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اسرائيل والتحولات السياسية في البلدان العربية منذ عام 2010 == Israel and political transformation in the Arabic since 2010 countries

Author name: سلمان علي حسين العزي
Supervisor name: صالح عباس الطائي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of International Policy
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In this study titled (Israel and political transformations in the Arabic countries since 2010). We try to explain the eminent abilities and components which Israel has, especially the military affairs .It has a good strong developed one based on developed military industries of novel technology, all worked to arm the military army with most new weapon like nuclear weapon, in which the big military spending has a good role of that. In addition to that the economical abilities which came from Jewish donors, nonstop American support and German compensation, all these have a good role in building developed Israel commerce. Israel employed the Jewish experiences which had come from emigration to develop its economy, one of that is a big development of economical level in the country. In addition to that the technological abilities which have an eminent role to support the international and region Israel aims e.g. the fields of military industries and space fields like launching a grope of satellites for spying and collecting information . All of that make an obstacle against the international and region alliance of Israel to do its aims. Part of these eminent obstructions are social and inner political problems e.g. west and east Jews problems ,or disagreement between parties about main affairs like making of the constitution and who is the Jew ? In addition to that the economic problems e.g. lacking of row materials, oil ,Gas ,and lacking of water .Another important points are the need of near shops to sell their productions ,and no good strategic view as it is on a small land and surrounding with enemies . After that we go to search for the international and region effected points of Israel through searching the region effected points of Israel, one of them is turkey, Ethiopia, South of Sudan and middle of Asia, also what these points gave to Israel especially after the political changes in the Arabic countries in order to do its plans in Arabic area. Also we show the international points of Israel activity. U.S.A, European Union, Russian and china will be the first .This depends on a fundamental thinking of Israel idea as in depending on the great power in its international and region alliance. Another search, we go for the motives, the ways and the results of the Arabic political changes and its effects on the Arabic political reality then the Israel role in all of that depending on the central Arabic countries, e.g. Egypt Syria, in addition to another countries like Tunisia, Libya and Yemen. The role of Israel in the Arabic political changes depends on the continuity of demonstrations and unstable case in the Arabic countries, leading to the prepared aim of Israel for the Arabic countries .This leads us to search in the Israel American projects ,one of them is the Great middle East project and the strategy of its implementing through the creative confusion ,and the project of smashing Arabic countries depending on Bernard Luis and Audead Yunoon like dividing the Arabic countries to small unstable one ,and quarrel with each other, trying to put future possibilities for the nature of the relationship between Israel and Arab through three possibilities like the continuity of the relationship as it is or change it ,or both continued and changed one depends on each case

العلاقات الامريكية الصينية بعد الحرب الباردة وابعادها السياسية والاقتصادية == The America - China relations after cold war , and its political , economic dimensions

Author name: زينب عبد الله منكاش
Supervisor name: رفاه شهاب احمد الحمداني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: A new data have appeared in the post - cold war age began features running through the erosion of the western strategic coalition elements with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the decline justifications western coalition in the face of the communist threat ,and the emergence of international competition indications strategy including economic and regional interests to form a so centers international political and economic influence. The relations - China relations is today one of the most international relations complicated in the international system. Both countries are located under the impact of new international data environment after the cold war, as well as that each is trying to show the embodiment of the elements of power, which is owned by another, as the United States of America is seeking to devote unipolar system by having an abortion all attempts by some emerging international powers to interpret the new international system form, while China is seeking to return ,and change this system.Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the economic and political relations between the United States , and China through its review of the elements of which plan the path of those relationships and to monitor compliance and repulsion between the two cases in the post - cold war age , and the development of future indicators of these relations imposed by the nature of the international system and international environment, the existing economic relations, which between them.This study has gone to emphasize the need for clear structure helps to organize and coordinate the study according academy of problematic from which scientific hypothesis that went to prove in order to reach the desired formulation of scientific results. In light of this has been divided this thesis into five chapters, as well as the introduction and conclusion, and in light of this division thesis into five chapters, as well as the introduction and conclusion has been through the review of intellectual perspectives U.S.A. - China's relations post - cold war by having the international system attributes after the cold war and the role of the realist school system and the balance of power and coalition in the study of international relations and the impact on U.S.A. - Chinese relations ,and determine the nature of this relationship the U.S.A - Chinese and vision of those relationships, as well as the most important factors affecting them and the reality of the U.S.A. and Chinese cognition to the reality of these relations There is review of the elements of economic and political power of China and the U.S.A., and the areas of cooperation and coordination between the two countries in the field of trade and investment, energy and foreign debt. Economic, political ,and social determinants of U.S.A. - China relations, and finally had been reached that The expected future framework of U.S.A. - China relations is located within a combination between the rival and partner of the United States ,but not as a strategic partner to the inability of China's access to the international standing of the United States. Therefore, in the interest of China that offers all the ingredients that induce the United States to take its international partner in the future.

