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المسؤولية الجزائية لعضو مجلس النواب عن جرائم القذف والسب في التشريع العراقي : دراسة مقارنة == The Criminal Responsibilities of a Parliament Member for Defamation and Insults in the Iraqi Laws A comparative study

اسم المؤلف: هناء عبد الجواد علوان
اسم المشرف: هدى هاتف مظهر الزبيدي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Studying the subject of the criminal responsibilities of the Parliament Member (P.M.) about the crimes of defamation and insults is of great importance as the (P.M.) is regarded as a representative of the people and expresses their wishes and desires in addition to the other tasks ; something like enacting laws ,oversight over the works of other authorities . He has other responsibilities entrusted to him according to the law. The (P.M.) enjoys many privileges. One of these is the parliament immunity, which turns his criminal responsibilities differ fromthose of ordinary people particularly those which are related to crimes of defamation and insults. Enjoying the substantive immunity prevents the ability to make him accountable for his speeches that include defamation and insults. Also enjoying the procedural immunity hinders taking any criminal procedures against him.Via our study we have come up with the following results ; the most important are : As the (P.M.) enjoys substantive immunity , he is not questioned about his opinions that contain defamation and insults in the limits that the Constitution explains , that is, the opinions given should be within the parliamentary work and because of it and his opinions during holding the parliamentary sessions - in the Parliament or in the parliament committees. The person who shares with him the crime of defamation and insult cannot make use of this immunity as it is personal immunitythat can take effect on the (P.M.) only .The media and media men cannot make use of this immunity, either. They are protected by their own special laws.As for the criminal responsibility for the crimes of defamation and insults in the field of procedural immunity, it does not protect him from investigating his responsibility for the crime, but it prevents the authority from taking any criminal procedures that may touch or harm his freedom during enjoying his being a member of the Parliament, because such crimes are looked upon as a misdemeanor , which theConstitution does not permit any procedures to take effect on the (P.M.), if he commits it whether it is witnessed or not ; and a procedure can be taken after his membership ends.Through our study of this subject, we have got the following recommendations : We recommend the legislature to amend the Iraqi constitution and rules of procedure of the Iraqi Parliament making the possibility of taking punitive action against the PM in the case of committing attested misdemeanor crimes because of the possibility of the malicious prospect in remarkable crimes. And also the legislature is recommended to make the possibility of asking for permission to take punitive action against P.M. who commits a misdemeanor which is unattested.We recommend legislature to organize the issue an authorization request to take punitive measures in the case of a member of the House of Representatives has committed an unattested felony, and determine a period of thirty days to decide on the application, otherwise request is deemed acceptable. We recommend legislature to consider membership status as an aggravating circumstance for the purpose of more severe punishment against the P.M.. Besides, we call for an exception to opinions contained the meaning of insults from views covered by immunity to the lack of justification for the coverage of immunity.We call on the legislature to amend the rules of procedure of the Iraqi Parliament, including determining the spatial scale of the objective immunity more specific and clearer providing for inclusion of the spatial scale of the objective immunity, wherever the P.M. practices duties and missions, so as to cover the Parliament and a place where committees held, even when held outside the dome of Parliament as well as any place where the P.M. exercises his/her duties. This in order to grant a P.M. a wide range of practicing to his/her duty without fear of being held accountable as a result of his views made by the occasion of performing their work outside the Parliament.

سلطة الادارة في مجال التخطيط العمراني في العراق : دراسة مقارنة == Administration Authority in the field of Urban planning Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: نور الهدى جميل خلف
اسم المشرف: عامر زغير محيسن
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of " Urban Planning" has a big importance in the law field that's because its role in the life of society. Although there are many texts law which sits for this topic but it's still poor because many of them doesn't apply in real life. So absence controlling constructional expansion will distorted the general form of cities and spread a random building and non permitted that resulted safety and effect people standard of living by pressing these services which belongs for specific area because unexpected increase we know that services in some cities is sit for, some numbers of person. So that surely will reflects on the general state and make problems. For this, the administration authority must interfere quickly to solve and oblige law authority. While any disregard from it will increase the problems. Each roles this administration does belong to its authority which it got from the Urban Planning and laws for different countries which used some ways and rules to oblige the respect of the legality of urban planning. That’s why we divided this research into introduction and two chapters.The first one consists what Urban Planning and the authority of the administration in sits, which is divided into two sections, The first one consists what Urban Planning, The second one consists to authority of the administration sits the Urban Planning.Chapter two consists the censorship of the administration authority for Urban Planning, that we also divided into two sections . In the first one we speak about how the administration authority sits a protective handling. The second one we consists to study the administration authority to oblige the legality recompense. Finally we finished our research with a conclusion consists results and the recommendations which we has got.

دور المحكمة الجنائية الدولية في تحديد اختصاصها واثره على مبدا التكامل == The Role of The International Criminal Court in Limit Its Specialization and Its Effect on The Integral principle

اسم المؤلف: مروة مكي مجيد
اسم المشرف: علي جبار كريدي القاضي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of the role of "The Role of The International Criminal Court in Limit Its Specialization and Its Effect on The Integral principle" that surround on the search of the type relations between the criminal court and national courts. The specialization of the international criminal court stand on the idea that it doesn't take the place of the nation courts in inquest, and trial while its specialization is to complete the specialization of this court. This idea had taken to get out from the objection of the state which saw that in the specialization of the criminal court there are some overrun on the specialization of national authority. While the idea of integral specialization of the international criminal court have some exceptions make state undesired and can't judge the international criminals committed. That make from the integral principle unstable and change according the law relation which sit for the international criminal court with the states. For that the role of the criminal court became as censorship on the national courts and that effect on national authority of the state.So this search had been divided into introduction and two chapters. The first chapter in titled of specialization of the international criminal courts and its relationship with the national courts that we also had divided into two parts, the first one consists specialization of reference of the international criminal court and the national courts ?. While the second one consists the study of the international criminal court relationship with notational courts. In the second chapter we talked about the disputed between the international criminal court and nationalcourts and we also had been divided into two parts. The first one speak about what the disputed specialization means?, and the second one consists the study of the tools that which solve the disputed between the international criminal court and the national courts.

التنظيم القانوني للرقابة المتبادلة بين مجلس المحافظة والمحافظ == The legal regulations Of The mutual control between the Provincial Council and Governor

اسم المؤلف: قائد سلمان حسن
اسم المشرف: جعفر عبد السادة بهير الدراجي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: There are two types of control over local authorities represented by the Provincial Council and Governorate. The first one is the control of the central authority represented by legislative, administrative and judicial control and control of independent bodies. The other type includes mutual control among local bodies specifically the Provincial Council and Governorate which enables each authority to monitor the other authority's work.The means of mutual control between the Provincial Council and Governor which is enacted by the Act of governorates not organized in a region and the Provincial Council's bylaws resembles largely means of mutual control between the legislative and executive authority that enacted by the bylaw of Iraqi Council of Representatives, with a relative divergence for both in the frame and effectiveness.Provincial Council is the legislative and regulatory authority that has the right to issue domestic legislation to allow it to manage its affairs in accordance with the principle of administrative decentralization, without violating the constitution and federal laws that fall within the exclusive powers of the federal authorities as stipulated by Article (2/First) of the applicable Act of Governorates not Organized in a Region. As to the governor who is elected by the Provincial Council is deemed the highest executive official in a governorate, and s/he is of a rank of deputy minister regarding rights and employment service as stipulated in the applicable Iraqi Constitution Article (122/Third) and the Act of Governorates not Organized in a Region, in force in Article (24).The mutual control between a Provincial Council and Governor has been stated by the legislator in different texts, of unspecified nature of control and without specifying control means used by each party. This led to resorting to bylaws of Provincial Councils to fill the gap and address legislative insufficiency. However, these regulations have raised the problem of lack of being consolidated in one bylaw which caused a problem of difference among these regulations in determining regulatory means and systems, thus we call on the legislator to amend the Act of Governorates no Organized in a Region, in the form that the supreme coordinating commission takes the initiative to prepare and circulate this system among Provincial Councils, and to grant such Councils the right to add some provisions relating to the nature of each governorate to this system on condition that such provisions do not interfere with the unified bylaw.The mutual control between the Governorate and Governor discloses the imbalance between parties of control. The Provincial Council has had many means towards the Governor including questioning, interrogation and investigation, and raise a general issue for discussion in addition to other indirect procedures, while the governor has only a means of objection on decisions made by the Council, and a means of requesting to resolve the Provincial Council which are considered as indirect means. The Supreme Federal Court has the right to decide on the objection made by the governor on a decision made by the Provincial Council, and a request to resolve the Council should be submitted to the House of Representatives which should gain an absolute majority of its members.But these two mechanisms contradict the Constitution that determines jurisdiction of the Supreme Federal Court and jurisdiction of the House of Representatives exclusively. Hence we recommend the administrative judiciary court is to be responsible for deciding on an objection made by the governor on Provincial Council's decision which is in line with the Constitution. Also, we recommend to a request of resolving the Provincial Council is to be submitted to the Council of Ministers, not to the House of Representatives, as it is consistent with the administrative decentralization.The effect of mutual control leads to the dismissal of the governor or dissolution of the Provincial Council. The dismissal is conducted when the exclusive reasons stipulated by law are available such as dishonesty, abuse of office, causing the waste of public fund, the loss of one of the requirements of membership and intentionalnegligence.

مسؤولية الشاحن البحري : دراسة مقارنة == Marine Shipper Liability Comparative study

اسم المؤلف: عمار مالك عبد الرضا المعمار
اسم المشرف: يوسف عودة غانم
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لقد ازداد الاهتمام بمسؤولية الشاحن البحري في العقود الاخيرة نتيجة تطور وسائل النقل البحري وتعقدهواازدهار التجارة البحرية، اذ اصبحت تمثل عصب الحياة التجارية على المستوى العالمي، وقد مهدت هذه الدراسة بالبحث في مفهوم الشاحن البحري والذي يراد به، كل شخص طبيعي او معنوي يلتزم بموجب عقد نقل بحري, بان يقدم للناقل بضاعة يملكها او يحوزها بعد اعدادها للنقل, وذلك لايصالها سالمة الى جهة الوصول لقاء اجر, على ان يكون له الحق باستلام سند شحن اصلي باسمه او لامره. وقد ظهر نوعين جديدين للشاحن البحري هما الشاحن المستندي والطرف المسيطر. ومن اهم خصائص الشاحن هو كونه طرف اساسي في عقد تجاري وعقد اذعان في الوقت ذاته نظرا لكون الشاحن طرف ضعيف في عقد النقل البحري. وثمة مراكز قانونية تتشابه مع المركز القانوني للشاحن البحري ولكن الاخير له ما يميزه عنها. ومن خلال الدراسة تبين ان هناك اكثر من اساس لمسؤولية الشاحن فهناك اساس مبني على الخطا الواجب الاثبات، في حين هناك اساس اخر مبني على المسؤولية الموضوعية, وفي حالة تحقق المسؤولية فان ثمة امكانية للاعفاء غير انه لواجود لتحديد مسؤولية الشاحن كما هو حال الناقل. وتتحقق مسؤولية الشاحن البحري نتيجة الاخلال بالتزامه بالتعريف بالبضاعة، وذلك من حيث عدم اعطاء بيانات صحيحة او عدم وضع العلامات او عدم اعطاء التعليمات اللازمة او عدم تزويد الناقل بالوثائق الضرورية الخاصة بالبضاعة، كما قد تتحقق مسؤولية الشاحن البحري نتيجة الاخلال بالتزامه بالشحن ودفع الاجرة، وقد اتضح تباين موقف القوانين من مسالة الزام الشاحن بالشحن، اذ الزمت بعضها الناقل دون الشاحن بالشحن. اضافة الى ان اطراف دعوى المسؤولية قد يكونوا مرتبطين بعقد النقل البحري وقد يكونوا من الغير. كما ان ثمة جهتين مختصتين بفض المنازعات وهما القضاء والتحكيم، وهناك من التشريعات من جعل مكان المحكمة القضائية او التحكيمية في اماكن محددة ونص على بطلان كل شرط قبل النزاع يهدف الى تغييرها، كما ان التشريعات الخاصة بعقد النقل البحري عدها هي الواجبة التطبيق ولا يجوز تجاوزها. وقد ظهر من خلال البحث ان للتقادم في مسؤولية الشاحن البحري قواعد خاصة تختلف عن القواعد العامة. على ان الملاحظ في كل ما تقدم هو اختلاف التشريعات الدولية والوطنية محل المقارنة فلا يكاد يوجد اتفاق بينها. وقد توصلت الدراسة الى ان هناك تطور واضح حاصل فيما يتعلق بتنظيم مسؤولية الشاحن البحري من الناحية القانونية، ولكنه لازال في بدايته لذا يحتاج الى تنظيم نصوص جديدة تاخذ بعين الاعتبار ضرورة توفير الحماية للشاحن البحري. | The liability of the shipper acquires an increasing importance in the last decades due to the development of marine transportation and the prospenty of marine trade. It becomes the heart of the commercial aspeet of life. This study starts with the concept of the shipper, who could be defined as every natural or moral person who oblige by carriage contract to provide the goods to the carrier as an owner or a holder of them on the condition that they should be ready for carriage to deliver them safe at arrival direction for cartain freight, also he has the right of delivering the shipping bill or for his order. Two types of shippers appeared : the documental shipper and the controller party. One of the most important features of the shipper is that he is a principal party in a commercial contract which is consideredas an ahdhesion contract due to the fact that the shipper is a weak party in carriage contract. There are also other legal positions similar to the legal position of the shipper but it is still different from them. The liability of the shipper takes place as a result of breaching his legal obligation in acknowledging the goods when he refuses to provide correct information when he doesn't signal or label the goods, when he doesn't give the correct instruction or when he doesn't provide the carrier with necessary documents. In addition to that, the shipper is liable when he breaches his obligation in shipping and paying the freight. It is shown through the study that not all rules oblige the shipper rather than some of them oblige the carrier to shipping. Moreover, It is shown that the base of the shipper liability is not specifically relied on provable fault rather there is another ground built on objective liability which when it is risen there is a capability to release. It is important to mention that there is no certain determination to shipper liability as the carrier, and the parties of action may be binded by carriage contract or may be from others. There are two ways to decide the disputes either judgement or arbitration, there are some acts state the locations of the judicial and arbitrary courts in certain places and consider any clause to change these location has no legal force and also consider the special legisations of carriage contract should be applied. The study concludes also that prescription has its influence on the liability of shipper in different way from this in general principle. It should be noted that the difference between international and locl rules is so far to a degree that they are rarely agreed on certain points. Moreaer the study is shown that there is a considerable progress concerning the liability of the shipper on the legal level, but it is in its first steps and need new provisions take in their consideration justice and the shipper protection

