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انطون سعادة واثره في الحياة السياسية والثقافية في سوريا ولبنان (1904 - 1949) == Antoun Saadeh And His Effect On The Political And Cultural Life In Syria And Lebanon 1904 - 1949

Author name: سندس عبد الله عيسى

Supervisor name: احمد عبد الواحد عبد النبي الحلفي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: The study of characters has always assumed growing significance for researchers in modern and contemporary history. The history of Lebanon is rich in characters that have influenced the political and cultural lives in Syria and Lebanon. One of most notable of these characters is Antoun Saadeh, who was an outstanding, influential character. The circumstances surrounding his activity led to crystalizing the dimensions of his political and cultural character. He was coeval with the First World War and the negative results ensuing from it. Such results left a conspicuous mark in his intellectual production and political activity in both his homeland and the diaspora. Furthermore, he was the founder of the Syrian Social National Party to oppose the French Mandate and to raise the Syrian Nation and save it from the state of chaos and confusion it was living.The studies that have dealt with the Syrian Social National Party have referred to Antoun Saadeh, but they have never covered his intellectual and cultural activity, whether in Lebanon or in the diaspora, in a comprehensive, deep manner. The idea of the current study stemmed from this fact.When Saadeh's character is studied, a number of questions might be raised : - Did his travel to the United States of America then to Brazil has an effect on the emergence of his intellectual and political activity? - Did his intellectual production contribute to finding a solution for the Syrian nation's issues and to enriching the culture at his home nation and the diaspora? - Why did he found the Syrian Social National Party? - How did the internal developments in Lebanon affect his return to his home nation in 1947? - What were the reasons behind the 1949 coup attempt and how did it end? - What were the circumstances of his arrest and trial?The study tries to answer these questions and sheds the light on important aspects of Antoun Saadeh's life and his intellectual and political activity since his travel to USA and Brazil till the failed upheaval trial in 1949. The study is divided into a preface, an introduction, three chapters and appendices and ends with a conclusion including a collective of conclusions. The preface focuses on the cultural and political conditions in Syria, especially in Jabal Lubnan during the Ottoman era till the time of Antoun Saadeh's birth. As to the first chapter (Antoun Saadeh, his lineage, bringing up, intellectual and political activity 1904 - 1930), it addresses his lineage, family and bringing up, and then his travel to USA and Brazil later on. It also sheds the light on his father's intellectual and cultural influence, his work in the press field, and shows his political activity through his affiliation to the associations and the establishment of parties until his return to Lebanon in 1930. The second chapter is dedicated to the study of his intellectual and political activity (1930 - 1938) and sheds the light on his literary and political activity. It is also specified to the study of the reasons and motives of his establishment of the Syrian National Party, it refers to its structure and principles, it also mentions his three imprisonments and states the attitude of the Lebanese authorities towards him and their impact on his departure from Lebanon in 1938. The third and last chapter sheds the light on his intellectual and political activity (1938 - 1949) dealing with his travel to Brazil then to Argentina and his intellectual and political activity, it also treats the internal developments in Lebanon and its impact on his return to Lebanon in 1947, and it sheds the light on the failed upheaval trial in 1949 and his imprisonment circumstances. The chapter ends up with his trial and execution. The researcher faced many difficulties, like lack of books touching on Saadeh in our academic institutions. This led her to travel to Lebanon to obtain the required sources and get in touch with Lebanese characters that had lived the events covered by the study.In conclusion, I place this study before my revered professors, Discussion Committee President and members, who will definitely enrich it with their accurate academic notes. From Allah success comes.

