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دراسة التعبير المناعي النسيجي الكيميائي للدالتين p53 وKi - 67 لنخاع العظم في الورم النقوي المتعدد == Immunohistochemical study of the bone marrow expression of the proliferation index Ki - 67 and P53 oncogene in patient with multiple myeloma

Author name: منى عبد المعين عبد الله
Supervisor name: عبد الكريم محمد جعفر | عادل ربيع السعداوي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Blood
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الخلاصةخلفية عن الدراسة : الورم النقوي المتعدد مقرها هو نخاع العظم ، يتميز بكون خلية البلازما الورميه , متعددة البؤر المرتبطة البروتين - M في المصل و/ او البول. يمتد الطيف السريري للمرض من لا اعراض الى الاشكال العدوانية واضطرابات بسبب ترسب سلاسل المناعي غير طبيعية في الانسجة.تعطيل الوظائف للورم القامع الجين p53 هوخطوره رئيسيه في التسرطن او تطور العديد من الاورام الخبيثه، هذا يرجع الى الطفرات الوراثيه ملزمة وتعطيل او تدهور من البروتينات الفيروسية او الخلوية. Ki - 67 هو الاجسام المضادة وحيدة النسيلة بالكشف عن مستضد النووي الذي يرتبط بشكل صارم مع تكاثر الخلايا.الهدف من الدراسة : للتحري عن وجود تعبير بروتيني للدالتين Ki - 67 وP53 باستخدام التقنية المناعية النسيجية الكيميائية في خزع نقي العظم لمرضى الورم النقوي المتعدد وتقييم نتائج هذه التقنية وتحليلها ومقارنتها مع مختلف المعلمات المرضية والنتائج المختبرية والسريرية.المواد والاساليب : هذه دراسة مستعرضة باثر رجعي حيث تحلل قطع نخاع العظم المغمورة في البارافين والموجودة في الارشيف (لمرضى تم تشخيصهم حديثا ولم يتلقوا اي علاج) مقارنة مع السجلات السريرية وسجلات تحاليل الدم الى 50 مريض مصاب بورم نخاع العظم (29 من الذكور و21 من الاناث) تم الحصول عليها من قسم امراض الدم في المختبرات التعليمية في مدينة الطب والمسجلة من نيسان 2012 الى نيسان 2014 جمعت ايضا قطع نخاع العظم المغمورة بالبارافين الى عشرين فرد تحكم او سيطرة ((12 ذكور و8 اناث) (متطابقة بالجنس والعمر)) جنبا الى جنب مع جميع تقارير فحص الدم . صبغ نخاع العظم بالصبغه المناعيه النسيجيه الكيمياويه p53 وكذلك Ki - 67.النتائج : كان هناك ارتباط خطي ايجابي كبير بين زيادة التعبير البروتيني p53 وتقدم المراحل السريرية للمرض. كان هناك ارتباط خطي ايجابي كبير بين زيادة التعبير البروتيني P53 وانخفاض نضج خلايا البلازما.كان هناك احصائية معنوية مترافقة ظاهرة بوضوح من المرضى الذين يعانون من ارتفاع مؤشر التكاثري مع المرحلة السريرية المتقدمة (المرحلة الثالثة) من هذا المرض من المرضى الذين يعانون من انخفاض مؤشر التكاثري.في الوقت نفسه، كان هناك ارتباط خطي ايجابي كبير بين درجة Ki - 67وتقدم المرحلة السريرية للمرض. وترتبط نسبة اكبر بكثير من المرضى الذين يعانون من ارتفاع مؤشر التكاثري Ki - 67 مع زيادة في نسبة خلايا البلازما في نخاع العظام من المرضى الذين يعانون من انخفاض زيادة في نسبة خلايا البلازما. وترتبط نسبة اكبر بكثير من المرضى الذين يعانون Ki - 67 مؤشر التكاثري عالية مع عدم النضوج الشكلي لخلية البلازما من المرضى الذين يعانون ناضجة التشكل لخلية البلازما. في الوقت نفسه، كان هناك ارتباط خطي ايجابي كبير بين زيادة 67Ki - وانخفاض نضج خلايا البلازما. وترتبط نسبة اكبر بكثير من المرضى الذين يعانون 67Ki - مؤشر التكاثري عالية مع نمط زيادة النمط المنتشر لتسرب خلايا البلازما في نخاع العظم من نمط غير منتشر.الاستنتاجات : المرضى الذين لديهم زيادة وتقدم المراحل السريرية او عدم النضوج الشكلي لخلايا البلازما في نخاع العظم تكون لديهم زيادة كبيرة في التعبير البروتيني p53و التي تحمل تطورات سيئه.المرضى الذين لديهم زيادة كبيرة في التعبير البروتيني Ki - 67 يكون لديهم تقدم المراحل السريرية, زيادة في نسبة خلايا البلازما او عدم النضوج الشكلي او زيادة النمط المنتشر لتسرب خلايا البلازما في نخاع العظم.التعبير البروتيني للدالتين p53 , وKi - 67 معتمدة كاحد العوامل التكهنية للمرض في الورم النقوي المتعدد مع التشخيص السلبي الذي قد يكون مرشحا للخطر - اعتمدت العلاجات. | Background : Multiple myeloma is a bone marrow based, multifocal plasma cell neoplasm associated with an M - protein in serum and/or urine.The disease spans a clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to aggressive forms and disorders due to deposition of abnormal immunoglobulin chains in tissues.P53 tumor suppressor gene functional inactivation is a key step in carcinogenesis or progression of many human malignancies. This is due to either gene mutations, binding and inactivation, or degradation by viral or cellular proteins.Ki - 67 is a monoclonal antibody that detects a nuclear antigen that is strictly associated with cell proliferation. Aim of the study : 1. To study the changes in P53 oncogene protein expression and proliferation index (Ki - 67 PI) in patients with multiple myeloma.2. To investigate the correlation of P53 oncogene protein expression and proliferation index (Ki - 67 PI) with various pathological, laboratory and clinical parameters.Materials and methods : This is a retrospective cross - sectional study; where by archival paraffin - embedded tissue blocks along with the clinical and hematological records of fifty patients with multiple myeloma (29 males and 21 females) were obtained from the Department of Hematology of the Medical City Teaching Laboratories during the period from April 2012 to April 2014. Paraffin - embedded tissue blocks of twenty control individuals with anemia (12 males and 8 females; age and sex matched) along with their hematological reports were also collected and collected. Bone marrow immunohistochemical staining for P53 and Ki - 67 was done.Results : There was a significant positive linear correlation between increasing scores of p53 and advancing clinical stages of disease. There was a significant positive linear correlation between increasing scores of p53 and decreasing maturity of plasma cells.A significantly larger percent of patients with high proliferative index were associated with advanced clinical stage (stage III) of the disease than patients with low proliferative index. At the same time, there was a significant positive linear correlation between Ki - 67 score and advancing clinical stage of the disease. A significantly larger percent of patients with high proliferative index for Ki - 67 are associated with high plasma cell burden in the bone marrow than patients with low plasma cell burden. A significantly larger percent of patients with high Ki - 67 proliferative index are associated with less mature plasma cell morphology than patients with mature plasma cell morphology. At same time, there was a significant positive linear correlation between increasing Ki - 67 scores and decreasing maturity of plasma cells. A significantly larger percent of patients with high Ki - 67 proliferative index are associated with diffuse BM infiltration pattern than the non - diffuse pattern.Conclusions : 1 - Patients with advanced clinical stages and immature plasma cell morphology had a higher p53 scores which confer bad prognosis.2 - Higher Ki - 67 proliferative index in Patients with advanced clinical stages, high plasma cell burden, immature plasma cell morphology, and diffuse pattern of infiltration.3 - p53 and Ki - 67 expression by IHC can readily identify myeloma patients with an adverse prognosis who may be candidates for risk - adopted therapie

العلاقة بين مستوى حامض البوليك في الدم وكثافة المعادن في العظام بين عينة من متوسطي وكبار السن العراقيين == Association Between Level of Serum Uric Acid and Bone Mineral Density Among a Sample of Middle Aged and Elderly Iraqis

Author name: سندس عدنان جوامير
Supervisor name: محمد هادي العصامي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Joints
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: خلفية البحث : حامض البوليك هو حامض ضعيف وناتج نهائي من تحلل وايض البيورينات ويتواجد تحت الظروف الفسلجية على شكل ملح الصوديوم الاحادي , بداية اعتبر حامض البوليك كناتج خامل يتبلور في التراكيز العالية مكونا حصاة الكلية والتهاب المفاصل النقرسي , بالتالي ادرك انه من مضادات الاكسدة القوية يمسح الاوكسجين الدري , مختبريا وحسب الدراسات الخلوية اعتبر حامض البوليك ايضا كمؤيد للاكسدة حسب الكيميائية المكروية. كثافة العظام المعدنية هي مقياس المحتوى المعدني للعظام بوحدة الغرام والمساحة المتوقعة ذات البعدين بوحدة السنتيمتر المربع والوسيلة المستخدمة هي مقياس امتصاصية الطاقة المزدوجة للاشعة السينية.الهدف : تقييم العلاقة بين مستوى حامض البوليك في مصل الدم ومقياس كثافة المعادن للعظام ان وجد.المرضى والطرائق : شملت الدراسة (60) رجلا وامراة منهم (35)امراة والباقي رجال (25) اعمارهم تتراوح من 40الى 70سنة .تم جمع بيانات المرضى الديموغرافية والسريرية بما في ذلك العمر والجنس والطول والوزن ومعيار كتلة الجسم وحالة التدخين والحالة الوظيفية والدورة الشهرية والحالة المرضية ومستوى النشاط والتحصيل الدراسي . تم قياس نسبة الحامض بوحدة ملغرام لكل ديسيلتر مربع لكل وكدلك كثافة المعادن للعظام للفقرات القطنية من الواحد الى الاربعة وعنق عظم الفخذ الايمن لكل شخص مع حساب مقياس تي ومقياس زت عن طريق مقياس الامتصاص للطاقة المزدوجة للاشعة السينية النتائج : هناك علاقة احصائية مباشرة ضعيفة بين مستوى حامض البوليك وكثافة العظم للفقرات القطنية في جميع الاشخاص القيمة الاحتمالية (0,176). العلاقة بين مستوى الحامض وكثافة العظام للذكور مباشرة في عنق الفخذ الايمن ومعتدة احصائيا القيمة الاحتمالية (0,040) . توجد علاقة مباشرة ضعيفة بين مستوى حامض البوليك وكثافة عظام الفقرات القطنية في الاناث في سن الياس (0,225) .الاستنتاجات : هناك اثار وقائية منطقية لحامض البوليك للعظام في الذكور | Background : Uric acid is the final breakdown product of purine metabolism in humans, it is a weak organic acid that under physiologic condition exists mainly as a monosodium urate salt , initially, uric acid was considered an inert waste product that crystallizes at high concentrations to form renal stones and provoke gouty arthritis , subsequently, uric acid was recognized to be a powerful antioxidant that scavenges oxygen radicals. Cellular studies have nevertheless demonstrated that depending on its chemical microenvironment, uric acid may also be pro - oxidant. Bone mineral density measurements are widely used to diagnose osteoporosis and measurement in bone mass are commonly used as a surrogate for fracture risk . Bone mineral density is the measured parameter, and allows the calculation of the bone mineral content in grams and the two - dimensional projected area in square centimeter of the bone being measured; thus the units of is gram per square centimeter. Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the serum uric acid and bone mineral density in a sample of middle and elderly Iraqis Patients and methods : This cross - sectional study involved sixty participants , thirty five were female and twenty five were male, based on exclusion (systemic rheumatic diseases , malignancy , gout , chronic kidney and liver diseases, diabetes mellitus , thyroid disease, pregnancy, medications : thiazide , calcium , vitamin D, steroid , bisphosphonate) and inclusion (Iraqi consenting men and women , aged from forty to seventy years) criteria. Demographics and clinical data were collected including age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, employment, educational status, menstrual history, level of physical activity, comorbidities .Serum uric acid was measured and bone mineral density was calculated for each individual by dual energy x ray absorptiometry scan , Z - score and T - score at first lumbar - forth lumbar spine and right femoral neck were measured . Results : There is weak direct relationship between bone mineral density, T and Z score with uric acid (stronger in bone mineral density than the others probability value ( 0.176) in lumber spine bones for all patients , but no relationship was found between bone mineral density , with uric for right femoral neck in all participants probability values (0.346) , while in females, there was no relationship between uric acid and bone mineral density , T and Z score of the lumbar vertebral spine , while; there was weak inverse relationship between bone mineral density , T and Z score with uric acid in right femoral bone . In postmenopausal female; in lumbar vertebral spine bone there was weak direct relationship between uric acid with bone mineral , Z and T score, while; in right femoral bone there was no relationship between uric acid with bone mineral density , Z and T score. In males for right femoral bone; there was significant direct relationship between bone mineral density with uric acid probability value (0.04), while the relationship between uric acid with T and Z score was non - significant (however it is direct and weak correlation),while ; no relationship was observed between uric acid with bone mineral density, T and Z score for lumbar vertebral spine bones.Conclusion : Significant direct relationship was found between bone mineral with uric acid , so uric acid is protective against bone loss in male

مصاحبة الاختلافات التشريحية للجيوب الانفية مع امراض الجيوب الانفية في المفراس الحلزوني متعدد المقاطع == Co - existence of anatomical variations of paranasal sinuses and sinonasal abnormalities on multislice computed tomography

