مكان الجامعة: البصرة

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: Including preparation of six new symmetrical azodyes of selfa compounds ( sulfaguanidine , sulfanilamide and sulfadiazine , A1 - A3 respectively ) and ( mercuration of sulfaguanidine , sulfadiazine and sulfanilamide , B1 - B3 respectively ) by oxidative - coupling reaction of sulfa compounds and their mercuration with oxidizing agent ( 1,2 - nephthaquinone - 4 - methoxy ) . The color of prepared azodyes were orange to orange - redish with melting points ranges ( 275 - 312 oC ). The azodyes were characterized by C H N , FT - IR , H NMR and TG analysis. The electronic spectra of azodyes were showed max. wavelength range ( 440 - 460 nm. ).The acid - base properties were studied at pH values in the range of ( 0.7 - 12 ), the electronic spectra of azodyes were scanned at wavelength range of ( 350 - 600 nm. ) . The isopestic point of each dye were fixed and the protonation and ionization constants were determined by half - height method. The effect of solvents of different polarities on the azodyes spectra was also studied . From that spectra it was found that most of solvents no effect except for polar solvent like DMF ,which showed a light red shift ( that may be for the hydrogen bonding between dye and solvent ) . From the relation of max. wavelength and dielectric parameter of each dye , it was found that linearity or slightly deviation of linearity in case of polar solvent . That means the major effect is dielectric constant of the solvent The second subpart : The ability of using all prepared azodyes as acid - base indicators ( strong acid with strong base and weak acid with strong base ). The results were compared with that obtained from the recommended method . It was found that no significant observed between the two methods by using of relative error .The last subpart : Including complex formation between two of studied azodyes ( A1 & A3 ) with Ni2+ by forming 1 : 2 ( M : L ) complexes by aid of molar ratio method.The optimum conditions were studied which including ( the effects of , time , pH , sequence of addition and interferences ). The spectra of two complexes showed a red shift from their azodyes . The obeyness of Beer's law , molar absorbtivity coefficient , sandel resistivity , relative error , relation coefficient and detection limit were all determined . The effect of foreign ions with concentrations of ( 1 - fold , 5 - fold and 10 - fold ) on the absorbance of the complexes was also studied . The overall stability constants ( β1 & β2 ) of Niazodyes complexes were determined by using corresponding solutions method which including half - height method . The complexes were also characterized by C H N and FT - IR .Part two : Including simple , easy and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the microdetermination of sulfa and mercurated salfa compounds in aqueous solution and pharmaceutical compounds .This method depends on the oxidative - coupling between the reagent hydroxyl nephthaline - 4 - sulphonic acid in strong acid medium by forming colored imine - quinone dyes in max. wavelength ran ( 480 - 510 nm.). The optimum conditions which including ( volume of reagent , volume and kind of the oxidizing agent , volume and kind of the acid , sequence of additions , time effect and temperature effect ) . The electronic spectra of the dyes were carried on in the range of ( 350 - 600 nm.).This method was applied pharmaceutical compounds ( Tablets and Creams ) that containing sulfadiazine .It was found there are no significant difference between results of this method and the composition of the sulfa drugs , that observed from calculated relative rror.By the aid of C.H.N. , FT - IR and stoichiometry ( molar ratio method ) of forming the complexes, the chemical structure of the complexes Ni2+ and A1 & A3 dyes were suggested .

استخلاص وعزل بعض المركبات الفعالة بايولوجيا من جمار النخيل Phoenix dactylifera Extraction and Isolation Some Active Biological Compounds From (Phoenix dactylifera)