فكرة الحكم المنعدم في قانون المرافعات المدنية : دراسة مقارنة == Non - existent Judgment's idea in the civil procedure law Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: علي عبد الحسين منصور
اسم المشرف: وليد خالد عطية
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: قانون المرافعات المدنية
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The case and dish out the Properly defined to ensure the facts of The award shall be valid if Substantive rules of law applied in the right the procedures for its evolution and previous actions by which he referred to conform to the law ,and be judged defective if similar defect in the part of these aspects and then there are two angles seen them to estimate the share of health : two to determine the facts and apply the law ,but the latter two parts , the first is the application of rules objectivity and the second application of the procedural rules that determine the course of the emergence of governance , as it is the right verdict if sound from all the previous destinations , and is defective if the injury is a lack of even one of them was intact in saurha.The importance of this distinction , said the ruling right to not be there fact to appeal ,since there is no defect mourns , and if before the appeal form he refuses to subject , as he has the power to end the lawsuit if it became prohibited , however there are flaws that marred the judgment he lost every legal value in the eyes of the law stripped of any meaning of the judgment in this case is described as non - existent, do not have legal force and then to Aictsp degree bits and lacks the power of the executive of the provisions , because of these qualities atelhak legal sense .This idea raised was the subject of controversy , there are those eho see it - the idea of absence - collide asset acquisition rule power to end the lawsuit if became prohibited , if awarded judgmenent of this force should not have to contradiect is , even if thes defect grave , as the legislator may select for compulsory ways to appael to discuss the disadvantages of the referee , if anglguet these methods are no longer the law defines away as to discuss these defects , and in the end , van say ptaab judgment baht for alleged lack thereof prejudice considerations of legal stability which it was built ( the theory of the power of the referee to end the lawsuit ) and power thing where the convict yet others see , that the theory of the provisi ons Z ero strong supporter of legal reasoning , recognizing that the ruling bath has the powrer to end the lawsuit and that he is not bermitted to discuss the disadvantages, especially since the acquisition of adjective unqualified means exhausted the remedies in it, the force prior to Atnsp only rule , if it was shan defect that negates all the work status of the referee, it does not replace the ratio of power to him , and then the lack of judgment is the standard recipe absence governace , be it retrives the definition of governance , then astdhar corners and Banaadamh to say , if one of these negated staff.Since the idea of rule of zero is clearly defined and are ambiguous in somerespects, including whether it is in terms of jurisprudence or the elimination of an expanded her and the strait of them , and the presence of mixingbetween the rule of zero and the rest of the judicial rulings other for the lack of legislative texts explicit in the law of the pleadings as a reference for all other procedural laws in case they are free of the text and the lack of regulation of the latter also with the provisions of absence , so this was the main problem that we set them on the subject of this letter tagged ( the idea of rule of zero in the code of civil procedure /comparative study ) has focused our study on the implications that relate to this idea , according to a scientific plan legal consistent dealt in which all aspects of the job that removes confusion and raise the darkness , and divided the message into three chapters , the first of them to what the judgment of zero divided by the two sections dedicated the first of it to concept of rule of zero either the second section to the cases of rule of zero , and then we made the second chapter to the report lack of judgment divided by the two section , we dealt with in the first and the way the report of lack either the second section was dedicated to the competent court in the report of lack of governance and procedures , and then we moved to the third quarter and we dealt with the effects of the referee palanaadam and divided by also into two sections, we dealt with the topic first raised the judgment palanaadam for the rule itself , while the second section dedicated to the effects of palanaadam judgment for the trial court ,which ruled him and after it was completed we went wrong conclusion pena where the most important conclusions that we reached what we decied to recommend that its recommendations are necessary.

التنظيم الدستوري والقانوني للقيود الواردة على ممارسة الموظف العام للحقوق السياسية في العراق : دراسة مقارنة == Constitutional and legal regulations Of The current restrictions prevented public servant of practicing the political rights in the Iraq Comparative study)

اسم المؤلف: عبد الله جبار رضيو
اسم المشرف: جعفر عبد السادة بهير الدراجي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Political rights considered a central pillar of democracy system, which enable the citizen by it to participate in making general policy of the country and express his opinions freely, so these rights have international interests represented in writing down them most international & regional conventions and treaties, also most states cared to legislate these rights in their constitutions, but legislating these rights in international conventions and constitutions don't mean at any way they will be free of restricts or regulation that defined and clear the permissible and prohibited of them, because the absolute lead to spreading chaos in the society.The public servant as any citizen can practice his political rights, which guaranteed by constitution and current laws but his title as public servant related to the government and represent it at the same time imposes some restrictions which should he considered and commit them when practicing these rights.Most states adopted the civil service principles, like office neutrality belief and the belief of working public utilities regularly and the group of positive and negative duties of the office, adopted that as a reason to restrict these rights to find a balance point between practicing public servant to his political rights as a citizen and the state right to operate public utilities smoothly without affecting with the political affairs in the country, and from another side to ensure getting all citizens these services without distinguishing based on their political loyalties.These restricts have many faces and they may restrict the public servant during expressing his opinion or electing or nominating or founding a political party or involving with one, in the field of expressing his opinion, the public servant commitment with a general role of not attacking current government policy or calumniating it or the field he works in and that called duty of preservation, also commit with loyal to the government and prevent backing up the separation claims or insulting the national occasions, but he is not obligated to be loyal to the government except the ones with a higher positions which political considerations play a role in choosing them. in the field of election, most states allow the public servant to elect his representatives except some states who exclude some groups of employees like military people in Egypt, and to observe the public job neutralism most job regulations agree to exclude some groups of employees from nomination right, and prevent the employee of exploiting the state resources or his job title during election publicity, and prevent complaining between job title and parliament membership.In the field of belonging to political parties, most states in general forbidden the employee to establish or belong to illegal parties and forbidden some categories of employees to belonging to political parties because of job sensitivity they occupied and prevent the employee practicing political work inside state institutions. These restricts don't make any problem to the public servant if he commit them during practicing his political rights, but the problem begin when the public servant break one of these restricts and the legal responsibility rises and the responsibility will differ according to the nature of action he commit, because breaking some restricts require the disciplinary responsibility and then impose one of the disciplinary penalties, also it may raise the crimination responsibility of the public servant if the action lead to a crime text in the criminal code or its complementary laws, and the criminal action effect will not stop by the original sentence but continue to eliminate the employee job independency or complementary, also the civil responsibility of the employee realized if it's elements verified as cause and damage and the relation between them.We reached, through making comparison between the restricts on public servants in France and Egypt and the current situation in Iraq, that there are a actual need to block the legislative hole through restrict some political rights of some categories of the employees to achieve balance between practicing political rights of the public servant as a genuine rights and restrict them as an exception

النظام القانوني للموت الدماغي : دراسة مقارنة بالفقه الاسلامي == THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF BRAIN DEATH Comparative study with Islamic jurisprudence

اسم المؤلف: عباس نعيم عبد الجليل الطعمة
اسم المشرف: عقيل فاضل حمد الدهان
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون المدني
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يعد مفهوم الموت الدماغي من اهم القضايا التي تشغل الساحة الطبية والقانونية والفقهية واكثرها تعقيدا وخلافا بين الفقهاء، حيث ان الاصل حدوث الموت بتوقف احد الاعضاء الرئيسة في جسم الانسان كالقلب او الجهاز التنفسي او الدماغ والذي يؤثر على بقية الاجهزة الاخرى، ويسبب توقفها عن وظيفتها، بسبب وجود الترابط والتناغم في عمل بعضها البعض وهو ما يسمى الموت التام او الموت التقليدي، ولكن مع تقدم تكنولوجيا الطب في ستينات القرن الماضي وتطور صناعة اجهزة الطبية ومنها جهاز الانعاش الاصطناعي ودورها في المحافظة على حياة الانسان وانقاذه من الموت، ادت الى ظهور حالة لم تكن معروفة في الاوساط الطبية والقانونية وحتى الفقهية وهي (الموت الدماغي) واصبح من الممكن الفصل بين موت القلب وموت الدماغ، وهذا التطور انعكس على عد توقف القلب والنفس غير كافيين لحدوث الموت، وقد ثار جدل حاد بين الاوساط الطبية والقانونية والفقهية نتج عنه انبثاق اتجاهين حول مدى عد موت الدماغ موتا حقيقيا تاما من عدمه، وما ينتج عن ذلك من اثار قانونية، وما يتفرع منها من مسائل خلافية اخرى مثل مدى جواز ايقاف اجهزة الانعاش الاصطناعي عن المريض الذي شخص الاطباء موته موتا دماغيا ويمكن تحديد اهمية البحث بالاتي : 1 - ان موضوع الموت الدماغي محل خلاف فقهي وطبي وقانوني منذ ظهور اجهزة الانعاش الاصطناعي ومازال هذا الخلاف مستمرا حتى وقتنا الحاضر، فضلا عن ندرة الدراسات القانونية في هذا الموضوع في ظل التقدم المستمر في صناعة الاجهزة الطبية والتي تسهم في ابقاء المريض على قيد الحياة وخاصة في العراق حيث تكاد تكون منعدمة فضلا عن قلتها بالوطن العربي وحاجة المحامي والقاضي والطبيب لمعرفة النظام القانوني للميت دماغيا 2 - القصور الواضح في القوانين، سواء في القانون العراقي ام في القانون المقارن، بصدد تحديد المعنى الحقيقي للموت، ولحظة حصوله وصلته بالموت الدماغي. 3 - البحث في تناقض التشريعات العراقية في المعنى الحقيقي لموت الدماغ، وهل يشمل موت الدماغ باكمله ام يقتصر الامر على موت جذع الدماغ، والوقوف على الواقع العملي الطبي في هذا الجانب، كذلك الوقوف عند عملية نقل الاعضاء وزرعها من الميت دماغيا الى الحي في ضوء القانون عمليات زرع الاعضاء البشرية ومنع الاتجار بهراقم (11) لسنة 2016 والقانون عمليات زرع الاعضاء البشرية رقم 85 لسنة 1986(الملغي) ، وما يشبهها في القوانين المقارنة ومسؤولية القائم عليها. وتكمن المشكلة الاساسية لموضوع البحث في عدم مواكبة التشريعات للتطور الطبي الحاصل في مجال المحافظة على حياة الانسان وبقائه حيا على الرغم من توقف بعض الاعضاء الرئيسة عن العمل، ومنها الدماغ. وقد توصلنا الى جملة من النتائج اهمها ضرورة تدخل المشرع العراقي ووضع تعريف يحدد معنى الموت اولواالموت الدماغي ثانيا لغرض وضع حد للجدل الطبي والقانوني والفقهي حول مسالة الموت الدماغي ومعيار الموت، فضلا عن ادخال تعديلات على النصوص القانونية ذات العلاقة لمواكبة التطور التقني والعلمي مع ترجيحنا بالاعتداد بمعيار الموت الجسدي بوصفه معيارا للموت والنتيجة المهمة الاخرى التي توصلنا اليها هو عدم اعتبار الموت الدماغي موتا حقيقيا بعد ترجيح احد الاتجاهين، وان الميت دماغيا هو شخص مريض من الناحية الطبية وحي من الناحية القانونية ومحتضر من ناحية الشريعة الاسلامية وحسب ما توصلنا اليه من ادلة علمية وعملية وبعد ان وضعنا تعريفا لحالة الموت الدماغي وتوصلنا الى ان الموت الدماغي هو تعطل في الدماغ يؤدي الى توقف انشطة الدماغ الحيوية بما فيها جذع الدماغ مع استمرار نبض قلب المريض وتنفسه باداء عملهما بفعل اجهزة الانعاش الاصطناعي وعدم جواز رفع هذه الاجهزة الا بعد توقف قلب وتنفس المصاب ليتحقق بعدها الموت الجسدي للانسان والذي يضع حدا لحياة الانسان القانونية بصدور شهادة الوفاة. في ضوء غياب النصوص القانونية المتعلقة بالموت ولكون الموت الدماغي من المواضيع المستجدة وان قانون زراعة الاعضاء البشرية رقم 85 لسنة 1986(الملغي) جعل مرضى الموت الدماغي مصدرا مهما من مصادر الحصول على الاعضاء وهذا ما سار علية قانون زراعة الاعضاء البشرية ومنع الاتجار بهراقم (11) لسنة 2016 دون اشارة صريحة حول عد الموت الدماغي موتا حقيقيا الامر الذي وضع الاطباء المعالجين بوضع محرج بين مطرقة زراعة الاعضاء وسندان المسؤولية القانونية، فضلا عن ضرورة عدم التهاون بموضوع امتناع الطبيب عن انعاش الميت دماغيا او ازالة اجهزة الانعاش عنه وترتب المسؤولية القانونية في حال قيامة بذلك استنادا الى حق الميت دماغيا بالحياة وكونه لا يزال يتمتع بالشخصية القانونية واهلية الوجوب رغم فقدانه لاهلية الاداء وتوصلنا الى ضرورة ان يجعل المشرع حالة الموت الدماغي من الحالات الخاصة التي تضاف الى عوارض الاهلية والوارد ذكرها على سبيل الحصر وحسب المواد 94و95 من القانون المدني العراقي رقم 40 لسنة 1951 . | The concept of brain death is one of the most important issues of concern to medical, legal and jurisprudential arena and of the most complex and controversial among scholars, since death was defined as the stopping of a vital organ in the human body such as the heart , lungs or brain, which affects the rest of the organs resulting in the stoppage of their functions because of a coherence and harmony in each other's work. But with the progress of artificial resuscitation devices in the sixties of the twentieth century and its role in the continuation of breathing and blood circulation process has led to the emergence of the case were not known in the medical and legal communities and even jurisprudence, namely, (brain death) and it became possible to separate cardiac death and the death of brain, the consequence of this development was that cardiac and breathing arrest are insufficient to the occurrence of death, it has been a sharp debate among medical and legal jurisprudence areas about the extent to which brain death revolted real death or not, and the consequent legal implications such as the ability to stop the artificial resuscitation devices from a patient with brain death. The study consists of three chapters : The first one discusses the definition of death, signs of death in both physicians and jurists conception. The second chapter includes the situation of brain death wither it’s a real death or no. The last chapter studies the legal position of dead brain patient and the medical responsibility of artificial resuscitation .After extrapolation of the views of jurists and physicians, the researcher found asset of results installed in the conclusion of this research

