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دراسة نسيجية لجلد اناث وذكور الفئران بعد اعطاء عقار الكلوكوزامين سلفيت == Histological Study On The Male And Female Mice's Skin After The Administration Of Glucosamine Sulphate

Author name: معن ماجد صالح السامرائي

Supervisor name: عبد الامير حمادي النعيمي

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Anatomy and Histology and Embryos

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: يتكون الجلد وكما هو معروف جيدا من عدة طبقات من الخلايا متجددة باستمرار عبر اعادة بناء نفسها ذاتيا مرة كل ثلاثون يوما من خلال دورة حيلتية متكررة وتقسم هذه الطبقات الى نوعين اساسية البشرة والادمة. يعتبر الكلوكوز امين سكر اميني بسيط ينبعث من عمليات الايض ال | It is well known that the skin is made up of multiple layers of cells that fare constantly going through self shedding and regeneration once every 30 days, or so in repeated cycles. The layers can be broadly divided into two sections : the epidermis and the underlying dermis. Glucosamine is an amino monosaccharide derived from cellular glucose metabolism. Glucosamine is a simple component or "building block" of more complex molecules. Glucosamine was considered to be an effective treatment for many joint diseases especially osteoarthritis. It is believed that glucosamine maintain healthy joint functions and rebuild damaged joint cartilage, tendons, ligaments and other connective tissue. It does this by stimulating the production of glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s) which are the structural components of cartilage and connective tissue else where in the body. On that basis, this study was designed to study the effects of glucosamine sulphate on the skin.Twenty male and twenty females adult mice (weighting between 23.3gm to 27.2gm), were divided into two equal subgroups (control and experimental); the drug was given at noon three hours after starvation it had been grinded and mixed with food and given as a single oral dose of 350mg/kg body weight per day for 35 successive days. Histological examination and statistical analysis of multiple sections of ventral and dorsal skin of male and female mice and of both subgroups were done by using hemotoxyline and eosin stain. Special stains were used to demonstrate the specific components of the skin as follows : for collagen fibers (Van Gieson's staining method), for elastic fibers (modified Taenzer - Unna Orcien staining method), and for ground substance (Alcian blue stain method).The results reveal that there was no particular change in the epidermis between the experimental and control groups. On the contrary there was a marked thickening with high cellular contents of both layers of the dermis (papillary and reticular).The dermis of the treated animals contains more collagen and elastic fibers. The predominant cell of the dermis was the fibroblast which was more obviously seen in the ventral skin of the treated animals. This study confirms practically that glucosamine sulphate induces significant structural changes in the skin of male and female mice. Using glucosamine sulphate clinically for medical conditions rather than arthritic diseases is now the target of most recent researches, its ability to decrease wrinkles in the aged skin and promotion of wound healing with less scar tissue is consider to be a light for dermatologist and plastic doctors, plus its effect to rebuild any aged, injured and diseased tissue in the body.

ظهور المؤشرات في الثدي الطبيعي المحيط بسرطان الثدي في عينة من النساء العراقيات

Author name: احمد فاخر حميد

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Anatomy and Histology and Embryos

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

دراسة بكتريولوجية على التفاقم الحاد لمرضى الانسداد الرئوي المزمن == Bacteriological Study On Acute Exacerbation Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients

Author name: هبة اسماعيل علي العزي

Supervisor name: عروبة خالد عباس | عبد الحميد القصير

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: لا يزال مرض الانسداد الرئوي المزمن مشكلة رئيسية في مجال الصحة العامة. ويرتبط التفاقم الحاد مع فقدان سريع في وظيفة الرئة وخلل في نوعية الحياة وهي من الاسباب الرئيسية للامراضية والوفيات في مرضى الانسداد الرئوي المزمن. تعتبر العدوى البكتيريا هي من الاسباب | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remains a main problem in public health. The acute exacerbations are related with rapid loss in lung function and defect in the quality of life and are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in COPD. This study was carried out to isolate and identify the bacteria that cause acute exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sensitivity of isolated bacteria for most of the antibiotics currently in use.Eighty sputum specimens from patients were included in this study and their age was range forty and above , during the period from January 2015 to June 2015 from three places Al - Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Medical City Hospital and Medical Al khademeain Emamaain City.Bacteria were identified in 52 (65%) while the patient is not specified any reasoned in 28 patients (35%) patients. The diagnosis of bacteria through culture and microscopic examinations and biochemical tests necessary for diagnosis and then the diagnosis has been confirmed of isolation by the Vitek method for each bacterium, the percentages were as follows : Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated bacteria, which recovered from 21 (26.25%) patients. Followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., which isolated from (7.5%, 7.5%, and 5%) of patients respectively, while (3.75%) for each of Acinetobacter baumannii & Staphylococcus aureus. The proportion of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was (2.5%) while the proportion (1.25%) for each of Enterobacter cloacae, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Moraxella catarrhalis & Raoultella ornithinolytica.Through the search three cases were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis diagnosed by direct Acid Fast Stain test and their percentage was (3.75%).Sensitivity of bacterial isolates to antibiotics Carbapenems and Doxycycline and Chloramphenicol were the most effective against tested bacteria in vitro while Erythromycin, Tetracycline, and Amoxicillin were the least sensitive

دراسة مناعية وجزيئية لخمج القرنية بحمة الحلا - 1 (حمة الهربس البسيط - 1) == Immunological And Molecular Study Of Herpes Simplex Virus - 1 Keratitis

Author name: نهاية كاظم سالم

Supervisor name: عبد العظيم ياسين عبود البراك | فائز اسماعيل الشكرجي

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology - Immunology

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: يمثل التهاب القرنية (Keratitis) مشكلة كبيرة قد تؤدي الى فقدان البصر احيانا نتيجة لخدش القرنية او فقدان الوضوحية في القرنية بعد اختفاء الالتهاب, ويعتبر فايروس الحلا (الهربس) البسيط - 1Herpes Simplex Virus - 1(HSV - 1))) هو من اهم العوامل المسببة لمرض التهاب ال | Keratitis is a medical term referring to inflammation of the cornea. It is a serious problem, resulting in everlasting loss of vision as a secondary effect to corneal scarring or loss of clarity of the cornea after the inflammation has disappeared. Most common microbes causing viral corneal keratitis is Herpes Simplex Virus - 1 (HSV - 1). HSV - 1 is a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belongs to the Herpesiviridae. It affects the majority of peoples and its infections have been frequently without clinical manifestation. Ocular HSV - 1 infections caused multiple pathologies with possibly the most damaging being herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). This study aimed to evaluate the abilities of the immunological and molecular indicators to diagnose herpetic keratitis in the infected and contralateral eye of patients, as well as to assess the immune status of both eyes by using tears and corneal scraping. Fifty - two patients with herpetic keratitis involved in this study, they attended the outpatient clinics / Ibn - AL - Haithum Teaching Hospital from March 2014 until December 2014. For the purpose of comparison, thirty, apparently healthy age matched control subjects were also included. Tears were collected from infected eyes of the 52 patients and from 16 out of the 52 patients contralateral eyes as well as from 30 controls. Corneal scraping had been obtained from 16 patient's infected eyes with corneal ulcers (epithelial ulcers) out of the total patients (52) with herpetic keratitis. Indirect immunofluorescence assay technique (IFA) was applied to measure levels of immunoglobulins (sIgA and IgG) in tears specific to HSV - 1. Realtime - polymerase chain reaction RT - PCR test was used to diagnose HSV - 1 in corneal scraping and tears of patients and control subjects. Interlukin - 17 (IL - 17A), tumor necrosis factor - alpha (TNF - ?) and interferon - gamma (IFN - ?) were measured in tear samples from patients and control subjects by the ELISA sandwich method. In tear samples; results of RT - PCR showed that 39/52 (75%) of the total patient's infected eyes were positive, 12/16 contralateral eyes were positive (75%). Corneal scraping and tear samples were taken from 16 patients with corneal ulcer, tear samples 14/16 (87.5%) positive result, while the corneal scraping samples were 16/16 (100%) positive, this indicates clearly that the cornea scraping is more appropriate and sensitive sample to detect HSV - 1 than tear. All controls were RT - PCR negative. IFA results of IgA and IgG in tears of infected and contralateral eyes were found to be more than the concentration in tears of control eyes with a highly significant p - value (0.0001). Comparison between the infected and the contralateral eyes indicates that both patients' eyes expressed a significant humoral immune response against HSV - 1. Although there were high significant differences between both the mean value of tears IL - 17A in infected and contralateral eyes with control, while the comparison between patient both eyes gave non - significant difference. The mean of tears TNF - ? and IFN - ? concentration in infected eyes of patients as compared to control was found to be highly significant (p= 0.0001). In this study we compared between patients infected eye with control to evaluate the performance of different markers in tear as HSV - 1specific sIgA, HSV - 1 specific IgG, IL - 17, TNF - ? and IFN - ? by using statistical test called Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, the sensitivity for all studied parameters ranged from 80% - 96%.At the same time the comparisons between patient contralateral eyes and controls also revealed a high sensitivity range for these parameters ranged from 81% - 100%.These findings proved the ability of these markers in confirming diagnosis of HSV - 1 keratitis. In conclusion, the high percentage of RT - PCR results for corneal scraping sample indicate that this sample and by using this technique is more appropriate and sensitive to detect HSV - 1 than tear samples and detect the shedding of virus in both eyes of the same patients. Both patient eyes indicated that they were a good source for HSV - 1 diagnosis. In spite of the high sensitivity of all studied markers and their diagnostic ability, TNF - ? showed a higher sensitivity. To assess the immunological status of Herpetic keratitis patients, the studied markers TNF - ?, IFN - ? and IL - 17 were evaluated and showed a highly significant differences which indicated there was an active inflammatory condition combined with HSV - 1 infection and finally it can be concluded that both humoral and cellular branches of immune responses were involved in this disease.