التخطيط الاستراتيجي والاداء السياسي الخارجي للولايات المتحدة الاميركية بعد الحرب الباردة == STRATEGIC PLANNING AND FOREIGN POLICY PERFORMANCE OF USA POST THE COLD WAR

Author name: زياد طارق خليل
Supervisor name: سرمد زكي الجادر
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Strategy Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: فان مما تتفق عليه الرؤى الاكاديمية ان الولايات المتحدة كانت قد ولدت تتوافر على الفرصة الى جانب الارادة الانسانية في اغتنام هذه الفرصة - ان صح التعبير، مستفيدة من جملة خصائص عدتها هبة الرب التي خص بها (اميركا) او ( العالم الجديد ) . وفي مقدمة تلك الخصائص العزلة الجغرافية التي وفرت لها خطا دفاعيا طبيعيا يصعب اجتيازه ، والثروات الغزيرة باعتبارها القارة الغنية التي توافرت على مقومات الانطلاق والنهضة الاقتصادية (الصناعية والزراعية) ذاتيا ، واخيرا النزعة نحو التغيير في ضوء الارادة باتجاه تحقيق الذات . اما سبل الاغتنام فمثلت الاشكالية التي دعتها لاحقا للانغماس وسط ندرة الفرص وما يعرف بالطبيعة الايجابية للسياسة . فبدلا من انتظار اللحظة التاريخية التي تكون فيها الفرصة وسط بيئة دولية وعلاقات قوة تسنح باغتنامها ، اختارت الولايات المتحدة ان تصنع اللحظة التاريخية وتتربع على راس هرم القوة الى جانب الاتحاد السوفيتي اولا ، ومن ثم منفردة فيما بعد. وفـي طور الفاعلية المفرطـة ، ذهبت ابعد من ذلك ، مــن خلال صنع حالــة مــن السيولة الدوليــة مــن شانها ان تخلق فرص جديدة ( بكر )، فحولت احداث 11/ ايلول - سبتمبر /2001 المروعة ( مثلا ) الى جملة احداث دولية لاحقة عززت الوجود العسكري الاميركي في بقاع العالم المختلفة وحسمت الجدل الذي اثارته حالة استمرار مناطق نفوذ سابقة لاقطاب دولية افلة او اضحت في طور القوى الكبرى غير المؤهلة لممارسة النفوذ علــى مناطق غنية وحيويــة استراتيجيا كوسط اسيا والخليج العربي . وهنا لابد من الاشارة الى استراتيجية صناعة الاعداء في الفكر الاستراتيجي الاميركي ، والتي تاتي في اطار التوظيف السابق للسيولة الدولية من جهة ، وحالة الاستنفار التي تشهدها الماكنة السياسية والعسكرية الاميركية كلما اصابها شيء من الفتور والترهل النسبيين من جهة اخرى . وهــو ما يدفع الــى الاعتقاد ان القوى الدولية الكبرى المنافسة للولايات المتحدة - قطاعيا - اي في مجال معين من المجالات او قطاعات القوة والقدرة ، اضحت ترجئ الاعلان عن نفسها او حتى المواجهة الجزئية مع الولايات المتحدة من اجل خلق شعور عكسي لدى الاخيرة يؤدي بالنتيجة الى خفض او حتى الكف عن حالة الاستنفار الدائم الذي تشهده روافد القوة والقدرة الاميركية. فهذه الاخيرة لا تقيم ادائها في ضوء المخرجات الموضوعية التي تدعم وضع الولايات المتحدة كقوة عظمى فحسب ، وانما تتبنى ايضا الرؤية القائلة بان معرفة الشيء خاضعة نسبيا للمقارنة مع الاشياء الاخرى المشابهة او حتى النقيضة للاول . فالقول ان الدولة ( س ) هي قوة كبرى هو بالضرورة نتيجة منطقية وموضوعية لمقارنة قدراتها ومقومات قوتها مع قوى كبرى تماثلها واخرى دونها في المستوى ، اما الولايات المتحدة فهي القوة العظمى الوحيدة . الا ان هذا التوصيف غير قابل للمقارنة مع حالة مشابهة في عالم اليوم، فتسعى الولايات المتحدة الى ابقائه معرفا بدلالة القوى الدولية التي تتخلف عنه من حـيث المرتبة.