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المرويات التاريخية في كتابات الشيخ المفيد (ت336 - 413هـ/ 947 - 1022م) == The Historical Narrations In The Books Of Al Sheikh Al Mofeed 336 - 413 AH / 947 - 1022Ah

Author name: سندس زيدان خلف الشجيري

Supervisor name: جاسم صكبان علي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: It's well - recognized for all , that History is considered a record for time and civilizations as well as a measuring system for State' Conditions and the great men who were mentioned by the History either because of their own genius in sciences , fighting or in Policy. Arab & Islamic Homeland had presentedgreat numbers of Historians and Scientists who were greatly mentioned in History. Amongst them was Al Sheikh Al Mofeed(336 - 413 / 947 - 1022) who was characterized with originality and pedigree in ideology as well as with the penetrating mind in comprehension the Islamic Sciences , and , learning , and all these characteristics were reflected into his many books in the fields of Islamic Law "Al - Fak'h" , Exegeses , Tradition "Hadith" , History , Philosophy and Dialectic. So , he was considered as Encyclopedia Of His Time in the space of Islamic Sharia and other fields. His own thoughts were regarded as expanding books and summarized messages in various Human Sciences up to our time as delightful and fruitful lessons to understand the facts which are accompanied with evidences such as The Holly Quran and Sunna and else which are emerged first.For the importance of studying History , we must depend on great accuracy in transforming History with examining and full study in order not to be used by enemy who intend to destroy our Civilized and Dogmatically Libraries. In other hand , we must , as well , to study Our History in full examining and understanding and screening it from any smears , and to purify it so as to appear in very clear and pure form to be benefit for others.Al Sheikh Al Mofeed had paid great interests for the historical books while his books were estimated about 200 Books , just 46 one wen did receive as Volume , books or Letters. He was characterized with the new method as he had a critical sense and great ability of analyzing to study the event and to submit it in an easy method far from ambiguous and free of equivocation as it was represented by Arabic ciceronian Style with boldness and easiness of words , besides discussing the points of view in calm and frank style depending on the mental evidences. Since the studies that had dealt with Al Sheikh Al Mofeed ' books were very few , additionally , that this Study will give the reader a general idea about his own books which had included intimations and news about The Prophet Mohammed (Almighty Allah peace upon him) and other prophets , therefore we have selected The Historical Narrations in the Books of Al Sheikh Al Mofeed. Thesis is subdivided into two sections : - The First One : ? First Chapter has included the general countenances for The Era ofAl Sheikh Al Mofeed , and it is divided , as well , into four topics , the first one is the political Countenances , the second one is about Economic Countenances , the third one is about the Social Countenances while the fourth one is concentrated on The Cultural Countenances in Baghdad.? Second Chapter has included the Personal & the Scientific Biography of Al Sheikh Al Mofeed. It's , also , subdivided into three topics , the first one His own Personal Biography such as His Full Name and surname , his birth , his life in very details , his personality , his death and , last , his tomb. While the second topic has included his scientific biography with mentioning to several number of instructors who had appreticed with , then some of his practical life. The third topic it is concerned with his own scientific position among the instructors , then an aspect of his practical life is mentioned to. The third topic , the last one , has referred to his scientific position among other thinkers and scientists of that period with mentioning for several of his students.? Last but not latest , Chapter three which has included the approach of Al Sheikh Al Mofeedin writing his books , it's subdivided into three topics as well, the first topic is ti submit all his books with classifying them according to their subjects with rapid presenting for the titles of his own books which couldn't find yet , while the second topic has dealt with the historical approach in writing his books which has distributed in ten points , first of all is his using Reference in his writings as well as depending on brief and details and his mentioning to Quantities , Countries and Names for the persons and their surnames and ancestries accompanied with dates in