عرض: 25 50 75 100 النتائج

نتائج البحث: 25 من أصل 191

حجاجية الخطاب القراني في موضوع الكافرين == Protesting the Qur'anic Discourse on the Subject of Disbelievers

اسم المؤلف: الاء محمد كاطع الغالبي
اسم المشرف: عبد الحسن علي مهلهل
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Qur'anic discourse is distinctly a speech in the argument way because it is a speech between two conflicting parties on a fundamental issue which is the unification of the Almighty God and the performance of his orders and avoid what is forbidden to him . The purpose of the speech is to influence and persuade the recipient . For this reason, the Qur'anic expression used different means of persuasion in order to convince him , so the subject of the research entitled ( Addressing the Disbelievers in the Holy Quran - Study in the Argument - ) . I discussed the speech directed by the Almighty God or the apostles (Peace be upon them) or believers to the unbelievers , as well as, the speech of the unbelievers among themselves ( between masters and followers ) . I mean disbelievers : - anyone who does not recognize the existence of God or associate with him or who does not follow the teachings or deny the messages of the apostles (Peace be upon them). I address the verses that addressed the unbelievers sometimes the term(kafir ) is referred to and sometimes the term ( kafir ) is not mentioned or one of its derivatives , instead the term ''polytheist'' or ''oppressor'' or ''corrupted '' or other term is used . The nature of the search required that it be divided in to (a foreword) and (three chapters) and (a conclusion) . The (foreword)was divided in to two sections : - the first section was summarized as saying in the concept of (protest) in terms of definition of language and style . And mentioned the concept of (protest) at the most important poles of the school of protest in modern times . The second section was to define the concept of (kufr) language and terminology and then asked to mention the types of disbelievers who were included in the research , sometimes there is no mention of the (kafir) in particular , but there are words that differ from the root of the language of the (kafir) , but in the content enters the circle of (kufr) . I focused on ( polytheists and devils ) and studied the semantic differences between them and (kufr) . The first chapter was entitled ( Mechanisms of Arguing in Addressing the Unbelievers ) and included two topics ,the first entitled( Mechanisms of Language ) and examined : 1 - the impact of the links protests in addressing the infidels . And : 2 - the impact of protest methods in addressing the infidels , the second topic included (Rhetorical Mechanisms )and examined the effect of rhetorical mechanisms of analogy , metaphor and metonymy in directing the protest which is directed against the unbelievers . I would also like to note that I have listed chapter one with ( Mechanisms), but I mentioned only two mechanisms ( linguistics & rhetorical ) .This is because each mechanism falls under the concept of many mechanisms ,and this is why the designation chapter(Mechanisms). The second chapter , which was entitled ( The Relations of Protest in Addressing the Unbelievers in the Holy Quran ). This chapter has subheadings , namely , five relationships : - ( relationship of necessity , relationship of sequence , casual relationship , relationship of conclusion and relationship of non - agreement ). The third chapter was entitled ( Patterns of Protest in Addressing the Disbelievers in the Holy Quran ). It included three topics , the first section entitled '' Mental Argumentation '' and included quasi - logical arguments and rational arguments , the second topic was entitled ''Steering Argument '' which included : - 1 - guidance of preaching . 2 - guidance by induction. 3 - guidance on mentioning the consequences of things ( intimidation) . The third topic was entitled ''Impossible Argument '' and included the ''miracles'' that were used for the arguments of the unbelievers and the infidelity of them upon the truthfulness of the law of the Lord of the world . And included the miracle of the Quran and the sensual miracles . Finally the conclusion and I summarized the main findings of the research

تمثلات العنف في مدح الحاكم الاموي == Viiollence represntatiions In Praiise of the Umayyad ruller

اسم المؤلف: بيداء محسن والي الابراهيمي
اسم المشرف: علي عبد الامام مهلهل الاسدي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The presen study deues into the phenomenom of vroIence inUmayyad praise - poetry written by Umayad poets . This kind ofpoetry has vioent patterns that contribute in one way or another tocensuring recipients and spreading banu - umayya's ideas and plantingthem in the recipiemt's mind.This research focuses on the praisespeech of the Umayyad poets who supported the unjust umayyadauthority .They stood beside it in its violent policy.and they weremedia channels that spread the ideas of the Umayyad .they broadcastthese ideas in the mind of the recipient.In order to integrate datasurvival and hegemony of the ruler and weaken the other.oppositionand obeyed by force and coercion.The present study falls into three chapters preceded by anintroduction and followed by a conclusion .In the introduction ,theconcept g violence ,its root and its manifestatron in the poetry havebeen tackled .As for the first chapter,violence at an intellectual leuelhas been inuestigated and it involues two sectrons.The first section isabout falsifying the truth and the secord section is concerned withrepression and incitement policy. .As regard the second chater,violenc at an image Ieud has beenhanded and it also includes two sectrons.The first section deals withthe image of the authoritarian rulev and the second section isconered with the imoge of submissiue nationals.Coneerring the thirdchapder ,violence at a poetic language levd is handled and itcomprises two setions . the first section deals with the structures andvocabulary and the second one is about. .The poetry of the praising of the Umayyad rulers as written by Umayya palace poets like Alfarazdiq ,Jareer ,Alakhtal,Uday Ibn Alaraqqa …otc. .Most of the praise poems are exaggerated and invowe negatiue violen patterns. .Many kinds of sources are included in this study like old and modern critrcism books,eloquence books,history books,So ciology books,psychology books and poetic works.

بنية القصيدة في شعر قيس لفتة مراد : دراسة تحليلية == The structure of poem in Qais lefta Murads Poetry Analytical study

اسم المؤلف: رياض ماجد مفتن
اسم المشرف: علي حسين جلود الزيدي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الادب
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The poetry entered into the lives of most people and dominated their various aspects. Anis became their unity and obsession that they could not tolerate or abandon under any circumstances and throughout the generations in the history of human civilization. Poetry was the world of the soul, the teacher of inspiration and the focus of human groups. Poetry poetry and the poet to be the best messenger to perform his mission. From here the building of the poem was the most prominent window to raise the awareness of the apparent and the inner and to get the emotion by discovering the texts, which in turn reveal the worlds of the poet and stand on the degree of poetical, as it is - the construction of the poem - a cornerstone of the pillars of poetic work, and through this construction closes the curtain to reveal the secrets of beauty with Every attempt to probe the texts of these texts and their content of emotional or symbolic language, the parts through which the text, including the intertwined and continue to achieve the unity of the poem and named them to the top, along with poetic poetic work. The study uses the analytical method, as well as the use of many procedural tools, to detect the poetry of the text or effectiveness, depending on different approaches in order to integrate the image of monetary research. Our study of the poet does not seek to advance procedural laws, that is, to confront the literary text with preconceived notions or to formulate it within the limits of a narrow theory, as we made the text a start or a specific pathway, which is a mechanism for studying with it. The researcher has faced many problems, the most serious of which is the absence of specialized studies on the production of the ***************************************************** C poet. We have only observed some articles that do not exceed two articles on the Internet. The authors of these two articles were not presented in systematic form or rather these studies were not in the process of monetary equivalent, The most important of his poetic texts were in a raging conflict with the neglect, exclusion and absence that the poet faced throughout his life. This letter is the first of its kind in terms of the poetry of Qais Left Murad and his study Ademia, as well as the difficulty of obtaining Diwan (songs Hallaj) only after great suffering and effort upright, the fact that this Court represents an important turning point in the life of the hair measured gesture Murad mystic and philosophical. The basic sources adopted by the research are the writings of the poet Qais Lefta Murad, and the book of aesthetics of contemporary poetry. Taha Wadi, and the levels of poetic construction at the time of Muhammad Ibrahim Abu - Sunnah d. Shukri al - Tawansi, and the construction of the poem in the ancient Arab criticism (in the light of modern criticism) d. As well as the letters and explanations that dealt with the subject of the structure before, as well as rely on many of the sources called by the research to add to the texts of halo of beauty and to be the starting point of the researcher along the research and its various paths, and citing the views of adults academic critics and others to fill the gaps in research , And to move the other messages after these sources of priorities of researchers, Vtnh as factors to support the results of the conclusions of this study and the formulation of the c Introduction : The importance of the subject and the significance behind the study of the poet, the methodology used, and the sources that were helpful for the views expressed by the researcher supported, as well as the problems presented to the research.omprehensive language of the word. The preface includes the translation of the poet Qais Lefta Murad and his life and literary beginnings and highlighting the migration from his city to Baghdad reinforced by the statements of those close ***************************************************** D to him and these words found scattered between the sources of resources that dealt with Nasiriyah from a historical point of view rather than literature on the one hand, on the other hand, (Structure) and we knew in the language and terminology. The first chapter deals with the external construction in the poetry of Qais Lefta Murad divided into three sections. The first topic dealt with the title : The title we took from it is a new structural landmark that joins the series of features that constitute the external construction of each poetry text. And the poet has the obligation to be a solid text subject to the beauty of the texts and the delinquency to the heart of the reader and what is accustomed to ears and eyes, and sensing in a manner appropriate to the size of the hair and its high position, the third topic : it came to include (cut poetry) Every aspect of the hair in the hair Qais gesture Murad. In the second chapter, the internal structure consists of three sections dealing with the first topic (drama structure) as it expresses the universal character of the poet and his integration into the society and addressing his issues and attention to them as an integral part of the universe. Here is the integration between self - awareness and collective awareness. The symbol is a phenomenon that abounds in the poetry of Qais Lefta Murad despite the directness that prevails in most of his texts, but he refers to it and tries to prove to the reader that there are things that he can not reveal and the reader to examine these texts and find out what is behind them. Arusah briefing, as well as the definition of the personalities referred to or directly, including the texts of poetry. The fourth chapter is the rhythmic structure. It consists of two sections dealing with the first subject : the outer rhythm and weight guarantee. We presented the percentage of the weights according to their use by the poet and we adopted the percentages in the statement of the poet's use of these weights starting with the most common ***************************************************** E weight and ending with the least common in his poetry. And the effect of this on the psyche's psyche. We have found the rhyme with the most common rhymes in his poems based on the percentages as well. The second section is devoted to the internal music (Repetition, rotation, response of miracles on the breasts) supported by the poetic evidence that attests to its presence and intensity in the poetry of Qais Left Murad, and carried out by these musical phenomena in the performance of meaning, but there is manipulation in the process of study "Repetition" classical style of the usual (character, or word or sentence), as we studied in accordance with an updated method linked directly to the meaning of the study will show more when reaching it. We can not note that the researcher in some of the citizens of the letter was not parallel between the chapters and the length of the study, because the study does not depend on some things on the length or short, there may be a wide topic for many pages or requires the researcher to lengthen to show his goals, Few pages are sufficient to be in the final form, and then they do not have to be extended and divergent in matters far from the field of study. The researcher also repeated some texts in different places of the letter, to the clarity of the position of the witness more than others. This study coincides with what can be accompanied by each study of shortness, and bear what can be borne by each study of objections, especially in the first way, we follow the previous studies with extreme caution stand in the most important, we make it a lighthouse to guide him in public to finally reach something we think of this Nima from God, and if we sin, we are human beings and infallibility are always disobedient to the human soul, especially in this field, the literature accepts all the possibilities and the text imbued with multiple readings, but I tried and saved my best in it.

بلاغة الطباق في شعر لسان الدين بن الخطيب (ت776ه) == Contrast Eloquence in the poetry of lisan Al Deen bin Al khatib

اسم المؤلف: مثنى رحيم فرحان الجياشي
اسم المشرف: صادق جعفر السعيدي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This research seeks to study the ( binaries opposite ) in the poetry of Lisan Al dean Ibn Al Khateeb , his poetry was the extensive domain where the binaries opposite spread in . His ability and competence of using these binaries guaranteed him one aspect of the poetry modernization at that time that he projected on himself and his poetry , this belongs to the literary stature as one of the most important figure of literature : poetry and prose in the eighteenth century. . It also aims to show the role of the binaries opposite in the subjective , lingual , imaginary and rhythmical aspects and an attempt to discover the beauty of the poet performance of using them. This research is divided into four chapters preceded by an introduction and a preface followed by a conclusion , proven sources and references. . The preface approaches the definition of the two terms ( binaries opposite ) in the idiomatic and vocabulary dictionaries and their publicity in the poetry of other contemporary poets , finally it shows the stature of the poet and his poetry from the point of view of the recent researchers and historians. . The title of the first chapter is " The binaries opposite on the level of the subject ". it is divided into three sections . The first section is about : The intellectual binaries opposite , the second section is about : The Moral binaries opposite and the last section is about : The materialistic binaries opposite . The title of the second chapter is " The binaries opposite on the level of poetical language and vocabulary " and it is divided into two sections . The first section is about : The binaries opposite on the level of the poetical language and the second section is about : The binaries opposite on the level of poetical vocabulary . The title of the third chapter is " The binaries opposite on the level of the poetical images ". it is divided into three sections . The first section is about : The binaries opposite on the level of the simile images and the second section is about : The binaries opposite on the level of metaphorical images and the third section is about " The binaries opposite on the level of the metonymical images . The title of the fourth chapter is " The binaries opposite on the level of the internal rhythms ". It is divided into three sections . The first section is about : Alliteration . The second section is about : The parallel structure in the verse line structure . The third section is about : the repetition

المقطع الصوتي واثره فـي المـعـنـى : القراءات القرانية انموذجا == THE INFLUENCE OF SYLLABLE ON MEANING; QURANIC RECITATIONS AS A SAMPLE

