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صـورة الامام الحسيـن (صلوات الله عليه) فـي المعاجــم اللغويـــة == THE IMAGE OF IMAM HUSSEIN "GOD'S PRAYERS BE UPON HIM " IN DICTIONARIES

اسم المؤلف: قصــي عبـد الصمـد عبـد الحـي ياسيـن عبـد اللطيـف
اسم المشرف: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تناولت هذه الدراسة صورة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " في المعاجم اللغوية ، اذ تتسم المعاجم اللغوية بغـزارة المادة وتعـدد العلوم والمعارف والمعلومات التاريخية والانساب والنــوادر القيمة وباختلاف موضوعاتها جعلتهزااخــرة بما يخـدم الدراسات التاريخية المتعـددة ، كما وانها تمثل مكسبا للباحث على الرغــم من قلة الباحثيـن الذين تطرقوا الى اخراج المعلومات التاريخية من هـذه المعاجم ودراستها دراسة تاريخية فكرية وبموضوعات مختلفة . ومن ضمن المادة التي شملتها هذه المعاجم معلومات عن شخصيات عديدة وكان من الشخصيات التي كرس لها ارباب المعاجم مجالا واسعا في معاجمهم الامام السبط الحسين بن علي " صلوات الله عليهما "، ومن هنا جاءت اهمية هذه الدراسة اذ عنت بفلسفة او نظرة ارباب المعاجم اللغوية ورؤيتهم لصورة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " والتي لم تكن نظرة روائية نقلية تقليدية ، بل كانت عبارة عن تصوير لجوانب وميادين عدة من صورة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " . لقد اقتضت طبيعة هذه الاطروحة ان تستقر منهجيتها على مقدمة ، واربعة فصول ، وخاتمة تضمنت اهم ما توصل اليه البحث من نتائج ، وقائمة باهم المصادر والمراجع ، كان عنوان الفصل الاول (( المعاجـم اللغـوية ومعــطياتها الفـكرية )) ، وجاء الفصل الثاني بعنوان (( المنظار التعريفي للسيرة الاعدادية والشخصية للامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " )) ، اما الفصل الثالث فحمل عنوان (( منظار الصورة العقائدية ومكانة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " الروحية والعلمية )) ، وتضمن الفصل الرابع دراسة (( صورة الامام الحسين " صلوات الله عليه " المؤثر في احداث عصره وابعاد ذلك التاثير مستقبليا )) . | The present study focuses on investigating the image of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) in dictionaries. The dictionaries are characterized by content abundance, multi - sciences, and encyclopedias, historical information, pedigrees, and various values. These help the historical study of its multi - aspects, and they stand for a resource for a researcher in spite of the few researchers who tried to get historical information from these dictionaries and to study these facts historically with their various topics and orientations. One of these topics that these dictionaries have is about figures, of them is Imam Hussein (peace be upon him). Thus, the importance of this study results from this prospect. It pays considerable attention to the philosophy and views of the dictionary makers and opinions about Imam Hussein. This view is not traditional narrative about him, but it is a description about various aspects of Imam Hussein. This dissertation comprises an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion, as well as a list of sources. The first chapter is entitled " dictionaries and their intellectual productions". Chapter two comes with the title "The definition of Imam Hussein's biography and his personality" . Chapter three is the ideological prospect of Imam Hussein and his spiritual and scientific values. Chapter four studies the influential image of Imam Hussein during his time events and its future effects

موارد بدر الدين المتوفى (855هـ/1451م) ومنهجه في كتابه عقد الجمان (565ــ628هـ/ 1169ــ 1230م)

اسم المؤلف: فياض احمد زعيان
اسم المشرف: مثنى فليفل سلمان الفضلي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

كتاب مروج الذهب للمسعودي مصدرا عن تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام : دراسة نقدية تحليلية == Mawrouj al - Zahab book for Masoudi is a source of the history of the Arabs before Islam Analytical Critical Study

اسم المؤلف: فرقد طارق علي التميمي
اسم المشرف: شاكر مجيد كاظم الحواني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد دراسة تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام من الدراسات المهمة التي قام بها المؤرخين والدارسون العرب والاجانب لما لها من اهمية بالغة لدى الباحثين للتعرف على الموروث الحضاري العربي في تلك الفترة المهمة وكذلك لانها القاعدة الاساسية لدراسة تاريخ العرب بصورة خاصة وللدراسات الاسلامية بصورة عامة ، بالاضافة الى ذلك لرفع الظلم والحيف الذي اصاب تاريخ هذه الفترة لكون بعض المستشرقين والكتاب الذين درسوا تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام قد نفوا وجزموا بعدم وجود تاريخ للعرب قبل ظهور الاسلام فالعربي عندهم شخص ليس له ثقافة ولاحضارة ولم يتذوق المعرفة قبل الاسلام( )، وهذرااي لا اساس له من الصحة بسبب ان العرب قبل الاسلام كانت لهم حضارة كبيرة وواسعة تضم مختلف النواحي السياسية والاجتماعيه والاقتصادية والفكرية التي احتوتها الكتب التي تناولت تاريخ تلك الفترة. يعد كتاب مروج الذهب ومعادن الجوهر لابي الحسن المسعودي ( ت 346ه/957م) في مقدمة هذه الكتب الذي يضم بين دفتيه الكثير من المعلومات والروايات التاريخية التي تخص تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام في مختلف نواحي الحياة ولذلك تم اختيار الموضوع باقتراح من قبل استاذي المشرف الاستاذ الدكتور شاكر مجيد كاظم . ان الغاية الاساسية من هذه الدراسة هو بيان ماذكره المسعودي في كتابه مروج الذهب من روايات واخبار واحداث ومعلومات تخص تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام التي اوردها عن تلك الحقبة دون التركيز على موارده ومنهجية المسعودي في مادته التاريخية ، لان ذلك يتطلب دراسة منفصله قائمة بذاتها وهي خارج نطاق دراستنا ، علما بان هناك دراسة سابقة تناولت منهج المسعودي اعدها الدكتور سليمان عبد الله المديد السويكت بعنوان منهج المسعودي في كتابة التاريخ( ) ، وتناول الدكتور يوسف طارق السامرائي منهجية المسعودي في كتابه مروج الذهب بصوره مختصرة على الرغم بان السامرائي كان يحلل الاراء باسلوب تهجمي بعيد كل البعد عن الطرح العلمي( )،وكذلك يوجد بحث للدكتور جواد علي تتناول ايضا منهج المسعودي وموارده( ) ، بالاضافة الى بحث للدكتور احمد حسن الرحيم يتناول فيه منهج المسعودي في الجغرافية والتاريخ ( ) . وقد تناولنا الروايات والاحداث التي جاء بها المسعودي في كتابه مروج الذهب بالنقد والتحليل فقد ذكر الكثير من الاخبار والاحداث التاريخية عن تلك المرحلة ولكن دون تفصيلها بحيث كان عندما يتناول موضوعا ما يعطي اشارات بسيطة تحتاج الى الوقوف عليها وبيانها ونقدها وتحليلها حتى نصل الى المعلومة الكاملة، فضلا عن ذلك عدم وجود دراسات عن تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام من خلال كتاب مروج الذهب فكان هذا قد شكل لدينراغبة قوية لاعداد رسالة اكاديميه ، كما ان الدراسات والبحوث السابقة التي تناولت كتاب مروج الذهب لم تتطرق الى تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام بل ان اغلبها كانت تتحدث عن الجوانب الدينية او دراسة العصور الاسلامية ومن هذه الدراسات رسالة ماجستير بعنوان ((منهج المسعودي في بحث العقائد والفرق الدينية)) لهادي حسن حمود( ) ، تناول فيها جميع المعتقدات الدينية ومذاهبها عند العرب قبل الاسلام وكذلك الفترات التي تلتها، ومنها كذلك رسالة ماجستير بعنوان ((الامامة عند علي بن الحسين المسعودي)) لماهر تحسين عبد الرحيم( )، الذي تناول فيها الباحث فكر الامامة وتاريخها عند المسعودي ، ومن الدراسات ايضا رسالة ماجستير بعنوان ((خلافة بني امية عند علي بن الحسين المسعودي )) ، لابراهيم احمد حسن ابو شبيكة( )، تناول فيها الباحث تاريخ بني امية ضمن مرحلة التاريخ الاسلامي واهم الاشكالات التي قدمها المسعودي حول خلافتهم ، ورسالة ماجستير بعنوان الشعر العباسي في مروج الذهب لفتحي عبد الفتاح ابو نؤاس( )، تناول فيها ميزة واغراض الشعر في العصر العباسي الوارد في كتاب مروج الذهب وهذه الدراسة تخص الجانب الادبي. من خلال دراستنا لكتاب مروج الذهب للمسعودي واجهتنا عدة صعوبات منها تشتت المواضيع وتفرقها وتناثرها على اجزاء الكتاب الاربعة( )، التي ذكرها المسعودي وعدم تناولها في مكان واحد مما دعانا الى التفتيش والبحث بين السطور والمواضيع الاخرى التي تطرق اليها المسعودي للوصول الى المعلومة التي تخص تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام الكاملة، وكذلك من الصعوبات التي واجهتنا هي كثرة الاحالات التي ذكرها المسعودي الى كتبه الاخرى الامر الذي دعانا الى البحث فيها ومراجعتها والاطلاع على ماذكره فيها من روايات واخبار ومعلومات تخص تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام مثل كتاب(التنبيه والاشراف )، وكتاب (اخبار الزمان) علما بان البعض الاخر من مؤلفات المسعودي مفقودة وضائعة . لقد افضت مادة البحث تقسيمها الى ثلاثة فصول ومقدمة وخاتمة وقد تناول الفصل الاول دراسة سيرة المسعودي وقد ضمت ثلاثة مباحث وقد تناول عناوين عديدة منها اسمه ونسبه ونشاته وشيوخه ومؤلفاته واراء العلماء وسبب تاليف المسعودي لكتاب مروج الذهب ودراسة ما احتوى كتاب مروج الذهب من مواضيع. اما الفصل الثاني فقد جاء تحت عنوان الحالة السياسية للعرب قبل الاسلام وقد تضمن اربعة مباحث هي : الممالك عند العرب قبل الاسلام ، والاحلاف عند العرب ، وايام العرب قبل الاسلام ، والاحتلال الاجنبي للمالك العربية. اما الفصل الثالث فقد تناول الحالة الفكرية عند العرب قبل الاسلام في اربعة مباحث هي : المعتقدات الدينية عند العرب قبل الاسلام ، والطقوس الدينية ، ومعارف العرب قبل الاسلام ، والفنون الادبية عند العرب. وقد اعتمدت الرسالة على مجموعة كثير من المصادر والمراجع وقد رتبناها وذلك حسب اهميتها للدراسة، اضافة الى الاطاريح والرسائل الجامعية والبحوث المنشورة في المجلات والدوريات وهي : 1. كتب السيرة : افادت الدراسة من كتب السيرة بمعلومات وافية عن سيرة الرسول الاكرم  صلى الله عليه واله وسلم  قبل البعثه الشريفه وكذلك اخبار مكة المكرمة وكذلك عن الحياة السياسية في بلاد العرب وماتعرضت له من حملات عسكرية اجنبيه ، وعن العبادات عند العرب قبل الاسلام فضلا عن الحالة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية وعقد الاحلاف بينهم ومن اهم كتب السيرة هي (سيرة ابن اسحاق ) لابن اسحاق (151ه/768م) و(سيرة ابن هشام ) لابن هشام (213ه/828م) وقد برزت اهمية هذان الكتابان في معرفة حادثة غزو الكعبة من قبل ابرهة الحبشة (حادثة الفيل ) بالاضافة الى حصولنا على معلومات تخص المعارف والعلوم عند العرب وكذلك معرفة المعتقدات الدينية وفكرة النسئ عند العرب.2. كتب التاريخ العام : كذلك اعتمدت الرسالة على كتب التاريخ العام ومنها تاريخ اليعقوبي (284ه - 898م) وقد مدت الدراسة بالاخبار الحالة الدينية عند العرب ومنها الحنيفية وعبادة الاصنام بالاضافة الى طقوسهم الدينية وخاصة في مواسم الحج وكتاب (تاريخ سني ملوك الارض والانبياء ) لحمزة بن الحسن الاصفهاني (ت360ه - 970م) ويعتبر هذا الكتاب من الكتب الغنية بالحوادث التاريخية فقد افادت الدراسة عن الممالك العربية كاالمناذرة والغساسنة وكنده ، وطبيعة العلاقات العربية - الفارسية قبل الاسلام ، وكتاب (تاريخ الرسل والملوك) لمحمد بن جرير الطبري (ت310ه - 920م) وقد افادت الرسالة في معرفة بداية تاريخ البشرية وبعض اولاد الانبياء وتاريخ الممالك العربية في الجزيرة العربية وتاريخ الحضارات القديمة مثل بلاد فارس واخبار اجداد النبي  صلى الله عليه واله وسلم  واحوال مكة ورئاسة البيت الحرام ، وكتاب (المعارف) لابن قتيبة الدينوري (ت276ه - 889م) وكتاب( البدء والتاريخ) لمطهر بن طاهر المقدسي (ت 355ه - 966م، وكتاب (المنتظم في تاريخ الملوك والامم) لجمال الدين ابو الفرج عبد الرحمن بن علي بن محمد الجوزي (ت597ه - 1201م) وكتاب (الكامل في التاريخ) لعز الدين ابي الحسن الجزري الموصلي الملقب بابن الاثير (ت 630 هـ - 1233م).3. كتب الانساب : كما افادت الدراسة من كتب الانساب لمعرفة انساب القبائل والشخصيات التي ورد ذكرها في البحث سواء التي تحدثنا فيها في الفصل الاول من سيرة المسعودي او الفصول الاخرى التي تناولت الجوانب السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية والفكرية والدينية ومن اهم الكتب التي اعتمدناها كتاب (نسب معد واليمن الكبير لابن الكلبي (204ه - 871م) وكذلك جمهرة انساب العرب لابن حزم الاندلسي (456ه - 1063م) وكتاب (قلائد الجمان في التعريف بقبائل عرب الزمان) لابو العباس احمد بن علي القلقشندي (ت 821هـ - 1418م) .4. كتب الطبقات والتراجم : كان لهذه الكتب الاهمية الكبرى في معرفة تراجم مفصلة للشخصيات التي وردت في الدراسة ومنها كتب الطبقات امثال كتاب الطبقات الكبرى لابن سعد (230ه - 842م)الذي افادنا في معرفة نسب اجداد المسعودي وكذلك معرفة اخبار قريش وماثرها وفي معرفة الاحلاف والمعاهدات الاقتصادية وكذلك عن ايام العرب مثل الايلاف وحرب الفجار وكتاب (طبقات النحويين) للزبيدي (379ه - 989م)الذي افادنا بشكل دقيق عن حياة المسعودي وشيوخه وكتاب (اسد الغابة في معرفة الصحابة ) لابن الاثير (630ه - 1232م) وكتاب (وفيات الاعيان ) لابن خلكان (681ه - 1282م) وكتاب سير (سير اعلام النبلاء ) للذهبي (748ه - 1347م) وكتاب (الوافي بالوفيات ) للصفدي (764ه - 1362م) وغيرها من كتب التراجم .5. كتب التفسير : تعتبر كتب التفاسير من اهم المصادر الرئيسية وذات اهمية كبيرة ايضا للباحث لمعرفة تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام وقد استفدت منها في تفسير الايات القرانية ومن اهمها (جامع البيان في تاويل القران ) لابن جرير الطبري (310ه - 922م) وقد استفاد الباحث منها في معرفة فكرة النسئ وعبادة الاصنام وحرمة الشهور عند العرب قبل الاسلام وكذلك كتاب التفسير الجامع لاحكام القران للقرطبي (671ه - 1272م) والمعروف بــــ( تفسير القرطبي) فقد افاد الدراسة بمعلومات عن الحضارات القديمة وقصة اصحاب الاخدود وبعــض اخـــبار الكهان وتفسير (مجمع البيان في تفسير القران) للفضل بــن الحسن الطبرســي (ت548 - 1153م) وتفسير (التبيان في تفسير القران) لابو جعفر محمد بن الحسن بن علي الطوسي(672ه - 1274م) وتفسير(الوسيط في تفسير القران المجيد) لابو الحسن علي بن احمد بن محمد بن علي الواحدي(ت468ه - 1076م).6. كتب الحديث الشريف : وقد استفادت دراستنا من كتب الحديث الشريف وماذكرته من احاديث الرسول الاكرم صلى الله عليه واله وسلم  حول تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام وحول اسماء الاصنام واخبار الديانات القديمة ورجالات الموحدين وبعض اخبار ايام العرب وفي توثيق الاحاديث النبويه الشريفة التي وردت في كتاب مروج الذهب التي تشير الى حياة العرب قبل الاسلام ومن اهم كتب الحديث صحيح البخاري لمحمد بن اسماعيل (256ه - 870م) وصحيح مسلم لمسلم بن الحجاج القشيري (261ه - 835م) وكتاب (بحار الانوار) لمحمد باقر المجلسي (1111ه - 1700م) وغيرها من الكتب الحديث الشريف.7. كتب اللغة : افادت الرسالة كثيرا من كتب اللغة في معرفة المفردات اللغوية والتي وردت في ثنايا البحث فضلا عما حوت تلك المعاجم اللغوية من الاخبار والمعلومات التاريخية المهمة من خلال توضيحها للكثير من المفردات والمعاني عند العرب قبل الاسلام ومن هذه الكتب (كتاب العين ) للفراهيدي (ت175ه - 791م) وكتاب ( لسان العرب ) لابن منظور (ت711ه - 1311م) وكتاب (القاموس المحيط ) للفيروز ابادي (ت817ه - 1414م) وكتاب ( تاج العروس ) لمرتضى الزبيدي (1205ه - 1790م) وكتاب الاشتقاق لابن دريد(ت321ه - 933م) وغيرها من المعاجم اللغوية التي وردت في الدراسة.8. كتب الادب : افادت كتب الادب الدراسة بمعلومات تاريخية قيمة حول طبيعة حياة العرب قبل الاسلام ومن تلك الكتب كتاب النقائض لابي عبيده معمر بن المثنى (ت209ه - 824م) وكتاب ( الاغاني ) لابي الفرج الاصفهاني (ت365ه - 976م) الذي استفدنا منه في اعطاء فكرة عن تاريخ الفرس واخبار مكة وايام العرب والاحتلال الحبشي لليمن وكذلك كتاب (العقد الفريد) لابن عبد ربه الاندلسي (ت328ه - 940م) وجمهرة الامثال لابي هلال العسكري (ت400ه - 1048) وكتاب (مجمع الامثال ) للميداني (ت 518ه - 1124م ) وكتاب (نهاية الارب في فنون الادب) للنويري (ت733ه - 1133م) وكتاب (صبح الاعشى في صناعه الانشا ) للقلقشندي (ت821ه - 1418م) . اما دواوين الشعر فقد افادت الدراسة ليس فقط بالنصوص الشعرية وانما ايضا بما تضمنته تلك الاشعار من تصوير للاحداث التاريخية مثل اخبار مكة ونزول القبائل فيها والعلاقات الفارسية العربية وهجوم ابرهة على مكة والمعتقدات والاديان عند العرب قبل الاسلام ومن اهم الدواوين الذي استفدنا منها ديوان تابط شرا لثابت بن جابر الفهمي (ت 530م ) وديوان ابي طالب (ت3ق.ه - 620م) ديوان طرفة بن العبد (ت569م) وديوان جرير(ت110ه - 728م) وديوان امية بن ابي الصلت (5ه - 626م) وديوان ميمون بن قيس الاعشى (ت 7ه - 729م ) بالاضافة الى الكتب الشعرية امثال كتاب (الشعر والشعراء) لابي قتيبة الدينوري (ت276ه - 889م) الذي يذكر فيها الاشعار التي تشير الى الاخبار عن بعض المعارك والحروب بين العرب والفرس وغيرها من الحوادث .9. كتب الجغرافية والبلدان كان لكتب الجغرافية والبلدان دورا كبيرا في رفد الدراسة عن اسماء الاماكن وتحديد ومعرفة العديد من المواقع والمدن والمناطق الاثرية التي كانت موجودة عند العرب قبل الاسلام فضلا عن اعطاء بعض المعلومات عن الوقائع والاحداث التاريخية التي تطرقنا اليها في دراستنا ومن اهم هذه الكتب كتاب( صفة جزيرة العرب ) للهمداني (ت334ه - 946م) وهو يعتبر من الكتب الغنيه بالمعلومات عن اماكن شبه الجزيرة العربية ولقد افادنا في تحديد اماكن ومدن الجزيرة العربية وكتاب (معجم مااستعجم ) للبكري (387ه - 1094م) و(معجم البلدان) لياقوت الحموي (ت636ه - 1228م) وغيرها من الكتب الاخرى.10. المراجع الحديثة فضلا عن المصادر الاولية فقد اعتمدت الدراسة على مجموعة غير قليلة من المراجع الحديثة ومن اهمها كتاب( المفصل في تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام) لجواد علي وهو من الكتب الغنية بالمعلومات التاريخية التي لا يمكن لاي باحث الاستغناء عنها وقد امدنا في معلومات وافية في كافة فصول الدراسة وكتاب (بلوغ الارب في معرفة احوال العرب ) لمحمود شكري الالوسي وهو من الكتب المهمة ، الذي امدنا بمعلومات عن الاحلاف والديانات والكهانة عند العرب قبل الاسلام وكتاب (تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام ) لعبد العزيز سالم وكتاب (دراسات في تاريخ العرب القديم ) لمحمد بيومي مهران وكتاب (تاريخ العرب القديم) لتوفيق برو وكتاب (تاريخ العرب قبل الاسلام) لمحمد سهيل طقوش وكتاب (تاريخ العرب القديم والبعثة النبوية) لصالح احمد العلي وكتاب (الجديد في تاريخ دولة وحضارة سبا وحمير) لمحمد حسين الفرح ، اما الكتب المترجمة التي افادت دراستنا كتاب (قصة حضارة ) لـــ ول ديورانت الذي يعتبر من المراجع المهمة وقد اعطى معلومات عن تاريخ الحضارات القديمة وكذلك سيطرة الاحباش على اليمن وكتاب العرب على حدود بيزنطة لبيغولفسكايا وكتاب حضارة العرب لغوستاف لوبون وكتاب (امراء غسان ) لثيودور نولدكة، كما كان للرسائل والاطاريح الاكاديمية والبحوث المنشورة في المجلات والدوريات دورا اساسيا وفائدة علمية في تعزيز دراستنا من خلال اعانتنا بالمادة العلمية وماتحويه من افكار واراء . واقتصرنا على ذكر بعض المصادر والمراجع مع عدم التقليل من شان المصادر الاخرى التي لم نذكرها خشية الاطالة. واخيرا حاولنا جاهدين بدراستنا المتواضعة هذه ان نقدم صورة واضحة قدر الامكان لكشف واظهار الموروث الحضاري والفكري والتاريخي للعرب قبل الاسلام من خلال دراسة كتاب مروج الذهب للمسعودي واتمنى ان اكون قد وفقت في اعداد الرسالة موضوعا وجمعا للمادة العلمية واشكر الله الذي تفضل علي بالنعم والسداد في اعداد هذه الرسالة واتمنى ان تنال رضا قرائها غافرين ماورد فيها من نقص وهفوات لكوني انسان لست معصوما عن الخطا اذ لا كمال الا لله () واخر دعونا ان الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على اشرف الانبياء والمرسلين محمد وعلى اله اجمعين وصحبه المنتجبين | Praise to Allah , Lord of the worlds, peace and blessings be upon Muhmmad , the messenger of the Lord of worlds ,and his pure family. The study of the history of Arabs before Islam is one of the important studies undertaken by Arab and foreign historians and scholars Therefore, it is of great importance to researchers for the two reasons; mainly because it is the basic basis for studying the history of the Arabs in particular and for Islamic studies in general, and second to reveal the obscurity and injustice by some scholars of the history of the Arabs before Islam, who gave their speeches to categorically deny the existence of a history of the Arabs before the emergence of Islam. The Arabs have a person who has no culture or civilization did not taste knowledge before Islam and this view is unfounded for the fact that Islam and civilization is the result of a long history. The Arabs before Islam were a large part of this civilization in all the political, social, economic and intellectual aspects contained in the books that dealt with the history of that period. The Book of Mawrouj Al - Zahab by Abi Al - Hasan Al - Masoudi (346 AH / 957 AD) is the first of these books, which contains many historical information about the pre - Islamic Arab prehistoric traditions in different aspects of life, that is why this subject suggested by my professor , Shakir Majeed Kadhim. The main purpose of this study is to describe what Masoudi says in his book "Mawrouj Al - Zahab" from novels, news, events and information related to the history of the Arabs before Islam, and to enhance them with criticism and analysis. Al - Masoudi mentions many historical events about this stage but without elaborating. Therefor,they need to stand on , stating, criticizing and analyzing then so as to get at full information.In addition, Al - Masud's book doesn't deal with the history of the Arabs before Islam adequately and this study is planned to introduce an academic scientific annlysis. Through out the study of the book Mawrouj Al - Zahab of Masoudi, The researcher has encountered several difficulties, including the dispersion of subjects and their dispersal on the four parts of the four books mentioned by Al - Masoudi and not dealt with in one place, which has led the researcher to try his best reading and studying other topics tackled touched by Al - Masoudi to get the full information about the history of the Arabs before Islam, Among the other difficulties faced by the researcher are the many referrals mentioned by Masoudi to his other books, which they are to be researched and reviewed and to see what he mentioned in the stories, news and information about the history of the Arabs before Islam, such as the book (Al - Tanbeeh Wal - Eshraf) And (Akhbar Al - Zaman) however some of the other books of Masoudi's are missing and lost. The research has been divided into three chapters, an introduction and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with the study of the background of Masoudi. It included several topics, his name, parentage, origin, and writings, the views of the scholars, And the reason for the composition of Mawrouj Al - Zahab by Masoudi is that it contains the book's topics . The second chapter is entitled "The Political Situation of the Arabs before Islam". It includes four topics : the kingdoms of the Arabs before Islam, the alliances among the Arabs, the days of the Arabs before Islam, and the foreign occupation of the Arab owner. The third chapter deals with the intellectual situation of the Arabs before Islam in four subjects : the religious beliefs of the Arabs before Islam, the religious rituals and the knowledge of the Arabs before Islam and the literary arts among the Arabs. The research is based on a wide range of sources and references, which we ranked according to their importance for the study. in addition to the titles, theses and the researches published in magazines .Throughout this study of the book of Mawrouj Al - Zahab to Abi El Hassan El Masoudi ,several results have been reached at. Masoudi is able to give researchers a comprehensive idea of some of the conditions of the Arabs before Islam, including political, social, economic and intellectual aspects according to a new formulation characterized by Masoudi.