اسم المؤلف: وصال عبد الرحمن سالم الثامري

اسم المشرف: اقبال جاسم بدر هناء كاظم موسى

الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية العلوم - قسم الكيمياء

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: البصرة

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: It is notable that Iraq characterized by the availability of palms trees , according to 2012 statistics it has been considered as the fifth largest country in production of dates in the world (Wikipedia), and because of the rareness study about the palm it almost non - exist in Iraq , therefore it has been proposed this study in order to find out the medical uses of the Jummar .The study has included preparation of five extracts which they are aqueous ,70% alcoholic , glycosidic , alkolids and flavonoids .In addition , the isolated oil and makes some chemical and physical detections such as solubility.Moreover , it included knowledge of content for this extracts and identify the number of components in each extract and diagnose the chemical identity using several techniques such as "Thin layer and Colum" chromatography ," FTIR , U.V - Visible" spectroscopy.It has also been studied the effect of the glycosidic , alkolids , flavonoids and oil extracts on the level of blood sugar in normal rabbits and the rabbits suffering from hyperglycemia which induced by alloxan ,in addition to the effect of the pill lower the blood sugar and the mixture from the pill with alkloidic extract , beside the mixture of the pill with oil extracts.Furthermore, the test giving a potion (dosage - dose) of 500mg/Kg which is had reduced the blood glucose level for 24h with significant difference p> 0.001 , the isolated oil was less efficient with significant difference p> 0.001 .The cytotoxicity test was also conducted by using In vivo method on human blood does not affected by isolated compounds from Jummar and oil isolated oil , and it safe and non - toxic.The effect of above extracts was studied on the growth of some kind of positive Gram Staphylococcus aureus , and negative Gram bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila using Agar diffusion method , the flavonoid extract showed the high test 16mm inhibition zone compared with alkaloid extract which showed 12mm inhibition zone for negative Gram bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila.The effectiveness of isolated compounds and oil isolated were estimated as antioxidants and compare them with Butyrated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) which appeared that flavonoids extract has a higher effective antioxidant.The interference of isolated compounds from palms jummar and isolated oil with DNA has been studied by tracking the change in the concentration of the isolated compounds after mixing with DNA in the various time and by tracking the change of the UV spectroscopy. Finally , it has been also tracking the change of the concentration of DNA by using the Electrophoresis Technology and UV photographic technology and both Technologies showed the interference between the isolated compounds and the DNA.Also the glycosidic extracts was studied on the growing of cancer cells Rhabdomysarcoma , and seemed clear inhibition at concentration (10mg/ml) in (72) hours and inhibition ratio was about (37.26%).

التحلل الضوئي لمحاليل 2,3 - ثنائي مثيل فينول باستخدام العوامل النانوية وغير النانوية ZnS وSnO2 , TiO المساعدة الضوئية photo degradation of 2,3 - di methyl phenol solutions using nano and non nano photo catalysts of TiO2 , SnO2 and ZnS

اسم المؤلف: فائز سمير صالح

اسم المشرف: علي حسين الموالي مؤيد نعيم خلف

الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية العلوم - قسم الكيمياء

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: البصرة

الصفحات الاولى:

اسم المؤلف: خنساء صقر سعود

اسم المشرف: نزار لطيف شهاب الدين

الموضوع العام: علوم الكيمياء

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: الكيمياء

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة البصرة - كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة - قسم الكيمياء

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: البصرة

الصفحات الاولى:

اسم المؤلف: قاسم ماضي حمزة الربيعي

اسم المشرف: حيدر كاظم عبد علي

الموضوع العام: القانون

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الجنائي

الدرجة: ماجستير

الجامعة: جامعة بابل - كلية القانون - قسم القانون العام

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بابل

الصفحات الاولى:

هيمنة السلطة التشريعية في بعض الانظمة الدستورية : دراسة مقارنة The dominance of the legislature in some constitutional regimes (A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: ميثم منفي كاظم العميدي

