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فصل وتنقية الكلايكوماكروببتايد من شرش حليب الابقار والماعز وتوصيفه كمضاد اكسدة == Separation and Purification of Glycomacropeptide From Whey Protein of Cow and Goat Milk and its Characterization as Antioxidant

Author name: بشائر عبد المطلب محمد حسن
Supervisor name: علي خضير جابر الركابي | حيدر ابراهيم علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in order to purify glycomacropeptide from both whey goat and cow. Thereafter, The molecular properties of purified glycomacropeptide and its effects as antioxidant were studied. Furthermore, the ability of pasteurized milk, unpasteurized milk, and whey protein for each used milk were studied to measure their effects as antioxidants. The results were as follow : 1 - Glycomacropeptide protein was separated using TCA method and boiling temperature method with alcohol. The TCA method showed sufficient results by giving more production with high activity for isolated protein compared to temperature method with alcohol, thus TCA method was used in this study. Sephadex G - 25 was used to purify both whey goat and cow. After that, electrophoresis technique was assigned by using polyacrylamide gel in order to be sure about the purity of isolated protein (one band).2 - The percentage of carbohydrate, protein, sialic acid of glycomacropeptide from both whey goat and cow were 27.5%, 32 %, 19.9%, 25%, 12% and 17 %, respectively.3 - The molecular weight of glycomacropeptide protein was 27 kDa and 29 kDa for both cow milk and goat milk, respectively.4 - The ability of pasteurized milk, unpasteurized milk, and whey protein for each used milk were studied to measure their effects as antioxidants. The results were as follow : A : The antioxidant activity of glycomacropeptide protein from goat milk was more effective to prevent linoleic acid oxidation compared to cow milk, while whey protein had less antioxidant activity compared to glycomacropeptide.B : Glycomacropeptide protein exhibited high values of H2O2 scavenging activity. The scavenging activity was 92.145 % and 95.678 % at concentration 5 mg/ml compared to ascorbic acid and rutin, which were 76.955 % and 66.920%, respectively.C : The reducing power was 139.21 % and 96.13 % compared to others samples, while the reducing power was less than tocopherol and BHT, which were 195.8 % and 226.48 %, respectively.D : Glycomacropeptide protein exhibited higher ferric - reducing activity at 5 mg/ml, while ferric - reducing activities of goat and cow milk were 89.696 % and 98.269 % for EDTA and citric acid, respectively.E : The stability of Glycomacropeptide protein and whey protein was determined as antioxidants through controlling three variables (temperature, pH and synergistic factor). Glycomacropeptide protein of goat milk showed higher stability compared to the whey at 75 mg/ml in all used variablesF : Glycomacropeptide protein from goat and cow milk was added to stored fish oil at 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 g/ g at 45 C for 50 days. The results revealed that the hydrogen peroxide and TBA were decreased using 0.08 g/g .

السليكون في خفض تاثير ملوحة مياه الري وسمية بعض العناصر الثقيلة في نمو نبات الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L. == Role of Silicon in Decreasing Salinity of Irrigation Water and Toxicity of Some Heavy Metals in Growth of Corn Crop (Zea mays L.)

Author name: بسام مزهر كاظم محمد علي السعيدي
Supervisor name: محمد مالك ياسين
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Two agricultural experiments were conducted to study the role of silicon in reducing the effect of salinity of irrigation water and toxicity of some heavy metals (Cd,Mn, and Pb) and growth of maize plant ( Zea mays L. ). The first experiment was consists five levels of silicon ( 0 , 75 , 150 , 225 and 300 mg Si Kg - 1 soil ) as the form of potassium silicate ( K2SiO3 ) which was added with irrigation water prepared previously in four saline levels with electrical conductivity ( 2 , 4 , 6 and 8 dSm - 1 ) to field capacity level. These four levels of saline water were added to two different soils , Abu - Al khasib soil (silty clay loam) and Al - Zubeir soil ( loamy sand) soil .The experiment was conducted in plastic pots by using factorial experiment with three factors 2 × 5 × 4 (soils × silicon levels × irrigation water salinity levels ) with three replicates to be 120 units for all experiment . After two months of planting, the shoot and root of plant were collected and dry weight of each them was recorded. Silicon , nitrogen , phosphorus , potassium , calcium , magnesium and sodium concentration were measured, at the same the time uptake of these elements and potassium to sodium ratio were measured . leaf area , electrolyte leakage , and electrical conductivity ( EC ) of soil were measured after planting.In general and in most of them, the results pointed out that there was an increasing in all studied parameters with the increasing of silicon levels with statistical differences especially in the level 300 mg Si Kg - 1 soil where the percentage of this treatment was superior in contrast with control where was more than 209% of dry weight of shoot and nearly 200% of dry weight of root.The results indicated that Abul - Kaseeb soil was surpassed with most studied parameters significantly. There was a significant effects of salinity water in decreasing all plant parameters, while the bi and tri interactions treatments didn't reach significant effect for shoots and roots accept cadmium and magnesium concentration .Four levels of silicon ( 0 , 75 , 150 and 300 mg Si Kg - 1 soil ) with three heavy metals ( Cd , Mn and Pb ). Cadmium ( 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 mg Cd Kg - 1 soil ) , manganese ( 0 , 200 , 400 , 800 mg Mn Kg - 1 soil ) lead ( 0 , 200 , 400 , 600 mg Pb Kg - 1 soil ), in second agricultural experiment were used in pot experiment for Abu - Al khasib soil with complete randomized design of factorial experiment with two factors ( 4 × 4 ) ( silicon level × element level ) with three replicates to confirm 48 units for each element . After 60 days of planting , the plants wereharvested and collected for both shoot and root , dry weight of each of them were recorded . ( Si , Cd , Mn and Pb ) contention in shoot and root were measured. The results appeared that there was superior of dry weight, Si contention of root and shoot due to Si addition in contrast with the control in all studied treatments of heavy metals specially level 300 mg Si Kg - 1 soil . As well , addition heavy metals in its most lead to decreasing weight of shoot and root with statistical differences whereas this addition of heavy metals leads to increasing of plant concentration from them with significant levels. As regards twofold interaction effect , of addition Si with heavy metals on growth parameters was no statistical differences of most of treatments except interaction effect of ( Cd contention ) in Cd treatment , dry weight of Mn experiment , Si contention , Pb concentration in Pb experiment for both of shoot and root were significant differences .

استجابة اصناف من محصول الباقلاء Vicia faba .L لمستويات من سماد NPK والعناصر الصغرى == Response of brod bean Cultivars ( Vicia faba L.) to NPK fertilizer levels and trace elements A ThesisA

Author name: بسام مفتن اوحيد
Supervisor name: وليد عبد الرضا جبيل السباهي | كفاح عبد الرضا جاسم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment was hold during the winter growing season (2015 - 2016) in Al - Qurna district located 80 km north of Basra city in clay - loam soil. The aim of this scenario was to study the effect of four levels of compound fertilizer with some of trace elements in the growth characteristics and yield quality for three cultivars of broad bean (Vicia faba L.). Split - plot was arranged in Randomized complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The main plots had the first factor that was fertilizer (10 - 10 - 30) NPK levels (zero, 100, 200 and 300 kg NPK ha - 1), which its symbolized by (F0, F1, F2 & F3) respectively. Sub plots had the second factor (the cultivars), which they were Aquadeljy (Turkish), Wakwadolus (Holland) and Los De Aotono (Spanish), which its symbolized by (V1, V2 & V3) respectively. The results showed the V1 cultivar significantly superior in number of days from planting to the first flower appearance by (61.25 days), but the highest level of 100 seed weight (119.80 g) was recorded by V2 cultivar. On the other hand, V3 cultivar recorded the highest level of seed yield, biological yield, protein yield and protein percentage in which they was (3717, 7623, 1171.4 kg ha - 1 and 30.50%) respectively. The other characteristics (plant height, plant tillers, number of pods in plant, seeds number per pod, yield per plant and harvest index) was not significant among the cultivars. On the other hand, treatment F0 of fertilizer showed the significant affect in the days from planting to the appearance of the first flower (58.67 days), but the treatment F3 appeared the highest level of plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, yield per plant, seeds yield, protein yield and protein percentage, which they was (82.2 cm, 10.10 pods plant - 1, 40.03 seed pod - 1, 47.2 g plant - 1, 4673 kg ha - 1, 1451.6 kg ha - 1 and 30.70 %) respectively. While the 100 seeds weight was recorded at the treatment F1, the other characteristics such as biological yield and harvest index did not affected by the fertilizer treatments . The combination among the treatments wassignificant just in number of pods in plant and protein percentage, whereas the combination of V3F3 gave the highest number of pods per plant (11.80 pod plant - 1) and protein percentage (32.7%) .

تاثير التلقيح ببعض الاسمدة الحيوية والمبيدات الكيميائية في احياء التربة المجهرية واثرها في نمو نبات الشعير Hordium vulgare. L == Effect inoculation of some Biofertilizer and chemical pesticide on soil microorganisms and barley (Hordium vulgare. L. ) growth

Author name: بدور سهيل نجم هواز الكطراني
Supervisor name: عبد الزهرة طه ظاهر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تنقية وتوصيف انزيم اللايبيز المستخلص من بذور فول الصويا المنبتة واستخدامه كمحسن للخبز == PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPASE EXTRACTED FROM SOY BEAN SEEDS AND USED IT AS IMPROVER IN BAKING

Author name: بتول محمود محمد الانصاري
Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي | ضياء فالح الفكيكي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة استخلاص وتنقية انزيم اللايبيز من سبعة انواع من البذور الزيتية قبل وبعد الانبات وهي(فول الصويواالسلجم وزهرة الشمس والعصفر والدخن والذرة الصفراء والخروع). اظهرت نتائج تقدير الفعالية النوعية ان افضل نوع للبذور الزيتية هو بذور فول الصويا اذ اعطت اعلى فعالية نوعية للانزيم في البذور قبل الانبات وبعد الانبات 3.58 و11.20 وحدة / ملغم بروتين على التوالي مقارنة مع بقية الانواع الاخرى. استخلص اللايبيز من بذور فول الصويا قبل وبعد الانبات باستعمال تسعة محاليل استخلاص ووجد ان افضل محلول للاستخلاص هو محلول Tris - HCl تركيز 0.1 مولاري الحاوي على 0.01 مولاري كلوريد الكالسيوم و0.001 مولاري اثلين داي امين تترا استك اسد و0.001 مولاري كلوريد المغنسيوم وبدالة حامضية 8 , اذ انه اعطى اعلى فعالية نوعية. درس التركيب الكيميائي لبذور فول الصويا قبل الانبات وخلال مدة الانبات المختلفة اذ لوحظ ارتفاع نسبة البروتين في البذور المنبتة لتصل ذروتها عند نهاية اليوم الخامس من الانبات والذي بلغ 41.60% مقارنة بنسبة البروتين قبل الانبات 35.57 %. اما نسبة الدهن والكاربوهيدرات والرماد فقد انخفضت في البذور خلال مدد الانبات اذ بلغت 17.75 و30.18 و5.97 % على التوالي مقارنة بالبذور غير المنبتة 20.74 و32.5 و6.26 % على التوالي. تم متابعة تطور اللايبيز في مدة الانبات لبذور فول الصويا, اذ امتلك اعلى فعالية في اليوم الخامس من الانبات حيث بلغت 38.00 وحدة/ مل . اجريت خــــــــــــطوة الترسيب التدريجي للانزيم باستعــــــــمال نسب اشباع متدرجــــــــــــــــة من كبريتات الامونيوم 30 - 90 %, اذ لوحظ حدوث ارتفاع واضح بشكل تدريجي للفعالية النوعية للانزيم في الراسب الناتج لغاية نسبة اشباع 80 % وقد اعطت هذه الخطوة فعالية نوعية مقدارها 324.44 وحدة / ملغم بروتين وحصيلة انزيمية بلغت 29.20 % بعدد مرات تنقية مقدارها 10.78 مرة. اما خطوة التنقية بالترشيح الهلامي باستعمال عمود الترشيح الهلامي Sephadex G - 100فقد بلغت الفعالية النوعية 366.66 وحدة/ ملغم بروتين وبحصيلة انزيمية 17.83% وبعدد مرات تنقية 12.18 مرة. وبينت نتائج تحديد نقاوة اللايبيز ظهور حزمة بروتينية واحدة عند الترحيل الكهربائي في هلام متعدد الاكريلامايد بغياب العوامل الماسخة, في حين بلغ الوزن الجزيئي 41.687 كيلو دالتون بطريقة الترحيل الكهربائي في هلام متعدد الاكريلامايد بوجود العوامل الماسخة . وجد ان الدالة الحامضية المثلى لفعالية الانزيم كانت 8 , في حين تراوحت الدالة الحامضية المثلى لثبات الانزيم بين 7 - 9 اذ احتفظ الانزيم بـ 90 % من فعاليته. بينما لوحظ ان درجة الحرارة المثلى للفعالية الانزيمية للانزيم المنقى هي 40 م وان الانزيم يفقد 67 % من فعاليته على 90 م . اظهرت نتائج تاثير الايونات المعدنية والعوامل المختزلة والكلابية على فعالية اللايبيز ان لايونات الزئبقيك والخارصين والحديدوز بتركيزي 1 و5 ملي مولاري تاثير تثبيطي في فعالية الانزيم ،اذ بلغت الفعالية المتبقية 63.2 و68.9 و66.1 % على التوالي, في حين احتفظ الانزيم بكامل فعاليته عند تركيز 5 ملي مولاري بوجود ايونات الكالسيوم والبوتاسيوم. كمااظهرت العوامل الكلابية والمختزلة ان للـ EDTA دورا تنشيطيا عند حضنه مع اللايبيز بتركيز 1 و5 ملي مولاري. ولوحظ ان اللايبيز لا ينتمي الى مجموعة الانزيمات الفلزية (metalloenzyme). اما اليوريا فكان لها دور تثبيطي على فعالية الانزيم عند تركيز1 و5 ملي مولاري, في حين بلغت الفعالية المتبقية للانزيم 86.2 % عند حضنه مع 1% Mercaptoethanol 2 - , بينما كانت الفعالية المتبقية للانزيم عند حضنه مع Hydrogen peroxide وSodium hypochlorid 74.7 و75.8 % على التوالي بتركيز1 % .ولوحظ ان لمواد الشد السطحي تاثيروااضحا على فعالية الانزيم عند تركيز 1 و5 %, اذ احتفظ الانزيم بكامل فعاليته عند حضنه مع Triton X - 100 وTween 20عند تركيز 1% . في حين تاثرت فعالية اللايبيز باضافة المنظفات التجارية, ولكنها اظهرت ثباتية عالية في وجود المنظف Sar حيث بلغت الفعالية المتبقة 99.1 %. بينت النتائج تباين النسبة المئوية للاحماض الامينية الموجودة في اللايبيز اذ لوحظ ان اعلى تركيز كان لليوسين Leu بلغ 16.4 % بينما اقل تركيز كان للاسبارتك ASP 1.5 % في حين تفاوتت الاحماض الامينية الاخرى في نسبها المئوية. اظهرت نتائج فحص الفارينوغراف وجود فروق معنوية بين قيم متوسطات نسب امتصاص الماء للمعاملات واظهر تركيز 0.004 ملغم لايبيز / 100 غم طحين و0.75 % محسن Ovalette اعلى نسبة امتصاص للماء 61.7 و59.9 % على التوالي , في حين ازدادت فترة الاستقرار معنويا 9.6 و9.9 دقيقة عند تركيز 0.002 و0.004 ملغم لايبيز/ 100 غم طحين و13.3 و11.6 دقيقة عند تركيز0.50 و0.75 % محسن. اما قيم متوسطات فترة النضج للعجين فقد ازدادت مع زيادة تركيز الانزيم 0.002 و0.004 ملغم لايبيز/ 100 غم طحين معنويا اذ كانت 7.2 دقيقة وارتفعت فترة نضج العجين عند جميع تراكيز المحسن 6.8 و8.5 و6.2 دقيقة على التوالي مقارنة مع العجين الخالي من اية اضافة. وجد من العلامات النهائية للتقويم الحسي ان افضل معاملة كانت عند اضافة اللايبيز بتركيز 0.002 ملغم لايبيز/ 100 غم طحين و0.5 % Ovalette وكان المجموع النهائي للمعاملات 95 و94 % على التوالي. لوحظ من نتائج فحوصات تاثير اللايبيز على تجلد الخبز ان قيم كل من حجم الراسب في عالق اللب المائي وقوة التشرب ورطوبة اللب انخفضت تدريجيا مع زيادة مدة حفظ الخبز, اما نسبة الرطوبة في القشرة فقد ازدادت مع تقدم مدة الحفظ. وكان تاثير اضافة اللايبيز والمحسن Ovalette ايجابيا على الصفات النوعية ( الحجم ولون ونضارة اللب) والخزنية (تاخر تجلد اللب) للخبز المختبري | The study included extraction and purification of lipase enzyme from seven kinds of oil seeds before and after germination, those were (soy bean ,rapeseed, sunflower, safflower, pearl millet, yellow corn and castor bean seeds). The results of spcific activity estimation showed that , the best kind of oil seeds are soy bean seeds, they gave the highest specific activity of enzyme before and after germination 3.58 and 11.20 unit/ mg protein respectively comparing with other varieties. Lipase was extraction from soy bean seeds before and after germination using nine extraction solutions the best extractant solution was Tris - HCl 0.10 M containing 0.01M calcium chloride and 0.001mM ethylene di amin tetra acetic acid and 0.001 mM magnesium chloride pH 8. Lipase improvement was monitored through the germination period of soy bean seeds, it reached the highest activity of lipase after five days of germination ,which was 38.00 unit / ml .The chemical composition of soy bean seeds studied before germination period and through different germination period , higher protein percentage was noticed in the germination seeds where it reached its peak at the end of five days of germination 41.60 % compared with protein percentage before germination 35.57 %. For the percentage of fat, charbohydrates and ash they decreased in the seed through germination periods, down to 17.75 %, 30.18 % and 5.97% respectively compared with non - germinated 20.74 % and 32.50 and 6.26% respectively. The gradually precipitated by addition of ammonium sulphate to final saturation of 30 - 90%. Agradual obvious higher specific activity of the enzyme in the precipitate resulted ,till saturation level 80% , this step gave aspecific activity of 324.40 unit/ mg protein and an enzyme yield of 29.20% ,purification folds 10.79 time. While purification step of gel filteration using Sephadex G - 100 where the specific activity 366.66 Unit / mg protein , enzyme yield of 17.83 % and purification fold 12.18. Results for determination of lipase purity showed an appearance of a single protein band by poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis with out of denaturizing agent . The molecular weight of enzyme was 41.687 kilo dalton by poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis with denaturizing agent . The optimum pH for enzymtic activity of the purified enzyme were 8 while the optimum pH stability profile of the enzyme was between 7 - 9, and the enzyme kept 90% of its activity, while notes that the optimum temperature for the enzymatic activity of the purified enzyme was 40 C ͦ, and that enzyme loses 67% of its activity at 90 C ͦ. The resulte of effectness of metal ions and reducing and chelating agent was showed that ions of mercury and zinc ions and ferrous at concentrations of ( 1 and 5 ) m M have an inhibition effect on enzyme activity, as the remaining activity reached the values 63.2 .68.9 and 66.1% respectively , while the enzyme kept its total activity at concentration of 5 m M in the presence of calcium and potassium ions. The chelating and reducing agents showed that EDTA has an active rule when the enzyme incubated with 1 and 5 mM of lipase. And it was noticed that lipase dosn΄t belong to the metalloenzyme group. For urea , it has an active rule on the enzyme activity at 1 and 5 M ,where remaining activity for the enzyme reached 86.2% when incubated with 1% 2 - mercaptoethanol while it was 74.7 and 75.8 % respectivly when incubate with 1% of Hydrogen peroxide and Sodium hydrochloride respectively. Concentration ,for enzyme kept its total activity when incubated with Triton X - 100 and Tween 20 at concentration 1%. While lipase activity did n΄t effected by adding commercial detergents, it also showed a high stability in present of Sar detergent where as residual activity reached 99.1 % . Results cleared the contrast of amino acids existin lipase because it is noticed that the highest concentration reached by leucine was 16.4% where as lowest concentration was that reached by aspartic acid 1.5% ,the other amino acids differed in their percentage . The results of pharinograph test showed that there were significant differences between the mean of water absorption the ratios showed that the concentration of 0.004 mg / 100 g flour of enzyme and 0.75% improver give highest absorption of water with significant of moral 61.7 and 59.9% respectively, while the stability period increased to 9.6 and 9.9 minutes at a concentration of 0.002 to 0.004 mg / 100 g flour of enzyme and 13.3 and 11.6 minutes at a concentration of 0.50 and 0.75% improver with significant differences. The average values of maturity period of the dough increased with increasing concentration of the enzyme 0.002 and 0.004 mg / 100 g flour with significant difference as it was 7.2 minutes and increased the maturity period of the dough at all improver concentrations of 6.8, 8.5 and 6.2, respectively, compared with the dough without any addition. Found from the final marks of sensory evaluation ,it is found that the best process was when add lipase at 0.002 mg / 100 g flour concentration and 0.5 % Ovallete ,the final marks were 95 and 94 % respectively. Its has been noticed that the values of volume of sediment in the crumb aquous suspended ,absorption power and crumb moisture, all reduced gradually with the increasing of loaf storage time. While the moisture content of crust was increased The effect of adding enzyme and improver Ovallete was positive regarding the specific characteristics of loaf such as ( volume ,color and softness of crumb) for loaf.

