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استقلال القضاء الاداري في العراق : دراسة مقارنة == Independence of Administrative Judicial In Iraq (Comparative Study

Author name: حسيـــن جاسم شاتي
Supervisor name: سليم نعيم الخفاجي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Administrative Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: مما لاشك فيه ان استقلال القضاء لن يكون الا من خلال استقلال القضاة انفسهم والعكس صحيح، فاستقلال القضاء واستقلال القضاة امران مرتبطان ببعضهما البعض ولاغنى لاحدهما عن الاخر كما لا يمكن ان ينهض اي منهما بديلا عن الاخر، لذلك فان وجود قضاء اداري مستقل هو ضرورة حتمية لانه يعني وجود ضمانة قوية لسلامة تطبيق القانون في حيدة وموضوعية في مواجهة كل اطراف النزاع، خصوصا الادارة باعتبارها طرف قويا في هذه المنازعات، وهنا يبرز دور القضاء الاداري حيث يعد صاحب الاختصاص الاصيل في المنازعات الادارية. والقضاء الاداري تم انشاءه في العراق بموجب قانون رقم (106) لسنة 1989، قانون التعديل الثاني لقانون مجلس شورى الدولة رقم (65) لسنة1979، حيث استحدث بموجبه لاول مرة قضاء اداري في العراق الى جانب القضاء العادي، اذ انيطه به مهمة النظر في صحة القرارات والاوامر الادارية التي تصدر عن الموظفين والهيئات في الوزارات والجهات غير المرتبطة بوزارة هذا بالاضافة الى وظيفة مجلس الانضباط العام او محكمة قضاء الموظفين في الوقت الحاضر. لذا فالقضاء الاداري يمثل ركيزة اساسية وفعالة في حماية مبدا المشروعية وضمان احترام حقوق الافراد وحرياتهم، الا انه لا ضمان للقيام بهذا الدور الا اذا كان القضاء الاداري مستقلا عن باقي سلطات الدولة، وذلك بوجود نظام اداري ومالي مستقل يكفل له ولاعضائه الضمانات التي تجسد هذا الاستقلال وتحصنه من جميع الوسائل التي يمكن ان تسلط عليه او تستهدف تقويضه او تمنعه من اداء دوره في حماية مبدا المشروعية وضمان احترام حقوق الافراد وحرياتهم ازاء تصرفات الادارة، هذا من جانب ومن جانب اخر ضرورة ان يتمتع القضاء الاداري في العراق باستقلال وظيفي وذلك من خلال بسط ولاية هذا القضاء على كافة المنازعات الادارية واعتباره صاحب الولاية العامة على المنازعات الادارية، ولا يقتصر الامر على ذلك وانما يجب توفير حد ادنى من ضمانات التقاضي امام القضاء الاداري من حيث وجود اجراءات مستقلة للتقاضي امام هذا القضاء. ان دراسة موضوع ( استقلال القضاء الاداري في العراق) يثير العديد من التساؤلات منها كيفية اختيار اعضاء القضاء الاداري في العراق وما هو دور السلطة التنفيذية في ذلك، وماهي الضمانات التي منحها المشرع العراقي في اعيين اعضاء القضاء الاداري، وهل يتمتع هذا القضاء بموازنة مستقلة هذا فضلا عن الحقوق المالية الاخرى وهل يملك هذا القضاء الولاية العامة على كافة المنازعات الادارية، باعتبار ان الانتقاص او المصادرة لحق التقاضي يتعارض ومبدا استقلال القضاء. وتاسيسا على ما تقدم ومن اجل الاحاطة بكافة جوانب هذا الموضوع فقد اثرنا تقسيمه الى ثلاثة فصول تناولنا في الفصل الاول الاستقلال الاداري للقضاء الاداري من حيث اختيار اعضاء القضاء الاداري في مبحث اول وضمانات تنظيم شؤونهم في مبحث ثان. اما الفصل الثاني فقد خصصناه لدراسة الاستقلال المالي للقضاء الاداري وذلك في مبحثين، نبين في الاول منهما الحقوق المالية الاعضاء القضاء الاداري، وناقشنا في المبحث الثاني الموازنة المستقلة للقضاء الاداري ودستورية منحها . والفصل الثالث الذي حمل عنوان الاستقلال الوظيفي للقضاء الاداري فقد تطرقنا من خلاله لتشكيلات القضاء الاداري واختصاصاته في مبحث، واجراءات التقاضي امام هذا القضاء وسبل استقلالها في مبحث ثان. | Undoubtedly that independence of the judiciary and the independence of judges tow thing are linked to each other. it is dispensable on one another no does it promote any of them, a substitute for the other the existence of administrative it is inevitable because, it means there is strong need for a guarantee for the safety of law in a neutral and objective the administrative. And administrative Judicial, was set up in Iraq under law no, (106) for a year (1989) second amendment act the law of the state consultative council No (65), for a year (1979) where it was introduced for the first time under which administrative spend in Iraq, where he was on the validity of decisions and order issued by the pain. So the administrative judicial considered is an essential and effective component in the protection of the principle of legitimacy, so the right and freedoms of individuals. This is part of for the other hand the need for the administrative judicial in Iraq enjoyed functional independence and through the extension of the mandate of the judiciary, on all administrative disputes and considering his general jurisdiction over administrative disputes. Based on the above in order to surround all a aspects of this subject we opted to split it into three section, we dealt with in the first chapter of administrative independence of the administrative judicial, we discuss the selection of members of the elimination administrative and guarantees, the organization of their. The second chapter was dedicated to the study of financial independence for the elimination of administrative in tow section, the first is the rights of financial as for the second it has we discussed through the budget independence of the elimination of administrative. The third chapter where includes title functional independence to eliminate administrative, which is divided by tow section, which included the first formation of the judiciary and administrative competence, and procedures of litigation in front of the judiciary in second

الحماية الجـــزائية لـرئيس الجمهـــورية : دراسة مــقارنة == The Penal protection for the President (Acomparative study) By student Tabark Najim Abd

Author name: تبارك نجــــــــــم عبــــــــــد
Supervisor name: غازي حنون خلف الدراجي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The position of the republic president is one of the most significant positions in the state. The republic president is the sponsor of the independence, land safety, constitution and law, treaties of the state. He is the top official responsible for the application of the constitution and the existence of the state.The constitutional legislations shall contain legal articles ensuring legal protection for those who are in this position. One of these aspects of legal protection is the criminal protection which stands for two essential points. The first point is immunity. The republic state holds judicial immunity while practicing his tasks. In addition, he makes advantage of this kind of immunity even after the finishing of his tasks which he has conducted while he was in the office. The main purpose behind empowering this kind of immunity to the state president is to guarantee the republic president fulfills his tasks free. However, this immunity is not absolute as legislations put exceptions for some dangerous crimes. The second point is the enactment of legal articles condemning offending the republic president and proposing rigid punishment for such criminal behavior if it happens to the republic president in comparison to in ordinary individual. The position of the republic state in Arabic countries (including Iraq) is generally very important and critical. In spite of the change that happened after 2003, the collapse of the regime, the cancellation of 1970 interim constitution and the issuing of 2005 constitution that reduces the powers of the republic president, the person who occupies this position still holds large authorities as he is the president of the state and the protector of constitution. Thus, such position requires special criminal immunity characterizing him from other public officials. The problem statement The problem statement represents answering the following questions : Why most constitutions (including comparative ones) except Lebanese constitution don’t mention the objective or procedural immunity that the presidents of all states enjoy? The constitutional and international convention recognizes the principle of immunity for the presidents of all states, Why the law of judging the republic president designated by article (93/ sixth) of 2005 constitution in effect has not been issued yet?, Why the protection of the republic president is extremely exaggerated in disciplinary laws by tightening up punishment on those who offend the president?, Study plan The current study has been divided into introduction, preface section and two chapters as follows : Preface section entitled (the concept of the republic president) includes the definition of the concept of the republic president and his features, the authorities of the republic president and the period of his office. Chapter one entitled (what is the immunity of the republic president?) is divided into two sections : section one contains the concept of the republic president’s immunity locally; section two contains the concept of the republic president’s immunity internationally.Chapter two entitled (the criminal protection of the republic president) is divided into two sections : section one the protection of the republic president related to his body and life; section two the protection of the republic president related to his honor and status. The study has been ended up with conclusion,contain findings and recommendations

المسؤولية العقدية الناشئة عن الاستعمال غير المشروع لبطاقات الدفع الالكتروني : دراسة مقارنة == THE contractual responsibility arising from the illegal use of electronic payment cards (Comparative study)

Author name: ايناس يوسف داخل الساعدي
Supervisor name: رائد صيوان المالكي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Civil Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تـعـد بـطاقات الــدفـع الالـكتـرونـي احــدى الابــتكارات المـهـمة التـي افـرزها التـطـور التـكنـولـوجـي فــي الـعـصـر الـحـديــث ، حـيــث اصـبحـت مـن اهــم الـوسائـل الـمسـتخدمـة للــدفـع في كافة انحاء العالم ، وهناك توقعات بان تصبح الوسيلة الاولى المستخدمة في الدفع في السنوات القليلة القادمة ، لانها اكثر الوسائل سهولة وامانا في التعامل نظرا لما توفره من مزايا لجميع اطرافها ، الا ان هذا الانتشار الواسع في الاستعمال لم يرافقه التنظيم التشريعي الذي يتناسب مع تلك الاهمية ، حيث يثير استخدام بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني في الدفع الكثير من المشاكل ، فعلى الرغم من ان الجهات العاملة في نطاق بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني عملت على تهيئة وتطوير وسائل الحماية والامان للتعامل بالبطاقات ، الا ان هناك العديد من المخاطر التي يتعرض لها مستخدمي بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني . ازاء هذه المخاطر كان لا بد من تقرير المسؤولية على مرتكبيها ، فيمكن ان تنتج المسؤولية عن الاطراف المتعاملة بالبطاقة على اساس انه يجمع بينها علاقات تعاقدية تحدد لكل طرف حقوقه والتزاماته ، وان اخلال اي طرف بالتزاماته يؤدي الى قيام مسؤوليته العقدية . نظرا لعدم وجود تشريع في العراق ينظم المسؤولية العقدية لاطراف بطاقة الدفع الالكتروني ، لهذا سوف تكون هذه الدراسة مخصصة لبحث هذه المسؤولية من خلال تطبيق القواعد العامة في التشريع المدني والتجاري ، وكذلك نماذج العقود التي يصدرها المصدر ، وايضا التشريعات التي تنظم التعامل الالكتروني بصورة عامة . وسوف يتم بحث هذه المسؤولية من خلال ثلاثة فصول يسبقها تمهيد يتم فيه بيان ماهية بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني وطبيعتها القانونية ، اما الفصل الاول يبحث في المسؤولية العقدية لحامل بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني ، بينما الفصل الثاني يبحث في المسؤولية العقدية لمصدر بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني ، ويكون الفصل الثالث مخصص لمسؤولية التاجر | Electronic payment cards is one of the important innovations spawned technological evolution in the modern era, becoming the most important means of payment throughout the world, and there are expectations by becoming the primary means used to pay in the next few years ; Because they are more easily and more secure means of dealing because they provide advantages to all her limbs, this widespread use has not accompanied by legislative regulation which is commensurate with the importance ، Where e - Credit Cards raises in pay lots of problems, although the actors within electronic payment cards worked on creating and developing means of protection and security to deal with the cards ,but there are many risks to users of electronic payment cards whether from Parties or others card About these risks were to be the responsibility of the perpetrators, it can produce responsible parties collaborating with the card on the basis that the combined contractual relationships determine each party's rights and obligations, and any party breach its obligations lead to contractual responsibility . Due to the lack of legislation in Iraq organizes the nodal responsibility for electronic payment card parties, that this study would be to discuss this responsibility by applying the General rules on Civil and commercial legislation, Also, legislation governing electronic transactions in General. This responsibility will be examined through a preliminary look is what electronic payment cards and legal nature, either the first Chapter looking at nodal responsibility for electronic payment card holder, while the second Chapter examines the nodal responsibility for electronic payment cards source, the third Chapter is dedicated to the responsibility of the trader