الدولة الفاطمية واثرها في توحيد المسلمين == Fatimid state and its impact on the unification of Muslims

اسم المؤلف: علي منفي شراد الحساني
اسم المشرف: نزار عزيز حبيب الخاقاني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الطيبين الطاهرين وصحبه الغر الميامين ، وبعد .. تعد دراسة تاريخ الدولة الفاطمية من الدراسات المهمة ، بالنظر لما توليه تلك الدراسة من تفصيل وتحليل دقيقين لجميع الاحداث السياسية والعسكرية والمنجزات العلمية والحضارية التي عاشتها او عاصرتها تلك الدولة من حيث الزمان والمكان . اذ يجد الباحث نفسه متحيرا في الكتابة عن بعض الدول الاسلامية بسبب عدم تطرق المصادر التاريخية لمجموعة من الاحداث التي تخص صميم فترات حياتها احيانا او مجموعة من المبالغات احيانا اخرى ، تحتاج لنظرات تامل وتقصي في بطون الكتب واجزاء الروايات ، من اجل الوصول ولو بشكل نسبي الى الحقيقة التي ينشدها ويبحث عنها اغلب الدارسين في المواضيع التي هي مثار جدل واختلاف . لذا تعد دراستنا لموضوع ( الدولة الفاطمية ) من ضمن تلك المواضيع التي اثارت جدلا طويلا ، بدات في نسبهم الى علي وفاطمة (عليهما السلام) وانتهت بمبادئ عقيدتهم وافكارهم ، وذلك بسبب اختلاف مذهبهم (الشيعي) مع مذهب الدولة العباسية (السني) التي كان يصورها البعض - المؤرخين والفقهاء والرعية - بمثابة الراعي الرسمي للحقوق اهل السنة والجماعة ، ونتيجة لهذا الاختلاف اخذت الكتابات منحا اخرا في تدوين الاحداث التي تتعلق بالخلافة الفاطمية بشتى المجالات ولاسيما تلك الاحداث التي تتعلق بالعلاقات الفاطمية - العباسية ، وبصورة دقيقة العلاقات الدينية والمذهبية بين الخلافتين - ان صح التعبير . لذلك كانت دراستنا للموضوع تتطلب تقسيم الدراسة الى تمهيد وخمسة فصول وخاتمة ، حيث شمل التمهيد تعريفا موجزا عن بدايات ظهور الحركة الاسماعيلية وعلاقات الائمة الاسماعيليين وبعض دعاتها بالدولة العباسية ، واهم المناطق التي انتشر او استقر فيها الفكر والائمة الاسماعيلية في المرحلة التي سبقت اعلان خلافتهم في بلاد المغرب الاسلامي ، وكذلك تضمن التمهيد عرض ومناقشة لاهم الاراء التي ذكرت حول نسب الائمة الاسماعيليين سواء كانت تلك الاراء المؤيدة لصحة النسب او المنكرة له ، وشمل التمهيد ايضا نبذة عن بداية ظهور التشيع في بلاد المغرب والدور المهم الذي مارسه الدعاة الشيعة في تهيئة القاعدة الشعبية التي استثمرها بشكل جيد الداعي الاسماعيلي ابو عبد الله الشيعي لتصبح النواة الاولى لقيام الخلافة الفاطمية التي حكمت الكثير من مناطق العالم الاسلامي انذاك . اما الفصل الاول فقد حمل عنوان ( انتشار المذهب الاسماعيلي في العالم الاسلامي واثره في نشر الوحدة الاسلامية ) ، حيث تضمن عدة فقرات هي : طبيعة الدعوة الاسماعيلية ، مراحل الدعوة الاسماعيلية ، مراتب الدعاة الاسماعيليين ، اهم مناطق انتشار الدعوة الاسماعيلية بدءا باليمن وانتهاء في بلدان شبه الجزيرة العربية . في حين تضمن الفصل الثاني الموسوم بــ ( الاثر الاجتماعي للدولة الفاطمية ) ، توطئة عن التسامح الاجتماعي في القران الكريم والسنة النبوية العطرة وسيرة الائمة من اهل البيت (عليهم افضل الصلاة واتم التسليم) ، ثم تحدثنا عن الاساليب التي اتبعتها الخلافة الفاطمية لتحقيق الوحدة المجتمعية ، ومنها الاساليب المتبعة مع اهل السنة والجماعة ، وكذلك الاساليب المتبعة مع اهل الذمة ، وايضا الاساليب المتبعة مع الطوائف الشيعية الاخرى وخاصة الامامية (الاثنى عشرية) ، والدرزية التي ظهرت ايام خلافة الحاكم بامر الله الفاطمي (386 - 411ه / 996 - 1020م ) النزارية التي ظهرت ايام خلافة المستعلي بالله الفاطمي ( 487 - 495ه /1094 - 1101م ) . اما الفصل الثالث الموسوم بـــ ( الاثر الاقتصادي للدولة الفاطمية ) فقد تضمن فقرات عدة : بدات بــ توطئة موجزة عن اهمية المال في ديمومة الحياة الانسانية الكريمة ثم تحدثنا عن سك النقود وضبط اوزانها واثر ذلك في الحياة الاقتصادية للدولة والناس ، وتحديد الضرائب والمكوس والغائها ، وكذلك تطرقنا الى مسالة تحديد الاسعار للمواد الغذائية واثر ذلك على استقرار احوال الرعية والتجار ، وانشاء المراكز التجارية والاقتصادية وخاصة المتجر السلطاني واثرها في نشر الوحدة والاستقرار ، وتطرقنا الى مسالة الاهتمام الكبير من قبل الخلفاء الفاطميين بكسوة الكعبة الشريفة والصلات والنفقات التي ترسل الى الحرمين الشريفين ، واثر ذلك في توطيد الوحدة الاسلامية ، واخيرا تضمن الوسائل المتبعة لتشجيع الانشطة الاقتصادية المختلفة في البلاد الاسلامية . والفصل الرابع الموسوم ( الاثر الفكري للدولة الفاطمية ) تضمن ثلاث فقرات سبقتها توطئة عن اهمية العلم ولزوم الاهتمام في تحصيله ورعاية الخلفاء الفاطميين وحثهم على العلم والتعلم ، واثر المساجد في نشر الوحدة الاسلامية وخاصة جامع عمرو بن العاص (الجامع العتيق) والجامع الازهر وغيرها من المساجد والجوامع التي كانت عامرة في ظل الدولة الفاطمية ، ثم اشرنا بعد ذلك الى اثر المكتبات في نشر الوحدة الاسلامية واهتمام الدولة الفاطمية وخلفائها بانشاء المكتبات وخزائن الكتب توفير الكتب النادرة وتعيين العلماء والفقهاء الاكفاء في ادارتها دون تمييز ، بعد ذلك ركزنا حديثنا على اثر الصلات العلمية والتبادل الثقافي في نشر الوحدة الاسلامية بين القاهرة وبلدان العالم الاسلامي وخاصة الصلات العلمية مع العراق مركز الحكم العباسي والاندلس مركز الحكم الاموي اللذان كان لهما الحظ الاوفر في البحث والتقصي بالاضافة الى المناطق الاخرى مثل بلاد فارس وبلاد الشام وصقلية وبلاد الحرمين واليمن . والفصل الخامس الذي يحمل عنوان ( الاثر الجهادي للدولة الفاطمية ) شمل توطئة عن اهمية الجهاد في الفكر الاسلامي ، وكذلك تطرقنا الى الجهاد في جزيرة صقلية وجنوب ايطاليا واثر ذلك في نشر الاسلام ، ثم تحدثنا عن المساعدات والدعم الذي قدمه الفاطميون لجزيرة اقريطش ( كريت ) ، والموقف الفاطمي في مواجهة الغزو الصليبي لبلاد الشام والتحالفات الوحدوية التي عقدت مع سلاجقة الشام وخاصة امراء دمشق واثر ذلك على الموقف الجهادي الاسلامي . اما الخاتمة فقد تضمن اهم النتائج التي توصلنا اليها في جميع فصول الدراسة وفقراتها التي تبين الاثار الوحدوية للخلافة الفاطمية ، اما الصعوبات ففي مقدمتها سوء الاوضاع السياسية وعدم الاستقرار الامني في البلدان العربية وخاصة تونس ومصر وسوريا جعل الباحث عاجزا عن التواصل مع الجامعات والمراكز البحثية المختصة للاطلاع على المصادر والمخطوطات التي تعزز الدراسة بشكل يجعلها تظهر بصورة افضل مما هي عليه الان ، وكذلك من الصعوبات عدم توفر المصادر الاولية التي تختص بالخلافة الفاطمية ، وخاصة ما كتبه بعض الدعاة الفاطميين او المؤرخون المنصفون عن الحياة العامة للدولة الفاطمية . وقد اقتضت طبيعة الدراسة الاعتماد على مصادر متنوعة تاريخية وجغرافية وادبية ودينية ، لذا يمكن تقسيمها الى : اولا : المصادر الاسماعيلية الفاطمية .. لعل في مقدمتها مؤلفات قاضي قضاة الخلافة الفاطمية القاضي النعمان بن حيون ( ت363هـ /974م ) ، اذ اثرت الاطروحة بالكثير من المعلومات والتفاصيل الدقيقة في معظم فصولها ، ومن هذه المؤلفات كتاب ( افتتاح الدعوة ) الذي تحدث بالتفصيل عن بدا ظهور الدعوة الاسماعيلية والظروف العامة التي ساعدت على نشرها وخروجها من دور الكتمان الى دور الاعلان المتمثل بالخلافة الفاطمية في المغرب عام 297هـ/909م ، وكذلك كتاب ( المجالس والمسايرات ) الذي يبين لنا طبيعة العلاقة بين الدعوة والدولة في عهد الخليفة الفاطمي المعز لدين الله ( 341 - 365هـ /954 - 975م ) ، حيث دون القاضي النعمان المجالس التي كان يعقدها الخليفة المعز لدين الله في المغرب ، وقد افدنا كثيرا من تلك المجالس في التعرف ايضا على طبيعة العلاقات الخارجية للخلافة الفاطمية وخاصة مع البيزنطيين ، وكتاب ( شرح الاخبار في فضائل الائمة الاطهار) الذي زودنا بمعلومات عن الخلفاء الفاطميين ونسبهم واخبار الخليفة عبيد الله المهدي ، وكتاب ( الهمة في اداب اتباع اللائمة ) ، وكتاب ( دعائم الاسلام وذكر الحلال والحرام والقضايا والاحكام عن اهل بيت رسول الله عليه وعليهم افضل السلام) ، كتاب ( المناقب والمثالب ) . ومن الكتب ايضا مؤلفات الداعي جعفر بن منصور اليمن الكوفي ( ت 380هـ/990م ) التي اغنت الدراسة بالشيء الكثير ، وفي مقدمة كتبه كتاب (الفرائض وحدود الدين) الذي يعد في مقدمة المصادر الفاطمية في اثبات النسب العلوي للفاطميين وذلك لما يتضمنه من نص مقتطف يؤكد نسب الخلفاء الفاطميين بعنوان : ( اسماء الائمة المستورين كما وردت في كتاب ارسله الخليفة المهدي الاول الى ناحية اليمن ، قدمه الباحث الاسماعيلي ( حسين فيض الله الهمداني ) ، وكذلك كتاب ( سرائر واسرار النطقاء ) ، وكتاب ( الكشف ) . اما مؤلفات حجة العراقيين حميد الدين الكرماني ( ت 411ه / 1020 م ) ، فقد كان لها بالغ الاثر في الرد على التيارات المنحرفة وخاصة مسالة تاليه الخليفة الحاكم بامر الله ، حيث تصدى لذلك باصدار عدة رسائل ، فكان من اهم مؤلفاته : كتاب ( رسائل الكرماني ) ، وكذلك كتاب ( راحة العقل ) . اما مؤلفات داعي الدعاة الفاطمي المؤيد في الدين الشيرازي ( ت470ه /1077م ) فقد اعطت صورة واضحة عن ملامح الحياة السياسية والعسكرية والدينية لعهد الخليفة المستنصر بالله الفاطمي ، واعلان الدعوة الفاطمية في العراق وخاصة كتاب ( المجالس المؤيدية ) ، وكتاب ( ديوان المؤيد في الدين ) . ومن المؤلفات التي عاصر اصحابها الدولة الفاطمية كتاب ( الاشارة الى من نال الوزارة ) لابن الصيرفي الذي كان كاتبا في ديوان الانشاء الفاطمي والملقب بتاج الرياسة ابو القاسم علي بن سليمان ( ت 554ه /1155م ) ، حيث زودنا بمعلومات كثيرة عن اخبار الوزراء الفاطميون الذين عاصرهم ، حيث ذكر لنا جملة من اخبارهم السياسية والعسكرية والاقتصادية . وكذلك من المؤلفات الفاطمية المهمة كتاب ( اخبار ملوك بني عبيد وسيرتهم ) لابن حماد الصنهاجي ( ت626هـ /1230م ) الذي زودنا بمعلومات هامة عن الخلفاء الفاطميين بالمرحلة المغربية . اما كتابات المؤرخين المتاخرين التي خصصت للحديث عن الدولة الفاطمية فقد تميزت بانها حفظت لنا كتابات المؤرخين المعاصرين للدولة الفاطمية التي فقدت لاسباب منها الاختلاف المذهبي بين الفاطميين وغيرهم ، لذلك اصبحت هذه الكتابات لها من الاهمية الشيء الكثير بسبب ما حفظته لنا من معلومات تاريخية مهمة جدا ، ولعل في مقدمة تلك الكتب : كتاب ( نهاية الارب في فنون الادب ) لشهاب الدين النويري ( ت 733ه /1332م ) الذي اغنى البحث بالكثير من المعلومات المهمة وخاصة في الفصل الاول ، وكذلك كتاب ( صبح الاعشى في صناعة الانشا ) لابي العباس احمد بن علي القلقشندي ( ت 821ه/1418م ) ، اما كتب المؤرخ تقي الدين احمد بن علي المقريزي ( ت845هـ/1441م ) فقد زودتنا بالمعلومات الكثير عن الخلافة الفاطمية منذ اعلان قيامها حتى نهايتها على يد صلاح الدين الايوبي ، وخاصة كتاب ( اتعاظ الحنفا باخبار الائمة الفاطميين الخلفا ) ، اما كتابه ( المواعظ والاعتبار بذكر الخطط والاثار المعروف بالخطط المقريزية ) فقد خصص منه جزءا كبيرا لتاريخ مصر الفاطمية ، وقد استفدنا منه كثيرا في جميع فصول الاطروحة ، وكذلك من الكتب : كتاب ( النجوم الزاهرة في ملوك مصر والقاهرة ) لجمال الدين ابن تغري بردي ( ت 874ه/ 1469م ) الذي زودنا بالمعلومات الوفيرة التي استفدنا منها كثيرا في جميع فصول الدراسة ايضا . ثانيا : كتب الفرق .. زودتنا كتب الفرق الاسلامية بمعلومات قيمة عن قيام الدعوة الاسماعيلية والفاطمية وطبيعة العلاقة بينهما وعلى الرغم من الاختلاف في صحة تلك المعلومات ومدى مصداقيتها ، فانها لا تخلو من الفائدة في بيان اي حال من الاحوال ، ومن اهم تلك الكتب : كتاب ( فرق الشيعة ) لابي محمد الحسن بن موسى النوبختي ( ت 310 ه / 922 م ) ، وكتاب (المقالات والفرق) لابي خلف سعد بن عبد الله الاشعري القمي ( ت300هـ/912م ) ، وكتاب ( مقالات الاسلاميين واختلاف المصلين ) لابي الحسن علي بن اسماعيل الاشعري ( ت 330ه/941 م ) , وكتاب ( الفرق بين الفرق ) لعبد القاهر بن طاهر البغدادي ( ت 429ه/1037م ) ، كتاب ( الملل والنحل ) لابي الفتح محمد بن عبد الكريم الشهرستاني ( ت 548ه/1153م ) .ثالثا : كتب التراجم .. يعد هذا الصنف من المصادر المهمة التي كان لها اهمية خاصة ومميزة في جميع الرسائل الجامعية ، فلا يمكن الاستغناء عنها في معظم فصول دراستنا ولعل من اهمها : كتاب ( طبقات علماء افريقية ) لابي عبد الله محمد بن عبد السلام الخشني ( ت 286ه/899 م ) ، وكذلك كتاب ( رياض النفوس في طبقات علماء القيروان وافريقية وزهادهم ونساكهم وسير من اخبارهم وفضائلهم واوصافهم ) لابي بكر عبد الله بن محمد المالكي ( ت 438ه/1046م ) ، وكتاب ( وفيات الاعيان وانباء ابناء الزمان ) لابي بكر احمد بن محمد بن خلكان ( ت681ه/1282م ) ، وكتاب ( معالم الايمان في معرفة اهل القيروان ) لابي زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد الدباغ ( ت 696ه/1296م ) ، وكتاب (سير اعلام النبلاء ) لشمس الدين محمد بن احمد بن عثمان الذهبي ( ت 748ه/1358م ) ، وكتاب ( الوافي بالوفيات ) لصلاح الدين خليل بن ايبك الصفدي ( ت764ه/1362م ) .رابعا : الكتب الادبية .. هذا الصنف يعد من المصادر المساعدة التي لا غنى عنها في بعض الامور ، بسبب ما يرد فيها من معلومات تاريخية واجتماعية واقتصادية مهمة قد اغفلتها المصادر الاخرى ، ومنها كتاب ( النكت العصرية في اخبار الوزراء المصرية ) لنجم الدين عمارة بن ابي الحسن علي اليمني ( ت 569ه/1173م ) ، وكتاب ( معجم الادباء ) لابي عبد الله شهاب الدين ياقوت الحموي ( ت626ه/1228م ) ، وكتاب ( انباه الرواة في انباه النحاة ) لجمال الدين ابي الحسن علي بن يوسف القفطي ( ت 624ه /1226م ) ، كتاب (عيون الانباء في طبقات الاطباء) لموفق الدين احمد بن القاسم ابن ابي اصيبعة ( ت 668ه/1269م ) ، وكتاب ( حسن المحاضرة في اخبار مصر والقاهرة ) لجلال الدين عبد الرحمن السيوطي ( ت911ه/1505م ) . خامسا : الكتب الجغرافية .. ومن الكتب الجغرافية التي زودتنا بمعلومات وافية عن معظم المناطق والبلدان التي وردت في طيات الدراسة ، كتاب (صورة الارض) لابي القاسم محمد بن علي النصيبي ( ت 367ه/977 م ) ، وكتاب ( احسن التقاسيم في معرفة الاقاليم ) لابي عبد الله بن احمد البشاري المقدسي ( ت 375ه/985م ) ، وكتاب ( سفر نامة ) لابي معين ناصر خسرو علوي ( ت 476ه/1083 م ) ، وكتاب ( نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الافاق ) لمحمد بن عبد العزيز الادريسي( ت 560ه/1164م ) ، وكتاب ( معجم البلدان ) لابي عبد الله شهاب الدين ياقوت الحموي ( ت626ه/1228م ) ، وكتاب ( الروض المعطار في خبر الاقطار ) لمحمد بن عبد المنعم الحميري ( ت 900ه / 1494م ) .سادسا : المراجع الحديثة ..ولم يكن بامكان الباحث الاستغناء عن المراجع الحديثة التي كتبت عن الدعوة الاسماعيلية او تاريخ الخلافة الفاطمية سواء على المستوى الثقافي او السياسي ، ولعل من اهمها : كتاب ( في ادب مصر الفاطمية ) للدكتور محمد كامل حسين الذي قدم لنا معلومات قيمة عن تاريخ الحركة العلمية والادبية في مصر الفاطمية لم نجدها في المصادر الاخرى وذلك لكونه من اوائل المهتمين بالدراسات الفاطمية ، وحقق عددا من مخطوطاتها ، فضلا عن احتفاظه بعدد منها في مكتبته الشخصية ، ومن المراجع المهمة الاخرى كتب المؤرخ الاسماعيلي الدكتور عارف تامر الذي سعى من خلالها الى الكشف عن بعض اسرار الدعوة الاسماعيلية والفاطمية وحياة الخلفاء الفاطميين ، وابرزها كتاب ( تاريخ الاسماعيلية ) وكذلك سلسلة الكتب عن حياة الخلفاء الفاطميين، وكذلك كتاب الباحث الاسماعيلي الدكتور مصطفى غالب ( تاريخ الدعوة الاسماعيلية ) حيث انماز بمعلومات مفصلة عن الدعوة الاسماعيلية استخرجها من مصادر اسماعيلية سرية وعلنية مطبوعة وخطية متوافرة لديه ، وكذلك فقد استفاد الباحث كثيرا من كتب الدكتور حسن ابراهيم حسن وخاصة كتاب ( تاريخ الدولة الفاطمية في المغرب ومصر وسورية وبلاد العرب ) الذي قدم معلومات كثيرة عن حركة الدعاة في العالم الاسلامي واثرهم العلمي والسياسي ، وغيرها الكثير من المراجع التي افادة البحث .و في الختام اقول اني لا ادعي الكمال لان الكمال لله تعالى وحده وحسبي انني بذلت ما استطعت من الجهد والبحث ، فان اصبت فلي حسنة وان لم اصب فلي اجر العامل ومن الله التوفيق ، واخر دعوانا ان الحمد لله ربّ العالمين والصلاة والسلام على النبي الامجد المبعوث رحمة للعالمين وعلى اله الطيبين الطاهرين | The study of the history of the Fatimid state is one of the important studies, given the precise detail and analysis of all the political and military events and the scientific and cultural achievements that the country has experienced or experienced in terms of time and place. The researcher finds himself puzzled in writing about some Islamic countries because the historical sources do not relate to a series of events that are at the core of their periods of life sometimes, or a group of exaggerations sometimes, need to look in the stomachs of books and parts of novels, in order to reach even relative to the truth Which is sought and sought by most scholars in subjects that are controversial and different. Therefore, our study of the subject of the Fatimid state is one of those topics that have been controversial for a long time. They started with their relation to Ali and Fatimah (peace be upon them) and ended with the principles of their ideology and ideas. This is because of their different (Shiite) doctrine with the Abbasid (Sunni) - Historians, jurists and parish - as the official sponsor of the rights of the Sunnis and the community, and as a result of this difference the writings took other grants in the recording of events related to the Fatimid caliphate in various fields, especially those that relate to relations Fatimid - Abbasid, and accurately religious and sectarian relations between The two Caliphates - that is to say. Thus, our study of the subject requires the division of the study into a preface, four chapters and a conclusion. The introduction included a brief definition of the beginnings of the Ismaili movement, the relations of the Ismaili imams and some of its preachers in the Abbasid state, and the most important areas where Ismaili thought and imams spread or settled in the period preceding the declaration of their succession in the Maghreb Islami. The preamble also included a presentation and discussion of the most important opinions that were mentioned about the proportions of the Ismaili Imams, whether those opinions were pro - poor or false. The preface also included an introduction to the beginning of Shiism in the Maghreb and the important role played by The Shiite preachers in the formation of the popular base, which was invested well by the Ismaili dynasty of Abu Abdullah Shiite to become the nucleus of the establishment of the Fatimid caliphate, which ruled many areas of the Islamic world at the time. The first chapter entitled "The Spread of the Isma'ili Doctrine in the Islamic World and Its Impact on the Dissemination of the Islamic Unity" included several paragraphs : the nature of the Ismaili da'wa, the stages of the Ismaili da'wa, the ranks of the Ismaili preachers . The second chapter, entitled "The Social Impact of the Fatimid State", contains an introduction to social tolerance in the Holy Quran, the Noble Sunnah and the biography of the Imams from the people of the House (they have the best prayer and the completion of the delivery). Then we talked about the methods followed by the Fatimid caliphate to achieve social unity, The methods used with the Ahl al - Sunnah and al - Jama'ah, as well as the methods used with the people of Dhimah, as well as the methods used with the other Shiite communities, especially the Imamiyah (the Twentieth), and the Druze that emerged during the succession of the ruler by the Fatimid order (386 - 411 AH / 996 - 1020 AD) Free Al - Musta'li, the Fatimid God (487 - 495 AH / 1094 - 1101 AD) . The third chapter, entitled "The Economic Impact of the Fatimid State", included several paragraphs : I began with a brief introduction to the importance of money in the permanence of human life. Then we talked about minting and weighing its weights and its impact on the economic life of the state and people. The establishment of commercial and economic centers, especially the Royal Store and its impact on the spread of unity and stability, and touched on the issue of great interest by the Fatimid caliphs in the Kaaba and the honorable Links and expenditures sent to the two Holy Mosques, and consequently the consolidation of Islamic unity, and finally included the means used to promote the various economic activities in the Islamic countries. The fourth chapter, entitled "The Intellectual Impact of the Fatimid State", included three paragraphs preceded by an introduction to the importance of science and the need for attention in the collection and care of the Fatimid caliphs and urging them to learn and learn, and the effect of Mosques in spreading the Islamic unity, especially the Mosque of Amr Ibn Al - Aas, And then we referred to the impact of libraries in the dissemination of the Islamic unity and the interest of the Fatimid state and its successors by establishing libraries and bookcases, providing rare books and appointing competent scholars and scholars in its administration without discrimination. Following the scientific links and cultural exchange in the dissemination of the Islamic unity between Cairo and the countries of the Islamic world, especially the scientific links with Iraq, the center of the Abbasid rule and Andalusia, the center of the Umayyad rule, which had the best luck in research and investigation in addition to other areas such as Persia, the Levant, Sicily, . The fifth chapter, entitled "The Jihadist Impact of the Fatimid State", included an introduction to the importance of jihad in Islamic thought, as well as the jihad in Sicily and southern Italy, and the spread of Islam. We spoke about the assistance and support provided by the Fatimids to the island of Aquitaine, The Fatimid in the face of the Crusader invasion of the Levant and the unity alliances that were held with the Seljuks of Syria and especially the princes of Damascus and the impact on the Islamic Jihad.In conclusion, it included the most important findings in all the chapters of the study and its paragraphs which show the unified effects of the Fatimid caliphate. The nature of the study necessitated relying on a large number of diverse historical, geographical, literary and religious sources, which enriched the subject in a large and clear manner

جوزيف مكارثي ونشاطه السياسي ودوره الفكري في الـولايات المتحدة الامريكية 1908 - 1957 == Joseph McCarthy and His political Activity and Intellectual role in the United States of America (1908 - 1957)