استخدام بروتيز بذور الكتان المنقى جزئيا ومقارنته مع الطرائق الكيميائية في تحضير المركزات البروتينية من بعض مخلفات الحيوانات == Using Of Partially Protease Enzyme Flaxseed And Comparison With Chemical Methods In Manufacturing Protein Concentrations From Some Animals Waste

Author name: باسم صدام محسن الاسدي
Supervisor name: اميرة كاظم ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية تحضير مركزات بروتينية من ريش الدواجن وصوف الاغنام ووبر الجمال باستخدام الطرق التقليدية (القاعدة والحامض) واستخدام بروتيز بذور نبات الكتان المنقى جزئيا وانزيم البابايين كانزيم مقارنة بتراكيز 1 و2 و5 و10 و15%.تم استخلاص البروتيز باستخدام محلول الاستخلاص المكون من حامض البوريك ومحلول كلوريد الصوديوم. تمت تنقيه جزئية للبروتيز باستخدام كبريتات الامونيوم بنسبة تشبع 70% واعطى الانزيم فعالية نوعية بلغت 27.50 وحدة/ملغم بروتين وفعالية تحللية 170.20 وحدة/مل. تم احتساب درجة التحلل للعينات الخام والمركزات البروتينية وتمت دراسة التركيب الكيميائي للعينات الخام والمركزات البروتينية المحضرة وشملت تقدير النيتروجين الكلي والنيتروجين الذائب وغير الذائب والعناصر المعدنية وتقدير نسبة الرطوبة والبروتين والرماد، كما تم حساب كمية الحاصل.اوضحت نتائج الدراسة ما يلي : 1 - ارتفعت درجة التحلل للمركزات البروتينية المحضرة لتصل في مركز الريش 16.50و16.14 و15.77و 15.68% ومركز الصوف 14.69 ، 14.55 و14.13و 14.19% ومركز الوبر 14.92 ، 14.78 و14.64 و58 % 14. باستخدام القاعدة والحامض وبروتيز بذور الكتان المنقى جزئيا وانزيم البابايين كانزيم مقارنة بالعينات الخام والتي كانت 2.57و3.34 و3.05% للريش والصوف والوبر على التوالي .2 - ارتفاع معنوي في نسبة البروتين في المركزات البروتينية المحضرة مع تفوق معنوي للمركز المحضر من وبر الجمال مقارنة بالمركزات الاخرى .3 - ارتفاع معنوي في نسبة الدهن في مركز الريش مقارنة بالمركز المحضر من الصوف ووبر الجمال وبلغت اقل متوسط لنسبة الدهن في المركز المحضر من وبر الجمال .4 - انخفاض معنوي في نسبة الرطوبة في المركزات البروتينية المحضرة كافة مقارنة بالعينات الخام وكان اقل متوسط لنسبة الرطوبة في مركز وبر الجمال.5 - انخفاض معنوي في نسبة الرماد عند تحضير المركزات البروتينية مقارنة بالعينات الخام وتظهر النتائج احتواء مركز الوبر على اقل نسبة .6 - ارتفعت نسبة النيتروجين الكلي الذائب في المركزات البروتينية المحضرة مقارنة بالعينات الخام ولم تظهر النتائج اختلافات معنوية بين المركزات المحضرة .7 - انخفاض معنوي في نسبة النيتروجين الغير الذائب في المركزات البروتينية مقارنة بالعينات الخام ولم تظهر النتائج اختلافات معنوية في نسبة NTSN بين المركزات المحضرة .8 - ارتفاع قابلية حمل الماء للمركزات البروتينية المحضرة والتي لم تظهر اختلافات معنوية فيما بينها مقارنة بالعينات الخام.9 - ارتفاع معنوي لقابلية الذوبان للمركزات المحضرة مقارنة بالعينات الخام ولم تظهر اختلافات معنوية بين المركزات المحضرة .10 - لوحظ عدم وجود فروقات معنوية بين كمية العناصر المعدنية في المركزات البروتينية المركزة والمستوردة . | In this study protein concentrates were prepared from poultry feather, sheep wool and camel hair by following the traditional methods (acid an base) 1,2,5,10,15 % and the use of partially purified protease enzyme from flux seed and Babain Enzyme. The protease was extracted by the use of extraction solution consisting of boric acid and sodium chloride solution. Protease was partly purified by the use of 70% saturation of ammonium sulfate. The obtained quality activity of enzyme was 27.50 unit per mg protein and analytical activity of 170.20 unit/ml. Analytical rates for raw and protein concentration were determined chemical composition of the raw samples and the prepared protein concentrates was determined, namely total nitrogen, soluble and non - soluble nitrogen, minerals, moisture%, protein% and ash%. yield of product was calculated too. obtained results showed that : 1 - Analytical rates of raw samples of feathers, wool and camel hair were 2.57, 2.34 and 3.5 respectively and increased to 16.50, 16.14,15.77 and 15.68 % for the protein consternated of feathers , prepared by the use of acid, base and the protease of flax seed respectively and Babain Enzyme 14.69, 14.55,14.13 and 14.19% respectively for protein concentrate of wool and 14.92, 14.78,14.64 and 14.58% respectively for the concentrate of camel hair.2 - Protein percentage of protein concentrate of camel hair was significantly higher than other concentrate.3 - The lowest mean percentage of fat was recorded for the protein concentrate of camel hair compared with highest percentage of fat of concentrate of feather.4 - Significantly decreased were noticed in the fat percentage of all protein concentrate in comparison with raw samples, the lowest percentage was recorded in protein concentrate of camel hair.5 - Ash percentage were significantly lower in protein concentrate compared with the raw samples , the lowest percentage was in camel hair concentrate.6 - Total soluble nitrogen percentage were higher non - significantly in the prepared concentrate compared with the raw samples. 7 - Significantly decreased in percentage of non - soluble nitrogen in comparison of raw samples , but non - significantly difference in NTSN were obtained between the difference prepared protein concentrate.8 - Water holding capacity was non - significantly higher in the prepared protein concentrates in comparison with the raw samples.9 - Significantly increased in solubility of papered concentrates when compared with the raw samples difference in solubility of the prepared protein concentrates were not significantly. 10 - It was noticed that there is no significant between component quantity in manufacturing protein concentration from and in ported protein from

تقييم التنوع الوراثي في تجمعات الابل العراقية باستخدام تقنية التتابعات الدقيقة == ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN IRAQI CAMELS POPULATION USING MICROSATELLITES TECHNIQUE

Author name: ايوب راضي طعمة زعلان
Supervisor name: طالب احمد جايد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in the Genetic Engineering Lab., College of Agriculture, University of Basrah (UoB). Iraqi camels divided into six provinces namely Basrah, Maysan, Dhi Qar, Qadisiyah, Muthannah and Najaf, aimed to measure the genetic diversity, genetic polymorphism for Iraqi camels, measure the ratio and the amount of heterozygosity in addition to the study of the genetic relationship between these populations. The blood samples were collected from six unrelated Iraqi camels populations by 100 samples by 5 ml from the jugular vein using a medical syringe. The blood was stored in test tubes containing anticoagulant agent like EDTA. Samples were numbered to know the area where the samples were taken. DNA was extracted using Kit from Invitrogen company, U.S.A according to the instructions attached with kit with some necessary modifications. The amount of DNA per sample measured by using Nano drop technique (Thermo scientific company, USA).Twelve microsatellite markers for camels (CMS50, CMS121, CMS13, VOLP67, LCA66, CVRL06, CVRL05, CVRL01, VOLP32, VOLP03, WYLL44, WYLL08) were used in this study. Polymerase chain reaction PCR was done for these microsatellite markers then fragmentations DNA analysis was conducted. Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed using special programs for population genetics such as popgene. can summarize the results as follows : 1. All primers generated pands and polymorphic DNA fragments in all tested samples with the exception of WYLL44 and WYLL08 molecular markers which filled to produce any amplifiable DNA for all populations.2. The total number of alleles for all molecular markers were 119 alleles with an average of 11.9 alleles.Summaryb3. VOLP67 marker had higher genetic polymorphism, as produced 23 alleles size ranged from 161 - 244 bp.4. Rest markers showed genetic polymorphism ranged from 6 to 15 alleles.5. Observed number of alleles No ranged from 16 alleles in Najaf populations for VOLP67 molecular marker to 4 alleles in Muthanna populations for CVRL06 molecular marker.6. The total silent alleles were 51, the rare alleles were 108, frequent alleles were 177 and common alleles were 244 .7. The observed heterozygosity Ho was 1.0 for all molecular markers. The expected heterozygosity He was 0.936 in Maysan populations for VOLP67 molecular marker while it was 0.682 in Dhi Qar populations for CVRL06 molecular marker.8. Effective number of alleles Ne ranged from 2,941 in Dhi Qar populations for CVRL06 molecular marker to 10.958 in Najaf populations for VOLP67 molecular marker.9. The values of polymorphism information content PIC ranged from 0.595 in Dhi Qar populations for CVRL06 molecular marker to 0.919 in Qadisiyah populations for CMS13 molecular marker.10. The lower genetic distance and higher genetic similarity between Basrah and Najaf populations, they were 0.161 and 0.851, respectively. Higher genetic distance and lower genetic similarity between Maysan and Dhi Qar populations were 0.370 and 0.690, respectively.

تاثير التسميد العضوي والبكتيري في نمو وحاصل ونوعية صنفين من الذرة البيضاء bicolor Sorghum (L.) Moench == The Effect of Organic and Bio - Fertilization in the Growth,Yield and the qualityof Two varieties of Sorghum {Sorghum bicolor ( L. ) Moench}

Author name: ايمان علاء الدين غازي
Supervisor name: كاظم حسن هذيلي الوحيلي | هاشم رشيد مجيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2014 at a private field in Al - qurna county in clay loam soil with a salinity 3.2 ds.m - 1 ; to study the effect of interference between organic and biofertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum ) on two varieties of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) (Kafair and NK8817).The experiment was carried out by using two levels of organic manure (without application and 10 ton / ha) and three type of bio - fertilizer (no application treatment, first strain of A.chroococcum (A1), and second strain of A. chroococcum (A2) and two varieties of sorghum local variety (Kafair) and the American hybrid (NK8817).The experiment was d esigned by R.C.B.D. in a split - split plot design in three replicates, the main plot was occupied the organic manure, sub. Plots consist bio - fertilizer levels while the sorghum varieties putted in the sub - sub plots. The results showed significant differences between varieties of sorghum, as outweigh the product was Kafair in both the number of days from planting to 50% flowering ( 44.89 day) and 50% flowering to maturity(29.11day), plant height(141.26 cm) , and protein percent (9.34%),while outweigh American hybrid NK8817 in each of the (leaf area3160cm2, the average number of grain in head2021.5 grain head - 1 , 1000 - grains weight 24.07 gm individual plant yield 46.63 gm, total grain yield 3831.8 kg/ha. The results showed that adding bio - fertilizer (A.chroococcum ) increased the qualities above while reducing the number of days from planting to 50% flowering and 50% flowering to maturity with no significant difference between first strain and second strain (A1 and A2) the yield has arrived (4030.7 kg/ ha) for A2 strain respectively compared with no application who gave 2485.8 kg/ ha .The results also showed that adding manure gave a significant increase of the recipes studied plant height (110.40 cm), leaf area (3874cm2), the average number of grain in head( 2005.7 grain head - 1 ), 1000 - grains weight (22.61 gm) individual plant yield( 45.08gm) , total grain yield (3731.4 kg/ha), protein percent ( 9.63% )and protein yield( 355.7 kg/ha) while it reduced the number of days from planting to 50% flowering ( 46.50 day) and 50% flowering to maturity ( 29.83 day) .There was a significant interaction between organic - fertilizer and Cultivated varieties, the NK8817 variety which treatment with 10 ton/ha gives high grain yield reached 4170.4 kg/ha compared with no fertilizer Kafair who gave 2944.5 kg/ha .There was also a significant interaction between bio - fertilizer and Cultivated varieties, the NK8817 variety which treatment with second strain A2 gives high grain yield reached 4431.4 kg/ha compared with no fertilizer Kafair who gave 2192.4 kg/ha .The results showed the interaction between organic - bio - fertilizer was significant interaction in most traits studied the plant which treated with 10 ton organic matter/ha and treatment with second strain A2 gives high grain yield reached 4315.8 kg/ha with no significant difference with first strain A1 .The results also showed the interaction between the three factors gave a significant differences in most traits studied. The highest seed yield ( 4880.9 kg ha - 1 )was obtained by using NK8817 variety which treated with second strain A2 and using 10 ton organic matter/ha while the control gave 2192.4 kg ha - 1 .

دراسة تركيبة تجمع الاسماك في كرمة علي جنوب العراق == Study of Fish Assemblage Structure in the Garmat Ali River, South Iraq

Author name: انتصار كامل حميد
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق محمود محمد | كاظم حسن يونس
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study describes the composition of fish assemblage of the Garmat Ali River by adopting the ecological indices, and focusing on the changes in the structure of fish assemblage and the environmental factors. The ecological status of the river was evaluated by applying water quality index (CCME - WQI) and fish integrated biological index (F - IBI).Water and fish samples were collected on monthly basis, from the three stations during the period from November 2015 to October 2016.The study showed that air temperature ranged from 17.3ºC in December to 35.7 ºC in September, water temperature varied from 14.3 ºC in December to 32.7 ºC in September, transparency fluctuated from 17.7cm in July to 55.0cm in January, salinity ranged between1.5‰ in June to 6.0‰ in December and the pH varied from 7.2 in August to 8.3 in November. Water quality index of the river was classified as marginal (WQI= 49.5%). A total 34 fish species belonging to 26 genus and 16 families were caught using seine net, fixed gill net and electro - fishing, all species belong to Osteichthyes. Cyprinidae is a dominant family represented by seven species.The number of species caught was 9 in January and 25 in May. The fish fauna consisted of 18 marine, eight native and eight exotic species. The resident species consisted of 14 species, three species seasonal and 17 species occasional. Poecilia latipinna was the most abundant species numerically and in weight comprising 57.66% and 35.45%, respectively, followed by Tenualosa ilisha (15.29%, 22.38%). The third position in number was occupied with Thryssa whiteheadi (7.96%), but Carassius auratus in weight (10.16%). The dominance value (D3) for the more three abundant species in number (P. latipinna, T. ilisha and T. whiteheadi) was 80.91%, while in weight was 67.99% for P. latipinna, T. ilisha and C. auratus.The overall numerical diversity index ranged from 0.47 in February to 1.66 in October, but the weight diversity index ranged between 0.79 in February and 2.05 in April. The overall numerical evenness index varied from 0.23 in February and 0.63 in October, andthe weight evenness ranged between 0.37 in February and 0.73 in November. The overall richness index ranged from 1.05 in February to 2.26 in April.Associations between the numbers of species and individuals of fish and the environmental variables were clarified by using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). The analysis was indicated that T.whiteheadi, T. vetrirostris, Coptodon zilli , Oreochromis aureus C. auratus and T. ilisha have been associated with water temperature, and P. latipinna has been associated with salinity.Cluster analysis reveals five main groups according to the Jaccared similarity index and three major groups according to Schooner' s similarity index. The integrated biological index (IBI) scores were calculated from 15 separate assemblage metrics based on the fish species richness, species composition and trophic guilds. The ecological status of the river was found to be impaired (F - IBI=46.5%).The study shows that the deterioration of the water quality of the Garmat Ali River during the last years, which reflects the deterioration of the water quality of both Shatt Al - Arab and East Hammar marsh, has affected on the composition of fish assemblage of the river fish in terms of the decrease in the number of native or endemic species and the increase in the numbers of marine and exotic species. This is confirmed by the value of F - IBI, which reflect the state of the ecological disturbance of the river.