تقييم دور مؤشرات حيوية مختارة لدى مرضى التصلب المتعدد == Assessment Of The Role Of Selected Biomarkers In Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Author name: ميساء نجاح امين

Supervisor name: عبد العظيم ياسين عبود البراك | سرمد عبد الرسول الماشطة

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology - Immunology

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: التصلب المتعدد (MS) هو من امراض الجهاز العصبي المركزي الاكثر شيوعا الذي يسبب الاعاقه الدائمه لدى الشباب البالغين. بناء على ادلة غير مباشرة قوية، يعتبر مرض التصلب المتعدد اضطراب المناعة الذاتية لعضو محدد ولكن لا يزال هناك الكثير يجب ان يفهم عن كيفيه نشوء ا | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common disease of the central nervous system that causes permanent disability in young adults. Based on strong circumstantial evidence, MS is considered to be an organ - specific autoimmune disorder, but much remains to be understood about the initiation of the disease. It seems unlikely that MS results from a single causative event, but rather the disease develop in a genetically susceptible population as a result of environmental exposures. The present study was planned to determine the serum levels of IL - 17A, IL - 21 and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) in patients and control subjects by a sandwich ELISA test using commercially available kits. Vitamin D total was measured in a group of patients and control subjects by cobas e 411 analyzers which is an automated multichannel analyzer for immunological analysis by the use of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology.Forty Iraqi MS patients attending the Consultation Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis / Baghdad Teaching Hospital during the period January 2013 - July 2013 were recruited for this study. For the purpose of comparison, 40 control subjects matched by age and gender were also included.The mean serum level of MOG in patient and control (554.85 vs. 315.20pg/ml) and IL - 17A (11.42 vs. 8.33pg/ml) was significantly higher in MS patients as compared to controls, while the mean serum level of IL - 21 (176.164 vs. 75.714pg/ml) was not significantly higher in MS patients as compared to controls. The mean serum level of vitamin D (n=20) (10.38 vs. 13.06ng/ml) was not significantly lower in MS patients as compared to controls. There was a positive correlation between MOG with IL - 17A and between MOG with IL - 21. These results might illustrate the synergism of action between antibody and T cell response in MS patients. A positive correlation was also detected between IL - 17A and IL21 in MS patients.A significant negative correlation was detected between Vitamin D with MOG. A negative correlation was recorded between Vitamin D and IL - 17A in patients. Also negative correlation was recorded between vitamin D and IL - 21 in MS patients. In conclusion, higher level of IL - 17A and MOG in MS serum indicates an important role of this cytokine and MOG as an auto antigen in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and demyelination process, so they could be considered as a good biomarkers for diagnosis and considered as a target for future therapy.

دراسة جزيئية ومناعية لدى عينة من مرضى التدرن الرئوي == Molecular And Immunological Study In A Sample Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Author name: مي يحيى عبد الحسين

Supervisor name: عروبة خالد عباس | احمد اسمر منخي

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: يعتبر مرض السل الرئوي tuberculosis الذي تسببه بكترياMycobacterium tuberculosis من الامراض المعدية والشائعة واحد الاسباب الرئيسية لحالات الوفاة في العالم, ولاهميته اجريت هذه الدراسة لتسليط الضوء اكثر حول التشخيص المناعي للمرض وعلاقته بالتشخيص الجزيئي.تضم | Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; which consider as one of the most common, infectious diseases and major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A prospective study was conducted to diagnose disease by immunological methods and its association with molecular diagnosis.The study included immunological diagnosis by Quantiferon - TB Gold In Tube Test, estimation the serum levels of IFN - ?, TNF - ? and IL - 10 in TB patients and control by a sandwich ELISA test using commercially available kits, in addition to molecular diagnosis by using Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay, conventional bacteriological tests such as smear microscopy by Ziehl - Neelsen stain for sputum samples. Furthermore, estimation of ESR and WBCs.Fifty TB patients attending the National Reference Laboratory of Tuberculosis /Baghdad from the period between April to July 2014 were recruited in this study. For the purpose of comparison, 50 control samples (respiratory disease and healthy) matched by age and gender were also included.All TB patients' samples were positive by smear microscopy. The results revealed that there were significance differences between AFB scoring and G - Xpert results (p Forty five samples of TB patients with significance difference (p?0.01) were positively detected by Quantiferon - TB Gold Test.The mean serum level of QFT among TB patient and control (3.54 IU/ml vs. 0.866 IU/ml and 0.556 IU/ml), IL - 10 (53.02 Pg/ml vs. 22.24 pg/ml and 7.51 pg/ml) and TNF - ? (74.34 Pg/ml vs. 49.12 Pg/ml and 27.81 pg/ ml) were significantly higher in TB patients as compared to controls (P?0.05).In conclusion, high levels of IFN - ?, TNF - ? and IL - 10 in TB patients serum indicate an important role of theses cytokines in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, so they could be considered as a good biomarkers for diagnosis and considered as a target for future therapy. The present study revealed significant difference in the WBCs and ESR values between TB patients and control (P?0.05)

دراسة خمج فيروس الكبد نمط جي HGV في مرضى الثلاسيميا المصابين وغير المصابين بفيروس الكبد سي (HCV) واهميته السريرية

Author name: مريم صبري ابراهيم

Supervisor name: اروى هادي الحمداني | اشنا جمال فائق

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: المرضى المصابين بفقر دم البحر الابيض المتوسط هم اكثر عرضة للاصابة بالالتهابات الفيروسية المنقولة دمويا. التهاب الكبد الفيروسي نمط جي (HGV)هو فيروس رنوي(RNA) مرتبط بالتهاب الكبد الفيروسي الحاد والمزمن. التهاب الكبد الفيروسي نمط سيHCV) ) والتهاب الكبد الفير | Thalassemia patients are at increased risk of infection with parentally transmitted viral agents. The hepatitis G virus (HGV) is an RNA virus, which is associated with acute or chronic hepatitis. Hepatitis G virus (HGV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections may have a role in complicating the clinical outcome in patients with thalassemia. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence and clinical importance of HGV infection in thalassemia patients with or without hepatitis C virus (HCV) co - infection, furthermore to sequence and analyze phylogentic of HGV clones. One hundred fifty four thalassemia patients (56.5% male, 43.5% female) with a mean age of 22.84±6.06 years were involved in this study that was conducted in the period between Feb. to May, 2014. Anti - HCV antibody was determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and confirmed by western blot. Then, HCV - RNA was detected in 53.2% of anti - HCV positive thalassemia patients. HGV antibodies were evaluated by ELISA. Also, the HGV viremia was analyzed in patients with thalassemia by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT - PCR) protocol. Results obtained showed that the anti - E2 - HGV were found in 16 out of 154 (10.4%) thalassemia patients with significant decrease in its prevalence with increasing age, while HGV viremia was diagnosed in 28 out of 154 (18.2%) patients with thalassemia. No association of HGV infection was found with gender, age and frequency of blood transfusion.According to HCV and HGV infection status, thalassemia patients were categorized into four subgroups : subgroup I (HGV infection), subgroup II (HCV infection), subgroup III (co - infection of HCV and HGV), and subgroup IV (thalassemia patients with neither HCV nor HGV infection). Seven point one percent (7.1%) of thalassemia patients were found to be co - infected with HCV and HGV.In all thalassemia subgroups, liver transaminases; alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total serum bilirubin (TSB) were determined, in addition to measure serum ferritin levels by VIDAS. HCV infection shows significant increase in ALT level while in HGV is not. Co - infection with HCV and HGV decrease ALT levels when compared with infection with HCV alone, so HGV infection is suggested to have no role in increasing the severity of liver diseases in the thalassemia patients. In HGV infection, there were significant increase in ALP levels and significant decrease in ferritin levels than other subgroups in the study. However, HGV infection shows no significant differences in AST and TSB than other subgroups. The results of genotyping in 12 randomly selected patients showed presence of genotype 2 and genotype 5 with percentage of 91.7% and 8.3% respectively. The diagnosis of prevalence of HGV and HCV in patients with thalassemia in Iraq emphasized the importance of these lymphotropic viral hepatitis infections in pathogenesis and outcome of thalassemia patients.

دراسة معظم السمات المناعية وتحديد البكتريا الابرز في مرض التهاب السحايا باستعمال تقنية البي سي ار == Study Some Immunological Aspects And Determination Of Most Prominent Bacteria In Meningitis Patients By Using Real Time Pcr

Author name: شيماء عبد الرضا حميد

Supervisor name: زينب فاضل عاشور | دريد قاسم الشريف

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology - Immunology

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: Meningitis, which is inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord and can occur at any age, it is caused by infectious microorganisms include (Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Parasites) and non infectious include (Drugs, Carcinoma and Inflammatory disorder), also requires early treatment with aggressive use of potent antimicrobials; otherwise the outcome almost ends fatally.The predominant causes of bacterial meningitis are streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Neisseria meningitides.This prospective study includes 40 cases of meningitis which have been admitted to the Baghdad Teaching Hospital and Child Welfare Teaching Hospital during the period from May to November/ 2014.The detection of meningitis causative agent were specified by using the standard biochemical and microbiological methods such as : Determination of protein and sugar in Cerebrospinal fluid, Differential and cell count, growth on Culture media and morphological appearance on Gram's stain.Confirmative tests were also done for identification of meningitis causative agent; these tests included Procalcitonin, IL - 6, CRP, D. Dimer. These confirmative tests have been crowned by PCR technique, by employing the detection of the bacterial gene.The DNA of bacteria was extracted from CSF of meningitis patients and detection the type of bacteria gene by using multiplex PCR technique that using primers to amplify each ply, bexA and ctrA gene.Out of 40 samples, 28 (70%) were identified as bacterial meningitis and 12 (30%) as viral meningitis, the result of PCR reaction revealed unmistakably that 20 (71.4%) of 28 were detected the bacteria (S. pneumonia, H. influenzaetype b and N. meningitides) as a causative agent, while there were no detectable infectious agents in the (40) control group included in this study.Viral meningitis patients showed the number of lymphocytes (31.92 cell/ mm3) and neutrophils (1.00 cell/ mm3), while the highest number of lymphocytes and neutrophils in bacterial meningitis caused by S. pneumoniae (77.08 cell/ mm3) , (28.86 cell/ mm3) respectively, so that there was significant difference between cells (lymphocyte and neutrophil) with study group at P value = 0.010, P value = 0.013 respectively. In microbiological examination 22.5% of patients group (40) showed positive result of culture and 7.5% showed positive result of gram stain.In biochemical tests, the detection of Cerebrospinal fluid's protein and glucose level was done. The level of protein concentrations in bacterial meningitis with S. pneumoniae (103.08 mg/l), H. influenzae (65.14 mg/l) and in other bacteria was (124.44 mg/l) which is higher than the protein concentration in viral meningitis (42.25 mg/l), and these results showed highly significant difference at (P=0.010). Results of glucose's level determination showed that there were no significant difference among the studied groups (P =0.2). Results of glucose's level determination showed the presence of non significant difference among the studied groups, (60.92 mg/dl), (43, 57 mg/ dl), (51.00 mg/dl), (41.50 mg/dl) consecutively appeared in bacterial, viral.Interleukin - 6 and Procalcitonin levels were diagnosed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, while the plasma D. Dimer and erum C - Reactive protein was diagnosed by NaycoCard technique.The current results showed the presence of high concentration of IL - 6 among meningitis patients, high concentration of serum IL - 6 appeared in bacterial and viral meningitis (28.68 pg/ml) when compared with control group (2.194 pg/ml) (P =0.001), while CSF IL - 6 show high concentration in bothbacterial and viral meningitis but with no significant difference (579.24 pg/ml) (P =0.0001). The data of this study showed, there was correlation between IL - 6 levels and neutrophil in meningitis patients. Interleukin - 6 had significant correlation with neutrophil (P =0.009). While no significant correlation appeared between IL - 6 and Lymphocyte.Procalcitonin results showed high concentration in bacterial meningitis group compared with viral and control group with a highly significant differences (P =0.0001).The results of CRP shown no significant differences between bacterial and viral group, while the levels of D. Dimer appear significant differences in both groups when compared with control group.Current study indicated that PCR, Procalcitonin and D. Dimer played an important role in diagnosis of meningitis disease.

