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The Effect Of Rabid Reading On The College Students Reading Comprehension

Author name: افراح منشد فهد
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Doctorate
University location: Baghdad

The Effect Of Cycle Vs Liner Strategies In Enhancing Efl Students Vocabulary Items

Author name: عمار جاسم
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • المستنصرية

The Effect Of Top - Down Processing On Developing Efl Students Listening Comprehension

Author name: هيفاء كاظم
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • المستنصرية

Analyis Of Spelling Errors Made By Efl Undergraguate Students Of The College Of Basic Education

Author name: علي محمود علي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • المستنصرية

اثر استخدام تقنيات الدراما في تدريس الادب في التحدث والاستيعاب الادبي للمتعلمين العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == The Impact of Using Drama Techniques in Teaching Literature on Iraqi EFL Learners' Speaking Performance and Literary Comprehension

Author name: اسيل حسين عبد الله
Supervisor name: رضا غانم داخل
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Speaking is considered to be the most important skill since it is the first skill that human being acquired but unfortunately it is regarded as an ignored skill in the process of teaching English in Iraqi schools and as a result Iraqi learners are not well prepared to understand the English spoken language. Besides, Iraqi learners do not use their background knowledge to comprehend what was said and they don't have opportunities to practice since there are many schools who don't have laboratories and speaking devises in order to enable the learner to speak and practice. Therefore, teaching speaking skill is the most difficult task since the learner faced difficulties with this skill. this study used three recent techniques for teaching and improving speaking performance . These three techniques, role - play, hot - seating and improvisation. Depending on that , these techniques were chosen to test their effectiveness in teaching speaking performance and literary comprehension . The aim of the study was finding out the impact of using drama techniques in teaching literature on Iraqi EFL learners' speaking performance and literary comprehension. To achieve that , a randomized experimental group(24)students and control group(24)students were selected from a sample of 48 second grade female students from Al - Zahraa' intermediate School for Girls. The study requires one experimental group and one control group. It is hypothesized that : 1. There is no statistically significant difference in speaking performance between the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught literature using drama techniques and that of the control group who is taught literature using the method recommended by the Teacher's Guide. 2. There is no statistically significant difference in literary comprehension between the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught literature using drama techniques and that of the control group who is taught literature using the method recommended by the Teacher's Guide.The samples of the two groups have been statistically equalized according to their age ( year, month, day) , their final scores in the midyear exam, and their fathers and mothers educational level . The obtained results obtained by the statistical work of the data have shown that : - There is no statistically significance difference between the experimental group, taught by role - plays, hot - seating and improvisation technique , and the control group , taught by the recommended method of teaching in speaking performance and literary comprehension . The study also concluded some points, the following are some of them : 1. Implementing recent techniques in teaching language helps to the development and improvement of students' skills , achievement and knowledge that participate in motivating students to be more effective and positive in speaking performance and literary comprehension2. Attracting students in learning makes them more engaged in the process of development. 3. It is necessary for students to have peer work not only for learning but also to engage them in social work .

اثر استخدام تقنية الملاحظات الملصقة في تحصيل المفردات والاملاء للطلبة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == THE EFFECT OF USING STICKY NOTES TECHNIQUE ON THE VOCABULARY AND SPELLING ACHIEVEMENT OF IRAQI EFL LEARNERS

Author name: الزهراء علي مظلوم
Supervisor name: ضحى عطا الله حسن القره غولي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Vocabulary and spelling learning is a constant challenge for Iraqi teachers as well as students because there has been minimal focus on them in the Iraqi classrooms recently. Due to this, this study aims to investigate empirically the effect of using sticky notes technique on the vocabulary and spelling achievement of Iraqi EFL learners.The population of the present study is fifth grade secondary school female students (the scientific branch) in Baghdad City during the academic year (2014 - 2015). Of this population a sample of two groups is selected, the experimental group which is taught vocabulary and spelling by using sticky notes technique (with 23 students) and the control group which is taught vocabulary and spelling using the prescribed method in the Teachers’ Guide (with 33 students). These groups are randomly chosen from Maryam Al - Athra’a Secondary School for Girls from the Directorate General of Education/ Al - Rusafa III. The instructional material is limited to Units 5, 6, and 7 from English for Iraq. Of the whole instructional material the focus is on vocabulary and spelling.To fulfil the aim of the study and verify the hypotheses which state (There is no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of vocabulary achievement of learners who are taught vocabulary through sticky notes technique and those who are taught vocabularyXthrough the prescribed technique, there is no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of spelling achievement of learners who are taught spelling through sticky notes technique and those who are taught spelling through the prescribed technique, and there is no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of total vocabulary and spelling achievement of learners who are taught vocabulary and spelling through sticky notes technique and those who are taught vocabulary and spelling through the prescribed technique), an experiment is conducted. The two groups have been taught the same subject matter and an achievement test is constructed by the researcher and exposed to a jury of experts to verify its validity. The test reliability is calculated using Cronbach alpha yielding a coefficient of 0.814.Item analysis is carried out to determine the effectiveness of items in terms of their discriminating power and difficulty level. Then, the test is administered to the sample of the study at the end of the experimental teaching period. The t - test formula for independent samples is used to identify the significance of difference between the scores of the two groups. The t - test indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between the two groups in favour of the experimental one.As a result, it can be concluded that using sticky notes technique to improve vocabulary and spelling achievement has a positive result onthe students’ achievement in the written test and it motivates them to learn vocabulary and spelling effectively.In the light of the results of the study, a number of recommendations are stated and suggestions for further studies are put forward.

اثر استخدام اسلوبي التوليف وفكر - زاوج - شارك في تطوير مهارات الاستيعاب القرائي لدى طلبة المدارس الثانوية العراقيين == The Effect of Using Jigsaw and Think - Pair - Share Techniques on the Development of the Reading Comprehension Skills of Iraqi Secondary School Students

Author name: كرمل وليد فيصل
Supervisor name: عباس جاسم الدجيلي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Reading is assumed to be the central tool for learning new information and gaining access to alternative explanations and interpretations. Further, it provides the primary means for independent learning, whether the goal is performing better on academic tasks, learning more about subject matter, or improving language abilities. The increased focus on the teaching of reading and other literacy skills to learners may relate to the recognition that reading is actually the most fundamental skill for FL learners and the most crucial of the four language skills for EFL learners, as it enables them to gain exposure to the target language and receive valuable linguistic input to build language proficiency.Thus, this study implements two modern techniques for teaching and developing reading comprehension. These two techniques, Jigsaw and Think - Pair - Share, have been proved their positive effectiveness in the teaching of other skills. According to that, they are chosen to examine their effectiveness in teaching reading comprehension.This study aims at finding out the effect of using jigsaw and think - pair - share techniques on the development of the reading comprehension skills of Iraqi secondary school students. To fulfilIXthe aims of study, a non - randomized control group pre - test and post - test design has been applied to a sample of 85 second grade female pupils from Al - Yarmouk Intermediate School for Girls. The study demands two experimental groups and a control one. It is hypothesized that : 1. There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the jigsaw group, think - pair - share group and the control group (who is taught according to the teacher’s guide instructions ) in the reading comprehension post - test.2. There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the jigsaw group and that of the think - pair - share group in the reading comprehension posttest.The subjects of the three groups have been statistically matched according to their age (in months), their final scores in the midyear exam, and the academic level of their fathers and mothers.The results obtained by the statistical treatment of the data have shown that : 1. There is a statistically significant difference between the first experimental group, taught by jigsaw technique, and the control group, taught by prescribed method of teaching in reading comprehension performance, in favour of the first experimental group.X2. There is a statistically significant difference between the second experimental group, taught by Think - Pair - Share technique, and the control group in the reading comprehension performance, in favour of the second experimental group.3. There is no statistically significant difference between the first experimental group and the second experimental one in teaching reading comprehension performance.The study also proposes some conclusions, some of which are : 1. Implementing new and modern techniques in teaching contributes to the development of students' skills, knowledge, and achievement. Cooperative learning is one of the innovative pedagogies that has been found to be positively effective in students’ development in reading comprehension.2. Engaging students in learning allows them to reach their fullest potential in all aspects of development.3. It is vital for students to have peer support not only to learn the material at a deeper level, but also to know their classmates and to built a sense of community with them.XIDepending on the results of the present study, some recommendations are presented : 1. Teachers should help students understand how complex the task they are facing, give them the tools to learn the subject effectively.2. Teachers should make the students work on the words instead of simply going over them in a fill in the blank exercises or according a matching quiz. This can help the pupils develop more systematic and effective ways of learning.3. Teachers should be encouraged to incorporate into RC in classroom.

تاثير الوسيط الصريح على اداء الاستيعاب القرائي للمتعلمين العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == THE IMPACT OF EXPLICIT MEDIATION ON IRAQI EFL LEARNERS’ READING COMPREHENSION PERFORMANCE