تاثير مصدر الجزء النباتي وتركيز منظمات النمو في اكثار نبات الداليا الهجينة Dahlia variabilis Wild. (Desf.) خارج الجسم الحي == EFFECT OF SOURCE OF EXPLANT AND GROWTH REGULATORS ON IN VITRO PROPOGATION OF DAHLIA PLANT (Dahlia variabilis Wild. (Desf.))

Author name: اسراء عبد المحسن دراج عباس
Supervisor name: ماجد عبد الحميد ابراهيم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study was conducted in the Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah during the period of 2013 - 2015. The aim of this study was micro propagation of dahlia plant (Dahlia variabilis Wild. (Desf.)), using several methods of In vitro culture. This study was conducted several experiments involving test source of explants and the effect of growth regulators in various stages of propagation, and the results of the study are as follows : - 1. The germination percentage of seeds that cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2+0.3 mg.l - 1 combination BA and NAA respectively was 100% , while the seeds did not germinate when they cultured on MS medium provided of concentration of 0+0, 1+0 and 1+0.3 mg.l - 1 each of BA and NAA.2. The germination percent of seeds cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2+0.3 mg.l - 1 BA and NAA that grown in darkness reached 100% . but these seeds did not germinated when they grown in the light.3. Shoot tip was superior significantly on the epicotyl in the percentage of shoot multiplication, which reached in each 86.67% and 43.33% respectively. While cotyledonary leaves, nodal and root segments did not show any response to shoot multiplication.4. The shoot tip cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0+2.0 combination of BA and NAA gave the highest rates for the number of shoots, shoot length, number of leaves and leaf area, which reached 5.00 shoots, 3.33 cm, 5.33 leaves and 0.40 cm2, respectively. This combination was superior significantly on other combinations of BA and NAA (1.5+1.5, 2.5+2.5 and 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1).5. The results showed that the shoot base segment formed direct adventitious shoots when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0+2.0, 2.5+2.5 and 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1 combinations of BA and NAA. But, that shoot base segment cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.5+1.5 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA showed no response to the formation of shoots after eight weeks of culture. Also, theresults showed that the shoot segments cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0+2.0 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA has superior significantly rules on other combinations of BA and NAA in the number and length of shoots (10.00 shoots and 6.67 cm, respectively).6. Shoot tips and nodal segments cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 +3.0 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA were superior significantly on epicotyl in the percentage of callus induction, which reached 75.00%, 60.67% and 23.33%, respectively, after eight weeks of culture. The other explants (cotyledonary leaves and root segments) cultured on the same components of the medium, they did not respond to the induction of callus.7. The shoot tips were growing on MS medium supplemented with 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA gave a large amount of callus. While these shoot tips cultured on MS medium supplied with 1.5+1.5 mg.l - 1 did not give any response to the induction of callus.8. The results showed indirect organogenesis from callus developing from the shoot tip and epicotyl on MS medium added with 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA while cotyledonary leaves, nodal and root segments did not respond to organogenesis when cultured on the same medium components.9. The two combinations of BA and NAA (2.0+2.0 and 2.5+2.5 mg.l - 1) were superior significantly on the 3.0+3.0 mg.l - 1 combination in the number and length of shoots producing from the developing callus of shoot tip, which reached : (6.3 and 5.67) shoots and (6. 67 and 5.67) cm, respectively. While the shoot tips did not respond to organogenesis when cultured on MS medium added to 1.5+1.5 mg.l - 1 combination of BA and NAA.10. The shoots cultured on half strength of MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg.l - 1 NAA were superior significantly on other concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 mg.l - 1), in the percentage of rooting, the number of secondary roots and root length which reached 81.67%, 10.33 root and 1.47 cm respectively .11. The adventitious shoots cultured on half strength of MS medium added to 0.6 mg.l - 1 IBA and 45 gm.l - 1 sucrose gave the highest percentage of rooting and the highest rates of the number of primary and secondary roots and root length.12. Dahlia plants were acclimatized a high success rate of 100% when cultured in plastic pods containing a mixture of fine sand and peat - moss sterilized by 2 : 1.

تاثير التلقيح ببعض فطريات المايكورايزا في نمو وامتصاص الفسفور لنبات الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L. في التربة المتاثرة بالملوحة == Effect of inoculation by some fungi Mycorrhiza on growth and phosphorus uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) in saline soils

Author name: استبرق عبد الكريم كحطان البدران
Supervisor name: ميعاد مهدي الجابري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate inoculation efficiency of different two kinds of Mycorrhizae fungi and mixed on effect soil structure and increasing the growth of Zea mays L. plants, grown in saline soil, which was reflected on fertilization of soil and reduction of to meet the need of some plant nutrients.It has been conducting the study.Which included test and propagate Mycorrhizal isolation ( Glomus mosseae and Glomus Spp.) obtained from Agricultural Research Office , Ministry of Science and Technology, using sandy loam soil, brought from Al - Zubair region, Basrah governovate. Soil was air - dried, grinded and sieved by 4mm diameter core sieve, and then autoclaved at atemperature of 121C and pressure of 15 P.Inch2 for 90 minutes to produce soil free of microorganism. Plastic Pots have 5 Kg.Soil for each one and inoculated with both Mycorrhiza and separately.100 gm. of inoculation was put 5Cm bereath the soil surface of the pots and 100 gm. Of inoculation was also added by mixing with soil surface. 10 seeds of Triticum aestivum L. class,Ebaa 99 were stirelized in 2% HgCl and 95% ethanol and sowed in these pots. Seedlings were thirned to seedlings and watered up to 75% of water holding capacity. After 90 days of germination, shoot was cut and left away, whereas the mixture of soil and root pieces were kept in side sterilized sacks and left in the refrigerator use as inoculation . Samples of these were tested under microscope to confirm infection of roots by Mycorrhiza using Acid fuchsin dye. Samples of soil were also tested to insure the presence of Spores using the method of wet sieving and decanting .The second experiment included testing soil samples which were collected randomly from 0 - 30cmdepthsoil of Ashafi region ,vallage of Eshnanah, Al - Qurna region, north of Basrah Governoate. Soil was air - dried, grinded and sieved by 4mm diameter core sieve. The soil was salined from 5 ds m - 1. To reach the saline levels of 10 and 20 ds m - 1.through washing with abalanced solution of 4 chemicals (MgSO4 , CaSO4.2H2O, NaCl and CaCl2.2H2O) until the balance level between the added saline solution and the drained water was reached. The plastic pots were filled with 5 Kg pot - 1 soil inoculated with isolated fungi, each fungi alone, and with both fungus as infected treatments and also control treatment ( without inoculation).50gm layers of Mycorrhiza were put death 5Cm bellow pot surface and 50gm of the same inoculation was mixed with soil surface. Control treatment was contained 50gm sterilized sand layered death 5Cm bellow the soil surface of the pot and 50gm of the same sand was mixed with soil surface layer.Experimental untis were supplied with chemical fertilizers as recommended to Zea mays L. plants , with the exception of phorphorus being added with three concentrations (0,60,120) Kg p ha - 1. 10 sterlized seeds of Zea mays L.,class Bhooth 106 were sowed in each pot , and then thinned to 5 seedlings pot - 1 a week after germination , with control treatment being sowed first to avoid contamination. Pots were irrigated with RO water throughout the experimental time in which pots were watered up to 70% of its water holding capacity. After 90 days of germination, shoot part of plant was cut from the soil surface Balsndan, Rooting part was cleaned and placed in a test tube containing Formalin acetic acid solution and kept till dying and examining under microscope.Determination were made on some growth parameters , such as, percentage of root infection, root length, dry weights of shoot and root growth, Protein and phosphorus up - take and mean weight diameter.Were obtained the following results : 1 - Inoculation by Mycorrhiza (G.mosseae , G.spp. alone and with amixture of both them increase on Percentage of root infection of plant Zea mays L.(88.88% , 64.44% , 77%) as compared with control treatment (18.11%) , inoculation by fungi Mycorrhiza theabove - mentioned significant increases on root length of plant Zea mays L. (39.23, 21.99 , 28.65 cm) as compared with control treatment (12.76 cm) , give inoculation by Mycorrhiza fungi the above - mentioned significant increases on dry weight of root growth (7.02 , 4.02 , 5.48 , gm pot - 1 ) Respectively as compared with control treatment (1.05 gm pot - 1 ), inoculation by Mycorrhiza fungi the above - mentioned give significant increases on dry weight of shoot (10.007 , 6.75 , 7.57 gm pot - 1 ) Respectively ascompared with control treatment (2.36 gm pot - 1), signification increases on Protein percentagr on treatment inoculation by Mycorrhiza fungi the above - mentioned ( 11.82% , 9.80 , 10.61%) Respectively as compared with control treatment (6.13%),give inoculation fungi Mycorrhiza significant increases on phosphorus up - take (23.80 , 16.02 , 21.47 mg P plant - 1) Respectively as compared with control treatment (5.53 mg P plant - 1) and give inoculation with fungi the above - mentioned significant increases on mean weight diameter (0.37 , 0.16 , 0.26 Mm) Respectively as compared with control treatment (0.11Mm ). 2 - Results also showed that the fungi G.mosseae was significantly better than that of fungi G.spp. and also that of mixture of both fungi in all the studied characters.3 - Effect phosphorus fertilizer Added the three levels ( 0 , 60 , 120 kg p ha - 1) significantly in studied characters above the highest result on percentage infection with the level of 60 kg p ha - 1 (72.50%) half of recommendation used in the experiment.4 - The interference between in oculation and fertilization had significant increases on percentage of root infection plant Zea mays L., root length plant Zea mays L., dry weight of shoot and root growth , protein percentage and phosphorus up - take thecombination of inoculation by G.mosseae fungi and 60 kg p ha - 1 (100% , 42.29 cm , 9.25 gm pot - 1 , 12.22 gm pot - 1 , 13.59% , 26.84 mg p plant - 1 ) Respectively. 5 - Deffrent level saline give significant increases on percentage of root infection of plant Zea mays L. at 5 ds m - 1 (69.17%). As compared with studied characters other root length Zea mays L. , dry weight of shoot and root growth , Protein percentage , phosphorus up - take and mean weight diameter significant at 10 ds m - 1 (20.33cm , 5.40 gm pot - 1 , 8.96gm pot - 1 , 10.60% , 22.98 mg p plant - 1 , 14.53%) Respectively as compared with control treatment (5 ds m - 1) , after that decreased studied characters in saline concentration at 20 ds m - 1 . The interference between inoculation and salinity increased on percentage of root infection plant Zea mays L. treatment inoculation with G.mosseae fungi and saline concentration at 5 ds m - 1 (93.33%) , but characters the above mentioned significant increases in all treatment inoculated with G.mosseae fungi and saline concentration at 10 ds m - 1 ( 48.88 cm , 8.47 gm pot - 1 , 12.73 gm pot - 1 , 13.13% , 33.83 mg p plant - 1 , 0.57 Mm ) Respectively.6 - The interference between inoculation , salinity and phosphorus fertilizer different significant increases on percentage of root infection in treatment inoculation with G.mosseae fungi the hevel of 60 kg p ha - 1 and saline concentration at 5ds m - 1 (100%), but other studied charactres root length , Protein percentage and phosphorus up - take in treatment inoculation with G.mosseae fungi, with the level of 60 kg p ha - 1 half of recommendation used in the experiment and saline concentration at 10 ds m - 1 ( 52.75 cm , 11.22 gm pot - 1 , 15.42 gm pot - 1 , 14.53% , 38.04 mg p plant - 1) Respectively.

مظهرية القناة الهضمية وعلاقتها بتغذية ثلاثة انواع من الاسماك في منطقة ابو جولانة جنوب هور الجبايش == Morphology of digestive tract in relation to feeding in three fish species in Abo - Choolana southern AL - Chebayish Marsh

Author name: اسماء عبد الهادي صالح
Supervisor name: عادل يعقوب يوسف الدبيكل | جاسم محسن عبد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Addrressed study in alimentary gut morphology and relationship feeding of three fish species with different food habits i.e. Leuciscus vorax (Shilik) as a carnivore, Planiliza abu (Khishni) as an omnivore and Oreochromis aureus (tilapia) as a herbivore and the activity of alpha - amylase enzyme. Each species was divided into two length groups : 1 - Shilik 300≥ (227 fish) and ˂300 mm (117 fish) .2 - Khishni 100≥ (508 fish) and ˂ 100 mm (706 fish) .3 - Tilapia 150≥ (270 fish) and 150 mm ˂ (309 fish) .Fish were sampled monthly during the period from February 2014 to January 2015 using cast net and an electrical apparatus. Air temperature in the study area during that period ranged between 14 and 33°C and water temperature between 12 and 32 °C, while salinity ranged between 1.42 and 2.9 ppt.Appearance of Shilik mouth was characterized by a superior position, toothless jaws and barbells. The mouth position in Khishni and Tilapia was terminal with an extension of buccal cavity. Khishni lacked mandibular teeth which related to its feeding habits, while 3 - 4 rows of teeth were existed in the lower jaw of tilapia to cut plants parts.The three fish species has four branchial arches which were different in length reflecting the respiratory and feeding needs. the average length of the first arch of Shilik for the two length groups were 34.93 and 73.42 mm, in Khishni 13.96 and 19.41 mm and in tilapia between 22.63 and 37.86 mm, respectively. Gill rakers of the three species differ in length and number to accommodate their feeding habits. The average length of gill rakers in Shilik was 1.78 and 3.78 mm, in Khishni it reached 1.09 and 4.12 mm and in tilapia were between 1.91 and 2.06 mm. The number of gill rakers differed between species and ranged in Shilik between 10 - 12 to 12 - 14, in Khishni between 45 - 55 to 62 - .55 while in tilapia 21 - 22 to 22 - 24. The pharyngeal teeth in Shilik substituted the absence of mandibular teeth and its equation was ( 5.3 - 3.5). Khishni oral cavity contain a pair of pharyngeal teeth with a rough surface helps in grinding sand and mud solid particles with a length ranged from 5.14 to 8.02 mm and a width from 3.34 to 4.78 mm. Tilapia length of pharyngeal teeth were 4.91 and 9.61 mm, and the width was 4.37 and 7.28 mm.It was possible to distinguish two gut areas in the three species depending on diameter, where the anterior was wider than posterior area. The anteriorbintestine thickness were 23.74 , 4.29 and 3.34 mm, while the posterior thickness were 7.28 , 2.42 and 1.62, respectively. These differences confirm the variations in feeding habits. The relative gut length (RGL) of Shilik was 1.11 and 1.08 mm for the two length groups with no significant correlation with the standard length. In Khishni, it was 2.79 and 3.45 mm with 7 - 9 loops and the statistical analysis did not show significant correlation with standard length.The gizzard of Khishni through which food coarse are crushed, reached a width, height and wall thickness of its wall of 8, 4.26, 2.84 and 12.24, 6.24 and 4.59 mm, respectively. Tilapia RGL were 9.50 and 10.25, respectively.The stomach contents of the studied species were examined by dissected and compound microscope, using weight percentages, points and frequency of occurrence methods to calculate the index of relative importance (IRI). The three species showed similar patterns in the feeding intensity and activity during the study period with lowest values recorded during summer and the highest during spring.Result levins index showed That individual of the Shulik were small narrow specialization (0.27) and large (0.25) highly specialized, with fishes Khushnia (0.42 and 0.37) and blu tilapia (0.32 and 0.32) and were narrow specialization of small and large individual, respectively.The results of proximate analysis showed differences in the natural food of the three species depending on the feeding habits of these fish. The moisture content and energy where(%69.47 and 26.82 kcal / gm) ,(% 52.23 and 5.08 kcal/ gm) ,(%61.25 and 5.40 kcal / g) for smaller length , while it was (%68.93 and 11.50 kcal / gm) , (%55.14 and 5.01 kcal/ gm ),( %64.75% and 6.08% kcal/ gm) for larger lengths. The percentages of ash and organic matter rated (%51.57 , 48.43 and %31.96 , 68.0 and %47.53 , 52.46) for smaller lengths and (%23.56, 76.44 and %36.75, 63.24 and %44.57, 55.41) for large lengths. Organic carbon rate was higher (1,72 and 2.94 and 1.61) during summer, winter and autumn for first length group of Shilik, Khishni and tilapia, respectively, while second length group reached higher rate (1.61 and 2.67 and 1.72) during spring and autumn in Shilik, spring, summer and autumn in Khishni, and only autumn in blu tilapia.Alpha - amylase showed an elevated enzymatic activity in herbivorous and omnivorous in comparison with carnivorous fish confirming its main function in the hydrolysis of starch molecules .