اسم المؤلف: اماني نايف هادي
اسم المشرف: لهيب جاسم الموسوي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: فقد شاءت ارادة الله تعالى ان تختلف الالسن في نطقها ومدلولاتها ، وباختلافها اختلفت اللغات في مقاطعها الصوتية، وذلك في البنية والتركيب. فللغة العربية نظامها في بناء مقاطعها الصوتية وتراكيبها اللغوية التي تميزها عن غيرها من اللغات ، ولهذا جاءت هذه الدراسة لبيان ما لاختلاف المقطع الصوتي العربي من اثر في تعدد المعاني ، وذلك من خلال القراءات القرانية . وكانت رغبتي في الكتابة في مادة علم الاصوات الذي يعد المكون الاساسي في الدراسات اللغوية هي ما دفعني لاختيار هذا الموضوع ، الذي كان مقترحا من استاذي المشرف الاستاذ المساعد الدكتور لهيب الموسوي . وان سبب اختياري لمادة القراءات انموذجا للبحث هو تعذر الحصول على مادة كافية موافقة لخطة البحث من مصدر اخر. وتكمن الصعوبة التي واجهتني في سعة المادة العلمية للقراءات القرانية ، وصعوبة ترتيبها في خطة تبرز كل مايريد البحث اظهاره ، فضلا عن شمولية البحث لجميع الجوانب اللغوية المعجمية والصرفية والنحوية ، الى جانب علم الاصوات. اما الدراسات السابقة ، فاغلبها قد تناولت المقطع الصوتي وخصائصه بشكل عام ، ومنها المقطع في البنية العربية للطالبة رمال خلف احمد ـــ جامعة تكريت ، وقد ركزت الباحثة في دراستها بعد بيان ماهية المقطع وما يتعلق به على اثره في الاعلال( نقلا وقلبا وحذفا) . وسرت في اعداد هذه الدراسة وفقا للمنهج الوصفي القائم على استقراء المادة العلمية، فتتبعت اختلاف المقطع الصوتي في البنية القراءات القرانية وبينت سببه واثره وماحمله من معنى جديد. وكانت كتب التفاسير والقراءات وعلم النحو اهم المراجع التي استعنت بها ، ومن اهمها تفسيرا الكشاف للزمخشري والدر المصون للسمين الحلبي ، وكتاب الحجة للقراء السبعة لابي على الفارسي والمحتسب لابن جني ، فضلا عن المصادر واهمها كتب علم الاصوات ، ومنها كتاب ابحاث في اصوات العربية للدكتور حسام النعيمي، وكتاب المقطع في العربية للدكتور صباح عطيوي.وقد اقتضت خطة البحث ان تكون في ثلاثة فصول، تسبقها مقدمة وتمهيد وتلحقها خاتمة. اما التمهيد فكان دراسة شاملة لكل ما يتعلق بالمقطع الصوتي في العربية، من تعريفه في اللغة واصطلاح، وبيان فكرته عند القدماء ن وراي المحدثين فيه، وصعوبة وضع حد جامع مانع له، ثم بينت انواعه ومكوناته وخصائصه واهميته . ورصد الفصل الاول ما للتشديد والتخفيف والادغام من اثر في البنية المقطعية ودور هذه الظواهر الصوتية في تعدد وجوه المقطع والتي ينتج بفضلها معاني جديدة. وبينت في الفصل الثاني اثر استبدال الاصوات في مقاطع القراءات القرانية ، اي اثره في (قمة وقاعدته) ، ومايتولد بهذا الاستبدال من معنى جديد مغاير للمعنى الاول ، وجاء هذ الفصل في مبحثين : المبحث الاول عقد لبيان الاستبدال في قاعدة المقطع الصوتي ،والمبحث الثاني بين اثر الاستبدال في قمة المقطع الصوتي ومدى اثر ذلك في المعنى . اما الفصل الثالث ، فقد رصد اثر الحذف الصوتي في تغيير المقاطع الصوتية البنية ، وقد قسم على مبحثين المبحث الاول درس تاثير اسقاط مقطع كامل من البنية في اختزال عدد المقاطع وكيف اثر ذلك في تغيير المعنى ، والمبحث الثاني بين تاثير حذف جزء من المقطع في تغيير نوع المقاطع ، وظهور معنى جديد، وجاء هذا المقطع في ثلاثة مطالب : حذف قاعدة المقطع الصوتي ، وتقصير قمة المقطع الصوتي، وحذف قمة المقطع الصوتي .ومن خلال ذلك درست تاثير هذه الظواهر الصوتية على المقطع اولا وانعكاس ذلك على المعنى ثانيا . واخيرا لا اقول ان هذه الدراسة خالية من الهفوات ، ولكن حسبي اني سعيت ولم ادخر جهدا ، والحمد لله رب العالمين . | Syllable is a basic component of phonology, which constitutes a considerable part of linguistic studies. Syllable is a group of sounds that starts with a voiceless sound followed by a voiced sound which may be followed by one or two voiceless sounds. Voiced sounds are the top voicing among other sounds.The present study is a comprehensive study of whatever concerns syllable in the Arabic language; Its linguistic and terminological definition, ancient and contemporary linguists' opinions, and stating types of syllables, components, characteristics, and significance.Chapter one discusses the effects of destress, stress, and assimilation on syllables and the role of these sound phenomena in the variations of syllables, which results in a variety of Quranic recitations. The role of alternation in producing new meanings through effecting the peak and base components of the syllable has been discussed in chapter two. In chapter three, the effect of sound omission on syllable has been discussed in two sections; The effect of omitting a whole syllable from word structure on reducing the number of word syllables has been discussed in section one. The effect of omitting part of the syllable on word structure and meaning has been discussed in section two in three subsections;1 - Omitting the base of syllable,2 - Shortening the peak of syllable,3 - Omitting the peak of syllable

القصيدة اليومية في الشعر العراقي من 1980 الى 2017 == The Daily Poem in Iraqi Poetry From 1980 - 2017

اسم المؤلف: قاسم عطية جامول الهلالي
اسم المشرف: حازم هاشم منخي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: مثل الاهتمام باليومي وتوظيفه في النص الشعري ظاهرة فنية بارزة في نتاج الشاعر العراقي المعاصر, سعى من خلالها الى الكشف عن الجوانب المهمة ذات الصلة الحميمة بحياة الانسان واحتوائها في قصيدته, على وفق نظرة ادبية شاملة, حرصت على التقاط اشكال تلك الحياة والوانها وتفاصيلها, مهما كانت بسيطة اومهملة, وتحويلها الى موضوعات ذات قيمة فنية وجمالية عالية, لا تقل اهمية عن بقية الموضوعات الوجودية الاخرى, مما خلق نمطا شعريا جديدا, بات يستمد شعريته ويبني صوره من الواقع اليومي المعيش, وهو في الوقت ذاته, يمثل نوعا من الاستجابة لحركة التطور الجارية في المشهد الشعري العراقي. ان اتخاذ النص اليومي الحياة, على سعتها وشمولها, موضوعا له, اوجد في متنه تنوعا مضمونيا, وربطه بمرجعيات متنوعة, ووظف فيه تقانات نصية متعددة, ومنحه عمقا دلاليا, وهو ما فرض على الباحث منهجا لا يكتفي بالانطلاق من النص في التحليل والتاويل, بل يعمل على الانفتاح على مرجعيات خارجية متنوعة (تاريخية، اجتماعية، نفسية، ثقافية), كلما تطلب ذلك وضوح المعنى وجلاء المقصد, اذ تبنى الباحث مقاربات المنهج التكاملي؛ لامكانية تطبيق رؤاه الفلسفية على متن الشعر المتعين دراسته, وهو ما وفر شيئا من الاحاطة باهم الظواهر التي تضمنها النص اليومي, كما اعتمد الباحث على عينة كيفية اتاحتها له الخصوصية المتمايزة في تعالي ظاهرة على اخرى. ولابد من الاشارة هنا الى ان اختيار الباحث هذا الموضوع جرى بعد اقتراحه من الاستاذ المشرف, الذي يعود اليه الفضل في توضيح الخطوط العامة التي سارت عليها الدراسة, على وفق خطة بحث رصينة ومتماسكة. استوى البحث, بشكل نهائي, على تمهيد وثلاثة فصول وخاتمة, وظف التمهيد للتعريف بمفهوم القصيدة اليومية, على مستوى اللغة والاصطلاح, في جانب من النتاج المعجمي العربي, القديم والحديث على حد سواء, فضلا عن تتبع المصطلح في الخطاب النقدي الحديث, وما نتج عن ذلك من تنوع في وجوه فهمه , وتعدد تسمياته. خصص الفصل الاول لدراسة (المرجعيات الثقافية للقصيدة اليومية), وقد حاول الباحث, من خلاله, تقديم اهم انواع تلك المرجعيات, من حيث الحضور والتوظيف, وذلك في ثلاثة مباحث, تناول الاول (المرجعية الادبية) متمثلة بـ(مرجعية الشعر العربي القديم) و(مرجعية الشعر الحديث), تناول المبحث الثاني (المرجعية الدينية) مقسمة على نوعين : (مرجعية القران والحديث النبوي) و(مرجعية الكتاب المقدس), في حين اهتم المبحث الثالث بدراسة (المرجعية الشعبية) مظهرا ابرز انماطها وتمظهراتها في النص اليومي. عالج الفصل الثاني قضية (المهيمنات الموضوعاتية في القصيدة اليومية), وقد فصل الباحث فيه القول بخمسة مباحث هي : (موضوعة الحرب), و(موضوعة المراة), و( موضوعة الرفض السياسي), و(موضوعة المهمش / الغير منتمي) , و(موضوعة العنف), وقد كانت هذه العنوانات اكثر الموضوعات حضورا في القصيدة اليومية. وعني الفصل الثالث بدراسة (تقانات القصيدة اليومية), مركزا على اكثر تلك التقانات استدعاء وتوظيفا في النص اليومي, وقد قسم على ثلاثة مباحث هي : (تقانات البناء والتشكيل البصري) و(التقانات السينمائية والتشكيلية) و(التقانات السردية). اما اهم المشكلات التي واجهت الباحث اثناء الدراسة, فقد تمثلت بقلة المصادر العربية التي عنيت بدراسة ظاهرة اليومي في الشعر؛ نظرا لمحدودية الجهد النقدي العربي المسلط عليها, والذي نجده يكتفي, في اغلب الاحيان, ببضع صفحات, هي جزء من فصل في كتاب, او هي مقالة او بحث في مجلة, فضلا عن ان بعض هذه الدراسات تعود لمدد زمنية بعيدة نوعا ما, تبدا من ستينيات القرن الماضي, مثل كتاب (قضية الشعر الجديد)عام 1964م, لمحمد النويهي, وكتاب (ابو شادي وحركة التجديد في الشعر العربي) عام 1967م, لكمال نشات, مما جعل من مهمة العثور عليها امرا لا يخلو من الصعوبة, دون بذل الجهد في البحث والتنقيب بين رفوف المكتبات, والتي خلت كذلك من بعض المصادر الحديثة مما اضطر الباحث الى طلبها من خارج العراق وشرائها عبر الانترنت, مثل كتاب (حجر الحروب) لياسين النصير, وكتاب (قصيدة التفاصيل اليومية في الشعر الخليجي المعاصر) لادم يوسف. واخيرا.. فان هذا الجهد المتواضع هو محاولة كسائر المحاولات, اضعها بين ايديكم, فان نجحت ونالت شيئا من استحسانكم فذلك عين الرضا, وان لم تصب مبتغاها فلعلها تكون عونا لدراسات قابلة اكثر نضجا وجدية . وفي الختام لا يسعني الا ان اتقدم بجزيل الشكر والامتنان الى استاذي الدكتور حازم هاشم منخي، لقبوله الاشراف على رسالتي، ولما بذل من مجهود علمي في متابعة مراحل كتابة الرسالة، ولما ابداه من ملاحظات قيمة وتوجيهات سديدة, كان لها الفضل في اخراج هذه العمل الاكاديمي ورؤيته النور | The attention of daily poetry and its use in the poetic text making it a prominent artistic phenomenon in the feature of the contemporary Iraqi poet, through which he sought to reveal the important aspects that are intimately related to the human life and contain it in his poem, according to a comprehensive literary view, the poet enclosed to capture the forms and all details of that life, whatever it’s simple or trivial and turning them into subjects of high artistic and aesthetic value, no less important than the other existential themes, creating a new poetic pattern that draws its poetry and builds its image from the daily reality of life, which at the same time represents a kind of response to the movement of evolution ongoing in the poetic scene of Iraq. The adoption of the daily text of life, on its capacity and comprehensiveness, as a subject for it, creates various significations, relating it to a variety of references, employing multiple textual techniques and giving it depth. This has imposed on the researcher a method that not only starts from the text in analysis and interpretation, but requires openness on foreign references (The historical, social, psychological, cultural), whenever it requires clarity of meaning and clear intention, which made the study, in its critical direction, the closest to the integrated approach, which provided some of the attention to the most important phenomena contained in the daily text. The research included a preface, three chapters, and a conclusion. The preface was used to introduce the concept of the daily poem, the level of language and terminology, in both the old and modern Arabic lexicography, as well as the continuance of the term in modern critical discourse. The result is diversity in the understanding and the multiplicity of appellations for the discourse. The first chapter devoted to the study of cultural references in the daily poem. The researcher tried to present the most important types of references in terms of presence and employment in three topics : The first one is about(literary reference) which represented with(reference of old poetry)and (reference of modern poetry), while the second topic (religious reference)that divided into two types : (reference Koran and the Hadith) and (the reference of the Bible), while the third topic interested in the study (popular reference) showing the most prominent patterns and figures in the daily text. The second chapter dealt with the issue of (the prominent topics in daily poem).The researcher divided this into five titles : (the topic of the war), (the topic of the woman), (the topic of political rejection), (the topic of elimination) and (violence topic),these were the most prominent subjects in the daily poem. The third chapter deals with the study of (the techniques of the daily poem), focusing on the most of these techniques, which are used and included in the daily text. It is divided into three sections : (visual and structural techniques),(cinematic and structural techniques) and (narrative techniques). The most important problems faced by the researcher during the study were the few sources that were concerned with the study of the daily phenomenon in poetry. Due to the limited critical effort which we can find often enough in a few pages are part of a chapter in a book or an article in a magazine, as well as that some of these studies dates back for long periods of time, beginning in the sixties of the last century, such as the book (The issue of new poetry) in 1964, by Muhammad al - Nuweihi, and the book (Abu Shadi and the renewal movement in Arabic poetry) in 1967,by Kamal Nasha’at, making the task of finding it almost impossible without the effort to search and excavate between the shelves of libraries, which were also empty from some of the modern sources. In this case, the researcher have to request sources from other countries and buy online, such as the book (stone wars)by Yasin Al - Nasir and (The poem of the daily details in the contemporary Gulf poetry) by Adam Joseph and the same problem includes the poetic text, when time has disappeared a few of the works and groups of poets in the eighties and nineties that we can’t find any trace in the libraries these days. Finally, this modest effort is an attempt like all other attempts which I put it in your hands. If it succeeded and gained some of your approval, that would be your satisfaction, and if it does not achieve its aims, it may be helpful for future studies which are more mature and beneficial

الفضاء الروائي عند اسماعيل فهد اسماعيل 2010 - 2015 == The Narrative Space of Ismail Fahad Ismail 2010 - 2015

اسم المؤلف: بيداء جابر غالي
اسم المشرف: حميد يعكوب نعيمة الصافي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Narrative telling takes an innovative course that made it transcend the familiar traditional aspects to new literary phenomena of peculiar characteristics and frames as per every writer's vision and how he/she internally deals with the narrative text as long as novel has become in our present time a significant harmonious symphony as a literary genre that has undergone many complex stages, and adopted a lot of approaches and postulates, particularly concept of spatiality , which elicited a lot of scholars' interests. This is what may have driven me to have chosen it as a theme for my thesis in an attempt to express my vision about this component. I chose the novels of Ismal Fahad Ismal,the Kuwaiti novelist, published from 2010 to 2015 for not being studied before, while his novels published from 1970 to 2009 were elaborately. My study covered five of his novels, based on the date of its publication. They are as follows : - When your head on a way… and your name on another way. - In the presence of Phoenix and the faithful lover - Birds of Al - Taji - Musk. - Next appearance of Bin La'boon.Textual methodology was adopted, which took two courses (Time and Place). In the preface, the researcher shed light briefly on the concept of space and the problem of its definition, with briefing of the author's biography, the most important studies of his literary products and finally and his significant literary achievements.In the first chapter, the concept of spatiality was tackled under two perspectives : In the first section, I discussed the level of arrangement as per two techniques of recollection; monologue and dialogue And two kinds of prescience as forwarding and as announcement. The second section focused on the two levels of continuation; slow pace of narration by using pauses, scenes and speeding of narration by using of dropping and summarising. The second chapter focused on spatiality with a theoretical forward which explains the importance of place in novel as an essential element in novel structure in two sections. The first tackled spatial space as to its relation to reality as a realistic and miraculous while the second section dealt with place as an element of signification which falls into four levels; social, expressive, political and cultural.In the third chapter, the relationship of the place to other narrative components. The first section concentrated on place relation to personality; affiliation, divergence, psychological relations. In the second section, the researcher considered its relation to event through three divisions : main place, minor place and the absented place.ConclusionIn the conclusion the author briefed the outcomes of the research and presented thanks to all those who assisted her in her thesis like her supervisor assistant prof Dr, Hamid Yaqub Nama, who helped her overcome all obstacles she confronted in the course of my work.She also thanked all of her teachers in the college of arts. She also thanked the members of the discussion committee.

