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دور التلفزيون في صناعة القرار في العراق

Author name: محمد شاكر محمود ال مسرهد الشمري
Supervisor name: رعد جاسم حمزة الكعبي
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: لم يكن للتلفزيون دور يذكر في عملية صنع القرار على المستوى السياسي في العراق في العهد الدكتاتوري السابق، والذي حكم العراق منذ العام 1968 حتى احتلال بغداد على يد القوات الامريكية في 9/4/2003، والذي ادى من الجانب الاعلامي الى تحرر كبير في تشكيل وعمل وسائل ال | The television had no influence in the decision - making process in Iraq during the former dictatorship era, which ruled Iraq from 1968 to until Baghdad was invaded by the US Troops on 4/9/2003. This has lead to liberate the formation and work of the multiple means of the public media. Therefore, it has become necessary, in the view of the scholar, to study the real role of the most prevalent instrument of these means; which is the television in the decision - making process in Iraq. Given the fact that Iraq`s democratic era will witness the access of the people`s representatives to the Parliament. These positions should only be accessible to these representative through elections and people`s choices. Eventually, the scholar and his/her research detect the actual relation between the television and these parliamentarians, and how does its various Important programs, ideas, discussions, analysis impact the process of decision - making in Iraq.This research aims to recognize the sources of information Iraqi parliamentarians rely on, and the extent of their dependence on TV to view the trends of the public and its points of view. The researcher also aims to recognize the relation between parliamentarians and TV from one side, and the relation between the TV and the decision making process from the other.The research relied on some practical measures to reach the desired results staring from the observation of some TV shows concerned with the public opinion and, development of Iraq, and meeting the needs of citizens, and the impact of these TV shows onthe process of decision making. It also includes interviews madewith parliamentarians to detect their reliance on TV, among otherresources, as a source of information and to learn more about its impact of the decision - making process in the Parliament. And in doing so, the researcher was able to prepare a reconnaissance form which included open questions directed to almost 10% of the Iraqi Parliamentarians with their different components of religious, political and ethnic backgrounds. Based on their answers to the list of questions, normative phrases distributed among four axes, placed in arbitration forms, and given to thirteen experts. After the new draft, taking into account the inputs of the experts, the researcher has built the scale measure in its final version. It took a form of closed questionnaire which included defined answers (agree, neutral, don’t agree) classifieds in four axes and distributed to members of the Iraqi Parliamentarians to answer them.Parliamentarians were chosen to be the sample of the research because the represent the senior class of decision makers in the country, and they are the legitimate representatives of the Iraqi people before the authorities of the government, and the burden of securing the supreme interests of the state and the citizens on an equal scale.The researcher concluded that the TV does contribute to the decision making process in Iraq through the information which it represents, and these information increase the awareness of the Parliamentarians to the needs of the society which helps them withcreating new, or modifying existing conceptions. It was also found that TV is the most important and faster communication link between the Iraqi people and their representatives in Parliament, because the TV is one of the most important sensors in recognizing the trends of the public opinion. The researcher also found that the relationship between TV and parliamentarians is a positive one and it is based on utilitarian exchange between them.

توظيف الاتصال الالكتروني في العلاقات العامة : دراسة تحليلية للمواقع الالكترونية الخاصة بالوزارات العراقية == The Employment Of Electronic Communication In Public Relations (An Analysis For Websites Of Iraqi Ministries)

Author name: محمد رافع لابد الراوي
Supervisor name: باقر موسى جاسم البهادلي
General topic: Media
Specific topic: Public Relations
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اتجهت الدراسة الى المواقع الالكترونية للوزارات العراقية لمعرفة مدى توظيف الاتصال الالكتروني في ممارسة نشاطات العلاقات العامة المختلفة عبر هذه المواقع والتي تمثل وسيلة اتصال الكترونية رسمية بين الوزارة وجماهيرها. اشتمل البحث على اربعة فصول تضمن الفصل الا | After the massive development that happened in the media lately, especially in the field of electronic communication and after widespread technical and technological progress in the world wide networks and widening exposure to the Internet, which has led to increase the interest in this network, which is available every times and in all places, especially after the development of the electronic devices, where it possible to exposure of network services by smart devices, such as portable (iPod) and Mobile Smart phones and other devices, which the individual can be on the clock for these services and in various places in addition to the techniques of specification and features such as real - time interaction where the sender receives timely fed back directly from the receiver and all of this has increased the importance of this type of connection, if we can make use of it.The low cost of Internet subscription service was contributed, in addition the relative decreasing in electronic devices prices that use this service after the competition in electronic marketglobally where, one of the Chinese companies was introduced recently a devices mobile phones with high technologies and modern work techniques for touching screen contains the Wi - Fi receiver and communications services such as cellular connections and Bluetooth device and other with cost of (5) dollars per machine, this low cost led to increase the uptake of these devices, in addition to increased the use of the Internet significantly even in some developed countries to the opening of the electronic literacy centers.From here the researcher starts his project who is studying electronic communication and the possibility of exploitation in the field of public relations in governmental institutions and through analysis of websites of governmental institutions and find out what activities are used by public relations practitioners in these institutions to promote and develop their work to better.The thesis consisted of four chapters, the first chapter was included the methodological framework for the research, which included the research problem, the importance of research, research objectives, methodology used in the study and the research community, research and previous studies which approached the question.The second chapter included three sections, the first section was talking about the communication and public relations, the researcher touched about communication and its properties and explained the types of communication in public relations. In the second section the researcher touched about electronic communication technology and the main distinction of this modern communication techniques.The researcher touched at the third section of the second chapter to the topic of electronic publication explaining the most important distinction of this publication and features the addition of the electronic publishing of various services.In the third chapter, the researcher in the first section talking about the international information network (Internet) explaining the most important stages of its development since its inception and until recently.The second section of the third chapter included the several using of the international information network (Internet) in various fields, adding the most important services offered by this network. In the third section, the researcher was talking about the electronic website design explaining the types of electronic website according to its design and the important component of the electronic website pages. Chapter four was devoted to interpreting the data surveyed and contained statistical tables in addition to illustrations designed by the researcher using modern software and technique (3D) where the illustrations used 3D. Also, the research contains the main findings and conclusions which the researcher after obtained several recommendations, which he hoped would contribute to improvethe Iraqi ministries websites.

العلاقات العامة ودورها في تنمية راس المال الاجتماعي للمؤسسات الحكومية : دراسة مسحية على الوزرات العراقية == Public Relations And Their Role In Developing The Social Capital Of Governmental Institutions - A Survey Study On The Iraqi Ministries

Author name: محمد جبار زغير الكريزي
Supervisor name: رشيد حسين عكلة الشمري
General topic: Media
Specific topic: Public Relations
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The public relations and social capital formed the two cognitive anchors on which the study was based, in that the public relations represented their independent variable, while the social capital represented the dependent variable.This study addressed the public relations and their role in developing the social capital of governmental institutions - a survey study on the Iraqi ministries. The problem of the study was represented by an attempt to answer a main question : what is the role of public relations in developing the social capital in the Iraqi ministries?, and identified the social capital elements as a dependent variable (trustcooperation - fellowship - human capital), and public relations and their activities as independent variable. The study purpose was manifested in identifying the level of social capital within the ministries and how to invest it, as well as the relationship between public relations and social capital in the Iraqi ministries. The study method was a survey one.Hypotheses were formulated concerning the test of differences hypotheses, influence hypotheses, and the relationship hypotheses between the variables of the study. The personal interviews, observation, the questionnaire, and the scale conducted by theresearcher formed the main instruments to collect information. The researcher used the style of comprehensive limitation so as to reach the objectives of the study.For the purpose of achieving the study purpose and test the hypotheses, the study was applied to the population of employees working in the public relations departments, totaling (495) respondents in the Iraqi ministries numbered (26).The study concluded the following results : 1. There was a significant correlation between the study variables represented by public relations, the elements of social capital. 2. There was a significant effect relationship between the study variables represented by public relations, social capital.3. There were no significant differences between the public relations and the respondents' demographic variables, which explained the lack of impact of the demographic variables (gender, age groups, educational achievement, specialty, years of service, job position, work type) on public relations, social capital. The study recommends the need to invest the social capital in the Iraqi ministries, because it contributes to increasing the productivity of the individual in the institution and the society, reinforces the values (trust, cooperation, fellowship, human capital), and strengthens the social ties among employees, which is reflected in promoting job performance.