كفاءة نبات البردي Pers. Typha domingensis والطحالب الملتصقة به في تحسين نوعية المياه في الجزء الجنوبي الشرقي من هور الحمار == Efficiency of Typha domingensis Pers. and Epiphytic algae for improving the water quality in South east Al - Hammar marsh

Author name: ازهار مكي نزال
Supervisor name: ازهار علي عبد الله الصابونجي | جبار خطار عبد الحسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of aquatic plant Typha domingensis pers. and epipytic algae in improving the quality of water in South east Al - Hammar marsh. Four Stations were Selected , the first two stations are (AL - Mndhuri and AL - Daoudi) due to their location near and lack of vegetation, while the third and fourth stations Al - Zerki and AL - Burgah were selected Depending on the presence of high density of aquatic plants which dominated by T. domingensis , These are Al - Zerki and AL - Burgah. Water, aquatic plant and sediments samples were collected monthly from the selected stations from December 2014 until November 2015. Physical, Chemical and biological variables were measured, Air temperature was between (12.5 - 46.7)C◦ in Dec. and Aug. respectively, water temperature ranged between (11.2 - 42. 4) C◦ in Dec. and Aug. respectively, Salinity concentration ranged between (2.57) ‰ in Feb. and(6.59) ‰ in Sep. , Transparency at ranged between (42) cm in Jun and(74)cm in Dec. , Current velocity ranged between (0.26) m/sce in Feb. and( 0.59) m/sce in Aug. , pH was range between (5.7) in Jul. to(8.4) in Nov. , Dissolved oxygen ranged between (5.64) mg/l in May and(10.72) mg/l in Dec. , while the Biological Oxygen Demand was ranged between (0.72) mg/l in Nov. and(3.71) mg/l in Aug. , nitrate ranged between (2.61) μg/l in Apr. and(12.81) μg/l in Aug. ,while the reactive phosphate ranged from (0.27) μg/l in Sep. and( 0.93) μg/l in Aug. ,Total phosphorus ranged between (0.76) μg atom P/l in Jun and Oct. and(1.68) μg atom P/l in Aug. ,Chlorophyll a in water was ranged value between (4.11) μg/l in Feb. and(19.6 ) μg/l in Sep. ,Coliform of the study area at the ranged between (129) cell/100 ml in Nov. and(1800) cell/100 ml in Aug..Percentage of total nitrogen and total phosphate were determined in T.domingenesis, which collected from Al - Zerki and Al - Burgah stations, results showed that the Total nitrogen content of the aquatic plant which ranged between (1.02)% in Feb. and (2.89 (% in Sep. ,While the content of the aquatic plant of total phosphorus was ranged between(0.2)% in Feb. and (0.83)% in Sep. .As well as determined the Lead and Cadmium elements , as a dissolved part in water and exchangeable part in the sediments, as well as content in T.domingenesis. The concentrations of lead as dissolved part in water rangedBbetween( ( 0.86 μg/l in Jul. and ( 3.1 ) μg/l in Apr. , and in the exchangeable part of the sediment between ( 0.78 ) μg/g in Aug. and ( 2.41 ) μg/g in Apr. , while the content in T. domingenesis ranged between ( 0.38 ) μg/g dry weight in Jan. and ( 0.71 ) μg/g dry weight in Aug. ,Whereas cadmium as dissolved part in water ranged between ( 1.0 ) μg/l in Nov. and ( 2.8 ) μg/l in Apr. ,while in the exchangeable part of the sediment ranged between (0.6) μg/g in Apr. and (2.0) μg/g in Mar. ,and ranged in the T. domingenesis between (0. 3) μg/g dry weight in Jan. and(0.6) μg/g dry weight in Aug. ,The value of organic carbon in sediments ranged between (0.162)% in Nov. and(0.458)% in Jul. .Carlson Trophic State (CTSI) Index were used, based on three variables, namely chlorophyll - a - , total phosphorus and transparency to assess the nutritional status according to the primary productivity, Al - Mndhuri and Al - Daoudi stations were evaluated to be mesotrophic category values ranged between (41.42 - 46.68) for Al - Mndhuri station and between (45.63 - 40.44) for Al - Daoudi station during the months of August and October respectively. while Al - Zerki station were ranged between (42.55) during August which classified as mesotrophic, and 38.69 in February which classified as oligotrophic, AL - Burgah station were evaluated as oligotrophic and values ranged from 39.45 during January and 25.6 during October. The rate of trophic state index were 43.14 , 42.68 , 40.24 and 32.24 for four stations, respectively. Study areas marsh were classified as mesotrophic (39.57).Organic pollution index were measured depending on three variables, namely nitrates, phosphorus and biological oxygen demand to determine the levels of organic pollution for study stations, and to assess the general level of the study area, The values ranged (43.91 - 82.68) at Al - Mndhuri station during the months of May and August, while ranged between (37.65 - 75.76) during the months of November and August for the Al Daoudi station, and values for Al - Zerki station were ranged between (27.88 - 52.51) during the months of October and August respectively, while at AL - Burgah station were (24.60 - 39.22) during September and February.Al - Mndhuri and Al - Daoudi stations were classified in general to be Deteriorated, While stations Al - Zerki and AL - Burgah were classified as Medium, with an annual rate (52.81, 50.29, 38.57, 32.17) for the four stations, respectively. The lower values at Al - Zerki and AL - Burgah stations wasCassociated with decline in values of different factor that used for measuring OPI due to the presence of aquatic plant with high density which acting as filters for water contributed to the improvement of the environmental situation of the study area.Two Laboratory experiments for Free surfaces system static and recycling was done, both of which had lasted for eleven days to compare the efficiency between Epiphytic algae, and T.domingenesis in removing nutrients, which included nitrates and phosphates as well as the reduction of biological oxygen demand. The percentages of removal were calculated for each two days, also the total percentages of removal were calculated at the end of the experiment.Results showed that Epiphytic algae have higher efficiency in removing of nitrates, phosphorus and in reduction biological oxygen demand. than T.domingenesis and at both systems static and recycling. The total percentages of removing nitrate , phosphate and reduction in biological oxygen demand by epiphytic algae were (60.0, 52.91,60.0)% respectively, at the static system, and (68.84, 57.61 , 68.91 )%, respectively, using recycling system, while the total percentages reduction using the aquatic plant for nitrate ,phosphate and biological - oxygen demand were (39.9, 21.42, 63.64)%, respectively, using static system, and ( 48.12, 31.42, 72.87)% respectively, using recycling system. The results showed that the reduction of nutrient by using recycling system is higher than a static system .

تاثير اضافة كلوريد الصوديوم وفيتامين c الى ماء الشرب في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والنسيجية والسلوكية لطائر السمان الياباني الجامبو == Effects of Adding Sodium Chloride and Vitamin C to Drinking Water on Some Productive, Physiological, Histological, and Behavioral Traits of Jumbo Japanese Quail

Author name: ارشد طالب محسن سلطان
Supervisor name: طارق فرج شوكت | خالد جلاب كريدي الصالحي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Livestock
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted at Quail's Field of Agriculture Collage/University of Basrah for the period from 15/11/2015 to 15/1/2016 to examine the effect of adding sodium chloride (NaCl) and vitamin C to the drinking water on some productivity, Physiological, histological, and behavioral traits of Jumbo Japanese quail. A 216 one week old chicks of brown jumbo Japanese quail. They were randomly distributed to six treatments (T) with three replicates of 12 chicks each replicates by Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each liter of drinking water (RO) was treated with 1.5 or 2.5 g of NaCl, T1 and T2, respectively, 1.5 or 2.5 of NaCl plus 1 g of vitamin C, T3 and T4, respectively, only 1g of vitamin C in T5 and RO only in the control. The results indicated the following : 1. A significant increase (p<0.05) of the average of body weight in T3, T4 andT5 treatments at 6 and 8 week, with a significant increase (p<0.05) in the body weight gain at the periods (8 - 0) and (6 - 0) week compared to other treatments, however, there was no a significant difference on average of feed consumption and feed conversion ratio.2. A significant increase) p<0.05) in treatments T1 and T2 in water consumption compared to the other treatments.3. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T1 and T2 in relative weight of kidney, with a significant decrease )p<0.05) in relative weight of testes and ovaries compared to other treatments, however, there was no a significant difference between all treatments on the relative weight of heart, liver and spleen.4. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4and T5 in red blood cell count(RBC), packed cell volume (PCV)and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) compared to other treatments with a significant decrease )p<0.05) in heterophils /lymphocytes ratio.b5. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4and T5 in total protein concentration and globulin blood serum compared to treatments T1and T2.6. A significant decrease )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in concentration of ALT, AST enzyme and uric acid in blood serum compared to treatment T1and T2.7. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in concentration of thyroxin hormone in blood serum compared to other treatments.8. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T1 and T2 in rectal temperature compared to other treatments.9. There was a significant (p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in sexual puberty in male and female of Jumbo Japanese quail, but the treatment T1 and T2 record a late sexual puberty compare with others treatments.10. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in egg shell thickness and relative weight of egg shell compared to other treatments.11. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in calcium and phosphorus concentration of the tibia bone.12. A significant increase )p<0.05) in treatments T1 and T2 in water drinking behavior, whereas, there was no a significant difference between all treatments in feeding behavior.13. A significant decrease )p<0.05) in treatments T3, T4 and T5 in Pecking behavior compared with other treatments.From this study we can conclude that most of productive, physiological, and histological characteristics are affected negatively by increase of sodium chloride concentration (1.5 and 2.5 g/l). Also, as the result have shown, level of vitamin c plays a positive role to reduce the negative effect of sodium chloride.

تاثير موعد الزراعة والكثافة النباتية والرش بالمحفز الحيوي في نمو وفعاليتة Ocimum basilicum L. وحاصل نبات الريحان التثبيطية لبعض الاحياء الدقيقة == Effect Sowing date, plant density and spraying with biostimulative on growth and yield of basil plant ?Ocimum basilicum L. and effectiveness of inhibitory some Microbiology

Author name: ابراهیم عباس كاظم عبید
Supervisor name: سمیرة عبد الكریم مطرود | فاطمة علي حسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: An experiments were conducted during spring seasons of 2015 in medicinal and aromatic plant field follow of Agriculture College/ Basrah University to study the effect of date planting , plant density and spraying with sea algae extract kelpak on growth and yield parameters seeds and oil of basil plant ˝Ocimum basilicum var. Cinnamon L.˝ The aim of the experiments was focused on the effect of two date planting (15/2 and 1/3) three plant density 60, 90 and 120 plants.m - 2 and spraying with kelpak 0 and 2 ml.l - 1 . Sprying was done three time 20, 25, 30 days after propagating. Factorial experiments was analysis with Complete Block Design Randomized ( R.C.B.D) was used with three replication, Least Significant Differences Test (L.S.D) was used at probability of 0.05 with Genstat programs. The results could be summarized as follows : - 1. Effect date planting The first date (15/2) increased significantly in plant height, leaves number. plant - 1, leaves area, the number of inflorescences, seed yield.plant - 1 (2.37 gm), total seed yields (1850 kg), weight of 1000 seed (1.39 gm), percentage oil.seeds - 1 ( 9.80%), oil yields.plant - 1 (0.26 gm) and total oil yields (0.21 kg). While the second date increased significantly in the number of vegetative branches and the date of flowering. 2. Effect plant density The first density (60plants.m - 2) increased significantly in plant height, leaves number. plant - 1, leaves area, seed yield.plant - 1 (2.52 gm), oil yields.plant - 1 (0.208 gm), percentage oil.seeds - 1 ( 9.48%) and the specific weight of the oil, while the second date (90 plants.m - 1) increased significantly in weight of 1000 seed (1.37 gm), the refractive index and specific gravity of the oil pilot, while the third days increased significantly in date of flowering, total seed yields (2.329 kg) , total oil yields (0.21 kg).3. Effect biostimulative The sprying with 2 ml.l - 1 of sea algae extract (kelpak) caused significants increasing in plant height, the number of vegetative branches, leaves number.plant - 1, leaves area, the number of inflorescences, seed yield. Plant - 1 (2.58 gm), total seed yields (2020 Kg), percentage oil.seeds - 1 ( 10.96%), oil yield.plant - 1 (0.23 gm ) , total oil yields (0.19 Kg) and specific gravity of the Volatile , in addition to the amount of chlorophyll and total carbohydrates in the leaves, while the plants spraying with distilled water caused effect date flowering. The interactions between the studied factors caused significant increased effects in all characters’.4. The hits inhibitory concentrations of alcoholic extracts of leaves , flowers and seeds of basil plants against the two types of bacteria and fungi pathogenic to humans Test was done to the effectiveness of four concentrations which were50, 100, 150, 200 mg.ml - 1 of the methyl and ethyl alcoholic extracts for leaves, flowers and seeds of the basil plants in vitro on the two types of bacteria tested Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and two types of fungus Candida albican and Aspergillus niger by using filter paper disc diffusion method. The concentration 200 mg.ml - 1 of methyl alcoholic extracts for seeds was effective inhibition the growth of the bacteria Escherichia coli.and leaves and flower weer effective inhibition the growth of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and the leave extracts inhibitory effect against two fungi Candida albican and Aspergillus niger

دراسة مرض الرقعة الفارغة المتسبب عن الفطر Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn في حقول الحنطة شمال محافظة البصرة ومكافحته احيائيا وكيميائيا == A study bare patch disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn on wheat in fields at North of Basrah and its biological and chemical control

Author name: ابتهال رياض مكطوف المعارج
Supervisor name: يحيى عاشور صالح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out in the laboratories of Plant Protection Department / Agriculture College / University of Basrah, while the field experiment has been done at the fields of wheat in, Qurna, North of Basrah during the season of 2013 - 2014. in orderd to know the causal agent of the wheat death and stunting phenomena. The results of isolation, identification and pathogenicity test revealed that Rhizoctonia solani was the causal pathogen agent of wheat bare patch disease. The evaluation of efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum and Moncut fungicide and their interaction were done. The study showed that bare patch disease spread in all fields in Qurna and some fields in Mudainah. The highest percentage of disease incidence was recorded in Jurf - Alsakher which was 7.9%, while the lowest percentage was recorded in Nahr Salih fields which was 2.1% . Pathogenicity test showed that the isolate Rs1 which was isolated from Qurna - Mzeraa was more virulent than Rs2 isolate which was isolated from Jurf - Alsakher. Results also explained that 25ºC and pH 5 were the best temperature and pH values for the growth of the fungus. On the other hand it was found that both isolates RS1 and RS2 were able to grow at high salinity ranges from 6 - 16 ds.m - 1.The results also showed that the bioagent T. harzianum has a high antagonistic ability against isolates of R.solani (Rs1 and Rs2) with antagonism degree reached (1) according to Bell scale . It's also found that both isolates give positive detection for cellulase , protease and polyphenol oxidase enzymes, while they gave negative detection for lipase . It is also noticed that culture filtrate of Rs1 and Rs2 treated or non - treated with heat effected on seed germination and reduced the percentage to 0% compared to 100% in control treatment.BThe laboratorial experiments revealed that Moncut fungicide was the most effective among all tested fungicides , the growth inhibition reached 50.55 and 42.22% for Rs1 and Rs2 isolates respectively, and 7.33% for T. harzianum . On the other hand the concentrations of 150 and 200 ppm of Moncut fungicide were most effective among all concentrations to inhibit growth of RS1 and RS2 isolates on PDA, which reached 62.2, 66.3, 75.7 and 80.9% for both isolates and concentrations respectively.Pot experiment elucidated that the treatment of T. harzianum + Moncut + RS1 or RS2 increased wheat seeds germination up to 74.7 and 60.35% respectively compared to 41 and 29.6% for R1 and R2 alone respectively. It is also found that T+M+R1 and T+M+R2 reduced seed decay to 26.3 and 31.6 respectively compared to 59 and 71.33% for treatments R1 and R2 respectively, also they increased the number of offshoots, plant height, fresh and dry weight for shoot and root systems.Field experiment results revealed that the treatment T+M+R1 and T+M+R2 led to increase seed germination percentage and reduced seed decay percentage to 89.67, 10.33, 82.0 and 12.0% respectively compared to 50, 45.33, 50 and 54.67 for treatments R1 and R2 alone. It's also observed that T+M+R1 and T+M+R2 increased off shoot number , plant height , fresh and dry weight for both shoots and root system which reached 7.2, 6.6, 59.66, 55.89, 25.16, 22.56, 2.76, 2.42, 6.49, 6.37, 0.59, 0.66 respectively in comparison with the treatments of R1 and R2 alone which were 4.4, 4.1,41, 38.33, 10.86, 9.51, 1.28, 1.02, 2.67, 2.55, 0.29,0.23 respectively. Also, these treatments gave best number of spikes which was 476.4 and 461.3 spike/m2 respectively. From other hand the number of seeds also increased it reached 39.67 and 34.7 seed/spike respectively, These treatments also led to increase the weight of 1000 seeds up to 41 and 39.27 gm respectively compared to the pathogen treatments R1 and R2 alon

تاثير الاقلمة والتسميد بنوعين من السماد المركب NPK في نمو نبات الموز (Musa sp.) الصنف الهندي المكثر نسيجي == Effet of Hardening and Fertilization with Two Types of NPK on Growth of Tissue Culture Derived Banana (Musa sp.)