الصورولوجيا في الرواية العراقية من 2003 الى 2016 == Imagology In Iraqi novel, From 2003 to 2016

اسم المؤلف: الاء احمد عزيز عيسى
اسم المشرف: حازم هاشم منخي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الدراسات النقدية الحديثة، ويكتسب اهميته من منظور فكري بوصفه موضوعا جدليا في الدراسات الثقافية عموما، والمؤلفات الادبية شعرا ونثرا على وجه الخصوص, وكذلك يتيح موضوع الصورولوجيا معرفة الانسان للانسان وازالة سوء الفهم بين الشعوب ليسود التواصل بينهما. ولان استاذي الدكتور (حازم هاشم منخي) من المعنيين بالصورولوجيا في بحوثه ومقالاته فقد وجهني لاختيار موضوع الصورولوجيا في الرواية العراقية ما بعد 2003، ومن جملة بحوثه ( صورولوجيا الاستشراق في الرواية العربية) شاركه في مؤتمر جامعة واسط 2013، ومحاضرة له بعنوان ( صورولوجيا الشعر العراقي) منشورة في مجلة حبر ابيض ، عبادان ، العدد 8، ايار 2017. والرواية بوصفها فن الاخر مثلما يصفها الدارسون، تعد من اكثر الفنون الادبية تعبيرا عن موضوع الصورة الادبية للاخر، وقد برز هذا الموضوع بقوة في روايات ما بعد 2003، لان ما يجري في العراق من صراعات وحروب وارهاب جعل هذا الموضوع في الصدارة.ان الاخر الذي نحن بصدد دراسة صورته الادبية لا يقتصر فقط على مفهوم الاخر الخارجي (الاجنبي) الذي يشغل حيزا كبيرا داخل النصوص الروائية، بل امتد ليشمل اخر يمكن لنا ان نطلق عليه (الاخر الداخلي) الذي انتجنه المتغيرات السياسية والاجتماعية في المنطقة، فقد التفتت الروايات الى اخر داخلي متنوع ومتعدد مثل الرجل في كتابات المراة وابن البلد الذي تحول الى اخر داخلي بسبب الصراعات الدينية والطائفية والقومية والعشائرية، فنحن امام شبكة معقدة من صور الاخر فهناك اخر متعدد وانوات مختلفة التشكيل، كما ان معادلة الاخر غير ثابتة فقد تنتقل الذات الى اخر وبالعكس حسب ظروف الزمان والمكان وغيرها من الظروف. حاولنا الوقوف على اهم وابرز الصور الادبية للاخر سواء كان الاخر الخارجي/ الاجنبي او الداخلي/ المحلي، وقد اعتمدنا في دراستنا هذه على المنهج شبه التكاملي في تحليل النصوص الروائية ، وذلك راجع الى طبيعة الموضوع الذي يتطلب منا استعمال اكثر من منهج تحليلي، لمنح القراءة المقدمة للصورولوجيا في الرواية العراقية ما بعد 2003 مساحة تاويلية مستقلة في التعبير. استقر البحث على مقدمة وتمهيد وثلاثة فصول وخاتمة، جاء التمهيد تحت عنوان (مفهوم الصورولوجيا ومصطلحاتها) وتطرق الى تعريف مصطلح الصورولوجيا وبدايات ظهوره واهميته في الدراسات الادبية الحديثة والعناصر التي تسهم في تكوين الصورة.وجاء الفصل الاول بعنوان (انواع الصورولوجيا ومرجعياتها الثقافية) وفيه اربعة مباحث هي : المبحث الاول : الصورولوجيا الدينية، والمبحث الثاني : الصورولوجيا التاريخية، والمبحث الثالث : الصورولوجيا الاجتماعية، والمبحث الرابع : الصورولوجيا النفسية.اما الفصل الثاني فجاء بعنوان (تقنيات الصورولوجيا وتوظيفاتها) واشتمل على خمسة مباحث هي : المبحث الاول : صورولوجيا المكان الروائي، والمبحث الثاني : صورولوجيا الزمن الروائي، والمبحث الثالث : صورولوجيا الشخصيات الروائية، والمبحث الرابع : صورولوجيا التداخل النصي، والمبحث الخامس : صورولوجيا الجسد. وجاء الفصل الثالث بعنوان (تحولات الصورولوجيا وحالات فهم الاخر) وتضمن ثلاثة مباحث : المبحث الاول : صورولوجيا التشويه السلبي، والمبحث الثاني : صورولوجيا التشويه الايجابي، والمبحث الثالث : صورولوجيا التسامح, في حين تضمنت الخاتمة اهم النتائج التي توصل اليها البحث. واجهت البحث صعوبات عدة ابرزها صعوبة الحصول على المصادر لاسيما الروايات منها، كذلك سعة الموضوع فهو يتصل بعلوم انسانية شتى ، فضلا عن صعوبة تقصي المضمر من ذوات الروائيين وما يسعون له بفعل العلاقات النصية المشتبكة . وهنا لابد لي من التوجه بالشكر لكل من اسهم في اتمام هذا العمل المتواضع الذي هو محاولة خجولة تسعى للنجاح فان نجحت في سعيها فذلك عين الرضا ، وان فشلت فلعلها تكون عونا لدراسات قادمة اكثر جدية. | Imagology or literary imagery is a branch of comparative literature, which has remarkably flourished in the recent years. It is a comparative study of literary works of different nations as far as images are concerned, whether these images are negative or positive, which enables to promote ideals of forgiveness. This study focuses on demonstration of the other's image in the Iraqi novel after 2003 in the terms of imagological perspectives. The reason that drove me to choose the study of the topic of imagology in the Iraqi novels exclusively after 2003, lies in the fact that these novels are greatly involved with violent changes, which the Iraqi society has undergone after the American invasion of Iraq and its repercussions as represented by a lot of complicated issues such as the problem of the branch identities, sectarian displacement, the conflict between the ego and the other and violence and the like. The research falls into an introduction, prelude, three chapters and conclusion. The preface is entitled "The concept of Imagology", which deals with definition of the term "Imagology" and its beginnings and significance in comparative studies as well as the elements that contribute to the formation of the literary image. The first chapter is entitled "kinds of Imagology and its cultural references". It falls into four parts; the first deals with religious image, the second with the historical image, the third with sociological image, and the fourth with the psychological image. . The second chapter is entitled "The Employment of Imagology in the Narrative Techniques". It includes five parts; the first is concerned with novelistic spatiality, the second deals with imagology of novelistic temporality, while the third involves imagology of characterization in the novel and the fourth with imagology of textualisation in the novel and the last part focuses on body imagology . The third chapter is entitled "transformations of imagology and the states of understanding of the other. It includes three parts; the first deals with the stage of negative distortion, the second part; the stage of positive distortion, while the third part focuses on the stage of forgiveness .While in the conclusion, the findings of the research are presented

التشكيل البديعي في شعر لميعة عباس عمارة وبلقيس حميد حسن : دراسة موازنة == Tropes Constitution in the poetry of Lamea Abbas Amara and Bilqis Hamid Hassan Parallelism Study