صورة القوات الامنية في النشرات الاخبارية الرئيسة لقناتي السومرية والتغيير للمدة من 6/7/2014 الى 12/7/2014 == The Image Of Security Forces In The Main Broadcasting News Especially In The Al - Sumaryia And Al - Tagheer Satellite Channels For The Period 6 - 7 To 12 - 7/2014

Author name: محمد خيري هاتف
Supervisor name: علي عبد الجبار الشمري
General topic: Media
Degree: Higher Diploma
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: لا شك ان عملية الموازنة بين دعم واسناد القوات الامنية في الحروب والازمات والاوقات الحرجة وبين التزام المعايير والاعتبارات العلمية في العملية الاعلامية امر من الصعوبة بمكان لذلك برزت الى السطح اشكالية مفادها ما هي صورة القوات الامنية في نشرات الاخبار

دور التلفزيون في تشكيل اتجاهات النخب الاكاديمية ازاء الاداء الحكومي : دراسة مسحية على تدريسي جامعات المستنصرية , الموصل , ميسان == The Role Of Television In Shaping The Academic Elite Attitudes About The Government'S Performance - A Survey Study On Teachers "Mustansiriya, Mosul, Maysan Universities

Author name: محمد اسماعيل حسن الخزعلي
Supervisor name: عبد النبي خزعل جاسم
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This research deals with theme (the role of television in shaping the academic elites trends about the government's performance), its summed up the problem by discussed the ambiguous in the relationship between research independent variable (TV) and the dependent variable of the (academic elites trends), by conducting a survey on teachers of universities (Mustansiriya, Mosul, Maysan ) for there important role and for large effect on the overall Iraqi society, and for their most prominent significant impact in the community. the researcher depend on the assumptions of the framing news theory, adopting the next assumptions : 1. Understanding of the academic elites to the news about government's performance is linked to trends of frames news formulations according to the editorial and specific program producing.2. formation of academic elites ideas and trends about the government's performance is link to the nature of the explanations produced by the satellite channels.3. The correlation rise between the agendas of channels and academic elites about the government's performance when the level of knowledge about issues produce in the satellite channels raised.4. There is a significant correlation function relationship between the demographics of the respondents, and trends have formed about the government's performance.The researcher has sought to : investigate the size of the played role by the Iraqi satellite channels intakes Government Performance and shapes of producing it, he tried to the detection capability of the Iraqi satellite channels to form public attitudes about the government's performance, as well as to identify the differences in the role of the Iraqi satellite channels in the formation of academic elites trends about performance government betweenthe research sample provinces, and to identify the favorite Iraqi Satellite for academic elites in the follow - up of government performance.This research is descriptive in terms of type, which describes what is an object through : the collection of data and information, about the phenomenon and tabulation and Categorietionand then interpret that data and draw generalizations and conclusions,the researcher used the survey method, and practiced the questionnaire prepared by him.When it completed in its final form, it was released to the multi - stage random sample Of teachers in the (Mustansiriya, Mosul, Maysan) universities.The researcher has been reached through the field side for consideration the following results : 1. achieve the three study hypotheses, that derived from the framing news theory. 2. Reaching a number of results, as : there’s no meaningful significant differences in the understanding of academic elites to the news on the government's performance and the trends frames news according to formulations editorial and produced specific program by type.The correlation up between the agendas channels and academic elites about the government's performance when the level of knowledge is raised about produced issues in the satellite channels.there’s a presence of significant differences between the sample members about understanding academic elites to the news on the government's performance and the trends frames news according to formulations editorial and produced specific program by type, and the absence of significant differences among the three hypotheses by type, specialty, and the university

دور العلاقات العامة في التوعية الامنية بمخاطر الارهاب : دراسة مسحية للعاملين في المديرية العامة للعلاقات والاعلام في وزراة الداخلية == The Role Of Public Relations In The Security Awareness Of Terrorism Hazards (Survey Study For The Employees Of General Directorate Of Relations And Media At The Ministry Of Interior)

Author name: ليث عبد اللطيف عبد الغني احمد الاسدي
Supervisor name: باقر موسى جاسم البهادلي
General topic: Media
Specific topic: Public Relations
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This study aims at identifying the role performed by the Directorate General of Relations and Media at the Ministry of Interior in the field of security awareness of terrorism hazards. The study was directed to all employees in the Directorate on the basis of the institution who does the most important role in security education , i.e. the security institutions, at the head of which is the Ministry of Interior/the General Directorate of Relations and Media as being responsible of all the topics related to the achievement of security to the masses using the science of Public Relations. The study also aims at identifying the functions, styles, sources and means of communication used by the Directorate for security awareness of terrorism hazards.To achieve the study objectives, the researcher employed the survey method relying on the descriptive study. As to the study instrument, the researcher used (the questionnaire form), in that he designed the questionnaire basing on the study theoretical framework. The questionnaire consisted of four axes (the axis of personal data, the axis of the objectives of public relations at the security institutions, the axis of the functions of public relations in security awareness of terrorism hazards, and the axis of security awareness of terrorism hazards in public relations).The most important results the researcher arrived at that more respondents are working on the development of the style and method of bombings and hit cities with bombs and sectarian violence in the forefront of terrorism methods that are security risk education, also reached a researcher by the chi square test statistical measurement relationship correlation to academic achievement, and scientific specialization, and years of work, their correlation with all the functions of public relations in the security awareness of the dangers of terrorism, meaning that they have a bearing on the exercise all the functions of public relations in the security awareness of the dangers of terrorism, as proved t - test to measure the correlation between the existence of a relationship kind of communicative content and the extent of their use. And also proved t - test to measure the correlation relationship between the presence of terrorism tactics and how to use them. : the scientific research and planning permanently. It also concluded that most respondents work at developing the communication implication related to the security awareness of terrorism hazards, in which the public relations at the security institution to gain the audiences and masses to its side through explaining the danger of terrorist on the Iraqi society at the head of communication implications.Also developed a researcher set of recommendations for the study, including : recruitment of the owners of specialty public relations at theGeneral Directorate of relations and the media, the fact that they have the experience in public relations, as well as the employment of advanced degrees (master's and doctorate) in public relations, the fact that they have a rich stock of information on science ties public, as well as the need to find the understanding and analysis of scientific deep and coherent and comprehensive to the subject of terrorism, so that the staff drafting the content of communication play a major role in the security awareness of the dangers of terrorism.

دور التغطية الاخبارية التلفزيونية في تشكيل اتجاهات الجمهور ازاء الحشد الشعبي : دراسة مسحية على جمهور مدينة بغداد == The Role Of Television News Coverage In Shaping Public Attitudes About The Popular Crowd A Survey Of The Audience Baghdad City

Author name: كريم عبد الله كريم طاهر البيضاني
Supervisor name: حسين علي نور الموسوي
General topic: Media
Specific topic: Media
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تناول البحث (دور التغطية الاخبارية التلفزيونية في تشكيل اتجاهات الجمهور ازاء الحشد الشعبي) موضوعا جديدا لم يتم تناوله سابقا بهذا التحديد، وان القضية التي يتم القياس بشانها (الحشد الشعبي) هي الاخرى جديدة وحديثة لم يتسن بعد اخضاعها لهكذا بحث علمي.وقد انط | The research (the role of television news coverage in shaping public attitudes about the popular crowd), a new topic has not been dealt with previously so specifically, and the issue that is measuring them is a new and modern other has not yet been subjected to such scientific research.The study was launched by Prime questionable is whether news coverage of television channels play a role in shaping public attitudes about the popular crowd?.. And fork to the questions from a group representing the research problem as follows : 1. What is the follow - up news of the popular crowd and regularity across news programs (leaflets and summaries)?2. What releases and summaries watched by the public (in terms of the time display) to see news of the popular crowd?3. Any news formats (news, report, interview, Subtitle) favored by the public to follow the news of the popular crowd?4. What degree of influence of television news coverage on public attitudes towards the popular crowd?5. What channels favored by the public to follow the news the popular crowd (an Iraqi, Arab and foreign Bath in Arabic)?6. What channels that allow knowledge of the characteristics of a positive or negative for the popular crowd?Based on those questions worked on the study to achieve the following objectives : 1. disclose the role played by news coverage of television channels in shaping public attitudes about the popular crowd.2. know the nature of the public formed the popular crowd direction depending on what they offer TV channels in Ngttiyatha newsletter.3. knowledge of TV channels to be adopted by the public in shaping the trends towards the popular crowd.4. To identify the channels that provide the viewer a positive or negative information about the popular crowd.5. knowledge of the most important programs, shapes and arts news which has to follow up the audience.6. disclosure of follow - up patterns and exposure to television news coverage on the popular crowd.The study used hypotheses derived from spammers news theory and previous studies, as follows : 1. The first hypothesis : protruding in television news coverage leads to the formation of different directions to the public about the popular crowd.2. The second hypothesis : TV news coverage and using certain methods lead to amend, modify or enhance trends carried by the public about the popular crowd3. The third hypothesis : news coverage and in partnership with the socialization factors (family, school, friends, community, and the media) changed from the convictions of public attitudes about the popular crowd.4. The fourth hypothesis : the formulation and presentation on the news according to specific frameworks certain forms of news and leads toward the public's understanding of the nature of the popular crowd in line with the orientations of those frames.The study of descriptive studies based survey method to obtain the data and information required and processed statistically to get into the scientific results.And it represented the city of Baghdad center study population of individuals who are the age of 18 and above, were selected representative sample of the community amounted to (779) single and multi - stage random according to simple and systematic random cluster sample.After counting procedures and processes statistical study found a range of results can be summarized as follows : 1. issued an option (sometimes) the respondents choices about follow - up, and an option (irregularly) in question the regularity of follow - up.2. news bulletins solutions first, and a high percentage in question any art forms are more important in news coverage of the popular crowd, as well as Alawagel, and solutions Evening releases first prize by high (67.2%), and get the news on the advanced rank in question news formats favored by the public search in the news coverage of the popular crowd, as well as news interview3. The selection of a limited set of audience research for other factors that affect the formation of the respondents' attitudes towards the popular crowd, along with television news coverage (such as the community in which the individual lives) and (family) and then (online) and (radio, newspapers and magazines, and mosques and Shiite mosques, school and the university).4. issued Iraqi channels set the order of the channels that allowed knowledge of positive characteristics of the popular crowd to audience research, and issued a positive internal rate option for each group (Iraqi channels, and Arabic, and Albath in Arabic).5. progress of the Iraqia channel Iraqi group in terms of preference and follow - up and then channel Baghdadia, Sharqiya, alahad, and Sumerian and Afaq, nujaba, and msar, and Furat.6. exported Hadth channel of the Arab Group, followed by Arabiya channel Al - Manar then Al - Jazeera channel and Almayadeen.7. issued Hurra Iraq's foreign group Broadcast Arabic in terms of preference and follow - up and then channel the Al - Alam and the BBC, Russia Today and CNN.8. proven statistical operations and the health of all the hypotheses generated confirming that the TV news coverage play a role in shaping public attitudes towards the popular crowd, which represents a solution to the problem of research and achieve its goals.