العلاقة بين مرض السكري المناعي الذاتي الكامن النمط الثاني للبالغين مع الخمج بالملوية البوابية == Association Between Latent Autoimmune Diabetes Of Adults In Type Ii Dm With Helicobacter Pylori Infection

Author name: سيف علي مكلف

Supervisor name: عروبة خالد عباس | مدين علي حسين

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology - Bacteria

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is a form of diabetes which is less recognized and underdiagnosed type of diabetes which appears to have characteristics of both type 1 (autoimmune in nature) and type 2 diabetes (adult age at onset).Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has a worldwide distribution. The bacteria colonize more than half of the world population and consider the main cause of gastritis, peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric lymphoma. The host immune response is unable to clear the infection and may actually contribute to the associated pathogenesis, also the bacterial virulent factors had certain role in the pathogenicity of infection as it was stated by limited studies that the Cytotoxin associated gene A (CagA) protein and Vacuolating cytotoxin gene A (VacA) protein positive strains are possibly associated with severe infections.The present study was designed to find out the percent of LADA patients among group of type II Iraqi diabetic patients and the relation between LADA patients and H. pylori infection.The study was carried out on 350 type II patients attending the National Diabetes Center/ Al - Mustansirrhea University/ Baghdad Al - Yarmouk during the period May to October 2014 were recruited for this study. Diagnostic markers for LADA, namely, C - peptide levels by Radioimmunoassay and GAD autoantibodies by ELISA test were determined and other Various parameters such as, HbA1c levels, Anti - H.pylori IgG, Anti - CagA protein and Anti - VacA protein by ELISA test were evaluated and correlated with type 2 diabetes and 40 control, matched by age and gender were also included.57 patients of 350 of type II have low C - peptide level, from which, 40 patients have Anti - GAD65 positive and 17 patients have Anti - GAD65 negative.The percentage of LADA patients among type II diabetes was 11.4%.The mean serum levels of C - peptide of LADA patients, controls and type II diabetes (0.30 vs. 1.94 and 3.15ng/ml) were significantly lower in LADA patients as compared to controls and type II patients (p?0.05).Also the mean blood concentrations of HbA1c of LADA patients, type II and controls (8.5 vs. 7.5 and 5.2 %) were significantly higher in LADA patients as compared to type II patients and controls (p?0.05).The Higher frequency of anti - H. pylori IgG was in LADA patients when compared with patient's controls and healthy controls (59.6%, 21.3% and 19.1%) and the p - value (?0.05).In conclusion, Cytotoxic associated gene A protein (Cag A) protein is more frequency with H. pylori positive patients 36/47 (76.6%) indicate an important role of this virulence factor in the pathogenesis of H. pylori, so they could be considered as a good biomarker for discern the risk of developing serious gastroduodenal disease in the host, than Vacuolating cytotoxin A Protein (Vac A) which is less frequency than Cag A in H. pylori positive patients 16/47 (34%).

تقييم sFas ligand, sFas وcaspase - 3 في المرضى المصابين بمرض ابيضاض الدم النقياني المزمن == Assessment Of Soluble Fas, Soluble Fas Ligand And Caspase - 3 In Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Author name: سحر راضي ياسر

Supervisor name: ميسون علي سليم | بسام فرنسيس متي

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology - Immunology

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: ابيضاض الدم النقياني المزمن هو اضطراب التكاثر النقي النسيلي للخلايا الجذعية ويتميز بواسطة فلادلفيا كروموسوم وهو انتقال متبادل بين كروموسوم 9 و22. الجين المسرطن المتحد الجديد المتولد على كروموسوم 22 كنتيجة للانتقال يسمى BCR - ABL gene. في اغلبية المرضى, هذ | Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder of the haemopoietic stem cell, defined by the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) - reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. The novel fusion oncogenes generated on chromosome 22 as a result of this translocation are called BCR - ABL gene. In the majority of patients, this oncogene transcribes a 210 - kDa constitutively active protein tyrosine kinase, often referred to as p210BCR - ABL, which is necessary for the transformation of the disease. The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) - imatinib mesylate (IM) - marked a major advance in CML treatment in terms of efficacy and tolerability and has now become the first line of therapy. In CML, besides genetic change during which a normal cell is transformed into a malignant one, evasion of apoptosis (programm cell death PCD) is one of the essential changes in a cell that cause malignant transformation. So ‘Evading apoptosis’ has been recognized as one of the six hallmarks of cancers, as reduced apoptosis or its resistance plays a vital role in carcinogenesis. Soluble receptors (sFas) that act as decoys, binding FasL and preventing association with transmembrane Fas. So production of sFas in tumor patients may be a key mechanism to inhibit Fas - mediated apoptosis. Soluble FasL competes with the membrane - bound counterpart; however, it can act even as an antagonist preventing apoptosis induction by the membrane integrated form of the ligand. Recently, caspase - 3 has been demonstrated to play an important role in determining the cellular sensitivity to diverse apoptotic stimuli, also it is involved in a number of non - apoptotic events. So the aims of the study were to estimate the level of serum sFas, sFas ligand & caspase - 3 in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia at time of diagnosis (newly diagnosed), then after receiving imatinib myselate treatment with optimal response and compare them with healthy control. It was a prospective study, included 56 Iraqi CML patients (25 were males and 31 were females with Age ranged from 15 - 78 years) attending to Baghdad teaching hospital/hematology department between November 2012 up to June 2013, were categorized by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) for Ph chromosome into two stages, newly diagnosed CML patients (FISH Ph cells result ? 90% ) not received any treatment and optimally treated (complete cytogenetic response (CCgR) = FISH Ph cells result < 1% or by major molecular response (MMoR) = BCR - ABL : ABL ?0.10% by International Scale, on RT - Q - PCR) with imatinib mesylate 400 mg/day at least 1 year. Then used an ELISA technique to assess serum level of sFas, sFas Ligand (sFasL) & Caspase - 3 for each patients of CML, and compared them with 28 apparently healthy volunteers used as control. The controls were age and sex matched with the patients, they were not taken medication and with no history of chronic illness and/or acute infection. As well as, they were nonsmoker and nondrinker. For patients the inclusion criteria including all patients were free of fever and other chronic illness such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and infection; also they had no history of smoking and drinking of alcohol. And the exclusion criteria including patients suffering from any chronic, debilitating disease and other blood disorders were not taken.The observed results revealed the following : ? Patients were included in the study, male : female ratio was 0.8 : 1with mean age 42.6± 14.0.? The mean± SD serum of sFas levels (pg/ml) for the newly diagnosed and optimally responded of CML was 1163.6±231.5 and 1021.7±360.6 respectively.? The mean± SD serum of sFas Ligand levels (pg/ml) for the newly diagnosed and optimally responded of CML was 216.9±165.7 and 147.7±91 respectively. ? The median serum of Caspase - 3 (ng/ml) for the newly diagnosed and optimally treated cases was 0.421 and 0.361 respectively. ? The mean± SD serum of sFas and sFas Ligand levels (pg/ml) for the healthy group was 970.1±361.7, 152.5±98 consequently. The median serum of Caspase - 3 (ng/ml) for the healthy group was 0.314.? Serum sFas level was increased in newly diagnosed compare with optimal responder and healthy control group. Also serum sFas level in optimal responder group was increase when compared with healthy control group. The differences observed were no statistical significance (P=0.09).? Serum sFasL level was increased in newly diagnosed patients of CML when compared with optimal responder and healthy control group. But serum sFasL level in optimal responder group was decreased when compared with healthy control group. The differences observed were non statistical significance (P=0.07).? Serum Caspase - 3 level showed statistically significant (P ?0.001) increase in newly diagnosed when compared with healthy control group. While it was in optimal responder group was statistically increased (not significant P=0.13) when compared with healthy control group. And its level was increased in newly diagnosed compare with responder group which was statistically significant (P= 0.04).Finally, this study concluded that increase in sFas and sFas Ligand &Caspase - 3 in newly diagnosed CML patients compared with optimally and healthy control groups. Also concluded that Caspase - 3 was a good confirmed test to diagnose newly CML cases

دور بعض المؤشرات الالتهابية المختارة في البول وبروتينات خلية البودوسايت عند مرضى اعتلال الكلية السكري == The Role Of Selected Urinary Inflammatory Markers On Podocyte In Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy

Author name: داليا محمود خلف

Supervisor name: رفيف صبيح الشوك | عصام نوري الكروي

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: اعتلال الكلية السكري هو السبب الرئيسي للمرض الكلوي المزمن وويرتبط ذلك مع زيادة وفيات مرضى القلب والاوعية الدموية. التعريف الكلاسيكي لاعتلال الكلية السكري هو زيادة افراز البروتين في البول. وتتميز المرحلة المبكرة للمرض عن طريق زيادة صغيرة في افراز الزلا | Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of chronic renal disease. It is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. The DN has been classically defined as increased protein excretion in urine. Early stage is characterized by a small increase in urinary albumin excretion (UAE), also called microalbuminuria or incipient DN. More advanced disease is defined by the presence of macroalbuminuria or proteinuria. The latter is classically named overt DN.This study was planned with the aim of evaluate the levels of urinary Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein - 1(MCP - 1), interleukin (IL - 18), Osteopontin and Nephrin at diabetic nephropathy and its correlation with the parameters in Iraqi type 2 diabetic subjects and to explore the impact of albuminuria and duration of the diabetes on fine glomerular architecture using podocyte injury related marker (Nephrin) in urine. This may explore the more specific, and sensitive early biomarkers for nephropathy in diabetic patients and could help the physicians in controlling the occurrence of renal failure.Sixty Iraqi type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending the National Diabetes Center for Treatment and Research at Al - Mustansiriyah University during the period October 2014 - June 2017 were recruited for this study. For the purpose of comparison, 20 control subjects matched for age, gender and ethnic background were also included. The patients and controls were characterized in family history of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy groups divide by used Albumin to creatinine ratio. The patients were also assessed for duration of disease, fasting serum glucose, and serum creatinine and blood urea.The mean urinary level of MCP - 1 (15.38±15.50 vs. 6.10±7.23pg/ml) and IL - 18 (35.90±16.67 vs. 23.55±12.67pg/ml) and osteopontin (337.15±257.06 vs. 174.11±183.65ng/ml) and nephrin (100.01±88.66 vs. 52.23±19.61ng/ml) were significantly higher in T2DM patients as compared to controls.The mean levels of urinary MCP - 1, uIL - 18 and osteopontin in macroalbuminurea group of patients were significantly higher than those in normoalbumine ( p < 0.008, p< 0.0001 and p< 0.03 respectively), and only of the Nephrin in the normoalbuminurea group of patients showed significant increased level as compared to the controls (52.23±19.61 vs.75.05±37.8 ng/ml) (p<0.022).The duration of disease showed an increase in mean of urinary level for all the markers MCP - 1, IL - 18, osteopontin and nephrin (17.01±18.09 vs. 19.76±21.30 pg/ml, 29.24±15.98 vs. 42.98±17.25pg/ml, 321.1±291.05 vs. 409.05±210.0ng/ml, 99.40±48.40 vs. 79.21±44.23 ng/ml) respectively, in late duration of disease as compared with early duration of disease except in Nephrin showed the early duration of disease higher than the late duration of disease (99.40±48.40 vs. 79.21±44.23), although the differences were not significant.The Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for all markers MCP - 1, IL - 18, Osteopontin and Nephrin levels (MCP - 1 = 0.72, IL - 18 = 0.71, Osteopontin =0.70 and Nephrin =0.72) for early diagnosis and detection of DN revealed that the cut - off value of uMCP - 1 was 6.23 pg/mg with 70% sensitivity and 75% specificity; whereas, the cut - off value of u IL - 18 pg/ml was 23.69 ng/mg with 80% sensitivity and 59% specificity and Nephrin was 49.5 ng/ml with 78% sensitivity and 55% specificity. uOsteopontin was 182 ng /ml with 68% sensitivity and 69% specificity.The linear correlation revealed a significant positive linear correlation between urinary MCP - 1, IL - 18, Nephrin and A : C ratio, also showed a significant negative linear correlation between urinary MCP - 1, IL - 18, osteopontin and GFR.In conclusion the Nephrin may be considered as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker a for the early detection and progression of diabetic nephropathy while the uMCP - 1, uIL - 18 and uOsteopontine may be considered as potential prognostic biomarkers for the diabetic nephropathy. The duration of disease also affect investigated biomarkers suggesting the long term effect of hyperglycemia

دراسة التعبير المناعي النسيجي الكيميائي لبعض المعلمات المناعية في مختلف درجات سرطان البروستات == Study The Immunohistochemical Expression Of Some Immunological Markers In Different Grades Of Prostate Cancer

Author name: حسن هادي زريج

Supervisor name: زينب فاضل عاشور | وسن عبد الاله باقر

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer related death among males worldwide. Prostate cancer developed in prostate , a gland that is located below the bladder and just in front of rectum.Inflammation is a fundamental physiological process that can arise in any tissue in response to traumatic, infectiousor autoimmune injury. Transforming growth factor beta one (TGF - ?I) is a potential regulator of prostate cancer cell growth that signals through a heteromeric complex composed of type I and type II receptors.TGF - ?R II is an important receptor , because TGF - ? bind to receptor II to initiate it's signaling, then receptor II recruits receptor I to initiate signal transduction. Interleukin - 17 (IL - 17) is a pro - inflammatory cytokine produced by T - helper 17 (Th17) cells contributes toboth the processes by playing a dual role in the antitumor immunity. On one hand, IL - 17 encourages an antitumor cytotoxic T cell response leading to tumor regression. On the other hand, by promoting angiogenesis and egress of tumor cells from the primary focus, so IL - 17 promotes tumor growth.This study was carried out to establish the correlation between expression of Transforming growth factor beta one(TGF - ?I), Transforming growth factor beta receptor one (TGF - ?RI) and Transforming growth factor beta receptor two (TGF - ?RII) and prostate cancer progression. Also to establish the role of IL - 17 in prostate cancer development.The study consisted of 16 patients with poorly differentiated malignancy (PDM) ,whose age ranged (48 - 89) years, with mean age of (71.2) years , and 25 patients with moderately differentiated malignancy(MDM) , whose age ranged (31 - 83) years , with mean age of (66.6) years , and 46 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) , whose age ranged (27 - 85) years , with mean age of (64.3) years. Allpatients were diagnosed surgically by consultant physicians in Baghdad hospital for specialist surgeries , Al - Yarmook teaching hospital ,as well as AL - Hilla teaching hospital , and 20 normal tissue sample taken from cadaver, whose age ranged (17 - 28) years , with mean age of (21.8) years , where chosen as a control group. The work was conducted in Iraqi center for cancer and medical genetic researches. The study were performed during the period from March 2014 to December 2014).Immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique was used to detect the level of expression of TGF - ?I , TGF - ?RI , TGF - ?RII and IL - 17 protein in tissues of patients and healthy control groups.The current study revealed that there was significant difference in mean levels of TGF - ?I protein expression between each of poorly and moderately differentiated malignancy compared with healthy control subjects with P - value of 0.001 , but there was no significant difference in mean level of TGF - ?Iprotein expression between benign prostatic hyperplasia and healthy control subjects with P - value of 0.398. Also there was no significant difference between poorly and moderately differentiated malignancy in mean level of TGF - ?I protein expression.TGF - ?R1 protein was expressed in 3 (18.7%) and 14 (56%) of poorly and moderately differentiated malignancy respectively , with weak immunostaining reaction was the most frequent score. There was significant difference in mean level of TGF - ?RI protein expression among all studied groups. TGF - ?RII protein was expressed in 6 (37.5%) and 22 (88%) of poorly and moderately differentiated malignancy respectively ,with weak immunostaining reaction was the most frequent score. There was significant difference in mean level of TGF - ?RII protein expression among all studied groups.IL - 17 immunohistochemical expression was detected in tissues of all studied groups , the results showed that moderate immunostaining reaction was the most frequent score among them. There was significant difference in mean levels of IL - 17 protein expression among all studied groups.We concluded that there was statistically significant association between the loss ofexpression of TGF - ?1 signaling receptors, especially TGF - ?RI, andincreasing grades of malignancy in prostate cancer. These resultssuggest a potential mechanism for prostate cancer cells toescape the growth inhibitory effect of TGF - ? and thus, leadingto a more malignant phenotype.

دراسة التنميط الجيني لفيروس الSEN في متبرعي الدم الاصحاء ومرضى الثلاسيميا المصابين وغير المصابين بفيروس التهاب الكبد نمط ج واهميته السريرية == Genotypic Study Of SEN Virus In Healthy Blood Donors And Thalassemia Patients; With Or Without HCV Infection And Its Clinical Importance

Author name: بشار منذر خزعل الزبيدي

Supervisor name: اروى هادي الحمداني | اشنا جمال فائق

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: Blood transfusion is one of the most common routes of viral hepatitis transmission among population. There are several diseases need continuous blood transfusions to manage the patient's condition; one of these diseases is ?thalassemia, so these patients are at increased risk of infection with blood transfusion transmitted agents. SEN - Virus is a DNA virus which is associated with acute post - transfusion hepatitis and the prevalence with the clinical importance and also the genetic characterization are still much unknown in Iraq; therefore, this study was designed to investigate the occurrence and the clinical importance of SEN - virus infection in healthy blood donors and thalassemia patients with or without HCV infection and then the study of the genome sequencing and the phylogenetic analysis of SEN - V clones. One hundred and fifty eight thalassemia patients (57.6% male, 42.4% female), with mean age of 16.8±8.5 year, and one hundred and fifty healthy blood donors with randomly selected persons (58.7%male, 41.3% female), with mean age of 16.7±8.6 year. All these samples involved in this study that were conducted in the period between January to June 2015. SEN - V had been identified by DNA extraction, DNA amplification by nested conventional PCR and then Agarose gel electrophoresis amplified DNA bands detection; while HCV was identified by RNA extraction, RNA reverse transcription into complementary DNA, DNA amplification by nested conventional PCR and then Agarose gel electrophoresis amplified DNA bands detection. Liver transaminases (Aspartate Transaminase and Alanine Transaminase) were determined, in addition of measure of serum ferritin levels by VIDAS. SEN - V was detected in 68 out of 158 (43%) thalassemia patients and 16 out of 150 (10.7%) blood donors. HCV prevalence was (11.4%) in thalassemia patients. There was significant increase observed in the occurrence of SEN - V or HCV infection with age but there was no significant difference observed in the occurrence of both with gender. The most important (hepatotropic) SEN - V genotypes were SEN - V - D and SEN - V - H and there were patients infected with D genotype or H genotype alone, while there were patients co - infected with D and H. According to HCV and SEN - V co - infection status, patients and controls subdivided into six subgroups : subgroup I was thalassemia HCV RNA + and SENV DNA +, subgroup II was thalassemia HCV RNA + and SEN - V - , subgroup III was thalassemia HCV RNA - and SEN - V DNA +, subgroup IV was thalassemia HCV RNA - and SEN - V - , subgroup V was control SEN - V + and finally subgroup VI was control SEN - V - . Statistical analysis revealed that there was significant increase in AST and ALT levels in subgroup I when compared with the other subgroups - that showed the increasing relationship in the case of infection with both viruses - and there were no any significant differences in ferritin levels among these subgroups. Moreover, there were no significant differences between SEN - V - D, SEN - V - H and SEN - V - D and H co - infected samples in AST, ALT and ferritin among thalassemia patients and controls. The results from the study of gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of samples of amplified SEN - V - D and samples of amplified SEN - V - H DNA which were selected randomly from blood donors and thalassemia patients infected with D or H genotypes alone or together (co - infection), revealed that the most transmission route of SEN - V D and H was blood transfusion that is because there was (99%) gene similarity between blood donors and thalassemia patients, furthermore SEN - V - D or SEN - V - H sequences of the co - infected persons were the same sequences of D or H genotypes alone and with the observations of similarity with neighboring countries.