اسم المؤلف: ايناس عباس جهاد
اسم المشرف: حيدر برزان سكران العقيلي
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: شغل التشيكل البديعي في الشعر العربي المعاصر حيزا كبيرا ، وهذا ما اثار فينراغبة الكشف عن تجليات علم البديع وانشغالاته في الشعر ، ونرى اثر التشكل البديعي في النص الشعري واضحا وهذا يدل على قيمة الرصيد البديعي في الشعر ، وهناك ثمة تميز لعلم البديع يحقق للشاعر فرادة تميزه باسلوبه عن غيره ، لانه يخلق حضورا كثيفا لافتا للنظر ، وبذلك نجد ثمة علاقة بين علم البديع والشعر لا من الناحية الجمالية فقط بل انه يؤدي دورا بارزا في المعنى والتركيب ، فعلم البديع يسهم في تماسك النص ، وتعضيد الدلالة وتثبيت البنية ، متمثلا بالاشكال البديعية ودورها في تلاحم النص الشعري.وتعد الموازنة نوعا من الدراسات الادبية التي يمكن بوساطتها التميز بين اسلوب شاعر عن اخر على وفق معايير معينة تختلف من ناقد الى اخر ، وهذا بدوره يكشف عن اختلاف الاحكام النقدية على مر العصور ؛ وبهذا تعد " الموازنة " ثروة نقدية للادب، فضلا عن كونها منهجا نقديا قديما استعمله النقاد العرب وهم يميزون بين اساليب الشعراء في تناول الموضوعات الجمالية.لذلك جرت الموازنة بين الشاعرتين في الكشف عن التفاوت في توظيف البديع في النص الابداعي وان اختلف النص الشعري عندهما الا ان دراسة التشيكل البديعي جرت بالاتكاء على المضمون ، والكشف عن الدور الاسلوبي للبديع في اثراء النص الشعري بالكشف عن المضمون ، فالتقارب بين الشاعرتين يقوم على ان كليهما من الجنوب العراقي حيث التراث الواحد ، والحضارة ، والثقافة المشتركة ، والتباين في النص ، ولكن الذي جمع هذه الموازنة هو المضمون الموضوعي الذي حفلت به النصوص الشعرية لكلتا الشاعرتين , فكانت النصوص المنتجة من الشاعرتين ذات ملامح اسلوبية ومضمونية متقاربة ، ولعل المجايلة الشعرية ، ونوع الجنس الانثوي الباحث عن التفرد ، ومغادرة الوصايا الذكورية , فضلا عن صدور المرجعيات الثقافية المؤسسة لوعي الشاعرتين والمشكلة لشخصيتهما من مصدر واحد هو الحضارة السومرية ، واوجاع الجنوب العراقي. ومن هنا جاء اختيار موضوع الدراسة الموسوم بـ ( التشكيل البديعي في شعر لميعة عباس عمارة وبلقيس حميد حسن " دراسة موازنة " ) كون الموضوع لم يطرق سابقا في الدراسات المعاصرة ، كما ان الشاعرة بلقيس حميد حسن لم تحظ بدراسات نقدية تسلط الضوء على مشروعها الشعري , فضلا عن ذلك فقد حفلت النصوص الشعرية لكلتا الشاعرتين بتقانات ابداعية يميزها حداثة النص الشعري عن طريق توظيف تشكلات جديدة في التعبير ، والكشف عن الدلالات ، وصناعة الجمال. اما اهمية الدراسة فتاتي من : اولا : كون ( الشاعرتين ) من الشواعر الكبار ، اذ كان لنصوصهن الشعرية صدى واسع في الساحة الشعرية ، لما حملته تلك النصوص من محاكاة لعناء المجتمع العراقي، ورغبة جامحة في تجاوز معضلة الانثى القاصر , اذ وجد البحث ان النصوص الشعرية لكلتا الشاعرتين تحمل في بنيتها اللغوية زخما عاليا من التشكلات البديعية , وكانت الغاية الاولى من الدراسة الكشف عن المضمون البديعي ، ودوره في صناعة النص الشعري ، وتاهيل بنياته الجمالية. ثانيا : كشفت لنا الدراسة عن وجود اهم التشكلات البديعية في النصوص الشعرية للشاعرتين على وفق دراسة ممنهجة حديثة حاولت قدر الامكان الابتعاد عن تقليد المشاريع النقدية السابقة لنا او محاكاتها باية طريقة كانت ، وذلك عن طريق اختيار خطة للبحث حاولت فيها الباحثة الابتعاد قدر الامكان عن الخطط السابقة. ثالثا : بوساطة الكشف عن اهم التشكلات البديعية قمنا بالموازنة بين مدى عمق التشكل البديعي عند كل شاعرة ، وما مدى الربط بين البديع والمضمون , مرورا باهمية توظيف التشكل البديعي واسهامه الكبير في صناعة النغم الموسيقي في النصوص الشعرية , ولم تبخل الدراسة بالوقوف على دلالات مركزية كان لها دور في بناء النص. ولم تقف الدراسة على دراسات بلاغية سابقة تعتني بموضوع ( التشكل البديعي ) او ( الموازنة ) في شعر ( الشاعرتين ) بوصفهما عنوانا رئيسا لنتاجهما الشعري ، لكن هذا لا يعني ان شعرهما لم يحظ بالدراسات ، فهناك دراسة بعنوان ( الانا والاخر في شعر لميعة عباس عمارة ) ، وعالجت الباحثة ختام سالم علي البناء اللغوي عند الشاعرة ( لميعة عباس عمارة) في دراستها الموسومة بـ ( جماليات البناء اللغوي في الخطاب الشعري عند لميعة عباس عمارة ) .في حين لم نقف على دراسات اكاديمية عالجت تجربة المبدعة بلقيس حميد حسن ، وقد افاد البحث من دراسة الاستاذ الدكتور حيدر برزان سكران ( جمالية التشكيل البديعي وانتاجية المعنى في الشعر العراقي المعاصر ) التي كانت خير معين في هذا البحث. وقد اعتمدت الدراسة في قراءة النصوص الشعرية في الجزء التطبيقي منها على الخطوات الاجرائية للمنهج الوصفي ، بوصفه منهجا يمد الباحث باليات مرنة تسمح لنا بضبط ايقاع النص الشعري ، وسبر اغواره ، والكشف عن قيمته الموضوعية والفنية ، خاصة انه منهج يصف الظاهرة ويتعدى ذلك الى محاولة التشخيص ، والتحليل، والربط ، والتفسير ، واقتصرت الباحثة في الموازنة على ذكر نص واحد لكل شاعرة وذلك بسبب ذكر النصوص الاخرى في الهامش ، وذكر اكثر من نص يؤدي الى اثقال المتن.مشكلة البحث : كانت هناك مشاكل عدة وقفت عثرة في طريق الباحثة واخذت بعضا من الوقت الا وهي قلة الدراسات الحديثة حول موضوع ( الموازنة ) ، فهكذا موضوع يحتاج الى حكم نقدي صريح لا يتحكم فيه هوى ولا تعصب لشاعر دون اخر ، وكون الموضوع واسعا وفيه كثرة من التفريعات اذ ان علم البديع علم واسع يحتاج الى دقة في الدراسة وتامل عميق في سبيل صناعة الحدود بين مصطلحات علم البديع المتشابكة مع بعضها البعض. اما هيكل الدراسة فقد جاء على اربعة فصول يسبقها تمهيد، وتلحقها خاتمة ذكرت فيها اهم النتائج التي توصل اليها البحث ، تتبعها قائمة بالمصادر والمراجع . يكون التمهيد بعنوان : كشف معرفي في التكوينات , (( البديع ، والشعر النسوي ، والموازنات )) اذ ستعالج فيه الدراسة اثر البديع في تشكل المعنى ، ثم تقف على بداية ظهور الشعر النسوي ، والحركات النسوية من القديم الى الحديث ، ثم بعد ذلك ستعرج الى مفهوم الموازنة وبداية ظهورها ، ويختم التمهيد بكشف العلاقة الجامعة بين الشاعرتين وما هو سبب اختيارهما دون غيرهما من الشاعرات. اما الفصل الاول فقد اخترنا له عنوان : ( التشكيل البديعي التراكمي ) ، وفيه ستقف الدراسة على ظاهرة التراكمات البديعية في النصوص الشعرية للشاعرتين ، كون التراكم كان ظاهرة بارزة في شعرهما ، لذا جاء مقسما وبحسب الاتي : ( التراكم البديعي التعاضدي ) ، و( التراكم الجناسي ), و( التراكم المفارقي ) ، و( التراكم العنواني )، و( التراكم التقابلي )، و( التراكم التكراري ).وفي الفصل الثاني الذي سنسميه بـ ( التشكل التكراري ) تابعت الدراسة الانماط المستحدثة في بناء النص الشعري التي غيرت من نمطية القصيدة الجديدة, وجاءت الدراسة بقسمين : القسم الاول : التكرار الخالص ويقسم على اقسام هي : ( التكرار الاستهلالي المفتاحي ) ، و( التكرار الختامي ) ، و( التكرار العنواني ) ، و(التكرار التقابلي ) ، والقسم الثاني : (التكرار الصياغي) ويقسم على اقسام هي : ( التصدير )، و( التجاور) ، و( تشابه الاطراف ) ، وقد انماز الفصل الثاني بافراد عنوان ( فرادة التشكل البديعي ) لضرورة ملحة اقتضتها طبيعة دراسة الفصل الثاني الذي نحاول فيه الكشف عن عناصر الاختلاف ويقسم على قسمين : ( التكرار الاستهلالي اللزومي ) ، ( والتكرار بصدى ). اما الفصل الثالث سيجيء بعنوان ( التقابل التاويلي ) ستبين فيه الدراسة وجود التقابل في شعر الشاعرتين وسيجيء بثمانية اقسام هي : ( التقابل النقيضي ) ، و(التقابل التراتبي ) ، ( تقابل الخطاب ) ، و( تقابل التحاور ) ، و(تقابل المعنى ومعنى المعنى) ، و( تقابل الاثبات والنفي ) ، و( التقابل المفارقي ) ، و( التقابل الزماني ).وفي الفصل الرابع عنون بـ (جمالية التشكل البديعي في تكوين المضمون الشعري) وسندرس فيه كيف كان للبديع دور في ثيمة الحب التي كانت ركيزة اساسية في شعر الشاعرتين وسيقسم على قسمين : الاول : ( التشكل البديعي بوصفه كاشفا عن الغزل الايروتيكي ) ويقسم على : اولا ( الجسد بين رغبة الالتذاذ وفعل الهتك ) ، ثانيا ( الجسد الذكوري المندمج مع ذات الشاعرة ) ، ثالثا ( التمثلات والانعكاس ، او الجسد الانثوي بوصفه مراة لجسد الحبيب ) ، والثاني : ( التشكل البديعي بوصفه كاشفا عن الغزل العذري ) ويقسم على : اولا ( الحب ولفة البقاء ) ، ثانيا ( الحب وسيكولوجية الطبيعة ) ، ثالثا ( ثيمة الحب وذكرى الحياة ). وفي نهاية البحث تكون هناك خاتمة متضمنة اهم النتائج التي توصل اليها البحث ، تتبعها قائمة بالمصادر والمراجع . اما خطة البحث فكان لاستاذي المشرف الحظ الاوفر في وضعها وشاركت الباحثة في وضع تفاصيل الخطة معه ، واما اختيار النصوص فاقتصرت فقط على دراسة نص واحد لكل شاعرة وذلك بسبب الحفاظ والاختزال لحجم الرسالة ، فضلا عن ذلك كان اختيار النصوص بعد قراءة مستفيضة لكل النصوص والاخذ بالنصوص المتقاربة بين الشاعرتين ، والاعتماد ايضا على وفرة التشكلات البديعية واهميتها في هذه النصوص دون غيرها. واخر دعوانا ان الحمد لله رب العالمين ، والصلاة والسلام على النبي الامين واله الطاهرين | Tropes, Figures of Speech , constitution is of a great space in contemporary Arabic poetry and this led us to reveal the manifestations of the tropes and its functions in poetry. The effect of the tropes form in the poetic text is clear, whereas this indicates the remarkable value of the tropes in poetry. Tropes achieves the poet uniqueness style because it creates an impressive presence, and thus we find a relationship between the science of Tropes and poetry not only aesthetically, but has a prominent role in the meaning and composition, where evidence of this appear in the recent critical studies, which paid great attention to this aspect of rhetoric. Tropes has a role in the cohesion of the text, represented by figure of speech forms and their role in the cohesion of the poetic text.Parallelism is a type of literary studies that can judge a particular poet according to certain criteria vary from critic to another, and this in turn leads to the difference of critical views throughout the ages because a critic takes a path in critical view is different from another critic, accordingly this makes parallelism a literary treasure as well as being an ancient critical approach. Therefore, the parallelism was made , although the poetry text differed, but the tropes was studied by relying on the content and revealing the stylistic role of the tropes in enriching the poetic text by revealing the content, Therefore, the nearness between the poets that both of them from the south of Iraq where the heritage, civilization and water, and the common culture, and contrast in the text, but what made this parallelism is the substantive content that produces similar content , where the research aims to show the role of tropes and expose it to the recipient.Hence the selection of the subject of the study, which is characterized by (the tropes constitution in the poetry of Lamea Abbas Amara and Bilqis Hamid Hassan, a parallelism study ) that the subject was not touched previously in contemporary studies, as well as the poet Balqis Hamid Hassan has not been subjected to any study, The poetic texts of both poets are characterized by the modernity of poetic text.The structure of the study came in four chapters preceded by a preface and followed by a conclusion which mentioned the most important findings of the studyThe first part of the study was entitled "epistemological trace in the Formations" (tropes, feminist Poetry and parallelism). The study dealt with the role of tropes in the formation of meaning, and then studied the beginning of the emergence of feminist poetry and feminist movements.In the first chapter, we have chosen the title of the cumulative tropes composition in which the study analyses the phenomenon of the accumulation of the imaginary in the poetic texts of the poets, because the accumulation is a prominent phenomenon in their poetry. Therefore, it is divided in to the following : ((Synergistic tropes accumulation, pun accumulation, irony accumulation, title accumulation, contrastive accumulation, and repetition accumulation,.)) In the second chapter, which we called (repetitive formation), the study followed the patterns developed in the construction of poetic text, which changed the structure of the new poem, and the study is divided into two parts : Section I : pure repetition and divided into sections : Key repetition, final repetition, title repetition, contrastive repetition,. The second section is : ( textual repetition ) and is divided into sections : (export), (and contiguity), (and the similarity of the parties), in addition to a subtitle entitled (different configuration of the two poets) In which we try to detect the elements of difference and divide into two parts : ( initial redundancy repetition , and echo repetition) As for the third chapter, it was titled "The Interpretative correspondence", in which the study showed the existence of the correspondence in the poetry of the two poets, and it came in eight sections. : (Contrasting correspondence),( hierarchal correspondence), ( discourse correspondence ), ( dialogical correspondence), ( meaning and sense of meaning correspondence ), ( proof and negation correspondence ), (and paradoxical correspondence). and ( temporal correspondence) . . The title of the fourth chapter (aesthetics of the Tropes composition in the composition of poetic content), and we studied the role of tropes in the theme of love, which was a fundamental pillar in poets poetry , and divided into two. The first is : (the tropes form as an exponent of the erotic flirtation ), and divided into : First : (the body between the desire to evangelize and do rape), second : (the male body integrated with the poet ego ) Third : (representations and reflections, or the body as a mirror), And secondly : (the tropes form as a revealing of spiritual flirtation)Divided into : first (love and language of survival), second : (love and the psychology of nature), and third : (the theme of love and the memories of life).

اليات التاويل عند ابن جني ت 392هـ في كتابه الفسر == Mechanisms of interpretation of Ibn Jinni (D. 392 E) in his book Al - Fasr

اسم المؤلف: نجاح حسن كاظم
اسم المشرف: سهى كناوي حسن
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The interpretation of the Arab heritage dates back to the early beginnings of the literature and studies in the first Hijri centuries. Its origin and its concepts were intertwined in the context of religious studies that dealt with the Quranic text in interpretation, in order to understand its verses and explain its rulings. However, in the third and fourth centuries of migration, interpretation began to take on a new dimension other than the literary one. In this period, the narratives and narratives of the poetry were active, and the narrator was exposed to these rich texts with meanings and commentary. And many of this phenomenon felt the great poets such as Abi Tammam and Mutanabbi and Abu Nawas and others, were the writings of these poets explained by more than one explanation, the difference occurs, and multiple meanings. Ibn Jinni is one of the most important of these commentators who took it upon themselves to delve into the meanings of al - Mutanabi's poetry. He is the first to collect al - Mutanabbi's poetry in his book al - Fasr and to treat his texts with commentary and commentary. The book included the works of al - Mutanabi poetry and Ibn Jinni's linguistic and literary possibilities. This explanation is distinguished from other explanations, which led us to choose a code for research, and the title (Mechanisms of interpretation of Ibn Jinni (d. 392 e) in his book Al - Fasr), highlighting light on the efforts of Ibn Jeni in his interpretation of the poetry of Mutanabi, and highlight the mechanisms that resorted to Creative text, Jane Gennie has used language and non - linguistic data to illustrate Linguistic and intellectual excellence of Lete. Perhaps the most important motivation behind the choice of the subject is to shed light on the deep intellectual heritage of our general scientists, and the son of the renaissance of the Arab world in particular, as well as linking the old to modernity; the fact that interpretation is renewed day after day, and the need for it constantly appears. Our scholars have beenBunaware of it ever since. The study began with a preface in which he shed light on the interpretation of the Arab and Western thought, and dealt with it in its linguistic meaning, and then the meaning of terminology in these two ideas. As for the chapters, it was in the statement of those mechanisms adopted by the shah in the research code. The first chapter was entitled (linguistic and grammatical mechanisms), which are in two sections, the first in the lexicon and the second in grammar. The second chapter was in (rhetorical mechanisms), which is on three topics : the first section in the metaphor and the second in metaphor and the third in the metaphor. The third chapter was entitled (Reference Mechanisms), where it was in three sections, the first of which was in the premises of the speech, the second in the parallel texts, and the third in the tribes of the author. After these chapters, the study was summarized in a summary summarizing the findings of the study, followed by a list of sources and references. This plan came as a result of a previous step. It preceded a thorough inventory of the mechanisms in the search code, and in the light of the inventory results, this plan, which led to the first chapter being two articles, unlike the other two chapters. The diversity of the titles of the chapters and the researches led to the need for the sources and references of the research to be varied in the stripes, in which the dictionaries, grammar books, books of rhetoric, and modern linguistic books, in order to enrich the research thoroughly. This aspect was one of the most difficult difficulties of study; the scarcity of some of these books, and the price of some of them. In conclusion, I can not but thank God and thank him for what extended to me from his grace and gifts, he is the guardian of success.

تحليل اسلوبي قائم على لسانيات المدونات اللغوية للخسارة المعجمية في ثلاث ترجمات انكليزية للقران باستخدام نوع الكلمة علامة الكلمة ومؤشر جايرود == A Corpus - Based Stylistic Analysis of Lexical Loss in Three English Quranic Translations Using Type/Token Ratio and Guiraud’s Index

اسم المؤلف: عبد الحق عبد الكريم عبد الله السهلاني
اسم المشرف: خالد شاكر حسين
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: With the aid of corpus linguistics and stylistics in respect to their meeting area corpus stylistics, the researcher measures the lexicons of the three English Quranic translations (those of Yusuf, Pickthall and Muhammad) which have shown different degrees of lexical loss in comparison with the original Arabic Quranic text. These degrees go hand in hand with the size of the linguistic repertoire each translator utilizes in his translation to such an extent that it sounds rather promising to regard lexical loss measure as a trustworthy stylistic marker. That is, each translator has his own distinctive rate of lexical loss that might be an idiosyncratic marker of his translational style.Though loss might not be limited only to one linguistic level (i.e., lexical level) at the expense of other levels, these translations have been characterized by various degrees in terms of the limits of the size of vocabulary each translation holds. However, three hypotheses have been included in this study. First, corpus stylistics is considered to be a reliable source in verifying the validity of controversial issues about lexical loss measurements. Second, the measures of Type/Token Ratio and Guiraud's index can quantify the size of lexical loss efficiently when any translator tries to translate Arabic into English. Thirdly, the lower the degree of lexical loss between the source text and the target text, the more accurate and reliable the translator.After an extensive verification of data reliability, both Arabic and English corpora are segmented into (123) samples. The whole Arabic corpus is distributed into (27) samples. As for the English corpus, it is totally tokenized into (96) samples : Yusufs translation is distributed into (34) samples, Pickthalls translation (31) and Muhammads translation (31). Each sample approximately holds around (5,000) tokens.XIIIAccordingly, the use of Farasa Tools, specifically segmentation module, helps in the morphological analysis of the Arabic corpus. It is so valuable to neutralize the morphological differences between Arabic (a synthetic language) and English (an analytical language). Hence, equalizing the two corpora can be done only by using Farasa tools, a matter that TTR (Type/Token Ratio) and GI (Guirauds Index) analyses can produce more reliable results than what can be produced without working on such tools. Besides, TTR analysis and GI analysis are verified quantitatively and qualitatively. The former is done by using the user - friendly software WordSmith Tools (4.0), specifically Wordlist tool. As for the latter, it is done by using Excel, specifically SQRT equation. To this end, the results taken from such programs are plotted graphically using Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets.The difference, as far as the lexical loss of the entire target texts is concerned, gives an actual indication of where lexical losses do occur among the three translations in comparison with their original Quranic text. Finally, an assessment of the most accurate and reliable English translation of the Glorious Quran can be attained depending on the difference between the size of the Arabic Quranic lexicon and those of the target texts. It is therefore found that : Yusuf's translation ranked in the first place due to the least degree of lexical loss it showed - this makes it relatively the most accurate and reliable translation to the Glorious Qur'an; Pickthall's centered in the second place in terms of lexical loss followed by Muhammad's, in the third place, which revealed the highest degree of lexical loss.

