of hepatitis B virus and autoimmune hepatitis in hepatitis B patients as well as to detect the role of cytomegalovirus in the induction of AIH disease. A total of 360 suspected cases were collected from Center Health laboratory/Al - Hakeem Hospital, and AL - Sadder medical city in AL - Najaf city, during the period from January (2013) to August (2013). Only 76 were seropositive hepatitis B (55 males and 21 females with age ranging 11 - 72 years).In addition, 15 healthy individuals without any evidence of chronic inflammatory disease were depended on the control group, age ranging 21 - 50 years.Blood samples were collected from patients and healthy controls were tested for HBsAg and Anti - HBc Ab using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique to investigate hepatitis B seropositive and chronic hepatitis B respectively. For investigated AIH disease was performed depending on the Line Immune Assay technique. While for detection CMV were initially identified by serological technique (ELISA, MiniVIDAS) to detect anti - CMV IgM and anti - CMV IgG; then confirmed employment molecular technique using Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for the detection the presence of DNA of CMV. Samples were collected from patients and control to estimation immunological level (C3, C4, IL - 10 & TFN - ?) by using ELISA and radial immunodiffusion method.The results showed that 76 HBsAg seropositive in all age groups but the age group 44 - 54 year revealed high significance (p<0.05) than other age groups. While 35 out of 76 seropositive with HBc Ab, the age group 55 - 65 years showed high significance (p<0.05) than other age groups, and males more infection than females. The result also revealed that the AIH disease was 5 out of 76 patients infected with Type 1 AIH. Included 2(40%) have demonstrated the infection HBsAg positive with reactivation CMV While 3(60%) infected with HBsAg only.The results showed that 68 out of the 76 samples were positive for anti - CMV IgG antibodies, and 4(5.26%) samples were positive for anti - CMV IgM. While the MiniVIDAS test results showed 73 out of the 76 samples was positive for anti - CMV IgG antibodies. 2(2.6%) were positive for anti - CMV IgM antibodies. The results of the Real - Time PCR revealed that DNA of CMV were detected in 23 out of 76 patients were found in all age groups with viral loads ranging from (0.24 - 1730000) Copies/ml, and the results of controls group in Real - Time PCR were CMV negative. The results of cytokines (TNF - ?) showed a high significance (P<0.05) elevation in the serum of all patients than control (419.3 ± 27.8) pg/ml, and the results that AIH showed increase in cytokine level was (1218.2±44) pg/ml than other patients. Whereas chronic hepatitis B patients recorded high significance (P<0.05) in level (IL - 10) was (901.5±22.2) pg/ml than other patients and control (373 ±30.3) pg/ml. According to sex no - significance difference between males and females in results of cytokines profile (IL - 10, TNF?). Complement fraction C3 decreased in all patients compared to those healthy control, while the AIH patient recorded high significance (P<0.05) 142.2±8 mg/dI than the other patients. In regard to C4 was revealed normal level in all patients compared with control groups while in the AIH revealed high significance (P<0.05) was 41.7±5.1 mg/dI compared with other patients and no - significance difference (P<0.0) between males and females in level of C3and C4.The overall finding results showed that the activation cytomegalovirus with hepatitis B virus Contribute to the induction of AIH and cause immune suppressor for them by increase and decrease many immune factors.

دراسة مرضية فسلجية جزيئية لمرضى الثلاسيميا نوع بيتا في محافظة المثنى - العراق == Patho Physiological And Molecular Studies of ? - Thalassemia Patients In Al - Muthanna Province - Iraq

Author name: هناء علي عزيز
Supervisor name: خالد كاطع الفرطوسي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology
Degree: Master
University: Al-Muthanna University - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Muthanna
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الحالية لتقييم التغيرات الدمية والكيموحيوية للمرضى المصابين بالثلاسيميا نوع - ? وكذلك تحديد الطفرات المسببة للمرض بواسطة سلسلة تفاعل البوليمر ARMS - PCR ولاول مرة في محافظة المثنى - العراق. خلال الفترة من تشرين الاول - 2013 لغاية اذار - 2014. | The aim of this study was detected of hematological, biochemical changes and detection of mutations which cause ? - thalassemia by ARMS - PCR assay for the first time in Al - Muthanna province - Iraq, during the period from October - 2013 up to March - 2014. One hundred patients with thalassemia were examined in the present study as well as fifty apparently healthy people were selected as the control, their ages ranged between 2 - 20 years old, these patients were registered as thalassemic patients in "Thalassemia Unit" at "Feminine and Children Hospital" in Al - Muthanna province.The patients of ? - thalassemia were examined by using hematological and biochemical tests. The study recorded non significant differences at (P>0.05) in the infection percentage of male (56%) and female (44%) with thalassemia. The study showed a significant increase at (P<0.05) in the infection percentage of thalassemia in age groups, location, relative degree, blood group and infected viral hepatitis. The study indicated a significant decrease at (P<0.05) in red blood cells, hemoglobin and packed cell volume in all age groups compared with control groups. Also, the study showed a significant decrease at (P<0.05) in red blood cells of thalassemia between all age groups while it showed non significant differences at (P>0.05) in hemoglobin and packed cell volume of thalassemia between all age groups. The study showed a significant increase at (p<0.05) in platelets in age groups (1 - 5) years which was (356238+ 24244)U/L and (15 - 20) years was (278311+ 17640) U/L as compared with control groups (274000+84481) U/L and (216667+ 70384)U/L respectively. Also, the study recorded a significant increase at (P<0.05) in platelets of thalassemia in age group (1 - 5) years compared with other age groups. The study indicated a significant decrease at (P<0.05) in total white blood cells in all age groups as compared with control groups. Additionally, it showed a significant differences at (P<0.05) in total white blood cells of thalassemia between age groups.The study recorded a significant decrease at (P<0.05) in neutrophile in all age groups as compared with control groups. Moreover, it showed non significant differences at (P>0.05) in netrophile of thalassemia between all age groups. The study showed a significant decrease at (P<0.05) in basophile in age groups (1 - 5) years, (5 - 10) years and (15 - 20) years as compared with control groups. Furthermore, it showed a significant increase at (P<0.05) in basophile of thalassemia in age group (10 - 15) years as compared with other age groups. The study recorded a significant increase at (P<0.05) in eosinophile in all age groups as compared with control groups. Also, it showed non significant differences at (P>0.05) in eosinophile of thalassemia between all age groups. The study showed a significant increased at (P<0.05) in lymphocyte in age groups (1 - 5) years, (5 - 10) years and (10 - 15) years as compared with control groups. Also, it showed non significant differences at (P>0.05) in lymphocyte of thalassemia between all age groups. The study indicated a significant decrease at (P<0.05) in monocyte in age groups (5 - 10) years (1.094+ 0.093) % and (10 - 15) years (0.483+ 0.093) % as compared with control groups (5.166+ 1.359) and (5.824+ 1.555) respectively.Also, it showed a significant increase at (P<0.05) in monocyte of thalassemia between age groups. The study indicated a significant decrease at (P<0.05) in urea level in age groups(1 - 5) years (23.63+ 5.88) mg/dl and (5 - 10) years (26.86+ 6.45) mg/dl as compared with control group (35.37+7.90) mg/dl and (33.83+5.26) mg/dl. Inaddition, it recorded non significant differences (P>0.05) in urea of thalassemia between all age groups. The study showed a significant decrease at (P<0.05) in creatinine level in age groups (1 - 5) years, (10 - 15) years and (15 - 20) years as compared with control group. Also, it recorded non significant differences (P>0.05) in creatinine of thalassemia between all age groups. The study showed a significant increase at (P<0.05) in Alanine aminotransferase , bilirubin in all age groups as compared with control groups. Also, the study recorded non significant differences at (P>0.05) in Alanine aminotransferase of thalassemia between all age groups, while it showed significant increase (P <0.05) in bilirubin of thalassemia in age group (15 - 20) years as compared with age groups. The study indicated significant increase at (P<0.05) in Aspartate aminotransferase in age group (1 - 5) years (23.71+7.54)U/L as compared with control group (12.33+3.51) U/L. Also, it recorded non significan differences at (P>0.05) in Aspartate aminotransferase of thalassemia between all age groups. The study recorded a significant increase at (P<0.05) in concentration of ferritin in all age groups as compared with control groups. Also, it showed significant increase at (P <0.05) in ferritin of thalassemia in age group (15 - 20) years as compared with other age groups. The study showed non significant differences at (P>0.05) in concentration of uric acid and albumin in all age groups as compared with control groups. Also, it recorded non significant differences at (P>0.05) in uric acid and albumin of thalassemia between all age groups. The study indicated a significant decrease at (P<0.05) in total protein in age groups (1 - 5) years, (5 - 10) years and (10 - 15) years as compared with control groups. Also, it recorded non significant differences at (P>0.05) in total protein of thalassemia between all age groups. The study showed a significant decrease at (P<0.05) in calcium concentration in age groups (1 - 5) years, (10 - 15) years and (15 - 20) years as compared with control groups. Also, it recorded non significant differences at (P>0.05) in calcium concentration of thalassemia between all age groups. The present study diagnosed three types of mutation in ? - thalassemic patients by ARMS - PCR assay (IVS - I - 5, Codon 8\9, Codon15), the highest percent of ? - thalassemic patients mutation is IVS - I - 5 (53.8 %) followed by Codon 8\9 and Codon15 with percentage (27.6%) and (18.4 %) respectively

تاثير الثايموكوينون الخافض للسكر والمجدد الانسجة بنكرياس الجرذان المستحث فيها داء السكري باستخدام الستربتوزوتوسين == Antihyperglycemic And Pancreatic Regenerative Effect of Thymoquinone In Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Male Rats