وهذه المعادلة الاخيرة اضحت الاكثر جدلا وحساسية في عالم ما بعد الحرب الباردة الذي حمل معطيات ومتغيرات غير مسبوقة وعلــى الصعد النظريـة (الفكرية) والسلوكية ( الادائية ) على حد سواء . فقد شهد العالم تحولا نوعيا وكميا كبيرا لا يستثني صعيدا من صعد التغيير سواء السياسي او الاجتماعي او الاقتصادي او المعرفي - الثقافي . الامر الذي عزز الرؤية العلمية القائلة بان البحث في العلاقة بين مثلث (الهدف والوسيلة والاداء) على الصعيد السياسي ، لا يمكن اعتباره - ولو جدلا - من قبيل الخوض في هوامش الظاهرة السياسية والاستراتيجية ، وانما اضحى الشغل الشاغل لمن احترف العمل السياسي او تقديم المشورة السياسية هو الترجمة الاكفا والاكثر عقلانية لتلك العلاقة ولعل ما سبق يندرج تحت عنوان ( التخطيط ) بشقيه السياسي والاستراتيجي . وهو ما يتنافس في اطاره الساسة كل حسب ما يتوافر عليه من خلفية اكاديمية وثقافية ووظيفية اتاحت له المجال للاطلاع على ما تملية السياسة في التطبيق . وعندما يتعلق الامر بموضوع الاهداف والاداء وتوظيف الوسائل والادوات بصورة غير مؤدلجة فاننا نكون قد ولجنا عالم وعلم الاستراتيجية وضيقنا فرص التداخل بينها وبين الظاهرة ( السياسية ) التي يغلب عليها الصبغة الايديولوجية او حتى النفسية لصانع القرار . الا ان هذا لا ينفي ان الاستراتيجية في اطار الهدف السياسي هي لا تعدو ان تكون وسيلة لبلوغ المبلغ الايديولوجي! . لذا فان التخطيط الاستراتيجي امرا لا غنى عنه في معظم الدول المتقدمة ( او دول عالم الشمال كما عادت تعرف ) و( ثقافة ) لا مفر من تبنيها من قبل دول عالم الجنوب التي اعتادت التشبه بالاولى حتى من دون ان تكون مدركة او مؤمنة في بعض الاحيان بمحتوى ومضمون الفعل الذي تبنته . وهذا يعطي زخما مضافا لموضوعة التخطيط الاستراتيجي والاداء السياسي الخارجي للولايات المتحدة ما بعد الحرب الباردة ، التي لا تقتصر من حيث الاهمية على جانب معين يمكن القول انه يوجز المهمة ، وانما تنقسم اهمية الموضوع على بعدين اساسيين : - البعد الاول ، هو البعد الموضوعي المتعلق بذات الموضوع وجوهره والذي ينقسم بدوره الى جملة محاور وابعاد فرعية يمكن ايجازها بالاتي : - 1 - ان الهدف من وراء التطوير النظري والتطبيقي للقدرة على التخطيط الاستراتيجي ، انما هو محاولة لعقلنة صناعة القرار السياسي والاستراتيجي من جانب ، والاداء السياسي من جانب اخر . وهي اهمية تجعل من الموضوع ذي علاقة مباشرة بالنظريات والجهود العلمية المبذولة في هذا المجال ، كما انها تمثل توظيفا لكل ما سبق في مناقشة ابعاد الواقع والمعالجات المقترحة لكي يكون منسجما مع الهدف السياسي والاستراتيجي لصانع القرار . 