اسم المشرف: ميثم حنظل شريف

الموضوع العام: القانون

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري

الدرجة: دكتوراه

الجامعة: جامعة بابل - كلية القانون - قسم القانون العام

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بابل

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: The division of functions between the state bodies, namely the legislative and executive functions not subject to the same base, but varies depending on the nature of the political system and thus determine under which the relationship between the authorities as well as the balance or the mutual influence between those authorities, in the current presidential system to severe separation between the legislative and executive branches, and the dominance of the latter on first because the executive authority is delegated to one person is inaugural by the people, either directly or indirectly, and not subject mostly to control the legislature, and the system Majlisi based on the dominance of the legislature without the authorities as the body was the mouthpiece of the sovereignty of the people and the most reflection of him and therefore subject to its Executive power is fully controlled and talk in this system means the influence of the executive branch to the legislative branch has the right to the fact that recent its control and has the right to intervene in the scope of work at any time , The parliamentary system based on balance and flexible separation between the public authorities and in particular the legislative and executive, where both authorities cooperate in the direct legislative and executive function branches, also has branches and media can influence the other in order to maintain a balance between the two, as the legislative power of moving the political responsibility and withdraw confidence from the power executive, and may Aalakhirh of the dissolution of parliament, whether presidential or ministerial solution. . Now talk seems to be different in light deflection parliamentary system from the traditional rules as two models, one based on the strengthening of the executive branch and quote some of the features of the presidential system by giving the head of state functions and wide in the face of legislative power and produces precisely the constitutional position in violation of the rules of the existing system afternoon the balance as it breaks down in favor of the government Or parliamentary system deviates toward Majlisi system by strengthening the constitutional status of the legislative authority and thus hegemony over other power achieved and awarded in addition to the legislative function executive functions and become the supreme authority in the state and undergo other authorities, as the balance and mutual influence between the two Brules disappear in such kind of system Parliamentary deviant by making unilateral influence in favor of the legislature, leading to its dominance as is the case in the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005. We will discuss the subject of the dominance of the legislature in some constitutional regimes in three seasons and according to the plan listed below : Chapter One : the basis of the dominance of the legislatureChapter II : the dominance of the legislative authority in the legislative and executive competence .. Chapter III : The dominance of the legislature in the field of mutual influence with the executive branch Then conclude our research conclusion prove the most important findings from the research and the recommendations that we see fit .

النظام القانوني لانقضاء الدعوى الادارية من دون الحكم بالموضوع : دراسة مقارنة The Legal system for the Lapse of the administrative case Without judging the subject case Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: محمود عبد علي حميد الزبيدي