Author name: رافد رؤوف جاسم
Supervisor name: ضحى عطا الله حسن القره غولي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعتبرالوسيط الصريح من خلال الوسيط النظير هي استراتيجية تشير الى ان التعلم يحدث من خلال المشاركة مع الاخرين, وان تفاعل التلاميذ مع نظرائهم الاكثر معرفة او قدرة يؤثر في طريقة تفكيرهم وتفسيرهم للمواقف المختلفة. ان العمل من خلال المجموعات المناظرة داخل الصف لها دور فاعل في تطوير القدرات المعرفية والعقلية لديهم. ان الهدف من الوسيط المناظر هو جعل التعلم ذاتيا اي الانتقال التدريجي بالمسؤولية من المعلم الى الاقران. لذلك تهدف هذه الدراسة الحالية معرفة اثر استراتيجية الوسيط الصريح من خلال الاقران في اداء الاستيعاب القرائي لدى الطلاب العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية. وللتحقق من اثر الاستراتيجية تم وضع الفرضية الاتية : " لايوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين المجموعة التجريبية التي طبقت عليها استراتيجية الوسيط العلني المناظر, والمجموعة الضابطة التي لم تطبق عليها هذه الاستراتيجية في تحصيلهم في الاستيعاب القرائي."وللتحقق من هذه الفرضية استخدم الباحث منهجا تجريبيا يتضمن تصميم مجموعتين واختبار بعدي. ان ادوات الاختبار لهذه الدراسة صممت بالشكل التالي : ا) اختبار قبلي يتكون من قطعتين استيعابيتين, ب) اختبار بعدي يحتوي على قطعتين استيعابيتين, وقد استخدم هذا الاختبار للمقارنة بين اداء المجموعتين عند نهاية الدراسة. من الجدير بالذكر ان الاختبارات المذكورة اعلاه قد عرضت على مجموعة من الخبراء للتحقق من مصداقية المحتوى واقترحوا بعض التعديلات. وبعد اجراء الاختبار الاستطلاعي تبين ان ثبات ومصداقية الاختبارات قد تم التحقق منها من خلال تطبيق معادلة كيودر - ريتشارد سون 20 للاختبارات الموضوعية ومعادلة الفا كرونباخ بالنسبة للاختبارات المقالية. وقد وجد ان قيمة الثبات للاختبار القبلي بلغ 0,87 للموضوعية و0,83 للاختبارات المقالية وبلغ معامل الثبات للاختبار البعدي 0,91 للاسئلة الموضوعية و0,88 للمقالية. بالنسبة للاختبار القبلي فقد استخدم لمكافئة المجموعتين وقياس مستوى تحصيلهم المعرفي السابق في الاستيعاب القرائي ولمعرفة الطالب الاكثر مهارة لاختياره كقائد للمجموعة بعد الاختيار العشوائي للمجموعة الضابطة والتجريبية.تالفت عينة البحث من طلبة الصف الرابع العلمي والبالغ عددهم 70 طالبا اختيروا عشوائيا على مجموعتين (مجموعة ضابطة ومجموعة تجريبية) تضم كل منهما 35 طالبا. كوفئت المجموعتان احصائيا في عدد من المتغيرات مثل العمر والتحصيل الدراسي للوالدين, ودرجات تحصيل الطلاب في اللغة الانكليزية للفصل الاول ونصف السنة ودرجات تحصيلهم في الاختبار القبلي.درست المجموعة التجريبية الاستيعاب القرائي باسلوب الوسيط العلني المناظر, ودرست المجموعة الضابطة بالطرق التقليدية وهي بحسب ما جاء في (دليل المعلم 8) سلسلة فرص العراق. طبقت التجربة في اعدادية مصطفى جواد للبنين في مدينة بغداد ضاحية المنصور ولفترة شهرين وخلال العام الدراسي 2013/2014. وبعد اجراء الاختبار البعدي اضهرت نتائج الدراسة بوضوح ان تحصيل المجموعة التجريبية التي درست باسلوب الوسيط الصريح المناظر اعلى من تحصيل المجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالاسلوب التقليدي.واستنادا الى النتائج المحصلة في اعلاه توصل الباحث الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات كان من اهمها : 1 - ان استراتيجية الوسيط الصريح المناظر فاعلة في تدريس الاستيعاب القرائي للطلاب العراقيين للمرحلة الاعدادية لان التعلم الجماعي يوفر بيئة دراسية مناسبة لممارسة اللغة الاجنبية والتي فيها يحاول المتعلمون التواصل بهذه اللغة. وهذا يعني ان هذه الاستراتيجية تحقق هدفين : الاستيعاب والتواصل. وان الاستراتيجيات التي تحد من دور الطلاب وخصوصا عندما يتعلق الموضوع بالاستيعاب غير فعالة في تطوير الاستيعاب القرائي وهذوااضح من خلال نتائج الدراسة الحالية.2 - الوسيط المناظر والانتقال التدريجي في التعليم من المعلم الى الطلاب يعزز الاعتقاد القائل "ما يتعلمه الطلاب اليوم مجتمعين, سيتعلمونه غدا بمفردهم."3 - ان التعلم من خلال الاقران هو اداة فاعلة للتعامل مع الكم الهائل من المعلومات, ومن البديهي ان كل فرد يمتلك معلومة يتشارك بها مع الاخرين.وفي خاتمة هذه الدراسة, قدم الباحث مجموعة من التوصيات والاقتراحات لاجراء دراسات اخرى. | Explicit mediation via peer mediation is a strategy that enables learning to take place when students work together in small groups in which more able peers instruct and help less able peers. This idea of peer mediation coincides with Vygotsky's idea that learning is social rather than individual and thinking is mediated by social context. On the other hand, social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of all cognitive abilities, including thinking, learning, and communicating. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of explicit mediation via peer mediation on learners' performance in reading comprehension in the context of English as a foreign language. To achieve this aim, the following hypothesis is postulated : It is hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference between the achievement mean scores of the students who are taught reading comprehension using explicit mediation and those who are taught reading comprehension using the prescribed method. To verify the hypothesis, the post - test nonequivalent group design has been employed. The sample of this study was 70 students chosen from 4th grade secondary school students. This sample was distributed as follows : 1) 35 students for the control group, and 2) 35 students for the experimental group. The two groups were statistically equalized in a number of variables such as age, parents' level of education, achievement scores in English in the first term and midyear, and achievement scores on the pretest. The experimental group was taught reading comprehension by the explicit mediation, and the control group was taught by the method recommended in the prescribed method. The experiment was conducted in Baghdad City at Mustafa Jawad Secondary School for Boys. It lasted for two months in the academic year 2013 - 2014. The instruments of the current study involved two tests : a pretest which is used to equalize the Control Group and Experimental Group as well as to choose the leaders of the groups, and a posttest for the purpose of comparing the performance of the two groups at the end of the study. The instruments have been previously exposed to a jury of experts in order to ascertain their face and content validity. The experts have validated the face and content validity and suggested some modifications. After conducting the pilot study, their reliability was calculated by applying Kuder - Richardson formula 20 for the objective items and Alpha Cronbach for subjective ones. It was found that the reliability of the pretest is 0.80 for objective items and 0.83 for the subjective items. The reliability of the posttest is 0.91 for the objective items and 0.88 for subjective ones. The discriminatory powers and difficulty level of the instruments' items were also computed. After conducting the posttest, the result of the study apparently indicates that the achievement of the experimental group who were exposed to the explicit mediation technique is higher than that of the control group who were exposed to the prescribed technique. In other words, the explicit mediation technique is more influential than the prescribed method to enhance performance in reading comprehension. In light of the obtained results from this study, a number of conclusions have been drawn, among which the most important ones are : 1. Explicit mediation is an effective technique for teaching reading comprehension for Iraqi secondary school students, because such a cooperative technique provides target language practice in which learners try to communicate in the foreign language. This means that explicit mediation achieves two goals : comprehension and communication. 2. Peer mediation reinforces the belief that "what learners can do together today, they can do alone tomorrow". 3. Peer learning is a tool to cope with the massive influx of information. Obviously, each individual has his own information that can be shared with others. In conclusion of this study, some recommendations and suggestions for further studies have been put forward

اثر تاليف قاموس الطالب في الاملاء ومخزون المفردات للطلبة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في المدارس المتوسطة == The Effect of Developing a Pupil’s Dictionary on Spelling and Vocabulary Repertoire of Iraqi EFL Intermediate School Learners

Author name: محمد ضياء الطائي
Supervisor name: ضحى عطا الله حسن القره غولي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Developing a pupil’s dictionary is one of the techniques suggested to deal with the vocabulary and spelling difficulties of Iraqi EFL learners especially the intermediate school ones in order to reduce the misspelling ratio and to enlarge their vocabulary repertoire.Hence, the present study aims to investigate the effect of developing a pupils’ dictionary on vocabulary repertoire and spelling of Iraqi EFL intermediate school pupils. To achieve this aim, the following null hypotheses have been posed : 1. There is no statistically significant difference between the spelling achievement mean scores of the pupils who are taught by using the technique of developing pupil’s dictionary and those who are taught by using the prescribed method (teacher - centred).2. There is no statistically significant difference between the vocabulary achievement mean scores of the pupils who are taught by using the technique of developing pupil’s dictionary and those who are taught by using the prescribed method.3. There is no statistically significant difference between the overall achievement mean scores of the pupils who are taught by using the technique of developing pupil’s dictionary and those who are taught by using the prescribed method.4. There is no statistically significant difference between the development mean scores of the experimental group pupils on the pre - test and the post - test.The population of the present study is the male pupils of the second - grade intermediate schools in Baghdad during the academic year 2013 - 2014. The sample of the study consists of 65 pupils. The experimental group consists of 33 pupils whereas the control group consists of 32 pupils. These two groups are randomly chosen from Al - Nidhamyia Secondary School for Boys in Baghdad. The subjects ofIXboth groups are equalized in the level of their parents’ education, their age, their achievement in English in the mid - year exam, their grades on the pre - test, as well as some extraneous factors.To fulfil the aim of the study, an experiment is conducted using a non - equivalent pre - test post - test control group design. The two groups are taught the same material, which contains three units from the textbook Iraq Opportunities 6 except for the technique of developing Pupil’s Dictionary, which is introduced to the experimental group only. The researcher himself taught the two groups.Two versions of an achievement test (pre - test and post - test) are constructed by the researcher and exposed to a jury of experts to verify their validity. Reliability is calculated by using Kuder - Richardson formulas 20 and 21 yielding, coefficients of 0.93 and 0.95 respectively. Item analysis is carried out to determine the effectiveness of the items in terms of their discriminatory power and difficulty level. Then the tests are administered to the sample of the study prior to the experimental period and after it.The data of the post - test are analyzed statistically, using t - test formulas for two independent samples and two dependent samples. The findings indicate that there is a significant difference between the two groups in favour of the experimental one in the vocabulary, spelling, and overall achievement. The t - test also indicates that there is a significant difference between the pre - and post - tests scores for the experimental group in favour of the post - test showing significant development.It is concluded that the use of Pupil’s Dictionary technique has positive effect on the pupils’ vocabulary repertoire and spelling. According to the results of the study, a number of recommendations are stated and suggestions for further studies are put forward.