معالجة الصحافة الكردية للازمات بين اقليم كردستان العراق والحكومة الاتحادية : دراسة تحليلية في جريدتي التاخي والاتحاد للمدة من 1/ 1 / 2014م لغاية 1/ 7 / 2014م == The Treatement Of The Kurdish Press For Crises Between Kurdistan Region & The Union Government (An Analytical Study In Al - Taakhi & Al - Attihad News Papers For The Period From 1/1/2014 To 1/7 2014

Author name: فاطمة محمود حمه الطلباني
Supervisor name: شكرية كوكز السراج
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تتناول هذه الدراسة موضوعا مهما جدا يتمثل في متابعة ومعالجة الاحداث التي وقعت بين حكومة اقليم كردستان العراق والحكومة الاتحادية وشكلت ازمات فجاء عنوان هذه الرسالة ( معالجة الصحافة الكردية للازمات بين اقليم كردستان العراق والحكومة الاتحادية , دراسة تحلي | The current study addresses a very important topic represented by the following - up and the treatment of the incidences occurred between the government of Kurdistan Al - Iraq Region and the Federal Government which constituted crises. Sp, the title of this thesis came under (The Treatment of the Kurdish Press for Crises between Kurdistan Region and the Union Government - An Analytical Study in Al - Taakhi and Al - Attihad Newspapers for the Period from 1/1/2014 till 1/7/2014). The title of this thesis is "The Treatment of the Kurdish Press for the Crises between Kurdistan Region and the Union Government" An Analytical Study in Al - Taakhi & Al - Ittihad Newspapers for the Period 1/1 to 1/7/2014. The study is aiming to answer the questions which were enrolled in the light of the thesis problem for the identification of wither these newspapers were able to provide treatments for the crises between Kurdistan Region and the Union Government wither these treatments were positive or negative or both, and the identification of the cause of this study in that this thesis is one of the descriptive ones which depended on the surveying curriculum and the researcher depended the content analysis method which as represented by (5) main axes on 31 subcategories for the press content for "What was said?", (5) main axes for "How it was said?" and by (34) subcategories. The study was divided into four chapters : Chapter One : The Curriculum FrameworkChapter Two : The Treatment in the Kurdish Press of the Parties Chapter Three : Press and the Nature of the Crises between Iraq Kurdistan Region & the Union Government Chapter Four : The Analytical Study in Al - Taakhi and Al - Ittihad Newspapers The study comes up with a number of results, which are : 1 - The most important crises which were dealt with by the Kurdish press which are represented in this research by Al - Taakhi and Al - Ittihad newspapers in 2014 was the crises of issuing of the balancing of the region, the crises of dividing the natural fortunes, the crises of areas under conflict, the crises of the Beshmargha "Region Quards" and Kirkook crises, and which come to be included in the legal constitutional crises, due to the absence of constitutional text or a law that treat such crises and if they are found, the lack identification or legal interpretation as oil and gas law as an example. 2 - These two newspapers presented a group of treatments via their press arts which were represented by the invitation for the common work between the two governments by common committees and mutual visits and give some pleads to reach common solution as in the case of fighting ISIS. 3 - The Arts content of these two newspapers which tackled the crises assured that the treatments submitted by them took the side of the region government in that the two newspapers are belong to the parties of the region so they present solutions that pure in the interest of the Kurdish people in the first place in addition to the independency issue in case of rejecting the demands of the region in addition to the imbalance of their submission in that the confirm the patriotic union instances serve the region's interest. 4 - The thesis results assured that the absence of the political accordance was the major reason of not admitting the balancing of the region and in the same time the confirm the necessity of giving the salaries of the region's employees. 5 - The two newspapers of Al - Taakhi and Al - Ittihad presented their treatments via news tip art which is the main nerve of press work and the most important one in addition to the press image, followed by the other press arts

الاعتماد على الاعلام الجديد ودوره في تشكيل الراي العام ازاء الازمات في العراق : دراسة مسحية على اعضاء النقابات المهنية في محافظة كربلاء المقدسة == The Role Of The New Media In Forming The Public Opinion Of Iraqi Crises A Survey Study On The Members Of The Trade Unions In Holly Karbala

Author name: غالب كاظم جياد الدعمي
Supervisor name: عبد السلام احمد السامر
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The researcher investigates "the role of the new media in forming the public opinion of Iraqi crises" (a survey study on the members of the trade unions in Iraq). This subject has not been dealt with extensively especially, its independent variable "the new media". The reason behind that are the rarity of studies which have tackled the connection between this variable and the formation of the public opinion about crises. The researcher depends upon hypotheses derived from two theories; the "Dependency theory and the Arrangement of Priorities theory" and as follows : 1. The dependency upon the new media increases whenever there are strong crises that have extreme effect upon the people. 2. The second hypothesis : the stimulated awareness by the new media increases about crises whenever the dependency has high level and quality.3. The third hypothesis : the dependency upon the new media increases whenever it promotes to spread hope and stability. 4. The fourth hypothesis : the dependency of the individuals upon the content they gain as a result of their new usage effects their behavior throughout crises. Secondly : Arrangement of Priorities theory : 5. The first hypothesis : crises which are raised in the new media have interest and acceptance among the members of the society which exceed what is presented in other mass media. 6. The second hypothesis : the new media enjoys great ability to direct people's intention towards the crises which are going on in the country. The research also aims at determining the role of the new media in raising people's interest and directing their attention towards dealing with crises in Iraq. It also detects the new media's ability to change people's trends and rearranging their priorities depending upon the new media's variable. This research is descriptive moreover, the researcher uses a survey approach in collecting, classifying and analyzing the data. The study has come to the following conclusions : 1. Notable increase in the dependency upon the new media in obtaining information and informing about international and local topics especially, local crises. 2. The study points out that mothers are lesser group of people who uses the new media in times of crises in Iraq. 3. Facebook ranks first followed by YouTube in terms of usage by the members of trade unions. 4. The study confirms that the people's dependency upon the new media increases with aggravation of crises.

صحافة الاقليات الدينية في العراق : دراسة تحليلية في مجلة الفكر المسيحي، مجلة افاق مندائية، مجلة لالش خلال عامي (2002 - 2003)

Author name: عيسى عيال مجيد المزروعي
Supervisor name: عبد السلام احمد السامر
General topic: Media
Specific topic: Media
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The religious press is considered an important part of the specialized press. The Iraqi press has a long history. "Ikleel" journal is the first Iraqi, religious and Christian journal. No one dealt with this subject before. Through this research we will be introduced to trends of writers in these journals, the assessment will be made for this press, their role will be specified in spreading the national enlightenment, displaying the kinds of applied journalistic arts, assigning the religious activities of these minorities through their press and comparing the content of the journals before and after the occupation and specifying the aspects of similarity and difference between the Christian, Bedewed Sabian and Yezidi religion journals in terms of dealing with subjects and how to interact with the current events.To achieve these objectives, the researcher adopted the analytical methodology to identify the trends of these journals.The research was classified to four chapters The first chapter dealt with the methodological frame of the research and the researcher displayed the following subjects : The significance of the research, problem of research, objectives of research borders, definitions of purport analysis, specifying the simple of research, specifying the categories of analysis, scheduling the categories, calculating repetition of categories classifying them, displaying the previous studies and introducing the terms mentioned in the research.The second chapter dealt with studying the historical roots and origins of these religions, how they get into Iraq, places of their followers, their way of living and social traditions, their religious beliefs, presidency of their religions and sects, populations and their rate in respect to Iraqi populations.The third chapter was deicated to discuss the religious press and their history in Iraq. The chapter was divided into three topics. The first topic dealt with the specialized press in Iraq, their characteristics, types and examples. The second topic wad deicated for identifying religious press in Iraq, its emergence, development, historical stages and models. The third topic was deicated to study the Press of the religious minorities in Iraq, counting these journals, a simple description, the style of their issuance and bodies which issue them along with their personals and writers.The fourth chapter was deicated for an analytical study of three journals e.g. The "Christian Ideology" of Christian religion, "Bedewed Horizons" of Bedewed Sabians and "Lalash Journal" of Yezidi religion. For these journals, form, journalistic arts and ternds of subject of these journals was studied.Finally, the researcher concluded several concerning these journals and their purport along with a number of recommendations found out by researcher as neccessary to promote the actuality of these journals and move out of religions circle to cover more and more readers.