غش المستفيد واثره في التزام المصرف بدفع قيمة الاعتماد المستندي : دراسة مقارنة == The Beneficiary Cheating and its Effect on the Bank Obligation in Paying the Letter Of Credit Amount(A comparative study)

اسم المؤلف: سجى ماجد داود العزاوي
اسم المشرف: علاء عمر محمد
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Letter of Credit is a Legal institution of great significance for the International Trade, because it is the most common mean for money transfer among different countries and the settlement of the international transactions like, Sales contracts Importation & Exportation without Unimpeded. The reason is that signing these contracts among parties within different countries make their settlement difficult in terms of material delivery and Receipt of money. Therefore, the Letter of Credit is a secure mean required among those parties for these settlements due to the principles which distinguish this letter and give it its importance in the International Trade. The principle of opening Credit for each contact and its terms independently and the principle of Virtual Conformity for documents made the Letter of Credit used with most of the International Contracts.Despite of the above mentioned benefits, the Letter of Credit is susceptible to Fraud, Forgery & Scam due to the evolution of Machines & Instruments which make it easy for contracting people to practice fraud. The reason is that the Letter of Credit doesn’t give absolute protection when dealing with unknown group, therefore, the buyer should be careful and get enough info about the source which is going to deal with.Fraud Practices in the Letter of Credit may affect the whole process of contracting despite the fact that these letter are separate for each contract. What make things more complicated is that the Regulations & Principles of the Letter of Credit don’t consider the Fraud Practices as exception for the Bank commitment same as most of the National Legislation except the US trade Law which clearly consider Fraud Practices an exception for the Bank commitment of the Credit. This missing Legislation whether in the Principles & Regulations or in the National Legislation kept the door open for Jurisprudence, Judiciary for the determination in the Fraud Practices issues. However, main direction for Jurisprudence, Judiciary is that the Fraud Practices are considered as exception for the principle of independence of the Letter of Credit and this Principle will not be applicable and the bank will bear no responsibility during the documents checking and the payment process of the credit value. In this case, the bank is required for the Virtual Conformity only unless if the bank found out the fraud and paid despite that. As for the relationship between the seller and the buyer, it will be defined as per the contract between them and the buyer can request compensation from the seller in case the seller Breached the contract terms and didn’t fulfill his responsibilities.

جرائم الكشف عن الذمة المالية في التشريع العراقي : دراسة مقارنة == Crimes of Financial Disclosure in Iraqi Legislation A comparative study

اسم المؤلف: رقية عادل حمزة علي
اسم المشرف: عماد فاضل ركاب المالكي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يعد نظام الكشف عن الذمة المالية من اهم ادوات مكافحة الفساد وقد عرف العراق هذا النظام منذ عام 1958, فبموجب هذا النظام يقوم الاشخاص الذين يحددهم القانون بتقديم استمارة للكشف عن ذممهم المالية ويلزمون بان يثبتوا فيها حقوقهم المالية وزوجهم واولادهم التابعين لهم وما عليهم من ديون محدده حصرا, وان يقدموها في موعد محدد قانونا, اذ يتم تقدميها عند تولي المنصب وبصورة دورية وعند انتهاء المنصب لاي سبب , فنظام الكشف عن الذمة المالية يعد عنصرا مهما في مكافحة الفساد ,فهو يساعد على تعزيز الثقة بمؤسسات الدولة واجهزتهوا موظفيهوا ايضا حماية نزاهة المكلف نفسه ومن ثم حماية للجمهور من ان يستغل المسؤول وظيفته للانتفاع بها على حسابهم, لذا كان لابد من وجود نظام قانوني يلزم اشخاص معينين بالكشف عما يمتلكونه من ثروات ومن ثم تدقيق ما يتم تقديمه من قبلهم للتاكد من ان ما يمتلكونه من اموال يتناسب مع ايراداتهم وان ما يملكونه تم الحصول عليه من مصادر مشروعة والا فيسالون عن كسب غير مشروع ولكي يكون هذا النظام فعالا ,يجب ان يترتب على عدم الالتزام بهذه الخطوات ومخالفتها عقوبات اي الالتزام بالكشف عن الذمة المالية للاشخاص الذين اوجب القانون عليهم ذلك وفي حالة الامتناع او التاخير في الكشف او تقديم معلومات غير صحيحة في تقرير الكشف وكذلك في حال ظهور اموال ليس لها مصدر مشروع ,فان ذلك يعد جرائم يترتب على ارتكابها عقوبات وهذه الجرائم هي ما تعرف بجرائم الكشف عن الذمة المالية اما المصلحة الجنائية المراد حمايتها في هذه الجرائم ففي جريمة الامتناع عن تقديم تقرير الكشف او التاخر في تقديمه تتمثل بضمان الالتزام بتقديم التقرير المذكور في الموعد المحدد قانونوا المصلحة المحمية في جريمة ذكر بيانات غير صحيحة في تقرير الكشف هي ضمان صحة المعلومات المدونة في التقرير اما المصلحة المحمية في جريمة الكسب غير المشروع هي حماية الوظيفة من خطر الاستغلال وحماية المال والنزاهة وتعد هيئة النزاهة هي الجهة المختصة بالتحقيق في جرائم الكشف عن الذمة المالية باعتبار ان هذه الجرائم من قضايا الفساد التي تختص هيئة النزاهة بالتحقيق فيهوا هنالك معوقات واجهت تطبيق هذا النظام منها اغفال المشرع في قانون هيئة النزاهة النص على عقوبة جريمة الامتناع او التاخير في تقديم تقرير الكشف وكذلك جريمة ذكر بيانات غير صحيحة وقد حاولنا بحث هذه الجرائم وايجاد الحلول للمعوقات التي تواجه تطبيقها من خلال بحثنا لهذه الجرائم في ثلاث فصول اذ ان عنوان الفصل الاول هو ماهية الكشف عن الذمة المالية والذي يقسم بدوره الى ثلاثة مباحث, المبحث الاول مفهوم تقرير الكشف عن الذمة المالية والمبحث الثاني الاشخاص المكلفون بالكشف عن الذمة المالية وانواع تقارير الكشف والمبحث الثالث تمييز تقرير الكشف عن الذمة المالية عما يشتبه به والفصل الثاني الذي بعنوان الاحكام الموضوعية لجرائم الكشف عن الذمة المالية ايضا يقسم الى ثلاثة مباحث ,في المبحث الاول تطرقنا الى جريمة التاخر او الامتناع عن تقديم تقرير الكشف والمبحث الثاني بعنوان جريمة ذكر بيانات غير صحيحة في تقرير الكشف اما المبحث الثالث فخصصناه لجريمة الكسب غير المشروع ,اما الفصل الثالث تكلمنا فيه عن الاحكام الاجرائية لجرائم الكشف عن الذمة المالية في ثلاثة مباحث, المبحث الاول بعنوان الجهة المختصة بالتحري والتحقيق في جرائم الكشف عن الذمة المالية والمبحث الثاني تطرقنا به الى تلقي الاخبار والشكوى في جرائم الكشف عن الذمة المالية, اما المبحث الثالث فخصصناه للتحري والتحقيق في جرائم الكشف عن الذمة المالية ومن ثم خاتمة الدراسة التي نضمها اهم النتائج والتوصيات التي نتوصل اليها. | The system of financial disclosure is an important anticorruption tool that has been recognized by Iraqi laws since 1958. Under this system people are committed to disclose their financial status and clear their debts for themselves and their family members when they take certain official positions. This progress should be due in specific dates and on a regular basis and it could stop when the person is removed from its position for any reason. The system of financial disclosure is considered as an important anticorruption means that helps spreading the sense of confidence among the institutions of the state and the employees and enhance the integrity of the officials. Also, this system can protect people from the exploitation of officials and their enrichment at the expense of public interests. The financial disclosure system was found to bind certain people to laws and to reveal their wealth, and help to make a balance and comparison between their earnings and expenditures in order to show whether their funds have been collected legitimately. In the case of providing wrong or inaccurate information or a late delivery, the person will be held B______________________________________________________________________________accountable as this act will be considered as a financial disclosure crime and subject to the relevant criminal law. This procedure has a significant role in the protection of public funds and the prevention of their illegal exploitation by officials. : In iraq the Integrity Commission is the specialized institution in investigating financial disclosure cases where these cases are regarded as type of corruption crimes that fall within the scope of its powers. However, one of the main obstacles facing the application of this system is the absence of evident clauses in the Law of the Integrity Commission stipulating the punishment for the refrain from disclosing the financial status or providing wrong information. In my thesis I will try to shed light on the main discussions about this type of crimes and suggest solutions for overcoming the challenges of the application of the system of financial disclosure. The research will consist of three chapters. In the first chapter I will touch upon the definition of the financial disclosure. The second chapter will be devoted to describing the substantive provisions that deal with the financial disclosure crimes. The third chapter will consider the procedural and executive provisions of these crimes.