writings ,as well as , setting introductions for each subject , in addition to refer to some explanations for some leggings and measurements , last he depended on using the repetition. The third topic had dealt with his quotes and references which are divided into four groups : such as Verses Of Holy Quran , Hadith Of The Prophet and the written or the audible references and the documents. - The Second One : ? Chapter One of Thesis which includes The Historical Narrations in the Books of Al Sheikh Al Mofeed , as a result of the embranchment of these Narrations' subjects besides their shortness and disability of classifying them , sometimes , in a chief axis , therefore the scientific necessity was demanded dividing them not on the base of their subjects but they are divided into divisions according to the political , ideological , economic or social purposes , they are as following below : Chapter One has dealt with the political field in five topics , the first topic has studied the narrations at The Prophet Mohammed (Peace upon him) and it was described due to their events such as BADR BATTLE , OHOD BATTLE ,when The Prophet had replaced some companionate to be deputized instead of him in Fighting or praying affairs. The second topic has dealt with the narrations at the era of ABO BAKER (Allah Bless him)and his reign Islamic Caliphate , while the third topic has dealt with the era of OTHMAN BIN AFFAN (Allah Bless him)and his reign Islamic Caliphate and the narration of his assassination , and the fourth topic has dealt with the narrations of IMMAM ALI BIN ABI TALEB as well as mentioning to GHADEER KHOM And AL JAMMAL BATTLE as well as to mention his assassination and his Holly Shrine , the fifth topic , the last one , has dealt with the narrations of IMMAM HUSSIEN ( Peace on him ) As well as has dealt with AL TAFF BATTLE and the effects of this Battle and how it had happened.? Chapter Two has been represented with the Conceptual Field , and to submit the most important narrations which Al Mofeed had referred to , was the narrations of the Historical criticism.The second topic Al Sheikh Al Mofeedhad referred to several divisions and had divided them into two parts , the first one the Islamic group like Shiite , Al Imamia, Al Kesania , Al Nawoosea , Al Mu'atazala , Al Zaidiya , Al Karamita , Al Isma'eeliya , Al Shamtiya and others. As well as mentioning to the meaning of Exaggeration " AL GHOLO ". Secondly dealing with The Non - Islamic Groups , while the third topic has referred to the case of Disappearance (Al Ghayba) and the narrations of AL MEHDI UBIITY (peace on him) and mention also , first , to The Holy Scriptures , secondly , has pointed to different events , and the fourth topic has dealt with the real fact of The Black Stone and the reasons behind its existence and its creation. While the fifth topic has described several concepts Al Mofeed had referred to like the concept of speech ,the concept of Reviviscence (Al Raja'a) in Holy Quran , the concept of Fatality. The sixth topic has dealt with The month Of Ramadhan and all the related matters with. The Last topic was the seventh which has dealt with the position of AHL AL BAIT in the Islamic Intellect.? Chapter three has studied the economic aspect which includes many topics , the first one is Inheritance , the second topic is about Fadak and the related facts , the third topic is about Al - Zakat and its meaning and its values , the fourth has dealt with (Al Khoums )and describing the payees and the items that must be paid for, the fifth topic has dealt with (Al Anfaal) , while the sixth topic has studied (AL Jezziya) its meaning and its values and the narrations which are related to, the last topic is the seventh one which has dealt with various economic narrations.? Chapter Four which is studied the social aspect , it is in many topics , the first one has dealt with the prophet's Life his birth , his Biography , his wives , Husbands of his daughters , his death , his shrouding and his Burial.The second topic has studied the Life Of FATMAT AL ZAHRA'A her birth , her marriage and her death , the third topic has dealt with AbeTaleb , his Islam , mentioning to his wife Fatima Bint Assad , while the fourth topic has studied the life of ALI BIN ABI TALEB his birth , his ethics , his position towards the prophet , the marriage of his daughters his shrouding and his Burial , the fifth topic has studied (Hadith AhlElKessa'a),the sixth topic has dealt the( Al Rashiddon Caliphs) , Islam Of Omar Bin El Khataab , Assassination of Othman Bin Affan , at last the seventh topic which is about narrations that are related to Marriage or Divorce.Then it is ended by conclusion for the most important results that I have reached to