Author name: ميثاق محي عبد الله
Supervisor name: عبد اللطيف علي اصغر | محمد ضياء احمد
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diagnostic Radiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Certain anatomic variations ( as concha bullosa and nasal septal deviation) are common in general population and are often predispose the patients to inflammatory diseases because they may obstruct the infundibulum or any part of the osteomeatal complex resulting in interference of air flow or mucociliary clearance. Computed tomography is the imaging modality of choice since the advent of functional endoscopic sinus surgery. It is now mandatory and a medicolegal requirement to evaluate the paranasal sinuses as this provide a road map with excellent details regarding anatomy, anatomical variants with type and extension of the pathology.Objectives : to identify the incidence of different types of paranasal sinus variants and their coexistence with sinonasal abnormalities by using multislice computed tomography.Patients and methods : This is a cross sectional study was done on 87 patients referred for computed tomography scan of the paranasal sinuses in Al - shaheed Ghazi Al.Hariri Teaching Hospital in medical city - Baghdad, from January 2013 to June 2013, patients were clinically suspected to have sinonasal diseases. The sample of this study was consist of 52 males and 35 females. The age of patients ranged from 12 - 60 years. All patients were examined by computed tomography scan of paranasal sinus protocol in axial sections with coronal reformat.Results : From 87 patients in our study, 76 patients were have diseased sinuses, we reported 5 mucosal abnormalities; mucosal thickening, opacification, air fluid level, mucosal polyp and cyst. The most commonly involved sinus was the maxillary (62 patients) followed by anterior ethmoid, and the commonest abnormality was mucosal thickening. Types of variations were seen in this study; nasal septal deviation(52.4%), concha bullosa(49%), enlarged ethmoidal bullae (15.9%), large Aggar nasi (15.9%), Haller cells(19.1%), bent uncinate process(11.4%),Onodi cells(11.4%), paradoxical middle turbinate(9.1%), maxillary sinus hypoplasia(7.9%), pneumatized crista galli(6.8%), and both pneumatized nasal septum and asymmetrical ethmoid roof were of (3.4%). the total number of patients having anatomical variants but with no associated sinonasal mucosal abnormalities were (17.1%), while (82.9%) of patients were associated with sinonasal abnormalities.Conclusion : by using multislice computed tomography we find correlation between certain anatomical variations and specific inflammatory sinonasal mucosal abnormalities due to defect in the drainage of the sinus secretions and secondary infection. Also there was another group of variants which may lead to intraoperative complications if surgery indicated.

تقنية غير لائقة في استخدام جهاز الانشاق ذات الجرعة المعايرة في عينة من المرضى العراقيين المصابون بالربو == The effect of improper technique in using meter dose inhaler in a sample of Iraqi asthmatic patients

Author name: زياد طارق ملغوث
Supervisor name: قاسم محمد سلطان
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Thoracic
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Improper asthma inhaler device use was most likely one of the major causes associated with uncontrolled asthma and frequent respiratory clinic visits. Therefore assessment the effect of the improper use of metered dose inhaler device in the control of bronchial asthma, and the factors that have important impact on asthma management and control.Objectives : The aim of study is to assess the effect of the improper use of meter dose inhaler device in the control of bronchial asthma. And the factors that affect the inhaler technique.Methods : A cross - sectional study of 100 patients who visited respiratory clinic at Baghdad Teaching Hospital with bronchial asthma from 1st of August 2014 to 28th February 2015. Information was collected about demographic data and asthma control and we assessed the inhaler techniques for each patient using an inhaler technique checklist.Results : Among the 100 asthma patients, 50(50%) were male, 50(50%) female. There was a statistically significant association between MDI technique use defect and all the following factors (the gender (P value ‹0.05),VIIAge (P value = 0.01), the education level of patients (P value = 0.00), the duration of disease of the patient (P value = 0.03), the asthma health education of the patient (P value = 0.00) and asthma control test (ACT)).Conclusion : Improper inhaler device use is major factor associated with poor asthma control.Keywords : Iraqi asthmatic patient, MDI, inhaler technique and Patient education.

الاستكشاف السريع للاسترواح الصدري بواسطة جهاز السونار في المريض المتعدد الاصابات == Rapid detection of pneumothorax by Ultrasonography in patient with multiple traumas

Author name: فاضل خليفة موسى
Supervisor name: قصي عبد فهد
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diagnostic Radiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الغرض من الدراسة هو لمعرفة قابلية طبيب الاشعة لاستكشاف الاسترواح الصدري في مرضى الاصابات المتعددة والطارئة في شعبة الطوارئ في جهاز السونار ومقارنة النتائج مع نتائج المفراس. تم البحث خلال فترة عشرة اشهر وتم اجراء فحص السونار الى 37 مصاب على شكل 30 (81%) منهم رجال و7(19%) نساء وباعمار تتراواح مابين 30 - 50 سنة. واظهرت النتائج انه يمكن فحص المرضى ذوات الاصابات المتعددة بجهاز سونار الطوارئ ومعرفة وجود الاسترواح الصدري حيث اظهرت النتائج ان دقة الكشف تتناسب مع كمية الهواء الموجود داخل غشاء الجنب. حيث كلمزاادت الكمية زادت قابلية الكشف وبتناسب طردي. الغرض من هذا البحث هو امكانية الاستغناء عن المفراس لبحلزوني واشعة الصدر في الكشف عن الاسترواح الصدري وخاص في الكميات المتوسطة والكبيرة من الهواء. | Early detection of pneumothorax in multiple trauma patients is critically important. It can be argued that the efficacy of ultrasonography (US) for detection of pneumothorax is enhanced if it is performed and interpreted directly by the clinician in charge of the patients.The aim of this study was to assess the ability of clinician to perform bedside US to detect and assess the size of the pneumothorax in patients with multiple trauma.MethodsOver a 10 month period, patients with multiple traumas treated in the emergency department were enrolled in this prospective study. Bedside US was performed in emergency department.Portable supine chest radiography (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) were obtained within an interval of three hours. Using CT and chest drain as the gold standard, the diagnostic efficacy of US and CXR for the detection of pneumothorax, defined as rapidity and accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value), were compared. The size of the pneumothorax (small, medium and large) determined by US was also compared to that determined by CT.Results : The study included 37 patients 30 (81%) of them were males and 7 (19%) were females.The average age was 42 ± 11.6 years. All patients presented trauma, including explosives and missiles injuries (37.8%) RTA (24.3%), falls (16.2%), and others (21.6%).Out of the 37 trauma patients, 32 did had pneumothorax according to the gold standard (CT scanning) and five patients did not, according to the ultrasonography findings of those patients, 30 patients did had pneumothorax (true positive) and 2 patients missed by ultrasonography, while 5 patients did not have pneumothorax on CT, ultrasound correctly identify 4 of them as negative (true negative), so the sensitivity and specificity and accuracy of ultrasonography were 93.7%, 80% and 92% respectively.The size of pneumothorax which had been determined by ultrasonography (17) patient had identified as large pneumothorax, (9) patients as moderate and (4) patients as mild, while CT findings were (17,9 and 6) respectively, when a kappa agreement test had been performed, it had been significantly found that US agreement with the CT was directly associated with the size of pneumothorax, US has more agreement, more sensitivity and more specificity in large and moderate pneumothorax rather than mild pneumothorax in trauma patients, P< 0.05.Conclusion My US examination provides a reliable tool and has the advantages of being simple and rapid as compared with CT and CXR and having high sensitivity as compared to CXR for the detection of pneumothorax in patients with multiple trauma.

دراسة الجهد البدني - الحسي المثار في مرضى اعتلال النخاع الناتج عن داء الفقار الرقبية == Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Study in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Patients

Author name: رؤى محمد كريم
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is considered the most serious consequence of cervical spondylosis and accounts for the majority of non_traumatic paraparesis and/or quadriparesis. The electrical property of the spinal cord and its susceptibility to injuries renders electrophysiology relevant to the management of CSM. SEPs study is an objective assessment of the functional integrity of the neural pathway.With the introduction of MRI, increasing numbers of cases are identified where spondylotic changes and disc herniation reach and compress the cervical spinal cord; however, the significance of these radiological findings with respect to the development of myelopathy is unclear.It is recommended that preoperative sensory - evoked potentials may be considered for patients with CSM in whom clinical factors do not provide clear guidance and would potentially change therapeutic decisions.In this study 22 patients with CSM (11 male and 11 female) and matched with 25 subjects of the control group were enrolled. All subjects were tested with bilateral SNCV of median and sural nerves and with bilateral median and tibial SSEPs tests. Results of SSEPs studies show 19(86.36%) out of 22 patients had abnormal SSEPs study (either tibial or median or both tests abnormal), with 68.2% abnormal tibial and 63.6% abnormal median study. There was no difference between median and tibial SSEPs results in patients (P>0.05) and most of the abnormalities were bilateral and there was no difference between right and left side study of neither median nor tibial SSEPs studies (P>0.05).Median SSEPs showed that abnormality in cortical response N20 and cervical spinal potential N13 compared to control group were highly significant (P<0.0005). Also IPLs were significant regarding (N9 - N13), (N9 - N20), (P14 - N20) and (N13 - N20) with (N13 - N20) was the most significant with 63.6% right and 54.5% left side abnormality. Abnormal cortical response (P37) following tibial stimulation was highly significant compared to control group (P<0.0005) with 14 cases (63.6%) abnormal bilateral tibial SSEPs and 1 patient with unilateral right tibial SSEPs abnormality. Abnormal tibial SSEPs associated with slightly more frequent loss of components than delayed responses. IPL (LP - P37) was highly significant (P<0.0005) with 68.2% right and 63.6% left abnormal results. Patients were classified clinically according to Nurick grading system of cervical myelopathy. Four out of 8 cases with normal median SSEPs of the patients were grade - 1 Nurick, 5 out of 7 cases with normal tibial SSEPs of patients were grade - 1 and 3 out of total 22 patients had normal both median and tibial SSEPs were all grade - 1 and this suggests that normal SSEPs findings mostly correlate with mild and early myelopathy. Six out of 10 cases with abnormal both median and tibial SSEPs were grade - 1 and grade - 2(2 cases grade1 and 4cases grade - 2) and this suggests that abnormal SSEPs findings are useful in prediction the progression of myelopathy in patients with mild clinical neurological deficits in the early stages of the disease.This study concluded that both median and tibial SSEPs montages should be performed to evaluate patients with CSM as the progression of the cervical cord compression may take variable pathways. MRI and SEPs may evaluate different aspects of the disease process; therefore, SEPs study is a useful important objective assessment of the spinal cord function

انواع التغذية والعدوى وامراض المناعة الذاتية وعوامل الخطر البيئي الاخرى لدى الاطفال المصابين بالسكري من النوع الاول في مركزين صحيين عامين == Types of feeding, Infection, Autoimmune Diseases & Other environmental risk factors in Diabetic Children at two tertiary public health centers in Baghdad

Author name: شهد محمد جاسم
Supervisor name: نادية عزيز ناصر
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Family Medicine
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the insulin producing cells in the pancreas and destroy them, it is also called ( Juvenile diabetes) because it mainly occurs in children and teenagers , though it can develop at any age. The study of epidemiology of T1DM in Basrah showed that the overall mean age at first diagnosis was 15.3 ± 9 years and it was significantly higher in men. The prevalence was 87 per 100,000 and it is lower than neighboring countries. The average annual incidence rate of type 1 diabetes was 7.4 per 100,000 which place Iraq in the intermediate group. This provided a baseline for assessing future changes in the epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Iraq.Objectives : To describe pattern of feeding during infancy among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, frequency of childhood infections (Measles and Mumps), and prevalence of autoimmune disease in children with T1DM.Patients and methods : A cross sectional study was carried out at Central Child teaching hospital and Al Yarmook teaching hospital, Iraq. A total of 248 patients with type 1 diabetes who attended the consultation clinic in the period from February 1st to the 30th of May,2017, and were investigated in order to describe the patterns of feeding in infancy, frequency of childhood infections )measles and mumps), and also prevalence of autoimmune disease in children with T1DM.Results : The mean age of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes among children was 5.7 years ± 3.3 and the mean weight of children at delivery was 3.2 Kg± 0.6 . The sociodemographic distribution showed that 38% of cases occurred in the 5 - 8 years age group followed by 8 - 11 years age group which accounts for 30.6% of cases. Sex distribution was nearly equal with slight male predominance. 50.8% of T1DM children have a positive family history for diabetes, most of them had a history of type 2 Dm (38.7%), and (9.3%) of type 1 DM, while 7% had both type 1 and 2. Only 23.4 % of cases have positive family history of other autoimmune diseases (autoimmune thyroid disease, celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, vitiligo, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, pernicious anemia, psoriasis, Addison disease). About 23 % of children had autoimmune illnesses other than diabetes. More than 61% of patients with T1DM had exclusive bottle feeding history, 30% had exclusive breast feeding history, while 8.5 % had mixed feeding history.Conclusion• About two thirds of children with type 1 DM were bottle fed.• About a quarter of children with T1DM had autoimmune diseases other than diabetes.• The sociodemographic aspects showed that more children were diagnosed in the 5 - 8 years, those with urban residence were found to be more frequent than those with rural residence while frequency of T1DM was almost the same in males and females, more parents were with no college education.• Only a small proportion of children had a positive pre - diagnosis Measles and Mumps infections if they achieve the milestone of 1 year.Keywords : T1DM, bottle feeding, autoimmune diseases