الجريمة المرورية في التشريع العراقي : دراسة مقارنة == TRAFFIC CRIME IN THE IRAQI LEGISLATION A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Author name: جعفر عبد الرضا عبد الخالق
Supervisor name: عماد فاضل ركاب المالكي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Traffic crime is one of the crimes that affect people's lives, safety, and properties. The results of such crimes that is; death, injuries, and damage, according to statistics, are more influential than epidemics, in addition to the traffic jam. This study sheds light on the flaws and defects of the applied Iraqi Law of Traffic No. 68, 4002, as to conviction, prevention, and punishment. This research paper is divided into three chapters. The first one deals with its concept, the second deals with symbols of traffic crimes. While, the third one deals with the punishment of the crime, its aggravated circumstances, and its mitigated excuses. One of the results of the first chapter is that the Iraqi legislator does not secure the conditions of getting a driving license; that is, drugs - free test confirmed with medical reports, and age - restricted validity of the license. These conditions are suggested to the Iraqi legislator. The second and the third chapters deal with five crimes as to their sanctions, conditions, and sedative excuses. The study concludes that the Iraqi legislation of sanctions lakes the following : - The Iraqi legislator does not criminate driving with invalid license (clause 1, Section41), yet he renders it as a misdemeanor (clause H - 00), Appendix (A) : that deals with driving law, vehicles, fees of registering vehicles, fines of traffic violation, by stating " driving and registering license cannot be renewed". The study suggested this act is to be dealt with according to (section 41) of the applied Iraqi Law of Traffic, for it is a serious crime equals those included within this section. The Iraqi legislator sets short - term sanction to such misdemeanors. Courts of law apply those sanctions with suspension to save people involved in these crimes from the bad effects, who are mostly teenagers with clean record. Accordingly, criminals get away with it, for there is no proper sanction for such a crime. It is suggested that driving with invalid license should be criminated according to theIraqi law along with a fine that should be alternative to jail, and the judiciary estimates the proper sanction. - As to Drunk Driving or Drug Driving, the Iraqi legislator does not explain the phrase "under the influence of drinks or drugs" which mislead judges, make criminals get away with their crimes, and result in misinterpretation in verdicts. The study suggested altering the phrase (section 44) to mean : "when the driver is caught having drinks or drugs, he is to be criminated pursuant to the law within this section". When a crime is committed for the second time within a year, the Iraqi legislator enacts aggravated sanction. Yet, if the crime is committed for the second time within more than one year, sanction is different. It is suggested that differentiation in forcing sanctions as to committing the crime for the first or second time should be omitted because the motive is present in either case. - In section (40) which deals with harming people or their properties because reckless driving, the Iraqi legislator has not forced the appropriate sanctions. He holds only the driver to be responsible for the crime - without mentioning the pedestrian and passengers - and when he is in the act of driving. So, the indirect doer of the crime is not hold responsible. As to the sanction, the Iraqi legislator states that extreme conditions must be present; that is, stupidity and recklessness, and those are examples of improper legislations which should not be enforced. Also, pursuant to Iraqi law, being a fugitive in such cases is not considered aggravating act, while it is the case when the crime involves causing death. The study suggested altering (section40) in order to eliminate inappropriate sanctions. - In (section 42), the Iraqi legislator has missed forcing the proper sanctions again as it is the case in (section 40). The sanction of this crime is imprisonment, which means : it is considered a felony. When reviewing the verdicts, it is noticed that those legislations are not applied and it is replaced with fine. It means that these sanctions are not proper for the given crime, so it is recommended that prison sanction is replaced with jail. - In (section 48), there are misinterpretation of the Arabic content. The right interpretation of the section 48 is that the Iraqi legislator does not provide the coppers with protection and limits it to police officers in duty. The case is the same in aggravating conditions. The study suggested protection to be provided for both police officers and coppers while in duty or because of executing it.

النظام القانوي للتوثيق الالكتروني : دراسة مقارنة == The Legal System Of Electronic Documentation (Comparative Study)

Author name: اكرم تحسين محمد حسن
Supervisor name: غني ريسان جادر الساعدي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Civil Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The confidence and trusts of the parties of electronic deal are of the utmost priorities shall be founded in the electronic dealings due to the unavailability of the physical presence of the personnel at the time of making the transaction and owing to the availability of the confidence, security and assurance, a system should be found to add legal value to the electronic acts reflecting positively on the dealers or parties of the electronic transactions ; that is, the electronic documentation system.The aim of this study is to identify the legal system of electronic documentation, according to the law of electronic signature and electronic transactions of Iraq no.78 of 2012 through putting definition for electronic documentation showing its legal nature, extent and roles.In addition, this thesis showed the doer of electronic documentation who is neural person shall be got the courtesy from the concerned destinations and also showed the obligations of documentation provider and his responsibilities. This thesis argued the matter of electronic documentation certificate, its conception through defining it, showing statements and data shall be available in and also types of certificates and the validity of electronic documentation certificate through showing its legal value , and recognition with international or foreign documentation certificates, and lastly the rules of electronic documentation through argument to the suspension of electronic documentation certificate and cancellation of certificates and objection against decision of suspension and cancellation.CAll that are under the rules of Iraqi Law in comparing with some Arab national and International laws and legislations in compliance with the performance of the jurisprudent and their trends.If conditions are made available, the electronic documentation is considered the skeleton of the electronic trade and a safety valve to which contractors resort when contracting to ensure the rights of both parties. The electronic documentation is an elective process when contractors desire to give a legal authentication to the electronic act and equate it with the traditional acts.Thus, electronic documentation system is of a paramount importance, if not today, in the near future because of the great role that the electronic trade plays and community's resort to electronic means instead of traditional ones. This would save time, effort, speed and cost which will reflects positively on the electronic documentation and its importance in the legal sphere.Legal documentation is a number of technical procedures conducted by a neutral licensed party, aiming at preventing misuse of the content of electronic act, and without any doubt, attributing it to the right party. These procedures could be achieved by the service provider of the electronic documentation ending up with issuing a certificate of the electronic documentation.

جرائم الشغب : دراسة مقارنة == Crimes of Riot Comparative study

Author name: علي حسن عبد الصاحب
Supervisor name: محمد علي عبد الرضا عفلوك السلمان
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Riot is considered as an uncivilized phenomenon which affects immensely government's capabilities and resources; moreover it threatens the security and safety of society. Also, riot crimes are deemed to be one of the serious social troubles which endangers security and stability of a State, and widely spread out terror and panic among people, especially during the social peace periods.This study tackles the topic of (riot crimes) as riot is considered a phenomenon that has grown in many countries and has become an approach pursued by masses and riot planners. They believe that riot crimes could achieve their goals whether they were political, social of economic.Man is under practicing behaviors under influence of motives which are ones of human behavior characteristics. Motives are defined as powers or internal psychological energies that direct and coordinate behaviors of an individual during the times of responding to attitudes and other influences surrounding him.The traditional riot crimes did not cause serious social effects to this extent, as the case nowadays, and perhaps the modern patterns and methods, or mass ones as well in committing some riot crimes, along with revolution of telecommunications and information and satellite TV channels have made news of such crimes arrive at an extraordinary speed at the door of each house. The lack of data, information and statistics may make such crimes be not sufficiently cared for.Security is considered as one of the State fundamentals, without which a State will not be existed properly where chaos and instability will be dominant. Then, such chaotic situation will affect the State economic, social and political conditions. As it is well - known the main security duty at any society is to protect properties, families, State and society from any manifestation of corruption. This means, as to the State public properties, to make available protection against acts of material and moral sabotage.The study consists of two chapters. The first chapter is devoted to discussing the concept of riot. A definition of the riot and its essence were stated. As to the second chapter, it discusses substantive provisions of the riot offenses. Some samples of crimes, penalty responsibilities of riot crimes, whether it comes from individuals participating in gatherings, demonstrations or penalty responsibility on those calling for such gatherings or demonstrations, are given

فاعلية دورة التقصي الثنائية وانموذج (TASC) في اكساب المفاهيم الفيـزيائية ومهارات حـل المسالة وتنمية عمليات العلم لدى طلاب الصف الرابع العلمي == THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING COUPLED INQUIRY CYCLE AND TASC MODEL IN THE ACQUISITION OF PHYSICAL CONCEPTS, PRONBLEM SOLVING SKILLS AND DEVELOPING SCIENCE PROCESSING AMONG 4TH GRADE STUENTS\SCIENTIFIC BRANCH

Author name: رضا عبد ناصر
Supervisor name: نضال عيسى عبد المظفر
General topic: Educational Sciences
Specific topic: Curriculum and Teaching Methods
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Educational And Psychological Sciences
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: هدف البحث الحالي الكشف عن (فاعلية دورة التقصي الثنائية وانموذج (TASC) في اكساب المفاهيم الفيزيائية ومهارات حل المسالة وتنمية عمليات العلم لدى طلاب الصف الرابع العلمي) وللتحقق من هذا الهدف تم صياغة الفرضيات الصفرية الاتية : 1. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى دلالة (0.05) بين متوسط درجات طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي ستدرس على وفق دورة التقصي الثنائية ومتوسط درجات طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي ستدرس على وفق انموذج (TASC) ومتوسط درجات طلاب المجموعة الضابطة التي ستدرس بالطريقة الاعتيادية في اختبار اكساب المفاهيم الفيزيائية.2. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى دلالة (0.05) بين متوسط درجات طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي ستدرس على وفق دورة التقصي الثنائية ومتوسط درجات طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي ستدرس على وفق انموذج (TASC) ومتوسط درجات طلاب المجموعة الضابطة التي ستدرس بالطريقة الاعتيادية في اختبار مهارات حل المسالة.3. لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى دلالة (0.05) بين متوسط الفروق في درجات الاختبارين القبلي والبعدي لطلاب المجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي ستدرس على وفق دورة التقصي الثنائية وطلاب المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي ستدرس على وفق انموذج (TASC) وطلاب المجموعة الضابطة التي ستدرس بالطريقة الاعتيادية في تنمية عمليات العلم .تحدد مجتمع البحث الحالي بجميع طلاب الرابع العلمي في المدارس الاعدادية والثانوية النهارية الحكومية التابعة الى محافظة القادسية، ومادة الفيزياء للفصول الخمس الاولى من الكتاب المقرر تدريسه للعام الدراسي ( 2016 - 2017 ).استخدم الباحث التصميم التجريبي ذا الضبط الجزئي للمجموعتين التجريبيتين والمجموعة الضابطة ذوات الاختبار القبلي والبعدي ووفقا لهذا التصميم تم اختيار اعدادية الديوانية للبنين لتمثل عينة البحث، وقد بلغت عينة الدراسة (98) طالبا، بواقع (32) طالبا للمجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي ستدرس وفقا لدورة التقصي الثنائية، و(34) طالبا للمجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي ستدرس وفق انموذج (TASC)، و(32) طالبا للمجموعة الضابطة التي ستدرس وفق للطريقة الاعتيادية. كوفئت مجموعات البحث الثلاث في متغيرات : العمر الزمني، ومستوى الذكاء, والتحصيل السابق، المعلومات الفيزيائية السابقة، ومهارات حل المسالة وعمليات العلم. اعد الباحث مستلزمات البحث وهي : تحديد المادة العلمية , صياغة الاهداف السلوكية ، تحديد المفاهيم الفيزيائية، اعداد الخطط التدريسية وتم بناء ثلاث ادوات وهي : 1 - اختبار اكساب المفاهيم الفيزيائية مؤلف من ( 45 ) فقرة موضوعية من نوع الاختيار من متعدد، تم التحقق من صدقه الظاهري وصدق المحتوى، وحسب ثباته باستخدام معادلة ( كودر - ريتشاردسون 20) ، اذ بلغ ( 0.87) ، كذلك تم احتساب معامل الصعوبة والتمييز لفقرات الاختبار وفاعلية البدائل الخاطئة .2 - اختبار عمليات العلم مؤلف من (42) فقرة موضوعية من نوع الاختيار من متعدد، موزعة على (11) عملية من عمليات العلم الاساسية والمتكاملة، تم التحقق من صدقه الظاهري وصدق البناء ، وحسب ثباته باستخدام معادلة ( كودر - ريتشاردسون 20) ، اذ بلغ (0.84) ، كذلك تم احتساب معامل الصعوبة والتمييز لفقرات الاختبار وفاعلية البدائل الخاطئة.3 - اختبار مهارات حل المسالة مؤلف من (45) فقرة مقالية تم التحقق من صدقه الظاهري وصدق البناء، وحسب ثباته باستخدام معادلة الفا - كرونباخ، اذ بلغ (0.82) وتم ايجاد ثبات معامل التصحيح للفقرات المقالية اذ بلغ (0.87)، فضلا عن حساب معامل الصعوبة والتمييز لفقرات الاختبار. طبقت التجربة في الفصل الدراسي الاول من العام الدراسي (2016 - 2017) واستمرت على مدى (12) اسبوعا، وبعد الانتهاء من تدريس المادة المحددة ، تم تطبيق الاختبارات, وعولجت البيانات باستخدام الحقيبة الاحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS - 20 ) وبرنامج (Microsoft excel )، واظهرت النتائج : 1. تفوق المجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي درست وفق لدورة التقصي الثنائية على المجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة الاعتيادية في متغير اكساب المفاهيم الفيزيائية . 2. تفوق المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي درست وفق لانموذج (TASC) على المجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة الاعتيادية في متغير اكساب المفاهيم الفيزيائية .3. عدم وجود فرق دال معنويا بين المجموعتين التجريبية الاولى التي درست وفق لدورة التقصي الثنائية والتجريبية الثانية التي درست وفق لانموذج (TASC) في متغير اكساب المفاهيم الفيزيائية . . 4. تفوق المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي درست وفق انموذج (TASC) على المجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي درست وفق دورة التقصي الثنائية والمجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة الاعتيادية في متغير مهارات حل المسالة. | The current work mainly aims at investigating the effectiveness of coupled inquiry cycle and also the use of TASC model in the acquisition of concepts and skills pertained to physics and problem solving skills as well as developing science processing among the 4th grade students in the scientific branch. To get sure of this goal, a null hypothesis is formed on the basis of the following : 1. There is no significant statistical difference at the level of (0.05) among the average scores of the first experimental group, whom are taught in accordance with the coupled inquiry cycle and those with the an average score in the second experimental group, being taught according to TASC model, and the average of the control group being taught following the usual method in testing the acquisition of physics concepts. 2. There is no significant statistical difference at the level of (0.05) among the average scores of among the first experimental group, being taught following the coupled inquiry cycle and those students with an average score in the second experimental group being taught according to the TASC model, the average of the control group taught following the usual method of teaching in the test problem solving skills. 3. There is no significant statistical difference at the level of (0.05) among the first experimental group's average scores that will be taught according to the coupled inquiry cycle, and those average scores belong to the second experimental group of students being taught in accordance with the TASC model, and the average scores of the control group that will be taught following the usual method of teaching in developing science processes. The samples that this research include are all 4th class students in the scientific branch in the governmental preparatory schools in Diwaniyah province, depending on the first six chapters in the physics book of the academic year of 2016 - 2017. The researcher adopted the experimental design of partial - controlled with two experimental groups and the control group applying the procedure of pre - and post - test. The researcher chooses 98 students randomly from Al - Diwaniya school for the first experimental group being taught according to the coupled inquiry cycle, 34 students as a second experiment group being taught in accordance with the TASC model and 32 students as a control group being taught following the usual method. The equivalence of those three groups are according to age, intelligence level, previous achievement of knowledge, previous knowledge in physics, problem solving skills and sciences processing level. The researcher prepared the requirements of the research as teaching material and behavioral objectives determining the terms belonging to physics and preparing a lesson as well as making three tools exposed in the following points : 1. Test of physical concepts acquisition which is composed of 45 objective terms in form of multiple choice. This test has been verified and has a valid content and a reliable face calculated by using the equation of Kuder - Richardson 20, as it was 0.87, and also calculating the difficulty and discrimination coefficient as well as the effectiveness of wrong alternatives. 2. Test of science operations which consists of 42 objective items of multiple choice, distributed to 11 processes of basic and integrated science processes. This test has a verified face and construction validity, and being reliable by using Kuder - Richardson 20 as it was (0.84) and measuring the difficulty and the discriminating coefficient as well as the effectiveness of wrong alternatives. 3. A test of problem solving skills which comprises 45 essay items. This test has a verified face and a constructed validity and being reliable by using Alpha - Cronbach, reaching (0.82) correction reliability of essay items that was 0.87, as well as difficulty coefficient and discrimination. The experiment was carried out during the first semester of the study year (2016 - 2017) lasting for 12 weeks, after the completion of teaching the specified material. The tests and the data were applied and treat using SPSS - 20 and Microsoft excel. The results showed the following : 1. The first experimental group excelled in these tests, those who studied according to the coupled inquiry cycle surpassing the control group, those who studied the material following the usual method in the learning of physics concepts. 2. The second experimental group excelled in these tests, those who studied the material according to the TASC model surpassing the control group, those followed the usual method in the learning of the physics concepts. 3. There is no significant difference between the first experimental group, who studied the material on the basis of coupled inquiry cycle and the second experimental group, those who followed the TASC model in their study of the physical concepts. 4. The second experimental group showed superiority over the first experimental group and the control group at the level of problem solving skills. 5. There is no significant difference between the first experimental group and the second experimental group at the level of problem solving skills, though the two groups followed different methods of learning. 6. The first experimental group showed superiority over the control group, both followed different methods of leaning, at the level of developing science processes. 7. The second experimental group showed superiority over the control group, both applied dissimilar ways of learning, at the level of developing science processes. 8. There is no significant difference between the first experimental group and the second experimental group at the level of developing science processes. Thus, according to these results, the researcher made the basic findings as conclusions and proposes some suggestions and recommendations for further studies.