السمات اللغوية لكلام الشبكة العنكبوتية : الاختصارات, الرموز الاختصارية وعلامات التنقيط == Linguistic Features of Netspeak : Abbreviations, Acronyms and Punctuation Marks

اسم المؤلف: مهند جاسم داخل الغزي
اسم المشرف: كمال كاطع ناصر
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الدراسة الحالية هي دراسة لغوية وصفية لكلام الشبكة العنكبوتية. تركز هذه الدراسة على ثلاثة ملامح لغوية (الاختصارات, الرموز الاختصارية وعلامات التنقيط). الاختصارات والرموز الاختصارية عوملت شكليا كعمليات لتكوين الكلمات ودلاليا كمفردات باعطاء معانيها, بينما علامات التنقيط عوملت نحويا لانها تدخل ضمن ترتيب الجملة.تتكون هذه الدراسة من اربعة فصول وملاحق. الفصل الاول مقدمة تتضمن المشكلة, الاهداف, الفرضيات, الاجراءات, المحددات واهمية الدراسة. الفصل الثاني "مراجعة ادبية" ويتكون من اربعة مباحث. الفصل الثالث هو الفصل العملي ويتضمن جمع النماذج, صف النماذج, والتحليل. التحليل في هذا الفصل تم بتصنيف وتحليل ثلاث ملامح لغوية : الاختصارات, الرموز الاختصارية وعلامات التنقيط مع معانيها والامثلة. الفصل الرابع الاستنتاجات ويتضمن الاستنتاجات, والاقتراحات للدراسات المستقبلية. ولتجنب ترهل الاطروحه, طول الملاحق (200) صفحة, تم وضعه على قرص سي دي مع الاطروحه. ويمكن تلخيص الاستنتاجات الرئيسية بالنقاط التالية بينما بقية الاستنتاجات قد ذكرت في الفصل الرابع : 1 - تطور التكلنوجيا اثر على استخدام اللغة في كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية وقد انبثقت الكثير من الصفات اللغوية.2 - لدى المستخدمين لكلام الشبكة العنكبوتية "الدردشات الجماعية" ميل وابداع في استخدام الاختصارات والرموز الاختصارية القياسية وغير القياسية في تواصلهم لتسريع كتابة رسائلهم, وتوفير الوقت والجهد والطاقة, وكتعابير اقتصادية في تبادلهم للرسائل.3 - تعتبراختصارات كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية (الكنايات والتقليص) والرموز الاختصارية ابتكارات جديدة وغير مالوفة خارج كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية. تعتبر هذه الاختصارات والرموز الاختصارية الغير مالوفة سمة فريدة فقط في كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية ولا تستخدم في الكتابات والاماكن الرسمية الاخرى.4 - تعتبر علامات التنقيط قليلة واحيانا غائبة في معظم المحادثات المتزامنة لان المستخدمين للشبكة العنكبوتية يحاولون ان يكتبوا ما يقولون.5 - بعض المستخدمين يستخدمون مجموعة من علامات التنقيط او الوجوه المعبرة في نهاية محادثاتهم للتوكيد او كوجهة نظر لتعويض النقص في الاشارات اللغوية الموجودة في المحادثات وجهاﹰ لوجه. | The present study is a descriptive quantitative linguistic study of an informal online English in netspeak. It focuses on three linguistic features which are (abbreviations, acronyms and punctuation marks). Abbreviations and acronyms are dealt with morphologically as word - formation processes and semantically as vocabularies by giving their meanings, whereas punctuation marks are dealt with syntactically as appropriate to sentence order. This thesis consists of four chapters : the first chapter is an introduction that includes the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits and importance of the study. Chapter two is a literature review and consists of four sections. Chapter three is a practical one. The analysis in this chapter is carried out through categorizing and analyzing three linguistic features : abbreviations, acronyms together with their meanings and examples, and punctuation marks with examples. Chapter four includes conclusions and suggestions for further studies. To avoid the flabbiness of the thesis and the length of the appendices (200 pages), the thesis is accompanied with a CD holding the appendices. The main conclusions are summarized in the following points while other conclusions are mentioned in chapter four : 1 - The technological developement affects the language use in netspeak and many linguistic properties such as abbreviations, acronyms and punctuation marks have emerged. 2 - Participants in netspeak "chatgroups" have tendency and creativity to use standard and non - standard abbreviations and acronyms in their exchange to hurry their messages typing, save time, energy and effort, as economy expressions to flow the exchange of conversations. 3 - Netspeak abbreviations (rebuses and contractions) and acronyms are considered as new conventions because they are unfamiliar outside netspeak. They are considered as unique to netspeak only and are not used in offline writing or other formal situations.4 - Punctuation marks tend to be minimized and sometimes absent in most 'synchronous' conversations because participants try to write what they speak.5 - Some participants use a combination of punctuation marks or emoticons at the end of their conversations for emphasis and attitude or to compensate the lack of paralinguistic cues found in face - to - face conversations.

الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Ellipsis and Reiteration in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

اسم المؤلف: منتظر حسين حميد الفرطوسي
اسم المشرف: محمد جاسم السعيدي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد هذه الدراسة دراسة وصفيه مقارنه نحاول من خلالها ان نعطي شرحا كاملا ومفصلا للحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية لكي نتوصل الى التشابهات والاختلافات بينهم. وتهدف هذه الرساله الى مايلي : 1. وصف الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية.2. مقارنه ومقابله الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية من خلال تعاريفهم وتوضيح انواعهم ووظائفهم.3. بيان التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية في ما يخص الحذف والتكرار.وافترضت الدراسة ما يلي : 1.ان الحذف والتكرار هما ظاهرتان لغويتان موجودتان في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية.2. يتواجد الحذف والتكرار في القواعد والنص في اللغة الانكليزية بينما يتواجدان في النص فقط في اللغة العربية .3. تكون انواع الحذف في اللغة الانكليزية مختلفة عن انواع الحذف في اللغة العربية.4. هناك تشابهات واختلافات في ما يخص الحذف والتكرار بين اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية لكن الاختلافات تكون اكثر من التشابهات. تتالف هذه الدراسة من خمسه فصول وملحق حيث ان الفصل الاول هو مقدمه لهذه الدراسة ويتضمن المشكلة والاهداف والفرضيات بالاضافة الى حدود الدراسة واهميتها. ويعطي الفصل الثاني شرحا كاملا ومفصلا للحذف في اللغتين. اما الفصل الثالث يتكلم عن التكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية . الفصل الرابع يقدم مقارنة بين الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية بينما يقدم الفصل الخامس الاستنتاجات من ناحية التشابهات والاختلافات والتوصيات والمقترحات للبحوث المستقبلية.وتوصلت هذه الدراسة الى استنتاجات عامة اهمها : ۱ - ان النحاة الانكليز يتعاملوا مع الحذف والتكرار كظواهر نحوية ووسائل لربط النص بينما يتعامل معهما العرب بصورة سطحية.۲ - توجد في اللغة الانكليزية ثلاثة انواع للحذف بينما يوجد خمسة انواع للحذف في اللغة العربية.۳ - التكرار في اللغة العربية يستخدم بصورة اوسع من استخدامه في اللغة الانكليزية. | The present study is a descriptive contrastive one because it tries to give a full explanation of ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic to arrive at the similarities and differences between them. The study aims at : 1. Describing ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic respectively.2. Comparing and contrasting ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic by defining them, showing their nature, mentioning and illustrating their types and functions. 3. Showing to what extent the two languages are similar or different from each other in terms of ellipsis and reiteration. To achieve the aims of the study, it is hypothesized that : 1. Ellipsis and reiteration as phenomena are found in both languages.2. In English they exist in grammar and text while in Arabic, they exist only in text. 3. The types of ellipsis in English are different from those of Arabic.4. There are similarities and differences between the two languages in terms of ellipsis and reioteration, but the area of differences is wider than that of similarities. The present study describes ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic depending on a syntactic model that is taken from all the references cited in the present study. The present study consists of five chapters and one appendix. Chapter One is an introduction that involves the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedure, limits and significance of the study. Chapter Two is about ellipsis in English and Arabic and includes definition, nature of ellipsis, cohesive ellipsis, types incohesive ellipsis and its types. Similarly, Chapter Three discuses reiteration in English and Arabic. Chapter Four discuses ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic. Chapter Five is a comparison between ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic and it arrives at some conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for further studies.The general conclusions reached in this study are : 1. English grammarians deal with ellipsis and reiteration as grammatical topics and as cohesive devices while Arabic grammarians deal with them superficially.2. English has three types of ellipsis : nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis while Arabic has five types : nominal, verbal, clausal, ellipsis of the letter, and ellipsis of the case vowel.3. Reiteration in Arabic is more widely used than in English (Kăroly, 2007 : 78).4. The reasons behind using ellipsis in Arabic are more than those in English

التلازم اللفظي في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Collocation in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

اسم المؤلف: حنان عبد الحسن كاظم
اسم المشرف: زينب كاظم عكاب الشيخ
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد هذه الدراسة دراسة وصفية ومقارنة وتحليلية لانها تهدف لوصف التلازم اللفظي من اجل ايجاد التشابه والاختلاف الموجود في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية فهي تصف التلازم اللفظي على انه ظاهرة لغوية تحمل جدلا في علم اللسانيات لعدة اسباب واولها ان التلازم اللفظي يمكن ان يدرس من وجهات نظر متعددة وهنالك اكثر من اسلوب لدراسة الظاهرة وثانيا, يمكن ان يوجد التلازم اللفظي بحقول مختلفة في علم اللغة لذا فالباحث اقتصر الدراسة على خصائص التلازم اللفظي في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية وثالثا ليس من السهل الفصل بين التلازم اللفظي والتعبيرات الثابتة الاخرى. لقد ركزت الدراسة بصورة رئيسية على الخصائص اللغوية للتلازم في اللغتين.تهدف الدراسة الى وصف التلازم اللفظي في الانكليزية والعربية على التوالي ومقارنة التلازم اللفظي بين العربية والانكليزية من خلال توضيح الصفات اللغوية كالصفات النحوية والدلالية والتداولية والنصية وكذلك توضيح التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغة الانكليزية والعربية فيما يخص التلازم او التلازم اللفظي.افترضت الدراسة ان التلازم اللفظي ظاهرة لغوية موجودة في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية ولقد تمت دراسة التلازم اللفظي نحويا ودلاليا وتداوليا ونصيا في اللغتين كما ان كلا اللغتين درستا التلازم اللفظي بشكل مختلف عن الاخر وكذلك فصلت اللغتين التلازم اللفظي عن التعبيرات الثابتة الاخرى. تتضمن الدراسة خمسة فصول وملحق واحد. يمثل الفصل الاول المقدمة التي تحتوي على مشكلة البحث واهدافه والفرضيات وخطوات العمل ومجال الدراسة. اما الفصل الثاني والثالث فانهما يتعاملان مع التلازم اللفظي في اللغة الانكليزية والعربية بالترتيب. الفصل الرابع يتضمن مقارنة التلازم اللفظي بين اللغتين والفصل الخامس يتضمن بعض النتائج والتوصيات وافتراضات لدراسات اخرى. استنتجت الدراسة بان التلازم اللفظي هو ظاهرة لغوية موجودة في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية وتمت دراسته من كافة المستويات اللغوية. قسم النحاة في اللغة الانكليزية التلازم اللفظي نحويا الى التلازم النحوي واللفظي فقط بينما قسمه النحاة العرب نحويا الى تقسيمات متشعبة. | The study is a descriptive, contrastive and analytic one because it describes collocation for the purpose of finding out the similarities and differences between English and Arabic. It describes collocation as a linguistic phenomenon that has a controversial issue in linguistics for more than one reason. Firstly, collocation can be studied from different viewpoints because there is more than one way or approach to it. Secondly, collocation can be found in different fields of linguistics, so the researcher has to limit the study to the basic linguistic aspects of collocation which are syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and textual. Thirdly, it is not easy to make a distinction between collocation and other types of fixed expressions. The study aims at describing collocation in English; describing collocation in Arabic; contrasting and comparing between English and Arabic in terms of collocation through showing the linguistic aspects of collocation which are syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and textual. It also aims at explaining the similarities and differences of collocation between English and Arabic. The study hypothesizes that collocation is a linguistic phenomenon that exists in English and Arabic and the two languages study collocation from all its linguistic aspects which are syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and textual. The two languages are different in the way of describing collocation linguistically and both distinguish between collocation and other types of fixed expressions. This study includes five chapters and an appendix. Chapter one is an introduction that consists of the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits and significance of the study. The second and third chapters deal with collocation in English and Arabic respectively. Chapter four is a comparison of collocation between English and Arabic and chapter five includes the main conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for further studies. This study concludes that collocation exists in English and Arabic as a linguistic phenomenon and the two languages study the term from all its linguistic aspects. However, the way to describe collocation linguistically is different to some extent from one language into another. It also proves that English grammarians divide collocation only into lexical and grammatical while Arabic grammarians divide collocation syntactically into complex types.

