Abstract: The present study was carried out in Thi - Qar province during the period from beginning of January until the end of December 2015 to investigate the prevalence of infection with hydatidosis in human and other intermediate hosts. The molecular techniques was used to detect the strain of Echinococcus granulosus. The present study diagnosed 58 infection with hydatidosis in different organs such as liver, lungs, kidney and spleen of surgically treated patients in AL - Hussein Imam Teaching Hospital inNassiriyah city, centre of Thi - Qar province. The total number of hydatid cysts was 72 cyst in different organs with total intensity of infection 1.24. The females recorded highest percentage of infection 67.24% than males 32.76 %, and the age group 21 - 30 year showed highest percentage of infection 24.14 % . The lowest percentage recorded in age group more than 60 year 5.17 %.The results of study showed that right lobe of liver was more affected 58.62 % than left lobe 13.79 %. The percentage of left lung infection was 10.34 % while right lung 8.62 %. The total average of fertile cysts in infected organs was 81.82 % and sterile cysts 18.18 %. The highest percentage of infection was recorded in house women 87.18 %. The number of recorded cases in Nassiriyah district was 21 case with percentage of infection 36.21 %.During the same period a total of 1303, 1287, 405, 90, and 294 head from sheep, cattle, buffaloes, camels and goats were examined respectively.The percentage of infection was 7.83 %, 7.69 %, 3.46 % and 2.22 % in sheep, cattle, buffaloes and camels respectively, and no infection was recorded in goats. The intensity of infection was 4.07, 3.27, 1.64 and 2 in sheep, cattle, buffaloes and camels respectively. The results of statistical analysis showed no significant differences (P????0.05) in percentage and intensity of infection.The percentage infection of liver, lungs and both together in sheep was 5.45 %, 1.23 % and 1.15 % respectively, and there was no significant differences in percentage of infection but intensity of infection differed significantly(P????0.05). The percentage of liver, lungs, both together and spleen infection in cattle were 3.11 %, 2.95 % , 1.55 % and 0.08 % respectively while intensity of infection in liver, lungs, both together and spleen was 2.5, 2.18, 7 and 1 respectively. The percentage of liver, lungs and both together infection in buffaloes were 2.22 %, 0.99 % and 0.25 % respectively while intensity of infection in liver, lungs and both together was 1.89, 1 and 2 respectively. No significant differences in percentage and intensity of infection in camels andboth percentage and intensity of infection in liver and lungs were 1.11% and 2 respectively.High significant differences was recorded between percentage infection in males and females of animals. The percentage of infection in females were 15.87 %, 13.42 %, 6.99 % and 3.45 % in sheep, cattle, buffaloes and camels respectively. Highest percentage of infection were 0.72 %, 0.18 % and 0.46 % in males of sheep, cattle and buffaloes respectively. No infection were recorded in males of camels.T he age was effect on percentage of infection and big aging groups recorded in sheep, cattle, buffaloes and camels. The present study recorded significant differences in percentage of fertile hydatid cysts in liver and lungs of animals and highest of percentage of fertility recorded in liver and lungs of sheep 84.21 % and 79.24 % respectively and lower percentage of fertility was in liver of buffaloes 11.11% and liver of cattle 14.70 %. The lower percentage of sterile hydatid cysts was in liver and lungs of sheep 15.79 % and 20.75 % respectively and highest percentage recorded in liver of buffaloes 88.88 % and spleen of cattle 100 %.S t a tistical analysis using of ANOVAs test showed no significant differences in total length, length of blade and width for large and small protoscolices hooks of hydatid cysts isolated from liver and lungs of sheep, human, cattle buffaloes, camels and hooks of sheep which is showed genetic variations (new strain).The PCR - RFLP technique was used in identification of E.granulosus strains infecting human and intermediate hosts in Thi - Qar province. The molecular study is carried out on 75 hydatid cysts collected from human, sheep, cattle, buffaloes and camels. The DNA is extracted from protoscolices of hydatid cysts isolated from infected organs. PCR - RFLP technique showed that sheep strain G1 of E.granulosus is predominant in Thi - Qar province depending on amplification of rDNA - ITS1 gene. The PCR products in all DNA samples showed 1000 bp approximately. Alu1 endonuclease with rDNA - ITS1 demonstrated two bands 800 bp and 200 bp approximately, while Rsa1 endonuclease showed two bands 655 bp and 345 bp approximately which is similar to sheep strain genotype 1.Sequence analysis for rDNA - ITS1 gene showed the presence of sheepstrain genotype 1 which is similar 100 % to sheep strain in gene bank exceptone isolate (sheep liver) was differs from other strains in position ofnucleotide sequence. It was similar 99 % for sequence of sheep strain. Thedata base of this new strain was recorded in gene bank for DNA sequence National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) for the first time globally under the name Echinococcus granulosus strain WH1AW2 (GenBank : LT547814). Polymerase chain reaction technique and sequence analysis of mtCOX1 gene showed the presence of sheep strain G1 of human, sheep, cattle, buffaloes and camels. The sequence analysis showed the genetic variation in mtCOX1 gene for hydatid cyst in infected sheep represented by point mutation type transition which caused change Adenine to Guanine, and sequence data base of the sample recorded for first time in NCBI and ENA (GenBank : LC203589). Buffaloes strain G3 isolated from human lung recorded for first time in Thi - Qar province depending on comparison of samples sequences with source strains recorded in gene bank (NCBI) using "BLAST". The size of bands for mtCOX1 gene was 450 bp in all samples

مستويات الاديبونكتين والابلين والهرمونات الاخرى والمعايير الدموية اثناء الحمل وفي مرضى متلازمة المبيض متعدد الاكياس == Adiponectin, Apelin and other Hormones Levels and Blood Indices during Pregnancy and in Patients with Polycystic Ovaries Syndrome