اسم المؤلف: علاء عبد العالي كاظم الطائي
اسم المشرف: بيداء علاوي شمخي جبر الشويلي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يعد جوزيف مكارثي من الشخصيات السياسية المهمة والمؤثرة في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ، لما تركه من اثر كبير في مجمل الحياة السياسية الامريكية بما حمله من افكار وما طبقه من ممارسات عرفت في التاريخ الامريكي بالمكارثية والتي يمكن تعريفها بانها : حركة متطرفة لمناهضة الشيوعية في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ، والمكارثية مصطلح مرادف لتوجيه اتهامات خطيرة ، لكن دون ادلة واضحة ضد موظفين رفيعي المستوى وكذلك اشخاص في الحياة العامة . كما استخدمت المكارثية مصطلحا اكثر شمولا لوصف الممارسات (السلوكيات) العامة بتوجيه مزاعم كاذبة وتحديدا بممارسة نشاط مؤيد (داعم) للشيوعية . اقترنت المكارثية بالخوف من الشيوعية التي طرحت افكارا ماركسية متطرفة تعتمد مواجهة العالم الراسمالي الليبرالي والدعوة الى تحطيمه وازاحته من الوجود كليا واحلال البديل الشيوعي منهجا جديدا في ادارة العالم الغربي الا ان المكارثية تلازمت بصورة اكبر بما اطلق عليه بالخوف الاحمر الثاني على اساس ان الخوف الاحمر الاول تبلور مع انتصار الشيوعيين في روسيا عام 1917 وهو مصطلح سياسي اطلق على خوف الامريكيين في نهاية عقد الاربعينيات الى منتصف عقد الخمسينيات من النفوذ الشيوعي المحتمل في بلادهم ولم يكونوا يخشون الاتحاد السوفيتي فحسب بل يخشون الشيوعيين الامريكيين واختراقهم المحتمل للادارة الامريكية في محاولة لاسقاط الجمهورية ونظامها الديمقراطي الاتحادي , وقد عمل مكارثي على نشر وتاكيد تلك المخاوف ، اذ منحته الاوضاع السياسية والاجتماعية في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية الفرصة ، باعطائه التسمية الناجعة لقادة الراي العام الامريكي بان الاتحاد السوفيتي العدو الدولي ، والشيوعية تهديد تخريبي من الداخل ، وكانت ظروف البلاد الداخلية مهياة بعد خروجها من الحرب مع المانيا واليابان قبل مدة قصيرة من الزمن ودخولها في حرب باردة خطيرة ابان عقد الاربعينيات والخمسينيات مع السوفييت ، وممزااد من حدة الخوف تقارير وسائل الاعلام التي كانت تتحدث عن التجسس والسياسيين والصحفيين الذين يلمحون الى عمليات قام بها عملاء اجانب في التجارة والحكومة والتعليم وصناعة الافلام واغلب مرافق الحياة العامة الامريكية . بدات المكارثية بصورة فعلية وعملية في 9 شباط 1950 بالخطبة التي القاها مكارثي بذكرى مولد الرئيس ابراهام لنكولن والتي رفع فيها ورقة قال : انها تحوي (205) اسما من موظفي وزارة الخارجية متهمون بالشيوعية ومتهما الرئيس ترومان بالتواطىء وعدم الموافقة على اعفائهم من مناصبهم ، قادت اتهاماته الى سنوات من التحريات في مجلسي النواب والشيوخ ، ووصل مكارثي الى قمة سلطته عام 1953 بفوز الحزب الجمهوري بالرئاسة والاغلبية في الكونغرس وتراسه لجنة العمليات الحكومية الخاصة بالتحقيقات في النفقات الوزارية ولجنتها الفرعية ، لكن صلاحياته لم تستمر لمدة زمنية طويلة ، اذ سرعان ما بدا تراجعه (نهايته) عندما وجه اتهاماته الى وزارة الدفاع في 25 شباط 1954 بايواء عناصر شيوعية ، ادت تلك الاتهامات الى التقليل من هيبة واحترام الوزارة امام الشعب الامريكي ، وعلى اثر تلك الاتهامات فقد شعبيته ، مما دعا مجلس الشيوخ الى تشكيل لجنة للتحقيق معه بشان مزاعمه ، ووجد مجلس الشيوخ ان زميلهم تصرف بطريقة مهينة وتستحق التوبيخ ، فصدر قرار الادانة في 2 كانون الاول 1954 بتجريده من صلاحياته وايقافه عن العمل في اللجان ؛ لان تصرفاته لا تليق بعضو في مجلس الشيوخ الامريكي . خلفت المكارثية عديدا من الضحايا الابرياء وسجن المئات وكان اغلبهم له صلات (ارتباطات) بالحزب الشيوعي الامريكي في مدة ما من حياتهم ولذلك تم استهدافهم، وادراج عدد كبير من الضحايا على القائمة السوداء بما في ذلك الممثلين والمؤلفين وناشطين في الحقوق المدنية وعلماء واغلب شرائح المجتمع الاخرى . وقبل الخوض في نشاط مكارثي السياسي ودوره الفكري في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية في المدة موضوع الدراسة ، وجب اثارة عدد من الاسئلة ذات علاقة بمكارثي ومنها : هل كان للوسط الاجتماعي او الانحدار الطبقي والعائلي والتعليم وممارسته المحاماة والقضاء والخدمة العسكرية اثر في تكوين شخصيته ؟ والى اي مدى كان تاثيرها ؟ وما اسباب فوزه بعضوية مجلس الشيوخ ؟ وكيف كان اداؤه في المجلس ؟ ودوره في الجانب التشريعي ؟ ولماذا اهتم ببعض الجوانب التشريعية من دون سواها ؟ ما هي الاسباب والنتائج ؟ ما اراؤه السياسية في مشروع قانون تقنين السكر وقانون الاسكان ؟ ولماذا كان الشيخ الاكثر اثارة في الجانب الرقابي وما هي اسباب تدخله في اغلب القضايا ومنها التي لم تكن من صلاحياته او لم يكن مسؤولا عنها ، ولم يكن عضوا في لجانها ؟ وكيف تمكن من جعل صوته اعلى من تقرير لجنة مالميدي (Malmedy Committee) ؟ وما اسباب تمسك مكارثي بالشيوعية واتخاذها هدفا لاتهاماته التي قام بتوجيهها الى عدد كبير من الموظفين وغيرهم ؟ وكيف تمكن من استغلال الاوضاع التي كانت تمر بها البلاد من اجل تحقيق مكاسب شخصيه له ولحزبه ؟ ولماذا بدا باستهداف وزارة الخارجية دون سواها ؟ ومن الجهات التي كانت تمده بالمعلومات ؟ وهل كان لمكتب التحقيقات الفيدرالي (FBI ) دور في اتهامات مكارثي ؟ وكيف تمكن بدهائه السياسي من جعل قرار لجنة تيدينغس (Tyding) دون فائدة على الرغم من انه بين ان اتهاماته لوزارة الخارجية لا اساس لها ؟ وما الاسباب التي ادت الى تعاظم نفوذه وقوته ؟ وكيف تمكن من اقناع قادة الحزب الجمهوري بترؤسه لجنة العمليات الحكومية ولجنتها الفرعية وما الغاية من ذلك ؟ والى ماذا كان يسعى مكارثي من خلال استهداف اذاعة (صوت امريكا) والفنانين والفنانات والمكتبات ووزارة الدفاع ؟ وكيف كانت نهاية مكارثي والمكارثية ؟ جاءت فصول الاطروحة للاجابة على الاسئلة المطروحة وغيرها ، متوخين اتباع اسلوب التسلسل الزمني في عرض موضوعات الاطروحة ، وتم اختيار عام 1908 بداية لموضوعها كونه العام الذي شهد ولادة مكارثي في حين كانت وفاته في 2 ايار 1957 نهاية الاطروحة . اشتملت خطة الاطروحة على مقدمة واربعة فصول وخاتمة وملاحق ، بحث الفصل الاول نشاة مكارثي وسيرته المهنية حتى عام 1945، اذ احاط مبحثه الاول بمعرفة الوسط الاجتماعي الذي عاشت فيه عائلته الفلاحية . وركز المبحث الثاني على مكان ولادته ونشاته ، وظروف تعلمه وكيفية تبلور شخصيته وحصوله على شهادة القانون ، واكد المبحث الثالث على ممارسته المحاماة والقضاء وسيرته المهنية وكيفية معالجته للقضايا التي يتم عرضها عليه ، في حين ضم المبحث الرابع سيرته العسكرية والاهداف المرجوة منها . اما الفصل الثاني فتطرق الى نشاطه السياسي 1946 - 1949 . وخصص المبحث الاول لدراسة حملته الانتخابية وفوزه بعضوية مجلس الشيوخ . اما المبحث الثاني فقد افرد لدراسة نشاطه في مجلس الشيوخ . في حين كرس المبحث الثالث لدوره في الجانب التشريعي والافكار التي تم طرحها من اجل تشريع قانون انهاء تقنين السكر ومشروع قانون الاسكان . اما المبحث الرابع فقد درس نشاطه في الجانب الرقابي ودوره في تحقيقات لجنة مالميدي . وكرس الفصل الثالث لدراسة تبلور المكارثية ومحاربة الشيوعية 1950 . فتناول مبحثه الاول اسباب معاداة الشيوعية وظهور المكارثية . وفي المبحث الثاني سلط الضوء على وزارة الخارجية الامريكية ووطاة المكارثية . اما المبحث الثالث فقد ناقش اسباب تحقيقات لجنة تايدنغ وتقريرها . في حين خصص الفصل الرابع لدراسة المكارثية في التطبيق 1951 - 1957. فجاء المبحث الاول لدراسة تعاظم نفوذ مكارثي . اما المبحث الثاني فركز على تحقيقات لجنة العمليات الحكومية ودور مكارثي فيها والتي طالت اتهاماته اذاعة صوت امريكا والمكتبات والفنانين والفنانات ووزارة الدفاع . اما المبحث الثالث فقد افرد لبيان اسباب نهاية مكارثي والمكارثية . في حين جاءت الخاتمة موضحة اهم النتائج التي تم التوصل اليها . بناء على ذلك ولحصول الباحث على مجموعة متنوعة ومختلفة من وثائق الكونغرس الامريكي ووزارة الخارجية الامريكية ، التي حاول الباحث من خلالها استقراء دور مكارثي بالدرجة الاولى ، ولاسيما المنشورة تحت العنوان الرئيس : - (United States Department of State / Foreign Relations of the United States , 1952 - 1954 ) الموجودة في المكتبة المركزية في جامعة بغداد (الجادرية) وفي مكتبة وزارة الخارجية العراقية (بناية الوزارة) ، اذ رفدت الاطروحة بمعلومات مهمة في الفصلين الثالث والرابع ، اذ اعطتنا فكرة واضحة وجلية عن نشاط مكارثي السياسي ودوره الفكري ، اذ حوت معلومات دقيقة وتفصيلية عنه ، سيما اراء المسؤولين الامريكيين ووجهات نظرهم في واشنطن ، الى جانب ما حوته هذه الوثائق من تصريحات وبيانات ورسائل المسؤولين الامريكيين ، وبذلك هيات الفرصة للاجابة على كثير من الاسئلة التي تتعلق بنشاطه السياسي ودوره الفكري ، وحاول الباحث جهد الامكان استعمالها بصورة علمية محايدة ، ومتفاوتة من فصل لاخر علما انها وردت مجموعات مختلفة . وكان للوثائق المنشورة في مكتبة الرئيس ترومان اهمية كبيرة لمعرفة مواقف واراء السياسيين بشان اتهامات مكارثي والمنشورة في الموقع الالكتروني : http : //www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/mccarthyism/index.php ولا يخفى ما للرسائل والاطاريح من اهمية كبرى في رفد الباحث بمعلومات موثقة ودقيقة للاوضاع الداخلية والخارجية للولايات المتحدة الامريكية للمدة موضوع الدراسة . تاتي في مقدمتها اطروحة الدكتوراه للباحث احمد عبد الواحد عبد النبي الحلفي التي حملت عنوان (الرئيس الامريكي هاري ترومان واثر مبدئه في العلاقات الدولية 1945 - 1953) فقد افادت الاطروحة في الفصلين الثالث والرابع كذلك اطروحة الدكتوراه للباحثة ايناس سعدي عبد الله , المعنونة (الحرب الباردة , دراسة تاريخية للعلاقات الامريكية - السوفيتية 1945 - 1963 كوبا نموذجا) ، واطروحة الباحثة رغد فيصل عبد الوهاب نقاوة , المعنونة (سياسة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية تجاه اوربا الغربية في عهد الرئيس الامريكي هاري اس. ترومان 1945 - 1952 (دراسة تاريخية سياسية) اذ افادة الباحث في الفصلين الثالث والرابع لدراستهما الاوضاع السياسية العالمية في المدة موضوع الدراسة . ومن المصادر الاخرى الكتب العربية والمعربة التي تنوعت عناوينها ومؤلفيها سيما تلك التي تحدثت عن شخصية مكارثي ، او التي تتناول السياسة الامريكية ، واهمها كتاب (السناتور جو مكارثي) لمؤلفه ريتشرد هـ . روفيرى . واعتمد الباحث في معلوماته على النسختين العربية والانكليزية لوجود فارق كبير بينهما وعدم ترجمة اغلب صفحات الكتاب بعد مقارنة النسختين . وكتاب (المكارثية والمثقفون) لمؤلفه اريك بنتلي الذي اعطى معلومات عن تحقيقات لجنة النشاطات غير الامريكية ، وغيرها من الكتب التي اغنت الاطروحة بالمعلومات المهمة ، لانها حَوَتَ معلومات قيمة حول نشاطه ، اما الكتب الاجنبية فقد رفدت الاطروحة بمعلومات مهمة وعدت ركيزة اساسية في مصادر الاطروحة ، اذ اعتمد الباحث عليها بشكل كبير ابتداء من المرحلة الاولى لحياة مكارثي حتى وفاته ، وياتي في مقدمتها كتاب (تاريخ العالم من عام 1914 الى 1950 - World History from 1914 to 1950) لمؤلفه ديفيد تومسن (David Thomson) وكتاب (جوزيف مكارثي اعادة فحص حياة ولادت شيخ امريكي الاكثر كراهية - , Joseph McCarthy : Reexamining the Life and Legacy Of Americas Most Hated Senator لمؤلفه ارثر هيرمان (Arthur Herman) وكتاب ديفيد اوشنسكي (David M. Oshinsky) (المؤامرة الهائلة جدا عالم جوزيف مكارثي - A conspiracy So Immense : the World of Joe McCarthy) الذي شَخص جوانب عديدة من حياة مكارثي . ولم تهمل الدراسة الافادة من البحوث والمقالات المنشورة في الكتب الاجنبية التي كانت سباقة في نقل سيرة مكارثي ، واهم الاحداث في حياته المهنية ، اذ زودت الباحث بمعلومات مهمة. كما اعتمد الباحث على الموسوعات العربية والاجنبية وشبكة المعلومات الدولية الانترنت في الاطلاع على الوثائق المنشورة والكتب والمقالات العربية والاجنبية على حد سواء ، التي تضمنت معلومات مهمة عن افكار مكارثي السياسية . واخيرا ارجو من الله العلي القدير ان اكون قد وفقت في هذه الاطروحة التي اتمنى ان تشكل اضافة للدراسات العربية القليلة التي تعنى بهذه الموضوعات ، واضع هذا الجهد المتواضع بين ايدي اساتذتي الفضلاء شاكرا جهودهم القيمة في تثبيت ملاحظاتهم التي ستعزز القيمة العلمية للاطروحة ، فلهم مني شكري وتقديري وجزاهم الله عني خير الجزاء ، وما توفيقي الا بالله رب العالمين | The American Senator Joseph McCarthy is an important and influential political figure in American political life from 1950 to 1957, because he left a great influence on the entire American political life by establishing what is known in American history as McCarthyism, which can be defined as : The United States and McCarthyism are synonymous with serious accusations, but without clear evidence against high - ranking officials and even people in public life. McCarthyism was also used as a more comprehensive term to describe public practices by making false allegations and specifically by supporting pro - communism. The chapters of the Dissertatiion came to answer the questions and others, and we wanted to follow the chronological method in presenting the topics of the thesis, and was chosen in 1947 as the beginning of the subject of the year was the election of McCarthy as a member of the US Congress, while his death on May 2, 1957 end of the thesis. The first part of his dissertation includes the introduction of four chapters, a conclusion, and an appendix to the first chapter of McCarthy's career and career until 1945. His first topic covered the social milieu in which his family had lived and which had returned from the peasant families. The second topic focused on the place of his birth and origin, the conditions of his learning and how to crystallize his personality and the third degree on the practice of law and the judiciary and his professional career and how to deal with the issues that are presented to him, while the fourth section included his military career and the desired goals. Chapter II deals with McCarthy's political activity 1946 - 1949. The first topic was devoted to the study of his campaign and his victory in the Senate. The second topic was devoted to studying his activities in the Senate. While the third topic devoted to its activity in the legislative aspect and ideas that were put forward for the legislation of the law to end the rationing of sugar and the draft housing law. The fourth topic examined his activities on the supervisory side and his role in the investigations of the Malmedy Committee. The third chapter devoted to the study of the crystallization of McCarthyism and the fight against communism in 1950. His first topic dealt with the causes of anti - communism and the emergence of McCarthyism. In the second part, he highlighted the US State Department and the impact of McCarthyism. The third topic discussed the reasons for the investigation and report of the Tidings Commission. Chapter IV was devoted to the study of McCarthyism in the application 1951 - 1957. The first topic was to study McCarthy's growing influence. The second topic focused on the investigations of the governmental operations committee and its role in which the charges ranged from Voice of America radio, libraries, artists, artists and the military. The third topic was devoted to explaining the reasons for the end of McCarthy. While the conclusion was the most important results reached. Accordingly, the researcher obtained a variety of documents from the US Congress and the US State Department, which motivated the researcher to study McCarthy and his intellectual and political role in the United States of America in order to find out the hidden facts about him. Finally, I ask Allah Almighty to be successful in this Dissertation , which I hope to be an addition to the few Arabic studies dealing with these subjects. I put this effort in the hands of my distinguished professors, thanking their valuable efforts in establishing their observations which will enhance the scientific value of the . Allah rewarded me with the best reward, and my compromise except Allah the Lord of the worlds

الذهب واثره في الحياة الاقتصادية في الدولة العربية الاسلامية حتى عام 742 ه/ 681 م : دراسة تاريخية == Gold and its impact on the economic life in the Islamic Arab state until the year(742AH - 168AD)

اسم المؤلف: عباس فضل حسين المسعودي
اسم المشرف: سلمى عبد الحميد حسين الهاشمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: With the help of God and with the success of it, we came to the conclusion of the research, after a difficult journey through the sources searching for any novel or phrase or word about gold as a metal and criticism and ornaments and jewels, trying as much as possible to come out with the outcome of acceptability of analysis and criticism of everything contained in the folds of research, without bias or prejudice, bearing in mind that our work within the academic standards known.The study came out with a number of results that can be summarized as follows : The gold and still have an unprecedented attention in the human heritage from time immemorial, to the extent of multiple names and varied names of qualities, which demonstrates the great impact that he left in the land, and the seriousness of its role in the life of humanity in the religious, social, political and economic, and the names of gold and attributes that exceeded (Sixty) a name that gives a clear indication of the extent of penetration of this metal in the cultural heritage Arab Islamic, and those names are launched on each case of gold or type of type or phenomenon is the gold, whether inside the mines or during extraction and then purified, Diversity of uses The gold was present in the verses of Paradise and the Supreme Paradise, which gives an indication of his loftiness and his high status among the metals to a degree that is capable of the parts of the faithful, Moreover, the verses of the Holy Quran were strongly addressed to address the dazzle of the people with this metal, to warn of its treasure and to disrupt its economic role, and considered it to adorn people's love in the life of the world, as gold was a demand that impeded his request to those who support and reject the prophecy and the messages of heaven. That prophecy The Prophet (peace be upon him) pointed to the danger of gold, and codified the fields of its uses on the scale of adornment, and urged people to spend it for the sake of God. The areas of prohibition, prevention, forbidding, and openness to some in the use of gold According to what is stated in the modern tone, which contributes to reducing the obsession of people with this precious metal, and the treatments of books of Islamic jurisprudence in its five fields, the areas of gold and the scope of its use, taking into account the development of the Islamic rule of the Koran and Sunnah with regard to gold, Most agree on most As well as in some of the licenses and exceptions that these scholars dispute, as stated in the fatwa of the thesis. The Muslim scholars have tried to search for the theory of gold formation and its branches in the depths of the earth, trying to be accurate in this field through experimentation and inspection. : I think that the origin of the composition of gold back to the gases (Gas) trapped in the depths of the earth, which is exposed to high temperature and turn to gold, and the second opinion, I think that gold consists of the combination of the four elements (air, water, fire and soil) in the depths of the earth by high temperature , Pressure to a certain degree, There are those who say that the origin of gold came from the melting of mercury and sulfur in the ground under a certain temperature, and specialized gold has distinct properties made it distinguished from the rest of the minerals, he was described as strong casting and bear long ways, as well as the cleanliness of the metal and its coolness and its ability to form with multiple fluids and can re - And made it again without losing its weight or properties, as the burial of gold increases its strength and breadth, which increases in price, all these qualities made him an important metal in the industry of gold cash as well as medical uses, and diversified methods of gold mining and its location according to the type of soil that There is gold, and its proximity or beyond The land may be a simple plain where gold is extracted quickly and without hardship, and gold may be conspicuous. The land may be solid and rocky, and it needs hard work and hard work to break down these rocks and refine them and purify them for the sake of gold. Two ways to collect the first gold by cutting or combining in the form of granules or gold smooth atoms are usually near the rivers, and a second method depends on drilling in the depths of the earth and may reach long distances and exposed within the Earth, which carries the human risks associated with landslides accompanying the drilling, Workers, which increases to K. The production of gold, as well as the collapse of the mine may cause unexpected losses for workers, requiring them to re - work again and thus delay production for long periods, and were distributed gold mines across the continents of the ancient world at the time between Asia and Africa and( )Europe, and limited the production of gold bumper between the Peninsula Africa and sub - Saharan Africa have the lion's share of gold quality and ease of extraction, making it an important passage for trade through different historical ages.Since gold has the property of non - annihilation in the land, and enters into various areas of life, the methods of obtaining it varied, among the spoils of war that emerged in the era of Islamic conquests in Iraq and Syria, Egypt and Africa, as well as some cities of the East, and between treaties peace, And the thefts were a way to win this precious metal, not to mention the legacies and legacies left by some of the rich, which exceeded the reasonable gold, and were the treasures and treasures an important door of access to gold.Although the study reviewed the presence of gold in the era of the power of the Arab Islamic state, did not signal the major economic crises caused by the lack of this metal in the coffers of the state or in the markets, but we have seen some of the phenomena of shortages, which occurred for political reasons related to the occurrence of conflicts and disturbances in the presence of gold, As well as the political changes that made the impede the smooth flow of gold from us

التحكــيم عند العــرب في وسط شبه الجزيرة العربية قبل الاسلام

اسم المؤلف: صلاح حسن خلف الكرخي
اسم المشرف: عبد الباسط عبد الرزاق حسين
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ديالى
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: للحاجة الماسة لفض النزاعات، وحل المشكلات بين القبائل والاشخاص قبل ظهور الاسلام، ظهر لديهم قضاة او ما يسمى (بالعوارف او المحكمين). وكان يلجا لهؤلاء الكثير وياتون الى هؤلاء المحكمين من جميع انحاء الجزيرة العربية؛ لاجل التقاضي، وحقن دماء اقوامهم. فجاء موضوع بحثنا ( التحكيم والمقاضاة عند العرب في شبه الجزيرة العربية قبل الاسلام )، واشتهر العدد من هؤلاء القضاة او المحكمين واصبحوا شخصيات بارزة، فجاءت الرسالة بثلاثة فصول : تضمن الاول ثلاثة مباحث، تضمن الاول النظم الاجتماعية عند العرب قبل الاسلام وعلاقة القبيلة بالمجتمع المحيط بها، فضلا عن صفات وواجبات سيد القبيلة، ومجلس القبيلة، والعصبية القبيلة، وطبقات المجتمع العربي، والقيم الاجتماعية التحكيمية، والاستجارة، والدين، والثار. وتضمن الفصل الثاني ثلاث مباحث، وكان عنوانه الاحلاف العربية وايام العرب قبل الاسلام، احلاف العرب قبل الاسلام، ايام القحطانيين فيما بينهم، وايامهم مع العدنانيين، ثم ايام العدنانيين فيما بينهم. وتضمن الثالث اماكن التحكيم العامة، وابرز المحكمين ( دار الندوة - وسوق عكاظ )، ومحكمي الطبقة الدينية : الكهان، والعرافين، والاستقسام بالازلام، ومحكمي الطبقة الاجتماعية، ابرز محكمي المجتمع وابرز محكماتهم، وتحكيم النبي ().

العلاقات السياسية التركية - الايرانية 1923 - 1945 == Turkish - Iranian Political Relation 1923 - 1945

اسم المؤلف: صادق فاضل زغير الزهيري
اسم المشرف: عفراء عطا عبد الكريم الريس
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Relation of turkey and Iran, which are Important and Strong Countries In the Middle - East , date back To Thousands years ago, The relations which characterised sometimes with tension sometimes with friendship have caused an inevitable interaction between the two countries throughout history. The choice of this topic was motivated by the importance of The role that these two countries play in the middle East Especially on the arab countries, including Iraq , and the great in Fluence of their policies in the reqion as a whole. The two Countries which Confronted with each Other Due To the Reasons such as Political/ Idealogical tension, geo - Strategical Rivalry, economic hegemony and religious Contraveysy In the Past, have started to get Closer to Each other since the owerthrown of the Kachar dynasty In Iran. In improving the relations of the Two States the Nationalist Charismatic leaders who have been the Main actors in Change and westernisation Policies, have Played Very important roles. Thus, The Contraversies Between The Two Countries Have Been Solved And The Relations have been Placed A solid legal Ground, ending the suspieion and Prejudice Characterised The relationships between the two states for Along Time. The Common Security Concerns Aspiration for Economic Social Development And Nationalist Modernist Aprroaches Have Forced Each Country To Cooperate with the Other One. Moreover, The Necesity for cmmon Combat Against Seperatiet Kurdish Movement which Thretaens both States is Anather factor which Affect the Two Countries' Relations. In The Process which Foreign (Outsider) Actors Have Also Involred, The Two States Recognised That If They Develop Peaceful Agreement And Cooperation Instead of Rivalry And Conflict, It Would Be more In Farour of Them, And They Shape Their Relations Accordingly. The Have Sustained This Policy as Long as Internal And External Factors Let to do So and They have Taken Place In Regional Cooperations, actin Together. The First Part of the Introductions Between the Two Countries from the Beginning of the Twentieth Century Until 1925, he Reviewed the Nature of the Relations Between the Countries And The Entry of the Ottoman forces Into Iranian Territory During the First world war, The Turkish Support of the Iranin Revolutionary Movements, The Diplomatic Contact Between the Two countries And the Courese of Their Political Relations, And Issue of Declaring the Republic In Iran. The Second Chapter Reviewed the Turkish - Iranian Treaty of 1926, The Problems of the Kurds on the Border And the Seduction of the 1930. The third Chapter Deals with Turkish - Iranian Agreements In 1932, And Reza Shah visit to Turkey in 1934. The Fourth Chapter Dealt with the Relations Between the Two Countries in the Period 1923 - 1945, The Turkish Policy In Iran's foreign Policy Relatians, Especially with Afghanistan And iraq, The Saadabad Charter, the Position of the Two Countries on world warII, and Turkey's Position On the Soviet - British Occupation of Iran.