استقلال القضاء الاداري في العراق : دراسة مقارنة == Independence of Administrative Judicial In Iraq (Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: حسيـــن جاسم شاتي
اسم المشرف: سليم نعيم الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: مما لاشك فيه ان استقلال القضاء لن يكون الا من خلال استقلال القضاة انفسهم والعكس صحيح، فاستقلال القضاء واستقلال القضاة امران مرتبطان ببعضهما البعض ولاغنى لاحدهما عن الاخر كما لا يمكن ان ينهض اي منهما بديلا عن الاخر، لذلك فان وجود قضاء اداري مستقل هو ضرورة حتمية لانه يعني وجود ضمانة قوية لسلامة تطبيق القانون في حيدة وموضوعية في مواجهة كل اطراف النزاع، خصوصا الادارة باعتبارها طرف قويا في هذه المنازعات، وهنا يبرز دور القضاء الاداري حيث يعد صاحب الاختصاص الاصيل في المنازعات الادارية. والقضاء الاداري تم انشاءه في العراق بموجب قانون رقم (106) لسنة 1989، قانون التعديل الثاني لقانون مجلس شورى الدولة رقم (65) لسنة1979، حيث استحدث بموجبه لاول مرة قضاء اداري في العراق الى جانب القضاء العادي، اذ انيطه به مهمة النظر في صحة القرارات والاوامر الادارية التي تصدر عن الموظفين والهيئات في الوزارات والجهات غير المرتبطة بوزارة هذا بالاضافة الى وظيفة مجلس الانضباط العام او محكمة قضاء الموظفين في الوقت الحاضر. لذا فالقضاء الاداري يمثل ركيزة اساسية وفعالة في حماية مبدا المشروعية وضمان احترام حقوق الافراد وحرياتهم، الا انه لا ضمان للقيام بهذا الدور الا اذا كان القضاء الاداري مستقلا عن باقي سلطات الدولة، وذلك بوجود نظام اداري ومالي مستقل يكفل له ولاعضائه الضمانات التي تجسد هذا الاستقلال وتحصنه من جميع الوسائل التي يمكن ان تسلط عليه او تستهدف تقويضه او تمنعه من اداء دوره في حماية مبدا المشروعية وضمان احترام حقوق الافراد وحرياتهم ازاء تصرفات الادارة، هذا من جانب ومن جانب اخر ضرورة ان يتمتع القضاء الاداري في العراق باستقلال وظيفي وذلك من خلال بسط ولاية هذا القضاء على كافة المنازعات الادارية واعتباره صاحب الولاية العامة على المنازعات الادارية، ولا يقتصر الامر على ذلك وانما يجب توفير حد ادنى من ضمانات التقاضي امام القضاء الاداري من حيث وجود اجراءات مستقلة للتقاضي امام هذا القضاء. ان دراسة موضوع ( استقلال القضاء الاداري في العراق) يثير العديد من التساؤلات منها كيفية اختيار اعضاء القضاء الاداري في العراق وما هو دور السلطة التنفيذية في ذلك، وماهي الضمانات التي منحها المشرع العراقي في اعيين اعضاء القضاء الاداري، وهل يتمتع هذا القضاء بموازنة مستقلة هذا فضلا عن الحقوق المالية الاخرى وهل يملك هذا القضاء الولاية العامة على كافة المنازعات الادارية، باعتبار ان الانتقاص او المصادرة لحق التقاضي يتعارض ومبدا استقلال القضاء. وتاسيسا على ما تقدم ومن اجل الاحاطة بكافة جوانب هذا الموضوع فقد اثرنا تقسيمه الى ثلاثة فصول تناولنا في الفصل الاول الاستقلال الاداري للقضاء الاداري من حيث اختيار اعضاء القضاء الاداري في مبحث اول وضمانات تنظيم شؤونهم في مبحث ثان. اما الفصل الثاني فقد خصصناه لدراسة الاستقلال المالي للقضاء الاداري وذلك في مبحثين، نبين في الاول منهما الحقوق المالية الاعضاء القضاء الاداري، وناقشنا في المبحث الثاني الموازنة المستقلة للقضاء الاداري ودستورية منحها . والفصل الثالث الذي حمل عنوان الاستقلال الوظيفي للقضاء الاداري فقد تطرقنا من خلاله لتشكيلات القضاء الاداري واختصاصاته في مبحث، واجراءات التقاضي امام هذا القضاء وسبل استقلالها في مبحث ثان. | Undoubtedly that independence of the judiciary and the independence of judges tow thing are linked to each other. it is dispensable on one another no does it promote any of them, a substitute for the other the existence of administrative it is inevitable because, it means there is strong need for a guarantee for the safety of law in a neutral and objective the administrative. And administrative Judicial, was set up in Iraq under law no, (106) for a year (1989) second amendment act the law of the state consultative council No (65), for a year (1979) where it was introduced for the first time under which administrative spend in Iraq, where he was on the validity of decisions and order issued by the pain. So the administrative judicial considered is an essential and effective component in the protection of the principle of legitimacy, so the right and freedoms of individuals. This is part of for the other hand the need for the administrative judicial in Iraq enjoyed functional independence and through the extension of the mandate of the judiciary, on all administrative disputes and considering his general jurisdiction over administrative disputes. Based on the above in order to surround all a aspects of this subject we opted to split it into three section, we dealt with in the first chapter of administrative independence of the administrative judicial, we discuss the selection of members of the elimination administrative and guarantees, the organization of their. The second chapter was dedicated to the study of financial independence for the elimination of administrative in tow section, the first is the rights of financial as for the second it has we discussed through the budget independence of the elimination of administrative. The third chapter where includes title functional independence to eliminate administrative, which is divided by tow section, which included the first formation of the judiciary and administrative competence, and procedures of litigation in front of the judiciary in second

الحماية الجـــزائية لـرئيس الجمهـــورية : دراسة مــقارنة == The Penal protection for the President (Acomparative study) By student Tabark Najim Abd

اسم المؤلف: تبارك نجــــــــــم عبــــــــــد
اسم المشرف: غازي حنون خلف الدراجي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The position of the republic president is one of the most significant positions in the state. The republic president is the sponsor of the independence, land safety, constitution and law, treaties of the state. He is the top official responsible for the application of the constitution and the existence of the state.The constitutional legislations shall contain legal articles ensuring legal protection for those who are in this position. One of these aspects of legal protection is the criminal protection which stands for two essential points. The first point is immunity. The republic state holds judicial immunity while practicing his tasks. In addition, he makes advantage of this kind of immunity even after the finishing of his tasks which he has conducted while he was in the office. The main purpose behind empowering this kind of immunity to the state president is to guarantee the republic president fulfills his tasks free. However, this immunity is not absolute as legislations put exceptions for some dangerous crimes. The second point is the enactment of legal articles condemning offending the republic president and proposing rigid punishment for such criminal behavior if it happens to the republic president in comparison to in ordinary individual. The position of the republic state in Arabic countries (including Iraq) is generally very important and critical. In spite of the change that happened after 2003, the collapse of the regime, the cancellation of 1970 interim constitution and the issuing of 2005 constitution that reduces the powers of the republic president, the person who occupies this position still holds large authorities as he is the president of the state and the protector of constitution. Thus, such position requires special criminal immunity characterizing him from other public officials. The problem statement The problem statement represents answering the following questions : Why most constitutions (including comparative ones) except Lebanese constitution don’t mention the objective or procedural immunity that the presidents of all states enjoy? The constitutional and international convention recognizes the principle of immunity for the presidents of all states, Why the law of judging the republic president designated by article (93/ sixth) of 2005 constitution in effect has not been issued yet?, Why the protection of the republic president is extremely exaggerated in disciplinary laws by tightening up punishment on those who offend the president?, Study plan The current study has been divided into introduction, preface section and two chapters as follows : Preface section entitled (the concept of the republic president) includes the definition of the concept of the republic president and his features, the authorities of the republic president and the period of his office. Chapter one entitled (what is the immunity of the republic president?) is divided into two sections : section one contains the concept of the republic president’s immunity locally; section two contains the concept of the republic president’s immunity internationally.Chapter two entitled (the criminal protection of the republic president) is divided into two sections : section one the protection of the republic president related to his body and life; section two the protection of the republic president related to his honor and status. The study has been ended up with conclusion,contain findings and recommendations

المسؤولية العقدية الناشئة عن الاستعمال غير المشروع لبطاقات الدفع الالكتروني : دراسة مقارنة == THE contractual responsibility arising from the illegal use of electronic payment cards (Comparative study)

اسم المؤلف: ايناس يوسف داخل الساعدي
اسم المشرف: رائد صيوان المالكي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون المدني
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تـعـد بـطاقات الــدفـع الالـكتـرونـي احــدى الابــتكارات المـهـمة التـي افـرزها التـطـور التـكنـولـوجـي فــي الـعـصـر الـحـديــث ، حـيــث اصـبحـت مـن اهــم الـوسائـل الـمسـتخدمـة للــدفـع في كافة انحاء العالم ، وهناك توقعات بان تصبح الوسيلة الاولى المستخدمة في الدفع في السنوات القليلة القادمة ، لانها اكثر الوسائل سهولة وامانا في التعامل نظرا لما توفره من مزايا لجميع اطرافها ، الا ان هذا الانتشار الواسع في الاستعمال لم يرافقه التنظيم التشريعي الذي يتناسب مع تلك الاهمية ، حيث يثير استخدام بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني في الدفع الكثير من المشاكل ، فعلى الرغم من ان الجهات العاملة في نطاق بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني عملت على تهيئة وتطوير وسائل الحماية والامان للتعامل بالبطاقات ، الا ان هناك العديد من المخاطر التي يتعرض لها مستخدمي بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني . ازاء هذه المخاطر كان لا بد من تقرير المسؤولية على مرتكبيها ، فيمكن ان تنتج المسؤولية عن الاطراف المتعاملة بالبطاقة على اساس انه يجمع بينها علاقات تعاقدية تحدد لكل طرف حقوقه والتزاماته ، وان اخلال اي طرف بالتزاماته يؤدي الى قيام مسؤوليته العقدية . نظرا لعدم وجود تشريع في العراق ينظم المسؤولية العقدية لاطراف بطاقة الدفع الالكتروني ، لهذا سوف تكون هذه الدراسة مخصصة لبحث هذه المسؤولية من خلال تطبيق القواعد العامة في التشريع المدني والتجاري ، وكذلك نماذج العقود التي يصدرها المصدر ، وايضا التشريعات التي تنظم التعامل الالكتروني بصورة عامة . وسوف يتم بحث هذه المسؤولية من خلال ثلاثة فصول يسبقها تمهيد يتم فيه بيان ماهية بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني وطبيعتها القانونية ، اما الفصل الاول يبحث في المسؤولية العقدية لحامل بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني ، بينما الفصل الثاني يبحث في المسؤولية العقدية لمصدر بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني ، ويكون الفصل الثالث مخصص لمسؤولية التاجر | Electronic payment cards is one of the important innovations spawned technological evolution in the modern era, becoming the most important means of payment throughout the world, and there are expectations by becoming the primary means used to pay in the next few years ; Because they are more easily and more secure means of dealing because they provide advantages to all her limbs, this widespread use has not accompanied by legislative regulation which is commensurate with the importance ، Where e - Credit Cards raises in pay lots of problems, although the actors within electronic payment cards worked on creating and developing means of protection and security to deal with the cards ,but there are many risks to users of electronic payment cards whether from Parties or others card About these risks were to be the responsibility of the perpetrators, it can produce responsible parties collaborating with the card on the basis that the combined contractual relationships determine each party's rights and obligations, and any party breach its obligations lead to contractual responsibility . Due to the lack of legislation in Iraq organizes the nodal responsibility for electronic payment card parties, that this study would be to discuss this responsibility by applying the General rules on Civil and commercial legislation, Also, legislation governing electronic transactions in General. This responsibility will be examined through a preliminary look is what electronic payment cards and legal nature, either the first Chapter looking at nodal responsibility for electronic payment card holder, while the second Chapter examines the nodal responsibility for electronic payment cards source, the third Chapter is dedicated to the responsibility of the trader

الجريمة المرورية في التشريع العراقي : دراسة مقارنة == TRAFFIC CRIME IN THE IRAQI LEGISLATION A COMPARATIVE STUDY