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المكانة التجارية لمدينة دمشق من القرن الثاني حتى نهاية القرن الرابع الهجري == Commercial Rank Of Damascus City From The Second Century Until The End Of The Fourth Century AH

Author name: سلسبيل جابر عناد المياحي

Supervisor name: وئام عدنان عباس النعيمي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Islamic History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: After endingour study of commercialrank of Damascus city from the second century to the end of the fourth century,it is preferable to refer to the most important findings of the study : • Through the study, it has shown that Damascus had enjoyed a unique geographical location , as there were many factors that made its feature including its proximity to the Arabian Peninsula and its openness from the east on the plains leading to the Euphrates and Iraq and from west by the presence of the mountainous areas which seized on the trade route leading to the Mediterranean coast which then contacts Europein addition to the access road north to Halab and Asia Minor making it an important trading center for receiving goods and exported.Damascus, and since ancient times specifically in Aramean age, focused on trade.Armeniansunderstood as the first who make Halab the capital and commercial center, as their trade linked with the different cities, in addition to its land,fertile soiland flowing waters which made it produced various types of agricultural crops.• The effect of the political events in Damascusdid not disruptits Commercial activity.And if there was any impact for the eventsso it was due to the timeof its happening and then quickly Damascusregainedits commercial activitiesin timethat its commercial ties remained effectively working inside and outside.• Damascus had seen progress in various economic aspects.It hadbeen knowing in its various agricultural crops and its export types to different regions inside and outside Belad Al - Sham. The availability of natural and human conditions helped itin this respect. In Damascus, agriculture was the vital tributaries that flowed into the internal and external trade. In addition,Tradein Damascus had characterized by its high quality and plentifulwhich included various kinds of industries and what made in Damascus of any kind of these small or large industries weremuch more than what was made anywhere else in the world and perhaps this distinction was due to the availability of theexpertise, as they have skilled makers succeed in more than one art and throughout the ages as well as the abundance of raw materials in Damascus and its suburbs.• Through the study, it hasbecome clear to us that Damascus had enjoyed asolidcommercial connections with various Arab and non - Arab countries, dating back to before the advent of Islam , and since the dawn of history , and had enjoyed this status even after losing its centeredness as the capital of the Islamic State of Arabic, as that Damascus export to other cities was more than its import, and this was as indication of the agricultural and industrial ability of the city.During the era of the study,Damascus marketshad flourished.Although of all the crises, the trade balance continued for the benefit of Damascus with evidence that exports were more than imports.• The trade routes had an important role in linking Damascus with various countries of the world as theinterest and development of commercial roadshad been belonging to ancient centuriesand continuing until the Islamic era. Damascus had been associated with the world with two types of land routes and overseas transportation , and as a result of the importance of these routes in the trade promotion,Islamic State had worked to secure and interest in them and provide them with all the supplies that would facilitate everything related to business process , and we do not forget the role of traders who aimed at securing roads in times of disrupted the country's efforts in this aspect through alliances with the Bedouin tribes who were living in trade caravans passing zones.• Damascus continued to hadits trade rankwhich enjoyed since before Islam even later ages due to itslocation for the Al - Sham on the one hand and other areas on the other hand,moreover, Damascus was the center of an important source of production, industrial and agriculturalwealth sources and a commercial center and great market for many of the coastal cities that were based on the their market that contain all kinds of goods that allcities need. Every city ofDamascus cities represented the commercial center received many trades and from different countries of the world as and as we saw that. What Helped it in this respect was theavailability ofnumerous transportation which was land and sea.• Money was the main pillar of the trade process, the localization and changes that took place on the money throughout the ages had an essential and important role in the advancement of the state and not to succumb to the foreign domination. Securities represented by the instruments , the Bills and banking had theirimportance as they had facilitated the process of trade exchange, and there had a role for the weights and pecks in the business process which linked very closely to the market and in the buying and selling operations.The various conditions like strife and tribulations Damascus experienced influenced directlyon prices. As a result, there was the appearance of phenomenon of rising prices , but we can say thatits impact was chronic.It became clear through the study, people in Damascus including traders had the ability toovercome the crises and advancement economic reality, but even though, poor people were the most affected class of Damascus'ssuffering , as the economic shocks had a negative impact on their level of living.• Arab Islamic state had given attention and special care to merchantslayer to provide them the means of doingtheir economic work, and aspects of care were providingthem with buildings for harboring passenger shelters and storetheir goods. Examples of these buildings includefields , hotels and agencies and the store. The breadth of the business exchangebetween the various countries of the Muslim world led to the diversity of merchants types and trade firms, among them there werethe treasurer andthe equipped.