متوسط حجم الصفائح الدموية وعرض توزيع الخلايا الحمراء في المرضى العراقيين المصابين بالتهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي == Mean Platelet Volume and Red Cell Distribution Width in Iraqi Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Author name: انمار عبد الوهاب البياتي
Supervisor name: زياد شفيق الراوي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Joints
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: خلفية البحث : التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي هو التهاب مناعي ذاتي جهازي مزمن يصيب المفاصل واجهزة الجسم الاخرى. متوسط حجم الصفائح الدموية هو جزء من اختبار العد الكامل للدم ويرتبط مع وظيفة الصفائح الدموية وفاعليتها. عرض توزيع الخلايا الحمراء هو جزء من اختبار العد الكامل للدم ويقدر تغيرات كريات الدم الحمراء.الهدف : لتقييم عرض توزيع الخلايا الحمراء ومتوسط حجم الصفائح الدموية في مصل المرضى الذين يعانون من التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي وتقييم علاقاتهما مع الخصائص الديموغرافية والسريرية الاساسية للمرضى.المرضى والطرائق : شملت دراسة تضبيط الحالة هذه تشخيص ما مجموعه 111 مريضا مصابا بمرض التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي (98 انثى : 13 ذكرا) وفقا لمعايير التصنيف الامريكية لامراض الروماتيزم / الرابطة الاوروبية لمكافحة الروماتيزم لالتهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي، متوافقين بالعمر والجنس مع 97 شخصا من الاصحاء كمجموعة ضبط (سيطرة) (76 انثى : 21 ذكر). وتم قياس كل من البيانات الديموغرافية، ودرجات نشاط المرض، والتاريخ الطبي، والادوية المستعملة، والعامل الروماتويدي، ومضاد سيترولينيتد الببتايد الضد ، ومعدل ترسيب كريات الدم الحمراء ، واختبار العد الكامل للدم.النتائج : كان متوسط العمر للمرضى والسيطرة 46.53 ± 11.89 و48.19 ± 12.06 سنة على التوالي (p=0,321). لم تكن فروقات متوسط حجم الصفائح لمرضى التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي (8.0 ± 1.4) والسيطرة (7.7 ± 1.2) معتد احصائيا(P=0.4)، بينما وجد ان عرض توزيع الخلايا الحمراء اعلى بكثير في المرضى (14.5 ± 2.8) مقارنة مع مجموعة الضبط (12.4 ± 1.1) (p => 0.001). لم يكن هناك ارتباط معنوي بين عرض توزيع الخلايا الحمراء ومتغيرات مختلفة كـ(العمر، مؤشر كتلة الجسم ، مدة المرض، درجة فاعلية المرض 28، ومؤشر نشاط المرض السريري، معدل ترسيب كريات الدم الحمراء، الجنس، العامل الروماتويدي ومضاد سيترولينيتد الببتايد الضد). ان لعرض توزيع الخلايا الحمراء قدرة جيدة على التفريق بين مرضى التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي ومجموعة الضبط،وكذلك فان لمعدل ترسيب كريات الدم الحمراء قدرة ممتازة على التفريق بين مرضى التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي ومجموعة الضبط.الاستنتاجات : كان عرض توزيع الخلايا الحمراء اعلى بكثير في مرضى التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي من مجموعة الضبط، في حين كان متوسط حجم الصفائح الدموية اعلى في مرضى التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي مقارنة مع مجموعة الضبط غير ان الفروقات لم تكن معتدة احصائيا. لم يكن هناك ارتباط كبير في مرضى التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي بين عرض توزيع الخلايا الحمراء ومتغيرات مختلفة كـ(العمر، مؤشر كتلة الجسم، مدة المرض، ، درجة فعالية المرض 28 ، ومؤشر نشاط المرض السريري ، معدل ترسيب كريات الدم الحمراء، الجنس، العامل الروماتويدي ومضاد سيترولينيتد الببتايد الضد). | Background : Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease, which affects the joints and other body systems. Mean platelet volume is part of the complete blood count test and correlates with the platelet function and activation. Red cell distribution width is part of the complete blood count test and estimates erythrocyte variability in volume.Objective : To evaluate red cell distribution and mean platelet volume in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and to assess their relationships with baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis .Patients and Methods : A total of 111 patients (98 female : 13 male) with rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for Rheumatoid arthritis 2010 and age sex matched 97 control healthy individuals (76 female : 21 male) were involved in this case - control study. Demographic data, disease activity scores, medical history, current medications were reported. Rheumatoid Factor, Anti Citrullinated Peptide Anti body, complete blood count erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, and were all measured.Results : The red cell distribution width was significantly higher in patients (14.5 ± 2.8) compared to controls (12.4 ± 1.1) (p=>0.001). While Mean platelet volume in rheumatoid arthritis patients was (8.0 ± 1.4) and that for controls (7.7 ± 1.2), the differences were insignificant (P=0.4). Mean age for patients and controls were 46.53 ± 11.89 and 48.19 ± 12.06 years respectively (p=0.321). There were no significant correlation between red cell distribution width and various variables (Age, Body Mass Index, disease duration, Disease Activity Score28, Clinical Disease Activity Index, ESR, Sex, Rheumatoid factor, and Anti Citrullinated Peptide Anti body).The red cell distribution width had good validity to differentiate rheumatoid arthritis patients from controls, while erythrocyte sedimentation rate had excellent validity to differentiate between rheumatoid arthritis patients and controls.Conclusions : Red cell distribution was significantly higher in rheumatoid arthritis patients than in controls, While mean platelet volume was higher in rheumatoid arthritis patients compared to controls, but not reach statistically significant. In rheumatoid arthritis patients there were no significant correlation between red cell distribution and various variables (Age, Body mass index, Disease duration, Disease activity score 28, Clinical disease activity index , Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Sex, Rheumatoid factor, and Anti Citrullinated Peptide Anti body).

ارتفاع المؤشرات الالتهابية كمتنبئ للاستجابة للادوية المضادة لعامل تنخر الورم (الايتانرسبت والانفلكسماب) في عينة من المرضى العراقيين المصابين بتشمع الصلب == Raised Inflammatory Markers as Predictors of Response to Anti - Tumor Necrosis Factor Drugs (Etanercept and Infliximab) in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Ankylosing Spondyl

Author name: سيف عبد الكريم رؤوف
Supervisor name: نزار عبد اللطيف جاسم
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Joints
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الخلفية : تشمع الصلب هو مرض التهابي جهازي مزمن يؤثر بشكل اساسي على الهيكل العظمي المحوري، على الرغم من ذلك فان المفاصل الطرفية وانسجة الارتكاز والانسجة خارج المفصل قد تتاثر ايضا بالمرض مثل العيون والقلب والرئتين. يرتبط ارتفاع المؤشرات الالتهابية ( بروتين سي التفاعلي او معدل ترسيب كريات الدم الحمراء) في المرضى المصابين بتشمع الصلب في بداية اعطاء الادوية المضادة لعامل تنخر الورم مع استجابة سريرية افضل. الهدف من الدراسة : تقييم دور ارتفاع المؤشرات الالتهابية ( بروتين سي التفاعلي او معدل ترسيب كريات الدم الحمراء) في تنبؤ الاستجابة للادوية المضادة لعامل تنخر الورم في المرضى المصابين بتشمع الصلب.المرضى والطرائق : ادخل في الدراسة الاترابية 71 مريضا من المصابين بتشمع الصلب كعدد كلي، كلهم كانوا مطابقين لمعايير نيويورك المعدلة لتشخيص تشمع الصلب ومعايير تصنيف الجمعية الدولية لتقييم التهاب المفاصل الصلبي لغرض تشخيص التهاب المفاصل الصلبي. تم استثناء 19 مريضا من الدراسة نتيجة انقطاعهم عن استخدام الادوية المضادة لعامل تنخر الورم واستمر 52 مريضا بالدراسة وتمت متابعتهم لمدة ثلاثة اشهر . تم جمع البيانات الديموغرافية ، مدة المرض ، نوع العلاج ، مؤشر نشاط مرض التشمع الصلب والمؤشر الوظيفي لمرض تشمع الصلب من المرضى. وتم ايضا فحصهم مختبريا لبروتين سي التفاعلي، معدل ترسيب كريات الدم الحمراء ، كريات الدم البيضاء ، الهيموغلوبين وعدد الصفائح الدموية.النتائج : كان متوسط عمر المرضى 35.2 ± 9.6 سنوات ، شكل الذكور 84.6% منهم وكان متوسط مدة المرض 5 (3 - 10) سنوات. اظهر التحليل احادي المتغير بان المتنبئات للاستجابة للادوية المضادة لعامل تنخر الورم شملت الارتفاع الاساسي لبروتين سي التفاعلي ، معدل ترسيب كريات الدم الحمراء ، مؤشر نشاط مرض التشمع الصلب والمؤشر الوظيفي لمرض تشمع الصلب. اظهر التحليل متعدد المتغير بان المتنبئ المستقل الوحيد للاستجابة للادوية المضادة لعامل تنخر الورم هو الارتفاع الاساسي لبروتين سي التفاعلي. كانت نقطة القطع المثلى لبروتين سي للاستجابة للادوية المضادة لعامل تنخر الورم اكثر من 7.5 ملغم/ لتر بحساسية 94.29% ونوعية 88.24%, بينما لمعدل ترسيب كريات الدم الحمراء كانت اكثر من 32 ملم/ ساعة بحساسية 74.29% ونوعية 94.12%. كان هنالك نزول واضح في مؤشر نشاط مرض التشمع الصلب والمؤشر الوظيفي لمرض تشمع الصلب بعد ثلاثة اشهر من العلاج (لكلا العلاجين ايتانرسيبت وانفلكسماب). لم تتنبا المتغيرات الاخرى التي تم دراستها والتي تشمل البيانات الديموغرافية، مدة المرض، الهيموغلوبين، كريات الدم البيضاء، الصفائح الدموية، نوع العلاج، وجود التهاب المفاصل الطرفية، التهاب انسجة الارتكاز او التهاب القزحية بالاستجابة.الاستنتاجات : يتنبا الارتفاع الاساسي للمؤشرات الالتهابية ( بروتين سي التفاعلي او معدل ترسيب كريات الدم الحمراء) باستجابة افضل للادوية المضادة لعامل تنخر الورم في المرضى المصابين بتشمع الصلب. بروتين سي التفاعلي لديه تنبؤ افضل للاستجابة للادوية المضادة لعامل تنخر الورم من معدل ترسيب كريات الدم الحمراء | Background : Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder mainly affecting the axial skeleton, although peripheral joints, entheses and extra - articular tissues may also be involved such as eyes, heart and lungs. Raised inflammatory markers (C - reactive protein or erythrocyte sedimentation rate) in patients with AS at the start of anti - tumor necrosis factor therapy associated with more clinical response.Aim of the study : To assess the role of raised inflammatory markers (C - reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate) in predicting response to anti - tumor necrosis factor drugs in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.Patients and methods : A prospective cohort study enrolled a total of 71 patients with AS, all of them were fulfilling the modified New York criteria for Ankylosing Spondylitis and Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society classification criteria for diagnosing spondyloarthropathy. Nineteen patients were excluded from the study due to discontinuation of anti - TNF therapy and 52 patients continued in the study and were followed for three months. Demographic data, disease duration, type of treatment, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index were collected from the patients. They were also investigated for C - reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell, hemoglobin and platelet count. Results : The mean age of the patients was 35.2±9.6 years, males constitute 84.6% of them and the median disease duration was 5 (3 - 10) years. Univarite analysis showed that the predictors of response to anti - TNF were raised baseline C - reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index. Multivariate analysis showed that the only independent predictor for response to anti - tumor drugs was raised baseline C - reactive protein. The optimal cut point for C - reactive protein to predict response was >7.5 mg/l with a sensitivity 94.29% and specificity 88.24% , while for erythrocyte sedimentation rate was > 32 mm/hour with a sensitivity 74.29% and specificity 94.12%. For both drugs (etanercept and infliximab) there was significant reduction in Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index after 3 months of therapy. Other variables which were studied including demographic data, disease duration, hemoglobin, white blood cell, platelet, type of treatment, presence of peripheral arthritis, enthesitis or uveitis did not predict response.Conclusions : Raised inflammatory markers (C - reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate) at baseline predict better response to anti - tumor necrosis factor drugs in Ankylosing Spondylitis patients. C - reactive protein had better prediction of response to anti - tumor necrosis factor dugs than erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

طيف وتردد طفرات الجين K - ras عند المرضى العراقيين المصابين بسرطان القولون والمستقيم المفرق == Spectrum and Frequency of K - ras Mutations among Iraqi Patients with Sporadic Colorectal Cancer

