Author name:
خلف عبيد حمود الدليمي
Supervisor name:
كريم مطر حمزة الزبيدي
Abstract:
One of the interesting topics is to study the US - Soviet position towards Angola civil war 1975 - 1991, Such topic deserves attention from the researchers and historians, That period saw a matchup between the United States of America and the Soviet Union politically, militarily and economically in the framework of the cold war and has spilled its influence to Angola, one of the countries in South Africa, It is a subject of a high degree of importance because it gives the impression of the policy of the poles in the Angola which forms an extension to the third world countries, and have had negative and positive effects on those countries. The competition between the poles reflected on the overall international political system, as reflected in both countries about each relationship on all bilateral relations with the rest of the world, Angola's share of that competition was great and notable, where both countries have sought to strengthen their influence in order to deprive the other party from the possibility to take advantage of them, and deal with its neighboring regions on one hand, and to fix their interests of the other. The general structure of this study consists of an introduction, five chapters, and a conclusion, and as follows : The first chapter is titled Portuguese colonialism to Angola and the Angolan's resistance, It consists of four sections, the first section deals with the location of Angola and its significance, natural looks, and the Angolan's economical wealth in addition to the social structure of Angola, The second section talks about the beginning of the Portuguese colonization to Angola and the sectarian colonializing policy towards the population, And the third section covers the early Angola's national movement, and its emergence after the World War II during the period 1945 - 1960, The fourth section highlights the outbreak of Angola revolution against the Portuguese colonialism during the period 1961 - 1975, which was ended by signing Al - For agreement on the fifteenth of January 1975 under which Portugal declared the end of colonial rule, and Angola was granted its independence, and this has been reviewed very briefly, for the purpose of introducing the reader to Angola, and the developments that led to its independence. The second chapter deals with the internal developments of Angola through 1975 - 1976, and it consists of four sections, the first section explores the origins of Angolan civil war, its causes and the out breaking of that war after Al - for agreement, and the Portuguese position on the war, The second section tackles with the civil war from the formal announcement of independence till its end in 1976, In addition, we review the role of mercenary in Angola and highlight the roots of the emergence of this phenomenon, and the attempts to fight them, and the trial of mercenaries in Luanda that is considered a courageous step to put an end to the use of mercenaries in Africa, The fourth section covered the problems faced by Angola after the declaration of independence, which concerned the internationally recognition of its independence, and internal problems due to the effects of the civil war. The third chapter is entitled the American and the Soviet situation on Angolan civil war 1975 - 1976, It consists of four sections ,The first section tackles with the American position to Angola where the researcher explains the beginnings of American intervention and its motives in the civil war and the situation of United States of America after signing the Independence agreement in 1975, in addition to the role of America in using mercenaries, The second section deals with the US's position after declaring formal independence 1975 - 1976 which highlighted the position of the legislature and executive authority on the civil war and the methods used by the administration of US President Ford to achieve its goals in Angola ,The third section is about Soviet position on Angola and the researcher explains the roots of Soviet's relation with Angola, the motives of the Soviet intervention in the civil war, and its efforts to support the MPLA movement which had the big effect to win the conflict, The fourth section focused on the Soviet Union's position from Angola in 1976 in terms of support for the government of MPLA, and its relations with Cuba in Angola, These sections take up a large space because of the large number of events where the big two states come to a competition for the sake of intervention in Angola civil war when both of the states try to gain the conflict for its side. The fourth chapter is entitled Angola's civil war developments from 1977to - 1991, and it consists of four sections, The first section shows the undeclared war 1977 - 1979, and what accompanied it of domestic developments and the foreign and domestic threats. The second section deals with the second civil war during the period 1980 - 1984, which was escalated by the encouragement of the United States, The third section studies the civil war during the period 1985 - 1987, and the fourth section is devoted to the study of the civil war and the peace negotiations during the period 1988 - 1991, it covers the escalation of the civil war, and the negotiation that ended the international intervention in Angola, which ended with the end of the second civil war in 1991. The five chapter deals with the American and Soviet's position towards the Angolan civil war 1977 - 1991,This chapter composes of four sections, the first one of them studies the position of the Carter administration 1977 - 1980 in which we explain the methods used by the administration of President Carter in Angola that led to fueling the conflict in Angola, The second section deals with the US position during the period 1981 - 1991, It deals with President Reagan's policy toward Angola that fueled conflict in Angola, as we have clarified the attitude of President George W. Bush's junior administration in during the period 1989 - 1991 of the events in Angola, which ended the intervention of US involvement Angola in 1991, The third section deals with the Soviet position during the period from 1977 to 1980, We reviewed the Soviet Union's relations with the government of MPLA from political, military and economic respects, The fourth section studies the Soviet Union's position during the period 1981 - 1991 and in which we explained the position of the Kremlin from the escalation of the civil war, and the ongoing support for the government of MPLA in cooperation with Cuba, and we explained the change of the Kremlin's policy towards Angola during the period 1985 - 1991, which ended with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the end of its interfering in Angola. I have reviewed in the conclusion the most important points I have arrived at. The Portuguese colonial policy of Angola, which lasted for four centuries, had a negative impact on the Angolan community, It had torn the Angolan community, provoked internal rivalry and helped the tribalism that characterized the Angolan community. The social structure of Angola, which was composed of several ethnic groups, was not merged and made up of tribalism, and the rivalry of tribal leaderships for power led to a long civil war that was fueled by tribalism that the country was unable to dispose of. The external intervention in Angola after the end of the Portuguese colonization played a role in stirring the conflict that led to the outbreak of the Angolan civil war, The continuation of the external intervention was a major cause for sustaining its continuation for a long period of time, This left negative effects on Angola leaving its people to poverty, wondering in the neighboring countries, and the country has been hit by economic collapse, despite the possession of huge economic wealth, and destroyed infrastructure.