التشريعات الاعلامية في العراق وانعكاساتها على حرية العمل الاعلامي : دراسة مسحية على القائم بالاتصال في الفضائيات العراقية انموذجا == Media LeGISlation In Iraq And Their Implications On The Freedom Of Media Work Survey Study Based On Contact In The Iraqi Satellite Channels As A Model

Author name: عمر طلال عبد القادر
Supervisor name: طالب عبد المجيد ذياب
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: التشريعات الاعلامية في العراق وانعكاساتها على حرية العمل الاعلامي/ دراسة مسحية على القائم بالاتصال في الفضائيات العراقية انموذجاعمر طلال عبد القادر تشكل التشريعات الاعلامية الاطار القانوني الذي ينظم العملية الاعلامية والمناخ العام لحرية العمل الصحفي، و| Constitute the media legislation the legal framework which regulates the information process and the climate general press freedoms, be different outlook on such legislation, whether restricted or enhanced for liberties, between the authority, which may seek to control the media and censor it one way or another, and among journalists who wish to that the legislation does not include any restrictions on their freedom of the media work, Regarding the Iraqi experience, This research aims to study the laws in force of relevant media work, And study the impacts on the freedom of the media work from the viewpoint of those who contacted the Iraqi satellite channels aim of enhance the detection of a citizen freedoms in media legislation and restriction where a citizen, to know their perceptions on reality and ambition linked to media freedom, in an attempt to promote the positive aspects and to avoid the gaps and negative observations, The research department of five chapters, The first chapter contains a methodological framework to it, By identifying the problem and its importance and objectives of the research and the method and its fields and community and the scientific method in which the user, As well as a review of the highlights of previous studies and identify concepts related to their study, Chapter II introduced the subject of the legal framework for freedom of the media briefly in two sections, The first was titled what the law, while the second part of it dealt with the theoretical foundations of the freedom of the media, Chapter III Included the subject of media legislation and ethics, as it split on the two sections, the first entitled what media legislation, and the second entitled media work ethic and responsibility, The focus has been in Chapter IV placed in the legislation regulating the media through two sections, with the first dealing with of press legislation, while the second part of it dealt with general legislation or non - press, The V chapter discusses the field side, as was the analysis process for the review of the results of the respondents answers from the editors of the Iraqi satellite channels correspondents and delegates, as well as tables own axes analysis, And the most important of their results. Were presented the findings of the study, it can be referred to on the most important as follows : 1. The negative perception of the majority of editors, reporters and delegates that media legislation does not lead to (promote freedom of the media), especially since more than half of them believe that they (restrict the freedom of the media), and a belief about less than one - third as (does not affect the freedom of the media), that may be a critical vision of the experience of those journalists on the role and influence of the media legislation on the sidelines of the media freedom in their work.2. Tightening the majority of journalists that changes in media legislation did not cause the (restriction of the freedom of the media), especially since more than a third of them pointed out that they (reinforced freedom of the media), and some believe that it is less than half of them (did not affect the freedom of the media), they calendars linked by the media work, and the reference to the acceptance of regulatory steps and procedures that relate to changes in the field of new media.3. Invite most journalists to make adjustments in the media legislation in line with international standards of media freedoms, especially since about (97%) of them pointed out that the media legislation of the best (modified, canceled), versus (3%) of them pointed out (kept as it is), a call that runs from the journalists believe that the laws in force is not keeping up with international developments in the field of laws governing media work. Finally, in the recommendations of was to propose some solutions to promote freedom of the media work; it could be the most important of on the review as follows : 1. Demanding Iraqi legislature to strengthen laws on media freedoms and other complete ones that have not yet initiated, as well as the possibility of amending some of the existing laws in line with international standards of freedom and to avoid the current shortage so that it can access the integrated legal system provides a good environment media for self - employment.2. The need for new legislation related to media work because not of keep up media legislation with developments in the media the field at the political and technical level and that is what leads to invitation the council of representatives to form the committees in order to reshape laws guaranteeing media freedoms and reduce the punishment and prosecution of journalists

دور الفضائيات الموجهة في ترتيب اولويات الراي العام ازاء قضايا التحول السياسي في المنطقة العربية : دراسة مسحية على الاعلاميين العراقيين في بغداد == The Role Of Satellite Channels Directed At Prioritizing Public Opinion About Issues Of Political Transformation In The Arab Region ((A Survey Of Iraqi Media Workers In Baghdad))

Author name: علي يوده سلمان
Supervisor name: رعد جاسم حمزة الكعبي
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Kicks off the importance of this study is an important point began widening its extensions and its repercussions in the Arab region, especially with the entry of the region a new phase of political shifts that have changed and replaced by Arab regimes, and other systems are still struggling with these changes, however, they are coming in the path of transformation, or a gradual transition of power, and this important is TV directed to the Arab region, since the latter operate within two levels : first : the attention of those satellite certain events newsletter dealing with the Arab region, topics and presenting the contents varied and attractive forms of art, as well as its interest in dialogue programs designed to further interpretation and explanation and analysis on topics and issues of the Arab region and drawing the views supportive of the goals and political objectives, ideological, economic... etc., and the second revealed earlier studies about the existence of interest among the public exposure to those satellite motivated to get information or to break up the exclusive local satellite or Arab Ngttiyatha that are often monotonous barrier and traditional, the study is gaining importance to the following considerations : - Arab arena witnessed the storming of their space media and social groups from speaking their own language satellite channels and directed to their own people, and contributed to the increased freedom enjoyed by these channels in various media programs that deal with and precisely its events and issues in the region. - The issues and topics of political transformations in the Arab region is relatively new topics and developed, making it worthy of study, research and analysis from the perspective of a media which need in - depth studies and research, analytical and field. - represents the human field of study (Iraqi journalists in Baghdad), an important aspect of the study as a target and the task of those satellite television segment, due to the possibility of influencing them and what flows perfectly with the goals and objectives of these channels to arrange their priorities consistent and make it with the agenda of those channels.And research has identified the problem, the main question follows : (What's the nature of the role played by satellite channels directed to the Arab region in the order of priorities of the Iraqi journalists in Baghdad, the Arab political transitions issues after the year 2010)?.In identifying targets Find a set of goals and fleshed;1. disclose the nature of the relationship between the satellite and directed the concerns of the Iraqi media to the issues of political transformations in the Arab region Agenda.2. Determining the role of satellite channels directed in the order of my interests functional Iraqi media professionals in the institutions in which they work about the specific issues related to political shifts in the region.3. Investigation of the most important issues and events of the political transformations that have watched Iraqi media professionals in the satellite - oriented, as well as knowledge of any characters that Evdiloha in the analysis and interpretation of that transformation.And the research community; it identifies and Iraqi journalists in Baghdad working in media organizations and continuing in their work, while the sample was from non - probability samples, specifically intentional sample size was estimated at (400) Researched.And research and method and tools type; This study is one of the descriptive studies, and the curriculum is the survey method, the researcher used a set of tools in the implementation of the field study : questionnaire and scale observation and interview, and the main findings of the results were;1. The research sample of Iraqi media channels targeted as a major source preferences for their information about the Arab political transitions issues is because the satellite class basis for the Arab region prompt and thus the last Issues of present and fresh in every Ngttiyatha a variety in the forms and contents and all attachments of analysis and commentary, and other operations.2. Iraqi media professionals best of both (American Free British bbc Arabic and Russia today) on the rest of the other channels to follow the shifts issues as the most Highlighting addressed those issues, as well as positions that are almost favorable to the aspirations of the respondents from these transformations.3. Results of the analysis showed that the sample of the Iraqi media professionals a set of privileges that they attained to the satellite channels directed at addressing issues of Arab political issues which made them preferred to others, such as the news and information contained therein is immediate and characterized Bhaddattha, but it is investigating the lead news more than any other way, as well as avoid being aligned and offer different viewpoints on Arab political transitions objectively.4. Showed the results of the analysis for relational ties that looked at the origin of the relationship between the intermediate variables four that are set in this research (sex, age, academic specialty, number of years of work in the field of information) and a sample of the trends and habits of the respondents about the political transformations issues in the Arab region that there is a relationship between the distributed exponential average and higher exponential (positive

توظيف الشائعات في نشرات الاخبار التلفزيونية : دراسة تحليلية لنشرات اخبار قناتي التغيير والغربية للمدة من 1 - 6 - 2014م لغاية 31 - 8 - 2014م == Employment Of Rumors In Television News Bulletins Analytical Study Of News Bulletins Of Al - Taghier And Al - Gharbiyah Channels Period From 1/6/2014 To 31/8/2014