دراسة نسيجيه مرضيه لسمية الدايوكسين في ذكور الجرذان المختبرية البيضاء Rattus norvegicus == Histopathological study of dioxin toxicity in male rats Rattus norvegicus

Author name: ياسمين جاسم محمد
Supervisor name: زینب وحيد خضير | صالح كاظم مجید
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Diseases
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In the present study is the toxicological and pathological effects of dioxin on rats behavior (Rattus norvegicus), and the effects of dioxin on weight before and after administration were studied. Thirty two male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used, the animals were divided into four equal groups, each all of which were administered orally : olive oil (1 ml), 50 ng, 100ng and 200 ng per animal of dioxin respectively for 70 days. On estimation of body weight of animals, the results showed significant decrease of animal weight when compared with the control group (P≤ 0.05). At the end of this treatment period, animals of each group were sacrificed after anesthesia using chloroform inhalation. The result showed variable gross changes in some internal organs (liver, kidney and spleen) in treated groups in comparison with the control group. The study included significant changes in the histopathological structure of many organs due to the effect of dioxin ( liver, kidney, spleen, stomach and skin) in comparison with the control group.The liver showed some important changes like degeneration, necrosis of hepatocytes and sever fibrosis of periportal area. In the spleen there is decrease in size of spleen and atrophy of lymphocyte of whit pulp. And in the kidney there are some changes include degeneration of proximal convoluted tubules and glomeruli atrophy.In stomach the important changes was revel include erosion of mucosa of glandular region and hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis of non glandular region.And in the skin appeared some critical changes like atrophy of hair follicles, sebaceous gland and thinning of epidermis.It was concluded that dioxin has a significant toxic effect on laboratory animals (rats), confirmed by its histopathological effects on internal organs and skin of exposed animals.

دراسة لمقارنة مستقبلات للهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند لقناة فالوب بواسطة تقنية المناعة النسيجية الكيميائية في النساء اللائي لديهن حمل خارج الرحم, او عملية استئصال الرحم او ربط القناة == Comparative Study of Gonadotropin - releasing Hormone Receptor in Fallopian Tube by Immunohistochemistry among Women with Ectopic Pregnancy, Hysterectomy and Tubal Ligation

Author name: هالة ناظم كاظم مهدي
Supervisor name: ايمان علي هاشم | سعد عبد الباقي عبد الله
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Anatomy and Histology and Embryos
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف : اجريت هذة الدراسة للمقارنة في مستوى مستقبلات للهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند بواسطة تقنية المناعة النسيجية الكيميائية في قناة فالوب بين النساء اللاتي اجريت لهن عملية ربط الانابيب عند الولادة او الحمل خارج الرحم او عملية استئصال الرحم خلال الطور الافرازي/ اللوتني من دورة الطمث.المرضى والمواد : شملت الدراسة على ثلاثة مجاميع من النساء المريضات. ضمنت المجموعة الاولى على 39 امراة تتراوح اعمارهن بين 15 - 45 سنة لديهن تاريخ سابق للحمل المنتبذ (خارج الرحم) واجريت لهن عملية طارئة. اما المجموعة الثانية ضمت 40 امراه تتراوح اعمارهن بين 25 - 45 سنة اجريت لهن عملية استئصال الرحم الاختياري نتيجة لاسباب نسائية حميدة مختلفة وشملت الاورام الليفية المتعددة ، والعضال الغدي ،او النزيف المهبلي الذي لم يستجب للمعالجة الطبية. هذا بالاضافة الى شمول 40 امراه في اما المجموعة الثالثة فقد شملت 40 امراة تراوحت اعمارهن بين 26 - 45 سنة اللواتي خضعن الى عمليات قيصرية مع ربط القناة (البوق)الثنائي عند اكتمال الحمل. شملت معايير الاقصاء المريضات اللواتي يعانين من امراض الحوض الالتهابية والانتباذ البطاني الرحمي وكذلك اللواتي يستعملن الهرمون المضاهي لهرمون اللوتنة . اجريت هذه الدراسة خلال الفترة من ايلول 2014 وحزيران 2015 في مستشفى الولادة والطفل في البصرة. تمت ازالة قنوات فالوب من المريضات اللواتي اجريت لهن عملية ازالة جراحية لهذه القنوات في المجاميع الثلاث. وقد تم حفظ قنوات فالوب في 10% فورمالين وارسلت الى مختبر الامراض في مستشفى الصدر التعليمي لغرض الفحص النسيجي المرضي (باستعمال طريقة التلوين بالهيماتوكسلين والايوسين ) ولغرض التقصي المناعي النسيجي الكيميائي.النتائج : تبين في الفحص النسيجي المرضي كان هناك العديد من الزغابات المشيماتية الشاحبة في تجويف قناة فالوب. وهناك ايضا طبقات من الارومات الغازية تمتد بشكل حر داخل التجويف . ودل الراسب البني في السايتوبلازم خلايا قناة فالوب على التلوين بواسطة الاضداد الاولية ، ولايوجد تلوين في العينات السالبة باستعمال الفحص المناعي النسيجي الكيميائي . وهناك اختلاف في توزيع وجود مستقبلات للهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند بين النساء ذوات الحمل المنتبذ (58,9%) واللاتي استئصلت ارحامهن (82%) وفي 10% فقط بين النساء اللاتي اجري لهن ربط قناة فالوب عند الولادة وكان ذلك باستعمال تقنية المناعة النسيجية الكيميائيه لكن ذلك كان قريبا من الاعتداد الاحصائي ( الاحتمال =0,069) . بينما كان التوزيع السلبي لمستقبلات الهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند اعلى في النساء اللاتي اجري لهن ربط القناة (90%) مقارنة مع النساء اللاتي لديهن حمل منتبذ (41,1%) او النساء اللاتي اجري لهن استئصال الرحم (18%). ان مستقبل الهرمون المحرر لموجهة القند المتفاعل مناعيا تم تحديده في عينات قناة فالوب من مريضات الحمل المنتبذ في الغشاء المخاطي للقناة فقط (5 من 39) او في الزغابات المشيماتية فقط (6 من39) او في كليهما (13 من 39) ، وكانت الفروقات غير معتدة احصائيا ( الاحتمال اكبر من 0,85).الخلاصة : لقد تبين مما تقدم بان مستقبل الهرمون المحرر لمواجهة القند يملك دور حيوي في بداية الحمل لللاخصاب وغرس الجنين. | Objective : This is a comparative study to detect gonadotropin - releasing hormone receptor expression by immunohistochemical technique in the human fallopian tubes belong to women with ectopic pregnancy, women subjected to tubal ligation at term pregnancy with history of normal pregnancy and hysterectomized women.Patients and Methods : The study involved 3 groups of patients, the first group was involved 39 females ( their ages ranged from 15 - 45 years) with history of ectopic pregnancy who underwent emergency operation, the second group was included 40 (their ages ranged from 25 - 45 years) women who were operated on for elective hysterectomy due to various benign gynecological reasons, like multiple uterine fibroid, adenomyosis and uterine bleeding not responding to medical treatment. The third group was involved 40 women (their ages ranged from 26 - 45 years) subjected to Cesarean section with bilateral tubal ligation at term pregnancy were also included in the study. The exclusion criteria included patients with pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis and luteinizing - hormone - releasing hormone analogue users. The study was carried out during the period from September 2014 till June 2015 at Basra Maternity and Childhood Hospital. Fallopian tubes were removed and collected from all the 3 groups patients. Fallopian tubes were preserved in 10% formalin and were taken to the Pathology Laboratory at Al - Saddar Teaching Hospital for the purpose of conventional histopathology i.e, Hematoxyline eosin staining method and immunohistochemical study for gonadotropin - releasing hormone receptor.Results : Histopathological examination of the tissue of fallopian tube, indicates that there are numerous pale chorionic villi in the lumen of the fallopian tube. A brown precipitate in the cytoplasm of the cells of the fallopian tube indicated positive staining by primary antibody while no staining was detected in negative samples by using immunohistochemical examination. There is a difference in the distribution positive cases of gonadotropin - releasing hormone receptor detection among ectopic pregnant women (58.9%), hysterectomized women (82%) and only (10%) among women with tubal ligation at term pregnancy in the fallopian tube by using immunohistochemical technique but statistically the results is marginally significant (P=0.069). The immunoreactive GnRH receptor was identified in the fallopian tube samples from patients with ectopic pregnancy, in the mucosa of the tube alone (5 out of 39) or in the chorionic villi only (6 out of 39) or both of them the mucosa as well as villi (13 out of 39 ). The differences were statistically insignificant (P>0.85). Conclusion : This study was demonstrating that GnRH which is produced by the human fallopian tube, has a vital role in fertilization, early embryonic development and implantation .

علاقة مستوى فيتامين د والبوتين الدهني ا مع مقاومة الانسولين والعوامل الايضية الاخرى في داء السكري النوع الثاني في محافظة البصرة == Relationship of vitamin D status and lipoprotein(a) levels with insulin resistance and other metabolic markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Basrah

Author name: انوار يونس ابراهيم علي
Supervisor name: عبد القادر عبد الوهاب الشاكر
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Medicine - Department Of Biochemistry
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder , caused persistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action or both.There are several evidence suggest that altered vitamin D and calcium homeostasis may play a role in the development of T2DM and IR .Lipoprotein(a) is a LDL - like particle consisting of Apo A moiety linked to one molecule of ApoB100 . Several studies revealed that Lp(a) may differentially affect in diabetic patient either increase or decrease or no change from normal range . It is not clear whether Lp(a) concentration is related to T2DM or associated with IR .Objectives : The present study was designed to measure vitamin D status and Lp(a) levels among patients with T2DM , to investigate association between serum 25(OH) D levels with IR , lipid profile and some metabolic factors and to demonstrate whether Lp(a) levels are linked to T2 DM. Methods and Materials : The present study included 80 patients with T 2 DM (30 male and 50female) with mean age (50.51± 10.70) year . Weigh, height, BMI were assessed for each participant . Fasting blood samples were collected to measure HbA1c% .Then another part of blood separated to get serum to measure [Vitamin D , Insulin , Lp(a) , FBS , Lipid profile , creatinine , calcium , phosphate] .Insulin resistance , Insulin sensitivity , β - cell function was calculated by homeostatic model assessment ( HOMA - IR) , (HOMA - IS) and (HOMA - %β ) respectively .Results : The result of this study revealed that serum vitamin D among diabetic patients with a mean (19.94 ± 9.59) ng/ml . Frequency of vitamin D deficiency [s.25(OH)D > 20 ng/ml ] was (52.5%) , Only (12.5%) of diabetic patients had normal levels of vitamin D [s.25(OH)D≥ 30 ng /ml] . Thirty five percent of patients with vitamin D insufficiency [s.25(OH)D = 20 - 29.9 ng /ml ] .Vitamin D among diabetic patients of the present study showed an inverse relationship with BMI , HOMA - IR, insulin , HbA1c, TG , VLDL - c, age statistically significant independent , But positive significant independent association with HOMA - IS , HDL - c and statistically significant not independent associated with FBS, HOMA - %β). No significant associated with other biochemical parameters . Regarding to the levels of Lipoprotein (a) levels among diabetic patients found with a mean (7.93± 5.34) mg/dl and no significant association with glycemic profile (FBS,HbA1c, insulin , HOMA - IR, HOMA - IS , HOMA - %β ) or lipid profile .Conclusion : The decline in the level of vitamin D among diabetic subject may affect glucose homeostasis . In addition to that hypovitaminosis D could be rising with increase BMI and obesity among diabetic subjects , BMI is positively associated with insulin resistance . Serum 25(OH)D among diabetic subject is negatively with insulin resistance . Therefore vitamin D deficiency may contribute to onset of IR and development of T2DM. Regarding to Lipoprotein (a) levels among the majority of diabetic patients were within normal range (≤ 30 mg/dl) and it was noted that the Lp(a) levels were not related to IR or T2DM . In addition to that there is no interference between levels of vitamin D and p(a) levels with respect to IR .