دراسة مدى ادراك التعابير المعجمية واستعمالها لدى طلبة الكلية العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == Investigating Iraqi EFL College Students’ Awareness and Use of Lexical Chunks

Author name: اسامة مهدي نقي العلاق
Supervisor name: شذى كاظم مفتن السعدي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: المجموعات المعجمية : هي وحدات متعددة الكلمات يمكن ان تعمل كوحدات تامة المعنى او كصيغة ثابته المعنى او شبه ثابته، اذ يتم تخزينها في الذاكرة واسترجاعها ككل من دون تحليلها. تستخدم هذه المجموعة من الكلمات المعده مسبقا" لبناء مجموعات لغوية وزيادة ذخيرة المفردات لدارسي اللغة. كما انها فعاله وتساعد المتعلمين على الطلاقة في الكلام وزيادة مخزونهم المعجمي. ترتبط المجموعات المعجمية بمجال العبارات، وقد جذبت العديد من اللغويين والباحثين لان الطلبة يواجهون بعض الصعوبات في فهم واستخدام تلك المجموعات المعجمية. وتهدف الدراسة الحالية الى التقصي عن ادراك المجموعات المعجمية واستعمالها لدى طلبة الكلية العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية. ومن اجل تحقيق هدف الدراسة، طرحت الفرضيات الصفرية الاتية : 1. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين الوسط الحسابي لدرجات طلبة الكلية العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية في الوعي بالمجموعات المعجمية وبين الوسط الفرضي.2. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين الوسط الحسابي لدرجات طلبة الكلية العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية في استخدام المجموعات المعجمية وبين الوسط الفرضي.3. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين الوسط الحسابي لدرجات طلبة الكلية العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية في وعيهم واستخدامهم للمجموعات المعجمية. تالفت عينة الدراسة من 50 طالبا" وطالبة في المرحلة الثالثة في قسم اللغة الانجليزية بجامعة بغداد/ كلية الاداب خلال السنة الدراسية (2016 - 2017).ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة واختبار فرضياتها، تبنى الباحث اجراءين لجمع البيانات : الاول تحليل محتوى ثلاثة كتب دراسية للطلبة (Person to Person, Essay and Letter Writing, and Wuthering Heights Novel) ,لغرض استخراج المجموعات المعجمية منها. الثاني تطبيق اختبار يتالف من نوعين(الادراكي والانتاجي). وعرضت الادوات على مجموعة من الاساتذة المختصين كلجنة تحكيمية للتاكد من صدقها، وتم حساب ثبات الاختبار من خلال تطبيقه على عينة استطلاعية. وقد استخدمت الاساليب الاحصائية المناسبة لتحليل البيانات التي تم جمعها.وقد نتج عن تحليل البيانات النتائج الرئيسة التالية : 1. وعي طلبة المرحلة الثالثة في الكلية دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية في المجموعات المعجمية مقبول.2. لدى طلبة المرحلة الثالثة في الكلية دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية مستوى غير مقبول في استخدام المجموعات المعجمية، فضلا انهم يواجهون صعوبة في انتاجها. 3. يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين وعي واستخدام المجموعات المعجمية لدى طلبة الكلية العراقين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية والفرق لصالح الوعي.واخيرا، وبناء على النتائج التي تم التوصل اليها، اقترحت بعض التوصيات وقدمت بعض المقترحات حول اجراء المزيد من الدراسات. | Lexical chunks are multi - word units which can function as meaningful units with a fixed or semi - fixed form. They are stored in memory and retrieved as unanalyzed whole. These prefabricated sequence of word building blocks of language are effective to learners as they increase vocabulary repertoire and aid fluency in speech. Lexical chunks are related to the realm of phraseology, and have attracted the attention of many linguists and researchers, as the students face some difficulties in comprehending and using them. The current study intends to investigate Iraqi EFL college students’ awareness and use of lexical chunks. To achieve the aim of the study, the three null hypotheses below have been posed : 1 - There is no statistically significant difference between the mean score of Iraqi EFL college students’ awareness of lexical chunks and the theoretical mean.2 - There is no statistically significant difference between the mean score of Iraqi EFL college students’ use of lexical chunks and the theoretical mean.3 - There is no statistically significant difference between Iraqi EFL college students’ mean scores of awareness and use of lexical chunks. The sample of the study consists of fifty EFL third - year students, of the College of Arts/ University of Baghdad, during the academic year 2016 - 2017. In order to achieve the aim of the study and test its hypotheses, two procedures for data gathering are adopted. The first is content analysis for three students’ textbooks (Person to Person, Essay and Letter Writing, and Wuthering Heights Novel) for the purpose of eliciting lexical chunks. The second procedure is construction of a test of two types (recognition and production). The above mentioned instruments are exposed to jury of experts to ascertain their validity. Also test reliability is calculated after a pilot administration of the test, which yielded reliability coefficient of 0.87. Suitable statistical methods are used to analyze the collected data. The analysis of the data has led to following : 1. Third year EFL college students’ awareness of lexical chunks is average. 2. Third year EFL college students have unacceptable level of using lexical chunks and they face difficulty in producing them.3. There is statistically significant difference between Iraqi EFL college students’ awareness and use of lexical chunks in favor of awareness. Finally, on the basis of the obtained results, some recommendations and suggestions for further studies are put forward

فاعلية التعلم الموجه ذاتيا في تعليم مهارة الكلام لطلاب الكليات العراقية دارسي اللغه الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == The Effectiveness of Self - Directed Learning in Teaching the Speaking Skill to Iraqi EFL College Students

Author name: غادة كريم المحمداوي
Supervisor name: رضا غانم داخل
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: المستخلص ان التعلم الموجه ذاتيا هو عمليه التعلم التي من خلالها ياخذ المتعلمون على عاتقهم المسوؤليه الاساسية في تعلمهم, بدءا بتحديد اهدافهم, رسم طريقة تدريسية ذاتية لاتباعها في تعلمهم وايجاد المصادر والمراجع المناسبة والممكن الاعتماد عليها لاكتساب المعرفة. سواء كان التعلم الموجه ذاتيا منهجيا او غير منهجيا, فهو افضل واسهل طريقة لاكتساب معرفة تستمر مدى الحياة, يظن عندما تبذل جهودا لتعلم شيء ما فان الاحتفاظ به سيكون اسرع, فكلما نكثر القراءة عن موضوع معين كلما كانت عملية الاحتفاظ بالمقروء افضل, والكثرة هنا لا تشيرالى كمية المواد الدراسية بل تشير الى كثرة الاراء المختلفة عن الموضوع نفسه, فبالقراءة والبحث عن وجهات نظر مختلفة لموضوع معين سوف يتشكل راي ونظرة جديدة بالتدريج نتيجة القراءة, وعندما تشكل فكرة او راي جديد ستكون عملية الاحتفاظ بما هو مشكل نتيجة البحث والقراءة افضل واستعادته اسرع في مواقف مختلفة. فضلا عن ذلك, ان التعلم الموجه ذاتيا يعد من افضل الطرق التدريسية لتعليم الكبار فطالما هم يكبرون فسوف يشكلون مبادئهم ومعتقداتهم الخاصة بهم لذا فمن المحتمل رفضهم للتعلم الالزامي او اي موضوع لا يناسب اهتماماتهم. لذا فلحل هكذا مشكلة يلعب التعلم الموجه ذاتيا دورا دقيقا وشائكا باعطائهم فرصة اختيار مايريدون تعلمه لكن بضمن الحدود التي وضعت من المعلم ذاته. لقد استخدمت نماذج مختلفة من التعلم الموجه ذاتيا في عدد من الدراسات المختلفة, الا انه في الدراسة الحالية استخدم نموذج كرو ( التعلم المرحلي الموجه ذاتيا), الذي من خلاله قاد المعلم الطلاب خلال اربع مراحل من التعلم. تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى التحقق من فاعلية التعلم الموجه ذاتيا في تعليم مهارة الكلام لطلاب الكليات العراقية دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية. فقد تم الافتراض انه لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين المجموعة التجريبية والتي درست باستخدام التعلم الموجه ذاتيا والمجوعة الضابطة التي درست باستخدام الطرق الحالية (التعلم الموجه بوساطة المعلم) على ادائهم الشفوي. لتحقيق هدف الدراسة الحالية اتبعت الباحثة عدد من الاجراءات وهي كالاتي : اولا اعتمدت على النوع الاتي من التصميم التجريبي : تصميم تجريبي لمجموعتين غير متكافئتين اختبار قبلي واختبار بعدي, اختيار عينة ممثلة وتوزيعها في مجموعتين مجموعه تجريبية ومجموعة ضابطة, بناء اختبار بعدي شفوي والتاكد من صدقه وثباته واماكنية تطبيقه, تدريس المجموعه التجريبة باستخدام نموذج كرو للتعلم الموجه ذاتيا, بينما تدريس المجموعة الضابطة مادة المحادثة باستخدام التعلم الموجه بوساطة المعلم, تهيئة الاختبار البعدي للمجموعتين في نهاية التجربة, واخيرا تجمع البيانات وتحسب وتحلل باستخدام الادوات الاحصائية المناسبة. شملت العينة الحالية 76 طالبا من قسم اللغة الانكليزية, كلية التربية الاساسية, الجامعة المستنصرية في السنة لدراسية 2016 - 2017. وزعت العينة على مجموعتين المجموعة التجريبية التي تحتوي على 39 طالبا ومجموعة ضابطة تحوي 37 طالبا. وقد كوفئت المجموعتان في بعض المتغيرات المؤثرة التي هي : (العمر، والجنس، ومستوى الوالدين في التعليم, الاستقلالية، والاختبار القبلي ودرجاتهم في مادة المحادثة في الكورس الاول.صمم اختبار بعدي وعرض على عدد من الخبراء المتخصصين في طرائق التدريس لغرض التاكد من صدقه الظاهري. في حين تم حساب ثبات الاختبار بوساطة استعمال معامل الارتباط بيرسن.بعد تحليل البيانات باستخدام الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين اظهرت النتائج ان هناك فروقا ذات دلالة احصائية بين المجموعتين في درجاتهم ، ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية التي تم تدريسها بوساطة التعلم الموجه ذاتيا, وهذا يدل على ان تدريس المحادثة باستخدام نموذج كرو للتعلم الموجه ذاتيا هو اكثر فعالية من التدريس بالطريقة التقليدية. واستنادا الى نتائج الدراسة الحالية ، تم وضع الاستنتاجات المناسبة، والتوصيات, والمقترحات لدراسات اخرى. | Self - directed learning (SDL) is the process in which the learners take the primary accountability of their learning, starting with setting their goals, designing a personal method to follow in their learning, finding the suitable references and resources from which they can take their knowledge. Whether formal or informal self - directed learning can be the best way to gain a lifelong knowledge, it is believed that making efforts in learning something will help to retain it fast. Also it is seen that self - directed learning would be considered as the preferable way to teach adults as long as they are growing up they will start to shape their own principles and beliefs so they will probably reject any obligatory learning, or any subject which does not fit their interests, so as to solve such a problem, self - directed learning can play a tricky role by giving them the chance to choose what they want to learn. Different models of SDL are used in different studies, in the current study Grow's model (staged self - directed learning) is used, through which the teacher led the students through four stages of learning : the dependent learner, the interested learner, the involved learner, and the self - directed learner.The aim of the current study is to investigate the effectiveness of self - directed learning in teaching the speaking skill to Iraqi EFL college students. It is hypothesized that there are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group which is taught by using Self - directed learning and that of the control group which is taught according to the current methods (Teacher - directed learning) in their oral performance. To accomplish the aim of the present study, the following procedures have been used : choosing a quasi pretest - posttest nonequivalent - groups experimental design; selecting a representative sample and dividing it into two groups : experimental and control, forming an oral post - test, and assuring its validity, reliability and practicality; teaching the experimental group by using Grow's model of SDL, while the control group was taught conversation by the teacher - directed method; applying the post - test on both groups after completing the experiment; and then collecting , computing and analyzing data by using suitable statistical tools. The sample of the present study includes 76 students from the Department of English Language, College of Basic Education, Al - Mustansiriyah University, during the academic year 2016/2017. The sample of the study has been distributed into 39 students as an experimental group and 37 students as a control group. Both groups have been equalized in some variables, namely age, gender, parents’ level of education, dependence and the pre - test. A post - test has been designed and exposed to a group of experts in the fields of ELT and linguistics in order to ascertain its face validity, while reliability has been ensured by using Person Correlation Formula. After analyzing the data by using the two independent samples t - test, the results found that, there are statistically significant differences between the two groups in their mean score in favor of the experimental group which has been taught by the SDL model. This indicates that teaching conversation by using the SDL is more effective than teaching by the currently used method. Based on the present study; suitable conclusions, recommendations, and several suggestions for further research have been found.