شخصية الامام علي بن ابي طالب (عليه السلام) في كتاب الاستيعاب لابن عبد البر الاندلسي (ت463هـ/1070م) == The character of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) Bin Abi Tallib in The Book of Comprehension for Bin Abdul AL - Barr AL - Andalusia (T 463H/1070D

اسم المؤلف: ايلاف شاكر زبيل حمود الكعبي
اسم المشرف: كاظم عبد نتيش الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The chapter three Involved the personality of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) in the book of comprehension To Abe Omar Youssef bin Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Abdul AL - Barr bin Asim al - Nimri ( T463A.H - 1070A.D ) who considered from the important scientific characters that left clear marks in the branches of Islamic thought in generally and in AL - Andalusia particularly, He belonged to a family known by science in the city of Cordoba helped him build his scientific personality , which made him distinguished by a great scientific culture that his family to occupy a prestigious position among his friends from the scientists of his age . He left a great scientific heritage . Only the disciple on his hands or his writings that included various forms of knowledge of interpreting modern biography and jurisprudence and literature and history which made them coiled dup nickname sheikh of the scientists of Andalusia and keep Morocco . Lack of an academic study illustrates the position bin Abdul AL - Barr from the personality of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) we made contribution in this side through the answer group of questions : How did see bin Abdul Barr to the personality of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) ? Did he can to survive from the political and ideological orientations ? Did he consort in points of views about Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) with eastern vision or we called this Andalusia vision for Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) . The study divided into four chapters , an introduction and conclusion . The chapter one involved the age of bin Abdul AL - Barr , and his social and scientific biography. It two sections , the first involved the general affairs in his age while the second involved his social and scientific biography . The chapter two involved to the study of the approach bin Abdul AL - Barr in his mentions about Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) , and it involved two sections . The first involved this approach while the second involved his resources . The chapter three involved the study of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) biography in the age of prophet ( peace and blessings of Allah be upon him ) that it included his name his lineage and his family , and the marriage of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) from Fatima AL - Zahra ( peace be upon her ) and his sons and the characteristics of Imam ( peace be upon him ) , in addition the faith of Abu Talib while the another section involved the position of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) for the prophet ( peace and blessings of Allah be upon him ) and speaking about him , his Islam , his sleeping on the bed of the prophet ( peace and blessings of Allah be upon him ) , his migration . to the third sections involved the study of jihad Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) with the prophet ( peace and blessings of Allah be upon him ) in his battles as Badr , Ahad , Al khandaq , Khyber , Al hadibia and the military confidentiality of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) to Yemen . The chapter four involved the biography of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) after the death of the prophet ( peace and blessings of Allah be upon him ) . It involved three sections . The first section involved the study of the character of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) before the death of the prophet ( peace and blessings of Allah be upon him ) the sections devoted to study , the events of penthouse and the situation Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) from the pledge of Abe Baker Omar and Othman while the third sections involved the study the pledge for the Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) and the administrative and economic aspects , It involved the military role of the Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) during the battles and the martyrdom the Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) . Through the study explained that Bin Abdul AL - Barr who was the biggest scientists of Andalusia , He lived in the political deterioration and general turbulence in all cities of Andalusia , but he did not leave his home despite the circumstances , as did some scholars and remained active scientific and calls for unity of Andalusia influential contribution in supporting scientific movement works are characterized by abundance and diversity to be an honest witness the right capacity . And his fame and resented whoop biggest point absorption book which we are searching . He was wobbly in his vision of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) because of his Andalusia vision and his dogmatic orientation . We find that there are things considered wants to look his companions disagreed on some issues addressed by Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) alone without the involvement of one with him and any cleansing that the owners of clothing And did not involve one as did other historians As well as twinning modern and modern flag . on the other hand , ignored many virtues Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) like his birth in holy kaaba and many of virtues of Imam Ali ( peace be upon him ) there for we found that that Bin Abdul AL - Barr was characterized by ambivalence and ambiguity in many of matters about the Imam Ali ( peace be upon him

دور عبد الحسين الجلبي السياسي في العراق 1921 - 1939 == The political Role of Abdul Hussein Alchalabi in Iraq (1877 - 1939)

اسم المؤلف: سيف معتز عمر المناصير
اسم المشرف: انور جاسب شنته الطريف
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This thesis studies the life and character of the late diseased Abdul Hussein AlChalbi, a prominent merchant from a wealth family, known for its merchandise in Kadhumiaya. He was one of the fifteen delegates, wo met with the General Secretary of the Civil Governor to help Iraqi people achieve what they have long hoped for; namely forming a national government. Alchalabi held several ministerial positions in the Iraqi government during the reign of Kink Faisal and King Ghazi. He was also prominent figure when the Iraqi government was once established during the royal era. He was also a well - known academic figure who had played a significant role in promoting knowledge and education. Since then, the Iraqi government was under the British mandate and it was in a badly need for such figures to fill the ministerial formations with people to which they show obedience and loyalty, for the development of the political process and for the common good.The current study comprises an introductory part and it is fallen under three main chapters : the first chapter consists of three sections, and the second and third chapters consist of two sections each and a concluding part. His autobiography, character, qualities and his stand in the elimination of the massive Wahhabist influences in Iraq in the 1920s by Faisal AlDoweish, and the supports he showed for the Iraqi government are discussed in chapter one. This chapter also highlights the establishment of the Iraqi national party. Alchalabi was one of the influential founding bodies to get an approval from the Iraqi government for the establishment of the Iraqi National party, he is a member of the Alahad part as well.The second chapter sheds light on the ministries that were taken over during his inauguration in the Iraqi ministries, including the Ministry ofAbstractBEducation, which was filled eight times : the first in 1922; the second in March 1925; the third in June 1925, the fourth in September 1929, the fifth in November 1929, the sixth and the seventh in October 1931; and the eighth one in March 1935. The Ministry of Telecommunication that was taken over in between 1925 and 1926, the Ministry of Agriculture, which was taken over twice in the first 1927, and the second per procuration in 1930. These years, during the period of his administration, were characterized by extraordinary achievements that aimed to contribute clearly to the political, economic and social construction of the public interest and the Iraqi government in particular.The third chapter discusses Alchalabi's political role in terms of the House of Representatives and his vital participation in the approval and vote in many of the legislations that were being deliberated by members of the House of Representatives, for the first electoral cycle on 16 July 1925 - 28 January 1928, as member of the chamber of Deputies for the second round of elections on 19 May 1928 - 1 July 1930, and as a member of the Chamber of Deputies for the third election session on 1 November 1930 - 4. This chapter also exposes the role of Abdul Hussain Chalabi in the senate and his presidency of the financial and economic committees in approving and rejecting the regulations that are circulated by the members of the senate, where he was a member of the senate from November 1933 until his death on the 11th of March 1939

اسهامات العراقيين السياسية والاداراية والفكرية في الدولة الفاطمية 297 - 567هـ / 909 - 1171م == Iraqis participations in politic, Administration and ideology in the historical fatimi state(296 - 567A.H)

اسم المؤلف: سندس بندر خزعل
اسم المشرف: علي صدام نصر الله الفريجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study is one of the most important study about all things happened in " fatimi state " from the first day of establishmeul until it's falling down . The importance of this study has many sides ."Chapter 1 " shows and focusses about Iraqis Participation inestablishing the state cause this establishment had been done by the efforts and struggle's of the Iraqis in Western part of Arab world ."Chapter 2" talks about the Iraqis participations Management and all fields in the govenmantal cabinet including Writing , courts economic … etc. because the Iraqis have a high degree of knowledge and experience . "Chapter 3" shows all Iraqis participations in Relegous , language , human science and they were excellent in these fields so we should highlite this role of the Iraqis in the history of "fatimi state " which was very great and huge state and we should show the presence of "fatimi state" and its impact in Islamic state history

العباس بن عبد المطلب : دراسة تاريخية (56ق.هـ - 23 هـ/ 569م - 653م ) == AL - Abbas Bin Abdul muttalib Ahistorical Study

اسم المؤلف: رواء زامـل شلال التميمي
اسم المشرف: محسن مشكل فهد الحجاج
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: AL - Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib, one of the uncles of prophet Muhammad who had an important role in spreading the Islamic Dawaa and religion. Abbas was one of the believers in Prophet Abraham (Allah prays on him) like his fatherAl Abdul Muttalib.AL ALAbbas did not declare his conversion to Islam, until the battle of Badir (2 AH). He was an irrigator of pilgrims in Mecca in Aljahilia era after the death of Abu Talib, until the conquering of Mecca by Prophet Muhammad (Allah prays on him).When Prophet Muhammad (Allah prays on him) and the believers emigrated to Al - Madina, Abbas was contacting Prophet Muhammad (Allah prays on him) telling him about the unbelievers conspiracies against Islam and Muslims.Afterwards, Abbas emigrated to Al - Madina to meet up with Prophet Muhammad on the way. After the death of Prophet Muhammad (Allah prays on him),AL Abbas and Imam Ali were the ones to console.ALAbbas was an opponent to the allegiance to Abu Bakir, however, he swore unwillingly. When Abu Bakir died, Omar Ibn Al - Khatab became khalifa, he did not have a good relationship withAL Abbas and did not allow him to be one of the six members in Shura Council. When Omar Ibn Al - Khatab, Othman bin Affan became Khalifa,AL ALAbbas offered him advices and recommendations because the state was in chaos, but Othman did not put his recommendations into consideration.AL Abbas died in 32 HJ

بيعة غدير خم التمهيد لها والاثار المترتبة عليها == In Preparation of Homage "Ghadeer Khom" and Resulting Effects

اسم المؤلف: دعاء عدنان رمضان النجار
اسم المشرف: رباب جبار طاهر السوداني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: One of the most important propositions of heaven is the process of intellectual and political integration between prophecy and imamate (Islamic leadership after the prophet Mohammed).and the prophecy in its Khatami period, and the imamate of its progressive start to the construction of prophecy in the explanatory and religious paths and leadership of the Islamic nation for the post - Holy generous Prophet Peace and Blessings upon him (PBUH for short) , is Ghadir Khumm Allegiance. , The allegiance that was founded for the Imam Ali bin Abi Talibs political and intellectual allegiance ,which necessitated a preparatory and divine preparation reflecting the close link between the divine political system and the Ghadir Khumm Allegiance, and it has formed an important focal point in the political construction of the path of the Imamate, which was not committed by a section of Muslims in a clear challenge to the orders of heaven and it was the beginning of the stage of political deviation that wreaked calamities on the Islamic nation because of abandoning the pledge of Ghadir Kham and the imamate of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib ( Peace upon him PUH for short).

الحياة العلمية في اقليم فارس في عهد المغول الايلخانيين من منتصف القرن السابع الى القرن التاسع الهجريين

اسم المؤلف: جعفر صادق عبد الامير المياح
اسم المشرف: سعاد هادي حسن الطائي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: N0 longer study the history of the Mongols not smooth for most researchers and scholars , Ntra to the lack of historical sources Arabic , most of the books a bout them are historians more or leave ,especially that lived through their stage historical, and that the researcher finds it difficult to translate their history and audit events that have affected significantly change the Islamic world map . the optional subject of the study was the desire to me to look for writing new historical and characterized as difficult , to move away from the familiar and prevent the recurrence of maketbearlier ,which helped me to optional subject is my study of history in the year preparations , as it made clear I have a lot of things Vague and faulty about their history , we were we hear very little about their history and which has been associated Boam Genghis Khan( d .625 AH/1227 AD ) , or his grandson Hulaqu( d .663 AH/1265 AD) and what they have done from the rubble here and there during their battles and campaigns martial expansion plans , and this is out the question in history in general , what is failure wars of destruction and devastation is unknown for all nations and peoples ,whether in Islamic history or modern , especially since the a Mongols did not embrace Islam officially only in the reign of Sultan Ghazan (694 - 703 h /1295 - 1304 um ) But who reads the history of the Mongols carefully will find they have followed a policy of to lerance with all the peoples subjected to them , especially after it united Genghis state and make them uniform law of their systems and those around them from the peoples of the pastoral to the peoples of the civilized was civilization combination of several civilization Arabic ones and Turkish , Persian ,with a diversity of religions ,which has become a matter of course ,impact positively change their lives and contributed greatly to their integration with Saub Adh . otodh this matter by attracting Genghiskhan and his children and grand children for most cultivated elements and efficient , regardless of their gender, or their identity , or language , or religion , but that mostly Kano Muslims whether Arabs or Persians ,or Turk ,and had their clear imprint in drawing the Mongol empire land marks . Hence the importance of the optional protocol to the subject of the Mongols scientific life ,intellectual and cultural before they convert to Islam after embracing H.Kadd underwent Mongol domination of people seizing control it is intended here to dominate is not a military or politics ,but the scientific, cultural, and this is what I,ve ever had in my study those that have faced the difficulty great for the large number of sources and the large number of scientists in different scientific and humanistic competence and intellectual in the province of fares and through the control of the Mongols , with the establishment of scientific institutions and teaching of various kinds, before he declared bsultan Ghazan Islam is the official religion of the Mongols ,and the increased interest in scientific life after embracing him ,but that AlaaKhant Mongols themselves were lovers of poetry and science and scientific and other ,Vostqtaboa around them the most important scholars and writers races and different religions promise ,but that a number of them were senior ministers and princes ,governors ,and they enjoy wide powers competed by AlaaKhan Mughal himself ,as they realize their importance and experience of a administrative, scientific, DAI and Muslims were great prestige . this Mongols succeeded ,especially after their conversion to Islam in the development of the foundations of a strong empire vast ,and it was the founding of the Mongol nation by Huluqu in Persia year (651 AH/1253 AD) a critical juncture in their history ,as it affected significantly its people from Muslims , Vochttaiwa them and integrated them ,and shares this it is to important know ledge on the principles of Islam and its teachings , Voatnq large number of them to Islam ,and not only after that was Eilkhaniah Mongols in Persia belonging to the Khan Azam ,became an independent state boasts features diverse civilization prestigious characterized by all other countries ,and when he became Islam is the official religion of the Mongols in Persia increased radiance of civilization and made Mongols civilized nations subservient to Islamic civilization it or not . It is worth mentioning that there are a number of academic studies on the territory of Persia during the Abbasid era ,which ,province c of Fars since the Arab - Muslim conquest until 218 AH/833 AD study in the conditions of geographic , economic and administrative super star reformer ,life scientific in the province of Fars years (454 - 656h / 1062 - 1258 AD) for Sabrin Baha Abodul Redha , and this study is a complimentary letter ,as well as message and Atarih promise addressed the scientific life and intellectual in a number of cities in the Muslim East during Al abasi .Oaguetdt ago study is divided treatise to boot ,and four chapters ,preceded introduction we touched them to the importance of the subject the dimensions and the analysis of the most important sources and reference and then followed by an epilogue that is the overall findings of the study ,and then followed by a list of supplements that included a number of maps of the region of Fars and location , followed by a list of sources and reference ,and a summary of the thesis in English .We pointed out in the preface , titled (province of Fars geographical boundaries and the most important cities ) to the label and the border of the region of Persia ,the most important Orhan ,and we dealt with a brief summary of the founding of the Eilkhaniah Mongols (651 - 756 h /1253 - 1355 m ) and the most important rulers ,which are summarized and explained their resumes and Alssayash . otdmn the first chapter is marked by (boom scientific life in the province of Fars ) Mbgesin factor s ,the first section was entitled (the impact of Islamic civilization and interesting Alaakhanat Mongol science and scientists ) we dealt with the impact of Islamic civilization on the Mongols Alaakhanian ,which shows through the acquisition of the most prominent d manifestations due to mixing with the population and their integration with them ,and Arzina attention Alaakhanat Kaveh Mongol science and clarify this matter by scientists with an interest and passion for a number of science . the second topic titled (the establishment of educational institutions and the holding of scientific councils in the province of Fars) we dealt with the most important scientific centers and teaching in the province of Fars , both founded during the Abbasid period (132 - 656h/749 - 1258m) lasted until the reign of the Mughal Alaakhanian as well as centers that was founded in their reign ,such as first : mosques , mosques ,and secondly : schools, Third : connectivity ,fourth : Gorges , and V.angles ,Sixth : Libraries and cabinets ,which included Amhoaal libraries ,Seventh ,Scientific councils ,most notably the boards of dictation and Alastmlae, boards debates ,councils Aloed and reminders ,and their impact on the development of scientific life in the province of Fars through the testimony of scientists and science students of ammunition and by Agaymh .ama Chapter II is marked by (trips and their impact on the prosperity of the scientific life in the region Faris ),which included two sections ,covered in the first section ,titled : ( significance of the scientific trips and cultural exchange between the cities of the Muslim world)which dealt with first : the importance of scientific trips ,and second months scientists province of Fars, who departed to the cities of the Muslim world ,Arzina through it on the importance of scientific trips to these scientists in support of scientific life in the province of Fars through cultural exchange with the cities of the e Muslim world .And I pointed out in Section II, entitled (after trekking scientific scholars of the Islamic world in the development of scientific life in the a region Knight)reminded us of the months of the Islamic world's scientists who had come to Fars province ,and benefited from the sciences through their meeting with scientific councils Ver .otdmn the third quarter marked (flourishing religious sciences and intellectual in the province of Fars and most famous scientists)which dealt with first : science readings, and secondly ,science interpretation, Third : modern science ,Fourth : science of jurisprudence, V.aware of the statutes ,Sixth : science assets ,which we pointed out to the attention of most of the province of scientists Fares to familiarize themselves with this science to their importance they sought to study and teach and Mrthalin in order to study the origins and Fruaha .mn which included the second topic, which came the title(the evolution of intellectual science in the province of Fars and Aerha to the prosperity of the scientific life in the cities ), the task of science and hobbled through the First : Knowledge of mysticism ,and secondly : theology ,and Thirdly : philosophy ,Fourth aware wise, Fifth ,logic , and Arzina which mentions the importance of the science and the most important scientists who were interested in The fourth quarter is marked by (the evolution of language and the humanities in the province of Fars and its impact on the world of science in the cities),consisted of three sections ,the first section ,titled (blossoming of Arabic Language Science in the province of Fars and most scientists ) I through to the task of science ,including first Language Sciences, F second : Knowledge of grammar , and Third : Scientific literature, Fourth : hair, V. prose, Sixth : rhetoric and oratory ,and we dealt with most important scientists who Nbgua this science and the most prominent compositions in which, while the second part ,titled (after flowering humanities the art in enriching scientific life and support in Fars province) included several major ones : first : the science of history ,and secondly : knowledge of geographical and Third : genealogy and men , lV aware of the line , V. aware of engravings and photography ,Sixth : Musicology and sing points, Arzina here the importance of the science and its impact on the development of scientific activity in the province of Fars and the most prominent of excelled where scientists ,and track of them in the lives of students Alalm .oachert in the third section Mosomb (the importance of the development of mental science in support of staff of scientific life in the province of Fars ) to the first : the science of medicine and secondly : zoology or veterinary , and thirdly Pharmacology , fourth : arithmetic ,V .algebra and interview ,Sixth : geometry Seventh : Chemistry , Eighth : physics , IX : astronomy ,stars ,Tenth : Food science , and explained here the attention of scientists studying these various sciences to their importance in the humanitarian and scientific aspect as well .

تيمور بختيار ودوره السياسي في ايران 1914 - 1970 == Role in Iran Teimour Bukhtiar and his political ( 1970 - 1914 )

اسم المؤلف: حبيب عمران جادر الاعاجيبي
اسم المشرف: عباس حسين مجيسر الجابري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The region has seen a lot of political developments, came to the attention of academic institutions in the study of contemporary history of Iran in the recent period, particularly the study of contemporary political figures for the study of these figures showed the need for further studies to provide a clear - dimensional image on those characters and the circumstances that have passed And that person is a historic event maker, and understand the nature of his character is necessary to understand the course of events, composition and causes, because the creation of history is a continuum with each interconnected other cannot understand studying its roots and find out the hidden factors behind the composition, especially if the event was associated with the character of what, Timor Bakhtaran, one of the personalities that have left scars evident in the contemporary history of Iran, the study consists of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion , the first chapter with, political Iran 1 4 1 included the study of developments in the year AH, a - ,a V Dement study Constitutional revolution, which is one of the most prominent events Seah in Iran and the subsequent political events until 4111 and then continued in this chapter, the birth and Genesis Timor Bakhtiar and 1 personal qualities 4 and the evolution of his political activity until . the second chapter is under the title of the military and political role of Timor Bakhtiarah . The role of Timor Bakhtiarah militare in the creation of North and South Iran is to eliminate the secessionist ,movements in Iran and its political role in ending my governments credibility and its political role in ending the Tudeh party and on the its rulings on the organization of tow Fedayeen Islam and ending the government Zahedi . the third chapter dealt with Timor Bakhtiar and the SAVAC 1962 through his role in the establishment of the SAVAK and the American and Israeli role in establishing the SAVAK and Ray Timur Bakhtiar in the political life in Iran and dismissal of Takhim Bakhtiar the SAVAK after his travel to the United States . The fourth chapter is entitled "the Journey of Timor Bakhtiarah" to Iran from 1962 to Europe in 1917

شراء الذمم والولاءات في العصر الاموي 41 - 132هـ/661 - 749م == Buy accounts receivable and loyalties in the Umayyad era (41 - 132H/661 - 749A

اسم المؤلف: تحرير محمد جعدان العزاوي
اسم المشرف: علي صالح رسن المحمداوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:

الملك ادريس السنوسي ودوره السياسي في ليبيا (1952 - 1969) == King Idris AL_Senussi and His Political Role in Libya (1952 - 1969

اسم المؤلف: ايمان جميل صخيل العكيلي
اسم المشرف: مهند عبد العزيز عطية الازيرجاوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study discusses King Idris al - Senussi and his political role in Libya from 1952 to 1969. The importance of this study is that it documents an important period in the history of modern Libya, the period of the monarchy. Many of the mysterious historical facts of King Idris al - Senussi are revealed through a period of wisdom. The first chapter contains the policy of King Idris al - Senussi from 1952 to 1963. If this chapter clarifies the role of the king in the internal events witnessed by Libya in this period, if there were differences and competition between the Libyan states, and the king's decision to transform the regime from a monarch to a republican. This period also witnessed the establishment of the Libyan army. The second chapter includes the role of King Idris and his policy in Libya since 1964 until the coup of the first of September 1969, if there occurred during this period strong events shook the Libyan monarchy because of the student demonstrations that started from several Libyan cities and clashed with the Libyan forces and killed a large number of However, with the wisdom of Mahmmud al - Montaser, he managed to calm the atmosphere for some time. The third chapter includes the role of King Idris in Libya's foreign relations with the major powers Britain and the United States. France and Turkey, where King Idris had a very strong relationship with Britain and America, because he considered the existence of good relations with them protect the monarchy from the nationalist tendencies prevalent in that period. France did not welcome the king because of its arbitrary behavior towards the countries of the Maghreb, and Algeria. The fourth chapter deals with the role of King Idris al - Senussi in Libya's relations with the Arab countries, especially Egypt and Iraq, as well as his position on the Arab issues during that period, namely the Palestinian issue and the Algerian issue. This chapter doal with extensively about the king's role in these relations, And the islands, especially with Egypt because of differences in the directions of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser Nationalism with the directions of King Idris, also addressed the position of the King of the Algerian issue, which was strongly supported by the King and strong support completely different from his position on the Palestinian issue.The main conclusions arrived at in this study are : That King Idris had a very large role in the independence of Libya as a result of taking support from Britain, as well as had a role in the events faced by Libya, both internal and external during the period of wisdom. He was often pressured successive ministries and threatened to resign from the government if taken a decision contrary to alliances with Britain and America, and he was afraid of extending the national ideas of Nassiriyah to his country, but he could not prevent these ideas from reaching the Libyan people, the Egyptian presence was very strong and present, which led to the end of the coup of the first of September 1969, King Idris al - Senusi ruled and the era of Republic began Led by First Lieutenant Muammar Gaddafi.

العلاقات السياسية بين تونس وطرابلس الغرب خلال العهد القرمانلي (1711 - 1835) == The political Relations between Tunisi and Triploli during the Era Qarmanly (1711 - 1835

اسم المؤلف: منال عاشور شذر الزيدي
اسم المشرف: علي حسين نمر الاسماعيلي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The establishment of the Husseini family in Tunisia (1705) and the Qarmanian in Tripoli (1711) , gave both Tunisia and Tripoli shape of the personality of the nation - state in the modern sense with nominative name under the framework of the Ottoman state , The political and administrative situation was less than independence at that time. It was run by two local national governments , their political , anministrative and military establishment were local and Arabic was their offieial languge alongside Turkish . . Athesis , consists of introduction , four chapters and conclusion , each chapter involved two sections . The chapter one involved to study the political situations in Tunisia and the Tripoli before and after the Spanish occupation ,the section one explained the situation of Tunisia and Tripoli during the Spanish occupation white the section two explained the Ottoman control over Tunisian and Tripoli . The chapter two involed the relations Tunisia - Tripoli during the period of local governments and the situation of the Ottoman government and Europeans from (1759 - 1711) . The Section one explained the Husseini family control over, Tunisia (1705) and the Qarmanian family on Tripoli (1711), while the section two explained the French situation from the political of AL .Hussein bin Ali and Ali basha in Tuinisa , and the political of Mohammed AL.Qarmanianly in Tripoli. . The chapter three in volved the political developments (1795 - 1759) . the section one explained the studing of the developments in both Tunisia and Tripoli while the section two involed the control Ali Bourghil on Tripoli (1795 - 1792). The chapter four involved the relations . Tunsia Tripoli (1835 - 1795) the section one explained the relations between yousif Qarmanianly and bayats of Tunisia , while the section two involved the events of civition war in Tripoli (1835 - 1832) . The conelusion involved the mian results of the study that the historieal events contributed in the erlations between Tunisia and Tripoli. . As for the relations Tunisia - Tripoli were involved interconnection bonds between them clearly.