دراسة مستوى بعض العوامل المؤكسدة والمضادة للتاكسد في مرضى اللوكيميا وسرطان الثدى == Profile study of some oxidant and antioxidant levels in leukemic and breast cancer patients

Author name: نهاية مناحي العبودي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out to evaluate the oxidant and antioxidant level in cancer patients in Basrah during the period from the first of October 2002 till the end of April of the 2003. A total of 98 patients were investigated, who were admitted to the Basrah General Hospital, Teaching Hospital and Basrah Hospital for Maternity and Pediatric in Basrah City. They were 52 female patients with breast cancer and 46 leukemic patients (24 male and 22 female). In addition 125 sex and age - matched persons without malignancy served as controls. They were 64 persons as control for leukemic patients (32 male and 32 female) and 61 females as control for breast cancer patients. The haematological parameters measured were haemoglobin concentration(Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) value and white blood cell (WBC) count, while the biochemical parameters measured were glutathione (GSH) level, uric acid, malondialdehyde (MDA) and phagocytic activity . The leukemic patients were subclassified into two groups according to their age (30 patients ≤16 years and 16 patients >16 years). The breast cancer patients were subclassified into three groups according to their age (11 females as 25 - 34 years old, 17 females as 35 - 44 years old and 24 females as ≥45 years old). The Hb concentration and PCV value were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in leukemic patients of age group 16 years old ,however, in age group > 16 years old ,the decrease were extremely significant (P<0.001). In breast cancer patients the Hb concentration decreased extremely significantly in all age groups (P<0.001). A highly significant decrease was found in PCV value of age group 35 - 44years old (P<0.01), whereas a significant decrease in 25 - 34 years and  45 years age groups (P<0.05) was observed. The WBC count in leukemic patients showed an increase in WBC count significantly in 16 years old age group (P<0.05) and extremely significant increase in >16 years old age group (P<0.001). In breast cancer the WBC count showed decrease in WBC count significantly in 25 - years old patients (P<0.05), highly significant decrease in 35 - years old patient (P<0.01) and extremely significant decrease in 45 years old patients (P<0.001). There were no significant differenses in Hb concentration, PCV value and WBC count between male and female leukemic patients. The biochemical investigation showed an extremely significant depletion in GSH levels in leukemic and breast cancer patients (P<0.001). The phagocytic activity was extremely significantly decreased in all leukemic patients (P<0.001) and highly significant increase in 25 - 34 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.01), significantly increase in 35 - 44 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.05) and extremely significant increase in  45 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between male and female leukemic patients in phagocytic activity. The MDA level was highly significantly increased in 16 years old leukemic patients (P<0.01) and extremely significant in >16 years old leukemic patients (P<0.001). In breast cancer the MDA level was highly significant increase in all age groups patients (P<0.01). The investigation of uric acid concentration shows extremely significant increase in all leukemic patients (P<0.001) and highly significance increase in 25 - 34 years old and 35 - 44 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.01). Also shows extremely significant increase in 45 years old breast cancer patients (P<0.001). In conclusion, cancer patients suffer a high degree of ROS formation causing considerable oxidative stress which associated with decrease glutathione level and significant degree of lipid peroxidation.

نمط اكسدة الدهنيات ومستوى العوامل المضادة للاكسدة لدى مرضى السكري

Author name: اماني نعمة الرمضان
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Clinical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Medicine
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تم شمول 40 مريضا من مرضى داء البيلة السكري الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين، و60 مريضا من المرضى غير الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين، و94 شخصا من الاصحاء في هذه الدراسة. وقد تم اخذ المعلومات من جميع المشاركين في هذه الدراسة (حسب الملحق المرفق رقم 1). اجريت التحاليل التالية للمجاميع الثلاثية : مستوى جلوكوز الدم، الهيموكلوبين السكري، مستوى فيتامين ج المصلي، نسبة المالدنداي الدهايد، مستوى الكولسترول الكلي، مستوى كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة العالية، مستوى كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة، مستوى كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة جدا، مستوى الشحوم الثلاثية، بالاضافة الى قياس مستوى البروتينات الدهنية الابو - ا ، وكذلك مستوى البروتينات الدهنية الابو - ب. وقد اظهرت الدراسة مايلي : - ان المرضى المصابين بداء البيلة السكري (كلتا المجموعتين، الخاضعين غير الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) كانوا على درجة من السوء فيما يخص السيطرة على تمثيل السكر في الدم عند مقارنتهم بالاشخاص الاصحاء . وذلك يتمثل بالنتائج التالية : ا - قيمة الهيموكلوبين السكري السكري لدى المرضى المصابين بداء البيلة السكري (الخاضعين والغير خاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) كانت (62ر9  22ر2%) ، (1ر9  8ر2%) على التوالي ، بينما كانت النسبة لدى الاشخاص الاصحاء (9ر4  6ر0%) . ب‌ - المؤشر الثاني لسوء السيطرة على هذا المرضى عند الاشخاص المصابين، هو ارتفاع مستوى جلوكوز الدم في كلتا المجموعتين (المرضى الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين والغير خاضعين) عند مقارنتهم بالاشخاص الاصحاء ، حيث كانت النتائج كما يلي : - (3ر218 3ر98 ملغم / 100 مل) و(200 96 ملغم / 100 مل) على التوالي ، بينما كانت نسبة الجلوكوز لدى الاشخاص الاصحاء (6ر90  6ر14 ملغم / 100 مل) * فيما يتعلق بالعوامل المضادة للاكسدة والتي اشتملت الدراسة على قياس احداها (قياس مستوى فيتامين ج المصلي) ، قد لوحظ ما يلي : - - تدني معنوي في مستوى فيتامين ج المصلي لدى الاشخاص المصابين (الخاضعين والغير خاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) فيتامين ج المصلي عند الاشخاص المصابين الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين (40ر1  45ر0 ملغم / 100 مل) ، وعند الاشخاص المصابين الغير خاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين (1ر1  45ر0 ملغم / 100مل) مقارنا بمستوى هذا الفيتامين لدى الاشخاص الاصحاء (4ر1  5ر0 ملغم / 100 مل) . - عند المجاميع الثلاثة المشاركة في هذه الدارسة ، لوحظ ان هنالك ترابط عكسي بين تركيز فيتامين ج المصلي مع كل من : - مستوى المالدناي الديهايد (0.242 = r وp< 0.001) ، الهيموكلوبين السكري (036 r ، p<0.001) ، كدلسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة (r=0.21 ، p<001)، كدلسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة جدا (r = 0.22 ، p<0.001) ، الشحوم الثلاثية (r =0.26 ، p<0.0001 ، الكولسترول الكلي (r = 0.23 ، p<0.001) . * اكسدة الدهينات (والتي تمثلت بقياس مستوى المالدنداي المصلي) قد اظهرت زيادة معنوية لدى الاشخاص المصابين الخاضعين والغير خاضعين للعلاج لدى الاشخاص المصابين الخاضعين والغير خاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين (1ر1  39ر5 مايكرومول / لتر و09ر1  28ر0 مايكرومول/لتر على ، p<0.001) مقارنة بالاشخاص الاصحاء (55ر0  23ر0 مايكرومول / لتر) . - وقد تبين في هذه الدراسة ايضا ان هناك ترابط عكسي بين مستوى المالونداي الديهايد المصلي مع مستوى فيتامين ج المصلي ، وكذلك مع مستوى كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية العالية الكثافة (r=0.24 ، p<0.001) ، (r=0.28 ، p<0.0001) على التوالي ، بينما وجد ان هناك ترابط طردي بين مستوى المالدنداي الديهايد المصلي ونسبة الهيموكلوبين السكري (r=0.54 ، p<0.0001) ، كذلك ترابط طردي مع مستوى الشحوم والبروتينات الدهنية ، مع كل من : - كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة ( r = 0.54 ، p<0.0001) ، كولسترول البروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة جدا ( r =0.44 ، p<0.0001) ، الشحوم الثلاثية (r =0.48 ، p<0.0001 ) ، الكولسترول الكلي (r=0.50 ، p<0.0001) . * في جميع الفئات العمرية للمرضى ، ظهر ارتفاع معنوي في مستوى الكولسترول الكلي ، والبروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة جدا مقارنة بالاصحاء لتلك الفئات العمرية . وقد لوحظ في الفئة العمرية من عمر 25 - 45 سنة (لدى المرضى الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) بان الزيادة في الكولسترول الكلي والبروتينات الدهنية ذات الكثافة الواطئة كانت زيادة غير مهمة معنويا . - مستوى البروتيات الدهنية ذات الكثافة العالية في مصل الدم كان اقل لدى جميع الفئات العمرية للمرضى مقارنة بالاصحاء لتلك الفئات العمرية ، اما في المجموعة العمرية البالغة اقل من 25 سنة (للمرضى الخاضعين للعلاج بالانسولين) كان هذا النقصان مهم معنويا . * وقد اظهرت هذه الدراسة ايضا ، ان مستوى البروتينات الدهنية الابو - ا في مصل الدم وفي جميع الفئات العمرية للمرضى كان اقل معنويا مقارنة بالاصحاء لتلك الفئات العمرية ، بينما كان هناك زيادة حادة في مستوى البروتينات الدهنية الابو - ب المصلي في جميع الفئات العمرية للمرضى مقارنة بالاصحاء . | Fourty patients with insulin dependent (IDDM), 60 with non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 94 apparently healthy control subjects were included in this study. The following parameters were estimated : fasting serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum vitamin C, serum malondialdehyde (MDA), S.cholesterol, HDL - C, LDL - C, VLDL - C, TG, Apo - A, Apo - B. The study has shown that : Diabetic patients (both IDDM and NIDDM) have significant poor metabolic control as compared with control subjects as their a) Hb A1c% was (9.622.22) and (9.12.8) respectively, while in control subjects HbA1c% was (4.90.6). b) FBG was (218.398.3mg/dl) and (20096mg/l) respectively, while in the control subjects FBG was (90.614.6mg%). Regarding the antioxidant status (as measured by estimating serum vitamin C) a low serum vitamin C was observed in both diabetic groups (IDDM and NIDDM) as compared with control group and this result was highly significant. The mean serum vitamin C level in IDDM and NIDDM diabetic patients was (1.040.45mg/dl) (1.100.54mg/dl) respectively in comparison to (1.40.5mg/dl) in the control group. In all individuals studied, there was a significant negative correlation between serum vitamin C and the following parameters, S.MDA (r=0.242, P<0.001), HbA1c (r=0.365, P<0.001), LDL - C (r=0.214, P<0.001), VLDL - C (r=0.228, P<0.001), TG (r=0.265 , P<0.0001), TC (r=0.234, P<0.001). Lipid peroxidation (as measured by estimating serum malondialdehyde) was significantly elevated in diabetic patients both IDDM and NIDDM (1.100.39 mol/L and 1.090.28mol/L respectively, P<0.001) as compared with controls (0.550.23 mol/L). The study has illustrated also a negative correlations between S.MDA level and S.vitamin C level, as well as with HDL - C level (r=0.242, P<0.001), (r=0.285, P<0.0001) respectively. In addition there was a positive correlation between S.MDA level and HbA1c level (r=0.541, P<0.0001), as well as, a positive correlation with serum lipids as follows : LDL - C (r=0.549, P<0.0001), VLDL - C (r=0.449, P<0.0001), TG (r=0.484, P<0.0001), TC (r=0.509, P<0.0001). Serum lipids, TC, LDL - C, TG and VLDL - C levels were significantly increased in diabetic patients in all age group as compared with control - subjects. While in the IDDM at the age group (25 - 45 years), the elevation of serum levels of TC, LDL - C were statistically not significant . Serum HDL - C level was decreased in all age groups of diabetic patients as compared with control subjects. In the age group of <25 years , the decrease in the HDL - C level was statistically significant. In addition, serum Apo - A level was significantly lower among diabetic patients (IDDM and NIDDM) for all age groups compared to the respective age groups in control subjects. While serum Apo - B level was significantly higher among diabetic patients (IDDM and NIDDM) for all age groups compared to the respective age groups in control subjects.