اثر استخدام تقنيات تدعيم المدخلات في الاستيعاب الاصغائي للطلبة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية == The Effect of Using Input Enhancement Techniques on Iraqi EFL Learners' Listening Comprehension

Author name: هيام عبد الامير كاظم
Supervisor name: ضحى عطا الله حسن القره غولي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعتبر الاستيعاب الاصغائي حجر الاساس في اكتساب اللغة الام وكذلك في تعلمها كلغة ثانية او اجنبية بالاضافة الى ذلك يلعب الاستيعاب الاصغائي دورا فعالا في المحادثات اليومية وخصوصا لمتعلمي اللغة الانجليزية كلغة ثانية او اجنبية حيث يحتاجوه بصورة ملحة في الوسط الاكاديمي. وفي العراق يمكننا ان نطلق على الاستيعاب الاصغائي تسمية المهارة المنسية نظرا للاهمال الذي يلقاه على المستوى الجامعي وقله ممارسته في المستويات الدراسية الاخرى ويعزى ذلك الى غياب الوسائل التقنيه والعمليه وقلة خبرة المعلمين.ومن هنا تهدف الدراسة الحاليه لاستقصاء اثر استخدام تقنيات تدعيم المدخلات في الاستيعاب الاصغائي للطلبة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية ; من اجل تحقيق الهدف المذكور انفا فرض بانه لايوجد فرق ذو دلاله احصائية بين متوسط درجات متعلمي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية الذين درسوا الاستيعاب الاصغائي باستخدام تقنيات تدعيم المدخلات وبين دارسيه باستخدام الطريقة الاعتيادية. تتكون عينة البحث المختارة عشوائيا بالقرعة من 88 طالبوا طالبة من دارسي اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية في المرحلة الثالثة من قسم اللغة الانجليزية في كلية التربية الاساسية / الجامعة المستنصرية/ الدراسة الصباحية للعام الدراسي 2015/2016 بواقع 44 طالبوا طالبة في كل مجموعة .كوفئت عناصر المجموعتين بعدة متغيرات. من اجل تطبيق التجربة تم اتباع مجموعة من الاجراءات اولها تبني منهج تجريبيي ذي اختبار قبلي - بعدي للمجموعتين. تم اعداد اختبار قبلي لضمان مكافئة ادق بين المجموعتين . بعدها اعدت الباحثة الاختبار البعدي لقياس الاختلافات بين المجموعتين في نهاية عمر التجربة. تضمن كلا الاختبارين ثلاثة اسئلة اثنان منهم صمما لقياس الاستيعاب الاصغائي على مستوى التمييز وثالثهم لقياس الاستيعاب الاصغائي على مستوى الانتاج. مجموع الدرجات لكل اختبار هو 26 درجة. تم التاكد من صدق الاختبارين عن طريق عرضهما على مجموعة من الخبراء في مجال طرائق تدريس اللغة الانجليزية وعلم اللغة. ثم اجرت الباحثة دراسة استطلاعية على عينة مماثلة لعينة التجربة تتكون من 100 طالب وطالبة لغرض استحصال بيانات لتحليلها احصائيا . تم التحقق من ثبات الاختبارين باستخدام طريقة الصيغ المتكافئة عن طريق ايجاد العلاقة بين درجاتهما باستخدام معامل ارتباط بيرسون حيث كانت قيمة الثبات 0.92 والتي تشير الى ان الاختبارين ثابتان ومقبولان. استغرقت التجربة ثمانية اسابيع .و اجراي الاختباران القبلي والبعدي بشكل متتابع في اول واخر اسبوعين من عمر التجربة. قامت الباحثة بتدريس المجموعتين بنفسها لمدة سته اسابيع. في نهاية التجربة تم اجراء الاختبار البعدي وتحليل بياناته احصائيا باستخدام الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين ووجد ان هناك فرق ذو دلالة احصائية في مجمل الاداء للمجموعتين في الاختبار البعدي لصالح المجوعة التجريبية.. وفي ضوء نتائج الدراسة عرضت الباحثة عددا من التوصيات تخص اساتذة ومتعلمي ومصممي مناهج اللغة الانجليزية لغة اجنبية مع بعض المقترحات لاجراء بحوث اخرى مستقبلية | Listening Comprehension is considered the corner block in acquiring ones' first language and learning a second or a foreign language in addition its vital role in every day communication especially for ESL and EFL learners who need it so badly in their academic life. Iraqi EFL learners are facing a lot of difficulties and obstacles in this area. As a remedial action for this problem, the researcher has picked three input enhancement techniques to study their effect on Iraqi EFL learners' listening comprehension besides arranging suitable input for the learners' level. Hence, the current study aims at investigating the effect of using input enhancement techniques on Iraqi EFL learners' listening comprehension. Input enhancement means any external manipulation, change, addition or omission that the original input is exposed to for the sake of making them more comprehensible to the receivers and directing their attention toward specific linguistic issues. Three techniques are selected : pictorial technique, key words and reduced rate of speech To fulfil the study aim the following hypothesis is postulated : there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the Iraqi EFL learners who are taught listening by using input enhancement techniques and that of those who are taught by using the conventional method. The present study is limited to the third year Iraqi EFL college students / English Departments at the Colleges of Basic Education/ morning studies, for the academic year 2015/2016. The researcher has adopted a number of procedures to achieve the aim of the study. First pretest - posttest nonequivalent control group experimental design was utilized. An experimental group and a control groups with 44 students each are randomly assigned and equalized in a number of variables. The experimental group received the treatment while the control group is instructed by using the conventional method. The experiment has lasted for 8 weeks. Then the researcher has prepared a pretest to ensure better equalization. A posttest was designed by the researcher to measure the differences between the two groups after completing the experiment instruction period. The two tests include three questions; two of recognition items and one for production items. The total score of each test is 26 marks. The tests are validated by exposing them to a jury of experts of ELT and linguistics. Then a pilot study is conducted on 100 students to provide data for item analysis. The reliability of the two tests is ensured by correlating the scores from the two versions by using Pearson correlation formula. After applying the chosen formula yielding coefficient of 0.92 which indicates that the pretest and the posttest are reliable and acceptable. After using the t - test formula for two independent samples to manipulate the data of the posttest, it is found that there is a statistically significant difference in the overall performance of both groups on the posttest in favour of the experimental groupwhich indicates using input enhancement techniques is an effective way for teaching LC for Iraqi college learners.. In light of the result of the study, a number of useful recommendations for EFL instructors, learners and syllabus designers are viewed with several suggestions for further studies to be conducted.

اثر استخدام تقنيات الوسائط المتعددة على انجاز التلاميذ العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في المفردات والتلفظ في المرحلة الابتدائية == The Effect of Using Multimedia Technologies on Iraqi EFL Pupils’ Achievement in Vocabulary and Pronunciation at the Primary Stage