Author name: شيماء خالد شاكر احمد
Supervisor name: بسام موسى صادق الموسوي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Genetics
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious health problem and is one of the most common cancers in the world. The majority of CRCs are sporadic; several genes have been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis.Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (K - ras) is a protooncogene and is one of the important genes responsible for sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis. It is involved in G protein - mediated signal transduction. It has a constitutive guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity, which is lost when the gene is mutated. Analysis of K - ras mutation has important therapeutic impact being one of the most important predictors of resistance to targeted therapy using Epidermal Growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (cetuximab and panitumumab) in addition to its prognostic significance. Aim of study : To determine the frequency and spectrum of K - ras mutations among Iraqi patients with sporadic CRC. Patients, Materials and Methods : This is a retrospective study that included 35 surgically resected cases with sporadic CRC from the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital / Medical City Complex - Baghdad during the period extending from January 1st, 2014 till December 31st, 2015. Patients’ demographic characteristics as well as tumor characteristics were studied. Samples of DNA were extracted from formalin - fixed paraffin embedded blocks (FFPE) using the QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit by QIAGEN / Germany. The specified DNA fragment was amplified by a conventional thermocycler (PCR) using specific biotinylated primers followed by hybridization of the amplification products to a test strip containing allele - specific oligonucleotide probes immobilized as an array of parallel lines. The bound biotinylated sequences are detected using streptavidin - alkaline phosphatase and color substrates according to the manufacturers’ instructions.Results : The age of the 35 enrolled cases ranged between (20 - 70) years with a mean (±SD) of 52.7±13.5 years and a median of 55 years; 27(77%) of them were ≥45 years of age and 8(23%) were <45 years of age. Out of the 35 enrolled patients 12 (34%) were males and 23(66%) were females; the male : female ratio was 1 : 2.The most common histological type was the non - mucinous adenocarcinoma constituting 30 (85.7%), with a moderately differentiated grade II histological pattern 29 (82.9%); stage III was the most common tumor stage 13 (37.1%) with predominance of left colonic tumors 20 (57%);15(42.9%) of CRC patients presented with positive regional lymph node involvement.K - ras mutations were detected in 13 (37%) patients; the remaining 22 (63%) show wild - type K - ras. Ten (71.4%) of these mutations were in codon 12 while 4(28.6%) were in codon 13. No mutation was detected in other codons (61,117,146).A total of 14 mutations were detected in the tumors of those 13 patients; 12/13 tumors had single mutations, and only 1/13 had double mutations (in codon 12 and codon 13 simultaneously).The most frequently encountered mutations were the G>T transversions 9 (64.4%). The most frequent mutation constituting 8 (57.2%) was GGT>TGT (GLY>CYS) at codon 12.There were no statistically significant associations of clinicopathological characteristics with K - ras mutation status.Conclusions :  K - ras mutations rate lies within worldwide reports, and lie in the middle between Asian and European figures. Most CRC tumors carry codon 12 K - ras mutations and thus they have a risk of poorer prognosis and response to therapy. Gly12Cys and Gly13Asp predominate over other types of amino acid substitutions, and carry a poorer prognosis. PCR detection of K - ras mutations is preferable to IHC techniques especially so when using anti - EGFR for CRC treatment.

التهاب المخاطية الفموية لدى مرضى سرطان الراس والعنق المعالجين بالاشعاع == Oral Mucositis In Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy For Head and Neck Cancer

Author name: مروة ایاد نوري فتاح
Supervisor name: خضير جاسم صبيح الرواق
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Therapeutic Radiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Radiotherapy (RT) is indispensable in treatment of Head and Neck Cancer (HNC); in spite of its associated complications. Oral mucositis (OM) is an important complication in HNC patients undergoing RT. OM is painful, may affect nutrition and quality of life. It decreases the patient’s willingness to continue treatment, and sometimes, it is a dose - limiting toxicity. It may lead to chronic complications. It also causes additional economic impact. This study aims to identify the incidence, distribution of OM, and its effect on treatment breaks in a section of HNC patients receiving RT in Iraq.Patients and MethodsThis is an observational, descriptive cross - sectional study. It included 50 patients with primary HNC, treated with External Beam Radiotherapy at the Oncology Teaching Center/ Radiation Therapy Department at the Medical City Complex - Baghdad, from 1st. January to 30th. April, 2017. All patients were assessed for occurrence of OM. Cases of OM were graded according to the World Health Organization scale. Data were collected in relation to; age, gender, smoking, sub - site of the tumor, stage of the tumor, type of therapy, and the unplanned breaks in treatment due to OM.ResultsThe mean age of the study population was 53.3 years (+/ - 11 SD). 80% of patients were below 65 years of age. Male; female ratio was 2.6 : 1. Main sub - sites of tumors were; nasopharynx (36%), larynx (22%) then parotid (14%) and tongue (12%).Seventy six percent of patients had chemotherapy and radiotherapy. 74% were smokers during or before starting RT. 86% of patients were in stages III or IV.Incidence of OM was 72%. (16% grade 1, 40% grade 2, and 16% grade 3).OM was more in ages < 35 years and in ages >/= 65 years. Least occurrence was among (45 - 54) years age group. OM occurred in 93% of females and 64% of males.OM occurred in 79% of patients who received RT plus CT. It occurred in 75 - 77% of patients of advanced stages of tumor.5Severe OM occurred more; among RT plus CT recipients and among smokers,The majority (47%) of OM cases in this population came from nasopharynx tumors, while larynx tumors contributed the least (3%).ConclusionsOM occurred in most of the HNC patients treated by RT. It occurred more in females, patients who receive CT plus RT, in tumors of oral cavity and nasopharynx. OM related unplanned breaks may interrupt the treatment schedule. HNC imposes double burden in Iraq as it attacks the productive age group. The vast majority of HNC are diagnosed in advanced stages. Multidisciplinary approach is recommended to manage HNC patients. Psychological support and patient education on oral care are essential needs.

الخصائص السريرية والنسيجية لمرضى سرطان الثدي العراقيات دون سن الاربعين عاما == Clinical and pathological profile of young age Iraqi female diagnosed with breast cancer ( an observational study)

Author name: شيماء محمد راضي
Supervisor name: منور عبد الاله النقاش
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Therapeutic Radiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: خلفية عن الموضوع : على الصعيد العالمي، سرطان الثدي هو السرطان الاكثر شيوعا ويعد السبب الرئيسي للوفاة في مرض السرطان لدى النساء .تمثل النساء الشابات المصابات بسرطان الثدي مجموعة فرعية من سرطان الثدي حيث ان لهم خصائص فريدة مقارنة بالنساء الاكبر سنا المصابات بسرطان الثدي.الهدف من البحث : تقييم الحالة السريرية لسرطان الثدي لدى السيدات الشابان العراقيات من ناحية (حجم الورم، العقد اللمفاوية، الخ ...)، وتقييم الحالة الجزيئية على المستوى الخلوي للمرضى (مستلمات البوجستيرون،مستلمات الاستروجين، HER2 ,و كي - 67) من الاناث الشابات المصابات بسرطان الثدينوع الدراسة : دراسة مقطعية عرضيةمكان الدراسة : دائرة مدينة الطب، مستشفى علاج الاورام في بغدادالمرضى : 1349 امراة مصابات بسرطان الثدي منهم 202 كان عمرهن اقل او يساوي 40 عاماالنتائج : كان معدل انتشارسرطان الثدي لدى الشابات (المعرف بان اعمارهن اصغر من 40 سنة) 15٪ (7.9٪، 4.8٪، 2.1٪، 0.2٪للاعمار 36 - 40، 31 - 35، 26 - 30، 20 - 25 سنة على التوالي). كان هناك نسبة عالية من مستلمات ER وPR (74.4٪ و74٪) كذلك كانت نسبة HER2 54.1% مع نسبة 1.2% ل(triple negative). النوعية (Luminal A) هو النوع الفرعي الاكثر جزيئية 50٪, كان هناك علاقة ايجابية طفيفة تتضمن زيادة للمستلمات ER وPR مع اتخاه زيادة العمر, وكانت عكسية لHER2 وTriple negative مع زيادة العمر. استنتاج : الفئة العمرية بين 36 - 40 سنة كانت تحتوي اعلى نسبة في الشابات المصابات بسرطان الثدي، وهناك نسبة عالية من ER, PR, HER2, وtriple negative. كان للعمر تاثير ضعيف على العوامل الهرمونية والمناعية للسرطان | Background : Globally, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women. Young women with breast cancer represent a subset of the breast cancer with its unique characteristics and outcome compared to older women. Objective : To assess Iraqi young female breast cancer patients’ clinical profile (tumor size, lymph nodes), and evaluate their molecular profile (Er, PgR, HER2/neu and Ki - 67) .Design : observational cross sectional studySetting : Tertiary hospital, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad oncology teaching hospitalPatients : 1349 women with breast cancer of whom 202 had age less or equal to 40 yearsResults : the prevalence of young patients (defined was ≤40 years) ,with breast cancer was 15% (7.9%, 4.8%, 2.1% and 0.2% for 36 - 40, 31 - 35, 26 - 30 and 20 - 25 years respectively). There was high ER and PR positive status 74.4% and 70.4%, with 54.1% Her2 positive, and 10.2% as triple negative. Luminal A is the most molecular subtype 50%. There was slight positive trend of increase ER and PR expression with increasing age and there was slight negative trend of increment of Her2 expression and triple negative with increasing age. Lower age was associated with increase odds for having stage IV or metastatic disease.Conclusion : The highest age group was 36 - 40 years in the young women, there is high expression of ER, PR, Her2 and triple negative, but age appear to have weak effect on hormonal and immunohistochemistry characters of the tumors.

انتشار متلازمة شيغرن الثانوية لدى عينة من المرضى المصابين بداء الذاب الحمامي المجموعي == Prevalence of Secondary Sj?gren’s Syndrome in a Sample of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Author name: نور عباس
Supervisor name: سامي سلمان شهاب
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Joints
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Systemic lupus erythematous is a common autoimmune disorder occurring predominantly in women during reproductive years, the hallmark of SLE is its diversity of presentation with accumulation of manifestations over time and undulating disease course. Sj¨ogren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that characteristically affects salivary and lacrimal glands such that patients have severe dry eyes and dry mouth. The disease may also involve numerous other organs, including the lungs, kidneys, joints, skin, peripheral nerves, and brain. Objective : To assess the prevalence of secondary sjogren syndrome in SLE patients.Patients and Methods : This cross sectional study involved a total of 50 patients with SLE diagnosed according to the revised American College of Rheumatology classification criteria, Sociodemographic data and medications were recorded. Disease activity for SLE was assessed with the SLE Disease Activity Index Case histories and personal information were assessed : age, SLE disease duration, body mass index, all subjects were screened for secondary Sj¨ogren’s syndrome by American - European Consensus Group Classification Criteria for Sj¨ogren’s Syndrome.Results : Prevalence of secondary Sj¨ogren’s syndrome in SLE patients was (8.4%). SLEDA was significantly higher in patients with Sj¨ogren’s syndrome (100%), there was no important or statistically significant correlation of all variable including disease duration, age, White blood cell count, Hemoglobin, Platelet count, antinuclear antibodies and anti - double Deoxyribo nucleic acid antibodies and the decrease in complement (C3 and/or C4) with secondary Sjogren’s syndrome. The anti - LA was statistically higher in patients with Sj¨ogren’s syndrome.Conclusions : The prevalence of secondary Sj¨ogren’s syndrome among SLE patients was relatively low. SLE disease activity as well as Anti SSB was significantly higher in patients with secondary Sj¨ogren’s syndrome

العلاقة بين المرضى العراقيين المصابين بداء الذاب الحمامي المجموعي ومتلازمة فرط مرونة المفاصل الحميد لدى عينة من مرضى نساء العراق

Author name: سارة محمد نجيب
Supervisor name: محمد هادي العصامي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Joints
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

دراسة فاعلية وسلامة التغيرات المختبرية ومعلمات التنبؤ للاستجابه لعقار الادالموماب في علاج عينة من المرضى العراقيين المصايين بمرض التهاب المفاصل الرماتويدي == Efficacy, Safety of Laboratory Changes and Predictors of Response to Adalimumab in Treatment of Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis

Author name: خالد عبد الحسن غضبان
Supervisor name: خضير زغير معيوف البدري
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Joints
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Advances in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in recent years have profoundly muted the destructive potential of this disease. The safety profile of methotrexate has made earlier treatment possible, and biologic therapies have opened the door to combination rather than sequential therapy, with the result that treatment recommendations now aim for disease remission Objective : To evaluate the safety and efficacy and predictors of response to Adalimumab in the treatment of rhueumatoid arthritis.Patients and methods : Open labeled single group clinical trial was conducted on patients with an established diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis who visited the Rheumatology Clinic in Baghdad Teaching Hospital from Oct. 2014 to March 2016 (17 months period).To be included, the patient should meet the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification of RA and the revised 2010 ACR criteria and the patients should have DAS28 score greater than or equal to 3.3(moderate - severe disease acvtivity).111 patients with RA were identified. However, only 64 patients met the inclusion/ exclusion criteria. Patients were given adalimumab (40mg) subcutaneously every other week from the start of the study to its end. For each patient, baseline data were collected during the first visit and all the participants werefollowed for six months, during which each patient was seen at monthly intervals. Demographic and clinical data were collected including age, sex, smoking history, duration of disease, history of steroids , DMARDS or other biologic treatment.Results : The age ranged between 20 and 62 years. Females constituted 87.5% of the study sample with a 7 to 1 female to male ratio. Only 4.7% were current smokers.One third (34.4%) of study subjects gave a history of past use of biologic agents, Another third (31.3%) used DMARDS &steroids were used by 67.2% of study participants. 3/4 of study subjects were classified as highly active disease (DAS28>5.1), while The remainingsubjects were classified as moderate disease activity (DAS28 3.3 to 5.1). At the end of 6 months of treatment, only 20% remained in the highly active disease category. (60%) of study subjects has shifted to the moderate disease activity category. A small proportion of study subjects (12%) are now classified as low disease activity and another 8% are in remission. (73.3%) experienced a significant reduction in DAS28 score (1.2 units or more). Another 5% experienced a smaller magnitude of treatment response, which was classified as moderate improvement. The remaining 21.7% of the treated cohort showed no improvement in DAS28 score compared to its pretreatment level (<0.6 units of reduction). Male gender, steroids and DMARDS increase the chance of having favorable response to treatment and achieving low disease activity while only steroids use have this favorable effect on achieving remission as a target and no factor affect the outcome of having significant reduction in DAS28.Hemoglobin and WBC count showed a statistically significant decrease after the full six months of treatment. Hb reduced by a mean of 0.8 gm/dl and the WBC count experienced a mean reduction of 939 x 106/mm3. In addition, both serum AST and ALT showed a statistically significant increase by a mean of 6.5 and 4.4 U/L respectively after six months of treatment. The remaining renal function tests parameters showed no important or statistically significant change after the full six months of treatment.Conclusions : Adalimumab is effective and relatively safe and well tolerated in treatment of RA patients.Male gender, steroids And DMARDS increase the chance of having favorable response to treatment and achieving low disease activity while only steroids use have this favorable effect on achieving remission as a target and no factor affect the outcome of having significant reduction in DAS28