الالصاق في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Affixation in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

اسم المؤلف: اسراء علي كريم العايدي
اسم المشرف: زينب كاظم عكاب الشيخ
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:

دراسة جدلية - تداولية للمؤشرات الجدلية في مناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية == A Pragma - Dialectical Study of the Argumentative Indicators in American Electoral Campaign Debates

اسم المؤلف: امال عودة غضاب
اسم المشرف: محمد جاسم بطي السعيدي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعنى هذه الدراسة بدراسة جدلية - تداولية للمؤشرات الجدلية في مناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية. وبقدر معرفة الباحث فان هذا الموضوع لم يتلق اهتماما كافيا من الباحثين. تهدف الدراسة الى ما يلي : (1) اكتشاف مؤشرات ترامب الجدلية ووظائفها في مناظرات حملته الانتخابية (2) اكتشاف مؤشرات كلينتون الجدلية ووظائفها في مناظرات حملتها الانتخابية (3) معرفة اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين ترامب وكلينتون في استخدام المؤشرات الجدلية ووظائفها. تفترض الدراسة انه لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين ترامب وكلينتون فيما يخص : 1 - استخدام مؤشرات مرحلة المواجهة فيما يتعلق بما يلي : (ا) مؤشرات موقف الاقتراح (ب) مؤشرات تعديل القوة (ج) مؤشرات الشك.2. استخدام مؤشرات مرحلة الجدال من : (ا) تبعية (ب) منسقة (ج) تراكمية (د) حجج متعددة.3. العدد الاجمالي لمؤشرات المراحل : (ا) المواجهة (ب) الافتتاحية (ج) الجدال (د) الختامية.4. استخدام وظائف المؤشرات الجدلية لمرحلة المواجهة فيما يتعلق بما يلي : (ا) تقديم وجهة النظر (ب) التعبير عن الراي (ج) اظهار الشك في راي المجادل الاخر. 5. وظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الافتتاحية على النحو التالي : (ا) تحدي الدفاع عن وجهة النظر (ب) الاتفاق على عبء الاثبات الاحادي الجانب من البرهان (ج) الحرمان من عبء الاثبات الاحادي الجانب من البرهان ( د) الاتفاق مع اقتراح المجادل الاخر.6. استخدام وظائف مؤشرات مرحلة الجدال على النحو التالي : (ا) تقديم سببين متسلسلين لدعم وجهة نظر (تبعية) (ب) الجمع بين حجتين لتكوين راي (منسق) (ج) تزويد المجادل بالمزيد من سببين هما اقل اهمية او اكثر اهمية (تراكمي) (د) استخدام اسباب منفصلة لدعم الراي (متعددة).7. وظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية وهي : (ا) عرض نتيجة المناقشة (ب) الاحتفاظ بالراي حتى نهاية المناقشة.8. اجمالي عدد وظائف مؤشرات المراحل : (ا) المواجهة (ب) الافتتاحية (ج) الجدال (د) الختامية. يشمل اجراء الدراسة ما يلي : (1) مراجعة الادبيات حول الدراسة الجدلية - التداولية بشكل عام واستخدامها في مناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية على وجه الخصوص (2) جمع ووصف البيانات (3) اختيار نموذج التحليل (4) تحديد المؤشرات الجدلية ووظائفها الموجودة في مناظرات ترامب وكلينتون (5) بيان اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين ترامب وكلينتون من حيث استخدام المؤشرات الجدلية ووظائفها باستخدام النسب المئوية ومربع كاي للتحليل البيانات كميا. قسمت هذه الدراسة الى خمسة فصول وملحقين. يعرض الفصل الاول مشكلة البحث واهدافه وفرضياته والاجراء والحدود واهمية الدراسة والطريقة الاحصائية للتحليل ويعرض الفصل الثاني الادبيات حول الدراسة الجدلية - التداولية والخطاب السياسي بشكل عام ومناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية. وقد خصص الفصل الثالث لنموذج التحليل بينما يقدم الفصل الرابع جمع البيانات ووصفها وتحليلها ومناقشتها. ويقدم الفصل الخامس بعض الاستنتاجات المتعلقة باختبار صحة الفرضيات ويظهر اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين ترامب وكلينتون ويشمل ايضا توصيات واقتراحات لمزيد من الدراسات. ومن الاستنتاجات التي تم التوصل اليها هي : - 1. يستخدم كل من ترامب وكلينتون مؤشرات مرحلة المواجهة.2. تستخدم كلينتون مؤشرات الجدال التتابعية والتراكمية اكثر مما يفعل ترامب. وكلاهما يستخدمان مؤشرات الجدال التناسقي. ويستخدم ترامب مؤشرات الجدال المتعدد اكثر مما تفعله كلينتون.3. تستخدم كلينتون مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية اكثر من ترامب.4. يستخدم كل من ترامب وكلينتون مؤشرات مرحلة المواجهة.5. تستخدم كلينتون وظيفة مؤشرات المرحلة الافتتاحية وهي "الاتفاق مع اقتراح المرشح الاخر" ووظيفة مؤشرات الحجة التراكمية ووظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية واجمالي عدد وظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية اكثر من ترامب | This study is concerned with a pragma - dialectical study of the argumentative indicators as used in American electoral campaign debates. The topic in question has not received sufficient attention by researchers. Hence, the study aims at the following : (1) investigating Trump's argumentative indicators and their functions in his electoral campaign debates, (2) investigating Clinton's argumentative indicators and their functions in her debates, (3) finding out the similarities and differences between Trump and Clinton in the use of argumentative indicators and their functions. The study hypothesizes that there are no significant differences between Trump and Clinton in : 1. The use of confrontation stage indicators regarding : (a) propositional attitude indicators, (b) force modifying indicators, and (c) dispute indicators. 2. The use of argumentation stage indicators of : (a) subordinative, (b) coordinative, (c) cumulative, and (d) multiple argumentations. 3. The total number of the indicators of : (a) confrontation, (b) opening, (c) argumentation, and (d) concluding stages. 4. The use of the functions of argumentative indicators of confrontation stage concerning : (a) present a standpoint, (b) express an opinion, and (c) show a suspicion of the other arguer's opinion. 5. The functions of opening stage indicators as : (a) a challenge to defend a standpoint, (b) an agreement of a one - sided burden of proof, (c) a denial of a one - sided burden of proof, and (d) an agreement with the other arguer's proposition. 6. The use of the functions of argumentation stage indicators as : (a) presenting two serial reasons to support a standpoint (subordinative), (b) combining two arguments to develop an opinion (coordinative), (c) providing the arguer with more than two reasons which are of less or great importance (cumulative), and (d) using separate reasons to support an opinion (multiple). 7. The functions of concluding stage indicators which are : (a) presenting the result of discussion, and (b) maintaining an opinion till the end of discussion. 8. The total number of functions of the indicators of : (a) confrontation, (b) opening, (c) argumentation, and (d) concluding stages. This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter One presents the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedure, limits, significance of the study, and the statistical method of analysis. Chapter Two views the literature review about pragma - dialectics, political discourse in general, and American electoral campaign debates as the genre of the study. Chapter Three is devoted to the model of analysis. Chapter Four introduces data collection, description, analysis, and discussion. Chapter Five sums up conclusions related to testing the validity of the hypotheses and shows the similarities and differences between Trump and Clinton. It also includes recommendations and suggestions for further studies

المسؤولية الانضباطية لعضو مجلس المحافظة : دراسة مقارنة == isciplinary responsibility of member of local councils - comparative study

اسم المؤلف: احمد عبد الله خلف الكناني
اسم المشرف: وليد خشان زغير الموسوي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: That the provincial councils perform their functions requires a great deal of responsibility and awareness of members, which requires the activating the self - censorship of these councils over its members as the tool that expresses the will of the council. The disciplinary responsibility is one of the most important tools for activating the self - censorship of these councils. Membership, the member may commit administrative, civil or even criminal liability. Therefore, disciplinary accountability is one of the most important pillars of the service systems in the world, because it aims to maintain order within the Council and the impact on the functioning of the Council The local supervisory and legislative work of these councils, since the member's commitment to his duties and dedication to the public interest has become one of the objectives through which the Council can perform its functions and provide its services to the fullest.There were several reasons that led to the selection of this study, including the lack of studies in the disciplinary responsibility for members of the provincial councils, showing the face of inadequacies in the disciplinary system, so addressed the subject of disciplinary liability of a member of the provincial council in the light of each of the Iraqi discipline system contained in the law of provinces not organized in Region No. 21 of 2008 amended, and the Egyptian disciplinary system in the law of the local administration system No. 43 of 1979 amending.We divided the study section primer and three chapters, we dealt with Definition local council irregular in the province ,and dealt with irregularities disciplinary of the member of the provincial council in the first chapter, and dealt with the explanation of disciplinary punishments in Chapter II, Chapter III was allocated to discuss Disciplinary safeguards for faculty of the member of the provincial council.We concluded with a final result that weak legislative treatment of the issue of disciplinary responsibility and its ineffectiveness in the law of governorates that are not organized in the amended region No. 21 of 2008, or rather the lack of a complete disciplinary legislative system concerned with the statement of disciplinary penalties for violating the system of hearings and penalties for violating the rest The duties and prohibitions of membership, the procedures for imposing such penalties, and the provision of adequate guarantees of investigation, reasonableness and proportionality between the disciplinary penalty and the violation committed by the member and ending with the grievance and judicial appeal. Party consensus and its impact on activating disciplinary accountability. B As we have reached legislator Iraqi inter of recommendations the most important of which need to establish a disciplinary system for the members of the provincial councils instead of relying on the individual treatment of The internal regulations of the provincial councils and their deficient treatments, through which the investigation and investigative committees are used to prove the violation committed by the member when the subject of his dismissal from office Membership, rather than questioning, for several reasons including that the investigative committees are more specialized and deeper in verifying the availability of the reasons for the dismissal (dropping membership) or not, in addition the interrogation is carried out by the Council itself. Either the member belongs to the majority of particular party it takes them to be lenient with their colleague or if the member belongs to an opposition party the decision to drop membership in the hands of the ruling party is based on political considerations that are more consensual than the member committing a sin or a career fault. Thus denying justice and depriving the punishment of its intended purpose of assessment and deterrence.

الاليات الدولية لاسترداد الممتلكات الثقافية : دراسة تطبيقية على الممتلكات الثقافية العراقية == International mechanisms for the restoration cultural property an applied study on the Iraqi cultural property

اسم المؤلف: علي وطن عنيد عاتي
اسم المشرف: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الانساني
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study dealt with the definition of the concept of the recovery of cultural property, in accordance with a precise presentation of the most important international conventions that defined this concept. It then proceeded to put forward the principles governing restitution, especially the principle of international law, the principle of territoriality and their impact on the principle of restitution. In view of the existence of formal and objective conditions to complete the implementation of this principle, while acknowledging the existence of criticism of each of these conditions, which may lead to the release of the condition or the whole subject of its content, that the suspicion of Iraq from the illegal trading of cultural property and difficulties In restitution This shows the multiplicity and diversity of means of recovery, which shows the urgent need to indicate the way for governments, organizations and stakeholders to contribute to the recovery of Iraqi cultural property by determining the mechanisms that can be followed for the recovery of such property, in the chaos of legislation and the lack of knowledge of the mechanisms and means that Through which the Iraqi state can restore its lost heritage as the international legislations concerned have agreed on the right of Iraq to recover its cultural property through national and international means. The legal necessity is to activate the UN Security Council resolutions and regulations. Competent in order to prevent the trafficking of Iraqi cultural property and work to bring it back, and the conclusion of bilateral agreements in order to recover as much as possible from our property located abroad, because some states provide for the need for reciprocity, in order to overcome the obstacles facing the recovery process.

التنظيم القانوني لعقد الدلالة في التشريع العراقي : دراسة مقارنة في ضوء قرارات محكمة التمييز الاتحادية == Legal Regulation Of Brokerage Contract In Iraqi Legislation A Comparative Study In The Light Of Decisions Of The Federal Court Of Cassation

اسم المؤلف: احمد عكار نزال
اسم المشرف: ظافر حبيب جبارة
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون المدني
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Brokerage works have a distinct position in economic life, given the need of people, from traders and others, to who is looking for someone be a party to a particular contract, and he shall intervene, as appropriate, in the negotiations necessary for its conclusion, and this is the essence of a broker's work.The broker in this case is doing just a physical act, so he do not conclude the contract which he has mediated on behalf of his client, neither in his name, nor in the name of his client, which is a work exercised by the broker freely, and independently, for his own account, without being subordinate to his client. The Broker's undertaking to work on facilitating the conclusion of the transaction that the Client wishes to complete creates a legal relationship, regulated by a contract, called the brokering contract, it is one of the specific consensual bilateral contracts, which gained a commercial character and entered in to the scope of nominated contracts after the legislator assigned out to regulate its provisions in a special law, namely the Brokerage Act 1987.Although the general rule, is the liberty of will to conclude the contracts, but the Iraqi legislator, preferred to restriction this will to a large extent, whether in the liberty to choose the person who take over the task of mediation of, or in the liberty of arrangement of obligations arising from the contract, as the brokerage is not permissible for all those who wish to practice it, because the law restricts its practice to people of integrity from Iraqis, who have completed the twenty - fifth year of age, and must be fulltime to practice in a commercial place, after getting a commercial name, and obtaining a permit from the competent authority. These conditions of public order, violation of them shall result in invalidity of the contract, and depriving the party pledged in brokering of any right to commission or indemnity resulting from the impossibility of returning the situation to what it was as a result of nullity. In spite of the ordinary terms of brokerage contract which imposes parallel obligations on the contracting parties, the Iraqi legislator obliged the broker to perform the transaction faithfully, as well as the Iraqi legislator obliged him to keep maintain the documents relating to the transaction. The breach of theses duties involve the broker's criminal and civil responsibility.,On the other hand, the Iraqi legislator determined a fixed amount for the remuneration of broker, which the contracting parties can not be agree to the contrary, and he restricts its entitlement by two conditions : concluding of contract which mediated by the broker, and the existence of a link of causality between this conclusion and the broker's efforts, in which, without these efforts, the contract would not have been concluded. But the practical application of the rules governing the remuneration of broker, showed two problems, led to the prejudice towards broker, to the extent that his rights were wasted.The first problem, Relating to broker's remuneration in scope of formal contracts, however he deprive of his remuneration for just undoing completion the formality required by law by one of the parties, the Courts embed this prejudice, by depriving the broker of any compensation for his efforts to conclude the contract, without a legal justification.The second problem relates to the official tariff, which is no longer compatible with the value of transactions that broker mediates in their conclusion, due to the devaluation of the Iraqi currency, compared to its value at the time of the enactment of the law, who as appointed the ratios, on the basis of which the broker's remuneration, and must not exceed one thousand and five hundred dinars, exceeding the commission of the broker, the maximum limit of the remuneration, is considered a criminal offense and administrative, resulting in a fine and the withdrawalof this permit.However, the Iraqi judiciary has subjected the broker's remuneration to its discretionary power, based on a general principle that decides the possibility of changing the provisions, which based on custom or interest, if that custom or interest changes in view of the requirements and variables of life. Undoubtedly, the texts that organized the broker's remuneration, were put in the interest represented by, the reducing the overvaluation, this interest has changed by changing the value of the currency, thus, the Official tariff became an inappropriate standard to exaggeration, on the contrary, it has become a trivial amount, not commensurate with the transactions that are determined according to their value.