Author name: وجدان ثامر مهدي التميمي
Supervisor name: جبار عباس احمد الساعدي | هاشم محمد عبد الكريم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Histology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: To evaluate the anti - hyperglycaemic potent of thymoquinone from Nigella sativa seed in streptozotocin - induced diabetic male rats, the present study has been carried out at the College of Education, Al - Qadisiya University during the period extended from April, 15, 2012 to December, 15, 2012. mRNA expression level of Reg3a, InsI, InsII, PDX1, Pax6, NeuroD1, and MafA genes have been evaluated in pancreatic tissues as well. Sixty five adult male rats (aged 56 days and weighted 138±8.8g) have been used in the present study. Diabetes has been inducted in 52 male rats by injection of single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/ kg, b.w., i.p.). Diabetes mellitus has been confirmed by blood glucose concentration (to be more than 200 mg/ dl). Intact and streptozotocin - induced diabetic male rats have been assigned to five equal groups (13 per each); Intact (C) and non treated diabetic (DM) rats have been injected with normal saline (100?l, sc) anddrenched with drinking water daily for 42 days. Thymoquinone treated diabetic rats (TQ50 and TQ100) have been injected with normal saline (100?l, sc) and drenched with thymoquinone suspention (50 and 100 mg/ kg, b.w., respectively) daily for 42 days. Insulin treated diabetic rats were injected with insulin (4 IU, sc) and drenched with drinking water daily for 42 days. Body weights were registered daily during the experiment. All overnight fasted animals were sacrificed after general anesthesia by combination of xylazine and ketamine (10 mg and 90 mg/kg, ip, respectively). Blood samples was collected from abdominal vein for determination of serum glucose and insulin concentrations. Samples from pancreatic tissues in all groups have been quickly removed, dipped in liquid nitrogen for RNA extraction and molecular study. Other pancreatic tissues were fixed in formalin forhistopathological and immunohistochemical study. The results demonstrated significant decrease in body weight gain of untreated diabetic (DM) and insulin treated diabetic (DMI) groups as compared with that of intact control (C) and thymoquinone treated diabetic (TQ50 and TQ100) groups, started from the fourth day of experiment, which showed insignificant differences when compared with each other. While the lowest body weight gain has been registered in DM group.Results of serum glucose concentrations referred to significant elevation in diabetic groups compared with intact control. In comparison between the diabetic groups, glucose concentration revealed significant decrease in thymoquinone and insulin treated rats (TQ50, TQ100, and DMI) compared with untreated diabetic rats (DMI). on the other hand, insulin treated males (DMI) and thymoquinone treated males (TQ50 and TQ100) recorded no significant difference in serum insulin concentration when compared witheach other but they were significantly lower than that of intact control male rats (C), but the average means of these four groups were significantly higher than that of non - treated diabetic male rats (DM).Quantification analysis results of gene expression, performed by real - time RT - PCR, revealed that treatment with thymoquinone caused significant increase of mRNA expression levels of Reg3a, InsI, InsII, PDX1, Pax6, NeuroD1 and MafA genes during the studied period. Histological findings of thymoquinone treated pancreases revealed normal cellularity of islets of Langerhans and normal exocrine tissue except few congestion in it, whereas those obtained from non treated diabetic rats showed complet impairment of some islands and highly destructed of others. Normal hepatic architecture with the appearance of radiating shape around the central vein, has been shown in the section obtained from thymoquinone treated diabetic rats except few congestion, obvious regeneration and mitotic division in the nuclei of hepatocytes. Sections obtained from non treated diabetic male rats showed sever congestion, large thrombi in the hepatic tissue, and loss of hepatic architecture with sever hemorrhage, degeneration in hepatocytes, and dilation of sinusoids. Section obtained from kidneys of thymoquinone treated diabetic rats reveales normal renal convoluted tubules with normal epithelium of the tubules and high cellularity of glomeruli. Whearas those obtained non treated diabetic rat revealed dilation of renal convoluted tubules with necrosis in the epithelium of the tubules and sever hemorrhage in the renal tissue. Immunohistochemical results revealed that male rats drenched with thymoquinone registered higher scores of positive cells and intensity of staining compared with other diabetic (DM and I) groups. Hisological sections obtained from pancreases of control male rats showed actively stained islets of Langerhan's by immunohistochemistry with actively stained populations of beta, alpha, and delta cells, whereas those obtained from pancreases of non treated diabetic male rats showed damage of most cell populations and negatively stained for the few remaining beta cells. on the other hand, section obtained from pancreases of diabetic male rats treated with thymoquinone showed actively stained islets of Langerhan's by immunohistochemistry with actively stained populations of beta, alpha, and delta cells. While those obtained from pancreases of diabetic male rats treated with insulin, in the same stages of experiment, showed negatively stained beta cells and other cells of islets of Langerhan's. Histopathological findingsrevealed moderate improvement of pancreatic changes shown in both exocrine and endocrine (Islands of Langerhan's) parts. It can be concluded that drenching of 50 or 100 mg/ kg, bw, of thymoquinone from Nigella sativa seed has potent hypoglycemic effect in experimentally - induced diabetic mature male rats. As well as its positive role in elevating the expression level of Reg3a, InsI, InsII, PDX1, Pax6, NeuroD1

تقييم مستوى الثرومبوسبوندين لدى مرضى السكري النوع الثاني == Assessment of Thrombospondin Level In Diabetic Patients Type II

Author name: وجدان راجح حمزة الكريطي
Supervisor name: ارشد نوري غني الدجيلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: The present study is intended to asses serum levels of Thrombospondin - 1, Fasting blood glucose, Glycated Hemoglobin A1c, Lipid profile and BMI in type 2 diabetic patients, also correlation between Thrombospondin - 1 with all criteria above in both males and females.The study was conducted on randomly selected 65 type 2 diabetic patients (34 males and 31 females) attending the diabetes mellitus center in Al - Sadder Teaching City in Al - Najaf province, Iraq and a group of 24 apparently healthy subjects (12 Males and 12 Females) were included as a control group. The Study was carried out from August 2013 to February 2014.The patients' age was ranging of 35 to 64 years old.The results indicated a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum FBG, Cholesterol, TG, VLDL - C, LDL - C, TSP - 1 levels and a significant decrease (p>0.05) in serum HDL - C level in diabetic patients in comparing with healthy groups. The results also revealed that significant increase (p<0.05) in serum HbA1c level and BMI in diabetic patients in comparing with healthy groups.The results also revealed no significant differences (p> 0.05) in serum Cholesterol, Triglyceride, VLDL - C, LDL - C, HDL - C and TSP - 1 levels between males and females in both patients and health groups, while the results of FBG and HbA1c levels increase significantly (p<0.05) in females than males in both patients and health groups.The results show that Cholesterol, Triglyceride, VLDL - C, LDL - C, TSP - 1, FBG and HbA1c levels increase significantly (p<0.05) in both males and females patients groups in comparing with males and females of healthy groups respectively, and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum HDL - C in both males and females patients groups in comparing with males and females of healthy groups respectively.The results indicated a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum TSP - 1 level in females than males patients at same BMI (over weight and obese) except normal weight there is no significant differences (p>0.05) and there is no significant differences (p>0.05) between males and female of control groups at same BMI.The results show that TSP - 1 increase significantly (p<0.05) with increasing age of patients in males and females patients and the ages (55 - 64y) are highly significant(p<0.05) than (45 - 54y) and (35 - 44y), But there is no significant differences (p>0.05) in males and females of healthy groups at different ages. while there is a significant increase (p<0.05) in serum TSP - 1 level at same ages in both males and females patients in comparing with males and females of healthy groups respectively. The results also indicated that TSP - 1 increasing significantly (p<0.05) with increasing duration of disease in males and females patients and the (11 - 15y) reveals a highly significantly (P<0.05) than (6 - 10y) and (1 - 5y). The results have been shown significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between TSP - 1 and FBG, TSP - 1 and HbA1c, TSP - 1 and BMI, TSP - 1 and cholesterol, TSP - 1 and TG, TSP - 1 and LDL - C, TSP - 1 and VLDL - C in (males and females), males, females DM patients. The results have been shown significant negative correlation (P<0.05) between TSP - 1 and HDL - C in (males and females), males, females DM patients. The present study concluded that Thrombospondin - 1 and HbA1c levels were markers for detection and diagnosis of diabetic patients type

التعبير الكيميائي - النسجي - المناعي والجزيئي لجينات Inh - a وInh - ba وInh - bb في الاعضاء التناسلية لذكور جرذان الوستر البالغة وغير البالغة == Immunohistochemical And Molecular Expression of Inh - A, Inh - Ba And Inh - Bb Genes In Reproductive Organs of Immature And Mature Male Wistar Rats

Author name: وداد عبد جواد التميمي
Supervisor name: جبار عباس احمد الساعدي | عدنان وحيد محمد البديري
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Histology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study has been carried out at the department of biology, College of Education, Al - Qadisiya University, Iraq, to investigate the immunological localization of transforming growth factors beta (inhibins and activins) subunits during immature and mature periods and its involvement in male reproductive physiology of rats.At pre - pubertal stage, five male rats of 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 days old, and at post - pubertal stage, five male rats of 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75 days old have been used in the present study. Experimental animals have been anesthetized and blood samples were obtained from abdominal vein for assesment of activin - A, inhibin - B, FSH, LH, testosterone, and estrogen, testis volumes were measured for each age period. Testes, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicle, were obtained for molecular and immunohistochemical studyto investigate the expression levels of Inha, Inhba, and Inhbb genes using qRT - PCR and immunohistochemical technique.The present study demonstrated gradual increase of testis volume throughout the male rat life in parallel with the increase of serum inhibin - B and testosterone concentrations. Serum activin - A concentration increased significantly at 30 and 40 day periods. Throughout the post - pubertal stage, activin - A concentration gradually decreased. Serum inhibin - B concentrations gradually decreased at the pre - pubertal stage. Post - pubertal stage registered gradual increase. At 25, 30, and 35 day periods, serum FSH level registered no significant changes, whereas 40 day period recorded significant increase then decreased at 45 day period. Throughout the post - pubertal period, the level of FSH concentrations continued in gradual decrease. At 25, 30, 35, and 40 day periods, serum LH and testosterone levels showed no significant differences, whereas 45 day period recorded significant increase. Postpubertal period showed gradual significant increase. Serum estradiol concentration decreased gradually at the pre - pubertal stage and continued in decrement at the post - pubertal stage.The expression level of Inha gene in testis decreased as the age progress until 40 day period, and then slightly increased at 45 day period. At 55 day period, the expression significantly increased. At 60 and 65 periods, the levels recorded no increase, but 70 and 75 day periods recorded significant increase. The expression level of Inhba gene increased significantly as the age progress at the pre - pubertal stage, where the highest level was recorded at 45 day. At 55, 60, and 65 day periods, the highest expression level has been recorded, thenafter, the levels decreased at 70 and 75 day periods. The expression level of Inhbb gene increased significantly at 30, 35, 40, and 45 day periods of the pre - pubertal stage. At 55 and 60 day periods, no significant difference was recorded compared with 45 day period. At 65 day period, the highest level was recorded, thenafter, the levels decreased at 70 and 75 day periods. The expression level of Inha gene in epididymis recorded no significant difference at all periods of the pre - pubertal stage, but the post - pubertal stage showed gradual significant increase as age progressed. The expression level of Inhba gene recorded no difference at 25, 30, 35, and 40 day periods, but it was significantly higher at 45 day period. The levels at 55, 60, and 65 day periods recorded no significant difference when compared with each other or with 45 day period. Significant increase has been recorded at 70 and 75 day periods. The expression level of Inhbb gene increased significantly at 30 and 35 but it decreased at 40 day period, then it showed further increase at 45 day period. At 55, 60, 65, and 70 day periods, also increased but the highest expression level was recorded at 75 day period.The expression level of Inha, Inhba, Inhbb genes in prostate recorded no significant difference at all periods of the pre - pubertal stage, but the postpubertal stage showed significant increase at all periods.The expression level of Inha and Inhba genes in seminal vesicle recorded no significant difference at 25, 30, 35, and 40 day periods and significant increase at 45 day period. The 55, 60, and 65 day periods recorded no significant difference when compared with each other but significant increase has been recorded at 70 and 75 day periods. The expression level of Inhbb gene recorded no significant difference at 25, 30, and 35 day periods, but it increased as the age progressed, whereas the levels showed no significant difference at all periods of the post - pubertal stage, but they were significantly higher than that recorded at the pre - pubertal stage. The results of immunohistochemical study demonstrated positive immunostaining for inhibin - ? subunit in Sertoli cells and primary spermatocyte and no staining in Leydig cells of pre - pubertal rat testis, whereas post - pubertal testis showed positive immunostaining in Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and primary spermatocyte at 55 day period and positive immunostaining in Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and spermatogonia at 60 day period. There was positive immunostaining in Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte and spermatid at 65, 70, and 75 day periods. At 25 and 30 day periods of pre - pubertal stage, rat epididymis showed moderate positive immunostaining in epithelial cells, but strong positive staining in epithelial cells has been shown at 35, 40, and 45 day periods and at all periods of the post - pubertal stages. The result expressed positive immunostaining in the epithelial cells of the pre - pubertal rat prostate and strong positive immunostaining at the post - pubertal stage. on the otherhand both, pre - pubertal and post - pubertal rat seminal vesicle showed strong positive immunostaining in epithelial cells. Weak positive immunostaining of Inhba has been observed in the primary spermatocyte and no staining in Sertoli cells and Leydig cells in the prepubertal rat testis and at 55 day period of the post - pubertal rat testis, and no staining in Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and spermatogenic cells at 60, 65, 70, and 75 day periods. Moreover there was positive immunostaining in epithelial cells in both the pre - pubertal and post - pubertal rat epididymis and prostate. In the post - pubertal stage, rat prostate showed strong positive mmunostaining in epithelial cells. No staining was observed in epithelial cells in both the prepubertal and post - pubertal rat seminal vesicle. The pre - pubertal rat testis showed strong immunostaining for Inhbb subunit in Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and primary spermatocyte, in adittion to spermatid in post - pubertal rat testis. Strong positive immunostaining in epithelial cells of the pre - pubertal rat epididymis at 25 and 30 day periods was expressed, but moderate positive immunostaining in epithelial cells of prepubertalrat epididymis was observed at 35, 40, and 45 day periods and postpubertal rat epididymis. However Inhbb subunit in both pre - pubertal and postpubertal rat prostate showed positive immunostaining in epithelial cells. There was positive immunostaining in epithelial cells in the pre - pubertal rat seminal vesicle at 25, 30, 35, and 40 day periods, and strong positive immunostaining at 45 day period and post - pubertal stage.It could be concluded that serum inhibin - B has positive correlation with testis volum and testosterone concentration at pre - and post - pubertal stages, and positive correlation with FSH and LH concentrations at pre - pubertal but negative partial correlation at post - pubertal stage. There was relationship between serum inhibin and activin concentration and fold changes of Inha, Inhba, and Inhbb genes in testis, epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicle tissues at all periods of the study. Positive immunostaining for inhibin ? - and ?B - subunits, but not for ?A - subunit has been shown in testis cells and epithelial cells of seminal vesicle, positive immunostaining for inhibin ?, ?A, and ?B subunits in the epididymis and prostate