موقف جماعة الاخوان المسلمين من التطورات السياسية الداخلية في مصر (1967 ـ 1981) م : دراسة تاريخية == THE POSITION OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD OF INTERNAL POLITICIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EGYPT ( 1967 - 1981 )

اسم المؤلف: اسراء حميد حنون حسن السيد نور
اسم المشرف: عمار فاضل حمزة العابد
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Many researchers were interested in the history of Egypt because it was one of the countries which have had a tremendous effect on the Arab World. Brotherhood issue is considered as one of the important political issues witnessed in the twentieth century. This group was established in 1928 on the hands of an Egyptian young man named Hasan Al - Banna. This issue raises many theoretical and practical disputes about Egypt in particular and the Islamic World in general. This study is part of a series that tackled Brotherhood issue in different Arabian and foreign countries. It is a fruitful subject for study and research for its great impact on society. The thesis involves an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter, entitled “The Beginning and Development of Muslim Brotherhood Group and their Relationship with the Political System in Egypt (1928 - 1967)”, consists of four sections. The first section deals with the beginning of Muslim Brotherhood group and their organizational and propaganda domains in Egypt. The second section, on the other hand, tackles the relationship of Muslim Brotherhood group with the political system (1939 - 1949). The position of Brotherhood group of the revolution of 1952 is discussed in the third section. Whereas their position of the crisis of 1954 in Egypt is the main subject of discussion in section four. The second chapter is entitled “The Advancement of Brotherhood’s Relationship with the Political System from Estrangement to Conciliation (1967 - 1971)”. Like chapter one, this chapter also includes four sections. The first section deals with Brotherhood and the consequences of the war of May 1967. Brotherhood’ position of students’ demonstrations of 1968 is discussed in the second section. The third section, on the other hand, tackles the death of the Egyptian president Jamal Abdel Nasser in 1970. The last section covers the conciliation with Brotherhood in 1971.The third chapter, entitled “Brotherhood, Political and Overt Actions (1972 - 1976)”, consists of five sections. The first section covers Brotherhood, university and Brotherhood’s position of 1972 students’ demonstrations. Brotherhood’s Journalism is investigated in the second section. Whereas their position of the war of Ramadan 1973 is discussed in the third section. The fourth section reveals the relationship of Brotherhood with other Islamic groups, like their relationship with Salih Siriyah and their position of his coup in 1974, their relationship with the Islamic group and their position of the assassination of Al - Dhahabi in 1977, and their relationship with Al - Jihad organization. The last section deals with Brotherhood’s position of the multiplicity of political parties in 1976.The fourth and last chapter of the thesis comes under the title “Brotherhood, Political System and Return of Estrangement (1977 - 1981)”. This chapter consists of four sections. The first section covers Brotherhood’s position of the demonstrations in January 1977. Their attitude of Al - Sadat’s visit (to the Zionist entity) in 1977 is discussed in the second section. The third section deals with Brotherhood and peace treaties. It examines Brotherhood’s position of the peace treaty with the Zionist entity - 1978 Camp David treaty, and their attitude of the peace treaty of 1979. The fourth section tackles 1981 September arrests and Brotherhood’s attitude.It is concluded that Al - Sadat allows Islamic groups, especially Brotherhood group, to achieve their aims. Moreover, Brotherhood took advantage of Al - Sadat to return to the political scene after being prohibited. They were able to work normally without any offences from the Egyptian system. In addition, Al - Sadat got rid of all Nasserist and Left - wing political opponents. But dispute and estrangement happened quickly between Brotherhood and Al - Sadat especially after Al - Sadat’s visit (to the Zionist entity). Because of this dispute, Brotherhood’s members were arrested and put in prison in September 1981. With the help of Al - Jihad organization, Brotherhood assassinated Al - Sadat in 1981 platform accident

القبائـل العربيـة فـي صعيـد مصر واثرها في الحياة العامة (358 - 567هـ/969 - 1171م) == UPPER EGYPT'S ARAB TRIBES& THEIR IMPACT ON GENERAL LIFE (358 - 567 AH/ 969 - 1171 AD)

اسم المؤلف: احمد عواد عطشان طعان الزيدي
اسم المشرف: ناجي حسن هادي الموسوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study discusses (Upper Egypt's tribes and their impact on general life from 358 - 567 AH /969 - 1171 AD). The topic of the study has a considerable importance, as Arab tribes played an important role in the life of Upper Egypt life. They considerably contributed in social, political and economic fields of life during the Fatimid Era. The study is comprised of a preface, an introduction and three chapters. In the preface I talked about the historical geography of Upper Egypt, whereas in the introduction I discussed the conditions of Arab tribes during the Ikhshidid era. The study is of three chapters. Chapter one deals with (the social life of Arab tribes in Upper Egypt). Chapter two discusses (the political impact of Arab tribes in the Upper Egypt during the Fatimid era). As for chapter three, it studies (Economic activities of Arab tribes in Upper Egypt during the Fatimid era). The study demonstrated a division in the stances of the Arab tribes concerning the Fatimid entering to Egypt. We find that Quraysh supported the first attempts of the Fatimid to come to Egypt through receiving the Fatimid heralds, the Fatimid missionary activities and gaining supporters from Arab tribes in Upper Egypt. Other Arab tribes, on the other hand, opposed the entering of the Fatimid to Egypt, especially Kilab tribe, as one of this tribe led a revolution against the Fatimid in Upper Egypt to retain Egypt to the Abbasid Caliphate which was run in Baghdad. I also discussed the role played by Rabi'ah tribe and its leader Abu al - Makarim Hibatallah's role of capturing the Umayyad insurgent Abu Rakwa who led an insurgency against the Fatimid authority by the support of tribes such as Qarra, Kilab and Zanata. The study, also, demonstrated the role of the tribes of Hilal and Saleem in opposing the attempts of Al - Mu'izz ibn Badis, the ruler of Africa who attempted subordination out of the Fatimid Caliphate

المراة ومشاركتها في الحياة العامة في مؤلفات ابن الجوزي (ت 597ه) == Women and their participation in public life in the writings of Ibn al - Jawzi

اسم المؤلف: روى ظاهر لفتة
اسم المشرف: فاضل جابر ضاحي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Praise be to Allah who created people from the same one and created her husband to dwell in it. Praise be to Allah who says in the Holy Quran : "O people, fear your Lord who created you." Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the Seal of Prophets and Messengers and on all his companions and companions and those who followed them. Of the same one and created her husband and broadcast them of many men and women and fear God, which you ask him and the womb that God was an officer.It is no wonder that women emerged in their family environment and outside of that ocean stood by men with their vast horizons and great roles over the periods of time in the old and Islamic societies, which affected the public life of these communities. All aspects of political, social, economic, religious and scientific "and the writings of the non - Issams in laying the foundation, and Leakad is fed or sung by hunger".Therefore, this study dealt with an important topic that revolves around the contributions of women and the impact they have left on public life under the title : "Women and Their Participation in Public Life in the Essays of Ibn al - Jawzi".And the necessity of activating such titles in the books of Ibn al - Jawzi, whose books constituted one of the early scientific and intellectual movement in history and the rest of science. In addition, the son of al - Jawzi counted one of the Muslim feats in Baghdad in the sixth century AH / 12 AD. And their contributions to public life. Each study has the goal of motivating us to study the texts of Ibn al - Jawzi, which he did not mention about women. The aim is to correct the historical course of the texts of women in Ibn al - Jawzi's writings, and we have studied this track by searching, balancing, taking off, analyzing and comparing. "I saw that a man does not write a book in his day, but he said in his city, if he changed this, it would have been better, even if it had been increased, it would have been better if he had offered this place better, even if he left this, Human beings ".Some of the academic studies on Ibn al - Jawzi, most of them Islamic sciences, including : (Ibn al - Jawzi in interpretation) researcher Amer Alwan Al - Khafaji Introduction to the Faculty of Islamic Sciences - University of Baghdad.And the other study : (Ibn al - Jawzi and its methodology in the interpretation) researcher Abdul Aziz Thabet - Faculty of Islamic Sciences - Prince Abdul Qadir University, and also : (education of women at Ibn al - Jawzi and the extent of benefit in the contemporary educational reality) researcher Mohammed bin Abdullah al - Hazmi Faculty of Islamic Education - Umm Al - Qura University : This study focused on the objectives of the main Islamic education at Ibn Al - Jawzi and presented his educational views concerning women and raising the soul and recommending it in order to reach a generation of good women characterized by honest creation and feminine behavior.Other studies on Ibn al - Jawzi, which preceded our study (educational thought of Imam Ibn al - Jawzi) researcher Fikret Ibrahim Ahmed Awad - College of Assets - University of Jordan.In history, the study was "the method and resources of Ibn al - Jawzi in the systematic writing") researcher Hassan Issa Ali Hakim Faculty of Arts - University of Mustansiriya.And the message (Imam Ali in the writings of Ibn al - Jawzi) researcher Adel Khalaf Shahwaz - Faculty of Education - University of Wasit. The researcher came to the effect of the religious belief of Ibn al - Jawzi in his method of writing the history of Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib.It should be noted that there are recent academic studies on women and highlighted the news of women and the role that led them in society, but most of it was within the study of general sources and time periods dedicated and specific and was the focus on the political impact. This study is rich in its material and varied in its production between the writings of Ibn al - Jawzi. It seems to me that this topic the participation of women in public life in the writings of Ibn al - Jawzi, I can not find those who studied me after reading the indexes of most of the Iraqi universities and revealed to us the days which we did not know. Its historical value.The nature of the historical material necessitated the division of the subject into a preface, introduction, four chapters and a conclusion and a confirmation of the preliminary sources and the modern references adopted in the study.The introduction was entitled "The definition of the son of al - Jawzi and a summary of public life in his age." It focused on the author's personal biography, his name, his title, his title, his birth, his education, and his biography.In the first chapter : (Curriculum and resources of Ibn al - Jawzi in the transfer and religion of women's news, has included two topics dealing with the first subject : methodological features, while the second topic : The second chapter deals with the impact of women in the political, administrative and military life of Ibn al - Jawzi, and it is composed of four pre - Islamic, epistemological, and caliphate, and the Umayyad era.The third chapter bears the title : (the impact of women in social life in the writings of Ibn al - Jawzi) three questions, the first : the impact of women in the construction of the family at Ibn al - Jawzi in his writings. While the second topic : the impact of polygamy in society at Ibn al - JawziThe third topic : the impact of al - Jawari in social life in the writings of Ibn al - Jawzi.The fourth chapter includes the contributions of women to scientific life, and they are from the following : 1 - women who are directly from the Prophet. The second topic was : Women Raising in indirect ways. The third topic was : women's contribution to the service of the historical novel. While he was a

تاميم النفط العراقي 1972 - 1975 : دراسة تاريخية == The nationalization of Iraqi oil 1972 - 1975 (Historical Study)

اسم المؤلف: صفاء كاظم عباس
اسم المشرف: علي خيري مطرود
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The nationalization movement is one of the major implications which many populations, especially in third world countries, attempted to maintain with a view to control their resources and escape foreign exploitation.However, many of such attempts have fallen short from achieving the aspired goals due to several reasons, for example exploiting nationalization as a slogan to obtain political gains or the inability of the states or their respective peoples to do so efficiently. The real action stopped many states and peoples from taking such a step since it has bad consequences in case of failure, and the nationalizations in the oil field and on the developing countries' scale have been limited.Actually, there is a sense of fear and hesitation standing as a stumbling block in the way of the productive countries, especially after the nationalization movement by Dr. Mossadegh in Iran in 1951 failed. So, many specialists in oil affairs, economics, both inside and outside Iraq, considered that the action taken by Iraqi government as an unconsidered adventure with unpredictable consequences, which many parties anticipated to fall or at least to be contained in one way or another by the international cartel companies, but Iraq has overcome all obstacles and reached the desired success, so the research issue (The Nationalization of Iraqi Oil from 1972 to 1975) fills a certain historical gap in our library since this period is not addressed in a separate academic study, in addition to the change in the Iraqi government's policy after 1968 in the economic field and the oil side, in particular. The government has relied on oil as one of the tools of change in economic policies.The Iraqi government's adoption of a new approach in the field of oil during that stage, trying to put an end to the dominance of foreign companies over Iraqi oil gives the upper hands on the exploration, production and export. Besides, this issue stems from a main duty; i.e. how far the nationalization of Iraq's oil achieved aspirations of the IraqiBgovernment in economic structure and advancing development during that stage, but the lack of the relevant detailed researches and studies despite the subject is diverged and expansive motivated us to try as possible to discuss the main aspects and to mention briefly the other topics, which gives more importance to this study that deals with a subject matter of political and economic nature.However, we deal with the study from a historical point of view, which imparts the study special significance. The study had been set to start in 1972, the year that marks an important stage in the history of Iraq against foreign companies.Nationalization has had a prominent impact on the revival of the Iraqi economy and has stimulated other countries to claim their rights from another point.The study ended in 1975 after which Iraq has proceeded to complete all aspects of nationalization with exit of the last foreign companies and the independence of the oil policy. By the end of that year there began a new stage in the history of the Iraqi oil policy.The current study starts with an introduction and is divided into four chapters and ends with a conclusion. In the first chapter (General Variables Occurred in Iraq's Oil Policy from 1968 to 1972), the main variables in the Iraqi arena in the political and economic aspects during that period have been monitored, while the second chapter have discussed the (General Measures Taken by the State to Prepare for the Process of Nationalization), and the third chapter tackled the (Nationalization Laws and the Companies Reactions). The fourth chapter has determined the (Internal and External Situation of the Nationalization of the Iraqi Oil).After long efforts, Iraq could have full control over the entire oil, and thus achieved the first practical steps in the field of economic development at the time when the oil resources increased which enabled Iraq to developCstable economic policy. Moreover, the success of nationalization required a comprehensive and integrated planning based on vast experience able to confront oil monopoly. Iraq has proved through direct investment experience to know the secrets of the oil industry, in addition to the clarity of the intellectual foundations of the Iraqi government that have experts and the presence of human and material potential able to stay the course and to stand against the embargo imposed by the oil cartel.Nationalization is a principle that is internationally accepted in the transfer of ownership of basic resources in the community, even if they belong to foreign nationals because nationalization is based on the supreme national interest in order to achieve economic independence.The international community condemns every action preventing this goal from being achieved, and the Iraqi government has taken the most important action towards the Iraqi economy by nationalizing oil on the first of June 1972.Nationalization is important for some reasons; the first of which is that this decision was taken to create a shift in the balance of power on the world's oil level for the benefit of oil - producing countries. Moreover, this step is distinguished from the precedent ones because it constituted, in terms of dimensions and implications, an alternative to the relations of dominance and subordination that existed between the Petroleum exporting countries and the oil monopoly cartel, and a new model for Petroleum exporting countries in their conflict with the cartel in order to restore their control over their own national wealth.The Iraqi experiment is one of the nationalization experiments, that have all the circumstances to make it work, taking advantage of the shortcomings and mistakes of the previous experiments, which had weaknesses, so, the Iraqi experiment is inclusive, unlike the Iranian experiment which though comprehensive lacked planning and tools necessary for of success, and the brave Algerian experiment that hadDcontinued to work with the joint ventures method and in a manner closer to that of several international companies.The success of the Iraqi nationalization experiment was a dangerous precedent that seriously threatened the interests of the international monopolies and became a model, and strengthened the position of the oil producing countries and made them in stronger position than before. These factors precipitated the collapse of the traditional system of privileges, where foreign companies began to offer participation and entrepreneurship and even whole ownership.The competent oil services in Iraq managed to keep pace with the rapid development in the oil sector after nationalization, and it appears that the servants there were well - versed in performing their work responsibly and produced appreciable results in this area after making impressive achievements in the fields of excavation, exploration and production etc.Therefore, the hard working national company in Iraq has topped all the national companies all over the world, and this position requires doubled efforts to reflect the potentials available more in the oil sector than in the rest of the national economy sectors for use in technical areas and practical experience.It has been manifested throughout the study that nationalization has had a positive impact on the development process in Iraq, where substantial resources have been dedicated for the advancement of various sectors of the national economy.It is apparently clear that there required a quick review of allocations of the plans and investment programs after the nationalization process, but the inability of some of the relevant agencies in the state to keep pace with the rapid development in Iraq led to the lack of access to the complete results of the development plans.

الراي العام في مصر وبلاد الشام تجاه الحكم الايوبي (567 - 660هـ/1172 - 1262م) == Public opinion in Egypt and the Levant from the Ayyubid rule (567 - 660/1172 - 1262)

اسم المؤلف: جاسم محمد عباس
اسم المشرف: عطا سلمان جاسم
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Praise be to allah the lord of the worldse prayers and peace be upon ashraf the messengers the seal of the prophets, and on his good and pure house . The history of the sons of ayoub has taken an important place in arab islamic history during (567 - 660/1172 - 1262) they played apromin role in the political and military events in the islamic east and what is the position of the public opinion in the two countires only an important part of the history of the ayyubid rule. Our studay of public opinions in egypt and the levant of the ayyubid rule is an attempt to identify important aspects of islamic history related to the general public and the community. The study was divided into four chapters, an introdution conclusion. Chapter one entitled the people of ayoub in egept and levant and mamy positions depends saladin and formal religion of state of ayyubid. Chapter two was study the featuers populaation in egypt andlevant and important place to the writers in ayyubid stste. Chapter three we devoted to the position of the juristis of the policy of ayyub sons . Internal and external also promotion of virtue and prevention of vice and position of juristes of the policy of the sons of ayyub administeration. and chapter four it searched to poets, people and princes which divided in three section position internal and external rule by sons of ayybbid. In the end of our studying (puplic opinion egypt andlevantfrom rule ofayyubid) we have some results : 1.it was the beginning of the rule in egypt and then expanded to levvant . 2.saladin took office of fatimid that inversted aposition to promot the expansim of sons of ayyou in egypt . 3.the end of fatimid rule in egypt considered gloomy and studness in people of puplic opinions . 4.sons of ayyub entered to egypt andlevent To change the religion 5.som prinses of sons of ayoub make satisfy public opinions in egypt and levant. Finally, we try to comlete our studyiong in good way and make satisfy to the reader support by idea or opinion. Praise be to allah the lord of the worlds

العبودية في الحرب الاهلية الامريكية 1861 - 1865 == Slavery in the American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865

اسم المؤلف: احمد هاشم ناجي طراد
اسم المشرف: علي خيري مطرود
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The United States, in spite of her shortage of history, passed by a unique, social and humanitarian experiment, sprung from struggles for the sake of existence between two societies distinct in their ideology and lifestyle. One of the societies was free and industrial, while the other was agricultural. They both expressed themselves via contradictive philosophy and lifestyle, which ended at a civil war, lasted for four years (1861 - 1865}. That war was due to internal and external diverse reasons, but crossed at the case of slavery and its consideration for the American society and regime.Since that phase set at the end the status of the slavery and dividing the American society, free and slaves, the researcher has found it is Important to search for that in a scientific study, focusing on slavery at that phase of the American history, in relation to the political, ideological and military struggles; and here is a trial to survey the overviews of the south and the north towards slavery, in principle, behavior and essences, and how such struggle result in establishing a stable and united society after four years of fierce war.The importance of the study lies in its intention to state the nature of the ideological, political and social transfers, adding to that the economic ones, which has led the American society to formulate an entirely new different view towards slavery and its concept, whether in the history of humanity in general or the American history. It sheds light on the changes and procedures required to abolish any kind of racism towards any social group, to incorporate it within the whole body of society, for what happened with the slaves in the United States of America, event if it is too far; that is to get use of this experiment to solve similar problems in our societies, which still work on different religious, racial, andsectorial discrimination, taking into consideration the private features of each society.In order to facilitate tracing the historical actions and the textual manipulations, the study is divided into four chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one tackles the historical study of slavery and to extent it effects on the American state until 1861; chapter two exposes slavery on the first stage of the Civil War {April, 1861 - September 1862). Chapter three focuses on the proclamation of emancipation on both levels : the military and the constitutional, adding to the that its effect on the second phase of the civil war (September, 1862 — May, 1865). Chapter Four is concerned with two important subjects; the first personalizes the internal situation of announcing the emancipation proclamation and how the interior of the United States of America reacted to that proclamation, the rebellion against it and the opinion of the public and the parties about it. No doubt, the study shows slavery as a phenomenon in the American society to spring entirely from an economic need, especially at the beginning. There was a need for more working hands which could be cheap or even free, which case increased the number of slaves and their trade on the American state. This does not mean that the economic need was not interfered with political, social and religious needs at specific phase, especially that of the development of the American society, in spite of the ideological discrimination which splits the south from the north from the first day of occupying the American continent.That discrimination was clear with the social progress, especially in the phase that preceded the civil war, for It wasreflected in the northern thought of freedom and equation, notwithstanding his race, language and color, on their daily behavior towards the slaves, freeing them, then employing them as workers. Then that was reflected on the northern policy and his endeavor to abolish slavery, whether for humanitarian reasons or other political or economic ones.

القضايا الاقتصادية والاجتماعية في لبنان في مناقشات مجلس النواب اللبناني 1975 - 1990 == Economic and Social Issues In Lebanon Within Lebanese Parliamentary Debates 1975 - 1990

اسم المؤلف: ياسر فائز شمران الياسري
اسم المشرف: رحيم كاظم محمد الهاشمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Lebanese parliamentary experience is regarded as one of the most rooted and significant experiences among Arab countries for the Lebanese elections is recognized by a kind of democracy. During the civil war, the parliamentary life is considered as the most difficult political experience in the modern history of Lebanon.The economic and social issues in Lebanon within parliamentary debates1975 - 1990, as a subject for this study, is selected to understand the nature of the Lebanese constitutional institution work and to shed light on itsconstitutional role during the most critical and complicated period in the history of Lebanon.The importance of this study lies in the fact that this topic did not receive the interest of the Iraqi and Lebanese researchers, for the researcher does not account for a single academic study that tackles economic and social issues in the Lebanese parliamentary debates.The researcher tries to find the solutions concerning the problem of the study represented by the legislative council, as a legislative authority, focusing on economic and social issues and their importance.The study is made of an introduction, preface, three chapters and conclusion. The preface indicates the introductions that paid to establish the political regime in Lebanon and how this was reflected on the work of the council.Chapter one, which is entitled 'The interior issues in the light of Lebanese parliamentary debates 1975 - 1990', tackles the political developments in Lebanon and the stand of the council towards them besides the international efforts to stop the war through Taif Agreement in 1989.Chapter two addresses the economic issues within the parliamentary debates from 1975 - 1990. It has five sections that include the agricultural legislations, the industrial issues, the trade, theBresources development and tourism. Henceforth, the last chapter, is depicted to study the parliamentary attempts to solve the social problems raised by the war, specifically, problems of displacement, education, and health.The study is based on several resources. Whereas the minutes of the parliament sessions come to the fore, the study also makes use of many other documentary books. Likewise, the academic theses and dissertations make the backbone of this studyas they are about 54 Arab and Iraqi studies.The study is also enhanced by hundreds of Arabic and translated resources, part of these are personal memoirs like the memoir of the president Salim Al Huss. Similarly, periodicals provided considerable pieces of information besides Lebanese newspapers like Alsafir and Alnahar, and last but not least, the internet provides significant information for the accomplishment of the study.The study has made certain important conclusions concerning the Lebanese parliamentary experience which is recognized by two main features : first, the establishment of parties according to racist and ethnic bases, and second, the control of particular families over the Lebanese political scene.The civil war also influenced the parliamentary work as the place of the parliamentary sessions was changed because of the parliament building being shelled.Concerning the economic side, the council worked on developing the Lebanese economy despite the few number of sessions specified for this purpose as compared with the sessions dedicated to political issues.The industrial sector on its part was highly influenced by the war which left negative effects on factories since most of them were have been ruined while tourism did not receive enough interest by the council. However, The parliament approved the public LebaneseCbudget, but taxes, which form a big rate of the state revenue, have not get enough attention by the parliament.On the social scale, the representatives discussed social affairs as the war spawned phenomena and behaviors that Lebanese community is unfamiliar with. Yet, the council did not pay too much attention to issues of drugs, alcohol and many other social problems.Regarding public services, the parliament had made efforts to develop the health sector while education got high interest in the debates of the council as the state supported the education in all its levels. Finally, what is accounted against the Lebanese parliament in that period is the absence of woman from the political life in Lebanon despite the openness known about this country

الميديون اوضاعهم السياسية والحضارية

اسم المؤلف: تيسير سالم مجيد
اسم المشرف: سعدون عبد الهادي برغش الامير
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The researcher introduces the subject of “Medeans : a Study of Their History and Civilization” as an inquiry into the migration of these peoples, their settlements, the political developments they were part of, the rise of their kingdom, a detailed examination of the reigns of their kings, and their most important political, military, and cultural achievements.The importance of studying the Medes relies on their historical precedent among Aryan peoples in building a political entity in Ancient Iran. This precedence, as we see, had its own political and cultural circumstances. Moreover, they participated in the greatest event in the 7th century BC in Ancient Iraq or even the whole Near East, i.e. the fall of Nineveh in 612 BC. We should not forget that they represented the civilizational basis for the Achaemenid Empire, and the starting point that Cyrus the Great used to forge the greatest empire ever in the Near East, with respect to political or cultural importance. Furthermore, we know quite little about the Medes in our study of Ancient History in Iraqi universities.In his study, the researcher decided to use the descriptive method out of consideration for the nature of our subject, providing his relevant information in accordance with the logical succession of historical events, from the migration of these peoples until the fall of their kingdom.This thesis is composed of an introduction, three chapters, and conclusions. The first chapter, “Medes : Their Origin and the Formation of Their Kingdom,” deals with the origins of these peoples, as it looks into their roots, first waves of migration, their settlement in Northwest Iran and Azerbaijan, and their political and cultural affairs as related to us through Assyrian sources. Its last section, “the Kings of Medea,” is2concerned with the formation of their kingdom in 701 or 700 BC until their last king Astyages.The second chapter, “Political Relations with Neighboring States and Kingdoms,” focuses on military and political affairs between the Kingdom of Medea that rose into an empire by the rule of Cyaxares (624 - 585 BC) and the surrounding states, including Urartu, Lydia, and the kingdoms of Ancient Iraq in the Late Assyrian and Modern Babylonian eras, along with their relationship with the Achaemenid kingdom until its fall to Cyrus the Great in 550 BC.The third and last chapter, “The Cultural Aspect of the Medean Kingdom,” surveys crucial activities and endeavors under their civilization, such as language, writing, governance, administrative and military regulations, their most important military achievements, especially under the rule of Cyaxares, along with the religious beliefs and ideas that Medeans adhered to on societal and state levels. Of course, arts and architecture were present in their history, along with social and economic affairs.This study reached the following conclusions : The northwestern regions of Iran saw a state of political and military vacuum after the fall of the Hittites in the 13th century BC, therefore the migrant Indo - European tribes, including the Medes, moved into this region and starting building their own settlements, until they created their first political system, the Medean Empire, between 701/700 - 550 BC. Several factors stood behind its foundation and rise, the most important of which was the pressing necessity of establishing a political entity that organizes the political life of Aryan tribes in the region and defends them against outside intrusions.3The Medean Kingdom went through a very harsh period of Scythian takeover, that lasted for twenty - eight years (653 - 625 BC), since the Scythians were only concerned with tax collection and wielding oppression against the Medes. This period reached its end by the rise of the Cyaxares (625 - 585), the mightiest king of the Medes, whose rule ushered in a new stage in which Medea reached its military, political, and economic peak.Since 612 BC, the Medean Empire became a political pole in the region, since it extended its military and political hegemony to most of the surrounding kingdoms, especially in Asia Minor and southern and central Iran. Thus Cyaxares was able to achieve something that neither his father or grandfather were able to achieve, through conquests to enlarge his kingdom, and the accumulated victories he realized in his continuous wars, so copious they were that some historians reduce the Medean Empire to his character.But this mighty kingdom didn’t last for long, as weakness crept into its structure during the rules of its last king, Astyages (585 - 550 BC), when the Medean army lost its mission, since Medea was bound by political treaties under the rule of Cyaxares.The political disputes that arose between Cyrus II and his maternal grandfather, Astyages, led to a war that lasted three years (553 - 550 BC) and ended with Cyrus’s victory and taking over the capital Ecbatana, thus putting an end to the political life of the Medes

البلاط الملكي الاخميني (559 - 330ق.م) == Royal Court of Achaemeind (559 - 330 B.C)

اسم المؤلف: نصير زاير عجيل عودة
اسم المشرف: سعد عبود سمار
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The subject of the court of Alakhmaneid is one of the important subjects. Studying the administrative, political and social aspects and anything related to the court of Alakmaneid is considered a pioneer studies due to our believe that this subject and still out of the sufficient attention of the researchers .Most of the Arabic historical studies never shed the light on that subject in the way can be processed in this study as well as what we mentioned of the importance of that subject. It has to make a hypothesis for the research trying to prove its truthiness like a conclusion .Does the court of Alkhmaneid reach the promotion and prosperity that correspond with Alakhmaneid state capacity, prestige and position in the ancient Near East? How did the court of Alakhmaneid manage? Is there any crisis and conspiracies against the court, and what are its reflections o the political status for Alakhmaneid state? and any other questions and answers that included in the research. The approach of research that discusses the subject is the historical descriptive approach to clarify the political, administrative and social issues in the court of Alakhmaneid and display it during the historical period of the research, and relying on the analytical and critical approach for the texts and historical novels that dealt with Alakmaneid's court in other points in the research. The study includes an introduction, preface and three chapters .Each chapter includes many themes according to the requirements of the chapter ,as well as the conclusions and results with appendixes and explained pictures for the subject of the research. The preface includes a brief of Alakhmaneid's state and its main kings. Chapter one discussed the headquarters of Alakhmaneid's court; the first theme taled about the palaces of Bazarkad including a detailed explanation about them, and the title of the second theme studied Daryoosh's palaces (Abadana) ,the third theme discussed talking about Persepolis palaces (Barsa) and the fourth and final theme talked about the movable court(Royal tent). Chapter two talked about the positions and employees in the court, that includes four themes. The first theme specified to study the political and administrative positions, includes the position of the king and other related positions such a the chief of protocols, vice of the king, prime minister and the experts of Alakhmaneid Royal court ,as well as the clerks and chamberlain .The second theme discusses the security and military positions which are : holders of the spears, chief of Royal guards, the inspector of the kingdom, Archer men as well as the audience companions and guards. The third theme includes talking about the financial position in the Alakhmaneid's court that care about financial issues and state treasury. The fourth theme talks about the Doctors of the court and the fifth one includes talking about the service ,technical and educational functions at Alakhmaneid's court with a detailed explanation for everything related to these functions in different aspects of the court.Chapter three and the final one talks about two aspects ,the political and the social aspects in Alakhmaneid's court. The first theme of the chapter talks about the reception of Ambassadors and delegates by the king inside the court. The second theme discusses the political crisis in the court and the noble's families contributing in these crisis, and the influence of women in these crisis and their interference in the political issues, as well as the role of eunuchs and preachers for making conspiracies and their contributing in some king's assassination. The third theme discusses the taking of the throne ,which was a threaten to the Alakhmaneis's state after the death of each of their kings.The fourth theme includes talking about the entertainment tools as well as the women of the court and the eunuchs of the court. The researcher faced many difficulties ,the important one is the lack of Arabic resources in discussing Alakhmanied's Royal court, so all that force the researcher to travel to the Islamic republic of Iran to collect the sufficient resources that are related to the subject of the research. Also, most of the Persian resources didn’t mention sufficient information about the court, in which all the information were scattered and were collected from many folds of the resources, as well as we faced difficulty in translating the texts because most of vocabularies are not common now a days, and the different in words pronunciation for the translators.