دراسة تاثير طرق الاستخلاص على مكونات الزيوت العطرية لبعض بذور العائلة الخيمية باستخدام تقنية GC - - MS

Author name: رفل عبد الحسين رسن المالكي
Supervisor name: ضياء فالح عبد الله الفكيكي | اسعد رحمان سعيد الحلفي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: In this study, essential oils extracted from Umbelifera family plants (cumin, aniseed, fennel, and caraway) have been extracted by using microwave - assisted water distillation and traditional water distillation (Clevenger method).The results showed that the needed time to extract essential oils from seed by microwave - assisted water distillation was significantly less than Clevenger method. The results also showed that the higher oil yield extracted from cumin, aniseed, fennel, and caraway by microwave - assisted water distillation were 4.8, 1.3,7, 3.4 and 2.8 % respectively, while by using Clevenger method were 4.5, 2.8, 2.3 and 1.3 % respectively. As noticed that higher oil yield was from cumin compare with other studied oils.Physical properties have been studied of extracted oils by microwaveassisted water distillation and Clevenger method. The results revealed that oils extracted by the two methods were dissolved into alcohol and did not dissolve in water. Also, colors of extracted essential oils ranged between yellow to yellowish brown. Caraway oil was yellow gold, cumin was yellowish. In addition, the taste of fennel oil and aniseed was sweet contrary to cumin and caraway oils were bitter. Specific density of all essential oils extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation and Clevenger method in this study ranged from 0.64 - 0.92. Refractive index values of extracted essential oils by Clevenger ranged between 1.48 - 1.55, and 1.49 - 1.55 by microwave - assisted water distillation. In terms ofabsorbency, the better absorbency was at microwave - assisted water distillation and Clevenger method at wave length of 280 nm compare with other oils that appeared better absorbency at wavelength of 250nm. Antioxidant activity has been measured of different concentrations of the four essential oils extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation and Clevenger method. Also, the results showed that antioxidant activity of linoleic acid of essential oils was converging for both methods Antioxidant activity was increased with increasing essential oil concentration, and the concentration of 100% had gave higher value of antioxidant activity of oils extracted from cumin, aniseed, fennel, and caraway by Clevenger reached 60 ، 69،78%respectively, also reached 65, 74, 59, 68% respectively for essential oils extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation . Also, the results showed that antioxidant activity of caraway oil was significantly higher than other essential oils. The abilityof different concentration from the four essential oils extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation and Clevenger method has been studied in the growth inactivation some types of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Staphylococcus aureus where noticed that activity of essential oils was increased with increasing oil concentration and the higher inactivation of oils was at 100% concentration. There is a variation in activity of all essential oils toward Bactria types. Caraway has high inactivated effect compared with other oils in this study and inactivation diameter of oil caraway extracted by Clevenger at concentration of 100% reached 19, 28, 32 mm toward testing Bactria of Staphylococcus aureus، Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosarespectively, while average inactivation of this oil extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation was less compare with Clevenger where reached 30, 25, 16 mm towards cited Bactria types respectively. The results also showed that the identification of activation chemical compounds that is present in the essential oils xtracted by Clevenger and microwave - assisted water distillation using GC - MS technique for acknowledgment its quality, quantity and percentage in the four essential oils as follow : 1. The results of identification of active compounds of essential oil caraway extracted by Clevenger and microwave - assisted water distillation have been demonstrated Carvon compound by high ratio reached 47.12 and 40.5 % for both extraction methods respectively, while compound ratio Anethol and D - Limonene of caraway oil extracted by Clevenger were 16.18 % and 11.67% respectively and by microwave - assisted water distillation were 22.19% and 10.96% respectively.2. The chemical compounds like Alpha - Isopropylbenzyl alcohol, Cumic aldehyde and betapinene extracted from cumin essential oil by Clevenger reached 35.19, 22.60 and 13.26% respectively, while reached 33.77, 21.24 and 13.26% respectively by using microwaveassisted water distillation. On the other hand, the compound of Alpha - Isopropylbenzylalcohol has higher concentration compared with other prevailing compounds in extracted oil by these two methods.3. The results showed that the appearance of chemical compounds in aniseed oil extracted by Clevenger and the higher ratio was registered by Anethol compound reached 75.33% compared with other prevailing compounds, also the appearance of the samecompound with high ratio reached 77.58% in the extracted oil by microwave - assisted water distillation.4. The prevailing compounds in the essential oil of fennel extracted by clevengerwere Anethol , L - Fenchon and Estrago by 72.78, 7.41 and 5.52% respectively, while their ratio reached 67.01, 8.28 and 4.93% respectively by using microwave - assisted water distillation.From these results, the Anethol compound was prevailingcompound in the two extraction methods.

مقارنة عيوشية المعززات الحيوية في منتجات الالبان المحلية ودراسة تاثيرها على بعض المعايير الدموية لفئران التجارب == Compared to the viability of bio - boosters in the local dairy products and the study of its impact on some of the blood standards for mice

Author name: زينب مصدق جعفر الشلاه
Supervisor name: حيدر ابراهيم علي | سرمد غازي الشاوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دور التركيز الملحي والخصائص المعدنية لترب محافظة البصرة في العلاقة بين النسبة المئوية للصوديوم المتبادل ESP ونسبة امتزاز الصوديوم SAR == Role of Saline Concentration and Mineral Properties of Basrah Soils on The Relationship Between Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR).

Author name: علاء حسين علي البدران
Supervisor name: محمد مالك ياسين
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Three laboratory experiments were conducted to study the ionic exchangeable relation for sodium - calcium cations to calculated the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR).1 - First experiment was included to use two standard clay minerals, kaolinite (1 : 1) layers and montmorillonite (2 : 1) layers with solutions of several SARs (2,4,8,24,48 and 96) (m mole L - 1)0.5 at four ionic strength (20,40,80 and 240 ) mmol L - 1. The results showed, increasing ESP with increasing SAR for both clay minerals. The equations (liner, exponential, logarithm, quadratic, power, ,exponential curved, U. S. salinity laboratory and developed ) were used to description the relationship between ESP and SAR by correlation (R2) and the root of mean standard error (rmse). The exponential curve equation ESP= A+ B(D)SAR which (A, B and D) coefficients regression was more capability in prediction of ESP from SAR and it be the nearest to really value ESP comparing with other equations at various ionic strength and for both clay minerals. This equation tended to show the increase of ESP values with increasing ionic strength for kaolinite mineral and raising the constant (A), but not with montmorillonite. Also the results showed high significant differences (p<0.01) for coefficients regression parameters (A, B and D) at ionic strength (40, 80 and 240) mmole L - 1 between two minerals, while the significant was in coefficient (D) in 20 mmole L - 1 only. The Vanslow selectivity coefficient (Kv) gave the best description of the prefence ability of the exchange surfaces to cations Na - Ca exchange comparing with Gapon selectivity coefficient (KG).2 - Second experiment : Twenty seven locations represents Basrah province soils (1 - AL - Fao, 2 - AL - Maamer, 3 - ASSiba, 4 - AL oga, 5 - Naher kouz, 6 - Abo Mughera, 7 - Assibiliat, 8 - Mehalla, 9 - Hammdan, 10 - yousfan, 11 - Mehagran, 12 - Auassyan, 13 - AL - karma, 14 - AL - Hartha, 15 - Adear , 16 and 17 - (Ahwar - Adear) two places from marshes of Adear, 18 - Asharsh, 19 - AL - Qurna, 20 - AL - Hweer, 21 and 22 - (Ahwar AL - Hweer) two places from marshes of AL Hweer, 23 - AL - Mudayna, 24 and 25 - (Ahwar AL - Mudayna) two places from marshes of AL Mudayna , 26 - Azubair, 27 - Saffwan) with depth (0 - 30) cm were selected to study sodium - calcium exchange and measurements ESP and SAR. Generally the results referred to the soils contain the clay minerals montmorillonite, chlorite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite - montmorillonite interstratification and illite - Palygorskite interstratification with the different rates. After testing the previous equations for relationship between ESP and SAR for the soils, we found the exponential cure was a best equations (R2= 0.920), (rmse= 7.740) for describe the ESP - SARI116relationship comparing with others studying equations. The salinity factor had clear role in effect of the measuring ESP from ESP - SAR relationship, but there was no apparent influence for minerals composition, may be because the interaction between clays type, minerals ratio and soil properties. Also (Kv) gave more accuracy in description for surfaces preference of sodium - calcium exchange compared with (KG).3 - Third experiment : Five types of soils were selected from prior locations in second experiment, which are different in SAR, ESP , EC and other properties (1 - AL - Fao, 8 - Mihalla, 16 - Ahwar Ader first location ,22 - Ahwar AL - Hweer second location, 23 - AL Mudayna) were placed in plastic column to 30 cm depth and 10 cm diameter. Four irrigation water salinity of (1,4,8 and12)ds m - 1 were irrigated to field capacity for ten times. After drying the columns were divided to two parts, 0 - 15 and 15 - 30 cm, then the prior equation were as 1st and 2nd experiments. The results showed that superiority equation of exponential curved compared with other equations in ESP from SAR (R2=0.94) and (rmse=14.379). The study showed to potentiality of alteration the soils to sodic salinity soils with raising of salt concentrations as result from irrigation with high water salinity. Also the soil Colloids surfaces showed more sodium preference comparing with calcium through the selectivity coefficient (Kv) in particular with irrigation water salinity increasing except the hoor. Adear soil of first location for two depths which showed its surfaces more calcium preference compared with sodium (Kv<1) in spite of soil salinity increasing.

استجابة نمو وحاصل هجينين هي الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L لمنظم النمو Atonik == RESPONSE GROWTH AND YIELD TWO HYBRIDS OF MAIZE (ZEA MAIZE L.) TO GROWTH REGULATOR ATONIK

Author name: علاء قاسم مزبان
Supervisor name: هيثم عبد السلام علي | كاظن حسن هذيلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment was conducted during the autumn season of 2015 in Silty clay lome soil, in a field in al - Mijar al - kabeer (40 km south of the Amarah city) to study the effect of the concentration and application methods of growth regulator Atonik on growth and yield of two hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.). A split - split plots design was used in randomized completely block design with three replications.Study involved three concentration of Atonik 0 , 2.5 ml and 5 ml which were given the following symbols (A0, A1 and A2) and three application methods (soaking seeds before planting for five hours, spray once a month after planting and spray two times after one and two months after sowing), Which were given the symbols M1, M2 and M3 and two hybrids of maize (Vito Spanish and French Abacaro), which were given symbol V1 and V2 .The results showed that the concentration A1 differed significantly and gave thehighest charcters for Plant height, number of grain in ear, 300 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, total chlorophyll content, percentage of protein, and protein yield, which amounted 184.06 cm, 469.68 grain, 61.34 gm , 6.49 tons h - 1, 17.79 tons h - 1, 36.59 %, 40.26 SPAD, 12.34 % , 0.81 tons h - 1 respectively. With an increase of 11.88 % , 14.48 %, 17.13 %, 31.11 %, 24.84 %, 5.14 %, 34.20 %, 9.98 %, 44.64 % respectively compared with control (A0). The A2 treatment gave the highest field emergence % anddays from planting to 50 % anthesis and silking, stalk diameter and leaf area, which were (88.38 % ,56.17 days, 61.67 days, 2.51 cm and 5027 cm2), respectively.Resulted also showed that the application method (M3) lead to increase both the number of grain in ear (464.53 grain), 300 grain weight (61.60 gm), grain yield (6.44 ton h - 1), biological yield (17.83 ton h - 1), total chlorophyll content (38.38 SPAD), percentage of protein (12.30 %) and protein yield (0.80 ton h - 1).While overtook application method M2 in leaf area 5023 cm days from planting to 50 % anthesis and silking 57.06 and 62.28 days respectively. Whereas M1 method gave the highest stalk diameter of 2.32cm. Also the results showed that the hybrid V2 differed significantly compared with V1 and gave the highest grain yield (6.17 ton h - 1), and the highest percentage of protein (12.22 %). While hybrid V1 was overcome in field emergence % , days from planting to 50 % anthesis and silking and stalk diameter. The results obtained showed that there was significant interaction between A and M for some growth traits and grain yield in which ( A1 x M3) gave highest Plant height (191.63 cm), number of grain in ear (497.82 grain), 300 grain weight (67.56 gm), grain yield (7.31 ton h - 1), percentage of protein 13.22%, and protein yield (0.97 ton h - 1). Also (A2 x M2) interaction treatment gave the highest values in days from planting to 50 % anthesis and silking (55.00 days, 60.50 days respectively) and leaf area (5585 cm - 2). Whilst (A2 xM1) interaction treatment gave the highest stalk diameter (2.78 cm). The interaction between the A and V treatment recorded a (A1 x V2) more number grain in ear (497.97 grain), protein yield (0.91 ton h - 1).While (A2 x V1) treatment was confined on some growth traits only. Also was the interaction between V and M recorded a significant effect in plant height, stalk diameter, number of grains in ear. The (A2 × M2 × V2) interaction treatment gave the highest leaf area of 5878 cm2. While (A1 × M3 × V2) interaction treatmentgave the highest biological yield of 21.36 ton h - 1, and total chlorophyll content of 49.90 SPAD. recorded a the treatment (A2 × M3 × V2) harvest index (39.97 %) .