التحري عن نوعية مياه الشرب لمحطتي معالجة مياه الحي والبشائر في محافظة واسط جنوبي العراق == Investigation of Drinking Water Quality In Al - Haay And Al - Bashaar Water Treatment Plants In Wasit Province Southern Iraq

Author name: وسام باسم محمد التميمي
Supervisor name: احمد جاسم محمد العزاوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Environment - Environmental pollution
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: م اجراء فحوصات فيزيائية وكيميائية واحيائية لمياه الشرب في محطتي الحي والبشائر وعدد من المناطق التي تغذيها, شهريا للمدة من تشرين الاول 2013 الى شهر تموز 2014, عبر مراحل التصفية وصولا الى المنازل التي تقع على مسافات مختلفة عن مصدر التجهيز وبواقع نموذجين لكل | Physical, chemical and a biological tests were carried out and drinking water samples were collected from AL - Haay and AL - Bashaer water treatment plants and number of residential areas fed by these plants for period extended from October 2013 to July 2014, through the purification stages up to residential sites at different areas situated with various distances from the supplying source, two samples were taken monthly. Air temperature at sampling time was varied from 16°C to 42°C and from 10°C to 34°C, for water temperature at sampling time also. The results of pH values were within the allowable limits, ranging from 7.1in autumn to 8.1 in summer. For EC, the highest value recorded for raw water was in winter with 1338 µs/cm, while the lowest value was in spring with 920 µs/cm. The highest value recorded for drinking water was again in winter with 1330 µs/cm, and the lowest value was 910µs/cm in spring also. The highest value of turbidity recorded for raw water was in winter with 89 NTU and the lowest value was in spring with 26 NTU, while the highest mean value recorded for drinking water was 20 NTU again in winter and the lowest value was 1 NTU in spring. The study showed that the results of TDS values ware ranged from 622 mg/L in spring to 1024mg/L in winter. The highest value of residual chlorine was recorded in summer with 4.5 mg/L; the lowest value was zero mg/L in some of the farthest points of the plants. For sulfates, values were ranged from 289 mg/L in spring to 498.4 mg/L in winter. All the recorded values of chlorides ions for all water samples were within the allowable limits, its values ranged from 98mg/L in summer to156.3 mg/L in winter. For total hardness, the values were exceeding 500mg/L and allowable limits for Iraqi standard criteria. The highest value recorded for raw water was in winter with 520 mg/L and the lowest value was in summer with 351 mg/L, while the highest value recorded for drinking water was again in winter with 516mg/L and the lowest value was 337 mg/L in summer also. For calcium values ranged from 75 mg/L in summer to 135 mg/L in winter. The results of this study showed high levels of lead, cadmium and aluminum in most water samples which collected during study period compared with those that exceeded the acceptable limits provided from the quality control unit and which are considered to have adverse effects on health. For lead, values were found to vary from 0.0030 mg/l in summer to 0.16 mg/l in winter (higher acceptable limits is 0.01 mg/L). While in case of cadmium the values lied between 0.0014 mg/l in winter and 0.015 mg/l in summer (higher acceptable range is 0.0030). However, for aluminum these data were ranged from 0.0062 mg/l in raw water during spring to 0.29 mg/l in drinking water during spring also (higher acceptable range is 0.2). The current results showed an increased in the number of autotrophic bacteria, total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, and E. coli during winter season in most study locations as compared to those of the other seasons for both water plants raw and drinking water while the FS values were less than those of other bacterial types for both water plants. The Total plat count results of drinking water were exceed 100 cell/ml, the allowable limit for drinking water, for some samples of both water plants. on the other hand, the TC, FC and E. coli exceeded zero cell/100ml, the allowable limits for drinking water, in many drinking water samples for both water plants

دراسة بعض تاثيرات اللقاح المحضر من العزلة المحلية لبكتيريا Klebsiella pneumoniae == Study of Some Effects of Prepared Vaccine From Local Strain of The Klebsiella Pneumoniae

Author name: ياسر عبد الجبار عبود السوداني
Supervisor name: عصام فاضل علوان الجمیلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم جمع خمسين عينة سريرية من قشع مرضى مصابين بذات الرئـــة. وذلك للمدة من تشرين الثاني 2013 ولغاية ايار 2013 من مستشفى ابن البلدي ومستشفى بغداد وذلك لعزل وتشخيص بكتريا Klebsiella pneumoniae التي تعد احدى العوامل المهمة المسببة لاصابات الرئة. واخضعت عينات | Fifty clinical samples collected from sputum of patients who suffered from pneumoniae in Ibn - Balady hospital and the hospital in Baghdad city during the period from November 2012 to May 2013 for the isolation and identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae, one of the important causative agents of infection occurs in the lungs. Sputum samples were subjects to the standard laboratory procedures including identification by biochemical test and VIETK system. The results showed 15 isolates were revealed as Klebsiella Spp, only 10 isolates represented K.pneumoniae, The isolates were examined to produce extracellular toxic complex (ETC) it was found that the isolate named K2 was the higher production. Two method for purification the extracellular toxic complex (ETC) were used, first Aqueous two phase systems, In this method polymer - salt aqueous two phase system was evaluated in crude extract of K. pneumoniae at varying concentration of Dextran T - 150 with 20% with polyvinyl pyrrolidone to final rate (1 : 1) (wt : wt) with 0.2M sodium sulphate. The results showed the best concentration dilution sample given as (4.25 : 0.75) with protein concentration (97.173 mg/ml) which contained ETC in the lower layer and the mice died within 4 hours, while the second method performed by using two step column chromatography, ion exchange DEAE - Cellulose and gel filtration (Sepharose - 4B). In the first step sample given lethal activity by injection to the mice after six hours with protein concentration (55mg/ml), More purification by the second step animal died after 3hours with contain protein (27.75mg/ml). Furthermore, the results of the extracellular toxic complex characterization proved that molecular weight was 39810 Dalton determined through Gel - filtration chromatography using Sepharose 6B gel. The LD50 value of purified toxin was calculated, and the result was (6.52 mg/ml) of toxin.This quantity was found effective to cause killing of 50% of the total toxin treated animals. The biological effect of purified toxin of K. pneumoniae K2 have been examined in vivo by injection of dose (0.5 ml) of purified ETC toxin that contain (10.875 mg/ml ) protein. The final part of the study involved the histopathological changes were noted, abundant mononuclear infiltrate of inflammatory cells with necrosis of lung parenchyma. The second group of mice injected with (0.05 ml of ETC) that contain protein (1.085mg/ml) represented as sub lethal dose Histopathological changes were noted showing near of the normal appearance of alveoli and alveolar space, with presence of congestion of blood vessels. The third group of mice inject with (0.5 ml from Tris - base buffer only) represented control showed normal alveoli and alveolar space with presence of bronchial. In the immunological test the sample ETC examined with ELISA and given IgG titer (189.68+50.70 ng/ml) compared with control (46.78+12.45). This titer of IgG tested with Double immune diffusion assay and gave precipitation line with antigen compared with control.

الكشف عن الرز المحور وراثيا باستخدام انواع مختلفة من التفاعل الانزيمي المتسلسل PCR == Detection of Genetically Modified Rice By Different Type of PCR

Author name: ياسمين ابراهيم فرحان
Supervisor name: امنة نعمة الثويني
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In recent years, foods produced by genetic engineering technology have been on the world food markets. The biosafety aspects, regulations, and labeling for these foods are still contentious issues in most countries. Thus detection and quantificationof GMOs play crucial role for developing regulations on GM foods.In this study, eighty six non - labeled rice samples from different locals and exported market were analyzed to detect the genetic modification using a DNA based detectionvmethods as, conventional Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Real time PCR (RTPCR).The DNA rice samples were extracted by manual C - hexadecyl - Trimethyl - Ammonium - Bromide (CTAB) method and wizard kit method. The result revealed that DNA yield by the two methods is comparable. Rice DNA tends to be of a higher concentration when purified with the CTAB method; however, this particular DNA is more easily to amplify, the optical density (OD) was recorded 1.70 - 1.98 and the concentration of DNA quantified by fluorometer DNA rice samples, ranged from 11 to 50.5 ?g/?l. The DNA rice sample has also been used successfully with the Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit, and showed varieties in quality, the OD was recorded 1.65 - 1.95, and the concentration between 4.7 - 43.8 ?g/?l.The rice specific gene (sps gene) was detected by PCR. The results demonstrate that the purity of the extracted DNA in all tested rice samples was sufficiently high for a sensitive PCR analysis and the primer of detected gene appeared clearly at 251pb.Three genes; CaMV 35S promoter, NOS terminator, and insecticide resistant gene Cry1Ac were used to detect of GM rice by PCR, and Real time PCR using oligonucleotide sets targeting to novel genes. The result showed that there was no positive result reaction with conventional PCR, while the outcome of gradient PCR revealed a positive reaction in one sample (Uncle Bens brown) for CaMV35S promoter only. Gradient PCR with 12 replicons for each sample was used for qualitative detection of CaMV35S promoter gene, after optimization of melting temperature and cycles run (45 cycles) , the results appeared positive in the last three grades (63.9, 64.6, 64.9) for CaMV35S promoter, but NOS terminator, and CryIAc were recorded negative results.The result of Real - Time PCR clarified that the CaMV35S promoter specific primer showed strong amplification with Ct, and Tm values were reached into 33.73, 38.63 and 61.55, 62.92 in two samples Uncle Bens brown and Himalayan brown, respectively, whereas NOS terminator gave positive results in four samples Maxims, Laasturiana, Carolin white and Mahatma, and the values Ct and Tm reached to30.87, 30.31, 30.54, 33.75 and 64.53, 64.61, 62.62, 63.87 respectively in comparison with the positive control, while CryI Ac which did not show any positive signal.It was concluded that using molecular methods like Real - time PCR will be useful tool for detecting GM rice such as a part of the approval detection processes because of the rarity of data concerning consumption of GM rice in Iraq.