Immunological Status Of Seminal Plasma For Bodybuilders On Androgenic Anabolic Steroid Hormones == Immunological Status Of Seminal Plasma For Bodybuilders On Androgenic Anabolic Steroid Hormones

Author name: Anwar M. Rasheed Abdulhussein

Supervisor name: Dr.Abduladheem Y. Abbood AL.Barra

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Medicine

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: Exercises done by bodybuilder have great benefit for the general health and muscle size and performance. Anabolic androgenic steroid hormones are commonly used by bodybuilders to increase muscle mass and strength depending on its mode of action to increase the level of nitrogen retention in muscle, insulin like growth factor IGF - 1 increase in muscle tissue and seminal fluid. IGF - 1 responsible for Cell proliferation, growth and inhibiting apoptosis activity. Also AAS generally has an immunmodulatory impact on cytokines interactions as well as infertility. This study was designed to estimate the changes in cytokines in seminal plasma, sperm count in the seminal fluid and estimation of testosterone concentration in serum due to the impact of androgenic anabolic steroids hormones in bodybuildrs. Eighty male volunteers their age groups are ranging from 21 - 35 years. They were divided into three groups; the first group 27 age matched volunteers apparently healthy (healthy control group) , Second group 27 bodybuilders players attending the sport club with androgen anabolic steroid hormone abuse (AAS) (steroid group), and the third group 26 bodybuilder players attending this sport club in Baghdad without AAS uptake (fitness group ). A blood sample and seminal fluid were obtained from each individual involved in this study. Blood, serum and seminal plasma were prepared from these samples were obtained and applied for estimation of testosterone level by using enzyme immuno - florescent technology. Anti - sperm Ab test by heamo - aglutenation method was used to exclude the positive cases from this study.Heparinized blood was used for estimation of neutrophil phagocytic activity Sperm count was done for each seminal fluid sample, cytokines were estimated by sandwich ELISA method, in seminal plasma, these cytokines are IL - 6, IL - 10,IL17a,TNF - ? and INF - ?. The bodybuilders with AAS uptake showed a significant reduction in sperm count (P=0.00), fitness group sperm count showed slight nonsignificant decrease compared to healthy control group (P=0.7). Serum testosterone level in the AAS uptake group showed a significant decline compared with fitness and healthy control groups (P= 0.00). Exercise alone increases the level of IL - 6 (P=0.00), while exercise with AAS uptake decreases the level of IL - 6 (P=0.06). The fitness group showed highly significant increases in TNF alpha (P =0. 00). IL - 10 as an anti - inflammatory cytokine shows a high level in the AAS uptake group compared to the healthy group (0.04). IL - 17 as an inflammatory cytokine showed high significant increase in steroid group and fitness group (P=0.00), which indicate that both exercises with and without AAS uptake increases the level of IL - 17 secretion(P= 0.02) separately or in combination. Phagocytosis of AAS uptake group showed a highly significant decline (P= 0.00).The correlation results showed that there is a complex network interactions between the studied cytokines. The Phagocytic activity of the AAS uptake group showed a strong correlation with both IL - 6 and IL - 10 levels. IL - 10 as a suppresser cytokine has a significant correlation with TNF - alpha, INF - gamma and IL - 17A while, IL - 10 showed a negative correlation with IL - 6. IL - 17 which act as an inflammatory cytokine has a significant correlation with all cytokines except IL6 and phagocytic activity. Generally seminal plasma cytokine network may be under the effect of immune regulation mechanism and cytokine inactions as well as, the impact of steroids uptakes. In general the final impact of AAS uptake on bodybuilders immunity are declining in phagocytosis and an increase in IL - 10 which act as suppressor to the Th1 immune response and increase of IL - 17 which has a role in increasing the inflammatory response so, these results suggest that AAS abuse players may be more liable for infection and decrease in sperm count which may cause temporary or permanent infertility.

دراسة المقاومة المتعددة للمضادات الحيوية لعصيات التدرن لدى مرضى التدرن الرئوي == A Study On Drug Resistance Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolated From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Author name: انمار ليث طالب الحسني

Supervisor name: عامر رشيد النجار | احمد اسمر منخي

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: تعتبر عزلات جراثيم التدرن المقاومه للادوية من المشاكل الرئيسية في معالجة مرضى التدرن حول العالم. , ولاهميته اجريت هذه الدراسة لتسليط الضوء اكثر حول الحساسيه الدوائية بواسطة الطرق المختبرية التقليدية وعلى الوسط الصلب ومقارنته مع الطرق التشخيصية المختبرية ا | Drug resistant tuberculosis remained as major problems in the treatment of tuberculosis patients in the world. A prospective study was conducted to evaluate drug susceptibility testing (DST) by classical methods on solid media as compared with advance and molecular Laboratory diagnostic methods (Bactec MGIT 960 and GeneXpert MTB - RIF ). The study included the estimation of the first line anti - TB drugs, including (Rifampicin,Isonizid,Streptomycin and Etambutol) by solid media (Lowenstein - Jensen medium) and Bactec MGIT 960 system. In addition, the use of rapid molecular diagnostic method by GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay. Seventy five TB patients attending the National Reference Laboratory of Tuberculosis /medical city - Baghdad from December 2015 to June 2016 were included in this study. Patients were classified into two main groups : selected MDR patients, which were referred from different hospitals and health respiratory center in Iraq, represented 46 in order to compare different laboratory methods to detect of DST isolates, while 29 were randomly isolated and identified , the study matched by age and gender were also included. This study revealed that the drug resistance tuberculosis to Rifampicin was 47 (62.7%), Isonizid 41 (54.7%), Streptomycin 42 (56.0%) and Ethambutol 38 (50.7%). Respectively , on the golden stander in which solid media were used.The molecular and advance technique (GeneXpert and Bactec MGIT 960) as applied to estimation of drug resistance tuberculosis, the results of drug susceptibility testing (DST), as showed highly sensitivity and Accuracy, when compared with golden stander( LJ media) especially in detected of primary drugs (Rifampicin and Isoniazid) and showed lower sensitivity and accuracy to detected of the secondary drugs (Streptomycin and Ethambutol). The Multiple drug resistance (MDR - TB) case from selective samples was found to be almost similar to that found in other countries of the middle east and other regions in the world. While in the randomly identified samples, the rate of MDR - TB was lower than the referred (previously treated) cases.The GeneXpert MTB - RIF system is rapid molecular methods that used in many countries to identify of MTB and Rifampicin detected during 2 hours only, that used in this study. The high Rifampicin resistance and other drugs of local isolates could be due to abuse of the drug,defaulter and relapse of retreating cases (previously treated).

دراسة التنميط الجيني لفيروس تي تي في مرضى الثلاسيميا المصابين وغير المصابين بفيروس التهاب الكبد نمط ج

Author name: ابتسام نايف عودة الجبالي

Supervisor name: اروى هادي الحمداني

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology - Viruses

Degree: Master

University: Mustansiriyah University

Language: English

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: ما زال الكثيرون لا يعرفون الاهمية السريرية لفيروس تي تي الذى رشح كاحد فايروسات التهاب الكبد انماط A - G)).ان فيروس تي تي يصيب المرضى المعرضين لخطر الحقن ونقل الدم المتكرر، كما في المرضى المصابين بفقر دم البحر الابيض المتوسط(? - Thalassemia major). تمت هذة | Much is still unknown about the clinical significance of TT virus (TTV) that has been reported as a candidate for non A - G hepatitis virus. TTV infects patients at risk for parenteral exposure and chronic blood transfusion, such as those with ? - thalassemia major. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence and clinical importance of TTV infection in thalassemia patients with or without hepatitis C virus (HCV) co - infection, furthermore to sequence and analyse phylogentic of TTV clones.One hundred fifty four thalassemia patients (64.3% male, 35.7% female) with a mean age of 23.8±6.8 years were involved in this study that was conducted in the period between Feb. to Dec. 2013. TTV DNA was detected using Real time PCR. Furthermore, conventional PCR was done for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis using N22 region from open reading frame 1 (ORF1). Anti - HCV antibody was determined by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and confirmed by western blot. Then, HCV core antigen was detected in those anti - HCV Abs seropositive samples. Liver transaminases (ALT, AST) were determined, in addition to measure serum ferritin levels by VIDAS ferritin. TTV was detected in 45 of 154 (29.2%) of thalassemia patients with predominance of males than females (64.4% vs. 35.6%). The prevalence rate of anti - HCV Abs were 54.5% with significant increase in females than males (p<0.05).Out of these 84 samples, 59 (70.2%) were positive by HCV core Ag assay and related significantly to frequency of blood transfusion. According to HCV and TTV infection status, patients were categorized into six groups : Anti - HCVAb+ HCV core Ag + TTV+, Anti - HCVAb+ HCV core Ag + TTV - , Anti - HCVAb+ HCV core Ag - TTV+, Anti - HCVAb+ HCV core - TTV - , Anti - HCVAb - TTV+, Anti - HCVAb - TTV - . The increased levels of ALT, AST and ferritin in the HCV and TTV infected group were not significantly different from those in the TTV and HCV negative groups. Co - infection of TTV and HCV were significantly increase ALT levels compared to infection with HCV alone. No association of TTV infection was found with gender, age and frequency of blood transfusion.The results of genotyping in 12 randomly selected patients showed the presence of equal percentage of genotype 1 (G1) and genotype 2 (G2) 50% for each one, with homology between them 79.0%. Other TTV genotypes were not identified in the present study suggesting that G1and G2 are predominant in this area. Mixed infection of the same patient with multiple TTV genotypes was observed. The results concluded that TTV is moderately present in Iraqi thalassemia patients, with G1 and G2 were predominant. Patients co - infected with HCV and TTV had a significantly higher serum ALT level than those without TTV infection, so TTV infection is suggested to have a role in increasing the severity of liver diseases in the thalassemia patients when co - infected with HCV.