Author name: حيدر عبد الحسن حمزة
Supervisor name: سعد صلال سرحان
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تقنيات الوسائط المتعددة هي نوع من الوسائل التعليمية التكنولوجية التي يمكن تطبيقها خلال عملية التدريس والتعلم. بل هي مزيج من الاصوات والرسومات والرسوم المتحركة والفيديو. في عالم الحواسيب،هي جزء من الوسائط الفائقة، التي تربط عناصر الوسائط المتعددة مع النص التشعبي لانشاء روابط بين المعلومات. لذلك، من المتوقع ان تتعامل هذه التقنيات مع المفردات وصعوبات النطق لدى التلاميذ العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانجليزية وخاصة التلاميذ في المدارس الابتدائية من اجل تقليل اخطاء النطق في اللغة الانجليزية وتعزيز المفردات الخاصة بهم. وتهدف الدراسة الحالية الى دراسة تاثير استخدام تقنيات الوسائط المتعددة على انجاز التلاميذ للغة الانجليزية في المفردات والنطق. لذلك نفترض انه لا توجد فروق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات التلاميذ الذين يدرسون المفردات والنطق باستخدام تقنيات الوسائط المتعددة، واولئك الذين يتم تدريس المفردات والنطق لهم باستخدام الاستراتيجيات الموصى بها في الكتاب المدرسي. ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة، تم تصميم التجربة. المجتمع هم التلاميذ الذكور من الصف الخامس في المدارس الابتدائية في بغداد، خلال العام الدراسي 2016 - 2017. تم اختيارمجموعتين عشوائيا. واحدة لتكون المجموعة التجريبية والاخرى تم اعتبارها المجموعة الضابطة؛ كل مجموعة تحتوي على 25 تلميذا. وقد تم تدريس المجموعتين بنفس المواضيع.استمرت التجربة شهرين. وقد تم تساوي المجموعتين في متغيرات العمر، وتحصيل الاباء، ودرجاتهم في الاختبار القبلي. في نهاية التجربة، يتم بناء الاختبار البعدي الذي تم تقسيمه الى جزئين, الجزء الاول اختبار تحريري ويتضمن اربعة اسئلة واما الاخر فقد تم اعتباره اختبار شفهي ويتضمن سؤالين. لمعرفة تقدم التلاميذ في تعلم المفردات والنطق. تم التحقق من صحة الاختبار من خلال عرضه على لجنة من الخبراء. بعد ذلك، اجريت دراسة استطلاعية على 90 تلميذا من اجل توفير بيانات لتحليل الفقرات التي بينت مدى فعالية فقرات الاختبار من حيث قوة التمييز ومستوى الصعوبة وتاثير البدائل. وتم حساب ثبات الفقرات للاختبار التحريري باستخدام طريقة الفا كرونباخ ، وكان معامل الارتباط 0.82. وتم استخدام طريقة كودار ريشاردسون 20 لحساب ثبات الفقرات للاختبار الشفهي وكان معامل الارتباط 0.73. وقد تبين ان الاختبار ثابت ومقبول. بعد التحليل الاحصائي للبيانات التي تم الحصول عليها، تم استخدام صيغة الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين لاختبار فرق الدلالة بين متوسطي درجتي المجموعتين. وقد وجد ان هناك فروق ذات دلالة احصائية لصالح المجموعة التجريبية. لذلك، نستنتج ان تقنيات الوسائط المتعددة لها تاثير كبير في تدريس المفردات والنطق. بناء على هذه النتائج، قام الباحث بوضع عدد من التوصيات والمقترحات لابحاث مستقبلية اخرى | Multimedia is a kind of technological teaching aids that can be applied during the teaching and learning process. It is a combination of sounds, graphics, animation and video. In the world of computers, it is a part of hypermedia, which connects the elements of multimedia with hypertext for the purpose of creating links among pieces of information. Therefore, these technologies are expected to deal with vocabulary and pronunciation difficulties of Iraqi EFL pupils especially at the primary school ones in order to reduce the mistakes in pronunciation and to enhance their vocabulary repertoire. The present study aims at investigating the effect of using multimedia technologies on Iraqi EFL pupils' achievement in vocabulary and pronunciation. For this purpose, it is hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean score of the pupils who are taught vocabulary and pronunciation using multimedia technologies, and that of those who are taught vocabulary and pronunciation using strategies that are recommended in the prescribed textbook. In order to achieve the aims of the study, an experiment has been designed. The population is male pupils of the fifth grade at the primary schools in Baghdad, during the academic year 2016 - 2017. Two sections have randomly been selected; one to be the experimental group and the other has been considered the control group; each group includes 25 pupils. The two groups have been taught the same topics. But only the experimental group received the treatment. The experiment lasted two months. The two groups have been equalized in the variables of age counted in months, parents' education, and their scores in the pretest. In order to find out pupils’ achievement in learning vocabulary and pronunciation, a post - test has been divided into two parts one as a written test (vocabulary test) that includes four questions and the other has been considered as an oral test ( pronunciation test )that includes two questions at the end of the experiment. The test validity is ascertained by exposing it to a jury of experts. Then, a pilot study of 90 pupils is conducted to provide data for item analysis which indicates the effectiveness of the test items in terms of their discriminatory power, difficulty level, and the effectiveness of alternatives. The reliability of the written test (vocabulary test) coefficient has been calculated by using the Alpha Cronbach method yielding the correlation coefficient of 0.82 and Kuder - Richardson formula 20 has been used to estimate the reliability of the oral test (pronunciation test). Yielding the correlation coefficient of 0.73, which indicates that the test is reliable and acceptable. For the sake of statistical analysis of the obtained data, the t - test formula for two independent samples has been used to test the significance of difference between the two mean scores of the two groups. It has been found that there is a statistically significance difference in favor of the experimental group. Therefore, it is concluded that multimedia technologies have a good effect in teaching vocabulary and pronunciation. Finally, a number of recommendations and suggestions for further researches are put forward.

The Effect of Using Three - Step Interview and Talking Chips Techniques on Iraqi EFL Learners' Speaking Ability

Author name: عمار كريم عطية
Supervisor name: شذى كاظم مفتن السعدي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In countries such as Iraq where English is taught as a foreign language, it is common to notice that in spite of the years of English language education, most students are unable to speak in a proper way. This fact has been documented by several studies on speaking ability in Iraq. Therefore, the researcher tackled this issue as an attempt to remedy it through using two new techniques which are Three - Step Interview and Talking Chips. The population of the present study is made up of fourth scientific preparatory male students in Baghdad Governorate, the third Directorate General of Education in Al - Rusafa. The sample of the study, which is chosen randomly, consists of three sections of the fourth preparatory male students at Al - Shaheed Qassim Al - Mubarqa’ Preparatory School. The total number of the sample was 128. Two of them are experimental and the third is control. Three - Step Interview is applied on the first section, while Talking Chips is applied on the second one. The third section is taught by using the prescribed method. The experimental design of this study is Non - Randomized Control Group Pre - test Post - test Design, which is one of the quasi experimental designs. The experiment lasted for two months during the academic year 2016 - 2017. It started on the eleventh of March and ended on the eleventh of May. The researcher himself taught all the three groups. Both of the pretest and the posttest were constructed by the researcher and exposed to a jury of experts to verify their validity. The first version of the pretest was applied on the pilot sample of 67 male students to estimate their discrimination power and difficulty level. M Reliability was calculated by using 'Inter - rater reliability'. The researcher applied the test on the pilot sample and then gave the test to another scorer (a regular teacher of English.) The correlation between the two scores was calculated by Pearson correlation. The result was 0.73. This indicates that the test has a high reliability. Pair - Samples t - Test was used to analyze the results of the comparison between the pretest and the posttest. It showed that there are statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the three groups in favor of the posttest. ANOVA test is applied on the posttest scores. It showed that there are statistically significant differences among the three groups in favour of the TSI and TCs. And to compare the three groups according to each speaking area (grammar, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency and pronunciation), ANOVA test is applied again. If there is any significant difference, the Scheffe test is used to demonstrate the technique which has the greatest effect on it. As a result, the TSI technique is a more appropriate technique in teaching speaking than the TCs technique and the prescribed one since it develops each of the vocabulary, comprehension, fluency and the pronunciation of the students with high scores, while the TCs develops only the vocabulary and the comprehension, but with low scores. prescribed method development weak lower scores. In the light of the study findings, a number of recommendations are stated and suggestions for further studies are put forward

اثر استخدام فعاليات محددة ما قبل الاستماع على اداء المتعلمين العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في الاستيعاب الاصغائي == The Impact of Using Specific Pre - Listening Activities on Iraqi EFL Learners’ Listening Comprehension

Author name: نورة عدنان توفيق القره لوسي
Supervisor name: سعد صلال سرحان
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Listening is considered to be the most important skill since it is the first skill that human being acquired but unfortunately it is regarded as an ignored skill in the process of teaching English in Iraqi schools and as a result Iraqi learners are not well prepared to understand the English spoken language when the speakers speak too fast, pronounce the word in different way, or when the speakers use different accents. Besides, Iraqi learners do not use their background knowledge to comprehend what was said and they don't have opportunities to practice since there are many schools who don't have laboratories and sound devises which help the learner to listen and practice. Therefore, teaching listening skill is the most difficult task since the learner faced difficulties with this skillThe present study aims to investigate empirically the impact of using specific pre - listening activities on Iraqi EFL learners ’ listening comprehension.To achieve the aims of the study, null hypothesis have been proposed : There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught listening comprehension by using specific pre - listening activities and that of the control group who is taught listening comprehension using the method recommended by the Teacher's Guide.The present study adopted the experimental design nonequivalence Pre Post - Tests with control groups. The random sample consists of 58 learners of 5th grade female learners in scientific branch of the secondary schools Maryam Al - Adhra for the academic year 2016 - 2017. The experiment started on the 26th of February and ended on 25th April, 2017 i.e., so it lasted eight weeks.The validity of the test and lessons plan for experimental and control groups have been obtained by exposing to a group of experts in the field of ELT and linguistics. Then, after piloting the test, the reliability of the test is achieved by using Alpha Cronbach formula. The two groups of learners are taught by the researcher herself. Only the experimental group is taught by using pre - listening activities, while the control group is taught according to the method recommended by the Teacher's Guide.The results reveal that there is a statistical significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught listening comprehension using specific pre - listening activities and that of the control group who is taught listening comprehension using the method recommended by the Teacher's Guide.The present study recommends the teacher of English to prepare the learners by using different activities which activate the learners to use their background knowledge in order to foster the reception of new language input as well as to give the learners enough opportunities to listen to the native speakers.The present study also suggests a similar study can be conducted the effectiveness of using post listening activities on listening comprehension.

تقييم استراتيجيات التهذيب المستخدمة للتفاعل بين اساتذة وطلبة الجامعة دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == Assessing Politeness Strategies Used For Interaction Between EFL University Instructors And Students

Author name: فاطمة جمال سعد الله
Supervisor name: رضا غانم داخل
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In the last decades, politeness has become one of the interesting topics in pragmatics to search about. Learning second language means learning of second language pragmatics, because politeness can be understood in different ways by through different languages.The present study is conducted on EFL Iraqi university instructor and students to assess their awareness and application of politeness strategies in interaction. Therefore it aims at : 1. Assessing the use of politeness strategies by EFL Iraqi university instructors for interaction, 2. Comparing politeness strategies used by EFL Iraqi university instructors according to gender (males & females), 3. Comparing politeness strategies used by EFL Iraqi university instructors according to their years of experience, 4. Assessing the awareness Iraqi EFL university students concerning of politeness strategies for Interaction, 5. Assessing the use of politeness strategies by EFL Iraqi university learners for Interaction, and6. Comparing politeness strategies used by EFL Iraqi university students according to gender (males & females).Two non - random samples selected at the departments of English, morning studies, at two colleges namely; College of Basic Education in the Universities of Diyala and University of Al - Mustansiriayah, for the academic year 2016 - 2017. A sample of 14 EFL Iraqi teaching staff members and 156 students is selected for the study.Three instruments are constructed; a checklist which assesses the application of politeness strategies of EFL Iraqi university instructors, a questionnaire which assesses the awareness of EFL Iraqi university students concerning of politeness strategies used by their instructors for interaction, and a written test in English to assess the application of politeness strategies used by EFL Iraqi university students. The three instruments are duly validated by experts to be used for data collection. More than one method used to calculate the instruments reliability coefficient. Data collected are analysed by using suitable statistical methods. In sum, the results reveal the following : - 1. Iraqi EFL university instructors have sufficient application of politeness strategies used for interaction.2. Iraqi EFL university instructors have no differences in using politeness strategies for interaction according to their gender.3. Iraqi EFL university instructors whose years of experiences 20 - 30 use politeness strategies for interaction more than 10 - 20 and 1 - 10.4. Iraqi EFL university students have sufficient awareness concerning politeness strategies used by their instructors for interaction.5. Iraqi EFL university students have sufficient application of politeness strategies used for interaction.6. Iraqi EFL university students according to their gender are the same in using politeness strategies used for interaction.In the light of the results obtained as number of recommendations are put forward, and several suggestions are also proposed for further studies

اثر استخدام السبورة التفاعلية في تطوير الكفاءة النحوية للمتعلمين العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية == The Impact of Using Interactive Whiteboard on Developing the Grammatical Competence of Iraqi EFL Learners