Author name: منى خزعل جابر القطراني
Supervisor name: عباس مهدي جاسم | منال زباري سبتي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Tissue
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A study was conducted at the technology tissue culture lab that belong to private sector in Fayhaa / Shatt al - Arab / Basra province and tissue culture lab of college of Agriculture / University of Basra from November 2014 to December 2015, off shoots of Musa acuminate dwarf banana cv. Indian of six months age were used as a source of explants which was propagated by half of Shoot tips on MS medium supplement with Benzyl adenine (BA) to stimulate shoot multiplication and then rooting on medium free of Cytokinin and supplemented by Naphthalene acetic acid NAA at 1 mg . L - 1, Then Plantlets were hardened by two types of covering (Polyethylene cover and glass cover) to find its effect on success of hardening . plants then transferred to greenhouse and treated by two types of NPK fertilizer (NPK+ TE) 20 - 20 - 20+TE and 10 - 20 - 30+TE by four levels : 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 gm .plant - 1 besides the control treatment (without fertilization). Fertilizers were added after two and four months of hardening to find the effect of those fertilizers and interference between them in addition after two months and four months later on vegetative growth and chemical characteristics of banana plants derived from tissue culture. results can be summarized as follows : 1 - Results showed no significant difference between the two types of covering in percent of success of hardening , percent of lost humiditiy and vegetative growth except plant height where glass cover was more effective than polyethylene cover.2 - The results showed the effect of fertilizer type on vegetative growth of banana plants where the NPK (20 - 20 - 20+ TE) ( F1) was superiverالخلاصة SUMMARYBcompared to NPK (10 - 20 - 30+ TE) (F2) in most of vegetative growth (leaf area , plant height, stem diameter) which were (82.6 cm 2, 28.74 cm, 12.16 mm) respectively fo r the first addition and (123.7 cm 2, 34.07 cm, 14.33 mm) respectively for a second addition, where was no significant difference in number of leaves under the two types of fertilizers .3 - Fertilizer level at 2.0 gm .plant - 1 was significantly more effective in leaf area, plant height and stem diameter for both additions and (108.5 cm 2, 31.67 cm, 14.10 mm) respectively for the first addition and (190.8 cm 2, 39.40 cm, 17.13 mm) for a second addition respectively, whereas, 1.5 gm .plant - 1 was superior leaves number for both addition .4 - There were interaction between type and level of fertilizer ,where F1 type and 2.0 g . plant - 1 gave highest leaf area, plant height and stem diameter for both addition which were 121.3 cm 2 , 34.42 cm and 15.19 mm respectively for the first addition and 212.1 cm 2, 41.46 cm and 17.96 mm for a second addition respectively. The interaction between fertilizer type F1 and 1.5 g . plant - 1 level was superior in leaves number for both addition which were 3.40 and 6. 00 laef . plant - 1 respectively5 - Fertilizer type F1 was more effective than type F2 on chlorophyll a , b and total chlorophyll, (0.647, 0.367, 1.014) mg. gm - 1 respectively for addition after two month and (0.731, 0.403, 1.134) mg. gm - 1 respectively for addition after four months later. Fertilizer level at 2.0 gm . plant - 1 was superior in chlorophyll content for both additions after two and four months .6 - The interaction between fertilizer type and fertilizer level was significant effect on the stock content of chlorophyll a , b and total chlorophyll forالخلاصة SUMMARYCboth addition, where F1type and 2.0 g . plant - 1 level ,gave the highest rate (1.098, 0.546, 1.644) mg . gm - 1 respectively for the addition after two months and (1.160, 0.574, 1.734) mg .gm - 1 respectively for the after four months addition .7 - No significant effect for the fertilizer types of carbohydrate , and phosphorus content for both addition, and fertilizer type F1 was more effective than type F2 on nitrogen content for both additions and rate of (27.71, 32.25) mg. gm - 1 respectively . F2 type was superior of potassium content for both additions and give (23.92, 29.10) mg. gm - 1 respectively8 - Results showed the level of fertilizer 2.0gm.plant - 1 was significant effect in carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium level (54.09, 33.57, 2.13, 25.57) mg. gm - 1 after two months addition and (62.51, 39.95, 2.37, 31.37) mg . gm - 1 respectively for the addition after four months .9 - The level interaction between F1type of fertilizer and 2.0 g . plant - 1 level was on carbohydrates and nitrogen (55.35, 35.34) mg. gm - 1 after two months and (63.13, 42.53) mg. gm - 1 respectively for the four months addition .10 - F2 type and 2.0 gm. plant - 1 level give the highest phosphorus level (2.20) gm. gm - 1 after two months addition , while for added after four months may be greater than F1type and 2.0 gm. plant - 1 level a significant Superiority at over all interactions highest rate (2.48 mg .gm - 1) . As for the content of potassium the leaves , F2 type and 2.0 gm. plant - 1 level was significant and give the highest rate (26.10, 33.70) mg. gm - 1 for two addition respectively.

تاثير التقنين الغذائي الكي واضافة المعزز الحيوي وحامض البروبيونك في العلائق على الاداء الانتاجي والفسلجي لفروج اللحم == Effect of Quantitative feed restriction with Addition Probiotic and Propionic Acid on Productive Performance and Some Physiological Characters of Broiler Chicks

Author name: الفريد سولاقه كرومي حنا
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى | عبد الله عبد المنعم محمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted at poultry farm, Animal Resources Department, College of Agriculture University of Basrah from 4/4/2010 to 15/5/2010 for the first experiment and from 8/112010 to 19/12/2010 for the second experiment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early (8 - 21) and late (21 - 34) day of feed restriction by partial 20% with adding IRAQI probiotic at level 0.3% for (first experiment) and propionic acid at level 0.3% for the (second experiment) in productive performance and some physiological of blood and small intestine. One day of 270 unsexed chicks of Ross 308 strain were used in the study. The chicks were randomly distributed into 6 treatments with three replicates. Each replicate contain 15 chicks. Results of first experiment indicated that : 1 - There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in control treatment with IRAQI probiotic on live body weight and body weight gain. While, there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the late feed restriction treatment with, or not adding probiotic.2 - There was a significant (p<0.05) increase for the control treatment with, or not adding probiotic in feed consumption.3 - There was a significant (p<0.05) improvement in feed conversion ratio of early and late feed restriction with, or not adding probiotic.4 - Late feed restriction and early feed restriction with probiotic cause significant (p<0.05) decrease in mortality comparing with control treatment.]b[5 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in abdominal fat for the treatments early and late feed restriction with, or not addition probiotic as compared with the control treatment.6 - There was significant (p<0.05) reduction in Intestine PH for the treatment adding probiotic, but there was no differences between the treatments in Ceca PH.7 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in total protein, albumin, cholesterol and glucose in blood serum for the chicken with early feed restriction (not adding probiotic), and there was significant (p<0.05) increase GOT and GPT levels in the same treatment at the age of 21 days, Addition of IRAQI prpbiotic showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction of serum cholesterol, GOT and GPT as compared with control treatment.8 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in cholesterol, GOT and GPT by the addition IRAQI probiotic compared with control treatment at 42 days.Results of second experiment indicated that : 1 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the treatments (late feed restriction, early and late feed restriction with, or not adding propionic acid) on live body weight and body weight gain.2 - There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in feed consumption for the treatment early and late feed restriction with, or not addition propionic acid. 3 - There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in feed conversion for the treatment early and late feed restriction with addition propionic acid compared with the other treatments.4 - Late, early feed restriction with or not addition propionic acid cause significant (p<0.05) decrease in mortality compared with control treatment, and there was significant (p<0.05) reduction in production index for the treatment early and late feed restriction with addition propionic acid as compared with the other treatments.5 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in abdominal fat for the treatments early and late feed restriction with, or not addition propionic acid compared with the control treatments.6 - There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in total protein, globulin, cholesterol and glucose in blood serum for early feed restriction with, or not adding propionic acid, but there was significant (p<0.05) increase at the level of GOT and GPT in the same treatment compared with the other treatments at the age of 21 days.7 - Serum cholesterol showed significant (p<0.05) reduction in the late feed restriction with, or not adding propionic acid compared with the other treatments at the age of 42 days.

التشخيص المظهري والجزيئي لانواع الفطرFusarium المرافقة لجذور الطماطا باستخدام تقانة التفاعل السلسلي للبوليمريز Polymerase Chain Reaction == Phenotypic and molecular Identification of Fusarium species associated with the roots of Tomato using Polymerase Chain Reaction technique

Author name: ايمان صباح عبد الامير الجعفري
Supervisor name: محمد عامر فياض | عدنان عيسى البدران
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في كلية الزراعة ، جامعة البصرة للمدة من 2010 - 2011 بهدف تشخيص انواع الفطر Fusarium spp المعزولة من جذور وقواعد سيقان نبات الطماطا مختبريا باستخدام الصفات المظهرية وباستخدام تقنية Polymerase Chain Reaction واجراء بعض الدراسات حول بعض العوامل البيئية المؤثرة في نموها ، اظهرت نتائج العزل والتشخيص للفطريات التي عزلت من جذور نباتات الطماطا التي حصل عليها من مناطق مختلفة من العراق انها تعود الى الفطر Fusarium فضلا عن Monilinia sp ، وفي دراسة تاثير درجة الحرارة في نمو خمس عزلات وجد ان جميع العزلات لا تنمو عند درجة الحرارة المنخفضة البالغة 5 م ودرجة الحرارة المرتفعة البالغة 40 م في حين كان معدل النمو للعزلتين IBR1 Fusarium oxysporum وISM Fusarium oxysporum 9 سم في درجة الحرارة 25 م والتي اختلفت معنويا عن العزلتين IKR Fusarium proliferatum وISF Fusarium oxysporum البالغة 8.5 سم وعن العزلة IAM Fusarium sp البالغة 8 سم ، واظهرت النتائج ان افضل نمو حصل عند pH 7 حيث بلغ نمو العزلة ISF 8.8 سم الذي اختلف معنويا عن العزلات IAM وIBR1 وIKR وISM البالغة 8 و8.3 و8 و8.7 سم على التوالي ، كما اظهرت دراسة اختزال النترات ان العزلة IAM بلغ معدل نموها 0.0 سم مقارنة مع النمو الضعيف لبقية العزلات IBR1 وIKR وISM وISM البالغ 4.5 و3 و3 و3.5 على التوالي ، وعند اختبار اوساط غذائية مختلفة (PDA وCMA وPCA وTJM ) وجد ان افضل نمو لجميع العزلات على الوسط PDA حيث بلغ 8.6 سم ويليه الوسط CMA البالغ 8.2 سم ثم الاوساط TJM وPCA 8 و7.4 سم على التوالي ، كما اظهرت نتائج تجربة تاثير المبيد Carbindazim ان العزلات ISF وIKM وIBR1 وIBR2 وICH2 اظهرت مقاومة للتراكيز العالية من المبيد التي وصلت الى 1000 مايكروغرام / مل ، وفي تجارب الاصص اظهرت النتائج ان العزلة IBR1 اشد العزلات تاثيرا في معدل نسبة الانبات في اصناف الطماطا البالغة 78.5% مقارنـة مع بقية العزلات IAM وIKR وISF وISM البالغة 80 و85.7 و87.6 و91.4 % على التوالي ، كما اثرت عزلة الفطر IBR1 في نسبة موت البادرات حيث بلغت نسبة موت البادرات 19.5 % في حين بلغت في العزلات IAM وIKR وISF وISM البالغة 13.3 و15.9 و13.6 و8.5 % على التوالي ، كما اظهرت نتائج استجابة اصناف الطماطا المختلفة للاصابة بعزلات الفطر Fusarium ان الصنف PS02405099 اكثر الاصناف حساسية حيث بلغ معدل نسبة الاصابة وشدتها 82.6 و48.3 % على التوالي ، بينما الصنف Bingo F1 اقل الاصناف تاثرا حيث بلغ معدل نسبة الاصابة وشدتها 64.6 و25.1 % على التوالي . كما اظهرت نتائج التجربة الحقلية ان اصناف الطماطا تختلف في استجابتها للاصابة الفطر Fusarium المختلفة حيث ظهر ان الصنف PS02405099 اكثر الاصناف حساسية للفطر حيث بلغ معدل نسبة الاصابة وشدتها 79.9 و46.8 % على التوالي في حين كان الصنف Bingo F1 اقل الاصناف حساسية حيث بلغت نسبة الاصابة وشدتها 63.9 و25.5 % على التوالي . كما اظهرت نتائج تاثير عزلات الفطر Fusarium في الوزن الطري للمجموعين الجذري والخضري ان الصنف PS02405099 اكثر الاصناف تاثرا بعزلات الفطر اذ بلغ معدل الوزن الطري للمجموعين الجذري والخضري 1.0 و26.2 غم على التوالي ، بينما اقل الاصناف تاثرا Bingo F1 اذ بلغ معدلهما على 2.56 و42.39 غم على التوالي كما ظهر ان عزلة الفطر IBR1 اكثر العزلات تاثيرا على اصناف الطماطا حيث بلغ معدل الوزن الطري للمجموعين الجذري والخضري 1.2 و28.4 غم على التوالي ، كما اظهرت نتائج تاثير العزلات في الوزن الجاف للمجموعين الجذري والخضري ان الصنف PS02405099 اكثر الاصناف تاثيرا بعزلات الفطر حيث بلغ معدل الوزن الجاف للمجموعين الجذري والخضري 0.2 و6.8 غم على التوالي بينما كان الصنف F1 Bingo اقلها تاثيرا حيث بلغ معدلهما 1.7 و9.2 غم على التوالي كمواجد ان العزلة IBR1 اكثر العزلات تاثيرا في اصناف الطماطا المختلفة حيث بلغ معدل تاثيرها في الوزن الجاف للمجموعين الجذري والخضري 0.8 و5.8 غم على التوالي . كما اظهر التشخيص الجزيئي لانواع الفطر Fusarium عند استخدام تقنية تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل PCR - RAPD باستعمال البادئات الوراثية (OPA - 02 وOPB - 20 وOPF - 05) وSatellite باستعمال البادئات (M13 وCNS1 ) نتائج ايجابية مع 15 عزلة من الفطريات المعزولة من جذور وقواعد سيقان نباتات الطماطا من مناطق مختلفة من العراق والصين ونجح كل بادئ وراثي في التمييز بين عزلات انواع الفطر Fusarium كما اظهرت التشابه الوراثي بين ازواج الحزم لعزلا ت انواع الفطر Fusarium spp المعزولة من العراق والصين البالغة 15 عزلة وجود ستة افرع وخمس مجاميع تمثل الفرع الاول بالعزلة IZE(9) المتمثلة بالفرع Monilinia fructicola والتي استخدمت كعزلة خارجية للمقارنة، وتمثل الفرع الثاني بالمجموعة الاولى التي تتمثل بالعزلة ICH4 (M4) والمتضمنة النوع Fusarium kyushuense وتمثل الفرع الثالث بالمجموعة الثانية المتمثلة بالعزلة ICH2 (M2) المتمثلة بالنوع Fusarium chlamydosporum ، تمثل الفرع الرابع بالمجموعة الثالثة التي تتمثل بالعزلات)IKR 2) وIKM (8) وIBR2 (11) تتضمن النوع Fusarium solani ، كما تمثل الفرع الخامس بالمجموعة الرابعة المتمثلة بالعزلات ICH1(M1) وICH3(M3) وINJ(12) والمتمثلة بالنوع Fusarium moniliforme ، بينما تمثل الفرع السادس بالمجموعة الخامسة المتضمنة العزلات IAM(3) وIAB (7) وILH (6) وISM (5) ISF (1) IBR1(10) والمتمثلة بالنوع Fusarium oxysporum . | This study was conducted at the College of Agriculture - University of Basrah during the period 2010 - 2011 in order to identify the Species of fungus Fusarium isolated from the roots and stems of the plant Tomato laboratory using morphological characteristics and using the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique and work some experments on some environmental factors affecting its growth. The results of isolation and identify of fungi isolated from the roots of Tomato obtained from different parts of Iraq as belonging to the Fusarium species in addition to the type Monilinia sp. In a study of the effect of temperature on the growth of five isolates found that all the isolates did not grow at the low grade of the 5 ° C and the high degree of 40 ° C while the growth of the Isolates Fusarium oxysporum IBR1 and Fusarium oxysporum ISM 9 cm at Temperature 25 ° C, which differed significantly from Isolates Fusarium proliferatum IKR and Fusarium oxysporum ISF of 8.5 cm and isolation IAM of 8 cm. PH experiment also showed that the best growth Obtained in the pH 7, where growth was isolated ISF 8.8 cm, which differed significantly from isolates and IBR1 IAM and ISM IKR and the 8 and 8 and 8.3 and 8.7 cm respectively. The study showed that the nitrate reductase isolated IAM growth rate of the 0.0 cm compared with the weak growth in the rest of the isolates and IBR1 IKR and ISM and ISM of 4.5, 3, 3 and 3.5, respectively. When tested the differents media (PDA and CMA and PCA and TJM) found that the best growth of all isolates on PDA, Reaching was 8.6 cm, followed CMA of 8.2 and then media TJM and PCA 8 and 7.4 cm respectively. The experiment results showed that the effect of the pesticide Carbindazim, isolates ISF, IKM, IBR1, IBR2 and ICH2 showed resistance to high concentrations of the pesticide, which reached to 1000 micro g / ml. In pot experiments the results showed that the isolated fungus spp Fusarium IBR1 isolates were more influential in the rate of germination percentage in classes Tomato amount of 78.5% compared with the IAM and the rest of the isolates IKR and ISF ISM and 80 and 85.7 and 87.6 and 91.4% respectively. The isolation of the affected IBR1 on the proportion of seedling death where the percentage of seedling death of 19.5% while the isolates in the IAM and IKR and ISF ISM and the amount of 13.3 and 15.9 and 13.6 and 8.5% respectively. The results of the response Varieties Tomato different of infection isolates Species of fungus Fusarium that product PS02405099 more species sensitivity, where the rate of incidence and severity of 82.6 and 48.3% respectively, while the product was Bingo F1 less varieties affected with an average incidence and severity of 64.6 and 25.1% respectively . Results of field testing the Varieties Tomato differ in their response to infection isolate fungus Fusarium different showed its PS02405099, the most sensitive to the, where the rate of incidence and severity of 79.9 and 46.8% respectively, while the product was Bingo F1 less species sensitivity, where the percentage of infection and intensity of 63.9 and 25.5% respectively. The results showed the impact of isolates fungus Fusarium on the fresh weight of shoot root and vegetation that product PS02405099, the most affected isoltes, with an average fresh weight of shoot root and vegetative 1.0 and 26.2 g respectively, while fewer species affected Bingo F1 as it was average 2.56 and 42.39 gm respectively, as shown by the isolation of the fungus isolates IBR1 more influential varieties Tomato with an average fresh weight of root and vegetative shoot 1.2 and 28.4 g respectively. The results showed the impact of the isolates on the dry weight of shoot root and vegetation where he showed I class PS02405099 brand, the most influential isolates with an average dry weight of shoot root and vegetative 0.2 and 6.8 g respectively, while the product was Bingo F1 shallowest reaching shoot 1.7 and 9.2 g respectively also found that isolation isolates IBR1 more influence on the different varieties Tomato with an average impact on the dry weight of root and vegetative shoot 0.8 and 5.8 g respectively. Also showed a molecular identify of the species of fungus Fusarium spp when using the technique polymerase chain reaction RAPD - PCR using primers genetic (OPA - 02 and OPB - 20 and OPF - 05) primers and by Satellite - PCR with (M13, and CNs1) primers positive results with 15 isolates of fungi isolated from roots and bases stem Tomato from different regions of Iraq and China, succeeded each first hereditary in the discrimination between isolates species of fungus Fusarium also showed a genetic similarity between pairs of packets for isolated species of fungus Fusarium spp isolated from Iraq and China of 15 isolated and the presence of six branches and five groups represent the first section isolation IZE (9) of section Monilinia fructicola and used external comparison, and a second section the first set, which is isolated ICH4 (M4) and included the type Fusarium kyushuense and represents the third branch the second set of isolated ICH2 (M2) of species Fusarium chlamydosporum, representing Section IV Group C, which is isolates IKR(2) and IKM (8) and IBR2 (11) include the species Fusarium solani, is also a section V Group D of isolates ICH1 (M1) and ICH3 (M3) and INJ (12) and of species Fusarium moniliforme, while the section VI Group E isolates included IAM (3) and the IAB (7) and the ILH (6) and ISM (5) ISF (1) IBR1 (10) and the species of Fusarium oxysporum