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تاريخ امانة العاصمة بغداد (1958 - 1968) == History Of The Secretariat Of The Capital Of Baghdad 1958 - 1968

Author name: سارة عبد الكاظم ثجيل

Supervisor name: ابتسام محمود جواد

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Master

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: The secretariat of the capital's oldest department was founded in Baghdad in 1868 as the Baghdad Municipality and concurrent with the issuance of municipal law in 1877 that divided Baghdad into three sections, and then replaced its name from the Baghdad municipality to the capital secretariat under municipal law in 1931, and was linked to the Interior Ministry, but after the establishment of the fourteenth of July revolution in 1958 and the issuance of municipal law in 1960 have been disengage from internal and attached to the Ministry of municipalities and considered one of its departments. The message consisted of an introduction and four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter included the beginnings of the establishment of the Capital City in the era of the Ottomans, and the most important laws passed at that time, and the most prominent formations administrative, with the definition of the most prominent figures who served as mayor during the period (1923 - 1958) and the most important achievements, as well as the most important services provided by the secretariat of the capital of Tzivat and streams and liquefaction of water and The second chapter entitled (the Capital Secretariat and the revolution of July 14, 1958), brought together four topics focused on the establishment of the Ministry of Municipalities under the Executive Authority Act No. 74 of 1959, with a statement of the main terms of reference of the ministry and the main administrative formations, and the most important imports Secretariat in 1963 developed administrative and formations in 1964, in addition to addressing the formations Secretariat introduced in 1967, and the most prominent figures that came to the post of Secretary of the capital during the period (1958 - 1968) the most prominent statement with their achievements and their actions. The third chapter contains five sections touched them to the capital, Baghdad planning, including the basic outline drawn up by the Greek Dokxiaods company in 1959, and the outline of Paul Service Company Polish in 1965, in addition to addressing the most important streets and bridges carried out by the Secretariat at the time, and the gardens and parks that accorded Secretariat of particular importance, as well as monuments and multiple statues set up by the Secretariat in Baghdad in order to give a new civilized swab and commemorate the past, the most important monument of the Unknown Soldier, and the Freedom Monument, as well as talk about the most important buildings constructed in that time, including the Presidential Palace Building, and the Opera House, and Building C While Chapter IV, which contained three sections touched on the most important activities and events of the Capital Secretariat and focusing on basic services to the secretariat, which consisted hygiene, sewage and water and organize transport within the capital and extinguish fires, as well as humanitarian and health services, also addressed the role of the secretariat of the capital in the treatment of Abaiv which were scattered in Baghdad through the construction of new residential neighborhoods revolutions (Sadr City) currently, the torch, Latifiya, and Rashad, in addition to the most important events and festivals organized by the secretariat of the capital and in the various religious and national occasions addressed 0ouncil The Ministry of Economic Planni Through this study, we concluded some Alomourahmha : - The capital, the secretariat of the ten - year period from 1958 - 1968 golden era in the long Tarueha analogy for their achievements and partisan task, as the Secretariat has been able to play Bamran capital Baghdad and give them the character of the beautiful taste Secretariat has embarked on since the fourteenth of July revolution to study evolution urban estimated in the capital and you need to show capital projects rightful appearance between the capitals of the civilized world, and acted wisely targeted leader Abdul Karim Kassem (working hour is better than a thousand hours of speech).ng and Building of the National Council.Paid capital, the secretariat of the cultural movement importance and care of the language from prestigious culture, intellectuals and innovators in public life, the fact that the city of Baghdad, one of the most important radiation cultural, scientific and cultural centers, the Secretariat has sought to find the steps artistic and cultural events enrich the value of Baghdad in art and culture, including works of art and monuments which promised steps upgrading of technical and aesthetic level of capital.