Author name: رشا لؤي ابراهيم
Supervisor name: ضحى عطا الله حسن القره غولي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعد تدريس القواعد واحدا من اهم عناصر تعليم الطلبة اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية ووسيلة لتطوير تعلم اللغة الاجنبية فهو يزيد من ادراك الطلبة للافكار الرئيسية في النص واكتشاف تراكيب النص وهو ضروري لاستخدام اللغة بشكل جيد. ونظرا لصعوبة تعلم قواعد النحو, فقد اظهرت البحوث وجود انواع مختلفة من ستراتيجيات التدريس لتحسين القدرة على تعلم قواعد النحو وقد استخدمت السبورة التفاعلية في الدراسة الحالية كوسيلة تعليمية مساعدة يمكن استخدامها لتسهيل التعلم التواصلي والهادف. ولذلك فان الدراسة الحالية تهدف الى استقصاء اثر استخدام السبورة التفاعلية في تدريس النحو في تطوير الكفاءة النحوية للمتعلمين العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية. تنص الفرضية الصفرية على انه لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات الطالبات اللائي يدرسن التراكيب النحوية باستخدام السبورة التفاعلية ومتوسط درجات الطالبات اللائي يدرسن هذه التراكيب باستخدام الطريقة الموصى بها في دليل المعلم. يتكون مجتمع البحث في الدراسة الحالية من طالبات الصف الخامس الاعدادي /الفرع العلمي في المدارس الاعدادية والثانوية في بغداد/ مديرية تربية الكرخ الاولى للعام الدراسي 2016 - 2017 . تتالف عينة الدراسة من 83 طالبة موزعات الى مجموعتين المجموعة التجريبية تتكون من 42 طالبة بينما المجموعة الضابطة تتكون من 41 طالبة وقد تم اختيار المجموعتين بشكل عشوائي من اعدادية بغداد للبنات في محافظة بغداد. كوفئ افراد المجموعتين في عدة متغيرات كالتحصيل الدراسي لاباء وامهات الطالبات، وتحصيلهن في مادة اللغة الانكليزية في امتحان نصف السنة، واعمارهن بالاشهر وكذلك درجاتهن في الاختبار القبلي اضافة الى تحييد عدة عوامل خارجية اخرى. لتحقيق الهدف من الدراسة تم تطبيق التجربةباستخدام تصميم تجريبي يدعى تصميم المجموعة الضابطة ذي الاختبارين القبلي والبعدي حيث تم تدريس المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة نفس المادة الدراسية والتي تحددت بالفصل (الخامس, السادس, السابع) من المنهج المقرر عدا استخدام السبورة التفاعلية التي تم تطبيقها مع المجموعة التجريبية فقط. وقد قامت الباحثة بنفسها بتدريس المجموعتين. اعدت الباحثة نموذجين من الاختبار التحصيلي القبلي والبعدي وعرضتها على مجموعة من الخبراء للتحقق من مدى صدقها. اما الثبات فقد تحقق باستخدام كرونباخ الفوا تبين انه يساوي 0.896 والذي يشير الى ان الاختبارثابت. بعد ذلك تم تحليل فقرات الاختبار لتحديد فعالية كل فقرة من حيث درجة صعوبتهوا قوة تمييزها.طبق الاختبار القبلي على عينة الدراسة قبل البدء بالتجربة ومن ثم طبق الاختبار البعدي بعد الانتهاء من التجربة. وتم تحليل بيانات الاختبار البعدي باستخدام الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين لمعرفة الفروق الاحصائية الدالة بين المجموعتين وتبين وجود فروق دالة احصائية بين متوسطي درجات المجموعتين لصالح المجموعة التجريبية. وكذلك تبين انه توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين الاختبارين القبلي والبعدي لصالح الاختبار البعدي مما يظهر تطورا في التحصيل. كخلاصة يمكن الاستنتاج بان استخدام السبورة التفاعلية كوسيلة تعليمية له تاثير ايجابي في تطوير الكفاءة النحوية للطالبات. في ضوء نتائج الدراسة وضعت عدد من التوصيات والمقترحات لدراسات اخرى. | Grammar instruction is the most focal element in language teaching for EFL students and can be employed as a means of improving the foreign language learning. It seems to be essential for good use of language, as it enhances students’ ability in other language skills and other English subjects like literature subject. Due to the difficult nature of grammar learning, researches have shown that different types of teaching aids are suggested to improve the ability of learning grammatical rules. The Interactive Whiteboard is adopted in the present study as a teaching aid that can be used to facilitate communicative and meaningful learning. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of employing Interactive Whiteboard in teaching grammar on developing Iraqi EFL learners’ grammatical competence. The null hypothesis states that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the students who are taught grammatical structures using the Interactive Whiteboard and that of the students who are taught these structures using the method recommended by the teacher’s book. The population of the present study is the female students of the fifth - grade (the scientific branch) preparatory and secondary schools in Baghdad during the academic year 2016 - 2017. The sample of the study involves 83 students : an experimental group of 42 and a control group of 41. The two groups are randomly chosen from Baghdad Preparatory School for Girls in Baghdad. The subjects of both groups are equalized in the level of their parents’ education, their age, their achievement in English in the mid - year exam, their grades on the pre - test, as well as some extraneous factors. To fulfil the aim of the study, an experiment is conducted using a non - equivalent pretest posttest control group design. These groups are taught the same material which contains three units from the textbook English for Iraq 5th Preparatory (Units 5, 6 and 7) except for the Interactive Whiteboard, which is introduced to the experimental group only. The researcher herself taught the two groups. Two versions of an achievement test (pretest and posttest) are constructed by the researcher and exposed to a jury of experts to verify their validity. The method used to estimate the reliability of the test in the present study is the Cronbach alpha method, yielding a reliability coefficient of 0.896 which indicates that the test is reliable. Item analysis is carried out to determine the effectiveness of the items in relations to their discriminatory power and difficulty level. Then the tests are administered to the sample of the study prior to the experimental period and after it. The data of the post - test are analyzed statistically, using the t - test formula for two independent samples. The findings indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between the two groups in favour of the experimental one in the grammatical structures achievement. The t - test also indicates that there is a significant difference between the pre and posttests scores for the experimental group in favour of the post - test showing significant development. It is concluded that the use of Interactive Whiteboard has a positive influence on the grammatical competence of the learners. Based on the findings of the study, a number of recommendations are stated and suggestions for further studies are put forward

اثر استعمال برنامج التنظيم الذاتي في اداء طلبة المدارس الثانوية العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في الاستيعاب القرائي == THE IMPACT OF USING SELF - REGULATION PROGRAMME ON IRAQI EFL SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS READING COMPREHENSION

Author name: مصطفى محمد احمد
Supervisor name: ضحى عطا الله حسن القره غولي
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يستهدف التعليم ان يمكن الطلبة ليس فقط من اكتساب المعرفة بل ايضا ان يصبحوا متعلمين قادرين ومتحمسين بشكل مستمر. ويعتبر التعلم المنظم ذاتيا شكلا مؤثرا من اشكال التعلم من خلاله يرسم الطالب اهدافوايضع خططا قبل المباشرة بالتعلم ويرصد وينظم معرفته ودافعيته وسلوكه اثناء عملية التعلم٬ ويفكر مليا في تعلمه. لذلك تهدف الدراسة تقصي اثر برنامج التنظيم الذاتي في الاستيعاب القرائي للطلبة. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف وضعت الفرضية الاتية : لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسطات درجات تحصيل الطلبة الذين درسوا الاستيعاب القرائي باستخدام برنامج التنظيم الذاتي والطلبة الذين درسوا الاستيعاب القرائي باستخدام الطريقة المتبعة. تالفت عينة البحث لهذه الدراسة من60 طالبا من مرحلة الخامس الثانوي موزعين على مجموعتين : مجموعة ضابطة ومجموعة تجريبية تضم كل منها 30 طالبا. كوفئت المجموعتان احصائيا في عدد من المتغيرات مثل العمر، التحصيل الدراسي للوالدين٬ ودرجات تحصيل الطلبة في نصف السنة ودرجات تحصيلهم في الاختبار القبلي. طبقت التجربة في ثانوية هشام الحيالي للبنين في محافظة ديالى. واستمرت لمدة شهرين خلال العام الدراسي 2015 - 2016. تتضمن اجراءت هذه الدراسة اختبارين : الاختبار القبلي لمكافاة المجموعتين الضابطة والتجريبية والاختبار البعدي للمقارنة بين تحصيل المجموعتين عند نهاية الدراسة. عرض الاختباران على مجموعة من الخبراء للتحقق من الصدق الظاهري وصدق المحتوى والذين اقترحوا بعض التعديلات. حسب ثبات الاختبارين من خلال تطبيق معادلة كيودر ريتشاردسون 20 للاختبارات الموضوعية(0.75) ومعادلة الفا كرونباخ بالنسبة للاختبارات المقالية(0.71). كذلك حسبت قوة تمييز ودرجة صعوبة الفقرات المستخدمة. اظهرت نتائج الاختبار البعدي ان تحصيل المجموعة التجريبية التي درست باستخدام برنامج التنظيم الذاتي اعلى من تحصيل المجموعة الضابطة التي درست باستخدام الاسلوب المعتمد حاليا. وفي تعبير اخر يعتبر برنامج التنظيم الذاتي اكثر فائدة من الطريقة التقليدية في تحسين الاستيعاب القرائي للطلبة. وبناءا على ذلك نستطيع ان نستنتج بان استخدام برنامج التنظيم الذاتي يعد طريقة مؤثرة في تدريس الاستيعاب القرائي لطلبة الثانوية في العراق٬ لانها تشجع روح التعاون بين الطلبة٬ وتعطيهم فرصة المشاركة الفعالة في عملية التعلم وتنمي تحكم الطلبة في تعلمهم. ويساعد هذا البرنامج المدرسين في تدريس الاستيعاب القرائي بفعالية اكبر كمهارة مهمة.