Author name: هناء سلمان كاظم

Supervisor name: طه جاسم الطه | علي فالح الاسدي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The present study aimed to determine the levels of adiponectin and apelin and their relations with all parameters. Investigation in the present study included; hormones, lipid profile, liver enzymes activity and haematological profile in groups of Iraqi Basrah pregnant women during different months of pregnancy and to correlate these levels to maternal age, Body Mass Index, excepted parity and sex of fetuses and correlated with level of adiponectin and apelin hormones only and the results were compared with non - pregnant females as control group. The present study included (180) women ranging from 20 - 40 years old, out of them (70) pregnant and (20) non - pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOs), and (90) females non - pregnant were considered as control group. The pregnant women attended the obsteric units in the general state hospitals in Basra Governorate. They are as follows : Al - Basra General Hospital for Maternity and Childhood, Al - Mawane, Al - Fayha’a and Basra General Hospital which drain most patients from urban and rural areas. None of the selected women suffered from any type of disease. Required data were collected by the researcher depending on direct interview with women before being admitted to the study, using a questionnaire including information on age, parity, month of pregnancy, and geographical area..The Women were divided into two age group (≤ 27 and ≥28 years). Moreover, females were also divided according to BMI into normal (≤ 25), over weight (25 - 30) and Obese (≥30).The month of gestation was determined not only from the date of the women’s last menstruation (LMP) but also according to the ultrasonic reports that pregnant women had. Blood samples (10 ml) were taken from pregnant women at the end of each month of pregnancy and from control group as well as from women with PCOs. Each blood sample was divided into EDTA tube (2 ml) which was used for complete hematological picture study (RBC, Hb, PCV, PLT, WBCs count and WBCs differential count) and the plain tube (8 ml) where the serum was obtained, for biochemical study (Adiponectin, Apelin, testosterone, Progesterone, estradiol, follicular stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, insulin, lipid profile and liver enzymes).The results indicated that maternal age had no significant effect on the level of adiponectin, apelin, FSH and LH hormones, while the study showed a significantly effect on level of progesterone, estradiol, testosterone and insulin hormones between pregnant and non - pregnant women. Adiponectin levels decreased in pregnant and non - pregnant females with increased body mass index whereas apelin, estradiol, progesterone and insulin levels increased. When the comparison between pregnant and non - pregnant women was done, a decrease in adiponectin and apelin was noticed. Accompanied by an increase in the level of estradiol, testosterone, progesterone and insulin hormones in pregnant women compared to non - pregnant women.Women with PCOs showed low levels of both Adiponectin and apelin with high levels of Testosterone and Insulin.Results also revealed that age had no effect on total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL, in both pregnant and non - pregnant females, but when the BMI was taken in consideration, high levels of these parameters were found in - group of BMI (obese). In addition, the present study showed that age had no effect on liver enzymes (AST and ALT) while ALP showed that the behavior increased up as a different high body mass index in pregnant women, in comparison with the control group. However, ALP activity also increased in high BMI group.Hematological study showed that age had no effect on RBC, Platelets, and hematocrit. Similar results were found when BMI was taken in consideration. Total WBCs showed a non - significant increase in pregnant women as compared with the control group. Adiponectin levels were significantly higher in pregnant females carrying female fetuses compared to those with male fetuses, while the other hormone apelin did not differ between the two groups. The Result of the present study revealed that adiponectin was significantly decreased as apelin was significantly increased with the increased parity.

دراسة فعالية بعض مستخلصات الطحلب الاخضر Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.,1820 على الاكياس العذرية للمشوكة الحبيبية Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch,1786 وكمضادات لخط الخلايا السرطانية نوع HeLa == Study of the activity of some of the green alga Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.,1820) extracts on Hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch,1786) and as anticancer cells type HeLa

Author name: غزوان طالب نوري الجابر

Supervisor name: صبيح هليل المياح | احمد محسن عذبي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Biotechnologies

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the activity of green alga Enteromorpha intestinalis extracts (methanol and hexane extracts) on growth and development of hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro and in vivo by using mice type Mus musculus Balb\c that in comparing with albendazole drug. Anti - cancer activity was also evaluated in vitro for both algal extracts by using HeLa cells. Chemical compositions of algal extracts were analyzed by using Gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy (Gc - mass)technique . The hydatid cysts were collected from livers and lungs of infected sheep which slaughtered in Basrah abattoir. While, The algae specimens were collected from Abu Sokhir marshland area /north of Basra. The results revealed that E.intestinalis chemical compounds are carbohydrate , alkaloids, phenols , saponins , triterpenes and sterols compounds. In vitro study showed that the 1 mg / mouse weight of albendazole drug was able to reduce the percentage of protoscolices activity to zero after the third day of treatment. While, the dose 6 98 mg / kg of methanol extract inhibited all protoscolices after five days of treatment, followed by the dose 804 mg / kg of hexan extract that inhibited all protoscolices after six days of treatment.In vivo study revealed that the methanol extract (698 mg / kg) treatment was the best in reducing the weights of organs significantly in comparison with the positive control group it was 2.192 , 0.192 , 0.434 and 0.282 g of liver, spleen, lung and kidney respectively. The methanol extract (698 mg / kg) treatment lowered the average number of hydatid cysts (2.6) more than other extracts treatments , then followed by hexane extract (804 mg / kg) treatment it was 2.8 cyst .This study has identified that the liver enzymes Aspartate transaminase (ALT) and Alanine transaminase (AST) values in the serum of positive control group were higher significantly than negative control group the value of the enzyme ALT was 79 IU / l and the value of the enzyme AST was 118.4 IU / l.All methanolic extracts groups showed a preference in enzyme's values compared with other treatments groups , the value of ALT enzyme of 698 , 688 and 678 mg / kg of methanol extract groups were 46.8 , 45.8 and 44.6 IU / l respectively, while all hexane extracts groups showed a preference in AST enzyme values compared to the other treatments groups, the value of AST enzyme of 804 , 794 and 784 mg / kg of hexane extract groups were 73.6 , 70.2 and 70.4 IU / l respectively. Found a significant increase in the number of white blood cells WBCs in a positive control group ( 4.6 × 013μ), compared with a negative control group and the other groups, While it has been found significant decrease in the Hb (5..8deciliter) and Packed cell volume (PCV) (31..%) values in positive control group as compared with control negative group. The study found that the number of white blood cells WBCs n the methanolic extract group (678 mg / kg) was 4.06 × 103 microliter was as same as in the negative control group, In contrast, hexane extract group (804 mg/ kg) has did not significant difference with negative control group in the Hb and PCV were 11.5 g / dl and 36.8% respectively .Histological study confirmed that there are the histological changes in positive control group included congestion , bleeding , degeneration , infiltration of inflammatory cells and hyperplasia. Whereas the histological changes in group treated with albendazole were bleeding, infiltration of inflammatory cells , atrophy of the glomerulus and fibrosis in some areas . In algal extracts groups the histological changes were infiltration of inflammatory cells, bleeding and congestion.The Gc mass results revealed that the ethanol extract contains loliolide , ethyl stearate , palmitic Acid , ethyl palmitate , phytol , ethyl oleate , ethylhexyladipate and squalene compounds. While, hexane extract has N, Ndimethyltetradecylamine , diisobutyl phthalate , palmitic Acid , ethyl palmitate and ethylhexyladipate compounds.Anti - cancer study showed the algal extracts have an inhibition activity against cancer cells, The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of the methanol extract was 79.08 μ/ ml, While, the IC50 for hexane extract was 156.3 μ/ ml.