تاثير الاصابة بداء المقوسات الكوندية على المستويات الهورمونية والمدورات الخلوية خلال فترة بلوغ الانسان في محافظة بغداد == The Effect of Toxoplasmosis On Hormonal And Cytokines Levels During Human Maturity In Baghdad Province

Author name: ياسمين رياض عبد الكريم الخناق
Supervisor name: صباح ناصر العلوجي | خولة حوري زغير
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: داء المقوسات الكونديه مرض عالمي الانتشار حيث يصاب معظم الاشخاص ذوي المناعة الجيدة بطفيلي المقوسات الكونديه وغالبا دون ظهور اعراض. ان الهدف الرئيسي لهذه الدراسه هو فهم الفروقات الجنسيه, الهرمونيه والمناعيه في سن البلوغ في الاشخاص الذين لديهم اجسام مضاده نو | Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide disease where most healthy, immunocompetent individuals infected by Toxoplasma are almost asymptomatic.The primary goal of this study is to perceive the hormonal and immunological sex - differences in puberty age who have positive anti - Toxoplasma IgG specific antibodies. The secondary goal is to inspect the endocrine - immune interaction in these persons by detecting the effect of testosterone and oestradiol hormones level on cellular immune response namely, IL - 4, IL - 12. From the first of November 2012 till the end of April 2013, 303 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy male and female students of Al - Erfan, Ignadeen and Algawahery schools and Baghdad University, Both sexes where divided into two age groups : group (A) which included subjects with age range (12 - 15) years old and group (B) which included subjects with age range (16 - 19) years old. All serum samples were tested for toxoplasmosis by using Latex agglutination test and ELISA anti - Toxoplasma IgG antibodies test. As well as, all serum samples were tested by using ELISA technique for detection of serum mean concentration of testosterone, oestradiol hormones, IL - 12 and IL - 4. The results revealed that 107/ 303 (35.31%) of the studied subjects showed seropositive toxoplasmosis, 60 males and 47 females of 107 positive samples showed high significant (p<0.01) differences in comparison to uninfected subjects. Males group B have recorded the highest percentage 34(41.46%) of the infection. Positive association was found between toxoplasmosis and testosterone level in asymptomatic toxoplasmosis cases compared to uninfected group. high mean concentration of testosterone in toxoplasmosis infected males recorded (15.03± 1.04 ng/ml) and (12.4± 0.91 ng/ml) in groups A and B respectively, in comparison to control group which recorded (8.03± 0.78) and (9.86± 0.83) in groups A and B respectively. Also toxoplasmosis infected females revealed high levels of testosterone hormone which represented (4.83± 0.06 ng/ml) and (2.55± 0.03 ng/ml) in groups A and B respectively, with a significant (p?0.05) differences between them, while the control group recorded (0.10± 0.02 ng/ml) and (0.90±0.03 ng/ml) in group A and B respectively.The present study showed a significant (P?0.05) decrease in the mean concentration of oestradiol E2 hormone in toxoplasmosis infected males and females in comparison with uninfected ones. E2 mean concentration was (41± 2.48 ng/ml) and (56± 2.91 ng/ml) for male groups A and B, respectively, in comparison to control group which recorded (67± 2.08 ng/ml) and (74± 2.42 ng/ml) in group A and B respectively, while it was (188 ± 12.48 ng/ml) and (196 ± 16.52 ng/ml) for female group A and B respectively, in comparison to control group which recorded (221±12.09 ng/ml) and (233± 15.63 ng/ml) for group A and B, respectively.The mean concentration of E2 hormone in toxoplasmosis infected females according to their menstrual cycle showed low levels in ovulation, late follicular and luteal phases, which represent (37.5 ± 2.59 ng/ml), (131 ± 16.7 ng/ml) and (76± 3.92 ng/ml) respectively, while the mean concentration of this hormone in uninfected females was (52.4± 2.88 ng/ml), (271.6± 21.04 ng/ml) and (196.2± 12.37 ng/ml) in the three phases of menstrual cycle. This study showed high significant (p?0.05) level of IL - 12 in both males and females with latent toxoplasmosis in comparison with free - toxoplasmosis groups. The mean concentration of IL - 12 in infected males was (4.75 ± 0.88 pg/ml) and (4.12 ± 0.69 pg/ml) in male groups A and B respectively, in comparison to control group which was (2.86± 0.53 pg/ml) and (2.46± 0.62 pg/ml) in groups A and B respectively, while it was (5.60 ± 0.12 pg/ml) and (6.04 ± 0.26 pg/ml) in infected female groups A and B respectively, in comparison to control group which recorded (3.32± 0.89 pg/ml) and (4.27± 0.15 pg/ml) in group A and B respectively. IL - 4 recorded quite elevated level in toxoplasmosis infected males (groups A and B) which was (15.09 ± 0.92 pg/ml) and (17.67 ± 0.78 pg/ml) respectively, in comparison to control group which recorded (13.89± 0.84 pg/ml) and (14.92± 0.69 pg/ml) in groups A and B respectively, Meanwhile the mean concentration of IL - 4 in toxoplasmosis infected females showed mild elevation in both groups A and B which was (15.14 ± 0.84 pg/ml) and (16.06 ± 1.13 pg/ml) respectively, in comparison with toxoplasmosis free subjects which recorded (16.53± 1.22 pg/ml) and (15.15 ± 0.97 pg/ml) with no significant differences between them. Interactions between the endocrine and immune systems may mediate sex differences in response to toxoplasmosis infection.

تحديد الصفات المظهرية والوراثية لانواع بكتريا المكورات المعوية المعزولة من المرضى في محافظة النجف الاشرف == Phenotypic And Genotypic Detection of Enterococcus Sp. Isolated From Patients In Al - Najaf Al - Ashraf Governorate

Author name: زهراء حميد عودة القريشي
Supervisor name: مهدي حسين محيل العمار
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Bacteria
Degree: Master
University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: The study aimed to isolate and identify the Enterococcus spp. from different clinical specimens and study the virulence factors of predominant species, as well as detected the virulence factors encoding genes such as efaA (endocarditis - associated antigen), esp (enterococcal surface protein), eep (stimulating of pheromones expression) and enlA (enterolysin A) genes by PCR techniques.There were three hundred clinical specimens collected from patients suffering from different clinical infections during the period from September 2013 to January 2014 in AL - Sadder Medical City and AL - Hakem General Hospital. The identification of the Enterococcus spp. isolates were depended on colonial morphology, microscopic examination and biochemical tests as a primary identification. The final identification was performed with the automated VITEK - 2 compact system using Gram positive - Identification (GP - ID) cards.According to the results obtained by the VITEK tests forty two clinical isolates of Enterococcus were detected, which distributed into : (22) isolates from urine, (8) vaginal swabs, (6) seminal fluid, (4) throat swabs and two isolates from wound swabs with no isolates from cerebral spinal fluid, stool and blood specimens.This study revealed that the E. faecalis is more distributed with 25(59.52%), followed by E. faecium with 10 (23.80%), E.avium with 5 (11.90 %), E. durans and E. raffinosus with 1(2.39%) for each.The study investigated the virulence factors of E. faecalis, E.faecium and E.avium, which play a major role in enterococcus pathogenicity. E. faecalis and E.faecium had the ability to producecapsule, gelatinase, biofilm, adhesion, protease, bacteriocin, haemolysin and cytolysin except ? - lactamase produced only by E. faecalis while E.avium produced all these virulence factors except gelatinase, bacteriocin and cytolysin.The results revealed variation in the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, E.faecalis express absolute resistance (100%) to Erythromycin, high resistance against Gentamycin, Tetracyclin and Vancomycin but high susceptibility to Ciproflaxacin and Penicillin and moderate susceptibility to Chloramphenicol. E.faecium exhibited absolute resistance (100%) to Erythromycin, Gentamycin and Tetracyclin, high resistance against Chloramphenicol, Penicillin and Vancomycin but high susceptibility to Ciproflaxacin while E.avium exhibited susceptibility (100%) to all these antibiotics except Tetracyclin showed absolute resistance.Then detected the virulence factors encoding genes : efaA, esp, eep and enlA genes by using PCR techniques and Electrophoresis Systems.Finally, The genotypic method. Regard to genotypic study the outcome showed that 21(84%) isolates of E.faecalis, 4(40%) of E.faecium and 5(100%) of E.avium were carrying efaA gene and 17(68%) of E.faecalis, 5(50%) of E.faecium, 5(100%) of E.avium were carrying esp gene while eep gene was carrying only by E.faecalis and E.faecium ; 12(48%) and 3(30%) respectively. Also the results revealed that only 1(4%) isolates of E.faecalis have enlA gene.

التحري عن التعبير الجيني لل FOXP3 وTGF - ?1 باستخدام الطرائق الجزيئية والمناعية في سرطان الرئة اللاصغير الخلية == Detection of FOXP3 Gene Expression And TGF - ?1 Using Molecular And Immunological Methods In Non - Small Cell Lung Carcinoma

Author name: سهاد فيصل حاتم المقدادي
Supervisor name: امنة نصيف جاسم | بان عباس عبد المجيد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Studies have linked FOXP3 and TGF - ? expression to the outcome of certain cancers. FOXP3 is a marker known to be expression in T - regulatory cells while TGF - ? is a secreted protein usually detected in the extra cellular matrix.The present study aimed at focusing on the identification of immune markers namely FOXP3 and TGF - ? with their expression patterns in lung cancer patients as a useful tool to predict disease progression.Also it is aimed to design molecular evaluation of m RNA expression of both FOXP3 and TGF - ? in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bronchial (brush) cells of patients with lung cancer and benign lesions, using qRT PCR; determining the T - reg level in the peripheral blood employing the High Rsolution Melting (HRM) as a novel method to detect Treg - specific demethylated region (TSDR); molecular DNA analysis of somatic mutation of exons 3, 6, 7 of FOXP3 in patients with lung cancer tissue and benign lesions and immunohistochemical (IHC) estimation of FOXP3 and TGF - ?1 in T - reg and cancer cells in formalin fixed paraffin embedded(FFPE)lung cancer tissue and benign lesions.Blood samples were collected from 30 patients with newly diagnosed, non small cell lung carcinoma and 30 patients with benign lesions.Patients were recruited at The Specialized Surgery Hospital and Oncology Teaching Hospital/Baghdad.Samples from 16 apparently healthy donors were used as control during the period from June 2012 to June 2013. The samples preservation with TRIzol reagent were subjected to molecular study including RNA and DNA extraction; reverse transcription; RT - PCR; HRM assay and DNA sequencing were done in the Molecular Oncology Unit/Guys and ST Thomas? s hospital/ King College/London/UK.The expression level of FOXP3 was high in 16(61.5%)in lung cancer cases.A significant difference was noticed between cancer cases from one side and benign lesions or healthy control on the other side p<0.05.Mean of FOXP3 expression(fold change)was significantly high(2.64±0.09)in cancer cases than in benign cases(1.32±0.04)and healthy control(1.38±0.06)with p<0.05.A significant association between high expression level and >60 age and squamous cell carcinoma in cancer cases P<0.05.The expression level of TGF - ? was high in 16(61.5%)in lung cancer cases.A significant difference was noticed between cancer cases from one side and benign lesions or healthy control on the other side p<0.05.Mean of TGF - ? expression (fold change) was significantly high (6.27±0.56) in cancer cases more than healthy control (2.87±0.09) with p<0.05.The association was significant between TGF - ? expression level (high and low) and age>60in cancer and benign groups (p<0.05), while no significant association with gender and cancer types were noticed.For FOXP3 mRNA expression in bronchial brush cells, the result showed no significant difference between the mean fold change of malignant(3.57 ± 0.06) and benign(4.02 ± 0.06) patients. The low expression was predominated both in cancer and benign cases. No significant differences were found between FOXP3 expression (high and low) and age; gender ; cancer types..According to FOXP3 T - reg specific demethylated region detection, results showed that the mean percentage of FOXP3demethylation in lung cancer patients (4.32 ± 0.04) was significantly higher than in benign lesions (3.22 ± 0.02) patients andhealthy controls(3.33±0.04). A positive correlation coefficient with high significant, was found in the group of cancer samples (R² = 0.6653;r = 0.69;P : 0.0017)on correlating percentage of Treg and demethylation of FOXP3 from one side with its m RNA expression on the other side.In benign lesion group was(R² = 0.5334;r= 0.59;p= 0.0027), While in the control group a positive correlation but a weak significance was found (R²= 0.2383;r=0.28;P=0.0437).FOXP3 gene sequencing revealed high frequency of missense mutations c.715 GTA>CTA : V 239 L in 17 (94.44%) in malignant sample and non cancerous cases7 (87.5%)without statistical differences. Missence mutations were also detected in exone 3 in 3(16.67%) cancer cases and in 1(12.5 %) benign lesion.No missense mutations could be detected in exon 6. Intronic mutations and silent mutation were variable in three exons without statistical differences. Many cases of adenocarcinoma have shown multiple mutations either of missense or Intronic types. Missense mutations of exon 7 were correlated significantly with an age of 60?years. Exon 3 mutations were significantly associated with adenocarcinoma. Positive FOXP3 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in tumor cells was associated with high missense mutations frequency 10(55.55%) in exon7, while in exone 3 was 2(11.11%). Negative FOXP3 IHC staining in the tumor cells was associated with seven missense mutations in exon7 and one (5.55%) in exon 3, in addition 4(23.53%) cases of the exon 7 missense mutations were associated with negative FOXP3 expression in lymphocytes.The result showed that FOXP3 by using IHC staining was positive in 21(70%) of nuclei of cancer cells, and 22(73.3%)in Treg infiltrates.The positive cancer cells and Treg infiltrates associated significantly with age>60 (p<0.05).No significant association was found withgender, cancer type, while there is association with moderate differentiation compared to poorly differentiation (p<0.05). High frequence of FOXP3 expression score 3 and high intensity were appeared in nuclear cancer cells compared to benign lesions cells, while Treg infiltrates with score 1 and high intensity was high frequency in malignant and benign.The result showed that TGF - ?1 by using IHC staining was positive in 25(83.3%) in the cancer cells and 21(70%) in stromal cells. No significant difference was noted between positive expression in malignant and benign lesions p>0.05.No significant association was noticed between positive cells expression and age, gender, cancer type and differentiation p>0.05. High frequency of TGF - ?1 expression score 3 and high intensity in malignant cells and benign. Also stromal cell expression score 3 and high intensity were predominated in malignant and benign lesions. The high and moderate intensity expression was more frequent in matrix surrounding cancer cells compared to non cancerous.Total agreement and kappa coefficient between FOXP3 and TGF - ?1were poor in malignant and benign epithelial cells and stroma, while the perfect agreement was between expression of TGF - ?1in stromal cells