د راسة بيئية مقارنة لنوعين من اللافقريات البرنقيل Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854) والدودة الحلقية Namalycastis indica (Southern, 1921) في محطتين في شط العرب == Comparative ecological study of two species of invertebrates Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854)and Namalycastis indica (Southern, 1921) in two stations of Shatt Al - Arab River

Author name: نور سعد احمد الحمادي
Supervisor name: انتصار نعيم سلطان | جاسم محسن عبد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present research aimed to study two invertebrate speciesAmphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854) and Namalycastis indica(Southern, 1921) in two stations along Shatt Al - Arab River in Basrahprovince, southern Iraq. Two stations were selected for this purpose,these two stations were affected by the tidal phenomenon, namely Abu - Alkhaseeb and Karmat Ali.The samples were collected monthly for the period from October 2015 - September 2016. Environmental factors represented by the temperature(air and water), salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen and biological oxygendemand, calcium and nitrates as well as knowledge of soil tissues weremeasured. Samples of the animals were collected by five replicates inAbu - Alkhaseeb station and four replicates in the Karmat Ali station, thenisolated and washed with running water and preserved in numbered plastic bags and were classified based on the taxonomic keys. The total densities of the two animals were detected in addition to the density in the vertical distribution. The statistical evidence was used to find out the differences in the density. Population sizes of the two animals were study and divided into volumetric categories, the process of separating generations was conducted by using probability graph paper to get the true age of the animal as well as study for each class to learn biomass and secondary production.The results of the environmental factors showed that the ranges of parameters as following : air temperature 13.5 - 41.4 °C and water temperature 11.8 - 34.9° at Abu Al - Khaseeb station; air temperature 11.3 - 45 °C, water temperature 10 - 37 °C at Karma Station, pH 6.9 - 8.8 at Abu Al - Khaseeb station and 7.14 - 8.5 at Karma station, salinity 4.22 - 6.6 ppt at Abu Al - Khaseeb station and in Karma station 5 - 7.1 ppt. For dissolved oxygen 6.2 - 11.1 mg/L at Abu Al - Khaseeb station and at Karma station 6 - 12.4 mg/L, biological oxygen demand 1.58 - 4.02 mg/L at Abu Al - Khaseeb station and 2.04 - 5.88 mg/L at Karma station, calcium concentration at Abu Al - Khaseeb station was 160 - 175 mg/L and Karma station 160 - 190 mg/L, nitrate concentration 13.9 - 15.6 mg/L, 14.2 - 17 mg/L at Abu Al - Khaseeb and Karma stations respectively. And tissues of soil were silty clay Abu Al - Khaseeb station and loamy clay in Karma Ali station.The monthly density of each animal was calculated at each station. For barnacle the highest percentage was 2740 individuals/m2 recorded in April 2016 at Abu Al - Khaseeb, the highest percentage in the Karma station was 890 individuals/m2 recorded in October 2015, and for worms was an average of 70 individuals/m2 and 184 individuals/m2 recorded in October and November at Abu Al - Khaseeb and Karma stations respectively. The structure of population sizes was also studied to determine the changes in the population. To illustrate this, it was divided into six categories of barnacle and seven categories of worms.The study examined the of length - weight relationships (dry, ash and organic matter) and to study the total biomass content and the volume groups of each generation of the two populations by multiplying the density of individual/m2 for each generation by dry weight, ash and organic matter. Abu Al - Khaseeb had H generation 7.27 g/m2 dry weight, 5.30 g/m2 for ash weight and 1.63 g/m2 for organic matter, H generation in Karma was the highest mass of 2.338 g/m2 for dry weight and 1.694 g/m2 for ash weight and 0.527 g/m2 for organic matter.The monthly biomass B g/m2 was calculated from adding of the biomasses for each generation and the average (B) of the biomass was derived from divided the sum of the biomass for the months of the year on total sampling month. Total annual secondary production was calculated for each generation of population groups in terms of dry weight, ash and organic matter using the method which summarized in the calculation of density average multiplied by the difference in weight.The highest value of barnacle at Abu Al - Khaseeb was 14.5367 g/m2 for ash weight and 4.536 g/m2 for organic matter, for worms were 2.228 g/m2 for ash and 2.8397 g/m2. In the Karmat Ali, the barnacle had 5.800 g/m2 of ash and 1.0794 g/m2 of organic matter, the worms had 7.583 g/m2 for ash and 9.2845 g/m2 for organic matter.The rate of growth of the two animals was detected by finding the average length of each generation of the population groups per month for each animal. In order to achieve a curate result on the age of the animal in the field and the calculation of its productivity it was necessary to conduct the process of separation of the generations of the population group and therefore used the Probability graph paper method, thepopulation of both studied animals is polymodel.

الدورة التكاثرية للروبيان النهري الشرقي Macrobrachium nipponenseو (De Haan, 1849 [In De Haan, 1833 - 1850]) ارتباطها ببعض العوامل البيئية في نهر المسحب جنوب شرق هور الحمار، البصرة، العراق == Reproductive cycle of Oriental River Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan, 1849 [ In De Haan, 1833 - 1850]) and its correlation with environmental factors in Al - Masshab River, Southern East of Al - Hammar Marsh, Basrah, Iraq

Author name: اشواق طالب عباس
Supervisor name: عبد الحسین حاتم غازي | عبد الحسین حاتم غازي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study, investigated the reproductive cycle of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense during period from December 2015 to November 2016 at Al - Masshab River, Southern of East Al - Hammar Marsh/ Basrah. The water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolve oxygen and turbidity were recorded, the maximum average for water temperature was 28 ºC recorded in July, while the minimum was 12 ºC in January. Water salinity was fluctuation between 0.8 - 2 ppt. in April and November respectively. pH values ware recorded between 7 - 7.6 during all study months. The minimum of oxygen concentration was 5.5 mg/ L in July and the maximum 8.29 mg/ L in the December. Also there are some changes in turbidity of water, the lower was 15.3 NTU in February and the highest was 40.1 NTU in the April. The results of length groups showed, occurrence of group between 44 - 35 mm for females and between 54 - 36 mm for males. The minimum length for females was 48.3 mm in November, and for males was 52.1 mm in November. While themaximum length for females and males were 69.1 mm and 74.7 mm in September and August respectively. The minimum average of weight was recorded in the November for females and males ( 1.6 and 2.0 ) gm respectively, while the maximum average was 4.3 gm for females in September and 4.5 gm for males in August. The total carapace length for females between ( 19.3 - 32.5 ) mm in November and September respectively , and for males was between 21.0 - 31.6 mm for the same period. Length - weight parameters (a and b) of the equation : W = aLb were estimated for M. nipponense , positive correlation ( r= 0.67) for females and ( r= 0.90 ) for males, while the relationship between carapace length and total length were (r = 74) for females and (r = 0.85) for males. Additional to relationship between carapace length and body weight were (r= 62) for females and (r = 0.75) for males. The highest Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) was 10.6 recorded in September, and the lower was 2.7 recorded in July. In this study we observed two peaks for reproductive, the first in Jun. and second in the August. The best percentage for ovigorous was recorded in August 98.7 % whereas, percentage of the non ovigorous in this month was 1.3 % .The condition factor for females was changed between 1.1 during November and 2.10 during September. While for males was between 1.3 to 2.9 during November and August respectively. The seasonal variations in the sex ratio of prawn was different according reproductive cycle, and there was more females than males during reproductive period. The minimum was 1 : 0.17 ( male / female) in February and the maximum percentage was 1 : 9.00 ( male / female) in the Jun. The overall fecundity of 307 ovigorous female of M. nipponense was calculated, the Absolute fecundity ranged from (799 - 2047) egg/ individual, while the relative fecundity between (208 - 578) egg/ gm. The correlations of fecundity with total length and fecundity with body weight were positive for both, it were r= 94 and r= 0.90 respectively. Additional, the eggs had been classified into four stages, based on the external morphological characters such as colour ,size and histological. Egg dimensions varied between 675 + 28 to 763 + 31 μm.

دور استحلاب المشتقات النفطية في بعض خصائص التربة الفيزيائية وكفاءة استعمال المياه لمحصول الذرة الصفراء Zea mays. L == Role of oil derivative Emulsification on some soil physical properties and water used efficiency of maize crop (Zea mays, L.)

Author name: يحيى جهاد شبيب
Supervisor name: علي حمضي ذياب المالكي | داخل راضي نديوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water - Soil Physics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was conducted in Agriculture College farm / Basra University - Karmat Ali location, on alluvial silty clay soil (typic Torrifluvent) during autumnal season / 2014, to study the effect of three factors : the first factors; oil conditioners deliver type with three types ( fuel oil(FO), spent lubricated oil(SLO) and Bitumen(B) emulsion); the second factor : the level of addition within four levels (0 ,0.1,0.3 and 0.5% w/w to dry soil weight); and third factor, emulsification factor with two treatments(1st treatment, mixture of oil conditioner and water without emulsification process, and 2nd treatment the mixture of oil with water emulsification by addition artificial anionic emulsified agent (surfactant) with concentration 7 Mmol ,by using enough water quantity equal to soil saturation. Mechanical mixer was used to mixing and emulsification processes and to controlling the quantities of water, oil conditioner and surfactant by using accurate feeders and adjusted valve to suit required amount of each materials. The resultant mixture or emulsion is added to experimental units (plot with distance 10*2 m) by using a plastic pipe under pump pressure, the studied factors were combined in factorial experiment by using Randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replicates After the factorial completions were done soils in all plots were allowed to dissicated in order to evaporate most water from the mixture emulsion, then soil samples are collected from 0 - 20 ,20 - 40 cm depth to measure the quantities and penetration of oil compounds in soil profile.After that, the experimental units are planted with Corn seeds (zea mays) by paralled rows, Irrigation was doing periodically to compensate water content deficit to field capacity content with 20% leaching requirements.Also, Soil samples were collected at 0 - 20 cm and 20 - 40 cm depths at the beginning and end of growth season to measure bulk density, mean weight diameter (MWD). Also, some samples were collected at same depths after 48 hours of irrigation and prior to next irrigation in order to measure moisture content and saline distribution at the end of growth season, infiltration rate, soil moisture characteristic curve, frontal water movement of horizontal wetting advance and reduction in the ression of water from the soil surface. Moreover, the parameters of plant growth including plant length, dry weight, Corncobs weight and weight of 300 seeds of corn yield. The results reached can be summarized as follows : 1 - Addition of emulsion conditioners leads to the increase of penetration and distribution of oil compounds in soil depth compared with non - emulsionBconditioner, FO and SLO have greater impact in comparison with Bitumen Emulsion.2 - Mean weight diameter (MWD), and soil moisture content significantly increase wherever bulk density decreased due to the use of oil conditioners. That improvement is directly proportional with the level of conditioners up to 0.3%, with significant superiority for FO and SLO over the Bitumen .The emulsification oil by added emulsified agent has significant impact to improvement these soil physical properties comparison with non - emulsification oil treatment.3 - Results show a significant decrease of salt content with increasing the addition of oil conditioner up to 0.3%, with significant superiority of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion, with chiefly superiority emulsified conditioner over the non - emulsified conditioner.4 - Infiltration and infiltration rate increased in emulsified conditioners over non - emulsified conditioners depending on the variation of oil conditioner type, with prevalence of 0.3% level following by 0.5 %, Then 0.1% level. Highest values are achieved in FO and SLO comparison with the Bitumen Emulsion.5 - The results of soil moisture characteristic curve show the highest available water extracted from soil treated with oil conditioners emulsion under low tension, and this impact is significantly proportional with the increase of addition level from 0.1 - 0.5%, with significant superiority of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion6 - Emulsification of oil conditioners leads to increase the frontal water movement of horizontal wetting advance and reduction in the recession of water from the soil surface, and this impact is significantly proportional with the increase of addition level up to 0.3% limit with significant superiority of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion.7 - Results show significant increase of irrigation efficiency and water use efficiency for emulsified oil conditioners in comparison of non - emulsified conditioners. These efficiencies increases with addition level increase up to 0.3%, with significant exceedance of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion.8 - There is demonstrated significant increase of plants height, dry matter, Corn cobs weight and weight 300 seeds of Corn cobs for emulsified conditioners over non - emulsified conditioners, This effect is directly increase with increase of addition level up to 0.3 % , with a clear prevalence of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion.

تاثير مستويات النتروجين بواسطة منظومة الري بالتنقيط السطحي وتحت السطحي في حركة الامونيوم والنترات ونمو وانتاجية الطماطم Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. في تربة صحراوية == Influence of Nitrogen Levels Fertilizer Applied Through Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation on ? And + Movement in Soil, Growth and Yield of Tomato Plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Grown in Desert Soil.

Author name: يحيى هلال منسي
Supervisor name: عبد المهدي صالح حسين الانصاري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was carried out in Al - Berijessia district at Al - Zubair region, Government Basrah, south of Iraq, during growing season of 2013 - 2014. The objective of the study was to reveal the influence of N - Fertilizer applied through the drip irrigation system on 3− and ????????4+ vertical and horizontal movement in soil, N, P and K concentration in leaves, N uptake, and recovery in addition to total yield of tomato plants grown in sandy loam soil. Nitrogen as urea was applied at rate of 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha - 1 through surface and subsurface fertigation in six doses and started two weeks after transplanting. This was done along with phosphorus (100 kg ha - 1) as super phosphate and potassium (250 kg ha - 1) as potassium sulphate. All fertilizers were injected into irrigation water. Soil samples were collected from belw the drippers of depth 15 cm down 45 cm along with radical line originating at the dripper at distance of 15 cm up to 45 cm. Samples of soil and leaves of plants were collected at four growth stages (i.e. flowering, setting of fruit, maturity of first fruit and full maturity stage). ????????3− and ????????4+ concentration in soil collected samples were determined. Leaves samples were oven - dried at 70 C, grounded then N, P, K concentration were determined. Total dry weight of plant was obtained by harvesting whole plant and dried at 70 C. Nitrogen uptake and N recovery were calculated. Early and final yield were recorded. Results of the study showed : 1. ????????4+ and ????????3− concentration in soil increased significantly as N rate increased from 0 to 400 kg N ha - 1 , however ????????4+ concentration decreased, but ????????3− concentration increased as samples depth and vertical distance increased from 0 to 45 cm at both application method. Concentrations of ????????4+ and ????????3− in soil samples of sub - surface fertigation were higher than those of surface fertigation.2. N, P, &K - concentration, N - uptake, and total dry weight increased significantly as N rate increased at both application methods. However, values of plants fertigated through subsurface fertigation were higher than those fertigated through surface fertigation.3. Application of N fertilizer significantly increased early and total yield at both fertigation methods. However, yield of plants fertigated with subsurface system were (as average) higher than those irrigated with surface system. Maximum early and total yield was achieved at 100 & 300 kg N ha - 1 and were 19.39 ton h - 1 and 58.18 ton h - 1 respectively at subsurface fertigation

تاثير نظام الزراعة واضافة السماد Moench النتروجيني في نمو وحاصل محصولي الذرة البيضاء .Vigna radiata L والماش (.L) Sorghum bicolor == Effect of planting system and Nitrogen fertilizer application on growth and yield of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench) and Mungbean (Vigna radiate L.)