اسم المؤلف: جعفر عبد الرضا عبد الخالق
اسم المشرف: عماد فاضل ركاب المالكي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Traffic crime is one of the crimes that affect people's lives, safety, and properties. The results of such crimes that is; death, injuries, and damage, according to statistics, are more influential than epidemics, in addition to the traffic jam. This study sheds light on the flaws and defects of the applied Iraqi Law of Traffic No. 68, 4002, as to conviction, prevention, and punishment. This research paper is divided into three chapters. The first one deals with its concept, the second deals with symbols of traffic crimes. While, the third one deals with the punishment of the crime, its aggravated circumstances, and its mitigated excuses. One of the results of the first chapter is that the Iraqi legislator does not secure the conditions of getting a driving license; that is, drugs - free test confirmed with medical reports, and age - restricted validity of the license. These conditions are suggested to the Iraqi legislator. The second and the third chapters deal with five crimes as to their sanctions, conditions, and sedative excuses. The study concludes that the Iraqi legislation of sanctions lakes the following : - The Iraqi legislator does not criminate driving with invalid license (clause 1, Section41), yet he renders it as a misdemeanor (clause H - 00), Appendix (A) : that deals with driving law, vehicles, fees of registering vehicles, fines of traffic violation, by stating " driving and registering license cannot be renewed". The study suggested this act is to be dealt with according to (section 41) of the applied Iraqi Law of Traffic, for it is a serious crime equals those included within this section. The Iraqi legislator sets short - term sanction to such misdemeanors. Courts of law apply those sanctions with suspension to save people involved in these crimes from the bad effects, who are mostly teenagers with clean record. Accordingly, criminals get away with it, for there is no proper sanction for such a crime. It is suggested that driving with invalid license should be criminated according to theIraqi law along with a fine that should be alternative to jail, and the judiciary estimates the proper sanction. - As to Drunk Driving or Drug Driving, the Iraqi legislator does not explain the phrase "under the influence of drinks or drugs" which mislead judges, make criminals get away with their crimes, and result in misinterpretation in verdicts. The study suggested altering the phrase (section 44) to mean : "when the driver is caught having drinks or drugs, he is to be criminated pursuant to the law within this section". When a crime is committed for the second time within a year, the Iraqi legislator enacts aggravated sanction. Yet, if the crime is committed for the second time within more than one year, sanction is different. It is suggested that differentiation in forcing sanctions as to committing the crime for the first or second time should be omitted because the motive is present in either case. - In section (40) which deals with harming people or their properties because reckless driving, the Iraqi legislator has not forced the appropriate sanctions. He holds only the driver to be responsible for the crime - without mentioning the pedestrian and passengers - and when he is in the act of driving. So, the indirect doer of the crime is not hold responsible. As to the sanction, the Iraqi legislator states that extreme conditions must be present; that is, stupidity and recklessness, and those are examples of improper legislations which should not be enforced. Also, pursuant to Iraqi law, being a fugitive in such cases is not considered aggravating act, while it is the case when the crime involves causing death. The study suggested altering (section40) in order to eliminate inappropriate sanctions. - In (section 42), the Iraqi legislator has missed forcing the proper sanctions again as it is the case in (section 40). The sanction of this crime is imprisonment, which means : it is considered a felony. When reviewing the verdicts, it is noticed that those legislations are not applied and it is replaced with fine. It means that these sanctions are not proper for the given crime, so it is recommended that prison sanction is replaced with jail. - In (section 48), there are misinterpretation of the Arabic content. The right interpretation of the section 48 is that the Iraqi legislator does not provide the coppers with protection and limits it to police officers in duty. The case is the same in aggravating conditions. The study suggested protection to be provided for both police officers and coppers while in duty or because of executing it.

النظام القانوي للتوثيق الالكتروني : دراسة مقارنة == The Legal System Of Electronic Documentation (Comparative Study)

اسم المؤلف: اكرم تحسين محمد حسن
اسم المشرف: غني ريسان جادر الساعدي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون المدني
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The confidence and trusts of the parties of electronic deal are of the utmost priorities shall be founded in the electronic dealings due to the unavailability of the physical presence of the personnel at the time of making the transaction and owing to the availability of the confidence, security and assurance, a system should be found to add legal value to the electronic acts reflecting positively on the dealers or parties of the electronic transactions ; that is, the electronic documentation system.The aim of this study is to identify the legal system of electronic documentation, according to the law of electronic signature and electronic transactions of Iraq no.78 of 2012 through putting definition for electronic documentation showing its legal nature, extent and roles.In addition, this thesis showed the doer of electronic documentation who is neural person shall be got the courtesy from the concerned destinations and also showed the obligations of documentation provider and his responsibilities. This thesis argued the matter of electronic documentation certificate, its conception through defining it, showing statements and data shall be available in and also types of certificates and the validity of electronic documentation certificate through showing its legal value , and recognition with international or foreign documentation certificates, and lastly the rules of electronic documentation through argument to the suspension of electronic documentation certificate and cancellation of certificates and objection against decision of suspension and cancellation.CAll that are under the rules of Iraqi Law in comparing with some Arab national and International laws and legislations in compliance with the performance of the jurisprudent and their trends.If conditions are made available, the electronic documentation is considered the skeleton of the electronic trade and a safety valve to which contractors resort when contracting to ensure the rights of both parties. The electronic documentation is an elective process when contractors desire to give a legal authentication to the electronic act and equate it with the traditional acts.Thus, electronic documentation system is of a paramount importance, if not today, in the near future because of the great role that the electronic trade plays and community's resort to electronic means instead of traditional ones. This would save time, effort, speed and cost which will reflects positively on the electronic documentation and its importance in the legal sphere.Legal documentation is a number of technical procedures conducted by a neutral licensed party, aiming at preventing misuse of the content of electronic act, and without any doubt, attributing it to the right party. These procedures could be achieved by the service provider of the electronic documentation ending up with issuing a certificate of the electronic documentation.

جرائم الشغب : دراسة مقارنة == Crimes of Riot Comparative study

اسم المؤلف: علي حسن عبد الصاحب
اسم المشرف: محمد علي عبد الرضا عفلوك السلمان
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية القانون والسياسة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Riot is considered as an uncivilized phenomenon which affects immensely government's capabilities and resources; moreover it threatens the security and safety of society. Also, riot crimes are deemed to be one of the serious social troubles which endangers security and stability of a State, and widely spread out terror and panic among people, especially during the social peace periods.This study tackles the topic of (riot crimes) as riot is considered a phenomenon that has grown in many countries and has become an approach pursued by masses and riot planners. They believe that riot crimes could achieve their goals whether they were political, social of economic.Man is under practicing behaviors under influence of motives which are ones of human behavior characteristics. Motives are defined as powers or internal psychological energies that direct and coordinate behaviors of an individual during the times of responding to attitudes and other influences surrounding him.The traditional riot crimes did not cause serious social effects to this extent, as the case nowadays, and perhaps the modern patterns and methods, or mass ones as well in committing some riot crimes, along with revolution of telecommunications and information and satellite TV channels have made news of such crimes arrive at an extraordinary speed at the door of each house. The lack of data, information and statistics may make such crimes be not sufficiently cared for.Security is considered as one of the State fundamentals, without which a State will not be existed properly where chaos and instability will be dominant. Then, such chaotic situation will affect the State economic, social and political conditions. As it is well - known the main security duty at any society is to protect properties, families, State and society from any manifestation of corruption. This means, as to the State public properties, to make available protection against acts of material and moral sabotage.The study consists of two chapters. The first chapter is devoted to discussing the concept of riot. A definition of the riot and its essence were stated. As to the second chapter, it discusses substantive provisions of the riot offenses. Some samples of crimes, penalty responsibilities of riot crimes, whether it comes from individuals participating in gatherings, demonstrations or penalty responsibility on those calling for such gatherings or demonstrations, are given

فاعلية دورة التقصي الثنائية وانموذج (TASC) في اكساب المفاهيم الفيـزيائية ومهارات حـل المسالة وتنمية عمليات العلم لدى طلاب الصف الرابع العلمي == THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING COUPLED INQUIRY CYCLE AND TASC MODEL IN THE ACQUISITION OF PHYSICAL CONCEPTS, PRONBLEM SOLVING SKILLS AND DEVELOPING SCIENCE PROCESSING AMONG 4TH GRADE STUENTS\SCIENTIFIC BRANCH

اسم المؤلف: رضا عبد ناصر
اسم المشرف: نضال عيسى عبد المظفر
الموضوع العام: العلوم التربوية
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: المناهج وطرائق التدريس
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: هدف البحث الحالي الكشف عن (فاعلية دورة التقصي الثنائية وانموذج (TASC) في اكساب المفاهيم الفيزيائية ومهارات حل المسالة وتنمية عمليات العلم لدى طلاب الصف الرابع العلمي) وللتحقق من هذا الهدف تم صياغة الفرضيات الصفرية الاتية : 1. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى دلالة (0.05) بين متوسط درجات طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي ستدرس على وفق دورة التقصي الثنائية ومتوسط درجات طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي ستدرس على وفق انموذج (TASC) ومتوسط درجات طلاب المجموعة الضابطة التي ستدرس بالطريقة الاعتيادية في اختبار اكساب المفاهيم الفيزيائية.2. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى دلالة (0.05) بين متوسط درجات طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي ستدرس على وفق دورة التقصي الثنائية ومتوسط درجات طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي ستدرس على وفق انموذج (TASC) ومتوسط درجات طلاب المجموعة الضابطة التي ستدرس بالطريقة الاعتيادية في اختبار مهارات حل المسالة.3. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى دلالة (0.05) بين متوسط الفروق في درجات الاختبارين القبلي والبعدي لطلاب المجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي ستدرس على وفق دورة التقصي الثنائية وطلاب المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي ستدرس على وفق انموذج (TASC) وطلاب المجموعة الضابطة التي ستدرس بالطريقة الاعتيادية في تنمية عمليات العلم .تحدد مجتمع البحث الحالي بجميع طلاب الرابع العلمي في المدارس الاعدادية والثانوية النهارية الحكومية التابعة الى محافظة القادسية، ومادة الفيزياء للفصول الخمس الاولى من الكتاب المقرر تدريسه للعام الدراسي ( 2016 - 2017 ).استخدم الباحث التصميم التجريبي ذا الضبط الجزئي للمجموعتين التجريبيتين والمجموعة الضابطة ذوات الاختبار القبلي والبعدي ووفقا لهذا التصميم تم اختيار اعدادية الديوانية للبنين لتمثل عينة البحث، وقد بلغت عينة الدراسة (98) طالبا، بواقع (32) طالبا للمجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي ستدرس وفقا لدورة التقصي الثنائية، و(34) طالبا للمجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي ستدرس وفق انموذج (TASC)، و(32) طالبا للمجموعة الضابطة التي ستدرس وفق للطريقة الاعتيادية. كوفئت مجموعات البحث الثلاث في متغيرات : العمر الزمني، ومستوى الذكاء, والتحصيل السابق، المعلومات الفيزيائية السابقة، ومهارات حل المسالة وعمليات العلم. اعد الباحث مستلزمات البحث وهي : تحديد المادة العلمية , صياغة الاهداف السلوكية ، تحديد المفاهيم الفيزيائية، اعداد الخطط التدريسية وتم بناء ثلاث ادوات وهي : 1 - اختبار اكساب المفاهيم الفيزيائية مؤلف من ( 45 ) فقرة موضوعية من نوع الاختيار من متعدد، تم التحقق من صدقه الظاهري وصدق المحتوى، وحسب ثباته باستخدام معادلة ( كودر - ريتشاردسون 20) ، اذ بلغ ( 0.87) ، كذلك تم احتساب معامل الصعوبة والتمييز لفقرات الاختبار وفاعلية البدائل الخاطئة .2 - اختبار عمليات العلم مؤلف من (42) فقرة موضوعية من نوع الاختيار من متعدد، موزعة على (11) عملية من عمليات العلم الاساسية والمتكاملة، تم التحقق من صدقه الظاهري وصدق البناء ، وحسب ثباته باستخدام معادلة ( كودر - ريتشاردسون 20) ، اذ بلغ (0.84) ، كذلك تم احتساب معامل الصعوبة والتمييز لفقرات الاختبار وفاعلية البدائل الخاطئة.3 - اختبار مهارات حل المسالة مؤلف من (45) فقرة مقالية تم التحقق من صدقه الظاهري وصدق البناء، وحسب ثباته باستخدام معادلة الفا - كرونباخ، اذ بلغ (0.82) وتم ايجاد ثبات معامل التصحيح للفقرات المقالية اذ بلغ (0.87)، فضلا عن حساب معامل الصعوبة والتمييز لفقرات الاختبار. طبقت التجربة في الفصل الدراسي الاول من العام الدراسي (2016 - 2017) واستمرت على مدى (12) اسبوعا، وبعد الانتهاء من تدريس المادة المحددة ، تم تطبيق الاختبارات, وعولجت البيانات باستخدام الحقيبة الاحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS - 20 ) وبرنامج (Microsoft excel )، واظهرت النتائج : 1. تفوق المجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي درست وفق لدورة التقصي الثنائية على المجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة الاعتيادية في متغير اكساب المفاهيم الفيزيائية . 2. تفوق المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي درست وفق لانموذج (TASC) على المجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة الاعتيادية في متغير اكساب المفاهيم الفيزيائية .3. عدم وجود فرق دال معنويا بين المجموعتين التجريبية الاولى التي درست وفق لدورة التقصي الثنائية والتجريبية الثانية التي درست وفق لانموذج (TASC) في متغير اكساب المفاهيم الفيزيائية . . 4. تفوق المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي درست وفق انموذج (TASC) على المجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي درست وفق دورة التقصي الثنائية والمجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة الاعتيادية في متغير مهارات حل المسالة. | The current work mainly aims at investigating the effectiveness of coupled inquiry cycle and also the use of TASC model in the acquisition of concepts and skills pertained to physics and problem solving skills as well as developing science processing among the 4th grade students in the scientific branch. To get sure of this goal, a null hypothesis is formed on the basis of the following : 1. There is no significant statistical difference at the level of (0.05) among the average scores of the first experimental group, whom are taught in accordance with the coupled inquiry cycle and those with the an average score in the second experimental group, being taught according to TASC model, and the average of the control group being taught following the usual method in testing the acquisition of physics concepts. 2. There is no significant statistical difference at the level of (0.05) among the average scores of among the first experimental group, being taught following the coupled inquiry cycle and those students with an average score in the second experimental group being taught according to the TASC model, the average of the control group taught following the usual method of teaching in the test problem solving skills. 3. There is no significant statistical difference at the level of (0.05) among the first experimental group's average scores that will be taught according to the coupled inquiry cycle, and those average scores belong to the second experimental group of students being taught in accordance with the TASC model, and the average scores of the control group that will be taught following the usual method of teaching in developing science processes. The samples that this research include are all 4th class students in the scientific branch in the governmental preparatory schools in Diwaniyah province, depending on the first six chapters in the physics book of the academic year of 2016 - 2017. The researcher adopted the experimental design of partial - controlled with two experimental groups and the control group applying the procedure of pre - and post - test. The researcher chooses 98 students randomly from Al - Diwaniya school for the first experimental group being taught according to the coupled inquiry cycle, 34 students as a second experiment group being taught in accordance with the TASC model and 32 students as a control group being taught following the usual method. The equivalence of those three groups are according to age, intelligence level, previous achievement of knowledge, previous knowledge in physics, problem solving skills and sciences processing level. The researcher prepared the requirements of the research as teaching material and behavioral objectives determining the terms belonging to physics and preparing a lesson as well as making three tools exposed in the following points : 1. Test of physical concepts acquisition which is composed of 45 objective terms in form of multiple choice. This test has been verified and has a valid content and a reliable face calculated by using the equation of Kuder - Richardson 20, as it was 0.87, and also calculating the difficulty and discrimination coefficient as well as the effectiveness of wrong alternatives. 2. Test of science operations which consists of 42 objective items of multiple choice, distributed to 11 processes of basic and integrated science processes. This test has a verified face and construction validity, and being reliable by using Kuder - Richardson 20 as it was (0.84) and measuring the difficulty and the discriminating coefficient as well as the effectiveness of wrong alternatives. 3. A test of problem solving skills which comprises 45 essay items. This test has a verified face and a constructed validity and being reliable by using Alpha - Cronbach, reaching (0.82) correction reliability of essay items that was 0.87, as well as difficulty coefficient and discrimination. The experiment was carried out during the first semester of the study year (2016 - 2017) lasting for 12 weeks, after the completion of teaching the specified material. The tests and the data were applied and treat using SPSS - 20 and Microsoft excel. The results showed the following : 1. The first experimental group excelled in these tests, those who studied according to the coupled inquiry cycle surpassing the control group, those who studied the material following the usual method in the learning of physics concepts. 2. The second experimental group excelled in these tests, those who studied the material according to the TASC model surpassing the control group, those followed the usual method in the learning of the physics concepts. 3. There is no significant difference between the first experimental group, who studied the material on the basis of coupled inquiry cycle and the second experimental group, those who followed the TASC model in their study of the physical concepts. 4. The second experimental group showed superiority over the first experimental group and the control group at the level of problem solving skills. 5. There is no significant difference between the first experimental group and the second experimental group at the level of problem solving skills, though the two groups followed different methods of learning. 6. The first experimental group showed superiority over the control group, both followed different methods of leaning, at the level of developing science processes. 7. The second experimental group showed superiority over the control group, both applied dissimilar ways of learning, at the level of developing science processes. 8. There is no significant difference between the first experimental group and the second experimental group at the level of developing science processes. Thus, according to these results, the researcher made the basic findings as conclusions and proposes some suggestions and recommendations for further studies.