اسم المشرف: اسماعيل صعصاع غيدان البديري هادي حسين عبد علي الكعبي

الموضوع العام: القانون

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري

الدرجة: دكتوراه

الجامعة: جامعة بابل - كلية القانون - قسم القانون العام

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بابل

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: هناك فكرة اساسية مبنية على التمييز بين فكرة الدعوى القضائية والخصومة القضائية من جهة وبين الدعوى القضائية وموضعها من جهة اخرى ، فالدعوى القضائية وان كانت تتمثل في حق يمنح للفرد مكنة الالتجاء الى القضاء بقصد الحصول على حكم في موضوع النزاع ، فان الخصومة تتمثل في مجموعة الاجراءات التي اتخذت في تلك الدعوى اثناء مباشرتها ، اذ يبدو هذا التمييز في انقضاء الخصومة قد لايترتب عليه انقضاء مكنة الدعوى القضائية ، اي انه قد تنقضي الخصومة لاحد اسباب انقضائها ، والتي يجمعها السقوط او البطلان ، ومع ذلك يظل حق الدعوى قائما يستطيع صاحبها ان يقيمها مرة اخرى متى كان مدة اقامتها لايزال مفتوحا ويتم التمييز بين الدعوى كوسيلة لحماية الحقوق والمراكز القانونية او اقرارها حين يعتدى عليها ، وبين موضوعها وهو الحق اوالمركز القانوني المطلوب حمايته او اقراره ، لان كلاهما ، حقيقه قانونية متميزة عن الاخرى ، اذ يستتبع ذلك ان انقضاء الدعوى لايستلزم حتما الحكم في موضوع الدعوى . فوجود الحق اوالمركز القانوني ليست سوى مسالة موضوع لايتعرض له القاضي ، بالحكم فيه الا بعد ان يفرغ من بحث مسائل تتعلق بالدعوى ذاتها ، كالاختصاص بنظرها وقبولها، وتاسيسا على ذلك، تعد الدعوى وهي سلطة الالتجاء الى القضاء ، شيئا متميزا عن المطالبة القضائية وعن باقي اجراءات الخصومة القضائية . واذا كان الدفع بمعناه العام يمثل جميع وسائل الدفاع التي يجوز للخصم ان يستعين بها فقد يتمثل بالدفع بعدم الاختصاص ، ام قد تتوجه هذه الوسائل الى انكار سلطة الخصم في استعمال الدعوى فقد يتوجه الى شرط من الشروط العامة يجب ان تتوافر لقبول الدعوى ، ومن ثم فان الحكم بعدم اختصاص المحكمة بنظرالدعوى والحكم بعدم قبوم الدعوى لايترتب عليها انقضاء الحق في الدعوى فيمكن لصاحب الحق اقامة الدعوى مرة اخرى امام المحكة المختصة . واذا كانت مدة اقامة الدعوى الادارية يتمثل في الاجل الذي يحدده القانون لاقامة دعوى الالغاء خلاله ، اذ يترتب على انقضاء هذا الاجل انقضاء الحق في اقامة الدعوى لان مدة الطعن بالالغاء تتميزبقصرها مقارنة مع المدد المحددة للطعن بالدعاوى الادارية الاخرى ، ومن ثم فهي مدة سقوط وليس مدة تقادم لان فوات مدة الطعن يؤدي الى سقوط حقه بالطعن وترد الدعوى الادارية لاقامتها بعد انقضاء مدة الطعن ، وقد ينقضي الحق في اقامة الدعوى لسبق الحكم بموضوعها والذي يدفع به في دعوى قائمة ، بقصد انكاراحقية المدعي في اقامة دعواه ، لسبق الحكم فيها ، قاصدا في ذلك منع المحكمة عن نظرالدعوى متمسكا في ذلك بمبدا حجية الشئ المحكوم فيه ، قد تكون حجية مطلق على الكافة اوحجية نسبيه بين اطراف الدعوى ، وقد تنقضي الدعوى الادارية من دون الحكم في موضوعها بالتنازل والترك والصلح وان هذه الاسباب يجمعها قاسم مشترك يتمثل بالتنازل . | The talk of trials jurisprudence is base on the basic thought of distinguishing between the idea of the legal case and the legal procedures from the one side and between the legal case and its subject from the other, where the legal case and despite it is represent in a right that gives the individual the chance to seek courts in the intention of getting judgment in the subject of the conflict, the procedures are represented in the group of the steps which were taken in that case during its intiating, where this distinguishing in the lapse of the procedures may not necessitate the lapse of the possibility of the legal case, i.e. the procedures may lapse for their lapsing causes, which are non suit or nullity, and the right of raising lawsuit is still there where the plaintiff can make the case again as the time is not expired. In addition to the previous distinguishing, between the case and the procedures, there is in the range of the suit case there is a distinguishing between the case as mean to protect the right of the legal posts or their affirmation when they are violated, and between its subject which is the right or the legal post to be protected or affirming it, as they are described as two distinguished legal facts, and that lead to that the lapse of the case does not necessitate the judging in the subject of the case. Where the existence of the right or the legal post