دراسة تشريحية تصنيفية لبعض من نباتات العائلة السوسبية Euphorbiaceae في العراق == Anatomical and Taxomanical study for some plant of Euphorbiaceae family in IRAQ

Author name: امل علي ياسين الحسن

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Plant

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate several taxonomic aspects which comprised the micro - morphological studies of epidermal layer of leaves, pollen grains, fruits and seeds.In addition to that, the anatomical and molecular studies for 12 species of Euphorbiaceae family which belonged to five genera AndrachneL. , Chrozophora L., Euphorbia L, Mercurialis L. and RicinusL., were performed. One representative species for each genuswas selected; in exception 8 species were chosen for the genus Euphorbia..The current results confirmed that the anatomical characters showed valuable taxonomic traits which can evidently be used to distinguish between species. The most prominent trait was mesophylla tissue in leaves which were observed in three categories;1 - Bifacial leaves : - which found in C.tinctoria, Euphorbia sp ., E. milii, E.annua and R.comminus 2 - Uni - facial (heterogenus) leaves : - this category of the mesophyll was detected in two species only A.telephioides and E.prostrata3 - Uni - facial (homogenus) leaves : - this category were noticed in five species; E.denticulata ,E.helioscopia ,E,macrocarpa , E.microsphaeia and E.peplus The second important comparative anatomical character was the Mid rib, which are in four types with several shapes from which discrimination between the species can be made : - 1. Convex - concave mid rib : - that was showed in E.helioscopia, E.macrocarpa, E.milii and M.annua.2. Convex - convex : - This type was found in three species C.tinctoria , Euphorbia sp.and R. comminus3. Flat - Convex : - This type of mid rib was observed in A.telephioides E.microsphaera, E.peplus and E.prostrata4. Flat - Flat : - This type was observed in only one species E.denticulata In stem, the most prominent parts of taxonomic evidence were pith and vascular bundles.In according to the pith, species can be divided into hollow stem (without pith) and solid stem (containing medulla good configuration). Hollow stem was clear in the stems of A.telephioides , E.microsphaera , E.prostrata and M.annua. While, the solid stem wasseen in the remaining species. Vascular bundles were existed in two types; that's connected vascular bundles that's characterized the hollow stems, and separate vascular bundles. In most of the species with the exception of M. annua, stem with scatteredvascular bundles were in cortex As well as, petiole which have features that a clear taxonomy values .either by outline of petiole or its vascular arc.Micro - morphological studies of epidermal layer of leaves showed very important taxonomical value. This layer of leaves reveals variation in shape of ordinary epidermal cell and nature of anticline cell wall, stomata complexes and Epicuticlular wax crystals.Micro - morphological of pollen was taxonomic evidence as well. It can be considered to divide the species of Euphorbiaceae family into two groups based on the number of germination apertures 1 - Hexocorporate : - this type was confined to C.tinctoria2 - Tricolporate all species studied remainingThe sculpture of pollen wall provided beneficial information invested in the species identification.Both seeds and fruits showed a distinctive role in species identification. Micromorophological study of seeds for species which belong to six genera Andrachne , Chrozophora, Euphorbia, Mercurialis , Phyllanthus and Ricinus were achieved by using Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). The study concentrated on micro - morphological aspect of Caruncle, seed surface ornamentation and the shape of epidermial cell wall. The result revealed that most studied species were with carunclated seeds ,but some specieswere with ecarunclated seeds as in A.telephioides L. ,C. tinctoria( L) Raf , E.prostrata Atin and P. maderaspatensis L Seed surface ornamentation characteristics showed a significant taxonomical value.Furthermore, current result showed that there are a highly variation in shape, size and color of the seeds walls. With respect to the fruits characteristics, which showed variations in number of mercarpi, shape, size, color and surface ornamentation that can be adopted in the separation of the species studied Molecular study provided significant support for phenotypic and anatomical classification and support genetic convergence between the species in Euphorbiacea family. The genus Euphorbia species showed a significant genetically convergence and participated in predecessors monophyletic. However, the genera in Euphorbiacea family under study probably originated and evolved from different ancestors’ polyphyletic.

دراسة تصنيفية وحياتية للديدان الخيطية عائلة Tetrameridae Travassos, 1914 المتطفلة على بعض انواع الطيور في هور السناف محافظة ذي قار == Taxonomic and Biological Studies of Nematodes of the Family Tetrameridae Travassos, 1914 in the Some Birds in Sinaph marsh Thi - Qar province

Author name: نهى جبار عبد الركابي

Supervisor name: باسم ھاشم عبد الله

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: A total of 401 represented by 128 birds of Himantopus himantopus which belong to the family Recurvirostridae , 93 birds of Chettusia leucura which belong to the family charadriidae and 180 birds of Sturnus vulgaris which belong to the family sturnidae at the period from April 2014 to march 2015 in Al - Sanaf marsh , Suq - Al - Shuyukh city southern of the Thi - Qar province,for searching the nematodes which belong to the family Tetrameridae. Four species of nematodes, which belong to the family Tetrameridae, were isolated in the current study. They were T.nouveli, T.dubia, T.spinosa and Microtetrameres inermis. The H. himantopus was infected with the nematode T.nouveli and the prevalence of infection was 25.8% , bird.Furthermore, the Chettusia leucura was infected, the mean intensity was 3.3 worm in each infected birds. The nematode T.dubia was isolated from H. himantopus with the isolated from the Ch. Leucura mean intensity was 1.7.The nematode T.spinosa was isolated from H. himantopus the the mean intensity of infection was 2.3 and it was isolated from the Ch. leucura , the prevalence of infection 4.3% and the mean intensity was 1.8 worm in each infected worm.The record of these three nematode is considering the first record in Iraq.Microtetrameres inermis was isolated from the Sturnus vulgaris, the each infected birds.Himantopus himantopus from April 2014 to March of 2015.This bird was infected with three species from family Tetrameridae, The seasonal variation study of infection prevalence of Tetrameres spp.in, H. himantopus that there was II Summarycomplete seasonal cycle for nematodes T.nouveli, T.dubia , and T.spinosa .The nematode T.nouveli had hightest infection prevalence in summer the decrease in autumn, winter and spring while the infection prevalence of nematode T.dubia was hight in summer and autumn then decrease in winter and spring. The infection prevalence of nematode T.spinosa was generally low with little increase in autumn .The results of the current of the Ch. leucura indicated that this bird was infected with three species which nematodes T.nouveli, T.dubia and T.spinosa and they had seasonal appearance . There was not any significant effect of host sex on prevalence of infection, and it showed decreased in prevalence of infection when the bird's weight was increased.The study of lifecycle of nematodes : T.nouveli ,T.dubia and M. inermis revealed obtainment the larval stages after success the infection experimental of the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria for the first time the three isolated nematodes from family Tetrameridae in this study which it was T.nouveli , T. dubia and M.inermis and was included the lifecycle of the three species . The differences were including the period of time to produce and developing the larval stages in addition to the differences in their shapes, it was revealed that were clear differences in the structure and their shape of the tip the posterior end of the third larval stage. The end of the third larval stage of the nematode T. nouveli had three caudal papilla and the posterior end of nematode T.dubia had five caudal papilla while the end of the third larval stage of M.inermis did not have any caudal papilla , so we can distinguish these nematode larval stage depended on the prevalence this character in their third larval stage.The experimental infection of the Columba livia domestica with nematode M.inermis was successful.While the experimental infection to the Columba livia domestica with nematode T.nouveli ,T.dubia .was failed The experimental infection of the Gallus domestica with nematodes of Tetrameridae T.nouveli, T.dubia and M.inermis was failed too.