الكشف عن طفر الجين عامل النمو البشراوي الثاني (HER2) في سرطان الخلايا الانتقالية باستعمال طريقة اللونية في موقع التهجين == The Detection Of HER2 Gene Mutation In Transitional Cell Carcinoma Using CISH Method

Author name: عمار عيسى مهدي

Supervisor name: احمد تركي عبيد | هادي محمد علي الموسوي

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Clinical Diseases

Degree: Master

University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine - Department Of Diseases

Language: English

University location: Babylon

First pages:

Abstract: يعتبر سرطان المثانة واحدا من اكثر انواع الاورام السرطانية التي تصيب الجهاز البولي حيث انه يعتبر ثاني ورابع الاكثر شيوعا للذكور في العراق والولايات المتحدة على التوالي وايضا يعتبر العاشر والحادي الاكثر شيوعا للاناث في العراق والولايات المتحدة على التوالي. | The urinary bladder cancers are among the common types of cancer of the urinary tract. It is regarded as the second and the fourth most common cancer types for males in Iraq and in the United State of America (USA) respectively and as tenth and eleventh most common cancer types for females in both Iraq and USA respectively. Urothelial Carcinoma is epithelial tumor of urinary bladder (95% of urinary bladder tumor) and it shows wide range of tumor that begins from papilloma and carcinoma in situ to invasive cancer. The patients with urinary bladder cancer that are presented in non - muscle invasive type or muscle invasive type show different rates of HER2 gene amplification (specially for invasive muscle type). Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, also called HER or type I ErbB tyrosine kinase receptors) family is composed of four receptor member which include HER1 (ErbB1 or EGFR), HER2/neu (ErbB2 or C - ErbB2) , ErbB3 ( HER3), and ErbB4 (HER4). HER2/neu protein is glycoprotein produced by HER2 gene which lies in 17q21 (long arm of chromosome 17). This glycoprotein is normally found in lung, breast, urinary bladder, prostate and stomach, and its cytoplasmic portion has enzymatic function (tyrosine kinase activity). This receptor is responsible for the cell survival, normal cell growing and inhibition of apoptosis. HER2/neu protein overexpression is measured by IHC when the result of IHC is equivocal to HER2/neu protein (+ 2). Then, HER2 gene amplification is measured by using an accurate and more practical CISH method. The aims of this study are tried to detect the percentage of HER2 gene amplification in the urothelial carcinoma and distribution of HER2 gene amplification with clinical criteria (age , sex, grade, stage, and location of tumor) of the patients that had urothelial carcinoma of bladder.This study contained retrospective (30 cases) and prospective (20 cases) and was conducted in Al - Hilla Surgical Teaching Hospital and the period of the study extended from October /2015 to August/2016. Clinical data of patients include age, gender , clinical features, and type of bladder biopsy ( endoscopic resection or cystectomy) are taken with paraffin blocks.The practical part of the study was done in the laboratory of the department of pathology / College of Medicine/Babylon university. It included 50 patients with bladder cancer (35 males and 15 females ) with two groups (10 cases is positive and 10 cases is negative). It included 50 patients who were diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder with mean age ± SD ( 66.04 ± 10.148 ) years old ranging between 42 - 83 years old. Also, Positive and negative control slides applied with each run CISH method (+ve control of breast tissue that treated by immnohistochemical procedure ( score +3) and the same tissue were applied by removing HER2/neu probe).Fifty patients who were diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder and their biopsies of bladder ( taken from endoscopic biopsy or cystectomy). Then, paraffin - embedding procedure was prepared on tissues biopsy and then, hematoxylin and eosin staining (H. and E. staining) procedure was done. Finally, manual CISH was done on both cases(positive and negative cases) and bladder cancer blocks. This CISH method detected her2 amplification according to ASCO/CAP/2013 scoring system. The results showed that age group 61 - 70 years was the highest positive HER2 amplification (64.7%) among other age groups 51 - 60 years (11.8%) and 71 - 80 years old (23.5%), there was a significant association between these age groups with HER2 amplification , p? 0.05. Sex group displayed that 52.9% of male and 47.1% of female who had positive HER2 amplification and there was no significant difference between sex groups with HER2 amplification, p > 0.05. Other results showed that positive HER2 amplification was highest in grade 3 (88.2%) of transitional cell carcinoma when compared to grade 2 (11.8) and grade 1 (0%) and there was significant association between cancer grading system with HER2 amplification, p? 0.05. MIBC and NMIBC of staging cancer system showed 82.4% and 17.6% positive HER2 amplification respectively with a significant difference between them ( p value ? 0.05). Also, other result of the histological types of transitional cell carcinoma revealed 88.2% and 11.8% (positive HER2 amplification) of papillary and flat shape respectively with a significant correlation between them ( p value ? 0.05). The HER2 gene amplification was correlated with grade and stage of bladder carcinoma which showed high amplification in high grade and stage. The HER2 gene amplification was not correlated with the sex of the patients, but more cases of HER2 gene amplification were recorded in males; while there was a correlation with age group specifically (61 - 70 years old). The HER2 gene amplification was associated with aggressive behavior of blabber carcinoma. The CISH method application in HER2 gene amplification was flexible and applical.

التوصيف الجزيئي لعوامل الضراوة المرتبطة باصابات بكتريا المكورات العنقودية السالبة للتخثير والمعزولة من المصابين بالتهاب المجاري البولية في محافظة بابل == Molecular Characterization Of Some Virulence Associated Factors For Coagulase - Negative Staphylococci Isolated From Urinary Tract Infection In Babylon Province

Author name: سارة هاشم داخل الحلي

Supervisor name: محمد صبري عبد الرزاق السعيد | جواد كاظم الخفاجي

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology

Degree: Master

University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine - Department Of Microbiology

Language: English

University location: Babylon

First pages:

Abstract: يهدف هذا البحث الى دراسة بكتريا المكورات العنقودية السلبية التخثر, وشملت الدراسة جمع120 عينة ادرار من المرضى المصابين بالتهاب المجاري البولية من الاشخاص المراجعين والراقدين في مستشفى بابل للنسائية والاطفال ومستشفى الحلة التعليمي وللفترة من كانون الاول 201 | This work aims to study coagulase - negative Staphylococci, which included 120 urine sample were obtained from patients suffering from urinary tract infection; who attained to Babylon Maternity and Pediatrics Hospital, and Al - Hilla General Teaching Hospital, during the period from December 2015 to March 2016), they were diagnosed as having UTI by the Urologists. The samples were analyzed for any signs of infection and immediately inoculated on blood and MacConkey agar media plates. All plates were incubated aerobically at 37 ?C for 24 - 48 hrs.Results of morphological and biochemical characterization revealed that out of total of 120 urine samples, 110 showed positive culture, among them 37 isolates are belonged to coagulase - negative Staphylococci, other 73 isolates belonged to other bacterial genera.Molecular detection of coagulase gene (coa) was done for all CoNS isolates. The results showed that 28/37 isolates (75.67%) were positive for this marker, distributed as follows : S. epidermidis gave 15 isolates, S. saprophyticus gave 9 isolates and S. haemolyticus gave 4 isolates.Also, molecular investigation of fnb A and B genes are carried out for all CoNS isolates by using specific PCR markers. 13/37 isolates (35%) were positive for fnb A gene, as 6/13 of S. epidermidis, 5/13 of S.saprophyticus and 2/13 of S. haemolyticus have this gene in their genome. On the other hand, only 4/37 isolates gave positive result for fnb B gene; as 2 isolates of both S. saprophyticus and S. epidermidis have this gene in their genome.Moreover, sec gene also was investigated in CoNS isolates. The results showed that all CoNS isolates are free from this gene.Regarding urease enzyme production, S. epidermidis and S.saprophyticus isolates were found to be urease positive, while S.haemolyticus isolates display urease negative.To demonstrate the ability of bacteria to form struvite stone, urine samples obtained from healthy individuals were used. It was found that struvite stone was formed by S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus isolates.Moreover, susceptibility to 10 antibiotics were tested by using disc diffusion test (DDT). S. epidermidis was showed 100% resistance for each Methicilline, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime and Cefoxitin. Also, it show high resistance 94%, 88%, 88%, 76%, and 59% for Impenem, Gentamycin, Pipracillin, Ciprofloxacin and Amikacin respectively. However, S. epidermidis showed low resistance (6%) for Vancomycin. So, all S. saprophyticus isolates showed high resistance (100%) to each Pipracilline, Ceftriaxone, Methicillin, Ceftazidime and Ciprofloxacin. It showed high resistance (92%) for each Vancomycin and Imipenem, and (83%), (75%), (75%) for Cefoxitin, Gentamycin and Amikacin respectively. In addition to that, all S. haemolyticus was showed (100%) resistance for each Ceftriaxone, Pipracillin, Methicilline, Ceftazidime and Cefoxitin. Also, showed high resistance (75%), (63%) and (50%) for Gentamycin, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin respectively. While it was showed low resistance (13%) to Vancomycin.

الصورة البكتيرية والنسيجية المرافقة لالتهاب اللوزتين المزمن والادينويد عند الاطفال == Bacteriological And Histopathological Profile Associated With Chronic Tonsillitis And Adenoid Hypertrophy In Children

Author name: رشا محسن كاظم الحسيني

Supervisor name: حبيب صاحب نهر | صفاء حسين الطريحي

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology

Degree: Master

University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine - Department Of Microbiology

Language: English

University location: Babylon

First pages:

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the bacterial profile of surface and core of infected tonsils and adenoid tissues and histopathological examination of these organs.A total of 122 samples represented by 63 excised tonsils and 59 excised adenoids in addition to 57 blood samples were collected from 70 patients who were referred to Hilla Teaching Hospital (Ear, Nose and Throat unit) in Hilla city within a period of four months from November 2015 to February 2016. Those patients weresuffering from chronic tonsillitis and adenoid hypertrophy. The ages of those patients ranged from 2 to 15 years, 41 (59%) of them were males and 29 (41%) were females.The study included three main parts. The first one was the bacterial diagnosis based on relied diagnostic procedures. Second part was the detection of antistreptolysin O (ASO) by using latex agglutination test, while the third part included histopathological study to detect the pathological lesions that occur during these infections.The results indicated that, the most age group being susceptible for chronic tonsillitis and adenoid hypertrophy was the group of 7 - 10 years, represented 33 patients with a percentage of (47%). Among this group, males were more susceptible with percentage of 20 (29%) compared to female patients13 (19%).The surface of all samples (tonsil and adenoid) revealed positive results for bacterial culture, while in the core of tonsil only 44 samples (70%) were positive for bacterial culture while 19 samples (30%) were negative results (no growth). As in tonsils, the core of adenoid revealed positive results in 32 (54%) samples, while 27 (46%) samples were negative results.The suspected isolates were fully identified by using bacteriological, biochemical and Vitek 2 techniques (for two isolates because of those isolates give variable biochemical test results which confused their diagnosis that lead to using of vitek system technique to diagnosis them, these isolates were rare bacteria that infect tonsil and adenoid). The most common types of bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus which accounted for 75 isolates (23.6%), followed by Streptococcus pyogenes 61isolates (19%), Escherichia coli 57 isolates (18%), Klebsiellae pneumoniae 55 isolates (17.3%), Hemophilus influenza 37 isolates (11.6%), Sphingomonas paucimobilis 14 isolates (4.4%), Staphylococcus epidermides 7 isolates (2.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosae 6 isolates (2%), Pseudomonas stutzeri 5 isolates (1.6%), and Staphylococcus saprophyticus only one isolate (0.3%).Regarding the bacterial population, there is a difference between tonsils / adenoid surface and tonsil/ adenoid core culture were the most predominant isolate from tonsil surface was Staphylococcus aureus and K. pneumoniae from tonsillar core, while from adenoid surface was Streptococcus pyogenes whereas E. coli from adenoid core.The ASO titer in patients with or without group A streptococcal infections were determined by using latex agglutination test. The results revealed that 8 samples (14%) exhibited positive results, while 49 samples (86%) exhibited negative results out of 57 samples. The results showed statistically no significant differences between patient age groups but showed highly significant differences between males and females.Eight specimens were taking for histopathological examination randomly, four samples were adenoids and four samples were tonsils. The histopathology examination of tonsil and adenoid showed the presence of lymphoid hyperplasia,multiple lymphoid follicles, vascular congestion, fibrosis, germinal centers, infiltration of inflammatory cells, necrosis and apoptosis of tissues

تقييم المؤشرات السريرية وبعض الدلائل الحيوية في مرض دواعم الاسنان == Evaluation Of Clinical Parameters And Some Biomarkers In Periodontal Disease

Author name: امل عليوي حسن

Supervisor name: سعد مرزة حسين الاعرجي | وسام وهاب الحمادي

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Physiology

Degree: Master

University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine - Department Of Physiology And Medical Physics

Language: English

University location: Babylon

First pages:

Abstract: امراض دواعم الاسنان هي مجموعة من امراض الالتهابات التي تصيب التجويف الفموي وتعرض الهياكل الداعمة للاسنان للخطر. تحدث هذه الامراض بسبب عدم التوازن بين الجراثيم المحيطة بالاسنان واستجابة المضيف. يعتبر مرض التهاب اللثة ومرض النساغ المزمن هي من الاقسام الرئيس | Periodontal diseases are a group of inflammatory diseases that affect the oral cavity and jeopardize the supporting structures of teeth. They are caused by an imbalance between periodontal pathogens and host responses. Gingivitis and chronic periodontitis are the major categories of these diseases. The study sample consisted of 80 individual of both genders, their age ranged from 30 to 50 years, and they are divided into three main groups according to the clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing index, probing pocket depth index and clinical attachment level index). Group ? comprised from 24 (15 female and 9 male) healthy gingival volunteers as a control, group ?? comprised from of 29 (12 female and 17 male) patients with gingivitis, lastly group ??? comprised from 27 (11 female and 16 male) patients with chronic periodontitis. Unstimulated whole saliva samples are collected to determine the levels of Prostaglandin E2, Matrix Metalloprotinase - 8 and Alkaline Phosphatase. Clinical periodontal parameters are recorded at four sites per tooth. The results of present study revealed a highly significant difference (P - value < 0.01) in the mean ± SD for all of clinical periodontal parameters and for the levels of salivary biomarkers (Prostaglandin E2, Matrix Metalloproteinasee - 8 and Alkaline Phosphatase) among chronic periodontitis, gingivitis and control groups. The chronic periodontitis group revealed the higher mean value followed by the gingivitis group and the control group presented the least value. Regarding the correlation between the salivary biomarkers levels and clinical periodontal parameters, the present study showed a significant positive correlation (P< 0.05) and a highly significant positive correlation (P - value < 0.01) between each of salivary biomarker levels and all of clinical periodontal parameters. In addition, this study showed a highly significant positive correlation (P - value < 0.01) between Prostaglandin E2 and Matrix Metalloproteinasee - 8 and a significant positive correlation (P< 0.05) between Prostaglandin E2 and Alkaline Phosphatase and between Matrix Metalloproteinasee - 8 and Alkaline Phosphatase for gingivitis and chronic periodontitis groups. The present study re - emphasized the importance of whole saliva as sampling method in relations of immunological purposes in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis and proposed that the elevated levels of Prostaglandin E2, Matrix Metalloproteinasee - 8 and Alkaline Phosphatase may be one of the host - response mechanisms connect with the clinical appearances of periodontal diseases. Salivary Prostaglandin E2, Matrix Metalloproteinasee - 8 and Alkaline Phosphatase levels may reflected the severity of disease, thus help in the early detection of the disease.

تاثير احمرار الدم الثانوي الدم على وظيفة بطانة الاوعية الدموية الجهازية في محافظة بابل == Effect Of Secondary Polycythemia On Systemic Endothelial Function In Babylon Province

Author name: احمد محي الدين سهراب

Supervisor name: غافل صيهود حسن الشجيري | عامر صاحب المؤمن

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Physiology

Degree: Master

University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine - Department Of Physiology And Medical Physics

Language: English

University location: Babylon

First pages:

Abstract: تغير قطر الشريان العضدي كاستجابة الى الاحتقان , يستعمل بصورة واسعة لتقيم وظيفة بطانة الاوعية الدموية الجهازية بواسطة تسجيل التغير كاستجابة للاحتقان. ضعف او قلة التوسع يلاحظ بصورة واضحة لدى المرضى المصابون باحمرار الدم الثانوي.التوسع المحدث بالمد يقاس كن | Brachial artery diameter variations in response to hyperemia were widely used for the assess endothelial function by recording variations in response to hyperemia. Vasodilation was markedly impaired in polycythemic patients.Flow mediated dilatation (FMD) was measured as the percentage increase in brachial artery diameter at diastole after 5 minute of ischemia.Objectives : Material and MethodsThe present study was conducted at Echo - Doppler department in Marjan medical city / Hilla , in cooperation with the department of physiology of College of medicine / University of Babylon, from November 2015 to April 2016. A history, physical examination, blood pressure, and laboratory were performed on all subjects (patients with secondary polycythemia, and control groups). Seventy subjects were included in the present study. Their ages was ranged between 40 - 60 years. They were divided into two groups. Group 1 : Included 30 healthy subjects without polycythemia, all men, their mean age was 47.20 ± 7.3 years and they served as control group.Group 2 : Included 40 patients, all men, with secondary polycythemia, their mean age 46.90 ± 7.3 years.Method : Measurement of flow - mediated and nitroglycerin - induced dilatation of the brachial artery.Measuring blood pressure, auscultatory method.Assessment of BMI.Laboratory analyses : Serum urea test.Serum creatinin test.White blood cells (WBCs) count : Platelets count.Estimation of packed cell volume (PCV %).Red blood cells (RBCs) count. Hb. level test.Cholesterol test.Triglyceride test.Urea test.Creatinine test.Results : The mean flow mediated dilatation (FMD) on two groups was significantly (p value < 0.01) decreased (16%) in patients group (8%) comparison to control group (24%). The mean Hb concentration was significantly (P value < 0.01) increased in patients group compared to control group.The mean packed cell volume (PCV) was significantly (P vale < 0.01) increased in patients group compared to control group.The mean FMD was found to be significantly (16%) decreased in smoker patients group (8%) compared to nonsmoker control group (24 %).The mean red blood cells count was significantly (P value < 0.01) increased in patients group compared to control group.It was found that triglyceride level significantly increased (P value < 0.01) in patients group compared to control group.There was negative correlation between triglyceride and FMD in patients group. Their are No correlation between age and FMD in patients group.The mean serum cholesterol level was not significantly ( p value < 0.07) increased in patients group compared to control group , while serum triglyceride level, serum creatinin, serum urea were significantly ( p value < 0.01) increased respect in patients comparison to control. Mean glucose, Platelets and red blood cells counts were significantly (P value < 0.01) increased in patients group (polycythemic group) respectively compare to control group respectively.Mean body mass index (BMI) and packed cell volume (PCV) were significant (P value < 0.01) increased respectively in patients group compared to control group. Ages of patients group was non - significantly (P value = 0.89) decreased (46.90 ± 7.00 years) in patients group compare to control group.Conclusions : 1 - The mean flow mediated dilatation (FMD) was significantly decreased (16%) in patients group compared to control group. 2 - The mean Hb concentration , mean packed cell volume (PCV) , red blood cells count, platelets , and body mass index count was significantly increased in patients group compared to control group.3 - Polycythemia as with endothelial dysfunctions that may perform in diagnosis of arterial disease. That used to estimate whereas endothelial dysfunctions result from problem in the cardiovascular system with problem in the prothrombin time.4 - Polycythemia can result in raises causes of thrombosis.Through increase platelet dysfunctions, increase ; white blood cell counts, Hb count, homocystein and cholesterol level as with endothelial dysfunctions.