المستويات المصلية للكلكتين - 4 وللمستقبل شبيه التول - 2 في النساء المصابات باورام الثدي == SERUM LEVELS OF GALECTIN - 4 AND TOLL - LIKE RECEPTOR - 2 (TLR - 2) IN WOMEN WITH BREAST TUMOR

Author name: هند حامد عبد العامري
Supervisor name: عائدة رشيد منصور الدرزي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اشتملت هذه الدراسة على 30 مريضة مصابة بسرطان الثدي, وذات اعمار تتراوح مابين سبعة وعشرين سنة الى ستة وسبعين سنة, وبمتوسط عمر (11.8 50± ) سنة. وقد تم تشخيص هؤلاء المرضى سريريا وشعاعيا من قبل متخصصين, وقد كانوا من بين المرضى الذين حضروا للمركز الوطني للكشف المبكر عن الاورام - مدينة الطب /وزارة الصحة, خلال الفترة من تشرين الاول 2011 حتى شباط 2012.وتضمنت هذه الدراسة مجموعتا ضبط قياسية للمقارنة, المجموعة الاولى - مجموعة السيطرة المرضية لمريضات يعانون من ورم غدي ليفي حميد (الاورام الحميدة) وقد تم تشخيص هؤلاء المرضى ايضا سريريا وشعاعيا من قبل متخصصين, وقد كانوا من بين المرضى الذين حضروا للمركز الوطني للكشف المبكر عن الاورام - مدينة الطب /وزارة الصحة, خلال الفترة من تشرين الاول 2011 حتى شباط 2012., والمجموعة الثانية - مجموعة السيطرة الصحية والتي اشتملت على 20 امراة سليمة ظاهريا. وكشفت الدراسة عن النتائج الاتية : 1. اظهرت النتائج وجود فرق معنوي عالي جدا(P<0.001) في مستوى الكلكتين - 4 بين مرضى سرطان الثدي ومجموعة الضبط الصحية وحتى بين مجموعة السيطرة المرضية (الاورام الحميدة) ومجموعة السيطرة الصحية (P<0.001),ومع ذلك لم يكن هناك فروق ذات دلالة احصائية (P=0.92) بين المرضى ومجموعة السيطرة المرضية (الاورام الحميدة).لذلك لعدم وجود اختلافات ذات دلالة احصائية في القيم الوسيطية للكلكتين - 4 الموجود في المصل بين مرضى سرطان الثدي (الاورام الخبيثة) والمجموعة الضابطة (الاورام الحميدة), لذلك يمكن للمرء التعامل مع حالات اورام الثدي بشكل عام فيما يتعلق بالكلكتين - 4 الموجود في الانسان.2. ايضا هذه الدراسة اظهرت وجود فرق معنوي عالي جدا(P<0.001) في مستوى المستقبل شبيه التول - 2 بين مرضى سرطان الثدي ومجموعة الضبط الصحية وحتى بين مجموعة السيطرة المرضية (الاورام الحميدة) ومجموعة السيطرة الصحية (P<0.001) ومع ذلك لم يكن هناك فروق معنوية ذات دلالة احصائية (P=0.44) بين المرضى ومجموعة السيطرة المرضية (الاورام الحميدة).لذلك لعدم وجود اختلافات معنوية ذات دلالة احصائية في القيم الوسيطية للمستقبل شبيه التول - 2الموجود في المصل بين مرضى سرطان الثدي (الاورام الخبيثة) والمجموعة الضابطة (الاورام الحميدة), لذلك يمكن للمرء التعامل مع حالات اورام الثدي بشكل عام فيما يتعلق بالمستقبل شبيه التول - 2 الموجود في الانسان.3. تمت دراسة القيمة التكهنية للكلكتين - 4 المفحوص لتقييم نفاذية هذا المعامل وقد تم اثبات امتلاكه لاعلى دقة (98.8)مع حساسية 100%بقيم ثبوتية قطعية ( 0.44نانوغرام/مليليتر; ( لذلك ظهور النتائج الموجبة عند هذه القيمة الثبوتية القطعية سوف يساعد للتوصل الى تشخيص مؤكد من قبل الطبيب في العيادة مع نسبة ثقة (95.2% ( في وقت ان التشخيص الاولي للورم يساوي 50%) احتمالية قبل الاختبار ) ومع نسبة ثقة في العيادة (99.4%) في وقت التشخيص الاولي (على اساس تاريخ الحالة والفحص) للورم بنسبة احتمالية عالية (90% احتمالية قبل الاختبار(.4. تمت دراسة القيمة التكهنية للمستقبل شبيه التول - 2 المفحوص لتقييم نفاذية هذا المعامل وقد تم اثبات امتلاكه لاعلى دقة (97.5)مع حساسية 100% بقيم ثبوتية قطعية ( 0.14 نانوغرام/مليليتر; (لذلك ظهور النتائج الموجبة عند هذه القيمة الثبوتية القطعية سوف يساعد للتوصل الى تشخيص مؤكد من قبل الطبيب في العيادة مع نسبة ثقة (90.9% ( في وقت ان التشخيص الاولي للورم يساوي 50%) احتمالية قبل الاختبار) ومع نسبة ثقة في العيادة (98.9%) في وقت التشخيص الاولي (على اساس تاريخ الحالة والفحص ) للورم بنسبة احتمالية عالية (90%احتمالية قبل الاختبار(.5. اوضحت هذه الدراسة ارتفاعا ملحوظا بمتوسط تركيز الكلكتين - 4 (0.895 نانوغرام/مليليتر) بين المرضى الذين قضوا مدة طويلة بالمرض (ثلاثة اشهر فمافوق) بالمقارنة مــــع المرضى حديثي الاصابة بالمرض (اقل من ثلاثة اشهر) بتركيز وسيطي (0.552 نانوغرام/مليليتر(ومع ذلك هذا الاختلاف لم يصل الى مستوى الدلالة الاحصائية (p=0.12 ( لذلك الملاحظة الاحصائية للعلاقة الخطية بين فترة المرض وارتفاع تركيز الكلكتين - 4 تعتبر ضعيفة (r=0.268, p=0.039).6. وقد لوحظ ايضا ارتفاعا ملحوظا بمتوسط تركيز المستقبل شبيه التول - 2(0.619نانوغرام/مليليتر) بين المرضى الذين قضوا مدة طويلة بالمرض (سنة فمافوق) بالمقارنة مع المرضى حديثي الاصابة بالمرض (اقل من ثلاثة اشهر) بتركيز وسيطي (0.343 نانوغرام/مليليتر( ومع ذلك هذا الاختلاف لم يصل الى مستوى الدلالة الاحصائية (p=0.049 ( لذلك الملاحظة الاحصائية للعلاقة الخطية بين فترة المرض وارتفاع تركيز الكلكتين - 4 تعتبر ضعيفة (r=0.16, p=0.22).7. كشفت هذه الدراسة وجودعلاقة ايجابية لكن ضعيفة وعلاقة احصائية خطية غير ملاحظة بين حجم الورم وتركيزالكلكتين - 4 فمقارنة بتصنيف حجم الورم والذي صنف حسب نتائج هذه الدراسة الى فئات, كان التركيز الوسيطي للكلكتين - 4 الموجود بمصل المرضى ذوي الحجم الفئة الرابعة (اعلى حجم) اعلى بوضوح (0.895 نانوغرام/مليليتر) مقارنة مـــــع (0.567 نانوغرام/مليليتر) ذوي الحجم الاول (اقل حجم). (r=0.046, p=0.76).8. اتضح وجود علاقة ايجابية لكن ضعيفة وعلاقة احصائية خطية غير ملاحظة بين حجم الورم وتركيز المستقبل شبيه التول - 2 فمقارنة بتصنيف حجم الورم والذي صنف حسب نتائج هذه الدراسة الى فئات, كان التركيز الوسيطي للمستقبل شبيه التول - 2الموجود بمصل المرضى ذوي الحجم الفئة الرابعة (اعلى حجم) اعلى بوضوح (0. 619 نانو غرام/مليليتر) مقارنة مع (0. 288 نانوغرام / مليليتر) ذوي الحجم الاول (اقل حجم). (r=0.145, p=0.34).9. واخيرا,تبين الدراسة الحالية عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة احصائية في متوسط تركيز مصل الدم الحاوي كلا من الكلكتين - 4 والمستقبل شبيه التول - 2 للمرضى المصابين بسرطان الاقنية (الموضعي) والاخرون المصابين بالسرطان الارتشاحي (p =0.12, 0.64 على التوالي.( | Thirty patients with breast cancer were enrolled in this study, their ages ranged between (27 - 76) years; with the mean age was 50+ 11.8 years. Also, 30 patients with benign fibroadenoma as case control group their ages ranged between (19 - 52) years; with the mean age was 33.1+ 10.2 years. Those patients were diagnosed clinically, radiologically and cytologically and histopathologically by specialists, and they were among patients who attending the National Center For Early Detection Of Cancer - Medical City Complex / Ministry of Health, during the period from October 2011 to February 2012. Twenty apparently healthy subjects as a control group were included in the present study for comparison. Major findings of current study were the following : - 1. There was a statistical significant difference in the serum level of galectin - 4 between breast cancer patients and healthy control group (p > 0.001) and even between case control and healthy control groups (p>0.001), however , there was no statistical differences between patients and case control groups (p=0.92). Since no statistical significant differences in serum galectin - 4 median values between breast cancer patients (malignant tumors) and case control groups (benign tumors), therefore one can deal with breast tumor cases in general regarding serum galectin - 4.2. Also, The current study has been demonstrated that there was a statistical significant difference in the serum level of Toll like receptor - 2 between breast cancer patients and healthy control group (p > 0.001) and even between case control and healthy control groups (p >0.001), however, there was no statistical differences between patients and case control groups (p =0.44). Since no statistical significant differences in serum Toll like receptor - 2 median values between breast cancer patient (malignant tumors) and case control groups (benign tumors), therefore one can deal with breast tumor cases in general regarding serum Toll like receptor - 2 .3. The predictive value of the tested galectin - 4 to detect the validity of this parameter was studied since it had the highest accuracy (98.8) with sensitivity 100% within the cut off value (0.44ng/ml); therefore, testing positive at this cut - off value will establish a possible diagnosis of tumor with (95.2%) confidence in a clinical setting where the primary diagnosis of tumor had equal odds probability (50% pretest probability), and with (99.4% )confidence in a clinical setting where the primary diagnosis (based on history and examination) of tumor had a high probability (90% pretest probability).4. The predictive value of the tested Toll like receptor - 2 to detected the validity of this parameter was studied since it had the highest accuracy (97.5) with sensitivity 100% within the cut off value (0.14ng/ml); therefore, testing positive at this cut - off value will establish a possible diagnosis of tumor with (90.9%) confidence in a clinical setting where the primary diagnosis of tumor had equal odds probability (50% pretest probability), and with (98.9% )confidence in a clinical setting where the primary diagnosis (based on history and examination ) of tumor had a high probability (90% pretest probability).5. The median concentration of serum galectin - 4 was obviously higher (0.895 ng/ml) among those patients with average to long duration of disease (3months +) in comparison to those with very recent disease (> 3 months) and whose median concentration of galectin - 4 was (0.552 ng/ml). The difference observed failed to reach the level of statistical significance (p value= 0.12); however, there was a statistic significant weak positive linear correlation between disease duration and human galectin - 4 (r=0.268, p=0.039).6. The median concentration of serum Toll like receptor - 2 was obviously higher (0.619 ng/ml) among those patients with average to long duration of disease (1years +) in comparison to those with very recent disease ( > 3 months) and whose median concentration of Toll like receptor - 2 was (0.343 ng/ml). The difference observed failed to reach the level of statistical significance (p value= 0.049); however, there was a statistically non significant weak positive linear correlation between disease duration and serum Toll like receptor - 2 (r=0.16, p=0.22).7. Concerning tumor size categories, the median concentration of serum galectin - 4 was obviously higher (0. 895 ng/ ml) among those patients who were within the fourth (highest) quartile in comparison to those within the first (lowest) quartile (0 .567 ng /ml). There was a weak positive and statistically not significant linear correlation between tumor size and serum galectin - 4 concentration (r=0.046, p=0.76).8. Concerning tumor size categories, The median concentration of serum Toll like receptor - 2 was obviously higher (0.619 ng/ ml) among those patients who were within the fourth (highest) quartile in comparison to those within the first (lowest) quartile (0.288 ng /ml). There was a weak positive and statistically not significant linear correlation between tumor size and Toll like receptor - 2 concentration (r=0.145, p=0.34).9. For both (Galectin - 4 and Toll like receptor - 2) there were no statistical differences in serum median concentration between ductal carcinoma in situ and infiltrative carcinoma (p =0.12, 0.64 respectively)