Author name: علاء ناظم حاتم علي

Supervisor name: ضياء خليف كريم

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Zoology - Insects

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

التغيرات الكيميوحيوية المصاحبة للشد الملحي وتقييم دور مستخلص الطحلب الاخضر Cladophora crispata في نبات الرز Oryza sativa L. المستزرع نسيجيا

Author name: عبد الامير رحيم عبيد

Supervisor name: حسيي خلف زاير | لوى حسين عبد القادر

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Plant - Physiology

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: This study was conducted at the tissue culture laboratory at the Dept. of biology, College of Education pure Sciences from 1/3/2012 - 1/12/2014.With the objective of studing the tolerance of the salt stress of two rice (Oryza sativa L.)cultivars namely Anber and Furat using the technology of tissue culture. . Mature seeds (mature embryo and endosperm) were used as bing parts of explants which were cultivated in a semi - sold( Murashige and Skoog 1962) nutrient medium and some additives such as vitamins and amino acids .The growth regulator Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2.4 - D)was used, about 8mg/l , sucrose at 30g.l - 1 . . The study ,also ,tested the effect maltose at 30g.l - 1, and the effect of 0.5g/l of casein hydrolest were tested.the study also included the different of sea water concentrations (0,20,40,60)%on the induction of growth and development of callus ,the effect of green algae extract at Cladophora crispate by adding 1g fresh weight to the nutrient medium with all sea water concentrations.All the features of the callus were tested as well as the effect of the interaction between sea water concentrations and algae extract , as well as interactions among rice cultivar x sea water concentration x algal extract.The study depended on some growth indicators to determine the degree of callus to tolerance towards salt stress .the resistance of callus to salt depended on regeneration through the required of time for the formation of embryos ,number of germinated embryos ,and number of plantlets .The concentration of the major metal ion : sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium ,magnesium, potassium/sodium percentage , and the minor metal ions : iron ,copper, manganese were also some chemical components such as protines and amino acid proline measured, were also measured .The randomized block design (C.R.D)and factorial experiments were used depending ten replicates per treatment .The results can be summarized as follows : 1 - The results showed that the addition of sugar di maltose as an energy source and Casein hydrolyses to the nutrient medium had appositive effect on significant decrease in the required time to mitiate the callus ,in the increase of callus induction percentage and in the increase of freshweight of initial callus. .2 - The effect of sea water and algae extract : . A - The current study shaued that the addidtion of 20 and 40 % sea water to the nutrient medium resulted in a significant increase in the required time to induce the callus ,and a significant decrease in the percentage of callus induction and weight of the mitial callus as compared with the control treatment .The concentration 60%0f sea water caused the mature seeds to lose their ability to germinate and induce the callus if no induction occurs at all . The effect of algae extract resulted in a significant decrease in the required time for callus induction ,and a significant increase in the percentage of callus induction ,the weight of the mitial callus and 0,20,40% of sea water as compared with free algae extract medium.B - The results showed that the addition of 20% of sea water to the nutrient medium that is prepared for the growth of the embryo callus led to a significant increase in the fresh weight as compared with the control treatment , whereas the two concentrations 40 and 60%sea water led to a significant decrease in the embryo callus weight .The effect of the algae extracted to a significant increase in the fresh weight of the embryo callus with sea water concentrations as compared with the free algae extract medium.C - The addition of 20,40 and 60%sea water cause a significant decrease in the number of the somatic embryos ,thir germination auerage ,number and germination of the formed plantlets . This addition also caused a significant increase in the required time to stare the germination of the somatic embryos as compared with the control treatment .The addition of the algae extract led to increase the number of formed embryos ,germination percentage ,and number and percentage of plantlets ,wher was the addition led to lower the required time to germination the embryos compared with the free algae extract medium.D - The addition of 20 ,40 and 60% sea water to the nutrient medium resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of sodium ,calcium ,and magnesium ion in the embryo callus ,while a significant decrease occurred in the concentration of potassium and phosphorus ion and thedpotassium/sodium percentage as compared with the control treatment .The abone mentioned concentrations 0f sea water led to significant increase in concentration of ion ,copper, and zinc ions ,and significant decrease in manganese ion ,The addition of the algae extract caused in lowering the concentration of sodium ion .This decrease was significant in the 60 % sea water medium. The ingrease of potassium ,calcium ,phosphorus, and magnesium ion in embryo callus tissue when compared with free algae extract medium and was significant with some sea water concentration.E - The results ,also ,showed that the addition on 20, 40 and 60% concentrations0f sea water resoled in a significant decrease in concentration of some chemical ingredients such as protein and amino acid proline of the embryo callus in comparison with the control treatment . as far as the effect of the algae extract is concerned ,the addition of this extract to the nutrient medium led to a significant increase in the concentration of the proteins and amino acid prolne as well as with all sea water concentrations.F - The results of study showed that the addition of 20,40,60% sea water led to a significant increase in the rate 0f effectiveness 0f the enzyme Super oxide dismutase (S.O.D) and enzyme Ascorbate peroxides (APX),reaching the highest rate of effectiveness of the enzyme at the concentration 0f 60% compared with the comparative treatment , whil the highest average of the effectiveness of enzyme Catalase (CAT)and glutathione piroxidase (GP)and polyphenoloxidase (ppo)was at the concentration 20%sea water then it started to decline when increasing the concentration of sea water from 40 to 60% As for the algae extract it has been shown from the results of the current study that the addition of algae extract to nutrient medium to a high effectiveness of enzyme SOD,CAT ,APX and GP and more significant with all concentration of sea water The impact of algae extract on the effectiveness of the enzyme PPO has led to increasing the effectiveness of this enzyme but did not amount to a significant level except with sea water nutrient medium .G - The results of the current study showed a significant increase of the Amber cutivar in the percentage of the callus induction and the required time of this induction as well as the Wight of the initial and embryo callus ,number and germination percentage of thesomatic embryo , number of plantlets ,as wall as the percentage of the accumulation of potassium ,phosphorus ,calcium, and manganese ions ,as will as in the potassium/sodim ratio focus histidine proline and the effectiveness of the enzyme SOD and CAT enzyme and enzyme GP. While the product was higher than in the accumulation of Firat magnesium ion ,zinc copper and in the effectiveness of the enzyme in APX & PPO . .