Author name: ياسين محسن غضيب البهادلي
Supervisor name: علي فرهود ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment executed during 2015 season in farmers' fields in the AL - Maymonh district southwest of Missan province ( about 30 km from city center) in Silty loam soil. The objective of the study was to know the effect of intercropping system and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of Sorghum and Mungbean, The experiment executed in split - plot in (R.C.B.D) design with three replicates, main plot were include nitrogen fertilizer with four levels (F1=50 , F2=100, F3= 150, F4=200) Kg N ha - 1. While sub plot were include three planting systems (Sorghum only= S1, Mungbean only=S2, one line of Sorghum + one line of Mungbean= S3). Variety kafer of Sorghum and local variety of Mungbean was used. The experiment include 36 experimental units, area of each units (3and studying the following characteristics : Plant height(cm),the number of leaves ,leaf area(cm2),leaf area index for two crops, number of grain in panicle and 1000 grain weight(gm) of sorghum ,number of pod.plant - 1, number of seed.pod - 1 and 1000 seed weight (gm) of Mungbean ,biological yield (t ha - 1) ,total economic yield (t ha - 1),harvest index (%) ,protein percentage (%) for two crops. Results were analyses statistically and mean compared with LSD test, the result of the study showed the following : 1 - Single plant pattern caused significant increasing on plant height of Sorghum and Mungbean, number of leaves; leaf area; leaf area index; number of grain in panicle;number of pod in plant; number of seed in pod; weight of 1000 grain or seed for Sorghum and Mungbean; biological yield of Mungbean; seed yield of Mungbean 1.79 t ha - 1; highest protein percentage of Mungbean. Single planting pattern non - significant in Sorghum biological yield; harvest index of Mungbean. Intercropping pattern caused significant increase in protein percentage of Sorghum and non - significant increase grain yield of Sorghum that gave 4.58 t ha - 1 compared with single plant pattern that gave 4.57 t ha - 1.2 - Increasing N rate increased almost studied characteristics , level of 200 kg N ha - 1 gave highest average of plant height of Sorghum and Mungbean; number of Sorghum leaves; leaf area , leaf area index, biological yield of Sorghum and Mungbean; number of grain in panicle; number of seed in pod; number of pod in plant; highest grain yield of Sorghum 6.50 tha - 1; highest seed yield of Mungbean 2.60 th - 1 and highest harvest index for Sorghum and Mungbean, Application 150 kg N ha - 1 significantly increased protein percentage and gave highest average of Sorghum and Mungbean Application nitrogen fertilizer non - significant on, number of leaves of Mungbean and weight 1000 grain seed for two crops.3 - Results also showed a significant Interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and intercropping pattern ,the highest leaf area; leaf area index; number of seed in pod and biological yield of Mungbean, obtained at treatment (F4*S2),. Intercropping of Sorghum and Mungbean (1 : 1) with nitrogen 200 kg N ha - 1 gave 6.56 t ha - 1 grain yield of Sorghum .The interaction between two planting system non - significant on almost characteristics that mean both two system gave nearly results by effected addition nitrogen fertilizer

دراسة بيئية لحشرة البعوض Culex quinquefasciatusفي محافظة البصرة وامكانية مكافحتها احيائيا وكيميائيا == Study of Environmental of Culex quinquefasciuts and the possibility of biologically and chemically controlled

Author name: وئام صباح تركي
Supervisor name: اياد عبد الوهاب عبد القادر | ليلى عبد الرحمن بيان
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aimed to a field survey of the insect mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus and study environmentally and control by isolating and diagnosing fungi associated with mosquitoes and The effect of sporoes suspense for isolated fungi on the larvae, and the use of bacteria B. thuringiensis in larval control in addition to the diagnosis of some predators with the larvae of the C. quinquefasciatus and calculate density and evaluate their efficiency against predatory larval phases of mosquitoes. As it has been the use of two types of pesticides that goes back to a group of Neonicotinoids Actara and Quickbayt . The results of the study of the field survey the spread of the insect in most of the province of Basra areas as record city center the highest density of mosquito larvae during the months of April and October amounting to 96.00 and 87.66 larvae / half liter of water, respectively, followed by the Shatt al - Arab area which recorded 89.00 and 88.00 larvae / pint water during the months of April and October, while Zubair recorded the lowest ratio of the density of larvae were 4.66 and 8.33 larva / half liter of water for two months. Where the insect has been present in different aquatic sites (water, sewer, water darker pools, Water drainage, wasted tap water) and record heavy sewage highest density in the presence of mosquito larvae. The results of the study showed that the insect C. quinquefasciatus present in most months of the year except August and January, and recorded her two climaxes peak spring (April and May) and autumn peak (October and November. The results also showed that the increase in killing thelarvae grow directly proportional to the increase commentator bacteria B. thuringiensis concentration as the ratio was at 85.00 and 48.33 for the two phases the second and fourth, respectively, when using focus commentator 910 × 3 spore / ml The lowest ratio was killed was at the focus 710 × 3 amounting to 58.34 and 33.34% for the two phases the second and fourth, respectively. The results also showed a non effect of pesticide Quick on the growth of bacteria while he found little effect of the Actara on the growth of bacteria. There are some predators also recorded along the months the year, such as predator Dineutes aereus and Cybister tripuncututus while the presence of the animal crustal Mycrocylops albidus record seasonally in spring and autumn and the results showed efficiency experience predatory predators mentioned above eccentric different larval insect mosquitoes increase in the rate of depreciation against instar first The second fell rate of depreciation against the larval delayed reconstruction (third and fourth). The results showed superiority of the pesticide Quickbayt for pesticide Actara in the proportion of killing the larvae of the second stage and fourth Mosquito as commensurate proportion of directly proportional murder with the increase of the pesticide and type of focus, as the percentage of murders in the pesticide Quickbayt focus 1 g / l to 100% of the two phases the second and fourth, respectively, and decreased the proportion of murders to reach the emphasis 0.25 g / liter 88.34 and 73.34% on the second and fourth phases respectively. while pesticide record Actara highest killed in a concentration 1 g / liter, amounting to 100 and 81.67% on the phases second and fourth in a row and scored concentration of 0.25 g / liter less proportion73.34 and 51.66% for the first larval phases was the second in a row. The integrated control results also showed that the treatment of the pesticide Quickbayt with bacteria Bti gave the highest percentage of killing larvae second phase and the fourth, reaching 93.89 and 77.22%, respectively, while came after the treatment of the pesticide Actara with bacteria Bti where the percentage of murders 77.78 and 60.00% on the second and fourth phases Respectively .

تاثير احلال الشعير المحسن باستخدام التخمير بسائل الكرش واضافة الانزيمات محل الذرة الصفراء في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والكيكروبية لفروج اللحم == The effect of bringing improved barley by fermentation rumen fluid and adding enzymes replace maize in some productive traits , physiological and microbial for broiler chickens

Author name: وليد هيلان سعدون راضي الموسوي
Supervisor name: عبد الله عبد المنعم محمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study included two experiments, The labrotary experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of fermented barley with rumen liquor (10 , 20 ml / kg barley) at different inclusion periods (7 ,14 and 21 days) . The results of chemical analysis to crud protein , fat and ash percentage for fermented barley showed increased, and fiber percentage decreased on 10 and 20 ml rumen liquor at 14 days fermented period . The second experiment was included the effect of addition fermented barley by 20 ml rumen liquor for 14 days . A total of 360 unsexed one day old chicks were randomly distributed to eight treatments in three replicated ( 15 chicks/ replicate) . During the experimental period 35 days two diets were fed starter and grower .The treatments as follow : 1 - First treatment of control included 50% maize .2 - Second treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 25%. 3 - Three Treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 50%.4 - Fourth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 75%.5 - Fifth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 100%.6 - Sixth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 25%+1 g enzymes/ kg feed7 - Seventh treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 50% + 1 g enzymes/ kg feed .8 - Eighth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 75%+ 1 g enzymes/ kg feed.The results of this studies indicated that : 1. A significant increase(P <0.05) of mean body weights and body weight gains in T2 as compared with the control treatment while T3 and T4 showed non significant differences as compared with control .2. A significant increase(P <0.05) of accumulative feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency of T5 and T8 but T2 and T3 were given a least significant differences compared with control.3. Non significant increase(P <0.05) of dressing percentage for T2 , T3 and T4 as compared with control treatment . b 4. Treatments T2,T3 , T4 and T5 showed a significant differences (P <0.05) in relative weight of gizzard and cecum compared with enzymes treatments.5. A significant differences of hemoglobin of all treatments as compared with control , while glucose levels were significantly(P <0.05) increased in control and treatments treated with rumen fuid compared with enzyme treatments . but T1 and T2 showed highly significant (P <0.05) in cholesterol levels as compared with others .6. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in logartmic numbers of total bacteria, lactobacillus and bacteria degrading cellulose in rumen fuid treatments as compared with others.7. T2 , T3 ,T4 showed significant differences (P <0.05) in intestinal length as compared with others, while T3,T4,T5,T6,T7 and T8 showed a significant (P <0.05) increase passage rate compared with T1 and T2 .8. T2 and T3 recorded less significantly differences (P <0.05) in viscosity intestinal contain as compared with other treatments . 9. Treatments treated by barley fermented with rumen fuid showed a highly significant (P <0.05) in tibia length , tibia ash percentage , tibia calcium and phosphorus contains as compared with control and treatment treated with enzymes .10. A significant differences (P <0.05) in villus length and the ratio between the length and depth in all treatments as compared with control .11. No significant differences in all treatments as compared with control in the carcass quality .12. The economical benefits of the study fed barley fermented rumen fuid T2,T3,T4 and control showed significant differences (P <0.05) in production index and production coefficient as compared with enzymes treatments.

فصل دهون صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام المحلي ودراسة محتواها الكيميائي وتاثير الخزن على صفاتها الفيزيائية والكيميائية == Separation of local Chicken, Duck, Gees and Ostrich Egg Yolk Fat and Study it’s Chemical Contents and effect of storage on physical , chemical properties