Author name: علي عبد الفتاح رحيم
Supervisor name: عبد السلام احمد السامر
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: It reflected the research problem addressed by the researcher in Note the presence of employment to the rumors in television news, particularly news bulletins main, And in particular during the period which saw security events consisted armed groups control large parts of different Iraqi provinces most notably Nineveh, Salahuddin and specifically at the beginning of the month of June 2014, Researcher seeks to ensure the employment of rumors in television news of Al - Taghier and Al - Gharbiyah channels, And then to investigate how that employ them and support them and methods that are promoting rumors of which.The search consider descriptive classification of research in terms of type, The researcher used the survey method being the most appropriate approach to the study of the problem at hand and describe it's elements, And he use the method or content analysis method for data collection, organize and analysis of rumors in employee newsletters.The research community rumors in newsletters television news of Al - Taghier and Al - Gharbiyah channels and adopted researcher in the study on the comprehensive inventory of the published news in order to avoid the disadvantages of the use of sampling in the content analysis, in order not to miss communication material involving important implications related research It detected the largest number of rumors in employee newsletters television in period of time for a sample of 06.01.2014 and 08.31.2014 to, And that the reason for choosing how long back the security and political events that gripped Iraq, most notably the armed groups control many cities, including Mosul, Tikrit, Fallujah and execution for crimes of a field of thousands of Iraqi soldiers, especially the massacre of members of the execution of Spyker air base in Salahuddin province.The researcher reached a number of conclusions as following as : 1. Researcher found a lot of rumors main employers in the newsletters of the two channels that most of them related to security and military subjects because of the importance and influence of those two big issues for the local and world public opinion, especially rumors during the internal crises and wars.2. The majority of rumors employee base their information is unknown or mysterious sources have not been clarified, or it is not assigned sources of news, This enhances the chance of employment and industry rumors and is a professional and legal responsibility for the promoters of accountability, As it has the use of telephone interviews or visual and rumors that contribute to giving greater credibility and help to lift the audience's attention.3. Most of the rumors employee in the news is the use of a mobile visual material with the employee where the text comes to the fact that TV is mainly based on the visual image to attract the largest number of viewer.4. Most of the rumors in employee newsletters used different equivalent unlinked to the content of rumors and this refer to the lack of accurate information and news, As it has the use of illustrations in an attempt to give some kind of credibility.5. Use grooming emotional win over the larger of mental in employment because of rumors that the psychological warfare against promotersand rumors attacking feelings and sentiment in humans and affect them much.6. Employment of the most rumors in the news bulletins in both channels in the fifth item or more gives an indication of the endeavor based on bulletins put the news weak credibility and employee where the rumors in the center of the bulletin or an end and it is likely to maintain the continuity of the follow - up viewers even access to the rumors employee and achieve response.7. Focus in the employment of most rumors in the length of time (30 seconds - 1 minute) of the both news channels, shows how limited the length of time for space news abstract, which prevent the existence of extensive coverage of news from all aspects and angles which leads to a lack of accuracy and objectivity in News.

تعرض المراة العراقية لاعلانات التوعية الصحية : دراسة ميدانية == Subjected The Iraqi Women To Health Awareness Advertisement (Field Study )

Author name: عبد الحسين جوحي موزان
Supervisor name: محمد عبد حسن العامري
General topic: Media
Specific topic: Public Relations
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعد الجانب الصحي واحد من المظاهر الاساس في حياة المجتمعات، لاسيما ان حياة الافراد ومستوى تقدمهم الصحي يرتبط الى حد كبير بمستوى الوعي ونحو المعرفة الصحية بالنسبة للامراض والوسائل الصحية غير الصحيحة على مستوى التطبيق النظري والعلمي، وفي هذا الجانب تبرز الوس

الوظيفة الثقافية للصحافة العراقية : دراسة تحليلية للصفحات الثقافية في جرائد (الصباح - الزمان - طريق الشعب) للمدة من 1/1/2013 الى 31/12/2013م == The Cultural Function Of The Iraqi Journalism Analystic Study Of The Cultural Pages Of The Journals (Alsabah - Alzaman - Tariq - Alshaab) During The Period 1\1\2013 Till 31\12\2013

Author name: عادل هاشم محسن الميالي
Supervisor name: محمد رضا مبارك
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The cultural function of the Iraqi journalism after 2003, formed placed the focus of the researcher and research, it is a function social communication can not only be reflective of the cultural traditions on one side, and on the nature of the journalism as a communication tool with known structure. The Cultural function is regarded one of the functions journalism, as it reflected his role in providing the thought fields as well as of knowledge and culture, for the purpose of satisfying the cognitive and intellectual need of the reader, and upgrading his thought and consciousness. Iraq has Witnessed after 9/4/2003, many changes which all had their effect on all the fields life especially in journalism, so the cultural theses sides have been crystallized since 2003 including all its thoughts and different trends, thus this paper aims to show the role and effect the cultural function via the Iraqi journalism under a circumstance that have been disappeared in Iraq for a long time, such a speech that is characterized by Cultural multiplicities which can express themselves for the first time. And here the importance of this study appears included in this research entitled (The cultural function of the Iraqi journalism - An analytic Study of the cultural pages in the journals (Alsabah - Al Zaman - Tariq - Alshaab) (During the period 1/1/2013 till 13/12/2013). They have been chosen length of time to search for the following reasons : 1 - Choice of Baghdad is the capital of Arabic culture during the year 2013.2 - Stability witnessed by the Iraqi journalism after years of change at the level of issuance and distribution.3 - The emergence of the features of professional sober, has privacy, especially after the demise of emergency journals published immediately after the change.4 - Near the duration of the study for the preparation of search and writing.5 - The presence of alarge space and reasonable freedom and monetary unlike the previous decade before the year 2003.6 - The continuity of the issuance of the research community journals since the year 2003, and up to the amount of time to write this research. The problem of the research is to show the nature of the cultural function of the Iraqi journalism after 2003, through different methods which express the real life and its different, trends, and its role in establishing Culture characterized by modern and new concepts. The research also aims to limit the nature of the meanings and Cases that have been delt with in the Cultural pages via journalistic arts and artistic methods which have been as the main Contain of the cultural function role, in addition to revelation sources cultural topics and their levels according to the sender locally or Arabic or worldly and the included values which have tried to make the reader know them. In addition to show the most important subjects and cases and know to which extend does the cultural pages do the critical function and how does it shed light on the Iraqi Cultural real problems, and to make sure of the care of the Iraqi journals of the cultural pages and monitor how the success of the Iraqi journalism to exercise of the cultural function across cultural pages. The researcher depends on the cadastral method as being the most matched with the study nature because, of its being as attributive one, and through the style of analysing the deep meaning of the subject included in the cultural pages. In order to get all these goals, the study has been divided according to the nature of the research. Into two sides, the first one is theoretical and the other one is practical, the paper also includes four chapters, the first one is the methodical frame , the second one is entitled the Sisiology of culture according to the connective prospective, while the third chaper is entitled the journalism and the cultural function, the fourth chapter shows the practical side entitled ((analysing the cultural pages in the journals (Alsabah - Alzaman - Tariq - Alshap) during the period 1 - 1 - 2013 till 31 - 2 - 2013)). The researcher gets the following conclusions : 1 - The Cultural pages were invested in all the three journals just as the essay, news reports and journalist quest.2 - The cultural pages in all the three journals try to invest most types of art such as poetry, Short story, criticism, essay.3 - The mastery of the national deep meaning of all the Cultural pages subjects and the interesting in the openess of the arabic, and world cultural area.4 - The modern and social and beauty values come first in the cultural pages.5 - The cultural pages are interested in the propagation of the Iraqi cultural products, in addition to the Arabic and world ones, but especially to the Iraqi ones.6 - The deep meanings of the Cultural pages are characterized by the generality and variety, Via dealing with the subjects of thought, art, woman, and culture.7 - The cultural pages have succeeded in doing the cultural function effeciently in the two journals (Alsabah and Alzaman) While there are some problems in the jonral tariq - Alshaap because the art is the dominant one.8 - Though the difference between the three journals, but they all did their Cultural function via the sciential, critical continuous,and enligh tenment fields. The paper also includes some recommendation suggested by the researcher depending on his conclusions, in addition to the conclusion, and a list of the resources, which the researcher has depended on during his study, in addition to some other appendages related to the main subject of the study.