تعدد الاشكال الوراثي للحركيات الخلوية وHLA - DQB1 في مرضى السل الرئوي == Genetic Polymorphisms of Cytokines And HLA - DQB1 In Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Author name: خلود كريم حسن
Supervisor name: علي حسين ادحية
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aimed to understand the correlation between serum level of nine cytokines (IL - 1?, IL - 1RA, IL - 2, IL - 4, IL - 6, IL - 10, IL - 12, IFN - ? and TNF - ?) and their genetic polymorphisms at 16 gene positions defined by sequence specific primer - polymerase chain reaction (SSP - PCR) in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients, and in addition HLA - DQB1 gene polymorphism was also defined by SSP - PCR to determine their role in susceptibility or resistance to M. tuberculosis. Finally, serum level of cortisol was also determined in the patients.Ninety four Iraqi Arabs PTB patients (70 males and 24 females) were enrolled in the study. They were referred to the Institute of Chest and Respiratory Diseases in Baghdad for diagnosis and treatment during the period May - October 2012. A control sample of 80 apparently healthy individuals was also included and matched patients for gender (60 males and 20 females) and ethnicity. The results are summarized in the following : 1. A significant increased serum level of IL - 1? (24.16 ± 8.82 vs. 3.20 ± 1.18 pg/ml), IL - 1RA (41.31 ± 6.64 vs. 16.85 ± 5.50 pg/ml), IL - 2 (17.63 ± 3.53 vs. 7.80 ± 1.10 pg/ml), IL - 4 (9.56 ± 2.60 vs. 3.81 ± 1.70 pg/ml), IL - 10 (34.49 ± 4.60 vs. 7.61 ± 1.70 pg/ml), IL - 12 (25.16 ± 5.85 vs. 7.70 ± 1.12 pg/ml) and TNF - ? (22.52 ± 4.41 vs. 4.97 ± 1.15 pg/ml) was recorded in PTB patients compared to controls. Also, Cortisol serum level was significantly increased in patients (215.47 ± 1.33 vs. 38.63 ± 1.74 ng/ml).2. Cytokine gene polymorphism analysis revealed that neither genotypes nor alleles of IL1A - 889, IL2 - 330, IL2+166, IL4 - 590, IL4 - 33, IL6+565, IL10 - 819, IL10 - 592, IL12B - 1188 and TNF - 238 genes showed a significant variation between PTB patients and controls. In contrast, the frequency of TT genotype of IL1RN gene at position mspal 11100 showed a significant (P = 0.004) increase in PTB patients compared to controls (65.9 vs. 43.7%). For IL4 - 1098, the frequency of TT genotype was also significantly (P = 0.048) increased inpatients (82.9 vs. 70.0%). At position - 174 of IL6 gene, a significant (P = 0.002) increased frequency of GG genotype was observed in patients (55.3 vs. 31.2%). For IL10 gene, only GG genotype at position IL10 - 1082 was observed with a significant (P = 0.045) increased frequency in patients (18.1 vs. 7.5%). At position - 308 of TNF gene, a significant (P = 6.9 x 10 - 5) decreased frequency of GG genotype was observed in patients (60.6 vs. 87.5%), while GA genotype was significantly (P = 1.3 x 10 - 4) increased (38.2 vs. 12.5%). Finally, the frequency of AA genotype of IFNG gene at position +874 demonstrated a significant (P = 0.006) increase in PTB patients (55.3%) compared to controls (33.7%).3. To determine the impact of cytokine genotypes on cytokines serum level, PTB patients and controls were distributed according to their serum level in the three genotypes of each cytokine. It was found that CC genotype of IL1RNmspal 11100 in patients was observed with the highest IL - 1RA level (52.16 ± 5.81 pg/ml) compared to TT (41.39 ± 3.23 pg/ml) or TC (38.10 ± 4.54 pg/ml) genotype. The TT genotype of IL2 at position - 330 also showed the highest level of IL - 2 (22.16 ± 4.31 pg/ml) compared to TG (17.59 ± 3.40 pg/ml) or GG (13.68 ± 3.53 pg/ml) genotype in patients. The IL4 - 1098 TT genotype showed the highest level of IL - 4 in patients (10.38 ± 2.21 pg/ml) compared to TG (6.09 ± 1.20 pg/ml) or GG (3.93 ± 0.80 pg/ml) genotype. For IL10 gene, the GG genotype of IL10 - 1082 recorded the highest level of IL - 10 (40.67 ± 2.96 pg/ml), which was significantly different from AA genotype (26.66 ± 5.65 pg/ml). At position - 308 of TNF gene, serum level of TNF - ? in GG genotype of patients demonstrated a significant increased mean compared to genotype GA (24.76 ± 1.30 vs. 19.15 ± 1.12 pg/ml). At position - 238, TNF GG genotype showed a significant increase level of TNF - ? (23.02 ± 2.91 pg/ml) in patients compared to AA genotype (17.18 ± 1.53 pg/ml) of patients. Finally, IFNG+874 AA genotype was observed with the highest IFN - ? level in patients (11.07 ± 1.12 pg/ml) compared to AT (7.97 ± 1.81 pg/ml)or TT (6.10 ± 2.20 pg/ml) genotype. In contrast, no such differences were observed in controls.4. Out of the five encountered HLA - DQB1 alleles, DQB1*03 showed a significant (P = 0.005) increased frequency in PTB patients compared to controls (71.3 vs. 50.0%). It was also observed that heterozygosity at such gene locus was significantly (P = 0.03) more frequent in patients than in controls (93.6 vs. 82.5%), while homozygosity was observed with a less percentage frequency in patients compared to controls (6.4 vs. 17.5%) and the difference was also significant (P = 0.03).Accordingly, it is possible to conclude that the cytokine profile was deviated in PTB patients, and such deviation was correlated with the genotypes of some cytokines, which might also together with HLA - DQB1polymorphism confer the individual an immunogenetic predisposition to develop M. tuberculosis infection.

التحري عن بعض المؤشرات المناعية وارتفاع نسبة وجود الفيروس HCMV في المرضى المصابين بالفشل الكلوي == Assessment of Some Immunological Markers And Viral Load For Hcmv In Patients With Renal Failure

Author name: احمد جاسم شوالة الخويلدي
Supervisor name: مهدي حسين محيل العمار | زياد متعب الخزاعي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة على 150 مريضا الراقدين في مستشفى الصدرالتعليمي ومستشفى الحكيم (قسم الكلى) في محافظة النجف خلال الفترة الممتدة من كانون الاول 2012 الى شهر اب 2013. وكان الغرض من هذه الدراسة بيان علاقة الفيروس المضخم للخلايا بمرض الفشل الكلوي، تراوحت اعما | This study was carried out on 150 renal failure patients, who were admitted to the kidney department in AL - Sadder Medical City and Al - Hakeem hospital in AL - Najaf governorate during the period from December 2012 to August, 2013. Subjects of this study were Investigated for the role of Cytomegalovirus among them, their age ranged between (1 - 88) years. Twenty four (age - and sex - matched) healthy individuals without any evidence of chronic inflammatory disease depended as control. All patients and control divided in four age groups. Blood and urine samples were collected from patients and control for immunological (IgM, IgG, C3, C4, IL - 6, IL - 10, IL - 12 & IFN - ?) by using ELISA and molecular study by RT - PCR, respectively. The obtained results showed that HCMV - IgG antibody was 100% for all cases, while IgM was 18.66% compared with that of control. Real time - PCR amplification for presence of HCMV DNA in urine samples revealed that HCMV genome were detected in 22(14.66%) of the 150 urine samples in all age groups, that distributed into 12(21.05%) with viral load ranged (20 - 543840) Copy/ml in females and 10 (10.75%) with viral load ranged (40 - 28050) Copy/ml for males. The results of cytokines profile showed a highly significant(P<0.05) elevation in patients than control. According to sex females appeared higher IFN - ?, IL - 6, IL - 10 ( 83.86, 82.67, 9.06 pg/ml, respetively) than males were (76.57 , 79.36, 6.51 pg/ml, respectively). Where's IL - 12 were recorded higher elevation in male (28.83 pg/ml ) than females (27.35 pg/ml). According to age groups 41 - 60 age group showed high level in IFN - ?, IL - 6, IL - 10 were (96.45, 90.40, 9.62) pg/ml , respectively.While IL - 12 appeared high level (37.43 pg/ml ) in age group 1 - 20 years Complement fractions C3, C4 decreased in all groups of patients compared to those of a healthy control. C3 was recorded (64.37 mg/dl) in females, and (70.24 mg/dl) in males and decreased to (63.41 mg/dl) in age group (1 - 20) years, while C4 decreased significantly among sex it was (21.06 mg/dl) in females and(24.22 mg/dl) in males, and down to (21.65 mg/dl) in age group (21 - 40) years.The overall finding results showed that HCMV are more prevalence among chronic renal failure patients and cause immune suppressor for them by increase and decrease many immune factors.

دراسة جزيئية لعوامل ضراوة المكورات النعقودية السالبة لانزيم التجليط والمعزولة من اصابات مختلفة == Molecular Study of Virulence Factors of Some Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Isolated From Different Infections

Author name: سعاد عبد الهادي عبد الرزاق الحلو
Supervisor name: عباس شاكر جواد المحنة
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Enzymes
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: The study aimed to investigating the role of coagulase - negative staphylococci in human infections, and determining the predominance genes of the virulence factors. Three hundred clinical specimens were collected from out and inpatients undergoing catheter related infections and twenty specimens were collected from healthy hospital staff as a control from January 2013 to July 2013 of Al - Zahraa Teaching Hospital, Al - Sader Teaching Hospital and Al - Hakeem Hospital in Al - Najaf Al - Ashraf province. The specimens were included urine, blood, vaginal swabs, seminal fluid and wound swabs. The specimens were cultured on mannitol salt agar and the primary identification was depended on Gram stained and biochemical tests. Then finally identification with Vitek 2 system is done.One hundred isolates were identified as coagulase - negative staphylococci (CoNS), Staphylococcus haemolyticus was identified as the most frequently isolated species in (53%), followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (26%) and Staphylococcus hominis were recorded in (21%). Most of CoNS isolates were highly resistance to penicillin G (benzylpenicillin), oxacillin, cefoxitin and erythromycin; and low resistance to rifampicin, levofloxacin and others. While, control isolates results showed moderate resistance to penicillin G and erythromycin; low - level of resistance to cefoxitin, oxacillin and other antibiotics.The investigation of virulence factors revealed that 93% of coagulase - negative staphylococci isolates were production of slime layer, DNase 58%, protease 29% and hemolysin 88%. But the results gave negative result for TNase and lipase enzymes.Monoplex and multiplex PCR were used to explore the MecA, aap, icaA, icaD, atlE, sea, seb, sec, sed, hla, hlb, sspA, sspB, geh, nuc genes. The results showed that all CoNS isolates (100%) had mecA and atlEgenes, but 98% of isolates had aap, 93% icaA and icaD genes. PCR revealed that only (14%) of isolates had genes for enterotoxins expression. (92.86%) and (7.14%), sea and seb respectively, in contrast, the sec and sed genes were not be recorded.The result showed that 47% of CoNS isolates had hla gene and 41% contain hlb gene, 29% were positive for the sspA gene whereas the sspB gene and geh and nuc2 genes not found in any of staphylococcal isolates. Finally, the result indicated that 58% of CoNS isolates were expressed the nuc1 gene.Plasmid curing was carried out in order to determine the origin of resistance and some virulence factor genes (chromosomal or plasmid - borne gene). The curing (elimination) of the plasmids of coagulase - negative staphylococci isolated was catalyzed using ethidium bromide in different concentration and high temperature (44?C). The results showed that the oxacillin resistant coagulase - negative staphylococci were plasmid mediated since 93% of the isolates showed negative result on oxacillin resistance screening agar, and absence of mecA gene from all isolates. Also, 41 of coagulase - negative staphylococci isolates that showed ? - hemolysin became non - hemolysin after manipulated with ethidium bromide.Finelly, taking into consideration the etiological importance of CoNS has often been neglected, the present investigation confirmed that these microorganisms should not be ignored or classified as mere contaminant.