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Author name: ماريا حسن مغتاظ التميمي

Supervisor name: عبد الله حميد مرزوك حسين العتابي

General topic: History

Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History

Degree: Doctorate

University: University of Baghdad - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History

Language: Arabic

University location: Baghdad

First pages:

Abstract: The history of England in the second half of the seventeenth century is regarded as one of important topics because it contained several external and internal conflicts suffered by England in all that historical period that distinguished by the lack of sources and references about it especially the period of conflict for throne and succession in England (1672 - 1701). This study is an attempt to understand the hidden reasons of conflict for the throne and succession in England (1672 - 1701) and to reveal the factors contributing in ablazing that conflict. Moreover, this study presented a clear model for the nature of international conflict amony the European great powers : England, France and Holland, It also presented an obvious model embodying the condition of the struggle between the royal power and the parliament power in England that did not end but by the Glorious Revolution in 1688. This study consists of introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, appendices, maps and a list of resources and references on which this study depended. The first chapters entitled "The Political development in England in (1660 - 1672). It included four sections as follows : 1. The restoration of Charles II to reign England in 1660. 2. The relationships between charles II and parliament in its two houses : Lords and commons during the period 1661 - 1672. 3. The foreign policy adopted by Charles II and its impact on the internal conditions of England. 4. The religious police adopted by Charles II and its effect on the latter political developments. The second chapter entitled : "The internal and external developments in England and their influence on the activation of struggle for the position of crown prince". This chapter consists of five sections as follows : 1. The escalation of struggle between Charles II and English parliament till 1679, this struggle characterized with a condition similar to pendulum since no party of them won or lost. This period witnessed internal developments reflected in the nature of relationship between the king and the common house. 2. The Catholic plot and its impact on excluding the crown prince from England. The protestants felt that the English Catholics endeavor to destroy their kingdom and religion especially that James "The Duke of York" converted to Catholicism. Therefore, the Protestant fabricated a false tale to prove that there was a Catholic plot based on correspondence referred that there was a plan to assassinate the king. 3. The position of the king Charles II towards the Bills of Exclusion aiming to deprive him of the position of crown prince in 1679 - 1681. The king rejected these bills firmly despite of all financial and political pressures made by the common house to make him accept them, instead he moved to be with France that provided him with money, He hurried to dissolve the parliament to exceed the crisis of the exclusion bills. 4. The struggle for the position of crown prince and its influence that produced two parties : Wig and Tory in England, Most researchers who dealt with parties in England confined themselves to presenting general information about parties without giving any details, this section highlighted these parties. 5. The foreign policy adopted by the king Charles II (1672 - 1675) and the Anglo - Dutch war (1672 - 1674), its reasons, operations and results, in addition to the French and Dutch influences on the internal field of England. The third chapter entitled "The Political developments in the reign of the king James II and their influence on the conflict for the English throne (1685 - 1688). This chapter included three sections as follows : 1. The internal policy adopted by the king James II. He was an autocratic and inflexible king especially in his dealing with the parliament. He repressed the revolts and expanded the army. 2. The escalation of religious differences in the reign of James II especially after issuing laws by him to support the Catholics in England, Such laws led to increasing the difference between the king and the parliament. 3. The Foreign relationships of England and their impact on the English throne through studying the English relationships with Rome especially with the Pope, as well as with France and Holland. The fourth chapter entitled "The struggle for the throne of England (1688 - 1701) it included four sections as follows : 1. The Dutch invasion of England and the Glorious Revolution. 2. The Coronation of William III and Mary II as two king of England. 3. The religious policy adopted by William III particularly the laws of religious tolerance and the position of parliament and English people towards such laws. 4. The conflict for the English throne 1690 - 1701 and the attempts made by James II to regain his throne till his death in 1701.

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