انواع الرضاعة والاستجابة للعلاج الضوئي كعلاج للاطفال حديثي الولادة المصابين بمرض اليرقان الغير مباشر في المستشفيات التعليمية في بغداد == Types of Infant Feeding and Response to Phototherapy as a Treatment for Fullterm Newborns with Neonatal Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia in Tertiary Teaching Hospitals in Baghdad

Author name: شيماء خضير عباس
Supervisor name: احمد سمير النعيمي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Family Medicine
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : Neonatal jaundice remains the most common and the most controversial problem in full - term newborns during the immediate postnatal period.Aim of the study : To assess the association between types of feeding and response to phototherapy in full - term infants with indirect hyperbilirubinemia.Method : In the period from the 25th of January to the 22th of July 2016, 120 full - term newborns admitted to the neonatal care unit in Tertiary Teaching Hospitals (Pediatric Teaching Hospital in medical city, AI - Imamein Al - Kadhimein medical city and Child Center Teaching Hospital) were studied by cohort study. The newborns diagnosed by pediatrician as cases of indirect hyperbilirubinemia and phototherapy started when TSB level>14.9 mg/dl. TSB was measured twice daily and phototherapy terminated when TSB level< 10.8 mg/dl. All infants were weighed at start and end of phototherapy. The duration of phototherapy had been recorded.Results : The infants divided into three groups according to type of feeding; group1, Breast - fed infants (n=37); group2, Formula - fed infants (n=51); group3, Mixed - fed infants (n=32).Phototherapy was highly effective in reducing serum bilirubin concentration in all of three groups but with a significant less efficacy for breast - fed neonates ( mean duration of phototherapy 32.2± 2.1 hrs) in comparison to mix - fed neonates (30.4 ± 2.5 hrs) and formula - fed neonates (29.9± 2.7 hrs).There was a weight loss during phototherapy. There was significant difference in the weight loss in the three groups, the more weight loss in breast - fed neonates than mixed - fed and formula - fed neonates. Conclusion and recommendations : Phototherapy had effectively reduced bilirubin levels in breast - fed newborns with hyperbilirubinemia, but these patients showed a significantly slower response to this modality of treatment than mixed and formula - fed newborns. Therefore; in breast - fed infants with severe jaundice that requires phototherapy, the addition of formula - feeding will enhance the response to phototherapy without any interruption of breastfeeding.

كثافة معدن العظم لدى عينة من المرضى العراقيين المصابين بمرض التصلب المجموعي == Bone Mineral Density in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Systemic Sclerosis

Author name: حسين جفات هايت
Supervisor name: محمد هادي العصامي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Joints
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Back ground : Systemic sclerosis is a chronic connective tissue disease.Low bone mineral density may be one of the complications that occur inpatients with this disease due to disease chronicity and the presence ofmultiple secondary risk factors for osteoporosis.Objective : to evaluate the bone mineral density (BMD) in patients withsystemic sclerosis and to determine associated risk factors.Methods : In this case - control study, a 37 patients with systemic sclerosisand 61 ages - and sex - matched healthy controls were included. Allpatients had to fulfill the American College of Rheumatology criteria1980 or the American College of Rheumatology/European LeagueAgainst Rheumatism for the classification of systemic sclerosis 2013 toestablish the diagnosis. Exclusion criteria include any other chronic orconnective tissue diseases, all patients who have been on steroids,medications for treating osteoporosis, or other therapies that couldinfluence bone metabolism.Clinical examination was carried out to determine the diseasesubtypes according to skin involvement (limited and diffuse SSc), andpatients were assessed clinically and functionally with Health AssessmentQuestionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ - DI). BMD was measured atlumbar spine (L1 - L4) and the femoral neck .The measurement wasperformed using the dual energy X - ray absorptiometry (DXA) machine(Stratus). The results expressed in gm/cm2, and then compared accordingto age, and body mass index (BMI), disease duration, disease subtype(limited and diffuse) and to menopausal state.Results : The mean age of cases and controls was 37.5 ±9.4 and 38.2 ±7.4years old respectively, small proportion of males in patients and controlgroups (10.8% and 16.4% respectively),20 patients (54.1%) had limitedVIItype and 17 patients had diffuse type, 24.3% of cases with long diseaseduration (> 10 years) while18.9% with a short duration (<5years) and themajority 56.8% within 5 - 10 years. Osteoporosis was detected assignificant in lumbar spine (p=0.003) and in femoral neck (P = ˂ 0.001)with the T - score, also with Z - score was (P =0.007 and P =0.004respectively). Factors such as disability and severity of organinvolvement (HAQ - DI), age, menopausal status and BMI showcorrelation with BMD value, but the correlation did not reach astatistically significant level. No important or statistically significantassociation between BMD and the disease patterns, or treatment used(cyclophosphamide, mycophenilate and azathioprine).Conclusions : the BMD of the femoral neck and lumbar spine wassignificantly lower in patients with systemic sclerosis than in the healthycontrol.

قيمة تتبع للرقطي الطولي في الكشف عن الخلل الانقباضي للبطين الايسر لمرضى ارتفاع ضغط الدم مع مقياس الجزء الانقباضي الطبيعي == The Value of Speckle - Tracking Strain Echocardiography For Detection of Subclinical Left Ventricle Systolic Dysfunction In Hypertensive Patients With Normal Ejection Fraction

Author name: بان صباح نوري
Supervisor name: حسن علي الفرحان
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Echocardiography
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Hypertension is one of the most common diseases in the world and can cause many structural and functional cardiac abnormalities. One of these changes is left ventricular systolic dysfunction which may not be detected by conventional echocardiographic parameters and need to use a new modality of two dimensional speckle tracking strain for early detection and improvement of prognosis Objectives : Assessment of left ventricle systolic function in hypertensive patients with normal ejection fraction using two dimensional speckle - tracking stain and its role as early predictor of subclinical dysfunction Patients and methods : This was a comparative observational study of two groups of individuals : (100)hypertensive patients and (50) normotensive subjects were enrolled in the study which take place at Ibn Al - Bittar Teaching Hospital from September 2015 to August 2016. Both the conventional echocardiographic parameters (ejection fraction, left ventricular mass and relative wall thickness, diastolic function and mitral annular plane systolic excursion) and speckle tacking longitudinal strain done for the patients. Results : Hypertensive patients with mean age (53.6 ± 5.37), males were (56%) and females were (44%),two dimensional speckle strain showed no significant differences between normotensive ( - 21.1 ± 2.5%) and hypertensive ( - 19.2 ± 3.9%) groups.Applying Cut off value of ( - 17.5%), it was found that 21% of hypertensive patient were present with undetected left ventricular systolic dysfunction even with preserved ejection fraction Global longitudinal strain was reduced significantly in those with concentric left ventricle hypertrophy ( - 18.2 ± 3.5%, p value=0.02),elevated in left ventricular end diastolic pressure ( - 14.8 ± 1.6% , p - value= 0.002) and reduced mitral annular plane systolic excursion ( - 14.8 ± 1.6%, p - value=0.008) Conclusion : Speckle tracking stain is a useful tool in the early detection of subtle left ventricular systolic dysfunction in a group of hypertensive patients with preserved ejection fraction and in whom more aggressive interventions could have a significant impact on prognosis.

المقارنة بين مؤشر اداء عضلة القلب بطريقة الدوبلر الموجي النابض مع مؤشر اداء عضلة القلب بطريقة الدوبلر النسيجي لصدى القلب لمرضى الاختلال الوظيفي الانقباضي للبطين الايسر == Comparison Between Pulsed - Wave Doppler Derived Myocardial Performance Index with Tissue - Doppler Tie index in patients with Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction

Author name: اسيل اقبال سعيد
Supervisor name: حسن علي الفرحان
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Echocardiography
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Background : MPI is one of the methods used to assess global cardiac function, the Calculation of MPI using TDI may have advantages over conventional left ventricle inflow/outflow tract pulsed - wave Doppler (PWD) method that might be due to heart rariability; for example, all of the data needed for TDI - MPI calculation can be derived from one single cardiac cycle, whereas with PWD at least two different cycles are needed. Thus, heart rate variability does not interfere with TDI - MPI.Aim : Myocardial performance index (MPI) is usually measured with pulsed wave Doppler (PWD). Our aim was to compare this method with TDI - MPI in patients with LV systolic dysfunction and to assess the degree of agreement between PWD and a method based on tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).Patients and methods : Sixty - five patients with LV systolic dysfunction EF by Simpson method (38.6 ± 5.8) and 35 control subjects (with normal LV systolic function and diastole) EF (67.6 ± 2.8) underwent measurement of time intervals and MPI with PWD and pulsed TDI at septal, lateral, anterior, inferior sides of mitral annulus.Results : The agreement was moderate between two methods {Agreement = 46.7% Repeatability (for alpha = 0.05) = 0.609 (NS)}.Receiver operating characteristic curves showed very high accuracy for both methods to discriminate patients with LV systolic dysfunction from healthy subjects; the optimal cutoff point was different and specific to each method : 0.44 for the conventional method and 0.56 for the TDI - MPI method.TDI - MPI values were higher than conventional MPI values in both groups (55% ± 1% vs 44% ± 3%, P < 0.001 in the healthy subjects; 88% ± 23% vs 61% ± 16%, P <0.001 in the patients with HF).Conclusion : We performed a study in healthy adults and in patients with congestive heart failure to investigate the clinical agreement between MPI measured conventionally and by PW - TD of the mitral annulus. We found moderate agreement between MPI measured by the conventional method and by TDI.Both methods had high diagnostic accuracy for detection of systolic dysfunction and TDI - MPI was more sensitive

كفاءة استعمال الشريط العلاجي لعلاج الفصال العظمي في مفصل الركبة دراسة عشوائية مسيطر عليها == Efficacy of Knee Tape in Management of Knee Osteoarthritis : Randomized Controlled Trail

Author name: رشا كاظم حسوني
Supervisor name: سامي سلمان شهاب
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Joints
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الفصال العظمي هو اضطراب تنكسي مزمن متعدد الاسباب ، يمتاز باضمحلال الغضروف المفصلي. الفصال العظمي هو سبب رئيسي للالم والاعاقه عند كبار السن على نطاق عالمي . في غضون ذلك تم احراز تقدم محدود باتجاه علاج المرض,معالجة الاعراض هو الركن الاساسي في العلاج. من المهم توفيرعلاجات بسيطه وغير مكلفه التي تزيد من تشكيلة الخيارات للمرضى.الهدف : لفحص تاثير استخدام الشريط العلاجي للركبه في تحسين الالم ، والوظيفة البدنية في مرضى الفصال العظمي للركبة وان الفائده تستمر حتى بعد ايقاف العلاج.المرضى والطرق : الدراسة هي عشوائية متحكم بها, شملت 170 مريضا والذين يعانون مرض فصال الركبة الاولي حسب الكلية الامريكية لامراض المفاصل.تم توزيعهم عشوائيا على ثلاثة مجاميع .تلقت المجموعة الاولى الشريط العلاجي , وتلقت المجموعة الثانية الشريط المتحكم به,وجموعة بدون شريط. كان المقياس لمدى الفعالية للعلاج هو التغير الحاصل في مؤشر فصال العظام لجامعات ماكماستر واونتاريو الغربية (وماك ) (WOMAC ) شاملا الالم، التيبس والوظيفة البدنية.النتائج : وجدت الدراسة ان هناك انخفاضا واضحا ذو دلالة احصائيه في مؤشر الالم ,التيبس ,الوظيفة البدنية عند الزيارة الثانية (3اسابيع من النظام العلاجي) في مجموعة الشريط العلاجي والشريط المتحكم به هو اكبر مما هو بالنسبه لمجوعه بدون شريط.لوحظ عند الزيارة الثالثة بعد مرور 3 اسابيع على قطع العلاج ان مؤشرات الالم ،التيبس ، الوظيفة بقيت تقريبا مقاربه للزياره الثانيه لدى مرضى المجموعة الاولى بينما كان النقصان طفيف في المجموعة الثانية .الفائده للشريط امتدت لثلاثة اسابيع بعد توقف العلاج. الاستنتاجات : الشريط العلاجي كانت طريقه فعالة في تحسين الاعراض لدى مرضى الفصال العظمي لمفصل الركبة فيما يتعلق بالالم، التيبس | Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease of multifactorial etiology described by loss of articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of pain and disability in elderly people worldwide. Meanwhile limited progress has been made towards curing the disease, management of symptoms is the mainstay of treatment. Simple, inexpensive treatments that increase the range of options for patients with the disease are necessary.Aim of the studyTo test the suggestions that therapeutic taping of the knee improves pain and disability in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and that benefits remain after stopping treatment.Patients and methodsA randomized, control study included 170 patients were diagnosed to have knee OA according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for classification of (KOA).Patients were randomly allocated to receive e either therapeutic tape, control tape, or no tape. The efficacy outcome measure was the change in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) including the pain, stiffness and physical function subscales.ResultsSignificant reduction in the pain, stiffness , physical function in the 2nd visit (after 3 weeks of treatment regimen) (P<0.001) in tape group and control group (p=0.003) than no tape group (p=0.056).At the third visit 3weeks after cessation of treatment these scores remain to approximate the 2nd visit value in tape group , while slightly decreased in control group. Benefits of therapeutic tape were maintained three weeks after stopping treatment.ConclusionTherapeutic knee taping is an efficacious treatment for the management of pain and disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis

نمط اكتساب الوزن خلال الحمل في قطاع الاعظمية / بغداد العراق 2014 == WEIGHT GAIN PATTERN DURING PREGNANCY IN SECTOR AL - AADHAMIA/ BAGHDAD - IRAQ 2014

Author name: وسن اسماعيل ابراهيم
Supervisor name: علياء مكي حسن الصافي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Community Medicine
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Weight gain has unique significance for pregnant women. Recently a new clinical guideline by united state institute of medicine (2009) addressing healthy weight during pregnancy according to prepregnancy body mass index. It has been introduced in some countries, like Iraq in 2013.This study objectives are to assess gestational weight gain pattern of pregnant women and its correlation with maternal health, labor and fetal outcomes, and to estimate the rate of low birth weight.A total 408 of recently delivered mothers attending primary health care centers of AL - Aadhamia sector to vaccinate their children during the period from the first of November, 2014 to the end of May, 2015. A convenient sample was collected through interview with the mothers and review their antenatal care files was done by a tailored questionnaire especially designed. The independent variables were gestational weight gain, body mass index and birth weight, the dependent variables were birth weight, maturity of pregnancy, maternal age, gestational diabetes, hypertension, urinary tract infection, anemia and cesarean section.The prevalence of gestational weight gain was 44.6% had high weight gain. The body mass index at first visit for studied sample were mostly overweight 40.9%. The rate of low birth weight was 18.1%.There was non - significant difference between gestational weight gain with body mass index at first visit, maturity of pregnancy and anemia. But there was a significant difference between gestational weight gain with birth weight, urinary tract infection, gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes.VIIThere was a significant association between low gestational weight gain group and anemia, urinary tract infection and preterm labor, normal gestational weight gain group and preterm labor, high gestational weight gain group with gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes and cesarean section.According the study results, we are recommended health education of women at bearing age before pregnancy and weight monitoring during pregnancy, Awareness of health care providers by training and alert the ministry of health to carry out nationwide study to evaluate gestational weight gain during pregnancy.