اساليب الدعاية الروسية الموجهة الى المنطقة العربية : قناة روسيا اليوم انموذجا == The Directive Of Russian Propaganda Methods Toward Arabic Region R.T Channel

Author name: صادق عبود لفتة
Supervisor name: وسام فاضل راضي
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

الضغوط المؤثرة على القائم بالاتصال في الاذاعات العراقية : دراسة مقارنة بين اذاعات (جمهورية العراق والفرات والراي العام) == The Effecting Pressures On The Communicator The Iraqi Broadcasting A Comparative Study Between Radios (Republic Of Iraq - Furat - Alrai Alaam)

Author name: سندس عبد الوهاب حسين
Supervisor name: عمار طاهر محمد العامري
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: سندس عبد الوهاب حسين. الضغوط المؤثرة على القائم بالاتصال في الاذاعات العراقية. رسالة ماجستير، جامعة بغداد، كلية الاعلام، قسم الصحافة الاذاعية والتلفزيونية، 2013. تناولت الدراسة الضغوط المؤثرة على القائم بالاتصال في الاذاعات العراقية - دراسة مقارنة للقائم | This study tackles the effecting pressures on the communicator the Iraqi broadcasting by determining the pressures which the communicator practices in the communicator news bulletin through the broadcast. It practiced the mass media which has a role in the conveying the listening to the radio. The importance of this study lies in studying the communicator who is the first element in the process of media. It also tackles the reality of communicator in Iraqi media. He could affect the pressures through the media performance, through this communicator the Iraqi broadcast. It gives the information that could be the responsible of how effect. The objective represent as follows : 1. knowing the pressures of communicator in the broadcast work. 2. Determine the type of pressure pressures of communicator in the broadcast work. 3. comparison between the nature of pressures which the pressures of communicator in the radio stations. 4. Finding out the relationship between the demographic characteristics and the pressures of communicator in the broadcast work. The research is lies in the descriptive study, the researcher used the surveillance methodology which is the most suitable one in the study, it gives a description of the study. It contributes in minute descriptions of the studies phenomena. The researcher used data collection in acquisition the information.The most important conclusions are the following : 1. There are many pressures of communicator in the three broadcasts manifested in the political, functional, e4conomic, social, religious, security, legal pressures. The size of these pressures vary in results. 2. Most of the workers in the three broadcasts are holders of B.A degree. He three broadcasts care for assigning cultured people who have ideas and information to carry in the work.3. those responsibility of the communications in the three broadcasts consider their radio to be neutral in the first place, the aim at working with the means.4. There is a kind of satisfaction for the workers in the three broadcast manifested in the semi absolute agreement with the trends of the broadcast.5. The agreement of the workers in the three broadcasts that the weakness of the political and party for the broadcast. 6. The important considerations were varied when formulating the news between the radio Republic of Iraq and the Furat which depend on the politics of the radio as a basic factor between the public opinion.7. The agreement of the workers in the three broadcasts that there are economical pressures weakness in the material revenues. 8. costumes and social traditions are of the basic forces that effect the communicators. Feeling of social responsibility and maintaining the individual and collective virtues often pushes the communicator to give up the total coverage of events.9. the religious factors and beliefs emerge as an important factor of pressure on the communicator in the three broadcasts.10. the exposure on some workers in the three broadcasts to the risk of the assassination through creating an atmosphere fo fear related to a factor of pressure.11. the lack of legal security and legislations which should be able to protect journalists.12. there are no moral differences among the sample according to the variable of gender and more security pressure. 13. There is a moral differences between the answers of the subject in the three radios and also the valid laws providing protection to protect the journalists.14. There is a moral differences between the answers of the subject in the three radios about the effect of the role of clergymen in addition to the effect of them on the communicator.The thesis includes 46 tables and 1 annex.

المضامين والاشكال الفنية للبرامج التلفزيونية في تلفزيون العراق والتلفزيون العربي السوري : دراسة مقارنة == The Contents And The Art Forms Of The Television Programmers In Iraq Television And Syrian Arabia Television - A Comparitive Study

Author name: سعد مطشر عبد الصاحب علي
Supervisor name: حميدة مهدي سميسم
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The Classification of Broadcastal and Telvision problem is one of the main problems in Broadcastal and television work , not on a local or Arabic level , but on an Infermationl level. this is related to lose of an accurate imagination of the programmes responsibles in a various Broadcates.As in spite of the foundation of many Intrnational classifications of broadcastes programmes but the using of these classification is a difficult matter wich Cased by Many Cases related to the differences of social, cultural , political and Economical concepts between the stater for example , which is considered a cultural programme in some contiries may be considered in another countries as an entertaining porgramme and so on. This problem which has an Informational importanceAnd territory and International dimension is the objevt of the study which we determined in it the two dimensions , place and time which are Iraq Prior television and Syrian television - local progamme ( first channel ) and for six monthes from 1 - 1 till 30/6/2002.Because of the aime of the study is to reach an accurate imagination , we analysed different unites of programmes in the two channels and analyed their contentes and compared the similar programmes , then we built a full and methodical imagination on the two channels programmes which will takepart in successing the process of television planning and from ating in the two countries , because the process of classification leads to build a dependent year statisitical knowledge for porgrammes and television material in the two countries. For achieving that it was necessary to connect between two concepts , the from and the content which are came in the title of the dissertation ( the contents and the art froms or the television progammes in Iraq television and in Syrian Arabia television - a comparative study ) because the two concepts are complete each others. The Dissertation is Contained two dimensions , theroitical and procedural. the theroritical dimension contains five chapters as the following : - Chapter one ( the methodical surroundings of the research ) this chapter contained (problem of the research importance of the research , terms definitions , Aims of the research , procedures of the research and the previous studies ). Chapter two ( the Arabic and the universal classifications of Broadcatal and television programmes) The Arabic and the universal statistical norms in the field of classification the Broadcastal and television porgrammes had been displated in this chapter. Chapter three ( News and political television programmes ) This chapter contained the political television function and Informational television programmes. so it contained detailes a bout news and its froms ,tupes , sources , froms , and the way by which they are display. Chapter four : ( Cultural television programmes this chapter concentrated on the cultural function and the cultural television features. So it contained an an explanation of a cultural s concept and types of cultural programmes in the television. Chapter Five ( Entertainment television programmes ) This Chapter concentrated on the object of entertainment and the entertaininig function and how it can be done and how to reach the function television s aim as it is a mass Meadia. so this chapter contained a complet display for the types of entertaining porgrammes in addition to this chapter concentrated on the object of advertisement as it is considered as a communicational function submitted through television and it is an indepenant from of television programmes froms. Chapter Six ( the Field study ) This chapter contained a content analysis and a compqrision to the television programmes in Iraq television and Syrian Arabia television and mode a comparision to between the similarities of the programmes to know their contents , forms , sources , language and the way by which they are display to the Viewersin order to reach to a general imaginahion about television programmes in to a comparision with the universal norms. After these procedures the researcher come to several resultes , the importance of them is losing of the classificational programmes Norm in the two channels , and founding a big similsrty in trends in the two countries.Finaly the researcher put several Recommendations and suggestion as , the necessarily of depending on a programming Norm for classificating programmes according to their natures , sources , forms , and language ,and determining the communication television s function and arranging their priority in the two countries , and classificating the programmes according to the standard of communicational function which is news , Entertaining , Educating ,advertising. So the research depended on (153) scientific sources and he deals with ( 2500) television hours from Iraq television amd (2500) television hours from Syrian television which are about ( 16) hours daily.

موضوعات الامن الوطني في الصحافة العراقية : دراسة تحليلية لجرائد (الصباح ــ الزمان ــ الاتحاد) للمدة من 1/1/2014 لغاية 30/6/2014 == National Security Subjects In The Iraqi Press Analytical Study Of Newspapers ( Alsabah - Azzaman،.Alitthad) For The Period From 01/01/2014 Up To 30/06/2014

Author name: سرمد محمد خسرو
Supervisor name: حسن كامل محمد
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تناولت هذه الدراسة والتي جاءت بعنوان (موضوعات الامن الوطني في الصحافة العراقية ) موضوعا مهما وعلى صلة مباشرة بحياة الانسان ولاسيما المواطن العراقي، اذ يعد الامن الوطني من القضايا الكبيرة التي تهم الدول والمجتمعات والافراد وتشغلهم وتحظى باهتماماتهم، وتتخ | This study, which was entitled (National security subjects in the Iraqi press) an important topic and directly related to human life, especially the Iraqi individual, where is the national security of the big issues of interest and concern to states, communities and individuals and have their interests, countries and take measures many hidden phenomenon and to maintain it and sustain, and monitor his money and allocations of huge efforts and, where it is the biggest challenge and justified its existence and survival. After completion of the search, the researcher suggested the following results : I. the newspaper azzaman got the ranked first, ahead of the newspaper alsabbah and alittihadin issues of national security.2.Political Security category got the first place at the community newspapers Find all the (azzaman, alsabbah, alittihad).3.the health, environmental and military preventive security did not get axes of the attention that parallels the importance of newspapers by the research community.4..progressed newspaper decade in terms of dealing with issues of political, intellectual, social, military and internal security and the media on newspaper alsabbahand alittihad, it made alsabbah newspaper while in terms of dealing with issues of health, environmental and preventive security azzaman and alittihad.5. National security issues in general were not strategic goal of working to achieve the research community newspapers, where he was the great attention to political issues.6. did not include most of the national security topics addressed by the newspapers to provide solutions and tips and recommendations to the owners of the relationship.7. generally not been able to identify the reader of newspapers to national security and did not forward the importance of awareness of it.