مسؤولية المورد المدينة عن مخاطر نقل التكنولوجيا == Civil Liability For Risks of Technology Transfer

اسم المؤلف: عبد الحسين لوكي زاجي
اسم المشرف: طارق كاظم عجيل
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In the technological world we live in, transfer of technology is of great importance. Technologies transferred all over; from an advanced and industrialized country to a poorer developing country, from a developed country to another developed country and among firms in a developed market. The primary means of technology transfer is by imitating and making copies, which are sold on to purchasers. However, there are cases, as I will discuss further, where copying is impossible, or other cases where copying is prohibited. In those cases, technology transfer involves contracting. Agreements of technology transfer may have several methods. For example, license agreement, supply agreement for products protected by intellectual property rights, technical assistance agreement relating to the training needed to use a specified technology and acquisition of a technology based firm.One of the most new dilemma in the 21th century is the rising of technologies, and these type of modern human innovation have a complex side at its invisible hazardous, by its waste or the products that made by using of technology.That mad there is Avery important challenge in some new technologies as well as the flowing : - 1 - Biotechnology, refer to classic bio technology, and nanobiotechnology2 - Nanotechnology, means the nanorobots technology and nanomaterial technology, that deal with atoms and all tiny thing, Nanotechnology has marked its presence in various fields of science and technology. After the first and second generation nanotechnology applications it has open up the door for the possibility of applying in almost any sector of science and technology. Thus with its progress into diverse sectors, it's uses and applications are also diverse, serving a wide range of purposes like food, health and fitness, electronics, medical. Nanotechnologies refer to “technologies of the tiny”. They span domains as diverse as computing, material science, medicine, energy production and storage, etc., bring together fields as varied as physics, chemistry, genetics, information and communication technologies, and cognitive sciences, and should become virtually ubiquitous before long.Nanotechnologies are with us already. Indeed, consumers are already being offered products manufactured with nanotechnologies including cosmetics, clothing, and sporting goods. But, while technology and market analysts alike expect the very small to become very big, nanotechnologies are still emerging.3 - Informationtechnology, the important of this technology is appear at individual actives but it our info at a general web, for that reason it must be regulated in Iraq, By regulation of transfer of technology. As follow : - Bi - Simply put, technology transfer is the process by which a technology, expertise, knowhow or facilities developed by one individual, enterprise or organization is transferred to another individual, enterprise or organization. Effective technology transfer results in of a new product or service or in the improvement of an existing product or process.Depending on the nature of technology and the capacity of the recipient, the process of technology transfer may be simple and straightforward but usually is iterative, collaborative, and fairly complex. In the latter case, it may require the users to acquire new information and skills and change old habits and ways of doing things.ii - It may even require changes in the technology being transferred, to improve the chances of “fit” and optimal performance in the new situation. Technology transfer may happen from country to country, from industry to industry, or from research laboratory to an existing or new business. It may be facilitated by financial or other types of assistance and support that may be provided by government or other agencies at national, regional, local or institutional levels. This article deals with issues such as how is technology transferred; what are the main types of legal contracts for the transfer of technology and what will determine the type of agreement that is entered into by the two parties involved in the technology transfer.The creation or absorption of new technology has become a vital component for companies to improve or maintain their competitive position in the market place. Companies operating in sectors where competition takes place on the basis of price alone, such as the extraction or commercialization of raw materials, may rely on new technologies to improve their efficiency in the extraction of raw materials by improving their productive processes or acquiring new machinery and equipment. They may also use new technology to better commercialize their products or to improve their management structure, control and communication.In other sectors, where the market evolves incessantly as new products with new functions or designs appear on a regular basis, companies are forced to innovate by acquiring or developing new technologies. Technological innovation is therefore a crucial element ofiii - the competitive strategy of any enterprise, big or small, high - tech or low - tech. The ongoing integration of domestic and international markets through continuing deregulation and liberalization of markets has enhanced competitive pressure for all firms, and especially increased the technological needs of small enterprises worldwide while also improving their access to new technologies and capital goods.iv - technology in - house or to obtain it from others. While investing in technology creation may be expensive and risky, as there are many uncertainties linked to the innovation process, it has the advantage ofCpreventing technological dependence on other companies and enables the company to enhance its technological capability and to innovate according to its own specific needs.IN briefly and a finally viewing A technology transfer is any transaction which involves the acquisition of, or the right to lawfully use, specified intellectual property assets developed, owned, and/or controlled by another. Depending on the circumstances, such a transaction will involve not only the intangible legal rights associated with the specific assets, but also will require a transfer of the relatively tangible technology and other confidential information necessary for the legal rights to be properly used and exploited. Simply put, technology transfer is the process by which a technology, expertise, knowhow or facilities developed by one individual, enterprise or organization is transferred to another individual, enterprise or organization. Effective technology transfer results in commercialization of a new product or service or in the improvement of an existing product or process.Depending on the nature of technology and the capacity of the recipient, the process of technology transfer may be simple and straightforward but usually is iterative, collaborative, and comple

استبعاد الادلة الجنائية غير المشروعة : دراسة مقارنة == Exclusion of illegal Criminal Evidence (A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: عبد الحسن دويج خفيف
اسم المشرف: ناصر كريمش خضر الجوراني
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The leading legal idea in the legislation of criminal procedural laws, is in the balance between the interest of society in the fight against crime, represented by the right of the state to punishment, and the interests of individuals in protecting their rights and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution, these laws take multiple ways to achieve that budget, all of which stem from the principle of criminal legality, that principle that delineates the process of criminal prosecution, which would determine what constitutes acceptable behavior to the parties to the criminal dispute and what is not, and ensure respect for what is imposed by this principle, We have asset of sanctions, come in the forefront of them, exclusion of illegal criminal evidence, through the waste of work contrary to that principle, in terms of its legal effects, and to exclude any potential benefit from that action, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence in fact is a link between the theory of invalidity on the one hand and the theory of criminal evidence on the other, that is, what is derived from what is contrary to the theory of invalidity can not be accepted in the rules of criminal evidence.The importance of excluding illegal criminal evidence is highlighted by the paucity of the legislative rules governing it, and that they involve as well as substantive a delicate philosophical aspect, the subject of the study is related to many of the principles established in procedural criminal law, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence is widely applied in the field, the rules of legality of criminal procedure are broad and numerous, and the possibility of violating them is natural and imagined in many cases, it is therefore important to protect the(B(right and freedoms of individuals from the abuse of power, so the subject of the study will be based primarily on what that idea is, through the definition and statement of nature and rationale and legislative status and the most famous discussions on the usefulness and rules and exceptions, this is done by comparing the position of Iraqi law on the one hand, and the United States of America and Egypt on the other.The study concluded that the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence is the basis of the constitution, although not in the explicit texts, as the spirit of the constitution leads to it, because it inters the field of right and freedoms which is the core competence of the constitution, but is the basic goes with it a presence and nothing, when a constitutional legislator establishes a right, the right holder must have access to it, otherwise his words will become, hollow and pointless, it is an increase, the constitutions are distinct from the increase, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence was the effective means by which the right holder could be entitled to redress, this is based on the fact that the ordinary legislator complies with this basis and ensures that his texts are useful, the study also concluded, that the exclusion of illegal evidence is a means of judicial control, including the penalty imposed on the wrongful procedure and the resulting evidence by stripping it of its legal value, and destroy any effect that results from it, the realization of exclusion also enhances the confidence of individuals in the state, because it ensure that illegal evidence is not accepted, to accepting the defective means before the judiciary to obtain evidence.

فسخ الزواج بخيار البلوغ واحكامه في الفقه الاسلامي والقانون الوضعي == Marriage Revocation With the Choice Of Growing Up And Its Rules In The Islamic Jurisprudence And The Positive Law

اسم المؤلف: سهير قيصر فارس
اسم المشرف: حسام عبد الواحد كاظم
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: قانون الاحوال الشخصية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Islamic Shari'a (Law) has paid great attention to marriage bondage as one of the most important and most influential certificate in the life of the individual. In addition, it incurs a lot of terms and conditions due to what is legally permissible and impermissible. Among these terms is eligibility. In order to be a valid and effective certificate, it should be issued by an eligible authority as a general rule, though this rule is violated under certain circumstances as to marrying minors by their parents' consent. Such marriages certainly cause harm to minors. In order to achieve the desired goal of marriage, which is affection and compassion and consummation, which cannot be achieved unless the contract is done through a formal proposal of marriage (ijab) and acceptance of the proposal (qabul) of the two parties as chaste and sane adults, having the ability to sign the contract with their free will. When the minors or one of them are unable to set up the contract by themselves but through their guardians(Walis), the contract, despite being correct, is not considered obligatory for lacking the term of the proposal of offer and acceptance of the minor who may have an opinion after passing puberty. Therefore minors under a certain trend of Islamic jurisprudence are entitled to give their opinion of the contract after reaching puberty, either to stay or terminate it. This right is called the "right of puberty".

المسؤولية الجنائية الناشئة عن التظاهرات : دراسة مقارنة == The Criminal Responsibulity Created by Demonstration A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: ازهار عويني عبد الرضا الحمداني
اسم المشرف: عقيل عزيز عودة
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يتلخص بحثنا الموسوم (المسؤولية الجنائية الناشئة عن التظاهرات - دراسة مقارنة) بان الافراد في المجتمع مهما تنوعت فئاتهم ومستوياتهم انما يجمعهم المصير المشترك والمصلحة العامة ، وهم بحاجة الى التعبير عن رايهم والتصريح بمطالبهم ، فكان الخروج الى الطريق العام في شكل تظاهرات هو احدى طرق التعبير عن الراي, وقد يكون مصحوبا بالهتاف ورفع اللافتات والشعارات كوسيلة للضغط على السلطة الدولة بهدف تحقيق مصالحهم المشتركة , الا ان بعض مظاهر التعبير عن الراي في التظاهرات تشكل جرائم يعاقب عليها لما تتضمنه من تهديد لامن الدولة او قذف او اهانة , او اعاقة المرور , الا ان المشرع قد يبيح بعض هذه الافعال في اثناء التظاهرات وفق ضوابط يضعها ، وبموجبها يتم تحديد متى تتوافر الاباحة، فاذا خالفت تلك الافعال ضوابطها تلك تكون قد جاوزت حدود الاباحة , واكتسب الفعل فورا" صفة عدم المشروعية مما يرتب المسؤولية الجنائية . هذا مما يدفع السلطة العامة الى فض التظاهرات وتفريقها بالقوة وفق ضوابط ومعايير قانونية ، مما قد يتسبب فى وقوع اصابات وقتل وفي المقابل قد تثور مسؤوليتهم في حالة تجاوز الحدود المقررة لاستخدام القوة .ومن هنا تبرز اهمية هذه الحرية في المجال الجنائي , فلا تعد ممارسة حرية التظاهر جريمة ، لان القاعدة وفقا لمبدا الشرعية ان لا جريمة ولا عقوبة الا بنص ، الا ان ما يترتب على الخروج عن الضوابط التظاهرات سواء من قبل الافراد العاديين ام افراد السلطة العامة ، تتمثل بافعال وسلوكيات غير مشروعة ومحظورة يعاقب عليها القانون .وتكمن مشكلة الدراسة في ان التظاهرات وان كانت شكلا من اشكال التعبير فان ذلك قد لايجعل من هذه الالية حقا مشروعا للافراد يتيح لهم التعبير عن مواقفهم وارائهم بكل حرية حيث انه بالمقابل نجد حق الدولة في فرض نظامها وبسط امنها على كافة مواطنيها بواسطة القوانين التي تقنن هذه الحرية وتضع حدا لها, وتتجلى مشكلة البحث في ان هل وجود هذه النصوص كاف لممارستها من قبل الافراد، ام ان هناك واجبا يتمثل بالانصياع الى التشريعات الاخرى ذات الصلة بحرية التظاهر لتحديد مسؤولية من يسئ استخدامها ، وهل كان المشرع موفقا في وضع مثل هذه الخطوات الواجب اتباعها عند ممارسته هذه الحرية .وقد تم تقسيم هذه الدراسة على مبحث تمهيدي وثلاثة فصول , خصص المبحث التمهيدي للبحث في الاساس القانوني للتظاهرات , ومن ثم تناول الفصل الاول ماهية التظاهرات من خلال تعريفها وضوابطها العامة المادية والغائية . اما الفصل الثاني فقد بحثنا فيه المسؤولية الجنائية للمتظاهرين من خلال بيان حدود الاباحة والتجريم في التظاهرات والتطبيقات مسؤولية المتظاهرين. اما الفصل الثالث فقد تناولنا فيه المسؤولية الجنائية لافراد السلطة العامة من خلال بيان استخدام افراد السلطة العامة للقوة في حدود الاباحة والتجريم والتطبيقات المسؤولية افراد السلطة العامة . واخيرا فقد اختتمنا الرسالة بخاتمة اشتملت على اهم النتائج والتوصيات التي رايناها ضرورية لاخذها بالاعتبار عند النظر بمشروع قانون التظاهر في العراق .وقد تم التوصل الى عدة نتائج منها , ان التظاهرات تجمع ثابت او متحرك للافراد في الطرق والاماكن العامة , وان لها طبيعة خاصة تنعكس على التنظيم القانوني , وان التظاهر وفق القانون العراقي لايتم الا بتصريح من الادارة , وان التشريع النافذ في العراق لم ينظم المسؤولية الجنائية للمتظاهرين بشكل واضح ودقيق , ولم يتناول مسؤولية الشرطة بشكل مطلق . اما اهم التوصيات, فتتمثل في تاييد الباحث لنظام الاخطار من دون الترخيص, واللجوء الى جهة محايدة كالقضاء لتقدير خطرها على النظام العام ومنعها , والدعوة الى عدم اقرار مشروع القانون لانه يمس جوهر الحرية ويقيدها , وضرورة اعادة صياغته بالتنسيق مع منظمات المجتمع المدني, بالشكل الذي تحدد فيه مسؤولية المتظاهرين بشكل دقيق , وتنظيم مسؤولية الشرطة والنص على اصدار تعليمات واظحة ومحددة بشان استخدام القوة في التظاهرات .واخيرا ادعو الله تعالى ان اكون قد وفقت في اعطاء موضوع البحث حقه، فان فعلت فنعمة من الله تعالى ، وان لم افعل فبشر يخطئ اكثر مما يصيب , والله ولي التوفيق | Our thesise entitled (The Criminal Responsibulity Create by Demostration - A Comparative Study) Summarized in , The individuals in the society, regardless of their different categories and levels, are united by common destiny and the public interest. They need to express their views and make their decisions. Going out to the public road in the form of demonstrations is one of the most important ways to express of opinion, and may be accompanied by cheering and raising signs and slogans , as a means of exerting pressure on State to achieve your common interests. However, some manifestations of opinion in the demonstrations constitute crimes punishable by the threats it poses to the security of the state or the flagellation or insult, or obstruction of traffic, but the legislator may allow some of these actions during the demonstrations according to the regulations put them. Under which it is determined when the availability is available, and if the violation of those acts its controls that have exceeded the limits of permissibility.And the act immediately gained the status of illegality, which placed criminal responsibility, which forces the public authority to disperse and disperse the demonstrations by force according to legal controls and legal standards. Which could cause injuries and murder and in return may be their responsibility in case of exceeding the limits set for the use of force. Hence, the importance of this freedom in the field of criminalization would not consider the exercise of freedom of demonstration is a crime, because the rule according to the principle of legality that the crime and punishment are only by text. However, the consequences of breaking out of the control of demonstrations, whether by ordinary individuals or members of the public authority, represented by illegal acts and behaviors are punishable by law. - The problem of this study is that the misuse of freedom of protest, which is one of the most dangerous methods used by those who tamper with it, is manifested in how to distinguish between peaceful demonstration as a freedom aimed at improving the situation and demonstrating as a means of demolishing society and opposing any decision or action. To the Constitution and the Law. This study was divided into introductory and three chapters. The introductory course was devoted to research on the legal basis for demonstrations. The first topic studies the core of administration , its definition and its material and non - material general controls. The second chapter, in which we discussed the criminal responsibility of the demonstrators through showing the limits of permissibility and criminalization in the demonstrations, and we devoted to the applications of the responsibility of the demonstrators . Chapter three dealt with the criminal responsibility of the police, through showing the use of force by the police force to the limits of permissibility and criminalization , and the applications of police responsibility.Finally, we concluded the thesis with a conclusion that included the most important conclusions and recommendations that we considered necessary to take into account when considering the draft law of demonstration in Iraq. It has been connected to several results, including that the demonstrations a fixed gathering or a mass of people in the roads and public places, and have a special nature reflected on the legal organization, and that the demonstration under Iraqi law is carried out but by authorization by the administration. And that the in force legislation does not regulate the criminal responsibility of demonstrators as clearly and accurately, and does not address the responsibility of the police absolutely. As for the most important recommendations, is the researc support to the system of notification without authorization, and recourse to a neutral body such as the judiciary to assess the danger to public order and to prevent it. And calling for not to adopt the draft law because it touches the essence of freedom and restrict it, and there is a need to reformulate it in coordination with civil society organizations, in a manner that determines the responsibility of the demonstrators accurately, and regulate the responsibility of the police and the provision of instructions on the use of force in demonstrations.