موقف المستشرقين الالمان من ائمة اهل البيت عليهم السلام حتى نهاية القرن العشرين : دراسة نقدية == Place of the German Orientalists of the of AhalAbyat (peace be upon them.) Until the End of the Twentieth Century : a Criticism Study

اسم المؤلف: حسن جاسم محمد حسين الخاقاني
اسم المشرف: فاضل جابر ضاحي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: oriental studies acquired is important among historical studies, especially that it stems from the west, which dominated the thousands of Islamic manuscripts, worked to keep in libraries and even up to the reader in a new, and from here the idea of writing about the history of Ahal Albyat of the Prophet (peace be upon them.) under the title "The place of the German orientalists of the history of the Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) until the end of the twentieth century : criticism study " as a Thesis to doctor submitted to the Board of the Faculty of Education, University of Wasit, History Department, the study consisted of the introduction to the source analysis And four chapters and a conclusion. Chapter one dealt with the concept of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them) and their doctrine according to the vision of the German Oriental, first stage studied of the most prominent German orientalists who wrote about the history of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them), the second stage devoted to study of the doctrine of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) according to the vision of the German Orientalist. The chapter two was about Ahal Albyat in the Koran according to the vision of the German Orientalist , and chapter two was entitled religious side at the Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them) in the writings of Orientalists Germans, chapter two has three stages : first stage dealt with Koranic studies which have relation with Ahal Albyat, and the second, the most prominent of the beliefs of Ahal Albyat in the writings of orientalists Germans, third stage dealt with the Mahdwya case in its various religionBand political dimensions. Chapter three entitled the political side at Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) in oriental studies of the German also has three stages. The first stage was on the history of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) and their political in period of succession and sensible, the second stage talks about the political history of Ahal Albyat in Ommia Age, the third stage talks about the political history of Ahal Albyat in Al - abbasi Age, And finally, chapter four is about the impact of intellectual property to Ahal in the Studies of the Orientalists Germans. Chapter four also has two stages, first stage deals on the works Ahal Albyat in the Orientalists wrote the Germans, the second stage models of space science of Ahal Albyat (peace be upon them.) In books of Orientalists Germans, and the researcher reached a number

زكي خيري نشاطه السياسي في تاريخ العراق 1911 - 1995م == Zaki Khairy and His Role In Iraq Modern History 1911 - 1995

اسم المؤلف: غزوة نجم عبد الصاحب الموسوي
اسم المشرف: رحيم كاظم محمد الهاشمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of historical figures is one of the major studies in modern and contemporary history of Iraq. It is characterized by its essential role in the events creation by attitude and ideas and views. However, characters contribute in the political, social and economic reconstruction, and we can say that some of the characters have not been in the spotlight, not its impact through upon era of the monarchy and the Republican Testament figure Zaki Khairy.Zaki Khairy's led politic with his thought and political activity besides permanent work in militant working class; also with seeking country independence. Zaki Khairy is one of the iconic characters who held Marxist thought, and shareholders of the Iraqi Communist Party. He had an important role in liberating Al - Asas newspaper. Moreover, he represented the Iraqi Communist party in global conferences besides representing Iraqi Communist party both in and abroad Iraq. This is why I chose to study the political role in history of modern Iraq generally, and his role in the Iraqi Communist party history in particular; following - up all his political activities starting with joining the party until his death. The thesis is divided into an introduction and three chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with his starting and the first stages of political activity so it tells about his personal early life and his family, then beginnings of political career : from Marxism meetings held in Baghdad and in rallies that formed in 1928 against Alfred Monde until 1949.Turning to the second chapter, it discusses the political and organizational role, in terms of activity at the end of the monarchy period to prison in 1949 and until the establishment of republican regime in 1958. Then the chapter deals with his role in 1958 July Revolution and his first time representation role in PRC conference 1959. Finally, his attempt to obtain an official permit for the Iraqi Communist Party in 1960 until February coup 1963. Lastly, the third chapter discusses Zaki Khairy's political activity starting with his role in February coup 1963 to March Meeting 1978. And his role abroad Iraq. It deals with representing Iraqi Communist Party in the international communist conferences until 1985, and his leaving the Fourth Iraqi Communist Party Conference in 1985 to his death in 1995

تاريخ العراق القديم في ضوء نظرية التحدي والاستجابة == Ancient History of Iraq in the Light of Challenge and Response Theory

اسم المؤلف: مصطفى كامل سهل الغزي
اسم المشرف: حسين سيد نور جلال الاعرجي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study "the ancient history of Iraq in light of the theory of challenge and response for (Toynbee)", is a new light of interpretation for the cultural history of Mesopotamia, according to the challenge - response theory.The study deals with the emergence and growth and improvement, besides dissolution and falling and demise of civilization entities constructing the civilize system of the great Mesopotamia. It isconsisted of an introduction, preface, three chapters and conclusions. The first chapter includes the emergence of civilization, clearing the emergence of civilization factors and in particular with respect to the types and the levels of natural challenges and humanly ones which represented the stimuli that provoked strong underlying creativity inside the old Iraqi with a positive nature and brought preparations and material besides spiritual capabilities as responds to various challenges. However, it was human transmission which got him from the primitive state to a civilized prominent production stage.Challenges need to be appropriate consistent responses at the level of that same challenge. Most of these responses show the elite or(dominant minority)that has the talent and experience in addition to mental powers which make it distinct from the rest of community members; so this study searched the source of elite and it scultural role in Mesopotamia. It is mention worthy that these responses exhibited by elite people with ideas and innovations as well as creativity alone is not enough to achieve growth, prosperity and continuity of civilization, but these elements need the support of the community (the majority) that helped to achieve the growth and prosperity of civilization optimization, through supporting the creative elite and tracing it. However, we looked closely to consider the nature of communities and tribes that contributed to the construction of civilization in Mesopotamia, and constructing each society and the extent of its abilities, capabilities and contributions.Chapter two is about growth and prosperity of civilizations and unsatisfactory, and has come to the result that civilization needs to driving forces which can be represented in the continuous sustainability of human challenges that require continued human responses and escalation until growth and prosperity come to any civilized entity.This study goes through the criterion of the cultural growth and identify esits shape and shows the level of achievement for each civilized entity within the wider system of civilization in Mesopotamia.The third chapter is about the reasons and causes of the falling and dissolution of cultural entities and their demise. This chapter shows that the decay and fall of civilization not by external or natural human challenges, but by internal challenges formed the utmost important factor in the dissolution of communities. The most prominent of these challenges is the frequent wars or the loss of the creative minority its creation and following production of solutions and treatments which led to the dissolution of the fission of the society, so the society becomes just about falling, here comes the chance of the external challenge (outer invasion) that perched the borders, to throw a knockout across that tumbling cultural entity which creators and society cannot afford a reaction and respond to these challenges.

الخطاب الديني في العراق القديم 300 - 539 ق.م == Religious discourse in the Ancient Iraq (3000 - 539 B.C).

اسم المؤلف: الهام هادي مطلك الشمري
اسم المشرف: سعدون عبد الهادي برغش الامير
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of religious discourse has attained a prominent role in understanding the thoughts of beliefs of ancient peoples. The effects and impacts of religion could be easily followed in every possible aspect or element of Mesopotamian civilization. In addition to religious myths and epics, prayers and hymns, there is a great deal of murals and wall tablets, full of religious messages, through which religious institutions worked to direct and control human activities for the common good, as it seemed, or to urge people into accepting or refusing a given idea or cause.This study aims to explore the role of religious discourse in Ancient Iraq and its effects on different aspects of life, whether political, economic, or social. Humans have an incessant need for someone to direct them religiously or spiritually, since this aspect is of psychological importance to their religious instinct and of crucial implications on other aspects of their lives. Hence the role of religious discourse in satisfying and enforcing certain beliefs in the Mesopotamian consciousness; constant provision of such ideas and concepts to maintain people’s psychological balance; furnishing justifications for the sacrifices and acts of worship they have to perform; in addition to the arduous and difficult tasks their kingdom or state undertakes, for which they become more accepting when they believe that they were the will of the gods, for which they created them on Earth in the first place.The nature of this study required us to adhere to the descriptive - analytical method throughout its course, as we are restricted to cuneiform texts, pictures and murals as our source material, and studying discourse according to modern methods is wholly dependent on analysis, in order to construe the goals and intentions of the authors.The study was divided into four chapters, with an introduction and conclusions. The first chapter was entitled “Introduction to Religious Discourse,” in which we investigated the concept of discourse, its importance, and the language it employed.The second chapter, which bore the title “Forms of Religious Discourse,” focused on studying the different forms that contained religious messages in Mesopotamia : written—as in myths, epics, prayers, hymns, homilies, and other extant forms of literature—and

المسيحية ودورها الثقافي والعمراني في بغداد 1258 - 1958 == Christianity and its cultural and urban role in Baghdad 1258_1958

اسم المؤلف: زينب مطشر خضير
اسم المشرف: فاهم نعمة ادريس الياسري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study deals with Christianity and its cultural and Urban role in Baghdad .The significance of this topic lies mainly in the urgent historic need to study the cultural and urban role of Christianity in Baghdad (1258_1958), since most studies in this field are mostly concerned with that topic exclusively during the ancient , medieval and Islamic eras . The thesis is divided into an introduction , four chapters , an conclusion and number of appendixes . the first chapter talks about the spread of Christianity in Iraq and general affairs of the Baghdadi Christians during the various historic eras .The second chapter deals with the state of the churches and monasteries during the ottoman rule and the role played by Arab Christians in the development and crystallization of the intellectual and political currents and their impact on Iraq. The third chapter deals with the Baghdadi Christian sects, Baghdad churches and monasteries in the royal era, it also explains The intellectual and cultural role of the churches and monasteries in the royal era ,While the fourth chapter deals with the intellectual and cultural role of the Christian elite . There have been various churches and sects of Christians in Baghdad . these churches had occupied distinguished places in Baghdad the architecture of each one differed depending on the sect and its religious belief ,Some of these churches were humble that you can recognize it as a church , others were only ordinary houses with nothing to mark it as a church , other than a big cross and the painting of Mary shrouded with shyness , beauty and greatness ,some other churches stood with glory and grace to welcome the passerby as is the case with Armenian orthodox church in AL_Bab AL_Sharqi which is characterized by its unique architecture . Churches and monasteries have long been diving creatures full of life and vitality and the theologizes describe the church as the body of the god . Indeed , the church and monastery were intellectual , cultural and philosophical centers , patriarchs , saints and priests have always been enjoying great secular and theological knowledge . their involvement in life did not impede , them to associate and contact with the scientific and intellectual circles, and the best example is the father AL_Karmali . During the period of independence and the formatting of the Iraqi state , Christians played a pivotal and effecting role in it and were an integral part of a modern state in need of its faithful and patriotic sons . In his book ( modern Iraq ), Steven humsley longric mentions in volume 1 that : some Christians were worried because of the withdrawal of the British forces from Iraq after concluding the 1930 treaty , but the clergy of the churches calmed them down and told them that the only loyalty that Christians have is to their country and their king . Accordingly , Iraq made great use from the potentials and achievements of many Iraqi Christians who were subjects of church . Butti , Yousif Ghunaima , AL_Karmali , Aqrawi and Babo Ishaq and many other figures represented a distinguished intellectual class that combined both the recent concepts of science and arts and the traditions of the Iraq society . they were pioneers in writing , publishing , literature and theatre and the Christian writers were creative in enlightening people to take the path of knowledge and liberation

جذور الاستغراب في كتابات المؤرخين المسلمين 132 - 656هـ/750 - 1258م == The roots of Occidentalism in the writings of historian Arabs and Muslims ( 656 - 132 - A.H / 749 - 1258 A.D )

اسم المؤلف: محمد حسب الله علوان
اسم المشرف: محمد حسين علي السويطي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The communication culture and the openness of knowledge of the other regarded one of the characters of the Islamic knowledge heritage which was not stopped on particular faced , but was vairones and interactive heritage with other culture in order to extend the knowledge and to explore what on other from the aspect of religious political , social , economic , military and others within a global views . The knowledge of the other in Islamic knowledge heritage was no result of special reasoner particular accident but it came linked by fundamental reasons , in the top of it the impact of Islamic in urging Muslims to look at other nations and also the growth and development of historical writing in the ( third and fourth and ninth and tenth centuries AD) and appeared historical production emergence of works know as historical geography and general history and geographical dictionaries that was one of the main parts in how to study and know the history and the civilization of the others . For this reason we aimed to find the image of the we stand geographical and terminology significance and follows the religious , social , economic and military states in the writing of Muslims historians including the science of ( Occidentalism which is new in terms but old in concept and existence which was based on ask and study the west by the east . This scientific study was aimed to follow image of the west in the writing of historian Muslims and reached to many results on the top of that the term ( Occidentalism ) in their writing was not against ( orientalism ) built was scientific knowledge dement movement which was formed on the a great desire to see know the other nations including the (west) . and also it was connected by the growth and development of historical writing in the historian Muslims and especially in geographic historian . which was regarded the main knowledge resource in the studying this topic . The term Occidentalism in the writing of historian Muslims was not essential to be completed or started to appear the modern Occidentalism which appeared against orientalism but there is something between the two which is the (west) . for this reason there was a lot of motives which was helped to make the historian Muslims to look at the west one of them was that scientific motive which mads them research of the knowledge production of the west and translated it, to get benefit form it . and the social and religious life of the west and have information on various aspect in their traditional religious styles their food in order to know the reasons for this various and to know it . Our search to know the west in the writings of historian Muslims was various and multiple among Islamic conquest and embassies , travelling’s and written resources books and poems and theirs information were not limited by one supplier there for this information were varied , accurate and comprehensive for the most of the historical periods of the west . So they hand a world view to looking for the other that exceed the place and political m military relations that based on the derive inknowledg and looking’s to complete their resource about the west stand to know their cerium stance’s . This study approved that the Muslims historian were not only carrying of information , but they were reasoning and research and also they giving as a lot of explanation , about the religious , social aspects of the west is more trustworthy from a lot of historians who wrote about the west in the middle ages

الراي العام في العراق ابان عصر الدولة البويهية (334 - 447هـ/945 - 1055م) == Public opinion in Iraq during the era of the state of Bohayeh (334 - 447 AH / 945 - 1055)

اسم المؤلف: مروة صادق نجمان حاجي
اسم المشرف: فاضل جابر ضاحي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Praise be to Allah, and peace and blessings on the Seal of the Prophets and Messengers, Abu Kassim Mohamed and his family and companions granite Miami, either : The phenomenon of public opinion is a global phenomenon that has great impact on the public, especially political ones events guide ,through follow - up power methods in dealing with people from time to time, and was not this phenomenon is the result of our times. It is a phenomenon with far extensions since the appearance of man, because the reaction of a group of people about a particular incident is a general view, whether negative or positive.The importance of the subject by revealing public opinion methods of the position of the parish and the power and the Senate, and some leaders of the ruling class of political, social and economic events, and personalities involved in these events, together with the methods of public opinion and its impact in changing the state's policies and his role in the decisions affecting the public interest making .This study complements the research and studies that have already dealt with the subject of public opinion in the Islamic eras, and this research study Mr. Mohammed Bin Abdul Rauf Bahnasy tagged (public opinion in Islam), and the study of Dr. Adel Al - Alusi in his book entitled (public opinion in the third century AH) , the study of Dr. Fadel Jaber Dahi and Dr. Isra Mehdi Mizban entitled (public opinion in the Mamluk era), the study of Dr. Thamer Al Noman vacationer entitled (public opinion in Iraq in the era of the Seljuk state).This study consists of an introduction, four chapters and an epilogue, the first chapter was titled (the features of political life and the nature of Iraqi society in the Bahai), a two sections, namely : the features of political life in Iraq, starting with the formation of the State of Buyids and their conditions and how their entry into Baghdad, and their control of Iraq, and their relationship succession Abbasid and the parish, and its impact in shaping public opinion. The second topic dealt with the nature of Iraqi society in the era of Albuehip state, and the impact of natural disasters on the Iraqi society, where we've made strata of society and features, great class and distinction between public and private and their results, and the impact of natural phenomena on the community, including : droughts, floods, earthquakes, epidemics, pests agricultural, and its impact on the community's economy, which in turn show the layers of human and differentiate from each other in living standards. B And we discussed in the second chapter to the factors influencing public opinion towards the state, which is three sections, we mentioned in the first part, the political factor, and Pena its impact on society and its impact in raising public opinion, where we dealt with the political ambition of creating a turn supporters of authority, and can not overlook the importance of public opinion and its role against anti - authority and position of authority than that of foreign powers, and the second part, we have considered the religious and sectarian Group, which is one of the most influential community factors, and the dismantling of social interdependence because of their religious, sectarian strife, where many fanatics, and exacerbated conflicts because of religious communities and religious difference, and used Fiqh and philosophy tool of religious polemics, where we mentioned the impact of these conditions to raise public opinion. The third section, we touched it on the most prominent manifestations of economic life and its negative effects on public opinion, which caused a stir of Iraqi society, which reflected the public opinion toward power as a result of circumstances and political and social fluctuations, which in turn influenced the economic factor, because it is the first based in human life.The third chapter we discussed the methods and mechanisms of public opinion in dealing with the state, and represent Bembgesan, we dealt with in the first : the peaceful method of public opinion, and divided by the two axes according to the diversity of the method followed by the masses in response to the state and its unsatisfactory to them, which is the intellectual mechanisms that Pena the role of the educated class in Iraqi society of scholars, writers, and scholars, and historians, in re - packaging of the Iraqi intellectual figure as required by the public interest by means of guidance and counseling and fatwas and preaching. The second axis of the section has been included kinetic mechanisms of public opinion, which we mentioned it Poses gatherings initiated by the people to express their opinion public, and how they Balthacad and assembly of as many as possible to claim their rights and express their views on a particular issue in a peaceful manner cultured. The second section has included : a direct confrontation of public opinion, where we find that the conditions and political events large power transmitted to the lack of reform of the things people solve their problems, their impact, and this pushes them to take the method of force and direct confrontation to express their opinions about a particular issue, disagreed addressing methods , which hit the state institutions as a result of mishandling government institutions holders with people, or to address the representatives of the State of the owners of the aid and the followers of the Caliph of princes and ministers, as well as their C use prevention method of resistance, through military confrontations and the coup that took a great deal, where they adopted threats and intimidation style The coup and cut the sermon of the Abbasids and sometimes against the princes Buyids if necessary. That was about the arrival of the ruling power to a state of weakness and lack of implementation of the demands of the general people, leading to arouse public opinion against it.The fourth and final chapter we had lost the state in calming techniques and provoke public opinion. Chapter has been divided into three sections, we dealt with in the first part : the angry public opinion, and how to listen to their views and make promises to them solving their problems, including the public interest of the state and the parish. The second topic we discussed the method of power and address the factors, which have used the state language of force and direct confrontation to bring about political, social or economic change, check the state its goals and objectives, and we find that the state used to prevent sedition and corruption of this method

التطورات الحضارية في بلاد الرافدين في العصر الشبيه بالكتابي 3500 - 2900ق.م == Civilization Developments in Mesopotamia in Proto Literate (3500 - 2900 BC)

اسم المؤلف: وقيد بدر ميدي جودة
اسم المشرف: طالب منعم حبيب الشمري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The archaeological works in Mesopotamia, which lasted more than 100 years, led to new discoveries added to the previous discoveries and this led to the refinement and the formation of old ideas according to recent discoveries and data, which led to new assessments of the achievements of ancient human Mesopotamia, as Mesopotamia Home to the oldest civilizations in the ancient world, the oldest cities, and the place that witnessed several developments and innovations of civilization changed the face of the old world at the time, and that these developments, which was led by writing, was behind a strong cohesive society, so that this society is associated with the terms of civilization and knowledge .After more than 100 years of excavations at the sites of the old settlements one can think about the effects of museums, the innovations that changed the face of the ancient world, the writing, the bricks and the plow, the musical instruments, the nature of society and the economy that existed. At the time, this study was an attempt to fill a gap in that period and provide some answers to the questions that many of the lovers of ancient history thought. Though these answers are somewhat deficient, they are the maximum that I have reached, and I do not seek perfection through this work. Because perfection is for God alone.The study was divided into four chapters with an introduction and a conclusion and a summary of the work, was discussed in the first chapter to the most important theories that dealt with the pre - writing and the pioneers, aswell as sites representative of the era similar to the writing in Mesopotamia, the second chapter has been addressed the most important social developments in those And the development of the society to the stage of hoarding the wealth that was confined to the hand of the temple, as well as the study of the relationship of kinship among the members of the community, and then the ownership of land and the disposition of selling and buying, and discuss the evolution of architecture during this era, Third, the economic developments were dealt with through agriculture, the creation ofnew varieties, the raising of animals, the handling of industrial materials, minerals, the wood and rope industry, as well as dealing with stones. The fourth chapter examined the most important developments that changed the face of the ancient world at the time, And then discussed the invention of the brick mold, and its relationship with the biological hand man, and then dealt with the tillage and the reasons that led to the invention, also dealt with the relationship of plow biological evolution of the human foot and note For the idea of the foot and connect it to the manufacture of tillage, and then was dealt with the musical instrument and the process of innovation three or four strings, which dealt with the relationship between music and hearing system, and then concluded the study with important conclusions please contribute to answer many of the outstanding questions in the minds of lovers of civilization Alsumaria.

