تاريخ العراق القديم في ضوء نظرية التحدي والاستجابة == Ancient History of Iraq in the Light of Challenge and Response Theory
Author name:
مصطفى كامل سهل الغزي
Supervisor name:
حسين سيد نور جلال الاعرجي
General topic:
History
Specific topic:
Ancient History
Degree:
Master
University:
Wasit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language:
Arabic
University location:
Wasit
First pages:
11T3398 - p.pdf
Abstract:
This study "the ancient history of Iraq in light of the theory of challenge and response for (Toynbee)", is a new light of interpretation for the cultural history of Mesopotamia, according to the challenge - response theory.The study deals with the emergence and growth and improvement, besides dissolution and falling and demise of civilization entities constructing the civilize system of the great Mesopotamia. It isconsisted of an introduction, preface, three chapters and conclusions. The first chapter includes the emergence of civilization, clearing the emergence of civilization factors and in particular with respect to the types and the levels of natural challenges and humanly ones which represented the stimuli that provoked strong underlying creativity inside the old Iraqi with a positive nature and brought preparations and material besides spiritual capabilities as responds to various challenges. However, it was human transmission which got him from the primitive state to a civilized prominent production stage.Challenges need to be appropriate consistent responses at the level of that same challenge. Most of these responses show the elite or(dominant minority)that has the talent and experience in addition to mental powers which make it distinct from the rest of community members; so this study searched the source of elite and it scultural role in Mesopotamia. It is mention worthy that these responses exhibited by elite people with ideas and innovations as well as creativity alone is not enough to achieve growth, prosperity and continuity of civilization, but these elements need the support of the community (the majority) that helped to achieve the growth and prosperity of civilization optimization, through supporting the creative elite and tracing it. However, we looked closely to consider the nature of communities and tribes that contributed to the construction of civilization in Mesopotamia, and constructing each society and the extent of its abilities, capabilities and contributions.Chapter two is about growth and prosperity of civilizations and unsatisfactory, and has come to the result that civilization needs to driving forces which can be represented in the continuous sustainability of human challenges that require continued human responses and escalation until growth and prosperity come to any civilized entity.This study goes through the criterion of the cultural growth and identify esits shape and shows the level of achievement for each civilized entity within the wider system of civilization in Mesopotamia.The third chapter is about the reasons and causes of the falling and dissolution of cultural entities and their demise. This chapter shows that the decay and fall of civilization not by external or natural human challenges, but by internal challenges formed the utmost important factor in the dissolution of communities. The most prominent of these challenges is the frequent wars or the loss of the creative minority its creation and following production of solutions and treatments which led to the dissolution of the fission of the society, so the society becomes just about falling, here comes the chance of the external challenge (outer invasion) that perched the borders, to throw a knockout across that tumbling cultural entity which creators and society cannot afford a reaction and respond to these challenges.