دور المسلسلات التلفزيونية في تشكيل صورة العراق : دراسة تحليلية ميدانية == Studies TV Series Role In Shaping The Image Of Iraq Compared To The Fallopian Iraqi And Alsharqiya Study

Author name: زينة سعد نوشي
Supervisor name: عمار طاهر محمد العامري
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان اهتمام القنوات الفضائية العراقية المتزايد بالتطورات والاحداث في العراق، قد جعل عملية انتاج المسلسلات التلفزيونية فيها لها وسائلها واساليبها وفلسفتها الخاصة، اذ لم تعد المسلسلات التلفزيونية مجرد مادة للتسلية والترفيه، وانما اضحت وسيلة للحصول على المعلو | Accessories Zena Saad Noshee TV series role in shaping the image of the Iraq Study compared the Iraqi channels and Eastern doctoral thesis, Faculty of Information, University of Baghdad 0.2015.The growing interest of the Iraqi satellite channel developments and events in Iraq, has made the production of TV series in which a process of the means, methods and its own philosophy, as TV series are no longer just a matter of amusement and entertainment, but has become a way to get information and access to the most prominent images from Iraq after a year in 2003, in order to create trends with or against this or that party or for the benefit of this process or that, as well as directed targets enterprise media and policy information to events, hence this study was to figure out the image provided on Iraq in Iraqi Satellite TV channels, especially after twelve passage years of occupation and the developments of events in Iraq To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher using the style of content analysis to identify the contents of each of the series "years under the ashes," and the series "House role" in the two channels spacecraft, one governmental private and the other two Iraqi channel and Eastern Channel, was chosen in a deliberate, in an attempt to detect the basic themes Each channel has sought to confirm them in the context of showing the image of Iraq, and the study sample consisted of (60) ring, at the rate of 30 episodes per series.And adopted a researcher on the content analysis tool in the process of conducting the analysis, through design analysis form in the light of the survey, were subject For measures of validity and reliability before being applied to the analysis of the content of series have, subject of the study, as well as the use of the questionnaire and building a special measure has been the reliance on hypotheses cultivation theory, in order to figure out the image formed on Iraq to the Iraqi public, where the questionnaire distributed to the research sample the (600) form the audience the city of Baghdad in each of the judicial Karkh and RusafaThe researcher has identified targets for study were as follows : : 1. Identify the nature of the subjects addressed by the local TV series2. Investigate the most prominent images covered by the local TV series.3. The disclosure of the dimensions and features the image of Iraq in Iraqi fallopian Series and Eastern.4. The comparison between the image of Iraq presented in the Series Iraqi channels and Eastern.5. Identify the public exposure of Baghdad local television serials on satellite channels pattern.6. Identify the motives of public exposure of the local TV Series.The results of the study that both channels (the (Iraqi)) and ((East)) had contact with interest to the issues of Iraq and events, but differed in the proportion of interest on topics and images for post - 2003 type The study pointed to the existence of an agreement between the two channels in some Pictures provided on Iraq and different in others, and it was the most important findings of the study is the difference negative unit amount which characterized the Iraqi channel Al - Sharqiya in the handling of the image of Iraq as image attributes for Iraq in the eastern channel was more negative than came out in the ethnic channel, The results also showed a majority of the Iraqi public's reliance on Iraqi Satellite TV channels in the follow - up TV series, the study recommended the need for the Iraqi media organizations, unlike real and positive about what is happening in Iraq 's are far from sectarian, factional and political trends partisan, and contained treatise on (69) Software and (2) Supplements.

التعرض للعنف في التلفزيون وعلاقته بسلوك المراهقين : دراسة ميدانية لتعرض طلبة المدارس المتوسطة الى برامج المصارعة الحرة == Exposure To Violence On Television And Its Relationship To The Behavior Of Teenagers A Field Study Of The Vulnerability Of Middle School Students To Wrestling Programs

Author name: زيد محمود سلمان
Supervisor name: عمار طاهر محمد العامري
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: زيد محمود سلمان. التعرض للعنف في التلفزيون وعلاقته بسلوك المراهقين. رسالة ماجستير، جامعة بغداد، كلية الاعلام، قسم الصحافة الاذاعية والتلفزيونية، 2014.تناول البحث التعرض للعنف في التلفزيون وعلاقته بسلوك المراهقين، دراسة ميدانية لتعرض طلاب مدارس المتوسطة ا | The research addresses exposure to violence on TV and its relation to teenager behavior ,a field study of secondary school students' exposure to wrestling shows. It aims at identifying the relation between frequency of teenagers' exposure to violence on TV and their behavior. The vitality of the research lies in exploring a wide spread phenomenon among teenagers , i.e. viewing wrestling shows and underpinning the effects of such shows on teenage behavior as well as investigating the degree of parental guidance involved when teens watch these shows.The aims of the study can be summed up as follows : 1 - Identifying frequency of teenage exposure to violence in wrestling shows.2 - Explore the relation between violence in wrestling shows and teenage behavior.3 - Investigate degree of parental guidance of teenagers while watching these wrestling shows.This thesis lies within the field of descriptive studies, the researcher used the survey approach which is the most suitable to study a particular phenomenon. It aims at specifying the phenomenon, describe its properties, factors affecting it, and identifying the correlative relationship between the variables which affect this phenomenon. To access the necessary information, the researcher used the questionnaire forms to collect data.The researcher has concluded the following : 1 - Most subjects in the study await the time to air wrestling shows , although they are busy with school and the morning and the homework.2 - Most subjects in the study impatiently find time to watch wrestling shows since such shows utilize a great deal of suspense and thrill.3 - Fridays and Saturdays are the favorite weekdays to watch wrestling shows, subjects expressed.4 - Most subjects in the study prefer watching these wrestling shows on Arab channels.5 - Subjects questioned consider MBC - Action the most popular channel to air wrestling shows since it presents these shows in the daily program, at times that fit leisure time.6 - Subjects questioned consider WWE - RAW the favorite show because it presents the world - known wrestling championship.7 - "Improving the athletic skills (combat skills)" is the greatest motive to watch wrestling shows.8 - Most subjects in the study have the desire to imitate the champion's moves and stunts on their friends and family members. 9 - Most subjects want to keep watching these moves performed by their favorite champion, indicating that they have tendency to watch violent content. 10 - Most test subjects have the desire to act and behave like their favorite character in these shows. This is a serious matter since most characters of these shows behave violently and chaotically, this might cause a state of violence and bad behavior among teenagers.11 - Most test subjects have the desire to imitate and simulate the acts of their favorite character, since teenagers tend to imitate and empathy.12 - Most test subjects prefer to watch wrestling shows alone ,whether in the living room or their private rooms, this means that parental guidance is weak when it comes to watching wrestling shows.13 - Usually, mothers tend to watch and monitor their teenage son (the test subject) more than any other family members, since she is always at home and she hates violence. 14 - Most test subjects were not grounded or disciplined by their parents when they insist to watch these shows, it indicates lack of parental guidance.15 - No significant difference among the test subjects age group and frequency of exposure.

المسؤولية الاجتماعية للمواقع الاخبارية الالكترونية : دراسة في مواقع (المركز الخبري لشبكة الاعلام العراقي , الجزيرة نت,BBC Arabic) == Csr News Website Study (News Centre Iraqi Media Net , Al - Jazeera Net ,Bbc Arabic )

Author name: زهراء حسين جبار
Supervisor name: ليث بدر يوسف الراوي
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يهدف هذا البحث معرفة مدى التزام المواقع الاخبارية الالكترونية للمسؤولية الاجتماعية عن طريق معرفة مدى التزامها بالمعايير المهنية للاعلام من ( الموضوعية والدقة والمصداقية ) والتعرف على مدى التزام المواقع الاخبارية الالكترونية بالقيم الاخلاقية المهنية , | Zahraa Hussein Jabar , ( CSR news website Study (News Centre for the Iraqi media Net , Al - Jazeera Net ,BBC Arabic ) ( MA thesis, Baghdad University, college of media , Department of journalism, 2016 pm) This research aims to know the extent of the obligation of electronic news sites by knowing the social responsibility compliance with professional standards, values for information (objectivity, accuracy and credibility) and to identify the extent of compliance of electronic news sites with professional ethics, as well as highlighting the most salient topics focusing on electronic news sites.Classified search meta research, and may use descriptive, and adopted the style (content analysis) (4158) a subject which is limited to the sample unit's comprehensive research, and reality (647) in News Center Iraqi media network, and (2037) in Al - Jazeera's website, and (1474) in site BBC Arabic , Research tools which use blood thih p represent the late b (interview) and (note) and (analysis).The researcher has reached a number of conclusions, the most important of mayati : The researcher has reached a number of conclusions the most important maiati : 1 researcher noted that there were breaches of social responsibility in three sites there were found a number of violations in the news professional values, as well as breaches of professional ethics as proven results maiati : The existence of breaches of objectivity, neutrality and balance through maiati : A sourcing Centre side of the Iraqi media network of the Iraqi Government.B bias in the Al - Jazeera's Net website as the site is biased in one way or another on topics related to Syria, Egypt and Iraq.C take site BBC Arabic To organize terrorist ISIS , called the Islamic State, as well as try to site all terrorist acts attributed to Islam. Dـــ The three sites were added and discoloration and distortion of facts in some subjects and this addendum back to historical details about the topics.2 the existence of weaknesses in credibility if Al Jazeera NET in some subjects followed indeed especially in topics falsifies Egypt and Iraq war against SISI site BBC Arbic it uses falsified reality in Syria and Iraq war against terrorism.3 Vulnerabitity of linguistic level in sourcing Center for the Iraqi media network, the researcher noted that there are some spelling mistakes on the website this is a defect in the precision and clarity.4 inaccuracy of some subjects on my site BBC Arabic and Al - Jazeera Net as use site BBC Arabic words an interesting interpretation in some themes (like say the source), either Al Jazeera NET in some news articles raised some questions at the end of the topic, that would raise questions and interpretations in the mind of the visitor.5 there were breaches of ethical values in the three locations as you use the site BBC Arabic In some of his images the lusts and using abusive words, either Al Jazeera NET researcher noted that the site incites violence, particularly in the fight against terrorism, either News Center Iraqi media network has used the disclosure of secrets people especially in artistical subjects and in some political articles.The research included (86) tables (73) and forms (4) supplements