التركيب النوعي والموسمي لهائمات بعض الاسماك وعلاقاتها الغذائية في الجزء الشمالي من شط العرب == The Spatial and Seasonal composition of Some Ichthyoplankton and trophic relationships in north part of Shatt Al - Arab River

Author name: منى طه خضير العكيلي
Supervisor name: عبد الرزاق محمود محمد | سمية محمد احمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: درس التركيب النوعي والموسمي لبيوض الاسماك ويرقاتها في الجزء الشمالي من شط العرب، باعتماد الادلة البيئية للتنوع مع التركيز على العلاقات الغذائية بين انواع يرقات الاسماك وامكانية التداخل الغذائي فيما بينها. جمعت العينات للفترة من كانون الثاني 2008 والى حزيران 2009 ، اذ تم اختيار خمس محطات لجمع العينات. اعتمدت وسيلتان لجمع عينات بيوض الاسماك ويرقاتهواهي شباك الهائمات حجم فتحات الشباك 100 - 300 مايكرون واستخدام مربع خشبي (50 سم Χ 50 سم) لجمع النباتات المائية التي قد تتواجد عليها بيوض الاسماك ويرقاتها. تراوحـت درجة حرارة الماء في منطقة الدراسة بين 11.2 ºم خلال كانون الثاني و33 ºم خلال اب والملوحة بين 1.81 جزء بالالف خلال كانون الاول و3.3 جزء بالالف خلال اب، ونفاذية الضوء بين 20 سم خلال تموز و150 سم خلال كانون الثاني. جمعت 360 عينة هائمات سمكية بواقع 72 عينة لكل محطة وتضمنت العينات 7220 بيضة اسماك و7360 يرقة اسماك. صنفت البيوض الى ثلاث عوائل سمكية متمثلة بعائلة الشبوطيات Cyprinidae التي شملت بيوض الكارب الشائع Cyprinus carpio والكارب الذهبي Carassuis auratus وعائلة البياح Mugilidae التي ضمت نوعا״ واحدا״ وهو الخشني Liza abu وعائلة البطريخ Cyprinodontidae التي ضمت نوعا״ واحدا״ Aphanius sp. . سادت بيوض الخشني في محطة كرمة علي (1 ) والشلهة (3 ) والسندباد (4 ) وبيوض الكارب الذهبي والشائع في محطتين النجيبية (2 ) والجباسي(5). تواجدت بيوض الكارب الذهبي والشائع والخشني في اربعة اشهر (شباط - ايار) والبطريخ من نيسان الى تموز. سجل اذار ظهور اكبر عدد لبيوض الخشني والكارب الذهبي والشائع، بينما سجل اكبر ظهور ليرقات البطريخ في نيسان. صنفت اليرقات الى خمس عوائل، شملت عائلة الشبوطيات Cyprinidae يرقات الكارب الشائع C. carpio والكارب الذهبي C. auratus والسمنان الطويل A. mossulensis ، وعائلة البياح Mugilidae الخشني L. abu وعائلة البطريخ Cyprinodontidae ، اذ صنفت يرقاتها الى مستوى النوع Aphanius sp. . تمثلت عائلة الصابوغيات Clupeidae بيرقات الصبور Tenualosa ilisha وعائلة نصفية المنقار Hemiramphidae تمثلت بيرقات القمبرور Hemiramphus sp.. سادت يرقات الخشني على الانواع الاخرى في المحطات الخمسة، وجاءت يرقات الكارب الذهبي في المرتبة الثانية في المحطات 1 و2 و4، واحتلت يرقات البطريخ المرتبة الثانية في محطة 3 ويرقات الصبور في المرتبة الثانية لمحطة 5. ظهرت يرقات الصبور في ستة اشهر خلال السنة (اذار ونيسان وحزيران الى ايلول) وسجل اب ظهور اكبر عدد ليرقاتها في محطة 4، وظهرت يرقات البطريخ في خمسة اشهر (نيسان الى اب) وسجل نيسان ظهور اكبر عدد ليرقاتها في محطة 3. ظهرت يرقات الخشني والكارب الذهبي والشائع في اربعة اشهر (شباط الى ايار) وسجل اذار ظهور اكبر عدد ليرقاتهم عند المحطة 3 للخشني والكارب الذهبي وعند المحطة 1 للكارب الشائع. ظهرت يرقات القمبرور في اب عند المحطة 5. سجلت اعلى وفرة لبيوض الاسماك ويرقاتها تلك التي جمعت من على النباتات المائية مقارنة بتلك التي جمعت باستخدام شباك الهائمات، اذ دلت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروقات معنوية بين المحطة 1 والمحطات 2 و3 و4 و5 في وفرة بيوض الاسماك ويرقاتها التي جمعت بواسطة شباك الهائمات، وبين المحطة 3 والمحطات 1 و2 و5 في وفرة يرقات الاسماك التي جمعت من على النباتات المائية. تم حساب ادلة التنوع ليرقات الاسماك. تراوح دليل التنوع H بين صفر - 1.068، ودليل التكافؤ J بين صفر - 0.884، وقيم دليل الغنى D بين صفر - 0.739. اظهر التحليل العنقودي ان اعلى تشابه في عدد انواع اليرقات بين المحطتين الثانية والثالثة، الثانية والرابعة، الثالثة والرابعة حسب دليل جاكارد. ووجد ان اعلى تشابه في العدد الكلي لليرقات كان بين المحطتين الاولى والخامسة حسب دليل شونر. اعتمدت في تحليل غذاء يرقات الاسماك طريقتان النقاط Points وتكرار الـتواجد Frequency of occurrence. لم تسجل يرقات بمعد فارغة اثناء الدراسة وهناك ارتفاع في شدة ونشاط التغذية. بين تحليل محتويات القناة الهضمية ان اليرقات غـير متخصصة فـي تغذيتها، شمل محتـوى القـناة الهضمية الهائمات الحيوانـية والنباتـية ( دايتومات، طحالب، فتات عضوي، مجذافية الاقدام بمراحل حياتها المختلفة، براغيث الماء وبيوض النواعم). تتغذى يرقات الكارب الذهبي والشائع على الدايتومات ويرقات السمنان الطويل والبطريخ والصبور على مجذافية الاقدام. لوحظ ان اعـلى قيـمة لـدليل التـنوع الغذائي ليرقات الخشني بلغ 1.731 وادناها ليرقات الكارب الشائع اذ بـلغ 0.762 . تباينت يرقات الاسماك في شدة التداخل الغذائي Diet overlap فيما بينها اعتمادا على طبيعة التغذية، وبلغت عدد التداخلات بين اليرقات تسع تداخلات معنوية، وتراوحت قيم التداخل المعنوي بين 67.10% و91.73%. بلغ اعلى تداخل غذائي (91.73 %) بين يرقات الكارب الشائع والذهبي. كان تاثير التداخل الغذائي قويا״ جدا״ بين يرقات السمنان الطويل والبطريخ (101.22) ولم يظهر تاثير للتداخل الغذائي بين يرقات الكارب الذهبي والشائع ويرقات كل من الصبور والبطريخ والسمنان الطويل. بينت الدراسة اهمية الجزء الشمالي من شط العرب ونهر كرمة علي كمنطقة تكاثر وحضانة لبعض الاسماك. | The present work has taken in consideration investigating the spatial and seasonal composition of fish eggs and larvae in north part of Shatt Al - Arab River during the period from January 2008 till June 2009. Five sampling stations were chosen. Ecological diversity indices were adopted, with a focus on the dietary relations among species of fish larvae and the possibility of dietary overlap within larvae. Two sampling methods were adopted to collect the samples, plankton nets with mesh sizes 100 - 300µm and a wooden quadrate to collect aquatic plants that may exist upon fish eggs and larvae. Water temperature of the studied area ranged form 11.2ºC in January to 33 ºC in August. Salinity ranged form 1.81‰ in December to 3.3‰ in August. Light penetration ranged from 20 cm in July to 150 cm in January. A total of 360 samples were collected, 72 samples from each station. These samples included 7220 fish eggs belonged to three families and 7360 fish larvae belonged to five fish families. The eggs were identified Cyprinidae included Cyprinus carpio and Carassuis auratus, Mugilidae (Liza abu) and Cyprinodontidae (Aphanius sp.). The eggs of L. abu were prevailed at stations 1,3 and 4, and the eggs of C. carpio and C. auratus at stations 2 and 5. The eggs of C. carpio , C. auratus and L. abu were presented in four months ( February - May), and Aphanius sp. from April to July with peak during April. The eggs of L. abu , C. carpio and C. auratus were most abundant during March. Larvae were classified into five families included. Cyprinidae, which included the larvae of C. carpio , C. auratus and A. mossulensis, whereas, Mugilidae included a single species ( L. abu), and Cyprinodontidae, where the larvae were classified to the species level Aphanius sp., Clupeidae represented by Tenualosa ilisha, and Hemiramphidae by Hemiramphus sp.. Larvae of L. abu prevailed on other species in the five stations, and the larvae of C. carpio came in second place in the stations 1,2 and 3. Larvae of Aphanius sp. Occupied second place in station 3 and the larvae of T. ilisha in the second place in station 5. Larvae of T. ilisha appeared during six months (March, April and June to August ) with peak during August in station 4, while the larvae of Aphanius sp occurred at five months (April to August), with peak during April in station 3. The larvae of L. abu , C. carpio and C. auratus occurred in four months ( March to May) , with peak in total number during March at station 3, for L. abu and C. auratus and at station 1 for C. carpio. Larvae of Hemiramphus sp. appeared in August at station 5. The abundance of fish eggs and larvae collected from aquatic plants more than provided by using plankton net, as indicated by the results of statistical analysis there were significant differences between station 1 and stations 2,3,4 and 5 in abundance of fish eggs and larvae which were collected by plankton net, and between station 3 and stations 1, 2 and 5 in the abundance of fish larvae collected from aquatic plant. The diversity index (H') for fish larvae ranged between 0 - 1.068, while the richness index (D) ranged between 0 - 0.884 and the evenness index (J) between 0 - 0.739. Cluster analysis show that the highest similarity in the number of fish larvae between station 2 and stations 3, 2 and stations 4, stations 3 and 4. The highest similarity in the total number fish larvae was found between stations 1 and 5, according the Schoener index. The diet analysis was assessed using points and frequency of occurrence methods. No empty larval stomach were recorded during the study period and there is a high feeding activity and feeding intensity. The result of analyzing stomach contents indicated that the fish larvae were generalized feeders, consumed diatom, algae, detritus, copepoda, daphnia and eggs of molluscs. The larvae of C. carpio and C. auratus feed on diatom, while A. mossulensis, Aphanius sp. and T. ilisha on copepoda. The diversity index of gut content ranged form 1.731 for L. abu to 0.762 for C. carpio. The fish larvae differ in intensity of diet overlap depending on the nature of nutrition, and nine significance diet overlaps between larvae were detected. The significance overlaps ranged form 67.10% to 91.73 %. The highest diet overlap (91.73%) between C. carpio and C. auratus. A very strong diet overlap (101.22) between A. mossulensis and Aphanius sp.. No diet overlap were detected between the larvae of C. carpio, C. auratus, T. ilisha, Aphanius sp and A. mossulensis. The study showed the importance of the northern part of the Shatt Al - Arab River as a breeding and nursery ground for some fish

تاثير طريقتي انتاج الشتلات وزراعتها لصنفي نبات الحبة الحلوة Foeniculum vulgare Mill. وتداخلاتها في النمو وحاصل البذور ومحتواها من الزيوت الطيارة وتاثيرهما في مستوى الدهون والكلوكوز في الجرذان المخبرية == Effect of methods of transplants production and planting of two fennel Foeniculum vulgare Mill. varieties and their interaction on growth, seed yield and its content of volatile oils and its influence on the lipid and glucose levels of laboratory rats