مظاهر الترف في العراق القديم حتى 612 ق.م == Aspects of Luxury in Ancient Iraq until 612 B.C

اسم المؤلف: زهراء رعد محسن مطر المولى
اسم المشرف: طالب منعم حبيب الشمري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Luxury is considered to be a normal phenomenon in many developed and progressive civilizations, especially that of ancient Iraq. It is quite normal for human beings to seek a better life with comfortable means in order to achieve enjoyment. Consequently, luxury means enjoying life with luxurious food, clothes, accommodation and power. The present study sheds light on different aspects of life in Mesopotamia and how luxuriously that community lived. Moreover, it deals with economic, social and political prosperity as well as ideological development. Luxury has its own features in every era; so we can find it out by exploring material signs at each era of in Mesopotamian history.The reason behind choosing that subject is to explore an important side of the development and progress in Iraqi civilization so as to show luxury and prosperity in Iraq society and their consequences. Moreover, there is no academic specific study that tackles that topic since some studies deal with such a topic but from different perspective despite the fact that there are a lot of texts and tablets.The study consists four chapters. The first one deals with the term luxury’ as a concept and linguistically; whereas the second chapter pinpoints the aspects of luxury in the third millennium BC. The third chapter deals with aspects of luxury in the second millennium BC. As for the fourth chapter, it tackles the aspect of luxury in the first millennium BC. The study has come up with some important conclusions. One these results is that luxury is closely related to social life since luxury starts in the community and ends and prominently emerges from political power. Besides, the study concludes that luxury is clearly shown by Iraqi people taste, inclinations and their love for art and beauty. Moreover, it seems that the common Iraqi individual used to taste the fine art in general and Iraqi princes and kings in particular who always tried to appear in an elegant royal way

التعليم المهني في العراق (1921 - 1958) == The Vocational Education in Iraq 1921 - 1958

اسم المؤلف: محمد حسين حسوني السويفي
اسم المشرف: عباس فرحان ظاهر شبر الموسوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ركزت اغلب الدراسات التاريخية والاكاديمية في تاريخ العراق الحديث والمعاصر على دراسة الجوانب السياسية والاقتصادية ولم تعطى تلك الدراسات الجانب الاجتماعي حقه في البحث والدراسة اذا ما قورن بالجوانب السياسية ام الاقتصادية , ومن حيث المبدا فان الجانب الاجتماعي يتكون من مجالات عدة وفروع مختلفة كان ابرزها التعليم الذي احتل اهمية كبيرة لدى المجتمعات المتقدمة باعتباره الركيزة الاساسية في البناء الحضاري للامة والمجتمع المتحضر, وفي حقيقة الامر فان اغلب الدراسات التي ركزت على التعليم كانت تتميز بالشمولية اي انها تختص بالتعليم بمختلف مجالاته وصنوفه خلال مدة زمنية معينة , وبما ان التعليم المهني يعد من ابرز تلك المجالات والذي تناولته اغلب الدراسات الاجتماعية بصورة جزئية ومقتضبة , الامر الذي دفع الباحث الى ان يقوم بدراسة ذلك المجال الذي اهملته اغلب تلك الدراسات ولم تعطيه اهميته سواء في المجالات الاقتصادية ام الاجتماعية وذلك تحت عنوان مستقل (التعليم المهني في العراق 1921 - 1958). وتكمن اهمية ذلك الموضوع من خلال ارتباطه الوثيق بالمؤسسات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية للبلد لان ذلك النوع من التعليم لم يكن تعليما اكاديميا فحسب وانما كان تعليما مهنيا يختص برفد المؤسسات والقطاعات الحكومية والاهلية سواء كانت صناعية ام زراعية ام تجارية بطاقات بشرية فنية ذات خبرات مهنية وحرفية مختلفة تاخذ على عاتقها ادارة تلك القطاعات. وذلك ان دل على شيء فانما يدل على ارتباط التعليم المهني بعملية التنمية الاقتصادية للبلد , وبما ان ذلك النوع من التعليم مرتبط بشكل خاص بالقطاعات الصناعية والزراعية والتجارية، فصار لزاما علينا دراسة اسباب ضعف وتخلف تلك القطاعات والعوامل التي اثرت فيها خلال الاطار الزمني للدراسة والتي شهدت ولادة الدولة العراقية الحديثة منذ تتويج فيصل ملكا على العراق في 23/اب/1921 والتي كانت نقطة تحول في تاريخ العراق السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي حتى عام 14تموز 1958 والتي تمثل نهاية العهد الملكي وبداية العهد الجمهوري في العراق. قسمت الرسالة على مقدمة وثلاث فصول خاضعة لوحدة الموضوع والتسلسل الزمني وخاتمة احتوت على ابرز النتائج التي توصل اليها الباحث , اذ درس الفصل الاول "التعليم المهني في العراق اواخر العهد العثماني حتى نهاية عهد الانتداب البريطاني عام 1932"، وركز الفصل الثاني على دراسة "واقع التعليم المهني في العراق من الاستقلال حتى نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية 1932 - 1945"، اما الفصل الثالث والذي جاء تحت عنوان "تطور التعليم المهني في العراق اعقاب الحرب العالمية الثانية حتى 14تموز1954". وفي خاتمة الرسالة توصل الباحث الى ان المحاولات الحكومية للنهوض بواقع التعليم المهني خلال العهد الملكي 1921 - 1958 كانت خجولة ولم تتناسب او تنسجم مع الاستقرار السياسي والتطور الاقتصادي والاجتماعي للبلد باستثناء المدة الاخيرة من ذلك العهد لاسيما في حقبة الخمسينيات شهد التعليم المهني بعض النمو بسبب النمو الاقتصادي والاجتماعي للبلد. | Most of the historical and academic studies have focused on modern and contemporary on the study of the political and economic aspects of the history of Iraq was the social aspect of the studies are given the right to research and study when compared with the political aspects or economic and, in principle, the social aspect is composed of several areas and branches different, one of the is education, who finished great importance in developed societies as a main pillar in the cultural building of the nation and civilized society, and in fact, most studies that have focused on education was characterized by inclusiveness which she specializes in education in various fields and its types within a certain period of time, and since that vocational education is one of the most prominent of these areas, was dealt with in social studies partially and in details , which prompted the researcher to be studying that area neglected most of these studies did not give importance both in economic or social fields that under a separate title (vocational education in Iraq from 1921 to 1958). The importance of this issue through closely linked to economic and social institutions of the country, because that kind of education was not only academic education, but it was professional educated specializes feeding institutions, government and private sectors, whether industrial or agricultural or commercial with different human pomes powers that have different technical and vocational experiences take on which runs human cards management of these sectors. And that, if anything it shows vocational education specially to industrial agricultural and commercial sector link. it became necessary for us to study the causes of the weakness and backwardness of those sectors and the factors that influenced them during the time frame of the study, which has witnessed the birth of the modern Iraqi state since the coronation of Faisal as king of Iraq on 23 / Aug / 1921, which was a turning point in the history of Iraq in politics, economic and social until July 14, 1958, which represents the end of the Royal ear Royal and the Birth of the republican era in Iraq. Thesis is divided into the introduction, three chapters subject to the unity of the subject and chronology and a conclusion contained highlighted the results of the researcher, as the first chapter studied the "vocational education in Iraq at the Ottoman period until the end of the British Mandate in 1932", and focused the second chapter focused on the study of "the reality of education professional independence in Iraq until the end of the second World war, 1932 - 1945, "the third chapter, which came under the title of" the evolution of development education in Iraq. From the end of World war the second until July 14, 1954 ". At the conclusion of the thesis, the researcher concluded the attempts of attempts for the advancement of vocational education during the Royal Era 1921 - 1958 was shy and did not suit or fit into the political stability and economic and social development of the country except for the last period of that era, especially in the era of the fifties witnessed a little growth in the vocational education of some growth due to economic and social growth and social of the country. Which helped in creasing the governmental support for the sector of education especially the Vocational education that rein forced to open the vocational schools and taking care of its curriculum and teaching staff and assorting its branches and depart meats and got benefits of its students that supporting the commercial and social development with Iraq witnessed at the end of royal era

الملك تحتـمس الاول (1504 - 1492ق.م) سيرته وانجازاته == King Thutmose I (1504 - 1492 BC) His biography

اسم المؤلف: انس عثمان صاحب عباس
اسم المشرف: فاضل كاظم حنون
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: There is no doubt that the ancient Egyptian history is full of personalities who had a prominent and clear role in laying the foundations of the Egyptian state in the imperial era, including King Tuthmosis I, who set the policy of Egypt in its imperial era after a series of military campaigns in Nubia, Syria and Libya. The importance of this subject was highlighted by King Tuthmosis I (1504 - 1492 BC). This study sheds light on his exceptional leadership, through which he managed to expand the borders of the Egyptian state and annex large tracts of land to the borders of his kingdom. By the Hyksos because of the weakness of the eastern front of Egypt represented by the country of Syria, which was the main reason for the entry of the Hyksos to the Egyptian territory, which led him to fight them and the openness to a foreign policy more expansive than the treaties of the two old and central countries reflected on a large extent on the economic and cultural side in ancient Egypt The reason for the increase of state resources through the tribute imposed on those countries that entered under the sovereignty of the Egyptian state under the reign of King Tuthmosis I contributed greatly to the building and building of architectural and artistic achievements and monuments.Tuthmosis I, the first king of Egypt, delineated the borders of Egypt from the south of Nubia to the inverse waters of the country of Syria. The first kings of Egypt also reached the Euphrates River and were surprised by the river opposite the Nile. In Egypt, so they called it the reverse water after a series of military campaigns that led to the country of Nuba and the country of Syria as well as Libya.The study focused on more than one method of starting the comparative approach because of the differences of opinion of historians in determining the historical year of the reign of King Tuthmosis I, as well as the difference of opinions on the percentages because of the existence of two ideas or two historical phenomena in order to identify the historical fact according to scientific treatment, Historical facts.There is no doubt that there is a number of insufficient information, despite the short period of time of the reign of King Tuthmosis I, represented by the hieroglyphic texts contained in the various Arab and foreign references, which require reading, collecting, compiling, analyzing and coordinating them, which requires and is consistent with the subject of the research, which is based on a complex approach, "To reach the scientific facts based on the historical data achieved in this prosperous era.Do not miss the opportunity in this letter to show the most important difficulties and problems are the short period of the reign of King Tuthmosis I, which requires the provision of references with the problem of translation, especially from the German and French? And the absence of a comprehensive study in Iraq, showing the main issues related to the subject and the lack of historical references in Iraq, which talk about the subject, which requires the use of the Egyptian side illustrate the problems contained in the letter?The nature of the research was divided into five chapters, as well as introduction and preface : The introduction dealt with the "historical and temporal sequence of King Tuthmosis the First", which lasted twelve years and nine months (1504 - 1492 BC).The first chapter was "The Personal Life of King Tuthmosis the First", which included two subjects dealing with the first topic, his name and title titles, and the second topic to his family.The second chapter dealt with the internal policy of Egypt during the reign of King Tuthmosis the First. It included three aspects of the first : the proclamation of a decree that crowned it; the second dealt with the problem of the covenant's mandate.The third chapter discussed "the administrative and military achievements of King Tuthmosis the First". The first section included the administrative system of King Tuthmosis I and the second section on the army under King Tuthmosis I.The fourth chapter, "External Relations of Egypt under the reign of King Tuthmosis the First", included two topics. The first topic dealt with the external relationship of King Tuthmosis the First towards the south of Egypt (the land of Nubia) and the second relation of King Tuthmosis the First towards Syria and Libya.The fifth chapter, "Economic and Civilization Achievements of Egypt under the reign of King Tuthmosis I", included four topics. The first topic included his achievements in the field of agriculture, in the second section the commercial activity, in the third topic, architecture, and in the fourth section, the technical methods.The conclusion of the letter is a set of conclusions that showed the most important questions that focus on the message through the preface and the five chapters and supplements that hovered on maps and images related to the subject.

النخاسة في العراق في العصر العباسي 132ه - 656ه / 749 - 1258م == AL NAKHASUH IN IRAQ IN THE ABBASID ERA FROM 132 - 656 H / 749 - 1258 A.D

اسم المؤلف: حسام حسين حسن الكناني
اسم المشرف: عطا سلمان جاسم
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The historical studies that concern with slave trade formed a strength path of varied knowledge that concern one of the aspects of the Social and Islamic History. It is an important aspect focus on the nature of the social life of Arab since the Pre - Islamic era. That is why our study came to explain the multi aspects of the life of the social class, which has an importance in Economical and Commercial Aspect, especially in Abbasid Era. The study relied on many studies that discussed the aspects of the subject, and the most important book is Al - mafsal in the history of Arab Pre - Islam by Dr. Jawad Ali who showed the sources of getting slaves Pre - Islam such as Captivity ,wars and Gifts. In addition to that, the book of the Gerald Deguri and his book "Rulers of Mecca" ,he referred of using the black soldiers by the riches of Mecca(Merchants) who brought them from Ethiopia to protect their commercial convoys, and the called them the strangers (strangest). The study includes a preface and four chapters. The first chapter discussed the "Original Legitimate for slave Trade" ,that includes; first the Holy Quraan attitude, second, the attitude of Prophetic Hadith and Sunnah, third, the saying and actions of the prophet's family, fourth ,the attitude of the companions and scholars and Fifth, the attitude of writers and scientists from it. Chapter two came with the title "the factors of slaves trade prosperity", that includes four themes : the military factor, the economical ,the Social and the Religious one .In chapter three, we showed "the resources and the slaves position in Abbasid Era", that came with two themes : the first theme includes the sources of getting slaves, the second theme includes the position of slavery and slave traders at Abbasid Era(132 - 656 H,749 - 1258 A.D). Chapter four discussed the markets and the ways of selling slaves,which includes two themes : the first one is the markets and the centers of slaves trade and the supervision and the second one is the ways of selling and dealing with slaves trade. The research came with many conclusions : - The slave Trade knew as the most important trade in the ancient Nations. - Women and Men participated in that Trade,and most of these women were priestess. - Islam confirmed of librating human from slavery and get rid of serfdom. - Islam and the Holy Qur'an were not the only that reject this trade,but it goes to a public opinion issued by the scholars and writers relying on the original sunnah of Islam. - The slave trade has an important positions in many Islamic eras, however it was rejected by Islam and considering it as one of the neglect actions and focusing on human freedom. - The slave trade was active in the Abbasid era, and many markets and special streets were founded

طقوس وممارسات الملك المنتصر في العراق القديم 3000 - 539ق.م == The Rituals and practices of the Victorious king in Ancient Iraq 0333 - 905 B.c

اسم المؤلف: حيدر رشيد طه
اسم المشرف: فاضل كاظم حنون
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Religious thought is the basis for most of the systems that existed in ancient Iraq, such as the political system, the military regime, and even the economic and social systems. These systems had secretions and results, especially the military regime characterized by the history of ancient Iraq throughout its periods and the diversity of countries that ruled it.Those secretions that resulted from the military are the victories achieved by the kings of Iraq and what followed the victories of the rituals and practices of the practice of the kings of Mesopotamia, which were different goals and motives and motives, including religious, political, media or psychological motivation, This study is intended to shed light on the most important rituals, practices and motives that the ancient kings of Iraq have established.Research problem : The research attempts to shed light on the most important rituals and practices that are usually associated with the military campaigns waged by the kings of ancient Iraq during their ruling. These rituals and practices were motivated by various reasons, religious, psychological, political or even for media purpose.Reasons for choosing a topic : There are several reasons why we have chosen this topic particularly, these reasons are : 1 - There is no comprehensive study similar to this one and this subject itself.2 - Exploring the most important rituals and practices that resulted from the military campaigns in ancient Iraq and then exploring the most important motives behind them.3 - the comprehensiveness of the topic in terms of covering the historical period ) 3333 - 535 B.C. )4 - To enrich the Arabic libraries with such studies, especially if we know that they take the analytical aspect into consideration by knowing the motives of the rituals and practices of the victorious king in ancient of Iraq.Search Hypothesis : This study came to answer as much as possible the questions that may occur in the mind of the reader and follower of the history of ancient Iraq, including.1 - What are the rituals and practices of Iraq's ancient kings in the event of a military campaign against any of the countries of the ancient Near East?2 - If there are rituals and practices before the military campaign and the second and then or was it specialized in time without another?3 - What are the implications of doing such rituals and practices?4 - Were these rituals and practices varied or at one pace?What motivates them to perform such rituals and practices? 56 - Is the principle of continuity and repetition that characterized the ancient civilization of Iraq also included those rituals and practices through successive descendants?Research Methodology : This study was not limited to one methodology only, but included several scientific approaches adopted by the researcher in his study : 1 - descriptive approach : review of some military campaigns in the history of ancient Iraq, as well as the statement of the connection of some rituals and practices military campaigns and it was a requirement of victory or as a result.2 - Analytical Approach : This study required to stand on some texts that were specific to the military campaigns and then analyze their contents and analyze the motives that called upon the victorious kings to perform these rituals and practices.The nature of the research has to be divided into four chapters as well as the introduction and the preface. It also included the most important conclusions that emerged from this study. In the introduction, we discussed the origin of the word weather and ritual in the language dictionaries, whether the old languages ??or the Arabic language and the English language. The most important uses of this word.The First Chapter : dealt with the most important rituals and practices of the Iraqi kings who achieved victories in the third millennium BC, whether among the states of the cities that were in control of that period or between the city and other outside the geographical area of ??ancient Iraq, divided into two sections : The era of the dawn of the dynasties until the establishment of the Akkadian state The second topic has been related to those rituals and practices since the emergence of the Akkadian state until the fall of the Third Ur dynasty.The Second chapter deals with the rituals and practices of the victorious king during the second millennium BC. It came in the form of two sections. The first : rituals and practices in the old Babylonian period (2334 - 1555). 1555 BC until the establishment of the modern Assyrian state in. 511 B.C.The third chapter, which is the most important chapters of the thesis, deals with the rituals and practices of the victorious since the establishment of the Assyrian state in 511 BC until the creation of the dynasty Sergonia in 121 BC. The second section, in which he presented the rituals and practices of the victorious king since the establishment of the Sergonic dynasty 121 BC until the end of the modern Babylonian era. 535 B.C.The fourth chapter discussing the most important motives that led the ancient kings of Iraq to do such rituals and practices, and it came in the first two parts : It shows the religious and political motives for the rituals and practices of the victorious king. The second topic is devoted to talking about the media and psychological motives of the rituals and practices of the victorious king. In this chapter there is some overlapping in the information and citations of motives. The reason is that the rituals and practices cited in more than one place, for example, the art and media motives can be at the same time the psychological motivations. To encourage the fighters to enter the battles and then to win them and so on in the other motives.The research was based on several Arab and foreign sources that were the basis for the collection of information.The first is the book of Taha Baqer (Introduction to the History of Ancient Civilizations). This book has a great impact on enriching the research in terms of accuracy and availability of the book.Among the other Arabic books is the book Nael Hanoun (Historical and Literary Cuneiform Texts), which is an important source of cuneiform texts, especially since the author of the book relied on the translation of texts from ancient Sumerian and Akkadian languages ??into Arabic directly. This method of translation helps not to lose Information from cuneiform texts.As for the foreign books translated into Arabic, the first of these books is the book of Samuel Noah Kramer (Sumerians history, civilization and characteristics), since the substantive analysis relied on by the author of the book and its dependence on the main cuneiform texts gave the book importance, making it an important resource for the research.Among the other books is Antoine Mortakat's Ancient History of the Near East, which had an important impact on the history of the Near East and the nature of its relationship with Iraq in its ancient history, as well as the book Antoine Mortakat (Art in Ancient Iraq) (Sumer art and culture) and (Ashur world of forms major civilizations), which was one of the specialized books in the field of ancient Iraqi art, which enriched the research in terms of information and pictures and supplements on which the researcher relied, as well as a collection of books by Harry Saks And the power of Assyria and Babylonians It is considered one of the most objective works in presenting ideas and opinions pertaining to the history of ancient Iraq.As for the foreign books, the research reported a number of the book A.Kirk Grayson (The Royal Inscriptions ofMesopotamia) in all parts, which carries a shortcut RIMA. Which was an important source of the texts of the kings and their properties that were written through the history of ancient Iraq, as well as the book D. D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylon (ARAB)), which also contributed to the research of the royal texts of the kings of ancient Iraq.And I do not deny that I faced some difficulties because the recruitment of the results of the military campaigns as rituals and practices and the difference between them needed to have some of the thinking and accuracy in dealing with those results as well as the analysis of the motives behind the rituals and practices also needed to be accurate in the examination, especially if we know Overlapping by quoting them

الزراعة في مصر القديمة حتى عام (525ق.م) == Agriculture in Ancient Egypt Until (525 B.C)

اسم المؤلف: حسين كامل عيدان الزبيدي
اسم المشرف: فاضل كاظم حنون
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Agriculture, or as it is called, is the agricultural revolution as it changed human life in the ancient world in all its aspects. Before agriculture, man was a traveler who did not know stability and relied on his strength to collect what is accessible from plants or animals. It crystallizes in man and changed his life to economic, social and religious. The ancient Egypt was an important cultural center in the ancient Near East, which achieved an important civilization achievement for the Egyptian human life. It could not achieve this achievement without the availability of a geographical environment suitable for agriculture. The first is the availability of sufficient water to the Nile River, Agriculture .We can not say that the conditions of the geographical environment in ancient Egypt led only to agriculture. We do not underestimate the role of the Egyptian man, who was able to employ these different environmental factors to serve agriculture. Saying : "Learn not one is born a Scientist "( ) The second innovation that was associated with the establishment of agriculture was what the Egyptian produced and invented from machines and tools that facilitated agriculture. He also succeeded in controlling the flood of the Nile River and faced another important problem namely water scarcity. He tried to store the water at the time of the flood , And thus moved to rely on industrial irrigation and mechanization by raising water to agricultural land.Research problem . Was the problem of research in the important question, was agriculture in ancient Egypt, a local innovation or it entered Egypt as a result of friction and the transfer of the old man with other centers of civilization, and whether agriculture in ancient Egypt was contemporaneous with agriculture in the important cultural centers in the ancient Near East, , And the Levant. The extent of the oldest fossils found from wheat and barley grains, whether they are domesticated or natural spread in many areas of the ancient Near East, these questions we tried to answer in this research. The importance of the subject is due to the lack of a study on agriculture in ancient Egypt, one of the important elements of civilization, this subject prompted us to research it and try to clarify its different aspects. The method used in the research, the nature of the subject, requires us to diversify in the testing of a research method, when we want to know the origins of plants, we need to take a comparative approach to know where these grains and spread, and sometimes take the descriptive approach in the description of machines and agricultural tools, To reach the closest scientific opinion to put it right in the research and discussion. According to the requirements of the completion of the research topic section into four chapters and conclusion. The first chapter deals with the factors affecting the start and development of agriculture in the Nile Valley, which is divided into four fields. The first topic is : The climate and its impact on the start and development of agriculture in ancient Egypt. The second topic : Agricultural lands in the Nile Valley countries. The second chapter deals with the beginning of agriculture and its development, which is also divided into three topics : the first is : agriculture in prehistoric times, the second topic : the development of agriculture in historical times, and the third topic : agricultural operations, , Chapter III : Care in the Department of Agriculture and Irrigation, also divided into three areas, the first topic : the management of agricultural land, the second topic : Department of Irrigation, the third topic : the farmer in ancient Egypt and its social status. In this chapter, we observed the extent to which agriculture reflected the religious life of the ancient Egyptian. This chapter is divided into three sections, namely, the first topic : Goddesses and Feast of Fertility, and the second topic : the gods and the festivals of the harvest and its rituals. The third topic : gods of water and flood .

الادارة والسياسة الاخمينية في عهد احشويرش الاول 486 - 465 ق.م == Administration and Politics Achaemenid in Reign of Xerxes I (486 - 465 B.C.)

اسم المؤلف: حوراء كريم محمد التوبي
اسم المشرف: سعد عبود سمار
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The King Xerxes I is the brightest and the most prominent figures in the history of the Achaemenid Empire, who ruled the sprawling patch at that time. After the death of his father Darius I (522 - 486 B.C.) he inherited the reign which echo sounded in the history of the ancient world and which included nations and tribes of different ethnicities and nationalities and languages. The first years of his reign faced incidents and many changes that represented in the outbreak of revolutions and upheavals that he managed to eliminate quickly and united the Achaemenid Empire under his rule again. And this is evidence of his military ability and experience. Xerxes followed his father's path of expansion projects in Europe.The subject of this research was discussed in three chapters. The first chapter was devoted to the study of king Xerxes and his early life and career; that the first part discussed his name and his royal titles and the nature of his upbringing and the kind of education he received in the palace of women which had the greatest impact of women on his life and particularly the effect his mother brought. The second section had discussed the mandate of the Covenant and the problems he faced before he took the crown that he could make it with efforts of his mother (Atoosa) and his uncle (Artbaat), who had agreed to take Dara's first son away and to put Xerxes in his place as crown prince.The second chapter studied the states of the Achaemenid in the reign of Xerxes I. So, the first part dealt with the most important administrative divisions and the states of the Achaemenid Empire because Xerxes changed the policy of his father concerning the administration of provinces that he undermining many states making them insignificant states, and no state been added during his reign than those of his father. The second part dealt with administrative functions in the Achaemenid Empire as his time is marked with the strength work of these positions and those occupants significant work especially in his last years. And the third one dealt with the financial management of money and taxes and other taxes that increased because wars increased during his reign, especially the war with Greece and the more money usage. The third chapter discussed Xerxes policy with Babylon and Egypt and Greece, and it came into two sections; the first on the policy of dealing with Babylon and Egypt, and how he cruelly dealt with these two states and his pulling out all the prerogatives that Babylon lost all its political and religious status during his reign and its national governance ended. However, Egypt is just like Babylon, that it was considered as a state of non - importance and its status was neglected. In addition, the second section discussed Xerxes's policy towards Greece, starting with introductions of wars and battles and results of the wars and their impact on the Achaemenid Empire. Because such wars considered as a setback for the state of the Achaemenid Empire, and the failure of Xerxes in those wars led to the weakness and lack of self - confidence that led him to leave to the Palace of women and leaving ruling behind, however, the staff and the women in the Achaemenid court worked to rule until he was killed by them.

عبد القادر اسماعيل البستاني ونشاطه السياسي في تاريخ العراق الحديث 1907م - 1979م == Abedalkhadher ismaeaal Al - Bustany And his bolitical Activities in Modren Iraqi History 1907 - 1979

اسم المؤلف: زينب فارس عبد الواحد العتابي
اسم المشرف: خضير مظلوم فرحان البديري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of the intellectual and political figures from studies that give an individual role in making history, Iraq has witnessed the contemporary emergence of a number of eminent personalities who have had a role in the events, and because the study shed light on many of Iraq's public affairs, did those studies intersect with the study of the situation in Iraq political, economic, social, and even led to fathom these events, and among these characters come Personal late Abdul Qadir Ismail, the gardener, who penetrated the political life of the field from an early Odvarh, and clearly contributed to it, especially that it was a constituent of the first episodes of Marxism personalities including ring Hussein's first backpacker Marxism that emerged in Baghdad after the end of World war I, and the entry of the ideas of Marxism and communism to Iraq. Following the approach taken in scientific research and academic practice it has been used in the writing of this letter "descriptive and analytical approach", and divided into an introduction and four chapters and a conclusion and supplements, discussed a researcher in the first chapter the early stages of the life of Abdul Qadir Ismail gardener (1907 - 1930), fitted between the cover to cover four topics, discussed the first part, its origins and its impact on the political and social life, talked about his family and its role in public life in Iraq, either the second topic dealt with the early life of Abdul Qadir Ismail, the political and the formation of the first episode of Marxism in Iraq and joining her, contained a third section on the activity and the role of Abdul Qadir in student movements, strikes and political demonstrations, and his contributions to the political when he was a student in high school through his participation in the general strike (1925 - 1926), and the incident amiable Nsouli (1926 - 1927), as well as his participation in the demonstrations against the unique visit Monde early 1928 to Iraq, the fourth section included the first study of its sources of intellectual, journalistic writings in Iraqi newspapers and magazines, as well as joining some of the workers' associations that emerged during that period.Search chapter II, Abdul Qadir Ismail activity and its role in Iraqi political life (1930 - 1937), the first part, stressed the opposition Abdul Qadir Ismail, the Treaty of British - Iraq in 1930, which were imposed on Iraq by the United Kingdom, and entered the League of Nations, and touched second section, the role of Abdul Qadir in the founding group parents and gazette the name of speaking, where shares were clearly established, which laid the foundation stone in calling for political, economic and social reform, and called for the construction of the modern state based on respect for the Constitution and fundamental freedoms, and democratization concepts, and he stopped the third section, on the the role of Abdul Qadir in the Bakr Sidqi coup in 1936, which is the first military coup witnessed in the Arab region and Iraq in particular and the subsequent obvious changes on the general structural policy in Iraq, and focused the fourth section on the entry of Abdul Qadir to the House of Representatives this stage consisted enter gardener activity field political group organized by parents, and the expression of political arguments and activities hostile to the government, which eventually led to the overthrow of the Iraqi citizenship from him and exiled abroad. And accept the third quarter, and in the first section, Nidal Abdel Qader Ismail struggle eating in exile in the ranks of the Syrian Communist Party of Lebanon, and his contributions there through its participation in the issuance of the newspaper (Voice of the People), this as well as his participation in the National Congress of the Communist Party in the Syrian - Lebanese in Syria Special Arab nationalist cause, and Lebanon, and repeated attempts from the presence of the Iraqi Communist party in order to return it to the home of a new practice of former political activism as well as paired with the communists inside Iraq and is interested in the second section examines the circumstances of Abdel Qader Ismail was arrested in Lebanon and the accompanying events and developments subsequent to The political field.The fourth chapter and the latter has been devoted to the study of Activity Abdul Qadir after he returned to Iraq after a long absence of more than twenty years, which included the first section, revolution of July 14 and the new turn in the life of Abdul gardener, after more than six months after the revolution, the party newspaper issued Communist central newspaper "people's Union", openly occupied the gardener presided over and responsibility for the newspaper people's Union mouthpiece of the Communist party speaking, it turned to months and broader Iraqi newspaper, as it was deposited 26 thousand copies a day, and the newspaper was implemented if the descent of the markets, exploited by hands Sraa, and the newspaper was stopped at August 1961, after many harassed by Abdul Karim Kassem of their platforms and articles inflamed and the depth of its impact on the Iraqi political arena, and highlighted the second section, the light on the eighth of February 1963 coup and the end of politics for a gardener, and arrested and jailed after a long activity and track political events, interested third section , talking about life inside the gardener Click Salman that transfer after her eighth of February 1936 coup

تبدل مراكز الالهة في بلاد الرافدين ومصر القديمة == Replacement Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt gods' centres

اسم المؤلف: احمد عبيس فيروز الرماحي
اسم المشرف: طالب منعم حبيب الشمري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ القديم
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The old people took the powers and environmental aspects which represented their fears as gods. These gods started to effect in his economical life as an impressive factor in his agricultural products. So worshipping the mother gods appeared and building cities and its development led to the development of people's view towards gods. So groups of gods appeared .The old people in Iraq and Egypt imagined that there are creative and major gods followed by group of gods who are followers to major gods and have supportive jobs .The increase of people's discoveries of his environment and inventions of new aspects of life : political , economical , religious ,social and cultural effected on his view towards gods and for that the gods jobs and their ranks changed. The two religions were similar in some aspects that deal with gods ranks and different in others according to the nature of effects which helped to change gods ranks. These changes in gods ranks had results in all aspects of people's life in Iraq and Egypt. These results effected on gods world in people life all over the old history of human societies in both countries. The changes of gods ranks effected in all aspects concerned the people's life and helped to the development of the mental and cultural environment for people. Therefore the Idea of research in changing gods ranks in Iraq and Egypt came.