واقع التلوث بالمركبات الهيدروكابونية في المياة والرواسب وبعض الاحياء المائية في مهر الكحلاء محافظة ميسان / العراق == The Status of Hydrocarbon Compounds Pollution of Water, Sediments and Some Aquatic Biota in Al - Kahlaa River - Missan Province /Iraq

Author name: صالح حسن جازع

Supervisor name: عبد الحسن يوسف العضب | حامج طالب السعد

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Environment - Environmental pollution

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology

Language: English

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The present study was performed to have knowledge of hydrocarbon compounds pollution status in the water (dissolved and particulate fractions),sediments ,two species of aquatic plants (Ceratophyllum demersum and Paspalum pespaioides) ,two species of fishes(Liza abu and Carassius auratus) and one species of molluscs (Pseudodantopsis euphraticus) .The samples were collected monthly for the period November 2012 to October 2013 from four different stations ) Al - Magideh, Treatment unit, Al - Husaichi and Al - Zubair) distributed along Al - Kahlaa River in Missan province , in addition to Reference station lies on the Tigris River before entering Amara district about 25 Km .The sampling's months were divided into four typical seasons although this is incompatible with Iraq climate.As well as measures of some ecological parameters (water and air temperatures ,pH ,turbidity, electrical conductivity ,dissolved oxygen , biological oxygen demand BOD5 and total suspended solid) which ranged between 22 and 42 C˚ , 18 and 31 C˚ , 6.9 and 7.82 , 42 and 172 NTU , 12 and 118 μS/cm , 4.66 and 9.25 mg/l , 1.46 and 5.04mg/l ,33 and 108 mg/l respectively .In addition to that the Organic Matter(OM) and the texture were measured in the sediment samples. OM values ranged between 0.078 and 0.927% , whereas the percentage of the texture was ( 15 %clay, 71% silt and 14% sand),(31 %clay, 63% silt and 6% sand), (33 %clay, 57% silt and 10% sand) , (40 %clay, 47% silt and 13% sand) and (18 %clay, 55% silt and 27% sand) in Al - Magideh, Treatment unit , Al - Husaichi , Al - Zubair and Reference stations respectively .The concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs)were measured by using spectrofluorometer. Concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons in dissolved fraction ranged between 1.36 μg/l in Reference station and 13.87 μg/l in Treatment unit station during summer and winter respectively ,and in particulate fraction between 2.69 μg/g dry weight in Reference station and 29.92 μg/g dry weight in Treatment unit station during summer and winter respectively ,while in sediments they ranged between 3.16μg/g dry weight in Reference station and 135.18 μg/g dry weight in Treatment unit station during summer and winter respectively. Concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons in C. demersum ranged between 5 μg/g dry weight during winter and 58.97 μg/g dry weight during summer , while in P. pespaioides between 3.18 μg/g dry weight during winter and 43.44 μg/g dry weight during summer. Concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons in L. abu ranged between 4.81 μg/g dry weight during spring and 37.3 μg/g dry weight during summer ,while in C. auratus between 2.51 μg/g dry weight during spring and 29.303 μg/g dry weight during autumn . Concentrations ofbtotal petroleum hydrocarbons in P. euphraticus ranged between 5.98 μg/g dry weight during spring and 119.75 μg/g dry weight during summer .The concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs) and n - alkanes were determined in the laboratories of Nihran Omer (South Oil Company in Basrah province ) ,using Gas Chromatography.Total concentrations of n - alkanes in dissolved fraction ranged between 0.027μg/l in Reference station and 0.192 μg/l in Al - Husiachi station during winter and between 0.016 μg/l in Reference station and 0.039 μg/l in Treatment unit during summer ,and for particulate fraction between 0.108 μg/g dry weight in Reference station and 2.096 μg/g dry weight in Treatment unit station during winter and between 0.101 μg/g dry weight in Reference station and 0.160 μg/g dry weight in Treatment unit station during summer ,while in sediments they ranged between 4.491 μg/g dry weight in Reference station and 51.32 μg/g dry weight Treatment unit station during winter and between 2.31 μg/g dry weight in Reference station and 19.31 μg/g dry weight in Treatment unit station during summer.The range of carbon chain length of n - alkanes in dissolved fraction ranged from C8 to C34 and in particulate fraction from C15 to C34 distributed in two patterns ,the first pattern included compounds between C8 and C25 with the abundance of C19,C21,C23 and C25 odd carbon number of and C18,C20,C22 and C24 for even carbon number ,while the second pattern included compounds with the range from C26 to C35 predominated by C27 and C29 odd carbon number and C26,C28 and C30 even carbon number.In sediments they ranged from C14 to C35 and distributed in two patterns, the first pattern included compounds between C8 and C25 with the abundance of C17,C19 and C21 odd carbon number and C18,C20 and C22 for even carbon number ,while the second pattern included compounds with the range from C24 to C35 with predominance of C31and C33 odd carbon number and from C24 to C34 even carbon number.Total concentrations of n - alkanes in C. demersum ranged between 6.467 μg/g dry weight during spring and 59.483 μg/g dry weight during summer ,whereas in P. pespaioides between 34.7 μg/g dry weight during winter and 166.6 μg/g dry weight during summer .The distribution of n - alkanes compounds in plants chain length ranged from C15 to C35 with bimodal from C15 to C27and from C28 to C35 with predominance of C17 to C25 odd carbon number and C18 to C24 even carbon number in the first one ,whereas in the second the dominance compounds were from C29 toC33 for odd carbon number and from C26 to C32 even carbon number.cTotal concentrations of n - alkanes in muscles of L. abu ranged between 14.60 μg/g dry weight during winter and 73.15 μg/g dry weight during summer and C. auratus between 34.76 μg/g dry weight during winter and 166.61 μg/g dry weight during summer . The distribution of n - alkanes compounds in fish muscles chain length ranged from C16 to C35 with bimodal from C16 to C25 and C26 to C35 with predominance of C17 to C25 and C18 to C24 for the first one ,and from C27 to C33 and from C26 to C34 for the second. These reflected nutrition nature for these kinds of fishes which depend on algae ,phytoplankton ,zooplankton ,diatoms ,insects and crustacean . While in the mollusc (P. euphraticus) ranged between 95.16μg/g dry weight during spring and 220.36 μg/g dry weight during summer. The distribution of n - alkanes compounds in P. euphraticus chain length ranged from C14 to C35 with bimodal from C14 to C27 and from C28 to C35 with predominance of C17 to C21 and from C18 to C24 for the first one ,and from C29 to C33 and from C30 to C34 for the second.The values of Carbon Preference Index (CPI) and pristane to phytane ratio was calculated to know the hydrocarbon compounds source in water ,sediments and biota of Al - Kahlaa River ,since the CPI value ranged between 0.142 and 1.314 in dissolved fraction and between 0.045 and 2.193 in particulate fraction , 0.160 and 1.872 in sediments,1.075 and 8.638 in plants , 0.285 and 1.537 in fishes and between 0.354 and 4.457 in mollusc .Whereas the values of pristane to phytane ranged between not detected and 1.579 in dissolved fraction , not detected and 0.601 in particulate fraction , 0.447 and 3.008 in sediments, not detected and 0.821 in plants , not detected and 2.176 in fishes and between 0.822 and 1.347 in mollusc .These indicate that there are two sources of hydrocarbon compound in water ,sediments and biota ,biogenic from living organisms and anthropogenic from domestic ,industrial and petroleum pollutants except in plants .Total concentrations of PAHs in dissolved fraction varied from 0.739 ng/l in Reference station to1.974 ng/l in Treatment unit during winter ,and from 0.300 ng/l in Reference station to1.125 ng/l in Treatment unit during summer ,and in the particulate fraction they varied from 0.79 ng/g dry weight in Reference station to 24.42 ng/g dry weight in Treatment unit during winter ,and from 4.369 ng/g dry weight in Reference station to10.545 ng/g dry weight in Al - Husaich during summer ,while in sediments they varied from 4.906 ng/g dry weight in Reference station to 35.479 ng/g dry weight in Treatment unit during winter ,and from 2.391 ng/g dry weight in Reference station to 25.886 ng/g dry weight in Treatment unit during summer.It had been noticed that there were a predominance of high molecular weight PAHs on low molecular weight PAHs ,while Benzo(a)dAnthracene/(Benzo(a)Anthracene+ Chrysene) BaA/(BaA+Chr) ratio ranged from 0.218 to 0.804 in water and 0.520 to 0.66 in sediments. The Indeno (1,2,3 - cd)pyrene /(Indeno (1,2,3 - cd)pyrene + Benzo(ghi)perylene) InP/(InP+BghiP) ratio ranged between not detected and 0.578 in water and between not detected and 0.681 in sediments .The Fluoranthene/ Pyrene (Fl/Py)ratio ranged between 0.150 and 2.47 in water and between 0.10 and 8.490 in sediments ,this give an indication of the source of PAHs compounds in water and sediments which were mainly pyrogenic and few from them petrogenic .Total concentrations of PAHs in C. demersum ranged between 24.124 ng/g dry weight during winter and 87.289 ng/g dry weight during summer ,whereas in P. pespaioides between 1.616 ng/g dry weight durig winter and 16.661 ng/g dry weight during summer .The Lower Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons to Higher Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ratio ranged between 0.006 and 0.009 in C. demersum and between 0.008 and 0.103 in P. pespaioides. TheBaA/(BaA+Chr)ratio ranged from 0.995 to 0.997 in C. demersum and 0.756 to 0.995 in P. pespaioides. The InP/(InP+BghiP) ratio ranged between 0.342 and 0.807 in C. demersum and between 0.19 and 0.645 in P. paspaloides . The Fl/Py ratio ranged between 0.096 and 0.988 in C. demersum and between 0.018 and 5.018 in P. pespaioides. These indicate that the sources of PAHs in these plants were both pyrogenic and petrogenic .Total concentrations of PAHs in muscles of L. abu ranged between 2.301 and 16.661 ng/g dry weight during winter and summer respectively and in C. auratus between 1.095 and 8.675 ng/g dry weight during winter and summer respectively ,whereas in mollusc (P. euphraticus) ranged between 1.86 and 6.88 ng/g dry weight during spring and summer respectively. According to ratios of Low Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(LPAHs) to High Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (HPAHs), BaA/(BaA+Chr), InP/(InP+BghiP) and Fl/Py ,they certainly reflected that the PAHs sources in fishes and mollusk are pyrogenic as a main sources and petrogenic as a small part .Also results of this study revealed the presence of seasonal and spatial variations in concentrations of TPHs ,n - alkanes and PAHs in water ,sediments and aquatic biota from Al - Kahlaa River ,the highest concentrations were recorded during winter whereas the lowest during summer ,also the highest values of these compounds were recorded in Treatment unit station in comparison with other stations.