دراسة نسيجيه مرضيه لسمية الدايوكسين في ذكور الجرذان المختبرية البيضاء Rattus norvegicus == Histopathological study of dioxin toxicity in male rats Rattus norvegicus

اسم المؤلف: ياسمين جاسم محمد
اسم المشرف: زینب وحيد خضير | صالح كاظم مجید
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الامراض
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية الطب
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In the present study is the toxicological and pathological effects of dioxin on rats behavior (Rattus norvegicus), and the effects of dioxin on weight before and after administration were studied. Thirty two male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used, the animals were divided into four equal groups, each all of which were administered orally : olive oil (1 ml), 50 ng, 100ng and 200 ng per animal of dioxin respectively for 70 days. On estimation of body weight of animals, the results showed significant decrease of animal weight when compared with the control group (P≤ 0.05). At the end of this treatment period, animals of each group were sacrificed after anesthesia using chloroform inhalation. The result showed variable gross changes in some internal organs (liver, kidney and spleen) in treated groups in comparison with the control group. The study included significant changes in the histopathological structure of many organs due to the effect of dioxin ( liver, kidney, spleen, stomach and skin) in comparison with the control group.The liver showed some important changes like degeneration, necrosis of hepatocytes and sever fibrosis of periportal area. In the spleen there is decrease in size of spleen and atrophy of lymphocyte of whit pulp. And in the kidney there are some changes include degeneration of proximal convoluted tubules and glomeruli atrophy.In stomach the important changes was revel include erosion of mucosa of glandular region and hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis of non glandular region.And in the skin appeared some critical changes like atrophy of hair follicles, sebaceous gland and thinning of epidermis.It was concluded that dioxin has a significant toxic effect on laboratory animals (rats), confirmed by its histopathological effects on internal organs and skin of exposed animals.

دراسة لمقارنة مستقبلات للهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند لقناة فالوب بواسطة تقنية المناعة النسيجية الكيميائية في النساء اللائي لديهن حمل خارج الرحم, او عملية استئصال الرحم او ربط القناة == Comparative Study of Gonadotropin - releasing Hormone Receptor in Fallopian Tube by Immunohistochemistry among Women with Ectopic Pregnancy, Hysterectomy and Tubal Ligation

اسم المؤلف: هالة ناظم كاظم مهدي
اسم المشرف: ايمان علي هاشم | سعد عبد الباقي عبد الله
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التشريح والانسجة والاجنة
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية الطب
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الهدف : اجريت هذة الدراسة للمقارنة في مستوى مستقبلات للهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند بواسطة تقنية المناعة النسيجية الكيميائية في قناة فالوب بين النساء اللاتي اجريت لهن عملية ربط الانابيب عند الولادة او الحمل خارج الرحم او عملية استئصال الرحم خلال الطور الافرازي/ اللوتني من دورة الطمث.المرضى والمواد : شملت الدراسة على ثلاثة مجاميع من النساء المريضات. ضمنت المجموعة الاولى على 39 امراة تتراوح اعمارهن بين 15 - 45 سنة لديهن تاريخ سابق للحمل المنتبذ (خارج الرحم) واجريت لهن عملية طارئة. اما المجموعة الثانية ضمت 40 امراه تتراوح اعمارهن بين 25 - 45 سنة اجريت لهن عملية استئصال الرحم الاختياري نتيجة لاسباب نسائية حميدة مختلفة وشملت الاورام الليفية المتعددة ، والعضال الغدي ،او النزيف المهبلي الذي لم يستجب للمعالجة الطبية. هذا بالاضافة الى شمول 40 امراه في اما المجموعة الثالثة فقد شملت 40 امراة تراوحت اعمارهن بين 26 - 45 سنة اللواتي خضعن الى عمليات قيصرية مع ربط القناة (البوق)الثنائي عند اكتمال الحمل. شملت معايير الاقصاء المريضات اللواتي يعانين من امراض الحوض الالتهابية والانتباذ البطاني الرحمي وكذلك اللواتي يستعملن الهرمون المضاهي لهرمون اللوتنة . اجريت هذه الدراسة خلال الفترة من ايلول 2014 وحزيران 2015 في مستشفى الولادة والطفل في البصرة. تمت ازالة قنوات فالوب من المريضات اللواتي اجريت لهن عملية ازالة جراحية لهذه القنوات في المجاميع الثلاث. وقد تم حفظ قنوات فالوب في 10% فورمالين وارسلت الى مختبر الامراض في مستشفى الصدر التعليمي لغرض الفحص النسيجي المرضي (باستعمال طريقة التلوين بالهيماتوكسلين والايوسين ) ولغرض التقصي المناعي النسيجي الكيميائي.النتائج : تبين في الفحص النسيجي المرضي كان هناك العديد من الزغابات المشيماتية الشاحبة في تجويف قناة فالوب. وهناك ايضا طبقات من الارومات الغازية تمتد بشكل حر داخل التجويف . ودل الراسب البني في السايتوبلازم خلايا قناة فالوب على التلوين بواسطة الاضداد الاولية ، ولايوجد تلوين في العينات السالبة باستعمال الفحص المناعي النسيجي الكيميائي . وهناك اختلاف في توزيع وجود مستقبلات للهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند بين النساء ذوات الحمل المنتبذ (58,9%) واللاتي استئصلت ارحامهن (82%) وفي 10% فقط بين النساء اللاتي اجري لهن ربط قناة فالوب عند الولادة وكان ذلك باستعمال تقنية المناعة النسيجية الكيميائيه لكن ذلك كان قريبا من الاعتداد الاحصائي ( الاحتمال =0,069) . بينما كان التوزيع السلبي لمستقبلات الهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند اعلى في النساء اللاتي اجري لهن ربط القناة (90%) مقارنة مع النساء اللاتي لديهن حمل منتبذ (41,1%) او النساء اللاتي اجري لهن استئصال الرحم (18%). ان مستقبل الهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند المتفاعل مناعيا تم تحديده في عينات قناة فالوب من مريضات الحمل المنتبذ في الغشاء المخاطي للقناة فقط (5 من 39) او في الزغابات المشيماتية فقط (6 من39) او في كليهما (13 من 39) ، وكانت الفروقات غير معتدة احصائيا ( الاحتمال اكبر من 0,85).الخلاصة : لقد تبين مما تقدم بان مستقبل الهرمون المحرر لمواجهة القند يملك دور حيوي في بداية الحمل لللاخصاب وغرس الجنين. | Objective : This is a comparative study to detect gonadotropin - releasing hormone receptor expression by immunohistochemical technique in the human fallopian tubes belong to women with ectopic pregnancy, women subjected to tubal ligation at term pregnancy with history of normal pregnancy and hysterectomized women.Patients and Methods : The study involved 3 groups of patients, the first group was involved 39 females ( their ages ranged from 15 - 45 years) with history of ectopic pregnancy who underwent emergency operation, the second group was included 40 (their ages ranged from 25 - 45 years) women who were operated on for elective hysterectomy due to various benign gynecological reasons, like multiple uterine fibroid, adenomyosis and uterine bleeding not responding to medical treatment. The third group was involved 40 women (their ages ranged from 26 - 45 years) subjected to Cesarean section with bilateral tubal ligation at term pregnancy were also included in the study. The exclusion criteria included patients with pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis and luteinizing - hormone - releasing hormone analogue users. The study was carried out during the period from September 2014 till June 2015 at Basra Maternity and Childhood Hospital. Fallopian tubes were removed and collected from all the 3 groups patients. Fallopian tubes were preserved in 10% formalin and were taken to the Pathology Laboratory at Al - Saddar Teaching Hospital for the purpose of conventional histopathology i.e, Hematoxyline eosin staining method and immunohistochemical study for gonadotropin - releasing hormone receptor.Results : Histopathological examination of the tissue of fallopian tube, indicates that there are numerous pale chorionic villi in the lumen of the fallopian tube. A brown precipitate in the cytoplasm of the cells of the fallopian tube indicated positive staining by primary antibody while no staining was detected in negative samples by using immunohistochemical examination. There is a difference in the distribution positive cases of gonadotropin - releasing hormone receptor detection among ectopic pregnant women (58.9%), hysterectomized women (82%) and only (10%) among women with tubal ligation at term pregnancy in the fallopian tube by using immunohistochemical technique but statistically the results is marginally significant (P=0.069). The immunoreactive GnRH receptor was identified in the fallopian tube samples from patients with ectopic pregnancy, in the mucosa of the tube alone (5 out of 39) or in the chorionic villi only (6 out of 39) or both of them the mucosa as well as villi (13 out of 39 ). The differences were statistically insignificant (P>0.85). Conclusion : This study was demonstrating that GnRH which is produced by the human fallopian tube, has a vital role in fertilization, early embryonic development and implantation .