Author name: ندى ناصر فارس المذحجي
Supervisor name: عصام حسين علي الدوغجي | سعد شاهين حمادي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت التجربة في الموسم الزراعي 2010 - 2011م في احد الحقول التابعة لكلية الزراعة / جامعة البصرة , اذ استهدفت دراسة تاثير طريقتي انتاج الشتلات وزراعتها لصنفي نبات الحبة الحلوة Foeniculum vulgare Mill.وتداخلاتها في النمو وحاصل البذور ومحتواها من الزيوت الطيارة وتاثيرهما في مستوى الدهون والكلوكوز في الجرذان المخبرية. تضمنت التجربة ثمان معاملات عاملية وهي عبارة عن التداخل بين ثلاثة عوامل هي صنفا نبات الحبة الحلوة الحلو "محلي سوري" var. dulce (Sweet fennel) والمر" محلي لبناني" var. vulgar (Bitter fennel) وطريقتا انتاج الشتلات, اذ زرعت البذور في نوعين من الاطباق الزراعية بلاستيكية ذات 205خلية بابعاد 3,5× 3,5× 6 سم وحجم74 سم3 وفلينية ذات 209 خلية بابعاد2,5 × 2,5× 7,5سم وحجم 47 سم3 وطريقتزاراعة الشتلات في المكان المستديم على مروز وفي سطور داخل الواح. استعمل تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة بتجربة عاملية وبثلاث مكررات , حللت النتائج باستعمال تحليل التباين واستعمل اختبار اقل فرق معنوي (L.S.D) عند مستوى احتمال 5%. وفيما ياتي اهم النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها : - 1 - تفوقت نباتات الصنف المحلي اللبناني(المر) معنويا في ارتفاع النبات وقطر الساق الرئيس والوزنين الطري والجاف للمجموع الخضري ومعدل عدد الزهيرات الكلي . نورة زهرية - 1 والتبكير بعقد الثمار ومعدل عدد الثمار المتكونة . نورة زهرية - 1 والوزن النوعي للزيت. في حين تفوقت نباتات الصنف المحلي السوري (الحلو) معنوياﹰفي عدد الفروع الجانبية .نبات - 1والتبكير بظهور النورات الزهرية وتفتح الزهيرات وعدد النورات الزهرية .نبات - 1 ومحتوى الاوراق من الصبغات الكلية. بينما لم يكن للصنف اي تاثير معنوي في عددالاوراق الكلي.نبات - 1والنسبة المئوية للثمارالمتكونة.نورة زهرية - 1 وعدد الزهيرات الكلي.نبات - 1وحاصل البذور.نبات - 1 ووزن1000 بذرة وانتاجية الهكتارمن البذور وحاصل الزيت الطيار وصفاته الفيزيائية ومحتوى الاوراق من صبغات الكلوروفيل وا ب والكلي وصبغات الكاروتينويدات والكاربوهيدرات الذائبة الكلية والصفات الكيميائية للبذور(النسبة المئوية للنتروجين والبوتاسيوم والفسفور والبروتين).2 - اعطت النباتات الناتجة من الشتلات المزروعة في الاطباق البلاستيكية تفوقا معنويا في التبكير بعقد الثمار ووزن 1000بذرة والنسبة المئوية للزيت الطيار. في حين لم يكن لطريقة انتاج الشتلات اي تاثير معنوي في مؤشرات النمو الخضري وعدد الزهيرات الكلي.نبات - 1والنسبة المئوية للثمارالمتكونة.نورة زهرية - 1وحاصل الزيت الطيار. نبات - 1 (غم) وانتاجية الهكتار من الزيت وصفاته الفيزيائية والصفات الكيميائية للاوراق والبذور. 3 - اظهرت النباتات المزروعة في مروز تفوقاﹰ معنوياﹰفي ارتفاع النبات والوزن الطري للمجموع الخضري. في حين تفوقت النباتات المزروعة في سطور داخل الواح في النسبة المئوية للزيت الطيار والنسبة المئوية للبروتين في البذور . في حين لم يكن لطريقة الزراعة اي تاثير معنوي في عدد الزهيرات الكلي.نبات - 1النسبة المئوية للثمار المتكونة.نورة زهرية - 1وحاصل الزيت الطيار.نبات - 1(غم) وانتاجية الهكتار من الزيت وصفاته الفيزيائية والصفات الكيميائية للاوراق والنسبة المئوية للنتروجين والفسفور والبوتاسيوم في البذور.4 - اظهرت التداخلات الثنائية والثلاثية بين عوامل التجربة تاثيرﴽ معنوياﹰ في معظم الصفات المدروسة .2 - التجربة المختبرية نفذت التجربة وفق التصميم العشوائي الكامل لمعرفة تاثير الزيت الطيار وبذور صنفي الحبة الحلوة في مستوى الكوليسترول في مصل الدم لذكور الجرذان المخبرية . استعمل في هذه التجربة 180 جرذﴽ ابيض ذكرﴽ من نوع Albino rats تراوحت اعمارها بين 4 - 8 اسابيع واوزانها بين 50 - 60 غم , تم دراسة الفعالية البايلوجية داخل الجسم الحيIn - vivo عن طريق التجريع الفموي بالزيت الطيار لصنفي الحبة الحلوة الصنف الحلو "محلي سوري" والصنف المر" محلي لبناني" بالجرعات صفر او20 او30 او40 ملغم . كغم - 1 من وزن الجسم والتجريع بمستحلب البذور بجرعة 1000 ملغم . كغم - 1 من وزن الجسم ولكلا الصنفين ولثلاث مدد هي كل 1 او2 او3 اسابيع من بدء التجربة وبثلاث مكررات وحللت النتائج باستعمال تحليل التباين واستعمل اختبار اقل فرق معنوي (L.S.D) عند مستوى احتمال 1%. وفيما ياتي اهم النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها : - 1 - اظهرت النتائج ان تجريع الجرذان بالزيت الطيار وبذور صنفي الحبة الحلوة السوري (الحلو) واللبناني (المر) ادى الى تخفيض معنوي في مستوى الكوليسترول الكلي والكلوكوز والكليسيريدات الثلاثية والبروتينات الدهنية الواطئة والضئيلة الكثافة ومستوى اليوريا في مصل الدم وزيادة مستوى البروتينات الدهنية عالية الكثافة ووزن الجسم مقارنة بالجرذان الطبيعية والمستحثة. وازداد التاثيربزيادة تركيز الزيت الطيارومدة التجريع مما ادى الى قلة الفعالية الحيوية لجرذان التجربة المجرعة بالزيت الطيار لمدة اسبوعين وهلاكها في الاسبوع الثالث. واظهرت الدراسة النسجية عدم وجود تغيرات نسيجية في مجموعة جرذان المقارنة السالبة (طبيعية) وبقاء الانسجة ضمن الحدود الطبيعية. في حين كان هناك تغيرات مرضية واضحة في مجموعة المقارنة الموجبة (المعاملة بالكوليسترول فقط). واظهركل من الكبد والكلية والطحال في مجموعة الجرذان المعاملة بالكوليسترول ثم بالزيت الطيار وبذورالحبة الحلوة الصنف السوري (الحلو) المجرعة لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع تحسن في الصورة النسجية عند مقارنتها مع مجموعة الحيوانات المعاملة بالكوليسترول فقط. وظهر في مجموعة الجرذان المعاملة بالكوليسترول ثم ببذورالحبة الحلوة الصنف اللبناني(المر) المجرعة لمدة ثلاثة اسابيع تحسن في الصورة النسجية عند مقارنتها مع مجموعة الحيوانات المعاملة بالكوليسترول فقط. | The experiment was conducted during the growing season of 2010/2011 in the fields of the College of Agriculture / Basrah University to study the effect of methods of transplants production method and planting of two varieties of fennel plants( Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and their interaction on growth, seed yield and its content of volatile oils, and its influence on the lipid and glucose levels of laboratory rats.The experiment included eight treatments combinations resulted from the interaction between two varieties of fennel plants" local Syrian" variety (Sweet fennel) var. dulce and "local Lebanon" variety(Bitter fennel) var. vulgar, two type of seedling tray for transplants production " plastic of 205 cells 3.5× 3.5 × 6.0 cm. (vol. 74 cm3) and stearopore of 209 cells 2.5 × 2.5 × 7.5 cm. (vol. 47 cm3 )" , two planting methods " rows and plots" . Factorial Experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates was adopted and means were compared according to the Least Significant Differences Test at probability of 5%. Result can be summarized as follow : - 1 - Local Lebanon variety(Bitter fennel) gave a significant increase in plant height , stem diameter, fresh and dry weights of plant , number of florets. inflorescences - 1 , number of the fruits . inflorescence - 1 and the specific gravity of volatile oil and reduces the number of days for fruits setting on first inflorescence. Whereas, the local Syrian variety (Sweet fennel) gave a significant increase in number of lateral branches. plant - 1 , number of inflorescences.plant - 1, the total pigment content of leaves and decreased the number of days to the appearance of the first inflorescence and the number of days of the first florets opening. However, the variety factor have no significant effect on number of leaves. plant - 1, number of florets.plant - 1,percentage of the fruits.plant - 1, seeds yield. plant - 1 , weight of 1000 seed , seeds yield.ha - 1, volatile oil yield and its physical characteristics , contents of carotenoid and chlorophyll a, b, and Total , carbohydrate content in leaves and chemicals characteristics of seeds( phosphorus , potassium , nitrogen and protein contents ).2 - Plants grown in plastic trays significantly increased , weight of 1000 seed , the volatile oil percentage , and decreased the number of days for fruits setting on first inflorescence. Whereas the methods of transplants production have no significant effect on all the parameters of vegetative growth , number of florets.plant - 1 , percentage of the fruits.plant - 1 , yield of volatile oil. plant - 1 and its physical characteristics, and all chemicals characteristics of leaves and seeds.3 - Plants grown in rows gave a significant increase in plant height , fresh weights of plant and number of florets. inflorescences - 1.Whereas, plants grown in plots gave a significant increase in the percent of volatile oil and percent of protein. However, the planting method have no significant effect on the number of florets.plant - 1 , percentage of the fruits.plant - 1 , oil yield and its physical characteristics, and all chemicals characteristics of leaves and the percentage of potassium , phosphorus and nitrogen in seeds.4 - The interaction between all studied factors gave significant increase in most studied parameters. 2 - The laboratory experiment Factorial Experiment in Randomized Complete Design with two replicates was adopted to study the effect of volatile oil and seeds from two varieties of fennel plants on the plasma lipid and glucose levels of laboratory rats. 180 male albino rats weights range 50 - 60 g at age of 4 - 8 weeks were used throughout the experiments, the biological activity studied in vivo by oral administration of volatile oil and grind seeds from both the varieties of fennel plants. sweet fennel (local Syrian variety ) and bitter fennel (local Lebanon variety ) at doses of (0 , 20 ,30 ,40) mg.kg - 1 of body weight and seeds extracted at dose of (1000) mg.kg - 1 of body weight of varieties for the periods of 1 ,2 and 3 weeks. Means were compared according to the Least Significant Difference Test at probability of 1% . Results can be summarized as follow : - 1 - Volatile oil and grind seeds of local Syrian variety(sweet) and local Lebanon variety(Bitter) gave significant decreases in cholesterol , glucose and ,triglycerides,Low Density Lipoprotein , Very Low Density Lipoprotein and urea levels in plasma and increased the levels of High Density Lipoprotein in plasma and body weight. The increased concentration of volatile oil and dosing, led to lack of effectiveness of vital experience of rats with volatile oil for two weeks and died in the third week . Histopathological study illustrate no changes in control(normal rats) and the tissue remain within normal limits. Whereas, the rat treated with cholesterol only, illustrate clear morbid changes. While liver, kidney and spleen in rats treated with cholesterol then with essential oil and grind seed of Syrian variety (sweet) for three weeks, showed amelioration in histological picture compared with group treated with cholesterol only. Group treated with cholesterol then with grind seed of Lebanon variety (Bitter) for three weeks, showed amelioration in histological picture compared with group treated with cholesterol only

تاثير الفصل والموقع والوقت على تركيز بعض العناصر الثقيلة في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل في بعض مناطق البصرة == Effect of Season, Location and Time of Sampling on Concentration of Some Heavy Metals In The Meat of Sheep, Beef and Camel In Some of Basrah

Author name: هند عدنان نوري الاجودي
Supervisor name: محارب عبد الحميد طاهر | اميرة كاظم ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Livestock
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: شملت الدراسة التغيرات الفصلية في تركيز بعض العناصر الثقيلة (الرصاص، الكادميوم، النحاس، الزنك والزئبق) في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل الماخوذة من مناطق مختلفة (الهارثة، الخضارة، الزبير و5 ميل) في محافظة البصرة. بعد ذبح الحيوان الساعة الثامنة صباحا والساعة الرابعة عصرا بعد بقاء اللحوم معروضة في الاسواق المحلية، قيست تراكيز العناصر بواسطة جهاز مطياف الامتصاص الذريFlame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer، كما درست نسب التركيب الكيمياوي للحوم المدروسة (الرطوبة، الرماد، الدهن والبروتين).اظهرت نتائج الدراسة ما يلي : 1 - تاثرت نسبة الرطوبة معنويا (p<0.05) بكل من الانواع والوقت، اذ سجلت في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل خلال وقت الصباح 72,29 و72,61 و75,23% وانخفضت في جميع عينات الساعة الرابعة عصرا الى 69,12 و68,45 و69,36% على التوالي وكانت الرطوبة في لحوم الابل اعلى مما في لحوم الاغنام والابقار. 2 - اظهرت نتائج الدراسة عدم وجود فروق معنوية في نسبة الرماد بين انواع اللحوم المدروسة، في حين لوحظت اختلافات معنوية في نسبة الدهن وكان اعلى متوسط لها في لحوم الاغنام (4,41 و3,38%) واقل متوسط في لحوم الابل (1,58 و1,52%) صباحا ومساءا على التوالي. 3 - سجلت اعلى نسبة للبروتين في لحوم الابقار (22,26 و24,72%) في كلا المدة، فيما لم تختلف معنويا في كل من لحوم الاغنام والابل كما لوحظ ارتفاع نسبة البروتين عند جمع العينات الساعة الرابعة عصرا اذ بلغت 23,60 و24,72 و23,72% في كل من لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. 4 - اوضحت نتائج الدراسة وجود تاثير معنوي (p<0.05) للمنطقة على تركيز عنصر الرصاص في اللحوم، اذ سجل اعلى تركيز في منطقتي الهارثة و5 ميل، في حين ارتفع مستوى هذا العنصر في فصلي الشتاء والربيع وارتفع متوسط تركيزه في العينات التي جمعت الساعة الرابعة عصرا ليصل الى 89,09 و107,31 و97,30 مايكروغم/غم في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. 5 - تراوح متوسط تركيز عنصر الكادميوم بين 0,23 - 11,94مايكروغم/غم في انواع اللحوم الماخوذة من مناطق الدراسة خلال فصول السنة، بلغ اعلى متوسط لتركيز العنصر في منطقة 5 ميل، ومن ناحية التغيرات الفصلية سجل اعلى متوسط في فصل الربيع لكل من لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل (10,99 و10,76 و11,29) مايكروغم/غم على التوالي. لم يظهر للوقت تاثير معنوي على تركيز عنصر الكادميوم في كل من لحوم الابقار والابل عدا تركيزه في لحوم الاغنام اذ سجل متوسط تركيزه خلال وقت الصباح 3,56 وارتفع التركيز ليصل الى 4,14 مايكروغم/غم عصرا.6 - كان للمنطقة تاثير معنوي على تركيز عنصر النحاس، اذ بلغ اعلى تركيز في منطقتي الخضارة و5 ميل خلال فترة الدراسة لانواع اللحوم المدروسة، فيما ارتفع المستوى في فصل الشتاء معنويا (p<0.05) بالمقارنة مع الفصول الاخرى اذ بلغ المتوسط 94,31 و95,54 و51,41 مايكروغم/غم في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. وكان للوقت تاثيرات معنوية في تركيز العنصر في انواع اللحوم المدروسة. 7 - بالنسبة الى تركيز عنصر الزنك لم يكن للمنطقة تاثير معنوي في كل من لحوم الابقار والابل، فقط في لحوم الاغنام اذ سجل اعلى متوسط في منطقة الهارثة (165,79 مايكروغم/غم) واقل متوسط في منطقة الزبير (150,96مايكروغم/غم). في حين ارتفع المستوى في فصل الربيع بالمقارنة مع الفصول الاخرى في اللحوم المدروسة. مع زيادة وقت التعرض ارتفع متوسط تركيز العنصر ليصل الى 161,49 و168,45 و173,56 مايكروغم/غم في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. 8 - بينت نتائج الدراسة ان للمنطقة تاثير معنوي في تركيز عنصر الزئبق، اذ سجل اعلى تركيز في منطقة الهارثة في انواع اللحوم المدروسة. ومن ناحية التغيرات الفصلية بلغ اعلى تركيز للعنصر في فصل الشتاء مقارنة مع الفصول الاخرى. كانت الفروقات في تركيز العنصر بين الصباح والمساء معنوية، اذ بلغ متوسط تركيزه خلال وقت الصباح 44,21 و49,36 و35,14 مايكروغم/غم وعند جمع العينات الساعة الرابعة عصرا سجل متوسط 46,14 و59,31 و43,88 مايكروغم/غم في لحوم الاغنام والابقار والابل على التوالي. | This study was carriedout to study the effect of season (summer, fall, winter and spring) location and time of sampling on the concentrations of heavy metals (lead, cadmium cupper, zinc and mercury) in the meat of sheep, beef and camels. Meat samples were obtained from retail sellers in four different locations of Basrah city (Hartha, 5 miles, Khathara and Zubair) twice a day ; 8 a.m. in the morning and 4 p.m. in the afternoon. Promixate analysis of meat was determined and heavy metals were measured by flam atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results revealed that : 1 - Moisture content was affected significantly (p<0.05) by the type of meat and time of sampling. Percentages were 72.29, 72.61 and 75.23% for the meat of sheep, beef and camel, respectively in the morning and decreased in the afternoon to percentages of 69.12, 68.45 and 69.36% respectively, moisture content of camel meat was higher than that of beef or sheep. 2 - No significant differences were obtained for the percentages of ash between the studied types of meat, while the differences between the percentages of fat were significant, the highest means were for the meat of sheep (4.41 and 3.38%) and the lowest means were for the meat of camel (1.58 and 1.52%) in the morning samples and the afternoon samples respectively.3 - The highest percentages of protein were recorded for the meat of beef (22.26 and 24.72% for the morning and the afternoon samples respectively), while differences between meat of sheep and camel were not significant. Percentages of protein were higher in the samples of 4 p - m., being 23.60, 24.72 and 23.72% for the meat of sheep, beef and camels, respectively. 4 - Concentrations of lead metal in the meat samples differed significantly (p<0.05) between locations. The highest levels were in the samples obtained from Hartha and 5 miles in winter and spring seasons. Also the samples of 4 p.m. contained higher levels than in the 8 a.m. samples, being 98.09, 107.31 and 97.30 µg/g for meat of sheep, beef and camels respectively. 5 - Average cadmium concentrations during the different seasons and different locations varied between 0.23 and 11.94 µg/g. The highest levels were for the samples of 5 miles location and spring season in the meat of sheep, beef and camel (10.99, 10.76 and 11.29 µg/g respectively). No significant effect for the time of sampling on the concentration of cadmium for beef and camel meat except for sheep meat in which the level was 3.56 for the morning samples and raised to 4.41 µg/g in the samples of the afternoon. 6 - Location of sampling had significant effects on concentration of cupper in the meat. The highest levels were in the samples of Khathara and 5 miles during the period of study for the studied types of meat. On the other hand, the level increased significantly (p<0.05) in the winter season in comparison with other seasons, the mean concentrations were 94.31, 95.54 and 51.41 µg/g in the meat of sheep, beef and camel respectively. Time of sampling affected significantly the concentration of cupper in the studied types of meat. 7 - The effect of location was non significant on the concentration of zinc in the meat of beef and camel and significant in the case of sheep meat, its highest mean (165.79 µg/g) was in the Hartha location and lowest mean (150.96 µg/g) in Zubair location. High level of the metal was registered in the spring season in comparison with other seasons in all studied types of meat. Zinc concentration increased with the increase of exposure of meat to atmosphere to reach values of 161.49, 168.45 and 173.56 µg/g in the meat of sheep, beef and camel, respectively. 8 - Level of mercury in the meat was affected by location of sampling, the highest mean concentration was registered in Hartha region. Season of the year affected the level of mercury in meat too. The highest level was found in winter. Concentration of the metal in meat samples at 4 p.m. was higher than at 8 a.m. Values in the meat of sheep, beef and camel were respectively 44.21 , 49.36 and 35.14 µg/g in the meat samples collected in the morning and 46.14, 59.31 and 43.88 µg/g in the meat samples collected in the afternoon.