تقييم تلوث الهواء باستعمال دليل نوعية الهواء AQI ودليل التحول APTI لبعض المواقع المختارة في محافظة البصرة == Assessment of air pollution using AQI and APTI indices in selected locations of Basra governorate

Author name: شيماء هشام شهاب الدين

Supervisor name: نايف محسن عزيز

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Environment - Environmental pollution

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Science - Department Of Biology

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The current study has been done for period from December to January 2015 including five station in three replicate for each station distributed in Basra Province (Al - Qurna district ,city center - Ashar ,Altenuma, and Zubair as well as region which is called Abu Al Khaseb , it is chosen as a control station for being agricultural area. The samples have been collected monthly for evaluating the parentage of gas pollution concentration (CO2,CO,NOx,SO2 and TSP) . The concentration of gas is measured by using gas analyzer device and the mount of particles in the air is measured by PDR - 1200. And black carbon ( BC) was measured by using Aethalometer . AQI was using for air quality for knowing the quality of surrounding air . Maps are drawn which show the spreading pollutants in Basra Province during the season by using GIS program . it is clear that there was differences concentration rates of pollutant gases in Basra province, the seasonally difference for gases pollutant proved that in Winter recorded high value for gases CO2, CO which reached 258.62 ppm for CO2 and 7.19 ppm for CO while in summer it is register the high value for NOx and SO2 which reached 0.406ppm for NOx and 0.319 for SO2 while TSP recorded difference reach high concentration 323.54 μg/m3 during Spring .While ,there is no difference has been recorded for black carbon in Autumn and Winter where as high concentration reached 25000 ng/m3 .The yearly difference in Al ashar shows that the highest for CO2 and CO during the period of studying followed by Al - Qurna recorded the highest concentration for NOx and SO2 while al - Zubair station recorded the highest concentration for TSP . Abu al Khaseb station recorded the lowest concentration for all gases and TSP because nature of the region which is formed from farms with lack of human activity .according to AQI which is use to measuringBthe air quality which shows the status of air and the degree of pollution , seasonally it is the highest rang for moderate in yellow color in Abu Khaseb station to unhealthy for sensitive groups in orange color in both al Zubair and Altenuma station where as al Qurna station recorded red color for unhealthy and in Al Ashar station they are record very unhealthy in purple color .while AQI for annually difference for the stations of study for unhealthy for sensitive groups in orange color for all stations except Abu Khaseb station , these groups are considered by negative affection human being health .Biochemical analysis has been done for leaves of plants that are spreading in the study area for knowing the effect of pollutants on biochemical indicators .The study included three kinds of plants which are phoenix dactylifera , ziziphus sp. And conocarpus lancifolius . Biochemical analysis test included total chlorophyll , water content, ascorbic acid and pH .the total chlorophyll estimated by using UV - spectrophotometer ,while ascorbic acid was estimated by using gas chromatography . The results shows significant different among leaves for different plants species in different study stations , the Date palm trees phoenix dactylifera recorded the highest concentration for total chlorophyll with the comparison with other plants. The seasonally differences show that lowest concentration of total chlorophyll in Winter reached 2.11 mg/g .The ascorbic acid recorded highest value in Winter reached 1.41 mg/ g and the water content rate of less recorded value in Spring reached %59.26 with no differences are recorded in the rest of the seasons . pH was recorded the highest rang in Winter reached 7.53.Ziziphus sp. recorded the lowest content of total chlorophyll for Winter reached 1.87 mg/ g and ascorbic acid recorded the highest value in Winter 1.31 mg/ g . whereas there was no significant different in water content in all seasons .pH recorded the high rang 6.64 in Winter , there were no significant in the rest of the season .Conocarpus lancifolius recorded the lowest value of total chlorophyll comparison with the other plants .while the lowest value for total chlorophyll recorded 1.42 mg/g in Winter . Ascorbic acid reached the highest concentration 1.31 mg/ g in Winter , while the water content recorded the lowest value in Winter 36 .88 % . While pH recorded 5.80 the lowest value in Winter.According to the biochemical analysis for plants for getting the value APTI for knowing the ability of tolerance of plants for air pollution which reflects the capability of the plants to tolerance of air pollution . The result of the study shows that Phoenix dactylifera recorded the highest value 7.36 in Al ashar station where as there are no significant recorded among the other station . Ziziphus sp. recorded the highest value 6.41 in al - Qurna station followed by al - Ashar station 6.07 whereas the other station did not recorded any significant . It has been noticed that Conocarpus lancifolius shows that lowest value of APTI which reached 3.91 in Al Zubair station and there were significant differences among the other stations.APTI was used for getting the value of Anticipated Pollution Index (API) which estimating biological characteristic and the economic value for plants. The results of API showed that the plants in Basra province Phoenix dactylifera recorded the value 6 and it was in excellent category. Ziziphus sp. recorded as poor plants recorded the value 2 . while Conocarpus lancifolius recorded the value 1 category as very poor plants.it has been noticed from values of APTI and API for phoenix dactylifera makes it typical plants as bioindicator and reducing the pollution .It is concluded for the current study that there are variation quantity and quality for gases and obvious spread for it is concentration of polluted gases and particles in air of the study stations in Basra. It was found that Phoenix dactylifera is a typical plants for using as bioindicator and reducing the air pollution .