المركز القانوني للممثل الخاص للامين العام للامم المتحدة : دراسة تطبيقية على ممثل الامين العام للامم المتحدة في العراق == Legal Status Of The Special Representative For The Secretary - General Of The United Nations

اسم المؤلف: نجدي محي دهيمي
اسم المشرف: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي العام
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Special Representative will lead the UN Secretary General functions mostly as President of integrated mission, to support him through several agencies, programmes and funds belong to The United Nations in order to achieve goals and objectives determined on which the nature of the mission described as civilian or military nature, noting the evolution and multiple functions and tasks according to the need for them as the international situation, the situation might be related to situations of armed conflict, have regard Promoting peace and support development programs.This was a result of the guide the thinking of the international community to establish better system and effective to substitute what existed before. The most popular mechanism to achieve it was the UN mission and special representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations upon decision of the Security Council as an international officer declares to according to the legal system of the world Organization. Resulting in international mechanism prospered in conjunction with the ongoing transformation of the international system. The International Labor Association, which is a special representation of the Secretary - General of the United Nations as one of its important applications in international events, has many implications and consequences, such as that of the rights and powers of the Special Representative and the obligations and obligations imposed on him. These rights and duties are either determined by the Charter establishing the United Nations and the domestic legislation and regulations of its departments, in particular those relating to personnel matters. Or include the headquarters agreements, declarations and international resolutions commensurate with what distinguishes the Special Representative as an international official with certain characteristics. Thus, these rights and duties are divided into those of an international official who is governed by the provisions of internationalAbstract .......................................................................................... Blaw in view of his or her international character, as well as the nature of the title he holds as an officer performing his functions for the benefit of the United Nations. These rights and duties are varied on the basis of multitasking Which are essentially the same as the obligation of neutrality and impartiality, as well as the mandate of the World Organization.Iraq has been - and still is - one of the Special Representative's most famous fields of work, and has witnessed the relationship Between Iraq and the United Nations has developed significantly in the years following the events of August 1990, after the relations between Iraq and the international community had been generally spoiled during the last three decades preceded 2003, Because of the foreign policies of the Iraqi political system at the internal and external levels, which led to Iraq being subject to dozens of resolutions issued under Chapter VII of the Charter, including comprehensive economic sanctions that resulted in economic and financial burdens, as well as prejudice to the sovereignty of Iraq. However, these decisions took on another dimension after 2003, starting with Resolution No. 1476 of 2003, which included the mandate of the Secretary - General of the United Nations, Mr. Kofi Annan, to administer the oilfor - food program, and Resolution No. 1483 of 2003 to lift the sanctions imposed on Iraq and authorize the Coalition authority to run the political process. Then to the resolution No. (1500) for the year 2003 concerning the establishment of the United Nations Mission and the appointment of a special envoy to the Secretary - General of the United Nations for its administration. These resolutions have mandated the UN to intervene in the various political, economic and administrative fields in the light of some of the mechanisms adopted by the Organization in accordance with international resolutions and covenants. These resolutions ,and covenants made clear the rights and powers of the Special Representative in Iraq, as well as his duties.

الضوابط الدستورية لسياسة التجريم : دراسة مقارنة == Constitutional criterias on the policy of criminalization : Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: محمد عبد الحسين شنان الموسوي
اسم المشرف: عمار تركي عطية الحسيني
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لكل دولة نظامها الدستوري الخاص بها, الذي يجب ان يتضمن المبادئ العامة لنظام الحكم, ويبين السلطات في الدولة ويحدد اختصاصاتها, ويحمي الحقوق والحريات, ويعمل الدستور على تحديد الضوابط التي يتعين على السلطات العامة الالتزام بها عند ممارستها لاختصاصاتها الدستورية. وقد ارست الدساتير في الكثير من دول العالم, ضوابط يتحتم على المشرع الجنائي التقيد بها عند ممارسته لسلطته في التجريم, وهذه الضوابط منها مايرد بشكل صريح في صلب الوثيقة الدستورية كمبدا (لا جريمة ولا عقوبة الا بنص), ومبدا (عدم رجعية القانون الجنائي على الماضي), ومنها ما يرد بصورة ضمنية تستشف من خلال الاطار الدستوري العام للحقوق والحريات, كضابط (الضرورة والتناسب في التجريم). ولهذه الضوابط اهمية بالغة في اطار سياسة التجريم, كون ان هذه السياسة تنال من حقوق وحريات الافراد بشكل كبير, وان من شان عدم وجود ضوابط دستورية يتقيد بها المشرع ان تتعرض تلك الحقوق والحريات الى المساس اما بمصادرتها او التقليل من فاعليتها, كما ان الدول, ولاسيما العراق, تشهد حاليا نهضة تشريعية في مجالات عديدة, ولضمان سلامة هذه التشريعات, يجب ان تكون الاخيرة متفقة مع الضوابط والمبادئ الدستورية, ولاسيما ان قانون العقوبات العراقي صدر في عام 1969, واصبحت الحاجة ملحة لتعديل العديد من احكامه بما يتفق والدستور الدائم الصادر سنة 2005. واذا كانت سلطة المشرع الجنائي, تتسم بالتقدير؛ فان سلطته في هذا المجال مقيدة بوجوب الالتزام بمبادئ الدستور الخاصة بالتجريم, ومن هنا تظهر مشكلة الدراسة, اذ قد تتجاوز السلطة التشريعية او التنفيذية حدود اختصاصها, وتحاول المساس بالقيمة الدستورية لحقوق الانسان وحرياته عن طريق التجريم, معتمدة في ذلك على السلطات المخولة لها, هذا من جانب, ومن جانب اخر ان السلطة المكلفة بعملية التجريم قد تمد نطاق التجريم ليشمل افعالا ليست بتلك الخطورة التي تهدد امن المجتمع وسلامته, الامر الذي يدفعنا الى التساؤل عن ماهية الضوابط الدستورية التي يستند اليها المشرع الجنائي في صياغة نص التجريم ؟ وهل واكب الدستور العراقي لسنة 2005 التطورات التي لحقت بسياسة التجريم, او انه بقي على الحال الذي كانت عليه دساتير ما قبل عام 2003؟ وما دور القضاء الدستوري تجاه الضوابط الدستورية لسياسة التجريم, ولاسيما القضاء الدستوري العراقي؟ وقد تناولنا هذه الدراسة من خلال ثلاثة فصول, تطرقنا في الفصل الاول الى اهم المبادئ الدستورية لنص التجريم, والتي يجب على المشرع الجنائي ان لا يحيد عنها في كل الاحوال, واهمها مبدا شرعية الجرائم والعقوبات, تكلمنا عنه في المبحث الاول, ومبدا عدم رجعية قانون العقوبات على الماضي, وذلك في المبحث الثاني , وفي نطاق الفصل الثاني بحثنا الضرورة والتناسب في سياسة التجريم, حيث ان المشرع الجنائي يرتكز على ضابط الضرورة والتناسب وهو بصدد احداث التوازن بين حماية الحقوق والحريات من جهة وحماية المصلحة العامة من جهة اخرى, وقد درسنا في المبحث الاول ماهية الضرورة التناسب في سياسة التجريم, وفي اطار المبحث الثاني تناولنا اثر غاية التجريم ومعياره على الضرورة والتناسب, وبحثنا في اطار الفصل الثالث والاخير ضمانات التزام سياسة التجريم بالضوابط الدستورية, حيث ان ترك تحديد الجرائم والعقوبات لاختصاص السلطة التشريعية لا يعني ان هذه السلطة لها حرية مطلقة في هذا المجال, وانما هي مقيدة بالحدود التي رسمتها المبادئ الواردة في الدساتير, ومن اجل ضمان التقيد بتلك المبادئ, فان الرقابة على دستورية نصوص التجريم تؤدي دورا بارزا في هذا المضمار, وعلى هذا الاساس تناولنا في المبحث الاول حدود سلطة المشرع الجنائي تجاه الحقوق والحريات, وفي نطاق المبحث الثاني, درسنا الرقابة على دستورية نصوص التجريم. وفي نهاية المطاف توصلنا من خلال هذه الدراسة, الى جملة استنتاجات من اهمها : ان المشرع العراقي قد سمح بفكرة التفويض التشريعي في مجال التجريم, في الدستور وقانون العقوبات على حد سواء, كذلك توصلنا الى ان الضرورة في التجريم يراد بها الاسباب او المبررات التي تدور في ذهن المشرع, والتي تدفعه الى تجريم اشكال معينة من سلوكيات الانسان, بهدف حماية المصالح الاجتماعية الجديرة بالاعتبار. اما التناسب في التجريم, فهو العلاقة بين ضرورة التجريم (الهدف من التجريم), والعقوبة المقررة للجريمة (اثر التجريم), بحيث تكون العقوبة ضرورية لمواجهة الجريمة؛ لتحقيق اهدافها المتمثلة بالردع العام والردع الخاص وتحقيق العدالة. وقد اقترحنا في هذه الدراسة على المشرع العراقي ان يتبنى نظام ( ازدواج قانون العقوبات), بدلا من نظام (وحدة قانون العقوبات), اذ يقتصر قانون العقوبات على ذكر الجنايات والجنح, بينما تكون فئة المخالفات في اطار مجموعة مستقلة يمكن ان نسميها بقانون العقوبات الاداري, وكذلك وصينا المشرع الجنائي بان يضع نصوصا جنائية تملك من الكفاية والفاعلية ما يمكنها من مواجهة فاعلية التطور الاجرامي واساليب ارتكابه في ظل الاجرام المستحدث | Each State shall have its own constitutional system, which shall include the general principles of the system of government. It shall set out the powers of the State and determine its competencies. It shall protect the rights and freedoms. The Constitution shall specify the regulations to be complied with by the public authorities in the exercise of their constitutional powers. In many countries of the world, constitutions have established controls that the criminal legislator must adhere to when exercising his authority to criminalize them. Such controls are explicitly included in the constitutional document as a principle (nullum crimen sine lege) and the principle of " ), Including implicitly revealed through the general constitutional framework of rights and freedoms, as an officer (necessity and proportionality in criminalization). These restrictions are of great importance in the context of the criminalization policy, since this policy severely infringes upon the rights and freedoms of individuals. The absence of constitutional regulations that the legislator complies with can undermine or diminish the effectiveness of these rights and freedoms. Iraq is witnessing a legislative renaissance in many areas. In order to ensure the safety of these legislations, the latter must be in conformity with the constitutional rules and principles. In particular, the Iraqi Penal Code was promulgated in 1969 and many of its provisions have been amended to comply with the permanent constitution of 2005. While the authority of the criminal legislator is appreciated, its authority in this area is constrained by the obligation to abide by the principles of the Constitution on criminalization. Hence, the problem of the study is that the legislative or executive branch may go beyond its jurisdiction and attempt to violate the constitutional value of human rights and freedoms through criminalization, On the one hand, and on the other, that the authority in charge of the criminalization process may extend the scope of criminalization to include acts that are not such a threat to the security and safety of society, which leads us to ask what the constitutional controls on which the legislator Jinn In drafting the text of the criminalization? Did the 2005 Iraqi constitution comply with developments in the criminalization policy, or did it remain the same as the pre - 2003 constitutions? What is the role of the constitutional judiciary towards the constitutional controls of the criminalization policy, especially the Iraqi constitutional judiciary? We discussed this study in three chapters. In Chapter 1, we discussed the most important constitutional principles of the criminalization text, which the criminal legislator must not derogate from in all cases, the most important of which is the principle of the legality of crimes and punishments. In the second section, and in the second chapter we discussed the necessity and proportionality in the policy of criminalization, since the criminal legislator based on the officer of necessity and proportionality and is in the balance between the protection of rights and freedoms on the one hand and the protection of public interest on the other, What is the necessity of rotation In Chapter II, we discussed the effect of criminalization on the necessity and proportionality. In the third and final chapter, we examined the guarantees of the policy of criminalization of constitutional restrictions, since leaving the definition of crimes and penalties to the jurisdiction of the legislative authority does not mean that this authority has absolute freedom in this In order to ensure adherence to these principles, the control over the constitutionality of criminalization provisions plays a prominent role in this regard. On this basis, we discussed in the first part the limits of the authority of the criminal legislator towards rights and Reat, and in the scope of the second topic, we studied control over the constitutionality of the provisions of criminalization. In the end, we reached, through this study, a number of conclusions, the most important of which : The Iraqi legislator has allowed the idea of legislative authority in the field of criminalization, both in the Constitution and the Penal Code, and we have concluded that the necessity of criminalization intended for reasons or The mind of the legislator, which leads to the criminalization of certain forms of human behavior, in order to protect the social interests worthy of consideration. The proportionality of criminalization is the relationship between the need for criminalization (the purpose of criminalization) and the penalty prescribed for the offense (the effect of criminalization), so that the punishment is necessary to confront the crime; to achieve its objectives of public deterrence and deterrence. In this study, we have proposed that the Iraqi legislature adopt a system of double criminality instead of the Penal Code. The Penal Code is limited to mentioning crimes and misdemeanors, while the category of offenses within an independent group can be called the Administrative Penal Code. We have also instructed the criminal legislator to put in place sufficient and effective criminal texts to enable it to deal with the effectiveness of criminal development and the methods of committing it under the new criminality.
1 ... 4 5 6 7 8