تقييم اختبارات PCR وطرق الزرع الاعتيادية في التشخيص المبكر لتجرثم الدم لدى الاطفال في مستشفى حماية الاطفال التعليمي في مدينة الطب / بغداد == Evaluation of PCR And Culture Methods For The Early Diagnosis of Bacteremia In Children From Welfare Teaching Hospital In Medicine City /Baghdad

Author name: زينب صالح هادي الزبيدي
Supervisor name: محمد ابراهيم نادر
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad - Institute Of Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology - Department Of Biotechnology
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: استهدفت الدراسة الحالية تقييم الفحص المعتمد على تقنية PCR (polymerase chain reaction) (وطرق الزرع الاعتيادية في التشخيص المبكر لتسمم او تجرثم الدم في الاطفال.531 نماذج دم تم جمعها من الاطفال المرضى الذين اعمارهم اقل من 51 سنة ومشتبه بان لديهم اعراض تجرثم | The present study has been undertaken to evaluate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in the diagnosis of bacteremia in comparison with the conventional blood culture techniques in children (infant and newborn).Blood specimens were collected from 135 children under 12 years of age suspected with fever and sepsis, obtained from Welfare Teaching Hospital/Medical City/Baghdad, for the period from April/ 2013 till January/ 2014.Blood specimens were collected and processed for Blood culture and PCR. Blood culture was performed using blood culture bottles contain brain heart infusion broth and positive results were subcultured using three media (macConkey - , chocolate - and blood agar), Gram stain, biochemical tests and conformational test (Api staph and Api 20E). Polymerase chain reaction was done using the universal primer, gram positive specific primer, gram negative specific primer, 16s rRNA primer for coagulase negative staphylococci and LacZ primer for Enterobacteriaceae.Optimization trials was carried out to increase the sensitivity of the PCR by applying 57°C in the annealing step for Gram positive specific primer and Gram negative specific primer to detect Gram positive and negative bacteria in blood respectively.Blood specimens were positive for bacteria in 69 cases (51.1%) by blood culture and 74 cases (54.8%) by PCR out of a total of 135 specimens analyzed. PCR showed more sensitive results compared to blood culture for detection of neonatal bacteremia. current results were revealed the ability of PCR to recognize five pathogens which have been negative by culture, all have been coagulase negative Staphylococci.The most frequent bacteria isolated and detected by PCR and Blood culture methods were Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) (n = 60) followed by Enterobacter spp. (n = 8), E.coli (n = 5) and K.pneumoniae (n= 1). Interestingly, higher incidence rate (81.1%) were documented for the late onset sepsis (LOS) in our study compared to the early onset sepsis (EOS) (18.9%) for all bacteria. LacZ PCR efficiency have been 100% for detection of Enterobacteriaceae in blood.

تاثير انزيم الكلوكوسيل ترانسفيريز المنقى من العزلة المحلية Streptococcus mutans النمط C في انتاج الاضداد (IgY) من صفار بيض طيور الدجاج == The Effect of Glucosyltransferase Purified From Local Isolate Streptococcus Mutans (Serotype C) On Egg Yolk Antibodies (IgY) Generation In Layer Hens

Author name: هاشم محمد زهراو الصبيحاوي
Supervisor name: عصام فاضل علوان الجمیلي | فارس عبد الكريم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: استهدفت الدراسة الحالية عزل وتشخيص بكتيريا Streptococcus mutans المسؤولة عن تنخر الاسنان البشري والتكلسات (plaque) واستخراج اضداد لها من صفار بيض الدجاج Yolk Immunoglobullin (IgY) لغرض استخدامها مستقبلا كمثبطات لنمو هذه البكتيريا الخطيرة ويمكن مزجها مع مع | The presented study aimed to isolate the main agent for dental caries and teeth plaque, Streptococcus mutans bacteria, and then production of specific antibodies against these harmful bacteria by the use of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY). S. mutans had been proposed as the main etiological agents of dental caries and high levels of mutans streptococci in the plaque is correlated with a higher risk for dental caries. Seventy five plaque samples were collected from human teeth. Forty two samples were considered to be positive bacterial isolates using MS - agar (Mitist Salivares agar). Thirty five isolates were considered belonging to the group Streptococci; among these isolates 29 isolates were expected to be belonging to mutans streptococci group according to ability of producing special kind of exopolysaccharides. Ten isolates were considered as S. mutans with a percentage of 41% depending on staining with triphenyltetrazolium chloride and tolerance with NaCl 4%, 6 isolates were classified as serotype C by using Lancefield grouping identification. These isolates were tested for production of extracellular Glucosyltransferase (GTF) through determination of their enzyme specific activity. All isolates were able to produce the enzyme; Streptococci isolate (H5) identified as Streptococcus mutans serotype C was selected as the best producible isolate for GTF with a specific activity of 2.6 U/mg. It was found that GTF of the chosen isolate (H5) was produced during the middle stationary phase (18 - 35 hr.) and its maximal productivity was reached at 22 hr. Purification of S. mutans serotype (C) H5 GTF were done by ammonium sulfate, ion - exchange chromatography (DEAE - Sephacel column), and gel - filtration chromatography using Sepharose 6B column. The best percent saturation use for precipitating GTF by ammonium sulfate was 20 - 40% with specific activity 3.4 U/mg. Two purified GTF enzymes (GTF - I and GTF - II) were detected with specific activity 8.3 U/mg, 35.5 U/mg after 22.6, and 96.1 fold of purification respectively with yield 17.2%. Purification S. mutans CA - GTF (H5) were done by 8M urea, ammonium sulfate, DEAE - Sephacel column and gel - filtration (sepharose 6B) column chromatography. The purified CA - GTF was detected with specific activity 18.1 U/mg after 24.5 fold of purification with yield 20.2%. Determination of purified GTF (GTF - I, GTF - II) and CA - GTF molecular weight was done by using gel - filtration chromatography (sepharose 6B) column with presence of standards proteins. It was found that the molecular weight of GTF - I, GTF - II and CA - GTF was 125.819, 112.201 and 84.139 dalton, respectively. The ability of GTF, CA - GTF and whole cell of S. mutans to stimulate the immune system of avian hens was tested. The intramuscular rout injection of three purified antigens (GTF, CA - GTF and whole cell) in the chest of experimental hens was done. IgG from egg yolk hens (IgY) was purified through the post immunization period (9 weeks) by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and protein content of IgY antibodies was estimated from egg yolk and serum. Each one milliliter of purified IgY egg yolk samples GTF, CA - GTF and Whole cell, protein contained 7.06, 6.97, 3.9 mg/ml, respectively while in serum protein content about2.6, 3.1 and 3.25 mg/ml, respectively. The Sodium dodecyle sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS - PAGE) of anti - GTF (IgY) indicated that purified IgY gave two bands; 47.863 and 34.673dalton which were considered to be IgY heavy and light chains respectively. the IgY - CA - GTF sample is the best in terms IgY specificity 34.07% while the two samples (GTF, Whole cell) performed 30.5% and 29.3% respectively, Igy - GTF the best in terms purity 49% followed IgY - CA - GTF 47% and IgY - whole cell 46.3%. The immunological specificity of the three IgY samples preparations was assessed by ELISA test and the best sample that produced high titration was IgY - GTF with concentration 3.5 mg/ml, followed by the IgY - CA - GTF and IgY - whole cell with concentration 3.28 and 3.1 mg/ml respectively. The IgY - GTF inhibited approximate 75% of the specific activity GTF, while IgY - CA - GTF inhibited 50% of the specific activity CA - GTF. A double immunodiffusion test for detection of the immune response between anti - GTF IgY and purified GTF, CA - GTF and Whole cell antigens were recorded. The immunological response of anti - GTF and anti - CA - GTF was indicated by the appearance of precipitation lines on the surface gel between anti - GTF and two antigens GTF and CA - GTF while in the anti - CA - GTF and anti whole cell only with homologues antigen. The effect of different concentration of inhibitor (Amoxicillin) and anti - GTF, anti - CA - GTF and anti - whole cell on the growth of S. mutans bacteria were tested using broth dilution method and diffusion method on solid medium. Anti - GTF and anti - CA - GTF had no effect on the growth of S. mutans(H5) serotype C, while anti - whole - cell and Amoxicillin were capable to inhibit the growth of bacteria at concentration 20µg/ml and 15µg/ml respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentrations in which these concentrations were noticed at 35µg/ml and 30 µg/ml respectively. The highest zone of inhibition (40 mm) was recognized with Amoxicillin at concentration of 50 µg/ml, followed by anti - whole cell with a zone of inhibition of 34 mm at concentration of 70 µg/ml.

التشخيص الجزيئي لبكتريا Streptococci الفمويه باستخدام جينات gtfs في بعض مرضى السكري المصابين بتسوس الاسنان == Molecular Identification of Oral Streptococci Using Gtfs Genes In Some Iraqi Diabetic Dental Caries Patients