خصائص خمائر البيئة النهرية لمحافظة البصرة وقابلية بعضها على المعالجة الحيوية للعناصر الثقيلة والهيدروكربونات النفطية == Characterization of yeasts in river habitat in Basrah Province and an ability of some of them for Bioremediation of the heavy metals and oil hydro carbonate

Author name: سناء قاسم بدر

Supervisor name: باسل عبد الزهرة عباس

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Biotechnologies

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

تاثير هرمون الثايروكسين على بعض المعايير الوظيفية للدم وبعض الجينات المنظمة لتمايز النسيج العظمي في الفئران المختبريةmusculus L. Mus. == Effect of Thyroxine hormone on some of physiological parameters of blood and some regular genes of bone differentiation in Laboratory Mice Mus musculus L.

Author name: سلمى سعيد عباس

Supervisor name: سامي جبر المالكي | علي عبد اللطيف العلي

General topic: Biology

Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Pure Sciences

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية لمعرفة تاثير هرمون الثايروكسين على تمايز العظم وبعض المعايير الفسلجية والتي شملت المعايير الدموية والهرمونات المحرضة للقند واوزان واطوال الاجنة واوزان المواليد في الفئران المختبرية البيضاء Mus musculus L.,اذ قسمت اناث الفئران المختبرية في الدراسة الحالية على مجموعتين هما : المجموعة الاولى الرئيسية : لدراسة تاثير هرمون الثايروكسين L.Thyroxine hormone على المعايير الدموية للاناث الحوامل وغير الحوامل وعلى تمايز العظم في الاجنة(باستخدام طريقة تحضير المقاطع النسجية الاعتيادية للاجنة والطريقة الجزيئية باستخلاص المادة الوراثية (RNA) من الاجنة وباستخدام تقنية النسخ العكسي RT - PCR والبلمرة الكمية qRT - PCR ومعرفة تاثيره على اوزان المواليد والاجنة, وتالفت من 90 انثى بالغة بعمر(10 - 12)اسبوع وقسمت على مجموعتين ثانوية ,و هي مجموعة السيطرة والتي حقنت حيواناتها بـ 0.1 مل من المحلول الفسيولوجي0.9% ولمدة 10 ايام متتالية.بينما المجموعة المعاملة حقنت حيواناتها بـ0.1 مل من هرمون الثايروكسين وبجرعة مقدارها 0.5 ملغم /كغم/يوم ولمدة 10 ايام يوميا بعدها شرحت 5 اناث من كلا المجموعتين ,و زوجت 40 انثى المتبقية ولكلا المجموعتين مع الاستمرار بالحقن لحين تشريح الاناث واستخراج الاجنة خلال فترات عمرية متباينة (9و10و11و12و13و14و15) يوم.اما المجموعة الثانية الرئيسية خصصت لدراسة تاثير هرمون الثايروكسين على الهرمونات المحرضة للقند وهرمونات الدرقية وانزيم Alkaline phosphatase.وتتالف من 15 انثى وقسمت على ثلاث مجاميع ثانوية تضم كل منها (5) اناث, وهذه المجاميع هي : مجموعة السيطرة وحقنت بـ0.1 مل من المحلول الفسيولوجي 0.9%.ومجموعة المعاملة الاولى وحقنت بـ0.1 مل من محلول هرمون الثايروكسين وبجرعة 0.5 ملغ/كغم/يوميا ولمدة 15 يوم للاناث العذارى قبل التزاوج.ومجموعة المعاملة الثانية حقنت بـ0.1 مل من محلول هرمون الثايروكسين وبجرعة 0.5 ملغ/كغم/يوميا ولمدة 30 يوم . اظهرت نتائج الدراسة الحالية ان المعايير الدموية قد تباينت قيمها خلال الفترات الزمنية وللمجموعات ضمن المدى الطبيعي عدا في حالات قليلة ,اذ وجد هناك انخفاض معنوي في اعداد خلايا الدم البيض والخلايا الحبيبية والخلايا الوحيدة والخلايا اللمفية والنسب المئوية للخلايا الحبيبية والوحيدة واللمفية واعداد كريات الدم الحمر,وكذلك قيم مستوى كمية الهيموكلوبينHb والنسب المئوية لحجم الدم المضغوط PCV(HCT)% ومعدل كمية الهيموكلوبين MCHومعدل تركيز الهيموكلوبينMCHC ومعدل حجم كريات الدم الحمرMCV والصفيحات الدموية PLT في فترات متباينة من الحمل للمجموعة المعاملة مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة. وبينت النتائج وجود زيادة معنوية في خلايا الدم البيض والخلايا الحبيبية والخلايا الوحيدة والخلايا اللمفية والنسب المئوية للخلايا الحبيبية والوحيدة واللمفية, ومعدل تركيز الهيموكلوبينMCHC والنسبة المئوية لحجم الدم المضغوط %HCT ومعدل حجم كريات الدم الحمر MCVو الصفيحات الدميةPLT في مدد متباينة من الحمل للمجموعة المعاملة مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة. وسجلت نتائج الدراسة الحالية حصول ارتفاع معنوي في قيم هرموني T4,T3في الحيوانات المعاملة مع انخفاض معنوي في تركيز هرمون TSHفي الاناث المعاملة مقارنة مع السيطرة,و اوضحت النتائج ايضا انخفاضا معنويا في مستوى الهرمون اللوتيني LH وهرمون الحليب وللمجموعتين(15و30) يوم وزيادة معنوية في الهرمون المحفز للجريبات FSHللمجموعة الثانية(30 يوما) ,مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة, ولايوجد تاثير معنوي لهرمون الثايروكسين على هرمون الشحمون الخصوي ولنفس الفترتين مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة, وحصلت زيادة معنوية في مستوى انزيم الفوسفاتيز القاعدي بعد 30 يوما من الحقن بهرمون الثايروكسين مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة ,وحصول انخفاض في اوزان الاجنة بعمر 15يوما والمواليد للاناث المعاملة مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة , وبينت الدراسة زيادة معنوية في اطوال الاجنة المعاملة بعمر 9 و10و11و15يوما مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة. اما الدراسة النسجية فقد بينت ان الهيكل العظمي في الاجنة بعمر 9و10و11 يوما عبارة عن بداءات اعضاء تتكون من نسيج ميزنكيمي,ولم تسجل الدراسة النسجية وجود فرق بين مجموعة السيطرة والمعاملة في تمايز العظم .وظهرت بداية التعظم الغشائي والغضروفي في الاجنة بعمر12يوما ,اذ لوحظ بداية تمايز الخلايا الميزنكيمية الى ارومات عظمية,مع وجود القليل من المادة البينية الشبيهة بالعظم بين الارومات العظمية في منطقة الفك السفلي قرب غضروف ميكل ,والفك العلوي والعظم الحنكي واللامي وغضاريف الاضلاع ,اما في الاجنة بعمر13 و14و15يوما فقد ازدادت عمليات تمايز العظم بنوعية ,فاضافة الى النمو الذي حصل في العظام السابقة في تكوينها فقد ظهرت عظام جديدة في مناطق اخرى من هيكل الجنين تمثلت بعظام الصفيحة القاعدية والفخذ وحزام الكتف وحزام الحوض والاضلاع ,اما النتائج الجزيئية الخاصة بتمايز النسيج العظمي في اجنة الفئران المختبرية فقد اشارت الى التعبير الجيني لبعض جينات النسيج العظمي وتشمل Runx2وOSX وOsteo(OSC) وSialo(BSP) والتي بلغت ذروتها في مرحلة (13) يوم. ان لهرمون الثايروكسين تاثير على التعبير الجيني لبعض الجينات التي ترتبط مع التمايز النسجي للعظم اذ يؤدي هذا الى التغير في التعبير الجيني زيادة احيانا وانخفاضا خلال المدد العمرية المختلفة للاجنة .