المصادر الاخبارية للجمهور في العراق : دراسة ميدانية حول واقع استقاء الاخبار في اوساط الجمهور العراقي في بغداد

Author name: دحام علي حسين العبيدي
Supervisor name: علي حسين طوينة
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يشار الى ان الاخبار تمثل ركنا اساسيا من اركان الاعلام في عالمنا المعاصر. فعلى ضوئها يتمكن الجمهور من التواصل مع الاحداث المحلية والعالمية. فضلا عن دورها في تكوين الانطباعات، وتشكيل الاراء والاتجاهات. ذلك ان انتقاء بعض الاخبار دون الاخر، والتركيز على جا | As the news represent the basic element of the information in our nowadays life. By the news the audiences are able to communicate with the local & universal events as well as its role in making the impressions and forming the views and directions. And that by selecting some news from others and focusing on a side and neglecting the other and the way of making , the techniques of present the news all this is able to make effect upon the public opinion. The news play an active role in forming opinions that support the issues and having views that support the point of views, which are raised. From the concept of the importance of the news and from the fact that certified the mass media represent in general its importance to transfer and examine the news as well as its role to effect on the audiences. So, the researcher in his present study found that the study for the source from which the Iraqi audiences derived the news. The researcher achieved his present study according to a scientific procedure, and the researcher willing to achieve the aims of the study and reach to the sources from which the audiences are getting or derived their news and to limit which any of mass media is proffered by the audience as well as understand the relation on between the political chances for the audiences, such as (sex, the social individual, education level) and the process of getting the news by the audiences and how, he select the mass media which are adopted to be sources for the news derivation. To achieve the aims, the researcher adopted a survey procedure (method) and choose province of Baghdad to be the field of the study as the researcher believed that those audiences being a sample for the Iraqi audience in general. The researcher designed a paper of examination or investigation, so the researcher takes care of the conditions and obligations in this paper which consist of (25) questions. The study is divided to fife chapters and in the first chapter the researcher stated the title of the present study, its importance, aims and the problem of the study and showing the activities of the practical side. While in the second chapter which is in title (make the News) this chapter consists of four themes or topics, in the first topic the researcher identify the concept of news and its relation with other Journalist arts, and in the second one is about the identify to the interior & exterior news sources also, the third one is about the concept of the news values and which is the important one, and the fourth theme is mentioned the concept of the gate guard and the effected elements in publishing and selecting the news. The third chapter which is in title (Globalization & its effect in spread the news) it consists of three topics, the first one is to identify globalization and its effect on the political and economical domination, and the second topic is specialized to the subject of media under the globalization while the third one dealt with the imbalance in spread the news and its effect. In the fourth chapter, the researcher showed its title (Reasons & Tools to be exposed to audiences. For the news. It consists of four topics in the first one we mentioned the general jobs of mass media, and the second one is about the stimulus of human behavior and the need for the news, the uses and rumors. While the third topic is related with the nature of subjection and the psychological instrument, and the fourth topic is about the news and its effect to be in the level of priorities. At the end the researcher presented the fifth chapter which specialized in the sources of the news from which the Iraqi audiences taken the news, it is a field study, the researcher limited the sources according to the answers of the audiences in the paper of exam and also limited the degree of adoption for the audience on any means of the mass media to get the news and causes of that

العلاقات العامة التسويقية للاحزاب العراقية ودورها في ترتيب اولويات الجمهور : دراسة ميدانية لجمهور مدينة بغداد == The Public Relation Marketing For The Iraq Parties And Its Role In Agenda Setting Of Public Preliminaries Survey Study For Baghdad City Audience

Author name: خلف كريم كيوش علي التميمي
Supervisor name: علي جبار الشمري
General topic: Media
Specific topic: Public Relations
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The Public Relation Marketing For The Iraq parties and its Role in Agenda setting of public preliminaries Survey Study for Baghdad city Audience. The public relation marketing became one of the necessities of the political and party life which is regarded as the joining point among all the political parties and audience and being responsible for the processes of explanation, presentation and marketing operations for the ideas and notions of any political party whose activities and means play an important and dangerous role in the formation or building of the public opinion and pushing the groups towards ideas, opines of view and directions of the parties in spite of these audiences of the away from each other from the geographical or disharmonic demography points of view، and can identify the research problem by asking President : (what is the role of marketing public relations for political parties in the order public) priorities? Accordingly, it has targeted current research is primarily the extent of the impact of marketing public relations for political parties in the order of public priorities, and follow the researcher in this research descriptive method to detect and identify the relationship between the different variables of the study of the extent of the prioritization of the public the city of Baghdad by exposure to activities public relations marketing political parties across the field study, may represent a targeted community in this research audience the city of Baghdad, it has reached a number of search results, most notably : First. Conclusion : The present study has arrived at the following conclusions : 1 - The conclusion of the present study emphasized that the objectives of the audience participation in the communicative activities for the political parties is for the purpose of acquaintance towards the current affairs which occupied the first rank.2 - The majority of the sample individuals showed that all of them are agreeable with for the marketing public relation which contributed in the establishment of a number of information ,knowledge and ideas related with the political production market.3 - The majority of the results of the sample demonstrated that the goals of the marketing for the political parties supplied them with new information that pulled their attention that they do not know them before.4 - Moreover , the majority of the results for the sample showed that the activates of the activities of the marketing public relation for the political parties is equivalent with its performance within the present stage that Iraq passes by.5 - The majority of the public relation for the political parties deliberately ignored the political matters that disagree with the party issues.6 - At last but not at least, the conclusions of the present study demonstrated that the party communicative means increased the attention of the meant sample in their attending of the symposiums and meetings which are held by the political parties.

مستويات مصداقية الصحافة العراقية لدى جمهور مدينة بغداد بعد عام 2003 م : دراسة مسحية == Credibility Levels Of The Iraqi Prees For Baghdadi People Beyond 2003 : Asurvey Study

Author name: خضير عباس ضاري الموسوي
Supervisor name: حمدان خضر السالم
General topic: Media
Specific topic: The Press
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: هناك خلط بين مفهومي المصداقية والصدق اذ يرى البعض ان معناهما واحد.فالمصداقية مشتقة من صدق وهي تعني الادلة التي تثبت الصدق.والصدق يعني عدم الكذب ومطابقة الواقع.وقد بدات دراسة المصداقية عالميا في نهاية خمسينيات الالفية الثانية لمعرفة التدني والعزوف عن قر | There is confusion between the concepts of honesty and credibility, arguing that their meaning is one. Credibility is derived from the truth, which means evidence of honesty. Honesty means not lying and matching reality. Studying credibility worldwide began at the end of the fifties of the second millennium to see the decline and refrain from reading newspapers. while it was studied in the Arab world in 1987. Global studies concluded that the credibility concepts (accuracy, completeness, transfer facts, impartiality, balance, justice, objectivity, trust, honesty, respect for the freedom of individuals and the community, note that customs and traditions).There are dimensions of the study credibility, a credibility - based communication and content credibility and the credibility of the means and from there it can and added to the credibility of the source of the events and the credibility of the statements by officials and direction means credibility and the credibility of the type of means.The credibility of the Islamic perspective, it means the credibility of the speeches, actions and self. And that the credibility of a total of Toward Social, moral and national and personal, aesthetic, religious, political and economic values.Credibility means two things : - The credibility of the newspaper for the reader and the credibility of the press for the source.There are three stages of ratification : - Media ratification, ratification emanating from the communication, and the final ratification.As well as there are six levels of perception of credibility are : 1. The first level (based contact).2 - second level (journalist and reporter)3. The third level (source)4 - Level IV (Media Production)5 - level V (directed way)6 - level VI (medium) TypeThe importance of the study of credibility was the result of a strong decline in the credibility of the press and competition rates between different media or one - way and refrain from reading newspapers.The credibility mutable multi - dimensional, and the world of today variable in all walks of life and is the best approach to the structural model for the study of credibility, which consists of three approaches (institutional, and influence, and individual).There are several criteria to measure the credibility and there are many kinds of credibility according to the classification and researchers, there are a lot of factors that affect the credibility some of which is linked to the source or the means or existing contact or the public or the form of the letter or lobbyists or the importance of the issue.The study reached the following conclusions : 1 - audience trends over the medium credibility.2 - independent newspapers ranked first in the ratification of the respondents.3 - TV won first place, followed by the Internet and the press in terms of follow - up.4 - There is no decline in reading newspapers, but there are varying.5 - a lack of studies concerning credibility.6 - to monitor the need to find credibility in the Iraqi press center.7 - a lack of institutions to see the proliferation of newspapers and the lack of an organized exchange for distribution.ا.
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