علاقة مستوى فيتامين د والبوتين الدهني ا مع مقاومة الانسولين والعوامل الايضية الاخرى في داء السكري النوع الثاني في محافظة البصرة == Relationship of vitamin D status and lipoprotein(a) levels with insulin resistance and other metabolic markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Basrah

اسم المؤلف: انوار يونس ابراهيم علي
اسم المشرف: عبد القادر عبد الوهاب الشاكر
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء الحياتية السريرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية الطب - قسم الكيمياء الحياتية
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder , caused persistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action or both.There are several evidence suggest that altered vitamin D and calcium homeostasis may play a role in the development of T2DM and IR .Lipoprotein(a) is a LDL - like particle consisting of Apo A moiety linked to one molecule of ApoB100 . Several studies revealed that Lp(a) may differentially affect in diabetic patient either increase or decrease or no change from normal range . It is not clear whether Lp(a) concentration is related to T2DM or associated with IR .Objectives : The present study was designed to measure vitamin D status and Lp(a) levels among patients with T2DM , to investigate association between serum 25(OH) D levels with IR , lipid profile and some metabolic factors and to demonstrate whether Lp(a) levels are linked to T2 DM. Methods and Materials : The present study included 80 patients with T 2 DM (30 male and 50female) with mean age (50.51± 10.70) year . Weigh, height, BMI were assessed for each participant . Fasting blood samples were collected to measure HbA1c% .Then another part of blood separated to get serum to measure [Vitamin D , Insulin , Lp(a) , FBS , Lipid profile , creatinine , calcium , phosphate] .Insulin resistance , Insulin sensitivity , β - cell function was calculated by homeostatic model assessment ( HOMA - IR) , (HOMA - IS) and (HOMA - %β ) respectively .Results : The result of this study revealed that serum vitamin D among diabetic patients with a mean (19.94 ± 9.59) ng/ml . Frequency of vitamin D deficiency [s.25(OH)D > 20 ng/ml ] was (52.5%) , Only (12.5%) of diabetic patients had normal levels of vitamin D [s.25(OH)D≥ 30 ng /ml] . Thirty five percent of patients with vitamin D insufficiency [s.25(OH)D = 20 - 29.9 ng /ml ] .Vitamin D among diabetic patients of the present study showed an inverse relationship with BMI , HOMA - IR, insulin , HbA1c, TG , VLDL - c, age statistically significant independent , But positive significant independent association with HOMA - IS , HDL - c and statistically significant not independent associated with FBS, HOMA - %β). No significant associated with other biochemical parameters . Regarding to the levels of Lipoprotein (a) levels among diabetic patients found with a mean (7.93± 5.34) mg/dl and no significant association with glycemic profile (FBS,HbA1c, insulin , HOMA - IR, HOMA - IS , HOMA - %β ) or lipid profile .Conclusion : The decline in the level of vitamin D among diabetic subject may affect glucose homeostasis . In addition to that hypovitaminosis D could be rising with increase BMI and obesity among diabetic subjects , BMI is positively associated with insulin resistance . Serum 25(OH)D among diabetic subject is negatively with insulin resistance . Therefore vitamin D deficiency may contribute to onset of IR and development of T2DM. Regarding to Lipoprotein (a) levels among the majority of diabetic patients were within normal range (≤ 30 mg/dl) and it was noted that the Lp(a) levels were not related to IR or T2DM . In addition to that there is no interference between levels of vitamin D and p(a) levels with respect to IR .

دراسة مستوى بعض العوامل المؤكسدة والمضادة للتاكسد في مرضى اللوكيميا وسرطان الثدى == Profile study of some oxidant and antioxidant levels in leukemic and breast cancer patients

اسم المؤلف: نهاية مناحي العبودي
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2004
الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء الحياتية السريرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية الطب
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study was carried out to evaluate the oxidant and antioxidant level in cancer patients in Basrah during the period from the first of October 2002 till the end of April of the 2003. A total of 98 patients were investigated, who were admitted to the Basrah General Hospital, Teaching Hospital and Basrah Hospital for Maternity and Pediatric in Basrah City. They were 52 female patients with breast cancer and 46 leukemic patients (24 male and 22 female). In addition 125 sex and age - matched persons without malignancy served as controls. They were 64 persons as control for leukemic patients (32 male and 32 female) and 61 females as control for breast cancer patients. The haematological parameters measured were haemoglobin concentration(Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) value and white blood cell (WBC) count, while the biochemical parameters measured were glutathione (GSH) level, uric acid, malondialdehyde (MDA) and phagocytic activity . The leukemic patients were subclassified into two groups according to their age (30 patients ≤16 years and 16 patients >16 years). The breast cancer patients were subclassified into three groups according to their age (11 females as 25 - 34 years old, 17 females as 35 - 44 years old and 24 females as ≥45 years old). The Hb concentration and PCV value were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in leukemic patients of age group 16 years old ,however, in age group > 16 years old ,the decrease were extremely significant (P<0.001). In breast cancer patients the Hb concentration decreased extremely significantly in all age groups (P<0.001). A highly significant decrease was found in PCV value of age group 35 - 44years old (P<0.01), whereas a significant decrease in 25 - 34 years and  45 years age groups (P<0.05) was observed. The WBC count in leukemic patients showed an increase in WBC count significantly in 16 years old age group (P<0.05) and extremely significant increase in >16 years old age group (P<0.001). In breast cancer the WBC count showed decrease in WBC count significantly in 25 - years old patients (P<0.05), highly significant decrease in 35 - years old patient (P<0.01) and extremely significant decrease in 45 years old patients (P<0.001). There were no significant differenses in Hb concentration, PCV value and WBC count between male and female leukemic patients. The biochemical investigation showed an extremely significant depletion in GSH levels in leukemic and breast cancer patients (P<0.001). The phagocytic activity was extremely significantly decreased in all leukemic patients (P<0.001) and highly significant increase in 25 - 34 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.01), significantly increase in 35 - 44 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.05) and extremely significant increase in  45 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between male and female leukemic patients in phagocytic activity. The MDA level was highly significantly increased in 16 years old leukemic patients (P<0.01) and extremely significant in >16 years old leukemic patients (P<0.001). In breast cancer the MDA level was highly significant increase in all age groups patients (P<0.01). The investigation of uric acid concentration shows extremely significant increase in all leukemic patients (P<0.001) and highly significance increase in 25 - 34 years old and 35 - 44 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.01). Also shows extremely significant increase in 45 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.001). In conclusion, cancer patients suffer a high degree of ROS formation causing considerable oxidative stress which associated with decrease glutathione level and significant degree of lipid peroxidation.

نمط اكسدة الدهنيات ومستوى العوامل المضادة للاكسدة لدى مرضى السكري

اسم المؤلف: اماني نعمة الرمضان
الموضوع العام: الطب
السنة: 2002
الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء الحياتية السريرية
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية الطب
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تم شمول 40 مريضا من مرضى داء البيلة السكري الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين، و60 مريضا من المرضى غير الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين، و94 شخصا من الاصحاء في هذه الدراسة. وقد تم اخذ المعلومات من جميع المشاركين في هذه الدراسة (حسب الملحق المرفق رقم 1). اجريت التحاليل التالية للمجاميع الثلاثية : مستوى جلوكوز الدم، الهيموكلوبين السكري، مستوى فيتامين ج المصلي، نسبة المالدنداي الدهايد، مستوى الكولسترول الكلي، مستوى كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة العالية، مستوى كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة، مستوى كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة جدا، مستوى الشحوم الثلاثية، بالاضافة الى قياس مستوى البروتينات الدهنية الابو - ا ، وكذلك مستوى البروتينات الدهنية الابو - ب. وقد اظهرت الدراسة مايلي : - ان المرضى المصابين بداء البيلة السكري (كلتا المجموعتين، الخاضعين غير الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) كانوا على درجة من السوء فيما يخص السيطرة على تمثيل السكر في الدم عند مقارنتهم بالاشخاص الاصحاء . وذلك يتمثل بالنتائج التالية : ا - قيمة الهيموكلوبين السكري السكري لدى المرضى المصابين بداء البيلة السكري (الخاضعين والغير خاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) كانت (62ر9  22ر2%) ، (1ر9  8ر2%) على التوالي ، بينما كانت النسبة لدى الاشخاص الاصحاء (9ر4  6ر0%) . ب‌ - المؤشر الثاني لسوء السيطرة على هذا المرضى عند الاشخاص المصابين، هو ارتفاع مستوى جلوكوز الدم في كلتا المجموعتين (المرضى الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين والغير خاضعين) عند مقارنتهم بالاشخاص الاصحاء ، حيث كانت النتائج كما يلي : - (3ر218 3ر98 ملغم / 100 مل) و(200 96 ملغم / 100 مل) على التوالي ، بينما كانت نسبة الجلوكوز لدى الاشخاص الاصحاء (6ر90  6ر14 ملغم / 100 مل) * فيما يتعلق بالعوامل المضادة للاكسدة والتي اشتملت الدراسة على قياس احداها (قياس مستوى فيتامين ج المصلي) ، قد لوحظ ما يلي : - - تدني معنوي في مستوى فيتامين ج المصلي لدى الاشخاص المصابين (الخاضعين والغير خاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) فيتامين ج المصلي عند الاشخاص المصابين الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين (40ر1  45ر0 ملغم / 100 مل) ، وعند الاشخاص المصابين الغير خاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين (1ر1  45ر0 ملغم / 100مل) مقارنا بمستوى هذا الفيتامين لدى الاشخاص الاصحاء (4ر1  5ر0 ملغم / 100 مل) . - عند المجاميع الثلاثة المشاركة في هذه الدارسة ، لوحظ ان هنالك ترابط عكسي بين تركيز فيتامين ج المصلي مع كل من : - مستوى المالدناي الديهايد (0.242 = r وp< 0.001) ، الهيموكلوبين السكري (036 r ، p<0.001) ، كدلسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة (r=0.21 ، p<001)، كدلسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة جدا (r = 0.22 ، p<0.001) ، الشحوم الثلاثية (r =0.26 ، p<0.0001 ، الكولسترول الكلي (r = 0.23 ، p<0.001) . * اكسدة الدهينات (والتي تمثلت بقياس مستوى المالدنداي المصلي) قد اظهرت زيادة معنوية لدى الاشخاص المصابين الخاضعين والغير خاضعين للعلاج لدى الاشخاص المصابين الخاضعين والغير خاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين (1ر1  39ر5 مايكرومول / لتر و09ر1  28ر0 مايكرومول/لتر على ، p<0.001) مقارنة بالاشخاص الاصحاء (55ر0  23ر0 مايكرومول / لتر) . - وقد تبين في هذه الدراسة ايضا ان هناك ترابط عكسي بين مستوى المالونداي الديهايد المصلي مع مستوى فيتامين ج المصلي ، وكذلك مع مستوى كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية العالية الكثافة (r=0.24 ، p<0.001) ، (r=0.28 ، p<0.0001) على التوالي ، بينما وجد ان هناك ترابط طردي بين مستوى المالدنداي الديهايد المصلي ونسبة الهيموكلوبين السكري (r=0.54 ، p<0.0001) ، كذلك ترابط طردي مع مستوى الشحوم والبروتينات الدهنية ، مع كل من : - كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة ( r = 0.54 ، p<0.0001) ، كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة جدا ( r =0.44 ، p<0.0001) ، الشحوم الثلاثية (r =0.48 ، p<0.0001 ) ، الكولسترول الكلي (r=0.50 ، p<0.0001) . * في جميع الفئات العمرية للمرضى ، ظهر ارتفاع معنوي في مستوى الكولسترول الكلي ، والبروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة جدا مقارنة بالاصحاء لتلك الفئات العمرية . وقد لوحظ في الفئة العمرية من عمر 25 - 45 سنة (لدى المرضى الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) بان الزيادة في الكولسترول الكلي والبروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة كانت زيادة غير مهمة معنويا . - مستوى البروتيات الدهنية ذات الكثافة العالية في مصل الدم كان اقل لدى جميع الفئات العمرية للمرضى مقارنة بالاصحاء لتلك الفئات العمرية ، اما في المجموعة العمرية البالغة اقل من 25 سنة (للمرضى الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) كان هذا النقصان مهم معنويا . * وقد اظهرت هذه الدراسة ايضا ، ان مستوى البروتينات الدهنية الابو - ا في مصل الدم وفي جميع الفئات العمرية للمرضى كان اقل معنويا مقارنة بالاصحاء لتلك الفئات العمرية ، بينما كان هناك زيادة حادة في مستوى البروتينات الدهنية الابو - ب المصلي في جميع الفئات العمرية للمرضى مقارنة بالاصحاء . | Fourty patients with insulin dependent (IDDM), 60 with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 94 apparently healthy control subjects were included in this study. The following parameters were estimated : fasting serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum vitamin C, serum malondialdehyde (MDA), S.cholesterol, HDL - C, LDL - C, VLDL - C, TG, Apo - A, Apo - B. The study has shown that : Diabetic patients (both IDDM and NIDDM) have significant poor metabolic control as compared with control subjects as their a) Hb A1c% was (9.622.22) and (9.12.8) respectively, while in control subjects HbA1c% was (4.90.6). b) FBG was (218.398.3mg/dl) and (20096mg/l) respectively, while in the control subjects FBG was (90.614.6mg%). Regarding the antioxidant status (as measured by estimating serum vitamin C) a low serum vitamin C was observed in both diabetic groups (IDDM and NIDDM) as compared with control group and this result was highly significant. The mean serum vitamin C level in IDDM and NIDDM diabetic patients was (1.040.45mg/dl) (1.100.54mg/dl) respectively in comparison to (1.40.5mg/dl) in the control group. In all individuals studied, there was a significant negative correlation between serum vitamin C and the following parameters, S.MDA (r=0.242, P<0.001), HbA1c (r=0.365, P<0.001), LDL - C (r=0.214, P<0.001), VLDL - C (r=0.228, P<0.001), TG (r=0.265 , P<0.0001), TC (r=0.234, P<0.001). Lipid peroxidation (as measured by estimating serum malondialdehyde) was significantly elevated in diabetic patients both IDDM and NIDDM (1.100.39 mol/L and 1.090.28mol/L respectively, P<0.001) as compared with controls (0.550.23 mol/L). The study has illustrated also a negative correlations between S.MDA level and S.vitamin C level, as well as with HDL - C level (r=0.242, P<0.001), (r=0.285, P<0.0001) respectively. In addition there was a positive correlation between S.MDA level and HbA1c level (r=0.541, P<0.0001), as well as, a positive correlation with serum lipids as follows : LDL - C (r=0.549, P<0.0001), VLDL - C (r=0.449, P<0.0001), TG (r=0.484, P<0.0001), TC (r=0.509, P<0.0001). Serum lipids, TC, LDL - C, TG and VLDL - C levels were significantly increased in diabetic patients in all age group as compared with control - subjects. While in the IDDM at the age group (25 - 45 years), the elevation of serum levels of TC, LDL - C were statistically not significant . Serum HDL - C level was decreased in all age groups of diabetic patients as compared with control subjects. In the age group of <25 years , the decrease in the HDL - C level was statistically significant. In addition, serum Apo - A level was significantly lower among diabetic patients (IDDM and NIDDM) for all age groups compared to the respective age groups in control subjects. While serum Apo - B level was significantly higher among diabetic patients (IDDM and NIDDM) for all age groups compared to the respective age groups in control subjects.

