Author name:
ظافر عباس جسام العيساوي
Supervisor name:
عبد المنعم خيري حسين العاني
Abstract:
تمثلت مشكلة البحث بالنقاط الاتية : 1. تعدد الاشكال" العناصر الزخرفية النباتية والهندسية والتكوينات الكتابية" في تصاميم مشبكات الاضرحة مما اثر في وحدة الشكل ووحدة التصميم الزخرفي. 2. ان تعدد الخامات والتقنيات المعدنية المستخدمة في تزيين المشبك اثر عل | Problem of the research is represented in the following points : - 1. Multi forms " engineering and vegetal ornament elements and written formations in the designs of shrines lattices which affected form unity and ornament design unity "2. Multiplicity of raw materials and metal techniques used in adornment of the interlace , affected the design meaning which leads to losing the functional side of the interlace of the shrines.Accordingly , the researcher formed the problem of the research according to the following question : - (Design Variety of Ornament of Sacred Islamic Shrines Lattices in Iraq ?) The importance of the research is embodied by warning the designer to adhere to the unity of the subject in ornamented design specially for the shrines due to their spiritual and doctrine sanctity , and commitment with elements signs and the technologies of the material used by accurate expression of both sides functional and aesthetical due to the sanctity of these places and the reason of using. The objective of the research is to response the above question mentioned in the problem of the research. The research deals with design variety of ornament of sacred Islamic shrines lattices in all its kinds ( vegetal , engineering and calligraphy ) in Iraq ( Holy Najaf , Holy Karbala and Baghdad ) for the period from ( 1928 A.D - 2013 )( 1347 A.H - 1435 ). The second chapter is dealing with the following subjects : historical background about the beginning of holy Islamic shrines and lattices , meaning dimensions in the variety sacred Islamic shrines lattices , besides the variety in areal division of the ornament of sacred shrines lattices , variety of ornament of sacred Islamic shrines lattices in all its kinds ( vegetal , engineering and calligraphy ) , ornamented design elements and the basics of ornamented design , and finally adopted raw materials in executing sacred Islamic shrines lattices , besides technical methods in execution used in sacred Islamic shrines lattices. Then followed by theoretical framework and previous studies. The researcher adopted descriptive method ( analyzing the content ) in order to reach and achieve the objective of the research. The samples have been chosen intentionally , so the researcher chose ( 5 ) lattices of the shrines out of ( 20 ) lattices. Analyze form has been made for the selected samples according to the indications of theoretical framework , then presented to the experts to check its validity. According to the analyze form, the selected samples have been analyzed and showed the following results : - 1. The designer adopted one system for ornamented design process in sacred Islamic shrines lattices , in which the ornamented design were similar in general design by adopting unified design system ( bi - similarity ) across halved vertical pivot of ornamented formations 2 - The mobilized decorations have appeared in net of a scared Islamic shrines in Iraq of three types(plantation - calligraphic, engineering ) where they could be assorted as follows : A - Single work of one decoration type ( Flower) and (liner) and ( engineering ).B - Double work of two decoration( of cup and vase shape) and reality and calligraphic and(vassal , calligraphic, shape).3 - Several materials have embodied in designs ( decoration, lattice of sacred Islamic shrines, depending three material (gold, silver, and enamel ).4 - It was depended on the type of material(gold, silver and enamel) essentially via using various methods in accomplishment of decorations and writings, such as prominent cold hammering , crafting and perforation, besides using another colors for the mobilized decoration on Enamel materials. Based on results, the researcher has reached to a number of conclusions represented by the following : - 1 - The Islamic lattice of sacred shrines of engineering shapes( rectangular solid), that make for the designer, availability to implement one front and to repeat it on the other fronts, besides, depending, diversity of area division for the single lattice to get of the red tape of recurrence.2 - Depending the decoration diversity( vegetable, engineering, calligraphic) in Sacred Islamic lattice of shrine to realize the appearance opulence and to highlighted the estheticism, which contributed in self relation of the visitor via effectiveness added by these decoration to human spirit, and adding the spirit of humility and sublimation.3 - Not to mobilize the detective decoration( human and animal) in Islamic sacred lattice of shrine, and this related to the researcher's belief of credit motives, and hatred of picturing the creatures especially in the sacred places. According to what the researcher has reached of results , conclusions, and to complete the utility and knowledge, thus he deems specifying a group of recommendations , most important of them are : 1 - Make use of the current research results to sustain the academic curricula for the given departments. Amongst , the Arabic calligraphy and Islamic decoration in institutes and colleges of fine arts.2 - Emphasizing on the scientific and academic aspect in the process of selecting decoration especially in the Sacred Islamic lattice of shrines to realize the unison of the subject.And to meet the requirement of the research, and to realize the scientific utility, the researcher has suggested collection of suggestion useful for the successive studies, amongst : Studying the design manipulation for the lattice of sacred Islamic of shrines in another Islamic countries.