Author name: وفاء علي رحيم الشويلي
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت هذه الدراسة فصل دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام ودراسة ومحتواه من العناصر المعدنية والاحماض الدهنية المشبعة وغير المشبعة والكولسترول والبروتينات الدهنية (اللايبوبروتين) والدهون الفسفورية (الفوسفولبيدات) والكاروتينات والفيتامينات وصفاته الفيزيائية والكيميائية ومتابعة هذه الصفات بعد مدة خزن 30 و60 و90 يوما.وقد كانت النتائج مايلي.1 - اظهرت نتائج دراسة المحتوى الكيميائي لصفار البيض وجود فروق معنوية بين انواع المدروسة فتراوحت نسبة الرطوبة من 46.60% الى 49.34% في النعام والدجاج على التوالي، والدهن من 31.63% الى 34.65% في بيض الدجاج والوز على التوالي، والبروتين من 15.55% الى 16.75% في بيض الوز والنعام على التوالي، والرماد من 1.00% الى 1.33% في بيض الوز والنعام على التوالي، كان صفار بيض الوز الاعلى في نسبة الدهن.2 - اظهرت نتائج تحليل العناصر المعدنية في الصفار ودهن الصفار ان عنصر الحديد كان اعلى تركيز مقارنة بالعناصر الاخرى فتراوح تركيزه من 8.52 PPM الى 10.08 PPM في الصفار ومن 2.44 PPM الى 9.16 PPM في الدهن، اما العناصر الاخرى فتباينت تراكيزها حسب انواع البيض المدروسة اذ تراوح عنصر الرصاص من 2.48 PPM الى 4.58 PPM في الصفار ومن 2.05 PPM الى PPM 2.53 في الدهن وعنصر الزنك من 0.808 PPM الى 0.852 PPM في الصفار ومن 0.02 PPM الى 2.92 PPM في الدهن اما عنصر الكادميوم فتراوح من 0.117 PPM الى0.259 PPM في الصفار ومن 0.067 PPM الى 0.081 PPM في الدهن وعنصر النحاس من 0.01 PPM الى 0.215 PPM في الصفار ومن 0.05 PPM الى 0.74 PPM في الدهن.3 - قدرت الاحماض الدهنية الكلية في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام وشخصت كمية الاحماض الدهنية ونوعيتها بتقنية الكروموتوغرافيا الغاز المتصل بمطياف الكتلة Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry (GC - MS) واظهرت النتائج ان نسبة الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة وغير المشبعة في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج كانت 45.14% و54.66% على التوالي، وفي دهن صفار بيض البط 45.89% و54.11% على التوالي، اما دهن صفار بيض الوز فكانت نسبة الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة فيه 33.02% وغير المشبعة 65.61% وبلغت اعلى نسبة للاحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة في دهن صفار بيض النعام 82.36% اما الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة 17.11%.4 - قدر محتوى الكولسترول باستعمال الطريقة الكيميائية اذ بلغت اعلى نسبة له في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 13.56ملغم /غم ثم يليه دهن صفار بيض الوز بنسبة 11.02ملغم /غم، اما نسبته في دهن صفار بيض البط والنعام فقد كانت متقاربة وهي 10.70 و10.60ملغم /غم على التوالي.5 - قدرت تراكيز البروتين الدهني الواطئ الكثافةLow Density Lipoprotein (LDL) والبروتين الدهني العالي الكثافةHigh Density Lipoprotein (HDL) والبروتين الدهني واطئ الكثافة (vLDL)Density Lipoprotein Veryبجهاز Rflatron في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام وكانت تراكيز HDL في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام ( 50 و15و9 و93 ) mg/dl على التوالي، اما LDL فقد كانت ( 20 و21و 18 و33 ) mg/dl وvLDL بلغت ( 327 و253 و239 و250 ) mg/dl على التوالي.6 - قدرت نسبة الدهون الفسفورية في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام وبحسب انواعها Phosphatidyl choline (PC) وethanolamine (PE) Phosphatidyl وlinositol (PI) Phosphatidyl وكانت اعلى نسبة PC مقارنة بالفوسفولبيدات الاخرى لجميع انواع الدهن المدروسة حيث تراوحت قيم PC من 54.3 الى 83.7 في دهن صفار بيض الوز والدجاج على التوالي وPE من 4.7 الى 29.1 دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والوز على التوالي وPI من 2.2 الى 11.3 في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والوز على التوالي.7 - بينت النتائج ان جميع انواع الدهون المدروسة احتوت على الفيتامينات A وD وE وK ولكن بنسب متفاوتة اذ تراوحت النسبة المئوية لها من 10.2 - 50.8 % لفيتامين A ومن 0.6 - 2.2 % لفيتامين D ومن 11.4 - 32.5 % لفيتامين E ومن 0.4 - 4.5 % لفيتامين K.8 - كان اعلى تركيز للكاروتينات في دهن صفار بيض الوز 192.29 ملغم/غم يليه دهن صفار النعام185.26 ملغم/غم ثم دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 136.83 ملغم/غم ودهن صفار بيض البط 109.56ملغم/غم.9 - الصفات الفيزيائية لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام : - - كانت قيم نقطة الانصهار في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 40 م° والبط 41 م° والوز 39م° والنعام 30 م° وقد لوحظ انخفاض تدريجي خلال مدة الخزن. - اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي ان قيمة اللزوجة تاثرت معنويا (P<0.05) بين جميع انواع الطيور حيث تراوحت من 10.22الى 16.36 سنتي بويز في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج ومن10.67 الى 17.13سنتي بويز في دهن صفار بيض البط اما في دهن صفار بيض الوز والنعام انخفضت اللزوجة من 15.13 الى 9.45 و13.29 الى 8.2 سنتي بويز على التوالي، وقد تاثرت معنويا بتقدم فترات الخزن. - بينت النتائج ان قيمة معامل الانكسار لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام كانت 1.4663 و1.4661 و1.4665 و1.4671 على التوالي، وانخفضت خلال مدة الخزن اذ اتضح من نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروقات معنوية بينها. - اما قيم الوزن النوعي فقد تاثرت معنويا (P<0.05) بمصدر الدهن وكانت اعلى قيمة للوزن النوعي في دهن صفار بيض النعام 0.9663 وادنى قيمة في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 0.9622 اما في دهن صفار بيض البط والوز فقد كانت قيمة 0.9632 و0.9650 على التوالي، وقد تاثرت معنويا بتقدم فترات الخزن.10 - اشارت الدراسة الى الصفات الكيميائية لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام اذ : - اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية (P<0.05) لتاثير مدة الخزن على قيم الرقم اليودي وتراوحت القيم لدهن الصفار بين اقل قيمة في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 60 واعلى قيمة في دهن صفار بيض النعام 85، اما دهن صفار بيض البط والوز فكانت 67.33 و72.3 على التوالي، وقد انخفضت قيم الرقم اليودي باستمرار مدة الخزن. - اما قيم البيروكسيد فقد بلغت اقل قيمة لها في دهن صفار بيض الوز 0.18 مليمكافئ /كغم واعلى قيمة للبيروكسيد في دهن صفار بيض النعام 0.34 مليمكافئ /كغم ثم دهن صفار بيض البط 0.31 مليمكافئ /كغم واخيرا دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 0.22 مليمكافئ /كغم وقد ارتفعت قيمة البيروكسيد باستمرار فترة الخزن. - بلغت قيم التصبن لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام ( 175.2 و179.45 و190.2 و170.2 ) مليمكافئ /كغم على التوالي، وقد ارتفعت قيم التصبن باستمرار مدة الخزن. - كما اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود تاثر معنوي في قيم الحموضة لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام اذ كانت 0.28 و0.31 و0.56 و0.40 ملغم KOH /غم على التوالي، وقد لوحظ ارتفاع قيم الحموضة تدريجيا خلال مدة الخزن | The current Study including of separating chicken, duck, goose and ostrich egg yolk fat and studying its Content of the metallic elements Free fatty acid cholesterol , Lipoproteins , Phospholipids , Carotenes , Vitamins , and its Physical and Chemical properties and flowed after period of storage for 30, 60, 90, days. The results were as follow : 1 - The results of the study of the chemical contents showed significant differences among the sorts of the studied egg and the percentage of the moisture Varied from 46.60% to 49.34% the oil from 31.63% to 34.65% , the protein from 15.55% to 16.75% the ash from 1.00% to 1.33% and the yolk egg of the ducks got the highest percentage of oil . 2 - The results of the metallic elements analysis in the yolk and the oil of the yolk showed that the iron element was the highest in concentration in comparison with other elements . lt varies from 8.52 ppm to 10.08 in the yolk and from 2.44ppm to 9.16ppm in oil . As for the other elements its concentrations varied according to the types of the egg which was used in the study . According to the pb 2.48ppm to 4.58ppm in yolk and from 2.05 to 2.53ppm in the oil , and Zinc element from 0.808 to 0.852ppm in the yolk and form 0.02 ppm to 2.92ppm in the oil . As for the Cadmium element from 0.117 to 0.259ppm in yolk , and 0.067 to 0.081ppm in oil and the CU element varies from 0.01 to 0.215 ppm in yolk and from o.o5ppm to 0.74 ppm in the oil . 3 - The total free fatty acid to the oil of the yolk in the egg of chicken and ducks and ostrich was amounted and the quantity , and quality of the fatty acid was identified by the technique of gas chromatography by mass Spectrometry GC - MS .The results showed that the percent of saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid for the oil of the yolk in the egg of chicken was from 45.14% and 54.66% respectively and for the oil of the egg of the ducks was from 45.89 to 54.77%, while oil in the yolk of the Gooses egg was 33.02% saturated and 65.661% unsaturated . The highest percentage of the unsaturated fatty acid in the oilof ostriches egg which was 82.36% , while the saturated was 17.11%. 4 - The cholesterol was amounted by using the chemical method where the highest percentage in the yolk oil of the chicken eggs which was reached 13.56 mg/100g . and the duck. Comes then which reached to 11.02 ,while its percentage in the yolk oil of the ducks and ostrich's was approximately 10.70 and 10.60 respectively . 5 - The Concentrations of the Low Density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and the high density lipoprotein by the Rflatron in the yolk oil of the egg of chicken, ducks , Geese and Ostrich and the concentrations were 93,5,15and 50 respectively .while LDL was 33,18,21,20 and vLDL were reached 350, 239, 253 and 327 respectively. 6 - The amount of lipid phosphate in the yolk of the chicken, ducks, Geese, and ostriches egg according to its types (PC) phosphatidyl and ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl inositol (Pl) for all types of the studied yolk were varied from 54.3 to 83.7 for (PE) from 29.1 to 4.1 and (Pl) from 2.2 to 11 .7 - The percentage of vitamin were showed that all lipids studied contained deferent vitamins A, D, E, and K 10.2 - 50.8% for Vit, A , 0.6 - 2.2% for Vit. D, 11.4 - 32.5% for vit. E and 0.4 - 4.5% for vit. K . 8 - The Creations was amounted and the highest Concentration was noticed in the oil of yolk of the Geese mg/g and then the oil of the chicken egg, and the oil of the ducks egg. 9 - The physical properties of the oil in chicken ,ducks, Geese's , ostrich egg were as followed : - The amount of polting point in the oil of the yolk in the chickens egg 40C0 and 41C0 and Geese's 41C and ostriches 30m0 and it reached to alow point through the time of storage . - The result of the statistical analysis showed that the amomt 0f viscosity was influenced (P<0.05) among all types of birds where varied from 16.36 to 10.22 in the oil of the yolk of the chicken egg and from 10.67 to 17.13 in ducks while in Geese and ostrich was lowered from 15.13 to 9.45 and 13.29 to 8.2 respectively . - The results showed that refractive index for the oil in chicken was 1.4663 in ducks was 1.4661 in Geese was 1.4665 and in ostrich was 1.4671 and it was decreased during the period of storage and the statisticed analysis showed that there are significance differences among them. - As for the amomt of the weight it was inflamed by the source of the oil and the highest amount was for the oil in the yolk of ostrich egg 0.9663 and the lowest amomt in chicken 0.9622 while the ducks was 0.9632 , 0.9650 respectively . 10 - The chemical Properties for the yolk lipid of chicken , geese, duckes and ostrich were as follows : - The statistical analysis result showed that there were differences (P<0.05) in period of storage for the lodic number which was from the lowest amount in the chicken egg (60) and highest in lipid of the ostrich egg 85 , while the ducks and geese 67.33 and 72.3 respectively , and the lodin number amomts were decreased by the continuity of the peviod of storage. - The peroxide value reached smallest amount value in geese yolk egg 0.18 mq/kg and highest amount value in ostrich yolk egg oil 0.34 mq/kg then ducks yolk egg oil 0.31 mq/kg finally chicken yolk egg oil 0.22mq/kg and the peroxide value increased by the continuity of the storage period . - The saponification value of chicken egg yolk oil 175.2 mq/kg and ducks yolk egg oil 179.45 mq/kg geese yolk egg oil 190.2 mq/kg and ostrich yolk egg oil 170.2 mq/kg a high point by the continuity of the story period. - The statistical analysis result showed that there is an effect on the acid yolk oil it was 0.40,0.56,0.31, 0.28/KOH respectively and the amount of acid value were increased through the period of storing

تاثير حامض الاسكوربيك وانزيم الكلوكوز اوكسيديز في الصفات النوعية والريولوجية لدقيق الحنطة المحلية ضعيفة الكلوتين == Effect of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase enzyme on the rheological properties and quality of the local wheat flour of weak gluten

Author name: وسام كريم عبيد الربيعي
Supervisor name: علي احمد الساهي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out as an attempt to improve rheological and chemical properties of local wheat flour of weak gluten, by the addition of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase enzyme as individuals and in synergy, to the flour.The chemical composition of local wheat flour and imported wheat was studied (Eba’e 99 , Rasheed , Bihooth , Australian) . Reduction of protein percentage was noticed of local wheat's varieties compared with protein percentage of imported wheat . The highest protien percentage was in imported wheat 13.55% and the lowest was in Eba’e 99 wheat 12.1% , at the same time ,the highest ash percentage was in Eba’e 99 wheat flour, 1.06%, whereas the highest percentage of fat was in Rasheed variety 1.8% . It was noticed the raise of dry and wet gluten in imported variety flour ,it reached 32.5 , 10.8% frequently. Whereas the results related to the tests of flour strength showed the surpass of imported class that the value of Pelshenke test 250 minutes, Zeleny test was 41 cm3, compared with local variety, Whereas Eba’e 99 variety showed the lowest values compared with studied classes, it reached the value of Pelshenke test 92 minutes, sedimentation test was 20 cm3.The flour used in the study was evaluated of rheological properties for Eba’e 99 wheat flour using farinograph and extensograph tests, to be not useful for bread making, It has Developing and stability times were low. It has a high degree of softening, farinograph quality number were low . Its extension resistance, extensibility and extensograph area were low as compared to those of normal bread flour.The flour (80% extraction) was treated by the addition of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase as individuals and in synergy, in order to study their effects as improvers in the rheological properties of wheat flour dough. The results were as follows : 1. Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase possessed a positive effect on the rheological properties when it were added them as improvers to the wheat flour as individuals with Different concentrations. The concentration of 50 ppm and 20 ppm respectively, were the best among different concentrations according to farinograph and extensograph tests.2. Synergetic effect of Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase was observed highest readings of farinograph test, it reached the value of developing and stability times 5.0 , 4.3 minutes, respectively. It has low in degree of softening 63 FU, Whereas the farinograph quality number was raising to 59. Its extensograph readings were high, the recorded elastic recovery was 4.6, 4.0 and 4.2 at interval times (45, 90, 135) min, respectively.The results treatment of the flour with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase as individuals and in synergy showed significant and another non - significant increase in wet and dry gluten content and a significant increase in gluten index. The best results were obtained in the flour which had treated with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase as in synergy with concentrations of 40 ppm and 0.001%, respectively in which the gluten index reached 87.09%.A significant increase of disulfide concentration accompanied by a significant decrease in free sulfhydryl concentration were obtained by treating the flour with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase, especially with in synergy treatment by which disulfide concentration was significantly raised to 3.421× 10 - 4 mole/gm gluten as compared to control sample (3.101 mole/gm gluten). This effect caused improvement of dough properties especially in retaining of carbon dioxide gas in the gluten network. A significant decrease in loaf weight accompanied by a significant increase in both the volume and specific volume were obtained upon all treatments.The best result was obtained by treating the flour with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase, as in synergy with concentrations of 40 ppm and 0.001% .Sensory evaluation of the produced loaf, which was conducted by proficient in cereal chemistry and technology, showed a significant improvement in all of its quality parameters in the treated flour. The effect of Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase, as in synergy was very clear in improving all of sensory parameters as compared to the untreated flour sample.
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