دراسة تاثير طرق الاستخلاص على مكونات الزيوت العطرية لبعض بذور العائلة الخيمية باستخدام تقنية GC - - MS

اسم المؤلف: رفل عبد الحسين رسن المالكي
اسم المشرف: ضياء فالح عبد الله الفكيكي | اسعد رحمان سعيد الحلفي
الموضوع العام: علوم الزراعة
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاغذية
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In this study, essential oils extracted from Umbelifera family plants (cumin, aniseed, fennel, and caraway) have been extracted by using microwave - assisted water distillation and traditional water distillation (Clevenger method).The results showed that the needed time to extract essential oils from seed by microwave - assisted water distillation was significantly less than Clevenger method. The results also showed that the higher oil yield extracted from cumin, aniseed, fennel, and caraway by microwave - assisted water distillation were 4.8, 1.3,7, 3.4 and 2.8 % respectively, while by using Clevenger method were 4.5, 2.8, 2.3 and 1.3 % respectively. As noticed that higher oil yield was from cumin compare with other studied oils.Physical properties have been studied of extracted oils by microwaveassisted water distillation and Clevenger method. The results revealed that oils extracted by the two methods were dissolved into alcohol and did not dissolve in water. Also, colors of extracted essential oils ranged between yellow to yellowish brown. Caraway oil was yellow gold, cumin was yellowish. In addition, the taste of fennel oil and aniseed was sweet contrary to cumin and caraway oils were bitter. Specific density of all essential oils extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation and Clevenger method in this study ranged from 0.64 - 0.92. Refractive index values of extracted essential oils by Clevenger ranged between 1.48 - 1.55, and 1.49 - 1.55 by microwave - assisted water distillation. In terms ofabsorbency, the better absorbency was at microwave - assisted water distillation and Clevenger method at wave length of 280 nm compare with other oils that appeared better absorbency at wavelength of 250nm. Antioxidant activity has been measured of different concentrations of the four essential oils extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation and Clevenger method. Also, the results showed that antioxidant activity of linoleic acid of essential oils was converging for both methods Antioxidant activity was increased with increasing essential oil concentration, and the concentration of 100% had gave higher value of antioxidant activity of oils extracted from cumin, aniseed, fennel, and caraway by Clevenger reached 60 ، 69،78%respectively, also reached 65, 74, 59, 68% respectively for essential oils extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation . Also, the results showed that antioxidant activity of caraway oil was significantly higher than other essential oils. The abilityof different concentration from the four essential oils extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation and Clevenger method has been studied in the growth inactivation some types of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Staphylococcus aureus where noticed that activity of essential oils was increased with increasing oil concentration and the higher inactivation of oils was at 100% concentration. There is a variation in activity of all essential oils toward Bactria types. Caraway has high inactivated effect compared with other oils in this study and inactivation diameter of oil caraway extracted by Clevenger at concentration of 100% reached 19, 28, 32 mm toward testing Bactria of Staphylococcus aureus، Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosarespectively, while average inactivation of this oil extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation was less compare with Clevenger where reached 30, 25, 16 mm towards cited Bactria types respectively. The results also showed that the identification of activation chemical compounds that is present in the essential oils xtracted by Clevenger and microwave - assisted water distillation using GC - MS technique for acknowledgment its quality, quantity and percentage in the four essential oils as follow : 1. The results of identification of active compounds of essential oil caraway extracted by Clevenger and microwave - assisted water distillation have been demonstrated Carvon compound by high ratio reached 47.12 and 40.5 % for both extraction methods respectively, while compound ratio Anethol and D - Limonene of caraway oil extracted by Clevenger were 16.18 % and 11.67% respectively and by microwave - assisted water distillation were 22.19% and 10.96% respectively.2. The chemical compounds like Alpha - Isopropylbenzyl alcohol, Cumic aldehyde and betapinene extracted from cumin essential oil by Clevenger reached 35.19, 22.60 and 13.26% respectively, while reached 33.77, 21.24 and 13.26% respectively by using microwaveassisted water distillation. On the other hand, the compound of Alpha - Isopropylbenzylalcohol has higher concentration compared with other prevailing compounds in extracted oil by these two methods.3. The results showed that the appearance of chemical compounds in aniseed oil extracted by Clevenger and the higher ratio was registered by Anethol compound reached 75.33% compared with other prevailing compounds, also the appearance of the samecompound with high ratio reached 77.58% in the extracted oil by microwave - assisted water distillation.4. The prevailing compounds in the essential oil of fennel extracted by clevengerwere Anethol , L - Fenchon and Estrago by 72.78, 7.41 and 5.52% respectively, while their ratio reached 67.01, 8.28 and 4.93% respectively by using microwave - assisted water distillation.From these results, the Anethol compound was prevailingcompound in the two extraction methods.

مقارنة عيوشية المعززات الحيوية في منتجات الالبان المحلية ودراسة تاثيرها على بعض المعايير الدموية لفئران التجارب == Compared to the viability of bio - boosters in the local dairy products and the study of its impact on some of the blood standards for mice

اسم المؤلف: زينب مصدق جعفر الشلاه
اسم المشرف: حيدر ابراهيم علي | سرمد غازي الشاوي
الموضوع العام: علوم الزراعة
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الاغذية
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:

دور التركيز الملحي والخصائص المعدنية لترب محافظة البصرة في العلاقة بين النسبة المئوية للصوديوم المتبادل ESP ونسبة امتزاز الصوديوم SAR == Role of Saline Concentration and Mineral Properties of Basrah Soils on The Relationship Between Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR).

اسم المؤلف: علاء حسين علي البدران
اسم المشرف: محمد مالك ياسين
الموضوع العام: علوم الزراعة
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التربة والمياه
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Three laboratory experiments were conducted to study the ionic exchangeable relation for sodium - calcium cations to calculated the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR).1 - First experiment was included to use two standard clay minerals, kaolinite (1 : 1) layers and montmorillonite (2 : 1) layers with solutions of several SARs (2,4,8,24,48 and 96) (m mole L - 1)0.5 at four ionic strength (20,40,80 and 240 ) mmol L - 1. The results showed, increasing ESP with increasing SAR for both clay minerals. The equations (liner, exponential, logarithm, quadratic, power, ,exponential curved, U. S. salinity laboratory and developed ) were used to description the relationship between ESP and SAR by correlation (R2) and the root of mean standard error (rmse). The exponential curve equation ESP= A+ B(D)SAR which (A, B and D) coefficients regression was more capability in prediction of ESP from SAR and it be the nearest to really value ESP comparing with other equations at various ionic strength and for both clay minerals. This equation tended to show the increase of ESP values with increasing ionic strength for kaolinite mineral and raising the constant (A), but not with montmorillonite. Also the results showed high significant differences (p<0.01) for coefficients regression parameters (A, B and D) at ionic strength (40, 80 and 240) mmole L - 1 between two minerals, while the significant was in coefficient (D) in 20 mmole L - 1 only. The Vanslow selectivity coefficient (Kv) gave the best description of the prefence ability of the exchange surfaces to cations Na - Ca exchange comparing with Gapon selectivity coefficient (KG).2 - Second experiment : Twenty seven locations represents Basrah province soils (1 - AL - Fao, 2 - AL - Maamer, 3 - ASSiba, 4 - AL oga, 5 - Naher kouz, 6 - Abo Mughera, 7 - Assibiliat, 8 - Mehalla, 9 - Hammdan, 10 - yousfan, 11 - Mehagran, 12 - Auassyan, 13 - AL - karma, 14 - AL - Hartha, 15 - Adear , 16 and 17 - (Ahwar - Adear) two places from marshes of Adear, 18 - Asharsh, 19 - AL - Qurna, 20 - AL - Hweer, 21 and 22 - (Ahwar AL - Hweer) two places from marshes of AL Hweer, 23 - AL - Mudayna, 24 and 25 - (Ahwar AL - Mudayna) two places from marshes of AL Mudayna , 26 - Azubair, 27 - Saffwan) with depth (0 - 30) cm were selected to study sodium - calcium exchange and measurements ESP and SAR. Generally the results referred to the soils contain the clay minerals montmorillonite, chlorite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite - montmorillonite interstratification and illite - Palygorskite interstratification with the different rates. After testing the previous equations for relationship between ESP and SAR for the soils, we found the exponential cure was a best equations (R2= 0.920), (rmse= 7.740) for describe the ESP - SARI116relationship comparing with others studying equations. The salinity factor had clear role in effect of the measuring ESP from ESP - SAR relationship, but there was no apparent influence for minerals composition, may be because the interaction between clays type, minerals ratio and soil properties. Also (Kv) gave more accuracy in description for surfaces preference of sodium - calcium exchange compared with (KG).3 - Third experiment : Five types of soils were selected from prior locations in second experiment, which are different in SAR, ESP , EC and other properties (1 - AL - Fao, 8 - Mihalla, 16 - Ahwar Ader first location ,22 - Ahwar AL - Hweer second location, 23 - AL Mudayna) were placed in plastic column to 30 cm depth and 10 cm diameter. Four irrigation water salinity of (1,4,8 and12)ds m - 1 were irrigated to field capacity for ten times. After drying the columns were divided to two parts, 0 - 15 and 15 - 30 cm, then the prior equation were as 1st and 2nd experiments. The results showed that superiority equation of exponential curved compared with other equations in ESP from SAR (R2=0.94) and (rmse=14.379). The study showed to potentiality of alteration the soils to sodic salinity soils with raising of salt concentrations as result from irrigation with high water salinity. Also the soil Colloids surfaces showed more sodium preference comparing with calcium through the selectivity coefficient (Kv) in particular with irrigation water salinity increasing except the hoor. Adear soil of first location for two depths which showed its surfaces more calcium preference compared with sodium (Kv<1) in spite of soil salinity increasing.
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