العلاقة بين النتائج السريرية ونتائج التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي في عينة من المرضى العراقيين الذين لديهم تدلي القرص بين الفقرات القطنية == Correlation Between Clinical Finding And Magnetic Resonance Imaging In a sample of Iraqi patients with Lumbar Disc Prolapse

Author name: نورس نوري كعيد
Supervisor name: خضير زغير معيوف البدري | ليث احمد خلف
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diagnostic Radiology
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Lumbar disc prolapse is one of the common causes of low back pain seen in the working population. There are contradictory reports regarding the clinical significance of various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings observed in these patients.Objective : To find out the correlation of clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in determining the level of lumbar disc herniation.Patients and Methods : This study was conducted in department of radiology Baghdad teaching hospital from15thaugust 2013 to 15th august 2014 , the total number of patients with prolapse intervertebral disc was 100, the clinical level of disc herniation was determined depending on clinical findings (dermatomal distribution, pin - prick test , SLR Test , knee reflex And Ankle reflex ) and correlated with MRI findings (direction and location of disc herniation and nerve root compression).For both data entry and data analysis Statistical package for social science version 18 (SPSS18) was used. P - value of < 0.05 considered significant.11AbstractResults : Total 100 patients were studied during the12 months period. Out of 100 patient (52%) were male while (48%)were female. Age range was from 17 - 70 years, mean age was 38.9 ±11.4 .Maximum patients were in the age group range from17 - 34 (37%) followed by 35 - 45 years (33%).The duration of symptoms was ranging from 2 months to 2 years. The duration of symptoms was less than 1 year in 57% of patients and while 43% in 1 - 2 years group. The average duration in female patients was 1.1 years and in male patients was 11.23 monthon MRI the commonest nerve compression grade was grade 1 (contact) , when we comparing clinical test grade with nerve compression grade it was found that clinical test grade show very strong association with nerve compression grade .on MRI most disc herniation direction was posterolateral (61%)and (39%)central direction , when we test if there is association between the direction of disc herniation and whether there is nerve root compression we found strong relationship with p - value equal 0.003 .The level of disc herniation was determined on clinical basis as well as on MRI. These findings were compared and correlated for single level disc like L4 - L5 and L5 - S1 and for multiple levels. We found out the sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of clinical features and applied chi square test.In case of L4 - L5 level disc herniation, the sensitivity of all clinical features was 70.5% and positive predictive value was 80%, while the specificity was12Abstract62.5% and negative predictive value was 50%. The chi square value was significant with P value of 0.001.In case of L5 - S1 level disc herniation, the sensitivity and specificity of clinical features as a whole were 71.7% and 62% respectively. The positive predictive value was 55% and negative predictive value was 77.5% with significant chi square test of P value of 0.001.In case of L4 - L5 &L5 - S1 levels disc herniations the sensitivity and specificity of clinical features as a whole were 43% and 91.05% respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 27% and 95.5% respectively with significant chi square test of P value of 0.028.Conclusion : This study shows that the lower lumbar discs are affected more than other disc site. In addition, there are strong association between nerve compression grade with severity of symptoms and signs so as the grade increase so also symptoms and signs increase.Also we found strong relationship between the direction of herniation and nerve root compression, so the posterolateral herniation direction compress root more often than central one .Finally, the clinical features should be correlated with MRI findings in determining the level of disc herniation. There is excellent correlation between the clinical features and MRI findings in case of single and multiple level disc herniation, when it is lying posterolaterally at L4 - L5 level or L5 - S1 level.

دراسة فاعلية وسلامة ومعلمات التنبؤ للاستجابة لعقار الريتوكسيماب في علاج المرضى العراقيين المصابين بالتهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي النشط == Efficacy, Safety and Predictors of Response To Rituximab in Treatment of Iraqi Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis

Author name: سارة طارق عبد العزيز
Supervisor name: سامي سلمان شهاب
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases - Joints
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: دراسة فاعلية وسلامة ومعلمات التنبؤ للاستجابة لعقار الريتوكسيماب في المرضى العراقيين المصابين بالتهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي النشططريقة البحثتمت دراسة 65 مريضا عراقيا خلال فترة 12 شهرا وتم استخدام طريقة معايير الكلية الامريكية لامراض الروماتزم لتصنيف التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي النشط لتشخيص المرض ACR. اعطي كل المرضى 4 جرعات ريتوكسيماب في الوريد على مدى 6 اشهر 1غرام/ الجرعة. وتمت متابعة كل مريض في كل زيارة لتقييم نشاط المرض بما في ذلك مؤشر الامراض السريرية اخر (CDAI) والدرجة الوظيفية(FC). كما تم تقييم 9 من الخصائص المختلفة للمرضى (العمر، الجنس، مدة المرض، ووجود عامل الروماتويد، ووجود ACPA، حالة التدخين، واستخدام السابق لblocker TNF ، واستخدام الميثوتريكسيت ومؤشر كتلة الجسم) كعلامات تنبئ محتملة لاستجابتهم لعقار الريتوكسيماب.النتائج : واظهر تحليل البيانات تحسنا ملحوظا في نشاط المرض CDAI) (P = 0.005))والعجز الوظيفي (P = 0.001)، ومستوى الهيموغلوبين (p=0.005) وESR p=0.005)) مع استخدام ريتوكسيماب اكثر من 6 اشهر. واظهر التحليل ايضا ان التدخين له علاقة سلبية مع الاستجابة للعلاج (p=0.005). واعتبر استجابة افضل في مجموعة المرضى الحاملين للعامل الرماتويدي في الدم.و كانت المتغيرات الاخرى ليس لها اثار على الاستجابة للعلاج.مجموعة المرضى الذين تحولوا من TNF - blocker للريتوكسيماب كانت (29)، وكانت مجموعة المرضى الذين بداؤ علاج الريتوكسيماب (36) (اما بسبب وجود التدرن لديهم(موجب للPPD ) او عدم توفر العلاجات البايولوجية الاخرى. وتظهر النتائج نفس فاعلية الريتوكسيماب في كلا المجموعتين (P> 0.05).الاستنتاج : 1.الريتوكسيماب علاج فعال سواء سريريا، وظيفيا ومختبريا وامن في علاج المرضى الذين يعانون من التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي النشط. 2.التدخين له علاقة سلبية مع الاستجابة للعلاج.3. الاستجابة افضل في مجموعة المرضى ذووي العامل الروماتويدي الموجب في الدم. | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic disease that primarily targets the synovium, leading to synovial inflammation and proliferation, loss of articular cartilage, and erosion of juxtarticular bone. The natural history of the disease is one of progressive joint damage and deformity and, in a minority, the development of extra - articular manifestations, and premature death. RA follows a disease course of remissions and exacerbations. Rituximab (RTX) is an anti - CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody which effectively deplete B cells and is used for treating rheumatoid arthritis.Objectives Aim of the study is to assess the efficacy and safety of rituximab (RTX) in Iraqi patients with active RA and to assess the predictors of response to RTX in treatment of Iraqi patients with active RA.Patients and methods An open labeled single group longitudinal study that was conducted over 13 months on 65 patients with RA diagnosed according to 1987 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. All patients were given 4 doses RTX by intravenous infusion over 6 months 1gm/dose. Each patient was followed at each visit for disease activity including Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and functional class (F Class). Also we assess 9 different patients’ characteristics (age, gender, disease duration, the presence of RF, presence of ACPA, smoking status, previous use of TNF - blocker, the use of methotrexate and BMI) as predictors to RTX .Results : Data analysis showed significant improvement in disease activity (CDAI) (P=0.005) and functional disability (P=0.001), Hb level (p= 0.005) and ESR (P=0.005) with RTX use over 6 months. The analysis also showed that smoking has a negative correlation with response to treatment (p= 0.005). Better response was seen in RF positive group. The other variables had no effects on the response to treatment. The patients who switched from TNF - blocker were (29), the patients who started on RTX were 36 (either due to positive PPD or unavailability of either due to positive Purified Protein Derivative of tuberculin test PPD or TNF - blocker ), result show same RTX efficacy in both groups.Conclusion : * RTX is effective both clinically CDAI (0.005), functionally F Class (0.005) and in lab. measures (ESR (0.005)) . * It is more effective in patients who are not smokers (0.005). * RXT was more effective in those who are seropositive for RF. * RTX safe with few side effects, tolerable by most patients. Most common side effect is transfusion reaction in form of sore throat (17 pt.) * Hb. Level increased significantly with the treatment (p= 0.005