are not but subject issue that the judge does not make decision in it until the finish of searching in the issues related to the case itself, like specialty and acceptance, where the prevailed definition of the case in jurisprudence and in judging represent the authority or the possibility of seeking judgment, by which the individuals can seek judgment to protect their violated right or for affirming these rights or make compensations for harms.And this possibility can not be maxed with the judicial demand which is the actual seeking for judgment, where we must differentiate between the authority of doing some action, and between the actions done in use of this authority. Basing on this logical distinguishing between the power and the actual use for it, we can consider the case which is the power of seeking judgment, is different from the legal demand and the other forms of the legal procedures, And if the plea in its general meaning represent all the pleading means which the defendant may use to defend himself, in the intention of avoiding the issue of decision in the benefit of the plaintiff whether these means were directed to the rightness of the claim procedures without tackling the right in the subject of the case which the plaintiff claim so he may avoid temporary the judging against himself by what the plaintiff claim like non specialty, or these means may be directed to the deny the plaintiff power in using the claim where he may seek the mean by which the owner of the right may use to protect his right and if the mean may be permitted to be used, or the condition of using is not permitted for the unavailability of one of the general conditions for accepting the claim, so judging by non specialty of the court and not accepting the claim do not mean the lapse of the right of the claim where owner of the right can make another claim again before the specialized courts. And if the time of making an administrative lawsuit is represented by the time interval which is limited by law to make the abolish claim during it, where it is arranged on this lapse of time the lapse of the right of making claim because the stab period for the abolish is characterized by its shortness in comparisons with the times of the stab in the other administrative cases, and as a result it is nonsuit period and not expire period because passing the period of stabbing lead to the failure of the right of stab and the case is null for passing of the stab period, and the right may be lost in making lawsuit for previous judgment in its subject which is plead in an on going claim, in intention of denying the right of the plaintiff in making lawsuit, for the reason of similar previous cases which were judged before between the parties, intending the preventing of the court from looking the case stiking to the concept of the judged cases, and this may be something absolute on the all for the issued judgment with the abolish and may be relative between the parties of the claim by the issued judgment in the complete judgment cases, and that the administrative case may be lapsed by not judging by concession, leaving, and making peace and these causes gathered commonly in making the reason to lapse the case in subject for the lapse of the conflict and these reasons despite their differences, they are gathered by the concession of one party or it may be counter concessionThe administrative judgment in Iraq took some of the reasons of the lapsing for the administrative claim prior to judge their subject, but it did not tackle all the causes of the lapse which go ahead with the nature of the administrative conflicts as it tackled by the comparative administrative law and for the absence of a law that organize the administrative procedures in Iraq and for the existence of many restrictions which obstacle the specialty of the administrative law in Iraq and for the shortage of the studies that tackled this subject and for not been tackled by the administrative jurisprudence in comparison to other legal subject we choose this subject.