التاثير الموضعي لعلاج الفيناسترايد في علاج مرض الشعرانية مجهولة السبب == The Effect of Topical Finasteride In Treatment of Idiopathic Hirsutism

Author name: يحيى ابراهيم يحيى

Supervisor name: نسرين جلال محمد البياتي | وسام علي امين

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Medicines and Toxins

Degree: Master

University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine - Department Of Medicine

Language: English

University location: Babylon

First pages:

Abstract: يعرف مصطلح الشعرانية هو الشعر الاكثر خشونة وسمكا في النساء مثل نمط والمواقع في الذكور , الاندروجين المسؤولة عن تغير في الصوت وزيادة في كتلة العضلات في المراة هو هرمون التستوستيرون، وانه المسؤول عن الشعرانية، ونظرا لحدوث درجة عالية من هذا المرض في العراق | The term hirsutism defines as presence of coarser, thicker and terminal hair in women in a male like pattern and locations.The androgen responsible for the change in voice and the increase in muscle mass in women is testosterone, and that responsible for hirsutism and due to the highly incidence of this disease in Iraq so the finasteride cream 1% used and the study was carried out in Collage of Medicine / Babylon University from November 2013 - November 2014 for treatment of fifty five females were enrolled in this study. Their age was between (18 - 55 years) and the mean of their age was 32.26. Those females were chosen from Consulting dermatologist department in Mergan medical city in Babylon in which these females were complained from hirsutism and After preparation Finasteride 1% cream and using it by the patients it was measured TSH,FSH,LH and free Testosterone and the follow up every 15 day and after 3 months (end of study) it was measured the same parameters TSH,FSH,LH and free Testosterone and ferryman gallawy scores the patients had two parts : (Pretreatment) the patients with TSH,FSH,LH and free Testosterone level before treated with finasteride cream. (Post treatment) the patients were taking the Finasteride cream and the TSH,FSH,LH and free Testosterone levels measured after three months of treatment with finasteride cream and also measured the : • Hair color• Hair removal frequency of the patients• Pain severity before and after treatment• F - Gallawy score• Visual analogue scoreand the follow up every 15 day and after 3 months (end of study) it was measured the same parameters Finasteride cream 1% had significant decrease in the serum free testosterone levels with no significant effects on others parameters as TSH and FSH and LH level. From the above results we can conclude the following : Finasteride cream 1% is an effective and harmless treatment in patients whom suffer from idiopathic hirsutism.

التشخيص الجزيئي لتجرثم الدم لدى الاطفال حديثي الولادة بواسطة استخدام تفاعلات البلمرة المتسلسل في مدينة الحلة == Molecular Detection of Neonatal Sepsis By Using PCR In Hilla City

Author name: نور حامد عباس المرزوك

Supervisor name: الهام عباس بنيان الساعدي | ميساء صالح الشكري

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology

Degree: Master

University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine - Department Of Microbiology

Language: English

University location: Babylon

First pages:

Abstract: في هذه الدراسة, تم جمع 85 عينة دم من 85 مريض مصابين بتسمم الدم (حسب التشخيص السريري الاولي للطبيب), تتراوح اعمارهم بين 1 - 28 يوم من كلا الجنسين (الذكور 53 والاناث 32) للفترة من تشرين الثاني 2014 الى اذار 2015.توضح نتائج هذه الدراسة ان (52,9%) طفلا حديث | Neonatal sepsis can be defined as any systemic bacterial infection confirmed by a positive blood culture in the first month of life. In this study, (85) blood specimens were collected from (85) patients with suspected septicemia, age ranged between 1to 28 days from both sexes (53 males and 32 females) during the period from November 2014 to March 2015.The results of this study revealed that (52.9%) are presented with late onset sepsis (infected during 7 - 28 days of their life), while the rest (47.1%) of the neonates are presented with early onset sepsis (infected during the first seven days of their life). The collected samples were investigated for bacterial isolation. Bacterial culture was positive in (7.06%) patients versus (92.9%) patients revealed a negative bacterial culture. The most common types of bacteria isolated were three isolates of Klebsiella spp. (50.0%), followed by one isolate Staphylococcus aureus (16.67%), one isolate E. coli (16.67%), and one isolate Enterobacter spp. (16.67%).The virulence factors of some bacterial isolates in this study were studied. The capsule was present in all bacteria isolated in this study (100%) except for Enterobacter spp. which did not possess the capsule.Colonization factor antigens were detected in all isolates. It was found that only Klebsiella spp. and E. coli (100%) have the ability to produce CFAI and CFAIII. Whereas Enterobacter spp. and Staphylococcus aureus (100%) have the ability to produce colonization factor antigen I only. The results also showed that all isolates of Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. did not produce hemolysin, while all isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli were able to produce hemolysin.Extracellular protease was also investigated. It was found that (100%) of all bacteria isolated in this study were able to produce extracellular protease.Biofilm formation was investigated in all bacterial species, and the results showed that all isolates of Gram negative bacteria and Gram positive bacteria form a biofilm.The ability of some bacteria to produce bacteriocin was tested and the results showed that E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were able to produce bacteriocin.In - vitro, the susceptibility of bacteria towards some antibiotics included in this study revealed that the amikacin and kanamycin are the most effective antibiotics to different types of pathogenic bacteria. Finally, molecular detection for bacterial sepsis was done by using specific primers (16 sRNA, rpoB and its). It was found that 16 sRNA genes were present in (20%) of samples and rpoB gene present in (18.8%). While its gene used for detection of fungi revealed negative results in all samples.

تقييم جهاز كتلة غاز الزفير كوسيلة لفحص وظائف الرئتين عند العراقيين الاصحاء == Evaluation of Expiratory Gas Mass Device As A Measure of Lung Function Test In Healthy Iraqi Subjects

Author name: نبراس حسين عبد الساده الحسناوي

Supervisor name: يسار محمد حسن الشماع | باسم متعب هادي زوين

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Physiology

Degree: Master

University: University of Kufa - Faculty Of Medicine - Department Of Physiology And Medical Physics

Language: English

University location: Najaf

First pages:

Abstract: تعد فحوصات وظائف الرئتين من الوسائل المفيدة جدا لاغراض التشخيص والمتابعة والبحث العلمي للاصحاء ومرضى الجهاز التنفسي. وابسط تلك الفحوصات واكثرها معلومة هو الفحص السبايرومتري الذي يتضمن قياس السعة الحيوية القسرية (FVC) , وحجم الزفير القسري في الثانية الا | Lung function tests are very useful diagnostic, follow up and research measures for healthy and respiratory compromised subjects. The simplest, yet the most informative, lung function tests are the spirometric tests.They involve the forced vital capacity (FVC), the forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) and the forced expiratory volume ratio (FEV%). Several types of devices are used to perform spirometric tests based on the measurement of lung volumes and their subdivisions. Lung volumes, hence, are represented by the volume of expired air. There was a controversy about the difference between body and ambient temperatures which may extremely affect gas volume , but this is thought to be solved by temperature correction. Temperature correction, however, may not be the precise solution in extremely fluctuating environmental temperatures. A fixed amount of expired gas has a constant mass despite the changes in pressure or volume as is implied by the law of conservation of mass in a closed system by Antoine Lavoisier. The aim of this study is to construct and evaluate a simple device called expiratory gas mass device as a reliable, reproducible, accurate and convenient tool to substitute Vitalograph spirometer as a measure of lung function in healthy Iraqi subjects and testing the hypothesis that expired gas mass could significantly and acceptably alternate or conjugate its volume as measures of lung function. The design of the study is a cross sectional study. The statistically required number of participants was decided by a professional statistician to be 70 healthy subjects. However, 300 healthy subjects are included in the present research to cover the need for subgrouping (146 male and 154 female) aged 20 - 50 years (31.84 ± 9.28 years). The male and female were classified into three age groups for each one, ten years interval was considered to be suitable for classifying subjects.Subjects with abnormal lung function such as smokers were excluded. A uniform case sheet was assigned for every participant in the study which includes, name, gender, age, weight, height, smoking habits, residence, cultural status, socioeconomic status, present and past medical history, family history of respiratory illnesses. They were asked to perform the forced expiratory maneuver through the standardized spirometer and then through the newly constructed gas mass device.The accuracy (systematic error) and reproducibility (random error) were tested for the constructed gas mass device.A comparison between forced vital capacity (FVC) and adjusted gas mass (AGM) was made on two main groups , the male group and female group, both of them were subdivided to three age groups.The results revealed that there were no significant differences in values of FVC and AGM measured by standard Vitalograph spirometer and gas mass device respectively. Regression lines indicated that there were strong positive correlations between gas mass (GM) and FVC in male and female. Separate data for male and female are processed and the results indicated that FVC values and GM (or AGM) values are significantly higher in male than in female , P?0.05. Regression lines indicated that there was a negative correlation between age and both of FVC and GM, a positive correlation between height and both of FVC and GM and a weak positive correlation between weight and both of FVC and GM. From the present study, it can concluded that gas mass device is simple, portable and easily handled device. It is also reproducible and accurate device for the measurement of GM in normal subjects.

عزل بكتريا Bacillus cereus من بعض عينات الغذاء == Isolation of Bacillus Cereus From Some Foods Samples

Author name: ضحى عبد الله كاظم الظويهري

Supervisor name: حبيب صاحب نهر

General topic: Medicine

Specific topic: Microbiology

Degree: Master

University: University of Babylon - Faculty Of Medicine - Department Of Microbiology

Language: English

University location: Babylon

First pages:

Abstract: كائن Bacillus cereus موجود في كل مكان وهوممرض منقول بالاغذية والذي يمكن ان يسبب نوعين من امراض الجهاز الهضمي : القيء والاسهال. في هذه الدراسه, تم جمع 140 عينه غذائية شملت (الرز, اغذية الاطفال، الدقيق، منتجات الالبان، اللحوم، الحليب , التوابل) جمعت عشوائيا | Bacillus cereus is a ubiquitous organism and a potential foodborne pathogen that can cause two types of gastrointestinal diseases : emesis and diarrhea. In this study, a total of 140 food samples included (rice, infant food, flour, dairy products, meat, milk powder and spices) were collected randomly from restaurants, food stores and various sale points in the local markets of the Hilla province during the period of November 2014 to April 2015 in attempt to isolate of Bacillus cereus from these samples and detection the prevalence of diarrheal (hbl and nhe) and emetic (ces) enterotoxins genes by using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). All bacterial isolates were identified by cultural, microscopic and biochemical examinations. The results showed that 56 (40%) of samples showed positive growth for Bacillus cereus. The antibiotic sensitivity test of some isolates to 10 antibiotics was studied. It has been found that all B. cereus isolates were resistant to Ampicillin, Ampiclox, Cefotaxime, and Cephalexin, while all isolates were sensitive to Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacine and Chloramphenicol, but most of them showed different rate of sensitivity to one or more of antibiotics such as Neomycin 90% and 80% for both Tetracycline and Erythromycin. Polymerase Chain Reaction technique (PCR) was used to detect the ability of bacterial isolates to encode two types of enterotoxin genes, diarrheal and emetic genes. The results showed that 4(7.14 %) of isolates harboured hblA gene, 16 (28.57%) hblC, 5(8.92 %) hblD, 46(82.14%) nheA, 24(42.85%) nhe B, 26 (46.42%) nheC and 3(5.35%) of the isolates harboured Ces gene. On the other hand, through using PCR it was found that nhe gene was present in most isolates, while hbl gene was variable among the studied isolates. Moreover, the Ces gene was found only in isolates being isolated from rice samples, while it was not found in other types of samples.