اثر استخدام تـقنيات الاستذكار في تحصيل طلبة العراق دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في الاملاء والمفردات == THE EFFECT OF USING MNEMONIC TECHNIQUES ON IRAQI EFL STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENT IN SPELLING AND VOCABULARY

Author name: فردوس فؤاد مانوئيل
Supervisor name: سعد صلال سرحان
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Mnemonic techniques are special techniques that assist information retention in the human memory. Mnemonics aim to translate information into a form that the brain can retain better than its original form. Therefore, these techniques are expected to deal with the vocabulary and spelling difficulties of Iraqi EFL students especially the intermediate school ones in order to reduce the misspelling ratio and to enlarge their vocabulary repertoire. The present study aims at empirically investigating the effect of using mnemonic techniques on Iraqi EFL students' achievement in spelling and vocabulary. For this purpose, it is hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean score of the students who are taught spelling and vocabulary using mnemonic techniques, and that of those who are taught spelling and vocabulary using strategies that are recommended in the prescribed textbook. In order to achieve the aim of the study, an experiment has been designed. The population is the female students of the second grade at the intermediate schools in Baghdad, during the academic year 2014 - 2015. Two sections are randomly selected; one to be the experimental group and the other has been considered the control group; each group contains 40 students. The researcher herself has taught the two groups the same topics. But only the experimental group received the treatment. The experiment lasted two months. The two groups have been equalized in the variables of age, parents' education, their scores in the first semester, and their achievement in the pre - test. And at the end of the experiment, the post - test that includes six questions is constructed and administered by the researcher herself to both groups (experimental and control) to find out students’ progress in learning spelling and vocabulary. The test validity is ascertained by exposing it to a jury of experts. Then, a pilot study of 100 students is conducted to provide data for item analysis which indicates the effectiveness of the test items in terms of their discriminatory power and difficulty level. The reliability has been calculated by using the Cronbach Alpha method and the correlation coefficient was 0.82. After statistical analysis of the obtained data, the t - test formula for two independent samples is used to test the significance difference between the two mean scores of the two groups. It is found out that there is a statistically significance difference in favour of experimental group. Therefore, it is concluded that the mnemonic techniques have a great effect in teaching spelling and vocabulary. Therefore, a number of recommendations and suggestions for further researches are put forward.

العلاقة بين ستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة للطلبة المطبقين العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبيه واعتقاداتهم نحو منهجيات التدريس == The Relationship between Iraqi EFL Student Teachers’ Language Learning Strategies and Their Beliefs toward Teaching Methodologies

Author name: امنه كاظم محمود الدليمي
Supervisor name: سعد صلال سرحان
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تعد ستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة من افضل واصح الطرق لدارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبيه وتعد واحدة من العناصر الرئيسية والمهمة لدارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبيه لتحقيق اهدافهم في اتقان اللغة الاجنبية وثقافتها لان هذه الاستراتيجيات تكون الجزء الاساسي في تطوير النظام اللغوي الذي يبنيه المتعلم وتؤثر في التعلم بصورة مباشرة. ولكن نجد طلابنا ليس لديهم فكرة او اعتقاد لاستخدام ستراتيجية محددة يعتقدون بفائدتها اوطريقه محددة من طرائق التدريس ويربطون بينهم لانجاح مهمة التعليم والتعلم. تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى تحديد ستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة الانكليزية للطلاب المعلمين ووصف اعتقاداتهم اتجاه تعليم منهجيات في اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية والعلاقة بينهم. لتحقيق تلك الاهداف طبقت في هده الدراسه استبانه تالفت من مقياسين (1) لمسح استراتيجيات اللغة (نسخة 7.0 لدارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبيه او ثانيه اكسفورد, 1990 ) و(2) اعتقاداتهم اتجاه منهجيات تعلم الانكليزية (Chen, 2005). وقدمت الى 102 من الطلاب المعلمين في قسمي اللغة الانكليزية بكليتي التربية الاساسية في الجامعتي ديالى والمستنصريه للعام الاكاديمي 2015 - 2016. ان تحليل البيانات الكمية في الدراسة الحالية طبق القياس الوصفي بالاضافة الى التحليل الاستنتاجي ويتكون من تحليل التباين ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون واستعمل لملاحظة العلاقة بين ستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة والاعتقادات اتجاه تعليم المنهجيات. فيما يتعلق بستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة تشير النتائج الى ان استخدام هؤلاء الطلاب المعلمين لستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة لتعلم الانكليزية تقريبا مرتفع في كثير من الاحيان ولو بشكل غير متساو حسب القيمة التائية وكانت قيمتها (3,36 ) . وايضا تشير النتائج ان الطلاب المعلمين اعتقادهم اتجاه منهجيات التعليم هو تفضيل طريقة تعليم اللغة التواصلية(CLT )على طريقه اللغات الصوتية(ALM). ومن هذواجد ان هؤلاء الطلاب المعلمين ستتبنى نظريات اللغة من كلا الطريقتين التي ذكرت سابقا. بينما نتائج العلاقة بين ستراتيجيات تعلم اللغة لطلاب المعلمين واعتقاداتهم اتجاه منهجيات التعليم تشير ان هناك علاقه ذات دلاله احصائية ومع ذلك كانت الارتباطات صغيره بامكاننا القول ان هناك علاقه ايجابيه موجوده بين ستراتيجيات التعلم واعتقادات التعليم. تلك النتائج يمكن ان تؤخذ بالفائدة للمعلم, في خطة المؤسسات التربوية , في تطوير وبناء المناهج والمواد التعليمية. ايضا هذه الدراسة تزود الباحثين والمعلم التربوي بمعلومات لفهم كيفة تعلم الطالب المعلم او المتعلم بصوره عامه للانكليزية وكيفة استخدامهم لمنهجيات تعليم اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبيه في تعليم طلابهم مستقبلا, وكيف هؤلاء المعلمين يمارسون التعلم واعتقادات التدريس وعلاقة بعضها البعض. | Strategies language learning are the best and right way to learn a foreign language and also are considered one of the key and important elements for EFL students to achieve their goals of mastering the foreign language and its culture, because, they are an essential part of the improvement of the language framework which the learner develops. Unfortunately, our student - teachers have no idea to use a certain strategy or a certain method of teaching and linking them to the success of the teaching and learning mission. The current study was an attempt to explore student - teachers' English Language Learning Strategies and their convictions towards EFL teaching methodologies. In addition, the relationship among these student - teachers' English language learning strategies and their beliefs towards EFL teaching methodologies were also investigated. To achieve these aims, a survey was conducted. The questionnaire of the study consists of two measures : (1) strategies inventory for language learning (version 7.0 for ESL/EFL, Oxford, 1990), and (2) beliefs toward English teaching methodologies (Chen, 2005) handed the sample of the study covers 102 student teachers, from the English language Department at College of Basic Education in Al - Mustansiriah and Diyala University for the academic year 2015 - 2016.To analyze the quantitative data of the current study, descriptive as well as inferential analyses including ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient were utilized for the purpose of investigating connections between language learning strategies and beliefs toward teaching methodologies. Concerning English language learning strategies, the outcomes indicated that these student - teachers used language learning strategies to learn English in almost a high frequency (T.Value=3.36). Also, the results indicated that student - teachers in teaching beliefs toward EFL methodologies preferred Communicative Language Teaching to the Audio - lingual Method. In the light of these results, it was found that these student - teachers would adopt language theories from both CLT and ALM. While the results showed the relationship between student - teachers' language learning strategies and their teaching beliefs were statistically significant correlations. Nevertheless, the correlations were small. We can say that there is a positive relationship between learning strategies and teaching beliefs

اثر اسلوب الراس المرقم (NHT) على اداء الطلبة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في الاستيعاب القرائي == The Impact of Number Head Together Technique on Iraqi EFL Students' Performance in Reading Comprehension

Author name: همسه كاظم طه
Supervisor name: سعد صلال سرحان
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

اثر استخدام تـقنية Fishbowl (حوض السمك) في تحصيل الطلبة العراقيين دارسي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية في القواعد == THE EFFECT OF FISHBOWL TECHNIQUE ON THE IRAQI EFL STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENT IN GRAMMAR

Author name: هبة احمد كريم
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان تراكيب قواعد اللغة ليست سهلة الاتقان وذلك بسبب التنويع بين انظمة القواعد في كلا اللغتين العربية والانجليزية. لذا،يجب ان يعكس المعلمون بعمق هذه السمة ويحاولوا تجربة التقنيات الجديدة ذات الصعوبة والتي قد تثبت فعالية حل هذه المشكلة التي توثق الى حد كبير في تعلم تدريس اللغة الاجنبية. شدد جواد (2 : 2006) في رسالته الموسومة على هذه الفكرة وذكر ان الاستخدام للمتعلمين العراقيين للغة الاجنبية لا يستطيعون التفريق بين الانماط القواعدية للغة الانكليزية. لذلك،فان الدراسة الحالية هي محاولة لمعالجة هذه المشكلة باستخدام تقنية Fishbowl وتتمنى ملئ الفجوة في تعليم قواعداللغة الانجليزية للمتعلمين العراقيين.تهدف هذه الدراسة الى تحري تاثير استخدام تقنية حوض السمك Fishbowlفي تعلم العراقيين للغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبية. ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة، تبنت الباحثة التصميم التجريبي المناسب في 16/2/2014و طبقت الباحثة تجربتهوااختارت عينة شملت (76) طالبة قسمت الى (38) طالبة للمجموعة التجريبية و(38) طالبة للمجموعة الضابطة. وكان اختيار الباحثة لافراد العينه بشكل عشوائي من مدرسة ثانوية التسامح للبنات في المديرية العامة لتربية الرصافة الثانية.استخدمت الباحثة تقنية حوض السمك Fishbowl واستعمالها لتعليم الطالبات قواعد اللغة الانكليزية في تعليم المجموعة التجريبية، بينما استعملت الاسلوب التقليدي في تعليم المجموعة الضابطة للسنة الدراسية (2014 - 2015) وتم اعداد اختبارتحصيلي لكي يستعمل للاختبار البعدي للمجموعتين. بدات التجربة في تاريخ 16/2/ 2014 - 2015 وانتهت في تاريخ 15/4/2014 - 2015 وبمعنى اخر,دامت ثمانية اسابيع.و صيغت فرضية واحدة لاجراء التجربة وهي : * ليس هناك اختلاف ذو دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات الطالبات اللاتي تم تعليمهن تراكيب قواعدية باستخدام تقنية حوض السمك Fishbowl واللاتي تعلمن هذه التراكيب باستخدام الطريقة التقليدية الموجودة في دليل المعلم.وتم تحليل البيانات بشكل احصائي باستعمال صيغة الاختبار التائي لقياس الاختلافات بين تحصيل المجموعة التجريبية في الاختبار القبلي والبعدي. واثبتت النتائج المحسوبة بان هناك اختلافات مهمة احصائيا بين انجاز العينة لحساب العينة التجريبية في الاختبار البعدي. وهذا يشير بان تقنية Fishbowl اكثر فعالية في تعليم قواعد اللغة من الطريقة المعتمدة في دليل المعلم. وبناء على ذلك، فقد تم رفض فرضية هذه الدراسة. | Grammar structures are not easy to master because of the diversity between the grammar systems of Arabic and English. Therefore, teachers should reflect deeply this aspect and should try hard to experiment new techniques that may prove effective to redress this problem which is highly documented in the literature of ELT Jawad (2006 : 2) stresses this idea by stating that Iraqi EFL users cannot differentiate between grammatical patterns. Hence, the present study is an attempt to tackle this problem using the Fishbowl Technique hoping to fill a gap in the domain of teaching English grammar to Iraqi learners. This study aims at investigating the effect of Fishbowl Technique on the Iraqi EFL students' achievement in grammar. To achieve the aim of the study, an experiment was carried out on 16/2/2014, hoping to verify the hypothesis which states that : There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the students taught grammatical structures using the Fishbowl Technique and that of those who are taught these structures using the prescribed method recommended by the Teacher's Guide of book. The sample of the study consisted of (76) female fifth grade students divided into (38) students for the experimental group and (38) students for the control one. It was randomly chosen from Al - Tasamuh Secondary School for girls in Baghdad Governorate. Fishbowl technique has been used to teach the experimental group, while the prescribed techniques are used to teach the control one in the second term of the school year (2014 - 2015).An achievement test of five subtests is designed and used as a pre - and - posttest for the two groups.The experiment started on 16/2/2015 and ended on 15/4/ 2015 i.e., it lasted eight weeks. The collected Data has been analyzed statistically by using t - test formula to measure the differences between the means of scores of the achievement of the experimental group, and those of the control group in the pre and posttest. The calculated results have shown that there is a statistically significant difference between the achievement of the control on the pre and that of the posttest. This indicates that fishbowl technique is more effective in teaching grammar. Thus, the null hypothesis of this study is rejected. As a result, it is possible to recommend that Fishbowl technique is more effective than the recommended techniques. Finally, some pedagogical recommendations and some suggestions for further research are put forward