النظام القانوني للرقابة الادارية الخارجية : دراسة مقارنة Foreign legal system of management control Comparison study

اسم المؤلف: علي حسن عبد الامير العامري

اسم المشرف: غازي فيصل مهدي

الموضوع العام: القانون

السنة: 2015

الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري

الدرجة: دكتوراه

الجامعة: جامعة بابل - كلية القانون - قسم القانون العام

اللغة: العربية

مكان الجامعة: بابل

الصفحات الاولى:

المستخلص: لقد تناولت موضوع هذا البحث لما يتمتع به من اهمية كبيرة في الوقت الحاضر من خلال بروز هذا النظام وانتشاره في العديد من الدول بوصفه نظاما يسعى للرقابة على اعمال الادارة ،حيث ان المهمة الرئيسية للجهاز الرقابي هي ممارسة السيطرة على نشاط السلطة التنفيذية وغيرها من هيئات سلطة الدولة والتاكد من مطابقته للقانون نتيجة للقوة المتزايدة للسلطات العامة التي اصبحت تؤثر على حياة الناس اليومية. وتتمتع الاجهزة الرقابية بالعديد من الاختصاصات التي تعكس اهمية هذه الاجهزة كالتفتيش والتحقيق والتدقيق والتحري ،وعلى الرغم من تمتعها بهذه الاختصاصات الا ان الاجراء الذي فيه مساس بالحريات العامة التي نص عليها الدستور ،يجب ان يتم بعد اتباع الاجراءات القانونية وبمعرفة القضاء حامي الحقوق ،فقانون الاجهزة الرقابية لايعلو على ارادة المشرع الدستوري وحقوق الشعب. وكثيرة هي اثار ممارسة الاجهزة الرقابية لاختصاصاتها ،ففي الجانب الاداري قد يامر الجهاز الرقابية حفظ البلاغ لعدة اسباب منها عدم معرفة الفاعل او عدم كفاية الادلة او عدم المعاقبة على الفعل المرتكب ،او قد يوصي الجهاز الرقابي بمساءلة الموظف تاديبيا او احالته الى المحاكم المختصة ،وفي الجانب المدني قد يطالب الجهاز الرقابي باقامة الدعوى المدنية بحق المخالف ،وكذلك يمكن احالة المخالف الى المحاكم الجنائية اذا ماوجد ان الفعل المرتكب يشكل جريمة يعاقب عليها القانون ،كما ان اعمال الجهاز الرقابي تؤدي الى دخول حلقة مهمة من رقابة البرلمان على السلطة التنفيذية وهي الرقابة السياسية حيث ان تقارير الاجهزة الرقابية قد تحرك المسؤولية السياسية بحق المخالفين . وتربط الجهاز الرقابي العديد من العلاقات مع اجهزة الدولة الاخرى فهو جزء من الدول ويعمل على تكوين هوية الدولة ومظهرها ،لذلك يرتبط بعلاقات وثيقة مع السلطات العامة كالسلطة التشريعية والتنفيذية والقضائية ،كما يرتبط بعلاقات وثيقة مع وسائل الاعلام والاحزاب السياسية والصحافة والمؤسسات التعليمية وغيرها . وان علاقة الاجهزة الرقابية مع السلطات الاخرى ليس به اي مساس بمبدا الفصل بين السلطات وانما يعد تطبيقا لهذا المبدا ،حيث ان مبدا الفصل بين السلطات لم يعد يعني العزلة والانفصال التام بين السلطات بل اصبح التعاون بين السلطات تطبيقا لهذا المبدا والاجهزة الرقابية عند قيامها بالكشف عن المخالفة فانها انما تقوم بوضع المخالفة امام السلطات الاخرى وامام الشعب وهذا ليس فيه اي مساس بمبدا الفصل بين السلطات ان اجهزة الرقابة الادارية تعمل مع بعضها البعض لتحقيق اهدافها ،حيث يجب تحقيق التكامل في عمل الاجهزة الرقابي كونها تحارب نفس العدو ولابد من التعاون فيما بينها من اجل تسهيل ممارستها لاختصاصاتها | I've become one of the axioms of management practice today increased control and auditing standards and over to try to prevent the misuse of executives of their powers at work, has resulted in a undoubtedly a lot of time and effort, and holds the state a lot of the costs resulting from it, which may sometimes outweigh the task to be accomplished originally . Since the main function of the SAI is to exercise control over the executive branch activity and other state power bodies and ensure its conformity with the law as a result of the growing power of public authorities to affect the daily lives of people so it shows the growing need for these devices to consider citizens' complaints against the actions of the authorities, in this sense important owned SAI authority to conduct investigations on its own initiative or based on the news or a complaint, and then after issuing recommendations determines where whether citizens' rights have been violated by the administration, as he gives his opinion on existing legislation and administrative practices illegal, Valjhaz regulatory act As a person he trusted resort to resolve the dispute between the administration and individuals. To control the external administrative several types, they may be divided in terms of timing to an earlier and simultaneous control and later was divided in terms of organization to an abrupt control and censorship periodic and continuous control, may also be divided in terms of the subject to the control performance and control of the compliance in addition to other types of control. Featuring Foreign Administrative Control on internal control that the first to be organized by an independent third party for the executive branch, as distinct from administrative custody as independent bodies have nothing to do with the administrative system in the state. Varied formations regulatory agencies in the states, where does one system for these devices also does not have a perfect model can emulate and benefit from other countries, so that the states regulate the regulators as its political system, according to their need and circumstances, and this led to a difference in the way the formation of these devices, some gave this power to the Council of Ministers and others gave it to the authority of the parliamentary representative parliament, and the scope and terms of reference of the regulatory agencies are also different between the states, some states have exaggerated the granting SAI some powers and others made him merely subservient to the executive department or legislature, was the practical application significant impact on expanding or reducing these legal terms of reference of SAIs Regulators and has many specialties that reflect the importance of these devices Kaltvic, investigation and audit, investigation, and despite the enjoyment of these terms of reference, but the measure in which prejudice public freedoms enshrined in the Constitution, should be made after due process and knowledge of the judiciary protector of rights, law of the SAIs Ayalo to the will of the legislature and the constitutional rights of the people. Regulators also have the means to exercise its powers Maysaadha Kostlam citizens' complaints and Alakhbarat, and receive financial receivables reports of senior officials as well as the power settings, and other means to facilitate the performance of the terms of reference