بنو عمار البجلي دراسة تاريخية تحليلية في مروياتهم == Banu Ammar AL Bajali Historical and Analytical Study in their NARRATIONS

اسم المؤلف: عباس نصيف جاسم العبودي
اسم المشرف: ناهضة مطير حسن
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The research deals with tales of Banu Ammar ALbajali who are family has very well reputation in the field of science in their residence city of AL Kufa and the surroundings in the period from the second half of the first century to the last decade of 3rd Hijri century which is consequent to the 7th century B.C.The name of the family is derived from the name of their grandfather "Ammar bin Khubab AL Bajali", it consists of his five sons Hakeem, Abdallah , AL Kasim, Muaweyah, and Munet . The grandfather also has accentor from the first layer like Hakeem, ALkasim and Mohammd.He also has accentors from the second layer who are Muaweyah and Mohammed The family life had been discriminated by emption and acidity .The work in the trade of Tea tiles which contribute with other factors to support their scientific trend because of their continuous travelling between AL KUFA and AL Madina AL Munawarah and the meeting with their lords especially Ahlulbait ( ), so they gained high degrees of confidence amongst the scientists of Islamic Nation, that approved by this research . They enhanced the Islamic library with a lot references in science and Knowledge, but unfortuntly most of them are hided and the only remaining is the titles of their publishes fragmented among Islamic literates . In this research a lot of their publication are collected and approved according to the subjective and historical occurrences. The historical Narrative of Banu Ammar are discussed , the history of the prophets and Nations before Islam are also discussed , to make from the experiments of the ancient Nations. The research covers the early period of Islam while the live of the prophet Mohammed (pbvh) and his companion and his patience on the harm done by the prophet Mohammed to deal with his enemies during the war and peace which considered the prophet sunrah which it must be followed by all Muslims and if considered as religious legislative . this compulsory implementation considered on of the merits of the Islamic history which depends on the historical eve dents enhanced by scientific analysis , which leads to controversy of all fakes and the voids. The Narratives of Banu Ammar deals with a lot of issues of AL Rashidi era, AL Amawy era, and AL Abbasi era too. They make benefits from the Kalefs situations toward some occasions to explain their political , managerial , and economical trends to construct the aimed Islamic system based on the principles of justice and wisdom .Banu Ammar also emphasized on building the social system and financial system to keep the family unity using some guidance and restrictions derived from the opinion of Ahlulbayt(ra). They gave a lot of Narratives in the fields of science, health, education of society and improve the commitment toward Allah and to wand the people. All that gives many indications to Banu Ammar Maturity and promotion based on their scientific evidence and tools to approve their opinions.

السيدة فاطمة الزهراء (عليها السلام) في المصنفات المغربية الاندلسية : دراسة تاريخية - من القرن (3 - 8 هـ /9 - 14م)

اسم المؤلف: رغد كريم عبد الله خلف
اسم المشرف: سادسة حلاوي حمود
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study is about Fatima El - Zahras character ,the prophets daughter(PBUT), in the Moroccan and Andalusian works. Within Islamic studies , which focused on the role of Muslim women and the studies which tackle the biography of Ahl al - Bayt ( PBUT ) to shed the light on their important roles in keeping the message of Islam and its principles , the best example to be chosen is Fatima El - Zahra . Along with the various studies conducted over the centuries , in this study , the researcher has tried as much as possible to access to the facts that were absent and neglected in the previous studies.After examining the historical views by the mental and transferred guides concerning the date of birth of El - Zahra ( PBUH ) , this study agrees with the view that her birth was in the fifth year of the mission. She had been called with many names, some of which indicate the high position of the lady ( PBUH ) to Almighty Allah and His Messenger PBUH) and the other , some of which are acquired in her life including launched by historians as a result of events that have been in her life. Many of the Quranic verses and prophetic traditions are about Ahl al - Bayt ( PBUT), especially El - Zahra.As the study notices in the Moroccan, Andalusian works, El - Zahra(PBUH) has been treated unfairly by the historians throughout the ages. There is no agreement over some important aspects regarding El - Zahras life, as was the difference in the birth and some aspects of her life (PBUH), the same disagreement is shown concerning the date of her death, the authors never agree upon a specific date. The historians tend to chose one of these dates and considered it as the correct option which forces the researcher to mention dates without tipping one of them. Moreover, the places said to be buried in are just subjective opinions and beliefs, not a dependant fact, since the fact is that her grave has been hidden as she asked to be (PBUH).The Research Scope The thesis includes an introduction , four chapters , a conclusion and bibliography. The chapters are arranged chronologically and objectively annexation stages of her life and suffering . CHAPTER ONE indicates the biography of El - Zahra,(PBUH ) . The chapter is divided into two sections devoted to El - zahra names ,lineage , nickname and also its inception , flag despite the scarcity of historical sources that dealt with her life in that period. It also contains some issues about her marriage and marital bonding between her and Al - Imam Ali (PBUT) The second chapter devoted to her children (PBUT) and status (PBUH) in the Quran and the Prophet's biography as part of the two sections. The third chapter is devoted to confiscate the rights of Ms. Fatima Zahra (peace be upon her political) because it was necessary to recognize its role in the events that took place after the death of her father, the Messenger of Allah (PBUH). And it was held in two sections we dealt with the position of the Companions after the death of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) and the novels that reported the Messenger of Allah text (PBUH) on the mandate of the Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and the sayings of scholars state forward (PBUH) and eligibility succession refused Ahl al - Bayt (PBUT) and the others who pledge to oppose it.The fourth chapter , the confiscation of their economic rights ( PBUH) and her martyrdom is stated .Two sections are devoted to deal with the confiscation of Fadak and the legacy of the Messenger of God and share kin and then her illness, her martyrdom ( PBUH The thesis ends with a conclusion through which the researcher puts the most important results he achieved throughout the study .

القوانين والتشريعات المنظمة للعمل الحزبي في العراق (1922 - 1968) == Laws and legislation governing party work in Iraq (1922 - 1968

اسم المؤلف: مرتضى حسن ناصر السرياوي
اسم المشرف: علي خيري مطرود
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The political parties of the fundamentals of democracy and parliamentary systems in the modern political world, and the most important collective means by which democracy can be achieved Ademocratic system is not established without its existence, and the parties, including the communities of political status were studied on more than one level, but the most studies have focused on the nature of the political activity and positions of government work positively and negatively, and omitted the study of laws and legislation that organized the function throughout the duration of the (1922 - 1968), and the mechanism of formation or resolved and the nature of the laws that govern its relationship with the government, the means or the constitutional and legislative interpretations that were adopted the government, in many cases to settle scores with those parties. the division of the study, based as required by the nature of the research and development of the historical and legislative events and chronology in to the introduction, four chapters and a conclusion, if the first chapter titled, "features of the party life in Iraq (1908 - 1921)",The second chapter, "the laws governing the work of the party in Iraq from 1922 until 1945 and ." the third Chapter III" legislation and laws after the re - partisan life in Iraq from 1946 to 1958", The fourth chapter, entitled" laws and legislation governing the work of the party in Iraq from the beginning of the republican era until 1968". The study proved that the Iraqi legislature since the beginning of the founding of the Iraqi state to the end of the monarchy has not been paid great attention to the organization of political parties. most of the laws that organized these parties are not serious in their organization because they contain some of the shortcomings and deficiencies, which made the establishment of political parties and an end be always a decision taken by the ruld authorities The revolution of 14July 1958 made many political, economic and social changes, also it received wide support from the political forces and parties that had been demanded constantly reforming the political situation in the monarchy, but quickly Therevolution had found itself in front of the absence of the legislative institution. it can restore the reasons for this that political republican era most of the brass who were not believers democratic style approach in the practice of the government, in spite of the revolutionary government in the legislation of the Associations Law No. 1 of 1960, which counted the best of all laws passed in the covenants earlier, but despite the issuance of this law and its advantages political parties, remained hostage, the ruling and influential state authorities throughout the republican era, however, once the Prime Minister and President of the Republic again

التعليم المهني في العراق 1958 - 1968 == Vocational education in Iraq 1958 - 1968

اسم المؤلف: علي عبد حمادي الكشاوي
اسم المشرف: علي خيري مطرود
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study dealt with vocational education in Iraq for the period (1958 - 1968) , known the Republincan era. The significance of this study came through tackling an important social aspect of the modern history of Iraq which was the vocational education. This study came to know the extent of development witnessed in vocational education at various leves , whether it's in the types of vocational education or legislation that have been identified or to track the evolution number of schools, students and teachers. The study included an introduction , three chapters , a conclusion , a number of appendices , and a list of references. The first chapter which was a preliminary one dealt with the development of vocational education since its founding in 1869 until the Republican ear in 1958 and included four sections dealt with different aspects of the development process witnessed by the professional education and the factors that influenced the growth . The second chapter focused on vocational education for the period 1958 - 1963. This stage represented the first Republican era where a lot of changes had taken place and the issuance of several different legislations in Iraq . The third chapter touched on vocational education. It represented the second Republican era for the period 1963 - 1968 and had seen political changes which incfluenced on the joints of public life in Iraq including the educational aspect especially vocational education . This chapter came into five soctions. It investigated the impact of these changes on the economic and social life. Also, it dealt with the industrial, commercial, agricultural, and the feminist vocational education with the main obstacles it faced. The study arrived at some findings .The most important of which is that vocational education in Iraq started with the beginning of the formal education , but it did not receive enough attention. So , it remained undeveloped compared with the academic education

سامي سعيد الاحمد دراسة تاريخية في سيرته وجهوده العلمية == Sami Said Al - Ahmad A historical study in his biography and scientific efforts

اسم المؤلف: مازن سلمان خضير المراح
اسم المشرف: حسن احمد ابراهيم المعموري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعتبر دراسة التاريخ المعاصر للعراق احدى الدراسات المهمة التي اجتذبت العديد من الكتاب والباحثين الاكاديميين في دراسة جوانبها المختلفة ، حيث ان كل واحد منهم حريص على رعاية جانب معين من هذا التاريخ. البعض منهم مهتمون بالجانب الاجتماعي ، والبعض الاخر يركز على الجانب السياسي وبعضهم درس الجانب الاقتصادي. ويكمن سبب هذا الاختلاف في اهمية هذه الجوانب وعدم القدرة على اهمال اي منها ، وعلى هذا اختلفت كتاباتهم وابحاثهم كميا ونوعا باختلاف اهتماماتهم ، وبقدر ارتباط الامر بالجانب التعليمي ، كانت هناك جهود اكاديمية وتعليمية ظهرت مؤخرا وابدت اهتماما بهذا الجانب لاعطاء الشخصيات العلمية ما تستحقه ، تقديرا للجهود الكبيرة التي بذلت خلال هذه السنوات من اجل تعزيز هذه الدراسة في المستقبل. لذلك ظهرت العديد من الدراسات التمييزية التي شملت الشخصيات الاكاديمية والثقافية والتعليمية. ولهذا السبب كان من الضروري ابراز هذه الدراسة السيرة الذاتية الحياة للدكتور سامي سعيد الاحمد ، الذي يشعر بالفخر لاي شخص ينتمي الى فئة التاريخ في العراق لانتاجه العديد من الكتابات القيمة التي تحتوي على متغير المعلومات التاريخية ، وترك مخرجات علمية هائلة ، وكتب في العديد من المجالات العلمية خاصة في التاريخ والجغرافيا والقانون والادب والاستقرار اللغوي والعديد من الموضوعات الاخرى التي تمثل مرجعا اساسيا لفترات مهمة في التاريخ القديم ، وبالتالي فهو يعتبر احد الفضائل الفكرية والثقافية في التاريخ القديم للعراق ، حيث ان دراسته تلعب دورا في اكتشاف الكثير من الجوانب التي احاطت به بدءا من المرحلة الاولى من تاريخ حياته وتكوينه الفكري . على هذا الاساس ، شملت هذه الدراسة ، مقدمة ، ثلاثة فصول وخاتمة بالاضافة الى الملاحق في نهايتها. في المقدمة ، اخذ الباحث نظرة عامة موجزة عن بلدة المهدية ، والعائلات القديمة التي كانت تعيش هناك ، والمساجد القديمة والحديثة ، والمزارات الاكثر روعة بالاضافة الى المعالم الرئيسية في تلك المدينة. في الفصل الاول ، تحدث الكاتب عن "النهج الاجتماعي والعلمي للدكتور سامي سعيد الاحمد". في الصفحات الاولى من المبحث الاول قام بمراجعة الجذور العائلية للدكتور سامي سعيد الاحمد ، وهو ابن عائلة قديمة تنتمي لعشيرة المسلماوي ، من قبيلة بني مسلم العربية. عاشت هذه العائلة في مدينة الحلة واستقرت في بلدة المهدية ، ممثلة بوالديه واشقائه ، في عام 1930 واصوله. يتبع المبحث الثاني مراحل دراسته الابتدائية والثانوية والاعدادية في مدارس الحلة. بعد ذلك ، كان مؤهلا للدراسة في بغداد في "دار المعلمين العليا" في "كلية التربية" من حيث تخرج في عام 1952 ، ثم تعليمه في مدرسة السدير الثانوية في النجف. ركز المبحث الثالث على منحة دراسية ودراسة في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ، حيث حصل على شهادة الماجستير في عام 1957 ، كما حصل على شهادة الدكتوراه من جامعة ميشيغان في عام 1962. ثم سلط الضوء على عودته الى العراق ، وركز الفصل ايضا في شكل تفصيلي على نشاطه التدريسي في الاماكن المختلفة التي كان يعمل فيها ، وقد لوحظ من خلال تدريسه في الدراسات الابتدائية والجامعية انه بذل الكثير من الجهد العلمي قدر استطاعته ، في تعليمه في فئة التاريخ القديم في جامعة بغداد ، كلية الاداب. اما الفصل الثاني المعنون "منهج سامي سعيد الاحمد في الكتابة التاريخية " فقد تم تقسيمه الى 3 موضوعات ، تناول الموضوع الاول مجموعة مختارة من الموضوعات والمصادر التي تبناها ومنهجه في دراسة التاريخ ، واستخدم اكثر من المناهج الدراسية في الكتابة. تناول الموضوع الثاني معنى التاريخ في اللغة والمؤتمر ، ثم تعريف التاريخ وتعريفه من قبل المؤرخين العرب والاوروبيين ، ثم راجعنا تعريف سامي سعيد الاحمد. بالاضافة الى ذلك ، قام الكاتب بتوضيح المؤتمرات والندوات التي شارك فيها الدكتور سامي سعيد الاحمد بالاضافة الى ارائه الفكرية ومواقفه السياسية. في الموضوع الثالث ، قدم الكاتب وجهة نظر تمهيدية حول ابرز كتاباته التاريخية. تناول الباحث في الفصل الثالث(منهج سامي سعيد الاحمد في كتابة التاريخ (دراسة تحليلية)) منتقيا سبعة نماذج من مؤلفاته من اشهرها وابرزها في معالجاتها لموضوعات مختلفة دلت محتوياتها بوضوح على طريقته ومنهجه في بحث قضاياه التاريخية , فقد تناول المبحث الاول القسم الاول من مؤلفاته , فاستعرض الباحث اربعة كتب كنموذج لمعرفة منهجه في الكتابة , اما المبحث الثاني فقد تناول ايضا نموذج من كتبه المترجمه لبيان منهجه في الكتابة المترجمة , واشار المبحث الثالث الى بحوثه والمقالات المنشورة في المجلات العلمية المحكمة فقد نال الباحث جزءا يسير منها , فكانت تلك البحوث في اللغتين العربية والانكليزية . في خاتمة الرسالة تطرق الباحث الى اهم الاستنتاجات التي توصل اليها من تقويم الحقائق والوقائع التي تضمنتها فصول الرسالة الثلاث. اعتمدت الدراسة على مصادر متعددة يمكن ملاحظة عددها وتنوعها من خلال الهوامش وقائمة المصادر، وياتي في مقدمتها الوثائق غير المنشورة للشخصية المدروسة الموجودة في الملفة الشخصية للدكتور سامي سعيد الاحمد المحفوظة في شعبة الموارد البشرية التابعة لكلية الاداب , جامعة بغداد ، بما تحتويه من تقارير عن نشاطه واوامر ادارية نالها خلال خدمته الطويلة ، وكتب تثبت مشاركته في المؤتمرات والندوات , وقد غطت هذه الوثائق معظم الرسالة بما تضمنته من معلومات مهمة وقيمة استفاد منها وبالدرجة الاولى في الفصل الاول في هذه الدراسة , ولاسيما فيما يتعلق بالتقارير الشهرية والسنوية عن نشاطه العلمي في التعليم الثانوي والجامعي والاوامر الجامعية اكان بالنقل ام غيرها. | The study of contemporary history of Iraq is considered one of the important studies that have attracted many academic writers and researchers in studying its various aspects, as each of them keen to look after a certain aspect of this history. Some of them are interested in the social aspect, others focused on the political aspect and some of them studied the economic aspect. The reason of this difference is the importance of these aspects and the inability to neglect any of them, and upon this their writings and researches have varied quantitatively and qualitatively by differing their interests, and as much as the command is related to the educational aspect, there have been academic and educational efforts that have recently appeared and showed interest in this aspect to give the scientific personalities what they deserved, in appreciation to the great efforts thay have exerted among all these years in order to promote this study ahead. Therefore, many discriminative studies have emerged that included academic, cultural and educational personalities. For this reason it was necessary to highlight in this study the biography , CV and life of Dr Sami Saeed Al - Ahmed, who is concerned a pride to anyone who belongs to the history category in Iraq for his production of many valuable writings that contained variable historical information, leaving an enormous scientific output, he wrote in many scientific fields particularly in history, geography, law, literature and the linguistic stabilization and many other topics that represent a basic reference for important durations in the old history, and therefore he is considered one of the intellectual and cultural favours in the old history of Iraq, as his study plays a role in discovering a lot of aspects that surrounded him starting from the first stage of the history of his life and intellectual formation, what is hidden from the important information that become extinct over time. On this basis, this study included an introduction, a preface, three chapters and a conclusion in addition to the appendices at its end. In the preface, the researcher took a brief overview of Al Mahdiah town, the ancient families who lived there, the old and modern mosques and the most remarkable shrines as well as the main landmarks in that town. In the first chapter, the writer talked about "the social and scientific approach of Dr Sami Saeed Al - Ahmed". In the first pages of the first research he reviewed the family roots of Dr Sami Saeed Al - Ahmed who is a son of an ancient family that belongs to the Al - Muslimawi clan, from the Arabic Bani Muslim tribe. This family lived in the city of Al - Hillah and settled in Al - Mahdiah town, represented by his parents and his brothers, his birth in 1930 and his origins. The second research followed his primary, secondary and preparative study stages in Al - Hillah schools. After that, he was qualified to study in Baghdad in “High teacher’s house” in “college of education” from where he graduated in 1952, then his teaching in Al - Sadeer secondary school in Al - Najaf. The third research focused on his scholarship and study in USA, where he obtained his master certificate in 1957, he also got his PhD certificate from Michigan University in 1962. The writer then highlighted his return to Iraq, and the chapter also focused in a detailed form on his teaching activity in the different places where he worked, and it was noticed from his teaching in the primary and university studies that he exerted as much scientific effort as he could, in his teaching in the old history category in Baghdad university, college of literature. The second chapter entitled“the evolution of the vision for Dr Sami Saeed Al - Ahmed and his scientific activities” and was divided into 3 topics, the first topic discussed a selection of the subjects and sources that was adopted and his curriculum in the study of history, and he used more than one curriculum in writing. The second topic involved the meaning of history in the language and convention, and then the definition of history and its definition by Arabic and European historians, then we reviewed Sami Saeed Al - Ahmed’s definition. In addition, the writer illustrated the conferences and seminars that Dr Sami Saeed Al - Ahmed participated in as well as his intellectual opinions and political attitudes. In the third topic, the writer gave an introductory view about his most prominent historical writings. The third chapter revealed “analytical reading of patterns of his historical writings” selecting seven patterns of his most famous and prominent writings in its treatments of different topics that its contents showed clearly his pathway and approach in searching his historical issues. In the first topic the writer talked about the first categories of his writings, where the writer viewed four books as a model for knowing his approach of writing, the second topic also showed a model of his translated books to illustrate his approach in translated writing, whereas the third topic pointed out to his researches and his particles that are published in worldwide magazines where the writer got a simple portion of it and these researches where in the Arabic and English languages. In the conclusion of the letter, the researcher pointed to the most important conclusions he reached from the evaluation of facts and incidents contained in the three chapters of the message

المستشرق جون جلكرايست واراؤه في السيرة النبوية من خلال كتاب محمد ونبي الاسلام : دراسة نقدية مقارنة == Orientalist John Gilchrist and his Opinions of his book the biography of the Mohammed Prophet of Islam (Comparable Study)

اسم المؤلف: صلاح فلاح عمران حمزة الخفاجي
اسم المشرف: زينب فاضل مرجان
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The subject of the study of the Prophet's biography is very importance because it was not written before by missionaries to get benefit from their position in South Africa and their contact with Muslims to change them from Islam to Christianity..John Gilchrist is one of the most important people who studied the Prophet's biography (~) at this time with some fairness and objectivity in some of his subjects, but we see him deliberately mislead and try to distort the biography of the Noble Prophet (~) in other subjects, but in a different style from other orientalists. we can consider him on the top of Orientalists because he adopted a new method which is holding debates and try to argue with opponents, whether direct debates or the writing of books and articles. the articles did not stop at this point, but he is still evangelizing in South Africa . therefore. he is in have full contact with Muslims and that gives him the opportunity to change his style from time to time for the purpose of influencing Muslims. Therefore, it is necessary to mention this orientalist and try to prevent such ideas. we have to point out that Orientalism has great effects on a large number of Muslim children, which led to the deviation of many of them and try to stand up against many of those who want to become Muslims. they use special ways. they have a preconceived idea and then take the facts of the events, including what supports their idea.Since the scientific studies do not allow to judge on the orientalist because his identity or nationality, it is necessary to identify the orientalist and his works. we also try to search in his words using the analytical approach. we have to present his words and compare them with the Islamic narrative the researcher found himself in front of a great responsibility to try to stop the arrows that are directed to the Prophets (~). the researcher tries to respond to them. as we know , there is no study of the orientalist John Gilchrist, especially in the subject of his book Muhammad the Prophet in Islam and exposed to him to deal with his biography in the spot of the Islamic vision We critique these views in scientific criticism The researcher follows the chronological order of the events that were discussed by the orientalist with reference to the correct Islamic sources, with a focus on the sources of biography and reference to some orientalist writings and answerAbstract Bto support the discussion in order to attempt to uncover the effects of the intellectual invasion of the Orientalist and to influence the biography of the Prophet.then, I refuted all the lies that the orientalist John Gilchrist addressed to the facts of the Prophet's biography, which came from the Islamic sources, depending on the weak events, and the writings of the orientalist John Gilchrist about the Prophet (~) was not studied and criticized scientifically, and highlight what in these studies, he followed multiple approaches in his works. the researcher divided the message into three chapters : - Chapter OneThis chapter is devoted to the orientalist's life, writings, debates ,resources, and the orientalist methodology.Chapter twothe researcher dealt with the life of the Prophet Muhammad in Mecca where he lived and grew from the book of Muhammad the Prophet in Islam by the orientalist John Gilchrist.Chapter ThreeIn this chapter, the researcher touched upon the life of the Prophet Muhammad in the city since the migration until the fifth year of migration and its events.chapter fourthIn which the researcher mentioned the life of the Prophet since the fifth year until the death of the Prophet.The researcher was able to reach several result that Orientalism is an integral part of the intellectual colonization exercised by the West towards the countries of the East and that trend appeared as a result of bloody conflict in the Crusades until it turned into a clash of civilizations and later turned into a dialogue of civilizations to alleviate the impact this word.Abstract CMost of Christians who tried to address the biography of the Noble Prophet (peace upon him ) are the men of theology. The Pontifical Church aspired to turn to the East in order to convert Muslims and to support the Christians against Islam in order not to turn to Islam. the reading of the sources of the Prophet's biography Selectivity of resources is both positive and negative. the novel that prepared by John Gilchrist is one of the most serious novels that have appeared in the modern times because it is affected by the impact on the medieval without regard to the spiritual and symbolic status of the Prophet Muhammad's prophet hood. the vision of modern orientalism, which was created by John Gilchrist based on three things first, the historical systematic of the novel. second, the popular folklore. finally, the mythological mythology. This is a reflection of the evolution of contemporary Orientalist mentality, which emerged from the development of the West and the power of the Church
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