التقييم الكهروفسلجي لالياف الاعصاب الصغيرة والكبيرة قبل وبعد الديلزة للمرضى المصابين بالعجز الكلوي المزمن == Electrophysiological Assessment of Small and Large Nerve Fibers Dysfunction Pre and Post Dialysis in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Author name: فارس كاظم خضير
Supervisor name: نجيب حسن محمد
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتم التشخيص لمرضى الكلى المزمنة وظيفيا وتتتميز بالانخفاض التتدريجي لراجعة فيه في معدل الترشيح الكبيبي . ومما يزيد من تعقيدها هو عدم القدرة على الحفاظ على مستويات طبيعية من منتجات الايض للبروتين (اليوريا والكرياتينين) وكذلك الحفاظ على مستوى ضغط الدم الطبيعي واختلال في انتاج كريات الدم الحمراء والهيموغلوبين واختلال في معدلات الصوديوم والماء والاملاح . يعتبر اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية من المضاعفات الشائعة للمرضى المصابين بالفشل الكلوي وهم معرضين اكثر من غيرهم للاصابة بالتهاب الاعصاب المحيطية المتعدد . الفحص الكهروفسلجي مهم اضافة الى الفحص السريري لاجل التشخيص المبكر لمثل هذه المضاعفات وكذلك للتمييز والتفريق بين الانواع المختلفة للاعتلال العصبي المحيطي. هدفت هذه الدراسة الى : (1) تقييم وظيفة الدراسة الكهروفسلجية في تشخيص الاعتلال العصبي للمرضى الذين يعانون من الفشل الكلوي المزمن .(2) معرفة القيم القياسية الاكثر ضرورية من دراسة توصيل العصب، ليتم تنفيذها كاختبار اولي في تشخيص الاعتلال العصبي الالياف الصغيرة.(3) الارتباط بين شدة الاعتلال العصبي المحيطي ومستوى الكرياتينين في الدم.ثلاث مجموعات من المواضيع المدرجة في هذه الدراسة : المرضى البالغين من مرض الكلى المزمن ليس على غسيل الكلى بعد، المرضى على غسيل الكلى ومراقبة الموضوعات.اجريت هذه الدراسة في وحدة الفسلجة العصبية في مستشفى اليرموك التعليمي، في الفترة من يونيو / حزيران 2016 الى سبتمبر / ايلول 2017.اجريت هذه الدراسة على ثلاثة مجاميع بكلا الجنسين تالفت المجموعة الضابطة من اثنان واربعين (42) متطوعا اصحاء (22 ذكور و20 اناث). تراوح عمر هذه الفئة بين 20 و75 سنة بمتوسط (52.48 ± 10.63) سنة. 22 - 75 سنة للذكور بمتوسط العمر (53.54 ± 14.57) سنة، و20 - 74 سنة للاناث بمتوسط العمر (51.42 ± 11.91) سنة. كان جميع الاشخاص الذين تم فحصهم من هذه المجموعة لا يعانوا من امراض مزمنة، مع عدم وجود تاريخ طبي من امراض الجهاز العصبي. لا يوجد تاريخ من تعاطي الكحول او تناول المخدرات. وقد كان اغلبهم من الاقارب العاديين، والعاملين الطبيين، والطلاب والعاملين . شملت الدراسة ثمانون مريضا يعانون من الفشل الكلوي المزمن. قسموا الى مجموعتين : ا - اربعون (40) مريضا مصابين بامراض الكلى المزمنة يراجعون عيادة امراض الكلية والغسيل الكلوي وهم غير خاضعين للعلاج بالديلزة ومعدل الكرياتنين في مصل الدم لديهم مرتفع بشكل مطرد اكبر من 2.5 ملغ / دلزمن كلا الجنسين (22 ذكور و18 اناث)، تراوحت اعمارهم بين( 35 و72 سنة) بمتوسط حسابي (55.35 ± 9.05) سنة.وتتراوحت مدة الاصابة بالاعتلال بين (2 - 10) سنوات، مع متوسط (8.72±3.65) سنواتب - اربعون (40) مريضا مصابين بامراض الكلى المزمنة خاضعين للعلاج بالديلزة الدموية من كلا الجنسين (21 ذكور و19 اناث)، تراوحj اعمارهم بين (43 - 70 سنة) بمتوسط (56.98 ± 7.40) سنة. تراوحت مدة الاعتلال بين (7 - 15) سنة بمتوسط (13.87 ± 5.41) سنة.تم تعريف جميع الاشخاص ال 122 (المرضى والسيطرة) في هذه الدراسة حول هدف وطبيعة الدراسة وتم استحصال موافقتهم على شمولهم بالدراسة. شملت الاستقصائات الكهروفسلجية تخطيط الاعصاب المحيطية الكهربائي وتخطيط العضلات الكهربائي،اذ شمل تخطيط الاعصاب المحيطية كفاءة الاعصاب الحسية بواسطة قياس الكمون الحسي، ارتفاع الجهد الحركي للاعصاب الحسية وسرعة التوصيل الحسي لكل من ( العصب الناصف"الوسطي"، العصب الزندي، والعصب الربلي)،اضافة الى دراسة وظائف الاعصاب الحركية من خلال دراسة الكمون الحركي القاصي ،سرعة التوصيل الحركي ،ارتفاع الجهد الحركي للاعصاب الحركية، قيمة الكمون الوسطى لموجة اف، التشتت الزمني وانعدام التوصيل الكهربائي لكل من الاعصاب التالية : - (العصب الناصف "الوسطي"، العصب الزندي ، العصب الشظوي المشترك والعصب الظنبوبي). في تخطيط العضلات الكهربائي تم فحص العضلات التالية : العضلة ذات الراسين والعضلة الاولى الظهرانية بين العظام للاطراف العليا اما بالنسبة للاطراف السفلى تم فحص العضلة المتسعة الانسية للفخذ ،العضلة الظنبوبية الامامية والعضلة الباسطة القصيرة للاصابع اذ تضمن الفحص استقصاء سعة الموجة، مدة كمون الفعل للوحدة الحركية والزيادة التدريجية في شدة المنعكس عند استمرار التنبيه. وكذلك تم فحص الاستجابة المتعاطفة للجلد للعصب الناصف "الوسطي"و العصب الشظوي المشترك الايمن. بينت الدراسة الكهروفسلجية لوظائف الاعصاب الحسية انخفاض ذو معنى في وظائف الاعصاب الحسية لدى المرضى الذين يعانون من الفشل الكلوي المزمن مقارنة بالاشخاص الاصحاء .اذ لوحظ زيادة في الكمون الحسي، انخفاض الجهد الحركي للعصب الحسي ونقصان في سرعة التوصيل الحسي . ولا يوجد فرق معنوي(p> 0.05) بين كلا النوعين من المرضى عدا فيما يتعلق بالكمون الحسي وسرعة التوصيل الحسي للعصب الناصف والزندي وكذلك العصب الربليز . اما فيما يخص تخطيط الاعصاب الحركية لكلا المجموعتين من المرضى بينت الدراسة انخفاضا ذو معنى لدى هؤلاء المرضى مقارنة بالاشخاص الاصحاء والتي شملت زيادة في الكمون الحركي القاصي وقيمة الكمون الوسطى لموجة اف ونقصان في سرعة التوصيل الحركي. اما الاستجابة المتعاطفة للجلد فقد اظهرت تدنيا معنويا(p< 0.05) لدى مرضى الفشل الكلوي المزمن في كلتا المجموعتين من المرضى عند مقارنتها مع الاشخاص الاصحاء . كما اظهرت الدراسة زيادة في التشتت الزمني في مرضى الفشل الكلوي في مجموعة قبل الديلزة وجدت في 39 عصب من اصل 204 عصب (19.3٪) وكانت اعلى نسبة في العصب الشظوي المشترك الايمن (28.57٪) ، في حين كانت اقل نسبة في العصب الزندي الايمن (12.5٪). وظهرت ايضزايادة التشتت الزمني في المرضى الخاضعين للديلزة وجد في 36 عصب من اصل 203 عصب (17.73٪) وكانت اعلى نسبة في العصب الشظوي المشترك الايمن(24.13٪)، في حين ان اقل نسبة مئوية في العصب المتوسط الايمن (12.5٪). كما اظهرت الدراسة ايضا وجود انعدام جزئي للتوصيل الكهربائي في المرضى الغير خاضعين للديلزة وكانت اعلى نسبة في العصب المتوسط الايمن (25٪)، في حين ان اقل نسبة شملت العصب الظنبوبي الايمن (11.11٪)، واظهرت الدراسة ان 38 عصب من اصل 204 عصب تم فحصها (18.62٪) تعاني من انعدام جزئي للتوصيل. اما المرضى الخاضعين للديلزة الغسيل الكلوي فقد كان هناك 34 عصب من اصل 203 عصب تم فحصها (16.74٪) يعاني من انعدام جزئي للتوصيل . وكانت اعلى نسبة هي في العصب المتوسط الايسر (25٪)، في حين ان النسبة المئوية الدنيا تشمل العصب الظنبوبي الايمن (7.69٪). نستخلص من هذه الدراسة ان تقييم الاعصاب الحسية اكثر اهمية من الحركية في تشخيص اعتلال الاعصاب الطرفية في وقت مبكر لدى مرضى الفشل الكلوي المزمن الغير خاضعين للديلزة كذلك الاستجابة المتعاطفة للجلد هي مفيدة جدا في الكشف عن اعتلال الالياف العصبية الصغيرة في المرضى المصابين بالاعتلال الكلوي المزمن ( قبل وبعد الغسيل الكلوي). وعلاوة على ذلك، فان مستوى الكرياتينين لديه علاقة عكسية واضحة مع كل معطيات دراسة توصيل العصب لدى المرضى الغيرخاضعين للديلزة (كلمزاادت نسبة الكرياتينين في مصل الدم يؤدي الى انخفاض قراات دراسة توصيل العصب). معظم مرضى الاعتلال الكلوي المزمن (الخاضعين وغير الخاضعين للديلزة) لديهم شذوذ في دراسة توصيل العصب في الاطراف، ولكن الاصابة في الاطراف السفلية هي اكثر من الاطراف العلوية.* اعتمد في تعريب المصطلحات العلمية على : 1. المعجم الطبي الموحد انكليزي عربي ،رئيس التجرير د.محمود الجليلي الطبعة الثانية،1978. 2. الموجز المصور لفحص الجهاز العصبي. ترجمة د.عبد الهادي الخليلي - بغداد - 1992 د.موريس فان الن. د.روبرت روزنسكي. | The Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a purposeful identification portrayed by an irretrievable and step by step advancing decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Furthermore, it is intricate by a rising incapability to preserve common stages of protein metabolism products (such as urea, creatinine, standard blood pressure, hematocrit, sodium, water, calcium phosphate homeostasis, potassium and acid base balance). A further frequent involvement is the Peripheral neuropathy of Chronic kidney disease. Nevertheless, patients who suffer CKD are further exposed to increase peripheral polyneuropathy. Neurological impediments that is subsidiary to the uremic status, participate fundamentally to the sickness and death to patients who suffer renal failure. The occurrence of peripheral neuropathy stays extreme in advanced renal dysfunction Electrophysiological study (nerve conduction study NCS and electromyography EMG) is useful adjunct test to the medical history and clinical examination in the diagnosis of such complication, early detection and differentiation from an axonal type of peripheral neuropathy. The aims of this study are designed to : (1) Evaluate the function of electrophysiological study (NCS and EMG) in diagnosing the neuropathy for patients who suffer CKD. (2) Decide and rule out the most necessary parameters of NCS and EMG, to be performed as preliminary test in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy. (3) Correlation between the severity of the peripheral neuropathy and the level of serum creatinine.Three groups of subjects included in this study : Adult patients of chronic kidney disease not on dialysis yet, Patients on hemodialysis and control subjects. The present study was carried out at the neurophysiology unit in Al - Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, in the a period from June/2016 to September /2017.The control group consists of forty two (42) healthy volunteers (22 males and 20 females). The age of this group ranged between 20 to 75 years with a mean 52.48 ±10.63 years. Males are 22 - 75 years with a mean of age 53.54± 14.57 years, and 20 - 74 years for females with a mean of age 51.42±11.91 years. Eighty patients included in this study had chronic kidney disease. They consist of two groups : A - Forty (40) patients with chronic kidney disease on customary attend the Kidney and Dialysis clinic not on dialysis with steadily high serum creatinine (> 2.5 mg/dl of) either sex (22 males and 18 females), their ages ranging between 35 and 72 years with a mean 55.35 ± 9.05 years. The duration of CKD is ranged between 2 – 10 years, with mean 8.72 ± 3.65 yearsB - Forty (40) patients with chronic kidney disease on regular hemodialysis (21 males and 19 females), their ages ranging between 43 to 70 years with a mean 56.98 ±7.40 years. The duration of CKD is ranged between 7 - 20 years with mean 13.87 ± 5.41 years. All of 122 subjects (patients and control) that were included in this study were informed about the aim and technique of the study and their acceptance was taken.Each subject was submitted to medical history and electrophysiological tests (NCS and EMG) of the two limbs i.e. the upper and the lower. These tests include : 1 - Sensory nerve conducting study (SNCS) for Median, Ulnerand Sural nerves, in which, distal sensory latency, sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) are performed. 2 - Motor nerve conducting study (MNCS) for Median, Ulnar, Fibular (Common peroneal), and tibial nerves , which includes measurement of distal motor latency (DML), compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, Motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), Mean F - wave latency, Terminal latency index (TLI), Temporal dispersion (TD%) and Conduction block (CB%).3 - Sympathetic skin response (SSR) of right median and right fibular nerves. 4 - Needle EMG for proximal and distal muscles like : biceps, and 1st dorsal interosseous muscles for upper limb and vastusmedialus, tibialis anterior and Extensor digitorium brevis for lower limb, in which insertional activity, spontaneous activity, motor unit action potential (duration, amplitude and polyphasia%) and recruitment pattern are considered. The results of this study revealed that sensory NCS was considerably altered in all kinds of CKD patients as weigh against the healthy control subjects in the form of prolonged distal sensory latency, decreased SNAP amplitude and slowing of SNCV. However, there were not statistically significant differences (P>0.05) between pre dialysis and post dialysis Peripheral Neuropathy except in the SNAP amplitude of right and left median and right ulnar and sural sensory nerves whereas the differences are statistically significant (p<0.05).As for the study of motor nerve conduction, theprolonged DML, slowing of conduction velocity and prolonged mean F - wave latency are perceived in both groups of patients when compared with those of healthy control subjects. However, the differences are also statistically significant (P<0.01) in the TLI of right median and ulnar nerves, distal CMAP amplitude of the right ulnar nerve, distal motor latency (DML) of left median and right ulnar nerves, MNCV (m/sec.) of left median nerve and prolongation or mean F - wave latency of left median, common peroneal and right tibial nerves (P<0.05). Also Sympathetic Skin Response significantly (P<0.01) changed detected in both groups of patients when compared with those of healthy control.Moreover, in both patients groups, abnormal TD% are observed increased temporal dispersion in CKD pre dialysis patients is found in 39 out of 204 nerves (19.3%) However the higher percentage of abnormal TD% is in the right common peroneal nerve (28.57%), while the lower percentage is in the right ulnar nerve (12.5%).Increased temporal dispersion in CKD post dialysis patients is found in 36 out of 203 nerves (17.73%) However the higher percentage of abnormal TD% is in the right common peroneal nerve (24.13%), while the lower percentage is in the right median nerve (12.5%).In both patients groups, abnormal CB% are observed that the higher percentage of conduction block (CB%) in motor nerves of CKD pre dialysis patient involves right median nerve (25%), while the lower percentage involves right tibial nerve (11.11%).Whereas there are 38 out of 204 examined nerve with conduction block (18.62%).And also show that the higher percentage of conduction block (CB%) in motor nerves of CKD post dialysis patient involves left median nerve (25%), while the lower percentage involves right tibial nerve (7.69%). Whereas there are 34 out of 203 examined nerve with conduction block (16.74%).In conclusion, this study reveals Sensory NCS is more useful and helpful than the motor NCS in the diagnosis of early peripheral neuropathy in CKD pre dialysis also Sympathetic skin response (SSR) abnormality are very useful in the detection of small fiber neuropathy in CKD patients (pre and post dialysis).Moreover, the serum creatinine level have strong correlation with NCS parameters in CKD pre dialysis patients (when increase level of s.cr lead to decrease the NCS parameters).Most CKD patients had abnormal NCS parameters in both limbs, but the abnormalities in the lower limbs are more than the upper limbs
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