خفض الكولسترول باستخدام انزيم الكولسترول اوكسديز المنتج من عزلة محلية لبكتريا Bacillus subtilis == decrease of Cholesterol by Cholesterol Oxidase Produced from A Local Isolate of Bacillus subtilis

Author name: الهام كاظم ناصر
Supervisor name: غياث حميد مجيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: عزلت 12عزلة تابعة لجنس Bacillus من عينات شملت التربة والجبن والقيمر واللبن الرائب المجفف واللبن الرائب الناشف والحنطة. شخصت العزلات حسب الصفات المظهرية والفحوصات الكيموحيوية ، واوضحت النتائج انها تعود الى انواع من بكتريا Bacillus وهي ثلاث عزلات By0 Br3 , Bs0 , تمثل Bacillus cereus، وثلاث عزلات Bc1 , Bc3 , Br4 تمثل Bacillus sublilis والعزلات Bc2 , Bw0 كانت تمثل Bacillus coagulans، اما العزلة Br1 فقد كانت B.megaterium والعزلة Br2 كانت B.alvei، فيما كانت العزلة By1 B.licheniformis . اوضحت نتائج الغربلة الاولية بان العزلة Bc3 كانت الاكفا في انتاج انزيم الكولسترول اوكسديز COB. كانت الظروف المثلى لانتاج انزيم COB من العزلة المحلية Bc3 كما يلي : - 2% سكر الكلوكوز مصدر كاربوني. - 0,15 كبريتات الامونيوم مصدر نتروجيني. - 7 الدالة الحامضية الابتدائية. - 35م درجة الحرارة لحضن وسط الانتاج . - 1,75مل حجم لقاح وبمعدل 3,5% - 150 هزة/دقيقة سرعة الحاضنة الهزازة. - 0,2% تركيز كولسترول لانتاج الانزيم - 24 ساعة مدة الحضن. تمت تنقية الانزيم وفق خطوات التنقية والتي تضمنت الترسيب بكبريتات الامونيوم وبنسبة اشباع 70% اذ بلغت الفعالية الانزيمية 16,66وحدة/مل وبفعالية نوعية 111,07وحدة/ملغم بروتين واستكملت التنقية بالترشيح الهلامي باستعمال العمود سيفادكس G - 100 اذ ظهرت اربع قمم بروتينية وكانت القمة الرابعة ذات فعالية انزيمية 6,5 وحدة/مل، وبفعالية نوعية 162,5وحدة/ملغم بروتين وكانت عدد مرات التنقية 4,31 وبحصيلة انزيمية مقدارها 1,4%. وللتاكد من نقاوة الانزيم اجري الترحيل الكهربائي واوضحت النتائج ظهور حزمة بروتينية واحدة في هلام متعدد الاكريل امايد. درست صفات الانزيم المنقى فقد قدر الوزن الجزيئي لانزيم الكولسترول الاوكسديز المنتج من العزلة Bc3 بتقنية الترحيل الكهربائي في هلام متعدد الاكريل امايد وبوجود SDS وكان 60 كيلو دالتون. وبينت النتائج ان الدالة الحامضية المثلى لفعالية الانزيم المنقى هي 7 اذ اعطى الانزيم اعلى فعالية انزيمية مقدارها 80 وحدة/مل. وبلغت الدرجة الحرارية المثلى لفعالية الانزيم المنقى 50 م وبفعالية انزيمية 106,72 وحدة/مل. اما الدالة الحامضية المثلى لثبات الانزيم فقد تراوحت بين 6 - 9 فقد احتفظ الانزيم لكامل فعاليته عند هذا المدى للدوال الحامضية. وكان الثبات الحراري للانزيم عند مدى حراري تراوح بين 40 - 60م .درست الثوابت الحركية للانزيم واوضحت النتائج ان قيم ثابت ميكالس Km للانزيم بلغت 14,2 مايكرومول وبلغت السرعة القصوى Vmax 0,03 مايكرومول/دقيقة. اثبتت النتائج قابلية الانزيم العالية على خفض الكولسترول في الحليب فقد انخفضت نسبة الكولسترول الى 3,577 ملغم/100مل مقارنة مع 15,035 ملغم/100مل للحليب غير المعامل بالانزيم. استعمل الانزيم في صناعة اللبن الرائب لدراسة مدى امكانيته في خفض الكولسترول في المنتوج النهائي. اوضحت النتائج قابلية الانزيم العالية في خفض الكولسترول في اللبن الرائب حيث انخفضت نسبة الكولسترول من 16,648 في الحليب المعد في الصناعة الى 3,013 ملغم/100 مل باستخدام 0,25 وحدة/مل من الانزيم . لم تختلف درجات التقييم الحسي اللبن الرائب المصنع من الحليب المسترجع والذي اضيف اليه الانزيم بتركيز 0,25 وحدة/100مل حليب عن معاملة السيطرة فيما يتعلق بالصفات الحسية والتي شملت النكهة واللون والقوام. | Twelve strains that belonged to the genus Bacillus were isolated from different sources which are : soil, cheese, thick cream (Gaimer), dry yoghurt (Jameed), concentrated yoghurt (Laban Nashif), myonaise, and wheat.The isolates were identified according to their morphological characteristics and biochemical tests. The results showed that all isolates belonged to Bacillus species which were classified to : Three isolate (By0, Br3 and Bs0) as Bacillus cereus. Four isolates (Bc1, Bc3 and Br4) as Bacillus subtilis. Two isolates (Bc2 and Bw0) as Bacillus coagulans. One isolate (Br1) as Bacillus megaterium. One isolate (Br2) as Bacillus alvei. One isolate (By1) as Bacillus licheniformis. Primary screening results showed that the isolate Bc3 was the best in producing the enzyme cholesterol oxidase (COB).Optimum conditions for producing COB from Bc3 were studied, the optimum values obtained are shown below : - Carbon source : 2% glucose. - Nitrogen source : 0.15% ammonium sulfate. - pH value : 7 - Temperature : 35C° - Inoculum : 3.5% - Shaking speed : 150 shake/min - Incubation period : 24 hrs. - Concentration of Cholesterol : 0.2%.Purification of COB were accomplished as follow : - Ammonium sulfate precipitation (70% saturaqtion). - Gel filtration through sephadex G - 100.Enzyme activity obtained after ammonium sulfate precipitation was 16.66 unit/ml and the specific activity was 111.07 unit/mg. Four peaks were resulted from gel filtration step. The fourth peak was found to contain COB. Activity of COB in the pooled tubes was 6.5 unit/ml and the specific activity was 162 unit/mg, with a recovery of 4.31 and a yield of 1.4%.Poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of the purified COB was conducted to check the purity. One band was noticed which revealed that COB is pure. The molecular weight of COB was estimated by means of SDS - PAGE technique, which was found to be 60 K Dalton. At pH 7 the highest activity of COB was obtained which was 80 unit/ml. This pH value was considered as the optimum pH of the enzyme. However, at a temperature of 50 C and pH 7, the highest activity was gained which was 106.72 unit/ml, therefore, this temperature is regarded as the optimum for COB reaction. COB stability at different pH values showed that the enzyme is stable at a range of 6 - 9. Heat stability of COB when incubated at a temperature range 0 - 80 C for 1 hr showed that the enzyme is stable at 60 C, then started to decrease till it reached at 40 - 60 Cº.Maechalis - Menton constant (Km) and Maximum velocity (Vmax) of COB was found to be 14.2 µ mole and 0.03 µ mole/mint, respectively.An experiment was conducted to examine the ability of COB obtained in this study in degrading cholesterol in milk and yoghurt. The results revealed that COB was efficient to degrade cholesterol in both products under the experiment conditions.Results showed that the enzyme was efficient to degrade cholesterol in milk. Cholesterol level decreased from 155.34 mg/100 ml milk to 35.77 mg/100ml. The enzyme was used to detect its ability in reducing cholesterol content in yoghurt. Results revealed that the enzyme was able to reduce cholesterol percentage from 150.84% in milk to 30.13% in yoghurt when used in amount of unit/100 ml milk. Sensor evaluation of yoghurt for both enzyme treated and non - treated milk had no significant differences. However, yoghurt with added COB got higher degrees than control.

تقييم بعض المواد العلفية والرعويـة المحليـة باستخدام تقنيـة اكياس النايلون (In sacco) في الاغنام == Evaluation of some Local Feeds by in - Sacco Technique in Sheep

Author name: جلال عكيلي يسر
Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد | سمير اسطيفان حنا
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة على 3 كباش عرابية مزوده بنواسير الكرش ومحتجزه في اقفاص الهضم (1.2x 0.80x 1م) في احد مختبرات قسم الثروة الحيوانية في كلية الزراعة جامعة البصرة للفترة من 14/1/2008 ولغاية 26/5/2008 حيث غذيت هذه الكباش على العلف المركز والاخضر(الجت) مع تجهيزها بمكعبات الاملاح المعدنية والفيتامينات بصورة حرة.جمعت عينات من المواد المراد تقيمها بصورة عشوائية من مناطق مختلفة من منطقة الهارثة وكرمة علي حيث شملت القصب (Phragmites australis) والبردي (Typha domingen pers)والطرطير(Suaeda fruticosa)والحلفه (Imperata cylinrica ) والاسل (Juncus rigidus ) والمران(Paniccm repens )والسليكورنيا(Salicornia europaea ) والعاقول (Alhagi maurorum ) وتـبن الشـعير(Barley straw ) وكوالح الذرة (Corn cups) ودريس الجت (Alfalfa hay ) ونوى التمر (Date palm seeds ) وكانت جميع هذه النباتات في مرحلة النضج التام (يابسه وليس خضراء).بعد تجفيف هذه العينات وطحنها بحيث تمر من منخل قطر فتحاته 3 ملم. ثبتت مكوناتها الكيمياويه ثم غمرها بالكرش( الوقت صفر) ثم سحبها في الفترات 6 و12 و18 و24 و48 و72 و96 ساعة. واستخدمت طريقة Orskov and McDonald (1979). لتقدير معدلات تحلل الماده الجافه والمكونات الكيمياوية الاخرى حيث تم التوصل الى النتائج التاليه : 1 - ارتفاع نسبة المادة الجافة في جميع العينات المدروسه والتي بلغت( اكثر من 85%)وانخفاضها في نبات الطرطير (41%) بصوره معنوية.2 - انخفاض محتوى البروتين عن 10% لجميع المواد العلفية المدروسة باستثناء دريس الجت والطرطير والمران وكان الاختلاف في محتوى البروتين معنويا. 3 - ارتفاع نسبة الالياف الخام ومكونات جدار الخلية (السليلوز والهيميسللوز واللكنين) لجميع النباتات والمواد العلفية المدروسة وبنسبة اكثر من 25% عدا نوى التمر والسالكورنيا (9.8 و19.4)%على التوالي.4 - تمـيز كل من دريـس الجت والعاقول والسالكورنيا بارتـفاع معـدل التحلل الكـلي ( 76.75 و68.74 و63.03% على التوالي) ومعدل التحلل المؤثر( 53.8 و34.8 و34.7 %) للمادة الجافة مقارنة بالمواد العلفية الاخرى. وكانت الفروق عالية المعنوية.5 - تفوقت معدلات تحلل البروتين لجميع المواد العلفية على معدلات تحلل المادة الجافة. وامتاز كل من دريس الجت (70.62%) وتبن الشعير (68.60%) والعاقول (62.57%) بارتفاع معدلات التحلل الكلي للبروتين بينما كان دريس الجت (57.54%) والعاقول (47.00%) والسالكورنيا (41.98%) ذات معدلات تحلل مؤثر عالية مقارنة بباقي المواد العلفية.6 - بلغ معدل التحلل الكلي للالياف 34.56% لنوى التمر والذي كان اعلى من قيمته للمواد العلفية الاخرى والتي تميزت بانخفاض معدل تحلل اليافها الكلي (اقل من 23%) لاسيما الحلفة وكوالح الذرة (9.32 و9.23% على التوالي). اما من حيث معدل التحلل المؤثر للالياف فامتاز دريس الجت بارتفاع معدل تحلل اليافه المؤثر (26.14%) وتليه المواد العلفية الاخرى.7 - اظهر العاقول والسلكورنيا معدل هضم (معدل التحلل في 48 ساعة) لكل من المادة الجافة والبروتين والالياف اقل من دريس الجت ولكنه كان معنويا من ذلك لبقية المواد العلفية الاخرى.8 - اظهرت نسبة المادة الجافة في المادة العلفية ارتباطا سالبا غير معنوي مع معدل تحلل المادة الجافة في جميع الاوقات وكانت نسبة البروتين ذات علاقة ارتباط موجبة ومعنوية مع معدلات تحلل المادة الجافة. في حين اظهرت نسبة الالياف المتعادلة ارتباطا معنويواسالبا مع تحلل المادة الجافة منذ الساعة 3 حتى الساعة 12من غمر العينات في الكرش فقط وكانت سالبة وغير معنوية في الاوقات اللاحقة. وكانت علاقة نسبة الالياف الحامضية سالبة وغير معنوية مع معدل تحلل المادة الجافة (عدا الوقت 12 ساعة).9 - اظهرت نسبة البروتين في المواد العلفية ارتباطا معنويواموجبا مع معدل تحلل البروتين الخام في جميع الاوقات. بينما كانت العلاقة سالبة ومعنوية بين نسبة الالياف الحامضية والمتعادلة ومعدل تحلل البروتين. | The current study was carried out on three Arabi rams in a laboratory of the Department of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basra for the period from 14/1/2008 to 26/5/2008. The rams have drawn up in digestion cages (1.2x 0.8x 1 m). Rumen fistula were fixed on these rams. Ration, water,minerals and vitamins blocks were given ad libitum. Random samples of 12 feeds were collected from different areas of Al - Hartha and Qarmit - Ali. These feeds were phragmites australis, Typha domingensis, suaeda fruticosa, Imperata cylinrica, paniccm repens, juncos rigidus, salicorina europaea, alhagi maurorum, barley straw, corn cups, alfalfa hay and date palm seeds. All samples were dried, milled (3mm) and chemically analyzed before incubation into the rumen (0 h) and after 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of incubation. Dry matter and all its chemical component degradability were estimated auording Orskov and McDonald (1979) formula. The results revealed the following : 1 - All feeds showed high level of dry matter content, exceeding 85%, except suaeda fruticosa(41%). Differences in dry matter content among feeds were significant.2 - Protein level of studied feeds was less than 10%, except that of alfalfa hay, suaeda fruticosa and paniccm repens. The differences in protein level of different feeds were significant.3 - Fiber levels and cell wall contents (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) were high and exceeded the level of 25%, except that of date palm seed and salicorina europaea (9.8 and 19.4% respectively).4 - Total and effective degradability (a+b and p) of dry matter content of alfalfa hay, alhagi maurorum and salicorina europaea were significantly higher (76.75, 68.74 and 63.03% and 53.8, 34.8 and 34.7% respectively) than that of other studied feeds.5 - All protein degradabilities were high than dry matter of all feeds. Total protein degradabilities of alfalfa hay (70.62%), barley straw(68.60%) and alhagi maurorum (62.74%) were higher than other feeds. However, effective degradabilities of alfalfa hay (57.54%), alhagi maurorum(47.00%) and salicorina europaea (41.98%) were higher than that of other feeds.6 - Total fiber degradability of date palm seeds was 34.54%, which was higher than other feeds (all are less than 23%), specially that of Imperata cylinrica and corn cups (9.32 and 9.23% respectively). Effective degradability of alfalfa hay fiber was 26.14%, which was followed by that of the rest of studied feeds. 7 - Digestibilities (degradation at 48 hours of incubation in the rumen) of dry matter, protein and fiber of alhagi maurorum and salicorina europaea were less than that of alfalfa hay, but they were higher than that of other feeds.8 - Dry matter of different feeds showed negative but not significant correlation with dry matter degradation at different times of incubation. While protein level correlated significantly and positive with dry matter degradation. The level of NDF showed negative and significant correlation with dry matter degradation during 3 to 12 h of incubation, however, the correlation was negative but not significant at other times of incubations. The correlation of ADF was negative and not significant with dry matter degradation except that at 12 h of incubation.9 - Protein level of feeds correlated significantly and positively with protein degradation at all times of incubation. However, correlations of protein degradation with ADF and NDF were negative and significant

تاثير الرش بالاثيفون في البناء البايوايميائي والتشريحي لثمار السدر "Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk." وحاصل الشجرة في صنفي التفاحي والجبجاب خلال مراحل النمو والنضج == EFEECT OF SPRAYING ETHEPHONON THE BIOCHEMICAL AND ANATOMICAL BULID - UP OF JUJUBE FRUITS "Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk."AND YIELD TREES OF TUFAHI AND CHIBCHAB CULTIVARS DURING GROWTH AND RIPENING

Author name: وسن فوزي فاضل الابريسم
Supervisor name: علي حسين محمد الطه
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted on jujube trees "Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.", cv. Tufahi (grown in a private orchard at AL - Hartha district, Basrah Governorate) and on cv. Chibchab (grown in a private orchard at Abi ELKhassib district, Basrah Governorate) during the growing season 20007 - 2008 to investigate effects of the plant growth regulator "Ethephon " at the concentrations of 0 , 100 , 300 , 500 mg/1 on the biochemical and anatomical build - up of fruits and yield quality. The results of this study were as follows : All ethephon spray treatments had significant effect on the physical and chemical characters of fruits and yield of trees. The ethephon treatment at the concentration of 500 mg/1 for both cultivars recorded the highest increases in fruit volume, length, diameter, fresh weight of fruit, pulp and seed, total soluble solids, fruit skin content of carotene pigment, nitrogen concentration, proten, respiration, ethylene production, number of cells per mm2 (for Chibchab cv. only) cell length and width, total and reducing sugars, sucrose, vit. C. and potassium concentration per fruit. Ethephon treatment at the concentration of 500 mg/1 gave also insignificant increased in fruit dry matter percentage. The control treatment (0 mg/l ethephon) for both cultivars had significantly highertotal acidity, pectins, phonolic compounds, fruit skin content of chlorophyll a(for Tufahi cv. only), b and total chlorophyll, and phosphorus concentration per fruit over the other treatments. Ethephon treatment at the concentration of 100 mg/1 ethephon gave significant increased in fruit skin content of chlorophyll a for Chibchab cv. only, and total chlorophyll, and insignificant increased in number of cells per mm2 for Tufahi cv. only. Ethephon treatment at the concentration of 300 mg/1 increased the fruit weight per tree and total yield per hectare significantly over treatments for both cultivars but the differences were not significant with ethephon treatment at 100 mg/1 in both characters for Tufahi cv. only.Periods from anthesis factor had significant effect in all characters for both cultivars. Periods 122 and 131 days from anthesis for Tufahi and Chibchab cultivars respectively recorded the highest increases in fruit volume, length, diameter, fresh weight of fruit, pulp and seed, fruit dry matter percentage(for Tufahi cv. only), total soluble solids, fruit skin content of carotene pigment, cell length and width, whereas period 40 days from anthesis increases significantly fruit moisture content(for Tufahi cv. only), dry matter(for Chibchab cv. only), total acidity, pectins, phenolic compounds, fruit skin content of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, nitrogen concentration, protein and cell number per mm2 over other periods. Period 67days from anthesis recorded Significant increase in moisture content per fruit for Chibchab cv. , while period 101 days from anthesis gave Significant increase in respiration rate and ethylene production for both cultivars.The The combination of ethephon treatments and periods from anthesis had significant effects in all fruit characters for both cultivars but frut moisture content and dry matter percentage were Significant in all combination treatments for Tufahi cv. only.All ethephon treatments hastened fruit ripening by means of changes in fruit color and picking date for both Tufahi and Chibchab jujube cultivars in comparison to control treatment, with the treatment at 500 mg/l ethephon recording the best results in this respect. Fruits of both ethephon treatments at 300 mg/l and 500 mg/l were picked three times in the season and fruits of ethephon treatment at 100 mg/l and control treatment were picked five times in the season.
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