Author name: هالة كمال محسن القزاز
Supervisor name: نورية عبد الحسين علي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذة الدراسة في معهد الهندسة الوراثية والتقنيات الاحيائية في جامعة بغداد خلال الفترة من تشرين الثاني 2012 الى ايار 2013، للكشف عن علاقة تسوس الاسنان بين مرضى السكري والمرضى غير المصابين بالسكري DDCP) و(NDCP اعتمادا على تسوس الاسنان من انواع Streptoco | The present study was carried out in Genetic Engineering and biotechnology Institute / University of Baghdad during the period from November, 2012 to May, 2013 to detect the relationship between diabetic and non - diabetic patients according to the dental caries occurrence and its causes by Streptococcus spp. (S. mutans, S. salivarius and S. oralis (which are isolated from oral cavity, In addition, this study was carried out to study the comparison between the traditional (bacterial culturing) and molecular diagnosis methods. The total number of the studied groups was 95 Iraqi patients (45 diabetic dental caries patients (DDCP) and 50 non - diabetic dental caries patients (NDCP) of both genders who their ages ranged from 18 - 65 years old. The patients, samples including saliva and buccal swabs that randomly collected from DDCP and NDCP who were reviewing Al - Alweyia Centers of Dental Caries and Diabetic Diseases in Al - Yarmook hospital in Baghdad city. The distribution of patients who have dental caries according to genders showed high significant differences at (p<0.01) between two genders (30 females, 15 males) for diabetic dental caries patients, while in non diabetic dental caries patients, there were significant differences at (p<0.05) between two genders (29 females, 21 males). The distribution of diabetic dental caries patients according to age showed high significant differences at (p<0.01) between two genders in age group of 36 - 50 years old, While low significant differences at (p<0.05) between two genders in age group of 20 - 35 years old and no significant differences between two genders in age group more than 50 years old, In another hand in non diabetic dental caries patients, there were no significant differences between two genders in all age groups. The results of samples (saliva and buccal swabs) culturing on mitis salivarius bacitracin agar media (MSBA) appeared that out of 95 bacterial cultures, 67 bacterial cultures were grown (32 bacterial cultures for diabetic dental caries patients and 35 bacterial cultures for non diabetic dental caries patients); S. mutans, S. salivarius, and S. oralis species were identified according to the results of microscopic examination, API kit 20 - strep, hemolysis on blood agar, motility test and catalase test. The molecular study focused on the analysis of DNA which extracted directly from saliva, buccal swabs and from the bacterial culture cells of S. mutans, S. salivares and S. oralis from both diabetic dental caries patients and non diabetic dental caries patients. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results revealed the presence of the product with 433, 544, and 374 bp which were related to gtfD (S. mutans), gtfK (S. salivarius) and gtfR (S. oralis) respectively in all samples (saliva, buccal swabs and bacterial culture). According to the presence of these three genes, there were high significant differences at (p<0.01) between diabetic dental caries patients and non diabetic dental caries patients, while there were no significant differences according to the percentage of presence of each gene between the three species of bacteria. Sequencing of the PCR products of the gtfs (gtfD, gtfK, and gtfR) genes region showed that nine samples gave acceptable results according to National center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) matching, while 3 samples gave no results; this may be due to an error in sequencing system. The sequencing analysis of gtfs gene (gtfD, gtfK and gtfR) revealed that in DDCP the highest percentage of recorded mutations was in the gtfR gene.While in non diabetic dental caries patients, the highest percentage of recorded mutations in the gtfK gene than gtfR genes. In gtfR gene all mutations were substitution for diabetic dental caries patients and non diabetic dental caries patients. Nevertheless, in diabetic dental caries patients the mutations in gtfK and gtfD genes distributed between substitution and deletion mutations without recording any type of insertion mutation. But, in non diabetic dental caries patients, in gtfD all mutations were distributed between three types of mutations (substitution, insertion and deletion). The highest percentage of the effect of mutations in gtfs genes (gtfD, gtfR and gtfK) in diabetic dental caries patients were silent and missense mutation's than the frameshift mutations. on the other hand, the highest percentage of the effect of mutations in gtfs genes (gtfD, gtfR and gtfK) in non diabetic dental caries patients was missense mutations as compared with the other two types of silent and frameshift mutations

دراسة تاثير ضوء الليزر الثنائي الصمام (632 نانومتر) على بكتريا المكورات العنقودية الذهبية بوجـود المثلين الازرق كمتحسس ضوئي == Study of Photodynamic Effect of (632 nm) Laser Diode Light On Staphylococcus Aureus Using Methylene Blue As A Photosensitizer

Author name: ضياء خليل اسماعيل
Supervisor name: نورية عبد الحسين علي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: شملت الدراسة ثمان وسبعين عزلة من بكتريا المكورات العنقودية الذهبية عزلت من مئة وعشرين عينة تم الحصول عليها من عينات حروق وجروح قيحية وتجرثم الدم ومن مرضى يعانون من التهابات المجاري البولية, ومن اكثر من مستشفى للفترة من تشرين الثاني‏ / لغاية اذار/ 2014.تم | Seventy eight isolates of S. aureus bacteria were obtained from one hundred and twenty samples which were collected from different body sites and lesions (urine, blood and purulent wounds and burns) of patients from both sexes during the period November - 2013 to March - 2014. Methicilline sensitivity test (5µg MET disc) showed the appearance of methicillin - resistant in thirty seven Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Following exposure to laser light with a wavelength of 632 nanometer in the presence of Methylene blue at a concentration of 300µM at various exposure times (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 15min), the results showed that the maximum decrease in viable colony counts ranging approximately from (6.9 to 3.8) log10 CFU /ml. Highly significant reduction in the viable count was achieved at 10, 12, 15 min exposure times, and 99% killing of cells were obtained when Photosensitisation of S. aureus using diode laser light at an energy density at 458.6 watt/cm2 for 15 mints. While in their exposure to the laser light in the absence of the dye or the dye in the absence of the laser light presented no significant effect on the viability of the S. aureus isolates. Both of phenotypic and genotypic investigation of the changes in virulence factors and the antibiotic - resistance were evaluated before and after irradiation with laser light.Results of photosensitization susceptibility tests showed large variations in the susceptibility, the isolates with resistant to methicillin before laser irradiation, become sensitive to it with percentage of 21.6%; in contrast the isolates with sensitive to vancomycine become resistant to it with percentage of 32.43%.On the other hand, the isolates that were resistant to Cefotaxime before laser irradiation become within the sensitivity range after laser irradiation with percentage of 51.35%, and also there were isolates within the sensitivity range before laser, become sensitive to Ciprofloxacin with percentage of 27.02% after irradiation. And the isolates of the S. aureus with resistant to Norfloxacin before laser irradiation, become sensitive to it with percentage of 16.2%. Also resulted in decrease the activity of ? - haemolysis, with 33 (90.3%) isolates of S. aureus in comparison to control as shown in blood agar method assay. In contrast had no effect on thermonuclease enzyme after irradiation.Detection of three genes represented in MRSA isolates by a confirmatory test was carried out using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The results of the PCR amplification of mecA gene noted that it was present in 27 (72.2%) S. aureus isolates, While hlb gene detected 17(46%) isolates of 37 samples of S. aureus isolates, 14 of 17 hlb - positive S. aureus isolates(82.3%) were showed reduction in toxin production after exposure to laser light, whereas no altered or deficiency in thermonuclease gene (nuc).

علاقه بعض طرز الجين كالبين - 10 مع حدوث مرض السكري من النوع الثاني في العراق == Association of Some Calpain - 10 Gene Polymorphisms With The Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus In Iraq

Author name: مياسة مثنى خالد
Supervisor name: اسماعيل عبد الرضا عبد الحسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Master
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسه الحاليه في معهد الهندسه الوراثيه والتقنيات الاحيائيه - جامعة بغداد خلال الفتره من كانون الثاني ولغاية حزيران - 2013 للكشف عن علاقة بعض الطرز الجين كالبين - 10 بحدوث مرض السكري من النوع الثاني في العراق. تم استخلاص الدنا من الدم الكلي باستخد | The present study was carried out in Genetic Engineering and biotechnology Institute - Baghdad University during a period from January to June, 2013, for detecting the association of some calpain - 10 gene polymorphisms with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iraq. Genomic DNA was isolated by using Geneaid DNA extraction kit from the whole blood; conventional PCR (SNP - 44 and Del/Ins - 19) and PCR - RFLP (SNP - 43 and SNP - 63) were used to detect the calpain10 variants by using specific primers and restriction enzymes. The study population consisted of 50 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 50 with normal fasting blood glucose (80 - 110 mg/dl). The type 2 diabetic subjects were recruited from the National Center for Diabetes treatment and Research. The non - diabetic control subjects were recruited from the same area as the comprising blood donors, healthy volunteers, or hospital /university staff members. Previous studies have detected a role for Calpain - 10 (CAPN10) polymorphisms in susceptibility to Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in many populations. This study aimed to evaluate possible associations between these polymorphisms in the CAPN10 gene (SNP - 44, SNP - 43, Del/Ins - 19, and SNP - 63) and T2DM incidence in Iraqi population. Enrichment of allele 1(2R) in Del/Ins - 19 and 2R/2R genotype were found in T2DM patients. While the alleles and genotypes distribution of SNP - 44, SNP - 43 and SNP - 63 were not significantly different between patient groups and non - diabetic control subjects. The genotype AA in SNP - 43 and genotype TT in SNP - 63 were not found neither in T2DM nor in control subjects. of the eight haplotypes detected, enrichment of both haplotype 112 defined by variants of SNP - 43, Del/Ins - 19, and SNP - 63 and haplotype 2112 defined by variants of SNP - 44, SNP - 43, Del/Ins - 19, and SNP - 63 were seen in patients. The distribution of the other haplotypes was comparable between patients and control subjects. The calpain10 haplotype combinations were also obtained, and the haplotype combinations 111/111 and 111/112; which are created by variants of SNP - 43, del/ins - 19 and SNP - 63 and; haplotype combinations 1111/2111, 1111/2112 and 1121 / 2222; created by SNP - 44, SNP - 43, del/ins - 19 and SNP - 63; were associated with increasing the risk of T2DM.

التاثيرات المضادة للاكسدة والسمية الخلوية لمركب اللكنان المنقى من بذور نبات جوزة الطيب == Antioxidant And Cytotoxic Effects of Lignan Purified From Myristica Fragrans Seeds

Author name: شیماء عصام عبد الوهاب البرزنجي
Supervisor name: عصام فاضل علوان الجمیلي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Biotechnologies
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this study, natural lignan dimer was isolated from nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans) using organic solvent, partially purified using liquid/liquid partiation, purified using anion exchanger and chemically characterized using Benedict’s Reagent, Fehling’s Reagent and Molish’s Reagent. Then, by the aid of UPLC - PDA - IT - TOF - MS System, the molecular weight (626.221 Dalton) and the molecular formula (C39H45O7) of this dimer were determined. After that, the free radical scavenging activities were studied using stable free radical compound 1, 1 - Diphenyl - 2 - Picryl - hydrazil (DPPH). Results showed that 100, 10, 1 and 0.1 ?g/ml of purified lignan had 76.7 %, 65%, 28% and 8% scavenging activity respectively, while the same concentrations of partial purified lignan had 44.3%, 18.5%, 11% and 0% scavenging activity respectively.MTT(3 - (dimethylthiazol - 2 - yl) - 2, 5 - diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was conducted to determined the IC50 for both purified and partial purified lignan using 4 different cell lines A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells), MCF7 (breast cancer cells), PC3(human prostate cancer cells), and HepG2(liver hepatocellular cancer cells), and to determine which cells type were be affected more by this natural lignan dimmer.The IC50 values for purified lignan were 85.17, 51.16, 108.4 and 60.21 ?g/ml while the IC50 values for partial purified one were 170.1, 84.14, 154.4 and 151.3 ?g/ml using A549, MCF - 7, PC - 3 and HePG2, respectively.The high content screening analysis (HCSA) and Cellomics Thermo Scientific maltiparametric Kits were used for the evaluation of cell - lignan interaction; 100, 50 and 25 ?g/ml of purified lignan caused 87.22, 69 and 53.36% reduction in MCF - 7cell count respectively and the same concentrations caused 98.1, 97.5 and 98.55% nuclear morphology changes. Results also revealed that these concentrations caused 7.7, 7.0 and 5.83% increase in MCF - 7 cells permeability respectively and they also caused 12.22, 11.15 and 0.2%decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential respectively, while these concentrations caused 11.12, 10.1 and 10% increase in Cytochrome C releasing from mitochondria to cytoplasim respectively.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction in MCF - 7 cells in the presence of 200, 100 and 50 ?g/ml of purified lignan caused 20, 11.48 and 9.61% ROS reduction respectively.MCF - 7 cell cycle was studied in the presence of 100, 50 and 25 ?g/ml of purified lignan, and results revealed that this compound blocked cell cycle at Sphase and the percentages of S - phase cells reduction were 74.33, 52.4 and 67%, respectively. This reduction was dose dependent while the same concentrations had no effect on MCF - 7 mitotic cells. Cell cycle arrest was detected immunofluorescently using BrdU antibodies (S - phase cell staining) and phosphor - Histone H3 antibodies (M - phase cells staining

التشخيس المبكر لداء السكري النوع الاول باستخدام مضاد حمض الكلوتاميك منزوع الكاربوكسيل ومضاد البيروكسيديز الدرقي == Early Detection of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using Anti - Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase And Anti - Thyroid Peroxidase

Author name: ريم محمد عبيد
Supervisor name: منذر مصطفى فتحي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Markers have been described in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), There is a number of specific and non specific antigens have been identified. The major autoantigens involved in the destructive process of beta - cells leading to the development of type 1 diabetes are insulin hormone, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), tyrosine phosphatase enzyme or Insulinoma - associated Antigen - 2(IA - 2).This study was conducted to find the relationship between antibodies for this antigens (insulin, GAD and IA - 2) and T1DM which could be used for the early detection of T1DM in normal Iraqi population. To study the importance of anti - thyroid peroxidase (anti - TPO) as a marker for autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) in T1DM patients, and to find the relationship between T1DM and ATD.The study was carried out on 50 blood samples of men and 30 blood samples of women with age ranged from (20 - 60 years old), they were divided in to three groups : 1. Group 1 (20 men and 10 women) whom have fasting plasma glucose (FPG) above 180 mg/dL.2. Group 2 (20 men and 10 women) whom have FPG ranged from 120 - 180 mg/dL.3. Group 3 (10 men and 10 women) whom have FPG below 120 mg/dL.Blood samples were collected from all subjects, FPG and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured. The levels of insulin, anti - insulin, anti - GAD, anti - IA - 2 and anti - TPO antibodies were measured in the serum.The statistical analysis results showed no significant difference in the presence of antibodies, HbA1c and FPG between men and women groups, inspite of some simple differences between the two groups.A significant (p<0.05) elevation in the level of FPG and HbA1c was observed in diabetic patients group compared withnon diabetic group. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in the level of insulin of T1DM patients was noticed compared to non diabetic group. Significant (p<0.05) elevation in the level of (anti - insulin, anti - TPO) in T1DM patients compared with non diabetic group. Elevation in the level of (anti - GAD, anti - IA - 2) in the T1DM patients compared with non diabetic group.The results also showed that no positive results for (anti - insulin, anti - TPO) present in the non diabetic group. One positive result for anti - GAD and one positive result for anti - IA - 2 present in the non diabetic group, which indicate the importance of anti - GAD and anti - IA - 2 antibodies ssay in normal population that could be used as early detection of T1DM.