نستنتج من الدراسة الحالية ان زيادة مستوى هرمون الثايروكسين يسبب اضطراب في المعايير الدموية والتعبير الجيني لجينات العظم وانخفاض مستوى الهرمونات المحرضة للقند (LH وProlactin) وزيادة مستوى الهرمون المحفز للجريبات, وتعد هذه الدراسة الاولى على مستوى جامعة البصرة | the present study was performed to know the effect of thyroxine hormone on differentiation of bone tissue and some of physiological parameters, which included blood parameters and Gonadotropine hormones and Weights and Lengths and birth weight of mus musculus L.the females are divided into two groups ;the main first group which included 90 adult females (10 - 12)week, that subjected to study effect of thyroxine hormone on blood parameters of pregnant , nonpregnant females ,and bone differentiation of embryos (by using tissue sections method and molecular technique by RT PCR , and qRT PCR), and also known it is effect on weight of fetus and newborns; this group was also subdivided into two secondary subgroup : - control group ; was injected with 0.1 ml of normal saline (0.9%) for 10 consecutive days ,and treated group; was injected with 0.1 ml of thyroxine hormone (0.5mg/kg/day) for 10 consecutive days ,after that, 5 females from both groups were anatomized,while 40 females were mated of the both groups with continuous of injection until the females were subjected to anatomical practices and then the the embryo were taken during varied peroids (9,10,11,12,13,14,15) day. The main second group which included 15 females ,was selected to study the effect of thyroxine hormone on ;sexual hormone ,thyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase . this group was divided into another 3 subgroups,one regarded as control group which ; was injected with 0.1 ml of normal saline (0.9%) for 15 consecutive days.and second the first treated group (T1) ; was injected with 0.1 ml of thyroxine hormone (0.5mg/kg/day) for 15 consecutive days ,and without mating of the females,and the second treated group ; (T2);was injected with 0.1 ml of thyroxine hormone (0.5mg/kg/day) for 30 consecutive days and also without mating of the females. Results of the present study were shown that the blood parameters were varied in value between periods and groups (decreasing and increasing among normal value ) with exception in few cases , significant decrease of W.B.C , the granular cells ,monocytes, lymphocytes ,lymphocytes percentage ,granulocytes percentage and monocytes percentage during different periods of pregnancy in the treated animals compared with control , and was decreased RBC ,Hb ,HCT percentage ,MCH ,MHCH ,MCV, and PLT in varied periods , and we noticed a significant increase in WBC ,granular cells ,monocytes ,lymphocytes , granulocytes percentage , monocytes percentage , MCHC ,HCT percentage,MCV, and PLT in varied periods of pregnancy in the treated animals compared with control. Our study was exhibited significant increase in levels of T3 and T4 hormones of the treated animals compared with control, with significant decrease in TSH of treated animals , also significant decrease in LH and prolactin H and for groups(15 and 30 days) ,and significant increasing in FSH of second group (30 day) ,when compared with the control , and there was no effect of thyroxine on TEST H level and for 2 periods(15 and 30) , significant increasing in alkaline pho after 30 days from injection with TH H , decreased of body weight of embryos (15 days) and newborns of the treated females ,the current study showed significant increase of lengths of treated embryos (9,10,11,15 days). The histological study was explained the skeletal tissue ossification of embryos during (9,10,11)day post gestation was primitive organs of mesenchymal tissue and The histological study was not show asignificant differences of bone differentiation between treated and control groups,and intramemberaneous ossification was appeared of embryos at 12 days ,in this stage the begining of differentiation of mesenchyme cells was appeared into osteoblast , with a little of matrix like bone between osteoblasts in Mandible near the meckle cartilage , Maxilla, Palatine,and Hyoid, and endochondral ossification as in Ribs, where in embryos (13,14,and 15) The bone differentiation processes were increased of bone (the intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification),in addition to the growth of previously formed bones,also new bones were appeared in different areas in embryo skeleton like Basal plate,femur,Scapula girdle , pelvis girdle and the Ribs . In other hand, the molecular results of bone differentiation in embryo ,were exhibited peak of expression of some of the genes of bone tissue (Runx2 ,OSX, Osteo(OSC) ,and Sialo(BSP) ) at 13 days of embryo age, also the thyroxine hormone was effected in expression of some the bone genes that included disturbanceas like increasing of expression during peroids and decreasing in other peroids of embryos life. We concluded from the present study that the increase of thyroxine hormone level caused disturbances of blood parameters and gene expression of the bone genes & decreasing of the level of LH & prolactin hormones and increase the level of FSH. This is the first study on the Basrah University