اثر استخدام الالعاب في تحصيل التلاميذ في التلفظ والتهجئة == The Effect Of Using Games On Pupils’ Achievement In Pronunciation And Spelling

Author name: نرمين محمود محمد الجاف
Supervisor name: ضحى عطا الله حسن القره غولي | عبد الجليل جاسم هيجل
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تؤدي الالعاب اللغوية دورا مهما في عملية التعليم والتعلم لكونها تسهل مواقف تعلم اللغة وتوفر مدخلات مفهومة وتمكن التلاميذ من التعلم لاشعوريا بشكل يرتبط بالمتعة والمرح في جو غير رسمي يجعلهم يشاركون في استخدام اللغة الاجنبية دون قيود. اضافة ا | Language games play an important role in the teaching - learning process since they ease the situation of language learning, provide comprehensible input, and enable pupils to learn subconsciously with enjoyment and fun in an informal atmosphere that makes pupils freely participate in using the foreign language. Moreover, language games have a significant role in increasing pupils’ proficiency and ability in using language with a purpose in the situation that they provide. Hence, the present study aims at : 1 - empirically investigating the effect of using games on the first intermediate graders’ achievement in pronunciation and spelling ; and 2 - developing pupils’ ability in these two areas. To fulfil these aims, two null hypotheses are postulated. They are : 1 - There is no statistically significant difference between the achievement of the pupils who are taught pronunciation and spelling through using language games and that of the pupils who are taught these areas through the conventional way. 2 - There is no statistically significant difference between the experimental group pupils’ achievement in the pre and posttests of pronunciation and spelling. To achieve the aims of this study, an experiment was conducted using the ‘pretest - posttest non equivalent groups’ experimental design. Two sections of thirty - six pupils each were randomly selected from Jareer Secondary School for Girls. One of these sections was also randomly assigned to be the experimental group (taught with the use of games) and the other to be the control one (taught without using games). The subjects of the groups were statistically matched in a number of variables. The researcher herself taught the two groups the same material, which is six units of NECI (Book III). The experiment lasted six weeks. Two achievement tests were constructed (a pronunciation test and a spelling test) based on a content analysis of the material taught during the experiment; thus their content validity was ascertained. Then the two tests were exposed to a jury of experts to ensure their face validity. Concerning the reliability of the two tests, several methods were used : split half, Kuder - Richardson formula 20, alpha Cronbach and intrascorer reliability, yielding reliability coefficients that range between 0.516 and 0.798. An item analysis was carried out for each test to determine item difficulty level and item discriminating power. Then the same tests were administered to the study subjects before and after the instruction. Using the t - test for two independent samples, it is found out that there are statistically significant differences in the pronunciation and spelling tests at 0.05 level in favour of the experimental group. The results also indicate that , using the t - test for two dependent samples, there is a significant development in the experimental group pupils’ achievement in both pronunciation and spelling tests.The researcher comes to the conclusion that using language games positively affects the pupils’ achievement in pronunciation and spelling and improves their learning in these two areas.In the light of the study results, a number of recommendations and suggestions for further research were made.
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اثر استخدام كومبيوتر صفي واحد في تحصيل الطلبه العراقين المتعلمي اللغه الانكليزيه لغه اجنبيه في استيعاب الاصغاء في مدارس المتوسطه == The Effect Of Using One - Computer Classroom On The Iraqi EFL Learners' Achievement In Listening Comprehension At Intermediate Schools

Author name: عبير علي النداوي
Supervisor name: رضا غانم داخل
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يواجه الطلاب العراقين متعلمي اللغة الانكليزية لغة اجنبيه, عده صعوبات في اتقان الاصغاء واستيعاب ما يسمعونه. لذلك , للتغلب على هذه الصعوبات يجب على المعلمين ان يفعلوا ما بوسعهم وايجاد الطريقه الصحيحة المؤثره الي تساعد الطلبه في الفهم والاستجابة لما يسمعون | Iraqi EFL learners face many difficulties in mastering listening and comprehending what they hear. So, to overcome such difficulties, teachers must do their best and find the most effective way that will help their students to understand and responsed to what they hear. This study is an attempt to meet students’ needs to improve their listening comprehension achievement and to prove scientifically and empirically the effectiveness of using one classroom - computer on the intermediate school students’ achievement. In recent years, computers have become common in modern life. Many people use computer in many areas such as office management, marketing, banking, computer games and the like. Hence, the use of computer technology in education is considered an important factor in the teaching and learning process especially in language learning Aim of this study is to investigate the effect of using one computer - classroom on Iraqi EFL learners' achievement in listening comprehension at intermediate schools.To achieve this aim, the following hypothesis has been posited : There is no statistically significant difference between the listening comprehension mean scores of students who are taught by the proposed technique and that of the control group which is taught by the traditional technique. The study is limited to 2nd grade intermediate schools for boys in Diyala Governorate during the academic year 2012 - 2013. The procedures followed are : 1. Selecting two groups to be the sample of study and assigning them as an experimental group and a control one,2. Equalizing the two groups in terms of several variables which are Age of the subjects, academic level of father, academic level of mother, and the pre - posttest,3. Constructing a posttest to assess the samples’ listening comprehension, and4. Exposing the test to specialists in ELT and linguistics to ensure its face validity. 5. Conducting a pilot study.6. Calculating the reliability coefficient of the test,7.Teaching the students of the experimental group listening comprehension according to one computer - classroom ,while teaching the students of the control group listening comprehension by the conventional technique, and8. Exposing the two groups to the post test then calculating data9. Using suitable statistical tools for analyzing data of the study.10. Stating conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions. The finding of the study shows that the achievement of the experimental group in the post test is significantly superior to that of the control group. The finding indicates that using one - computer classroom is efficient in achieving the aim it is designed for.Pedagogical recommendations and suggestions for further studies have been presented in the light of the finding of the study
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استخدام تقنيات محددة لتدريس القسم الادبي في منهج (فرص العراق) لتطوير الفهم القرائي لدارسي لغة انكليزية كلغة اجنبية == Using Certain Techniques To Teach The Literary Section Of Iraq Opportunities To Develop EFL Learner'S Reading Comprehension

Author name: سعد مزهر كرم الله
Supervisor name: سعد صلال سرحان
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعد الاستيعاب القرائي واحدا من المهارات المهمة الواجب تطويرها لما له من وثيق الصلة بتطور القدرة اللغوية لدى متعلمي اللغة الاجنبية في حياتهم المستقبلية فباكتسابهم عادات القراءة الصحيحة يستطيع هؤلاء المتعلمون ان يحققوا نجاحا في كافة المواد المطلوب منهم قر | Reading comprehension occupies an important position in the language teaching programme because of its relevance to foreign language learners in their future life, i.e., if they acquire the habits of good reading, they will be able to make good progress in almost every subject they have the opportunity to study. Due to the educational findings which clearly show that there are some weaknesses in the reading comprehension ability of foreign language learners throughout all the academic stages(including the intermediate stage). English foreign language teachers in Iraq complain of their students' low ability in reading comprehension, especially in answering higher level questions. To overcome this problem, the 'using Questioning Techniques' are suggested to activate learners' both lower and higher levels of cognitive skills and urge them to use their background knowledge to interact with the text, and to enable teachers to involve their students in a complemented interactive process in the classroom. Hence, the present study aims at empirically investigating using questioning techniques (using the lower level of questions) on EFL second intermediate school' achievement in reading comprehension. To achieve the aim of the study, it is hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference between the scores of the experimental group who is taught according to Bloom's levels of questioning and the control group who is taught according to the classical teaching method. To verify this hypothesis, a pre - posttest experiment has been designed. Eighty - one second - grade Intermediate male students are assigned to the experimental and control groups, 40 students are for the experimental group and 41students also are for the control group. Both groups are statistically equalized in a number of variables such as age, parents' level of education, student's intelligence level, students' scores in English in the previous year, and students' scores obtained on the pretest. The experimental group has been reading comprehension by using Bloom's levels of questioning whereas the control group is taught by the Classical Teaching Method (i.e., currently - followed method),.The method has been recommended in the teacher's guide for Book 6. The experiment is conducted in Zain Al - Abideen Intermediate School for Boys, and lasted for two months in the academic year 2012 - 2013.After administering the posttest, the results obtained show indicate clearly that the achievement of the experimental group who were taught by using Bloom's levels of questioning has been higher than that of the control group who was taught by the classical teaching method. In other words, Bloom's levels of questioning is more effective than the classical method. Due to the results obtained from this study, a number of conclusions has been come up with, among which the most important ones are : 1. Teaching literary section according to Bloom's levels of questions in RC gives the students the opportunity to comprehend so many vocabularies and to increase their vocabularies store. This leads to generate many ideas concerning one subject, and widen their imagination.2. Bloom's levels of questioning have proven to be an effective and useful ones for using questioning techniques because they enable the teacher to guide and evaluate the students’ progress from one level to another in a gradual manner. 3. Literature helps students to be well - quainter with the English culture which in turn expands their skills, culture knowledge.Also, Recommendations and suggestions for further studies have been put forward.
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