دراسة فسلجية لمرضى الفشل الكلوي قبل وبعد الديلزة في محافظة واسط == A Physiological Study of Renal Failure Patients Pre And Post Dialysis In Wasit Province

Author name: تمارة حمد احمد العقبي
Supervisor name: كاظم جهيد كاطع الطائي | هيثم قاسم محمد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology
Degree: Master
University: Wasit University - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Wasit
First pages:
Abstract: تم اجراء هذه الدراسة في كلية العلوم/ قسم علوم الحياة في جامعة واسط وبالتعاون مع مركز الكلية الصناعية في محافظة واسط للفترة من 1/10/2012 ولغاية 1/5/ 2013 لغرض دراسة التغيرات الفسلجية التي تحدث لمرضى الفشل الكلوي بنوعيه الغسيل الدموي والغسيل البريتوني قبل و| This study was conducted in the Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Wasit. The samples were collected in cooperation with artificial kidney center in AL - Kut Hospital, AL - Kut city, Wasit Province, during the period from 1 /10/2012 to 1/5/2013. In order to study the physiological changes of renal failure patients before and after hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The blood samples were taken from one hundered thirty four patients for this study.The patients in this study were divided into two groups according to the type of dialysis : 94 hemodialysis patients, 52 males with age range (21 - 69) years and 42 females with age range (20 - 70) years, 40 peritonial dialysis patients, 24 males with age range (21 - 60) years and 16 females with age range (23 - 63) years. All results were compared with the results of 57 healthy person who were selected from both sexes (29 males and 28 female). Eight milliliters of venous blood were collected from control subjects and patients with renal failure by using disposable syringe of 10 ml before and after dialysis process.The blood analyses was conducted for evaluating the hematological parameters which are included (Hb, PCV, WBCs and PLT ) biochemical parameters which include (Blood Urea, Serum Creatinine, Total Protein and Calicum) electrolyte parameters which include sodium and potassium, measured concentration of (Erythropoietin and Aldosterone) hormone in patients with renal failure before and after dialysis and control groups and measure the effectiveness of phagocytic cells in patients with renal failure before dialysis by using Nitroblue Tetrazolium stain (NBT). The study revealed the following results : 1 - When comparing the results of parameters between before and after hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis with healthy control show the following : a - Significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the levels of (Hb and PCV) while significant increase (P < 0.01) in PLT in renal failure patients before and after dialysis compared to healthy control and significant increase (P < 0.01) in the numbers of WBCs in male peritoneal dialysis patients compared to healthy control.b - Significant increase (P < 0.01) in urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and in the aldosterone hormone concentration in renal failure patients before and after dialysis compared to healthy control.c - Significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the erythropoietin hormone concentration, total protein, calcium and phagocytic cells activity in renal failure patients compared to healthy control.2 - When comparing the results of parameters between before and after dialysis for each type of dialysis showing the following : - a - All hematological parameters and the concentration of hormones (Erythropoietin and Aldosterone) observe no significant differences between before and after dialysis.b - Significant decrease in the levels of urea, creatinine and there is a significant increase in the levels of total protein and calcium after dialysis comparing with before dialysis.c - Significant decrease in the levels of potassium in hemodialysis patients after dialysis comparing to before dialysis and there is a significant decrease in the levels of sodium and potassium after peritoneal dialysis comparing to before dialysis. 3 - When comparing the results of males and females hemodialysis with males and females peritoneal dialysis shows the following : a - Significant increases in numbers of WBCs before and after dialysis in the male and female peritoneal dialysis comparing with hemodialysis b - Significant decreases in the levels of urea and creatinine after dialysis in the male and female peritoneal dialysis comparing with hemodialysis.c - No significant difference in the levels of Hb, PCV, PLT, total protein, calcium, sodium, potassium, the phagocytic activity and the concentration of hormones (Erythropoietin and Aldosterone) before and after dialysis in the male and female hemodialysis comparing with peritoneal dialysis. We conclude that renal failure patients in Wasit Province suffer from severe anemia, high blood pressure, increase in the levels of urea and creatinine, disturbance in the levels of potassium, sodium and calcium with deficiency in the body's immunity.

دراسة تشريحية مقارنة لبعض الانواع البرية من ذوات الفلقتين النامية في محافظة بغداد == Comparative Anatomy of Some Wild Dicots Spp. Grown In Baghdad Province

Author name: زبيدة عبد اللطيف اسماعيل
Supervisor name: علي حسين الموسوي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present investigation dealt with comparative anatomical characters of 29 selected wild species that belongs to different families growing in different parts of Baghdad Province. These species are : 1. Brassica deflexa Boiss.2. Brassica rapa L.3. Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.4. Sinapis arvensis L.5. Sisymbrium irio L.6. Strigosella africana (L.) Boch.7. Stellaria media (L.)Vill.8. Atriplex nitens Schkuhr.9. Chenopodium album L.10. Chrysanthemum coronarium L.11. Lactuca serriola L.12. Sonchus oleraceus L.13. Medicago polymorpha L.14. Melilotus indicus (L.) ALL.15. Vicia sativa L.16. Erodium cicutarium(L.) L'H17. Geranium rotundifolium L.18. Lamium amplexicaule L.19. Malva parviflora L.20. Plantago lanceolata L.21. Polygonum aviculare L.22. Rumex dentatus L.23. Ranunculus muricatus L.II24. Veronica polita Fries.25. Astrodaucus leptocarpus (Hoghst.) H. Riedl26. Urtica urens L.27. Verbena officinalis L.28. Lippia nodiflora (L.) Rich.29. Tribulus terrestris L.Some of these species have been anatomically investigated for the first time.Anatomical characters might be useful for plant biologist for the identification of important wild plants as an additional character at global level. Comparative anatomical characters were used; such as characteristics of ordinary epidermal cells of stems and leaves and stomatal complexes. The epidermis possesses number of important diagnostic character that offer valuable clues for identification, like size, shape, in addition to indumentum of both stems and leaves. Venation system was investigated and compared. Cross sections of root were useful taxonomically especially the thickness of epidermis, cortex, phloem and xylem. The study observed presence of sclerenchyma tissues in the root cortex of some species. Cross sectioning of stems and petioles were also studied. Epidermis, cortex, pericycle, vascular bundle shapes and numbers, pith characters, presence of crystals and tannin filled cells were useful aid in distinguishing species. Vertical sections of leaf blades, shape and number of vascular bundles, thickness of palisade and spongy layers and other mesophyll characters were important taxonomically.ccording to some of these characters, species were divided into groups. This study concluded the presence of variations in characters and these were presented for the first time comparatively, so that, the anatomical characters were a good support to the exomorphological characters in the studied species. Field photographs of the different studied plants and sections of organs were put in addition to numerous tables in this work. The above results were discussed scientifically regarding mainly the environmental factors.

فعالية مستخلصات بعض الطحالب الكبيرة للفطريات الممرضة للنبات == Activity of Some Macro - Algae Extracts Against Phytopathogenic Fungi

Author name: دنيا يوسف محمد يوسف
Supervisor name: عبد اللطيف محمد جواد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية عزل وتشخيص طحالب كبيرة من بيئتين مائيتين محليتين مختلفتين. تم عزل ثلاث طحالب كبيرة هي Cladophora glomerata (N) وEnteromorpha rafsii من منطقه بحر النجف في محافظة النجف, في حين عزل Cladophora glomerata (R) من احد مبازل منطقة الراشدية ش | The present study includes isolation and identification of Macro - algae from two different environmental water bodies. Three Macro - algae were isolated, Cladophora glomerata (N) and Enteromorpha ralfsii from Baher Al - Najaf region in Holy Najaf city. In addition, C. glomerata (R) was isolated from Al - Rashdiya, north of Baghdad.Phytopathogenic fungi from soil and some infected fruits were also isolated. They were identified as Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani.Water and ethanol were used to extract each algae to evaluate their antifungal activity against isolated phytopathogenic fungi. Different concentrations of these algal extracts had been prepared which are (10, 25 and 50) mg/ml and the antagonistic activity against the isolated phytopathogenic fungi were evaluated, the hot and cold water extracts did not show any antagonistic activity against fungi. However, all these extracts were ignored in the future work for this study. Furthermore, the hot ethanolic extract was more efficient than these of cold ethanolic extracts. Results have been shown that there were significant differences when macro - algal ethanolic extract were used.C. glomerata (R), which isolated from Al - Rashdiya, was more efficient against tested fungi than the same alga what isolated from Baher Al - Najaf region. However, E. ralfsii extract was more efficient against tested fungi than C. glomerata (N). Percentage of inhibition against P. ultimum when hot ethanolic extract of E. ralfsii, C. glomerata(R) and C. glomerata(N) were (88.8, 83.3 and 63.3) respectively.However, results for cold ethanolic extract of the same algae were (63.3, 52.2 and 32.2) respectively when 50 mg/ml of algal extracts were used.Percentage of inhibition against R. solani when hot ethanolic extract of E. ralfsii, C.glomerata (R) and C.glomerata(N) were (94.4, 100 and 78.8) respectively.However, results for cold ethanolic extract of the same algae were (66.6, 64.4 and 48.8) respectively when 50 mg/ml was used. According to the difference in biological activities against those phytopathogenic fungi caused by the same species of macro - algae or different genera from different environments. Due to difference in biological activity of the same macro - algae species Physiochemical parameter for each environments obtained such as air and water temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Electrical Conductivity(EC)and Salinity%, Water pH, CA+2 concentration, Mg+2 concentration, Total Hardness and Total Alkalinity. Results indicated that soaked Cucumis sativus and Capsicum annum seeds in cold and hot ethanolic macro - algae extracts of (E. ralfsii, C. glomerata (R) and C.glomerata (N) for 24 hours were able to protect seed germination that have been grown in a Petri dish contaminated with P. ultimum and R. solani comparing with control. In addition, results indicated that spraying C. sativus and C. annum seedling with these algal extracts within two weeks old again protects these seedlings from the same phytopathogenic fungi either before or after 24 hr. However, results indicated that adding the algal extracts within two months age to the C. sativus and C. annum plants again protects these plants from the same phytopathogenic fungi comparing with control and fungicide treatment. Moreover, results indicated that the active chemical compounds in E. ralfsii was Tannins, Saponins and Flavonoids. While C. glomerata was contained Tannins, Saponins, Alkaloid and Phenols. Results indicated that both hot crud methanolic extract of C. glomerata (R) and E. ralfsii have a lot of active chemical compounds against micro - organisms by using the GC - Mass Spectrometry technology.
1 ... 526 527 528 529 530 ... 744