2 - ان العالم كان قد تجاوز في جزئه المتقدم مرحلة تحقيق الاهداف بالوسائل والاستراتيجيات المناسبة نتيجة التخطيط الاستراتيجي الكفوء ، وذهب ابعد من ذلك الى صناعة الاهداف . وفق ما يتوافر عليه من قدرات او اليات الاداء السياسي . وهو ما ضاعف الحاجة الى التخطيط الاستراتيجي في حين لا زالت تعاني دول عالم الجنوب من عدم الفهم الدقيق او حتى الشعور بالحاجة الى تبني الية للتخطيط الاستراتيجي لمعالجة وضعها السلبي المتمثل في كون ادائها السياسي لازال غير قادر على مغادرة موضع رد الفعل او البحث عن سبل الانسياق الانسب وراء المنطلقات التي تصنعها القوى الدولية الكبرى والعظمى .3 - رغم ما سبق ، فان ندرة تشهدها الساحة الاكاديمية في مجال العلوم السياسية والاستراتيجية وتحديدا العربية دون العالمية ، بقدر تعلق الامر بتناول موضوعة التخطيط الاستراتيجي والاداء السياسي الخارجي بالبحث والتحليل وبكافة المستويات . اما البعد الثاني ، فيستمد اهميته من الدولة موضع الدراسة ، الولايات المتحدة الاميركية ، فهي : - 1 - قوة عظمى وقطب دولي ذي شان كوني الى جانب الاتحاد السوفيتي فترة الحرب الباردة ولخمس عقود من القرن العشرين ، ولوحـدها بعد انهيار الاخير . فولوج العالم الى القرن الحادي والعشرين سيسجل انه تم تحت عنوان الزعامة الاميركية ، كما انه من المتوقع ان يستمر لمدة قادمة من الزمن .2 - ان الموضوعية العلمية تقتضي القول ان الولايات المتحدة توافرت على النموذج الاكثر كفاءة في مجال التخطيط الاستراتيجي وفقا لمخرجات الاداء السياسي الخارجي ، وهو ما ضمن لها توظيفا امثل لعزلتها الدولية قبل تاكلها فــي الحرب العالمية الاولى وتبنيها للنهج الانغماسي بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية . ثم المواجهة الكفوءة مع الاتحاد السوفيتي ( السابق ) والتي انتهت بتفككه وتفكير الاطراف الدولية الكبرى المنافسة للولايات المتحدة لاكثر من مرة قبل الاعلان عن نفسها منافسا استراتيجيا يقصد المواجهة .ومؤخرا، ورغم مظاهر الاخفاق الذي تعاني منه الاستراتيجية الاميركية في العراق ، فانها لا تكاد تغادر الموقع المتميز الذي اتخذته لنفسها من حيث صناعة الاهداف والاعداء في عالم ما بعد الحرب الباردة . وهو العالم المستفيد من تجربة الاتحاد السوفيتي ، او اخفاقه بعبارة ادق ، في جزئه الشمالي والمتوجس في ذات الوقت من الطريقة التــي سبق ان عالجت بها الولايات المتحدة مشاكلها مع النظام السياسي السابق في العراق والتي اختتمت بها القرن الحادي والعشرين بعد غزوها لافغانستان .3 - ان الولايات المتحدة تتوافر على مقومات القدرة الشاملة التي لا تتوافر في منافسيها او ما يعرف بالاقطاب البازغة ( الصاعدة ) . وهو ما يقلل القيود في مجالي التخطيط والاداء على عكس ما قد يتوافر في بقية الدول الاخرى التي تعاني في العموم من قيود داخلية بضمنها تلك المتعلقة بقدراتها الذاتية واخرى دولية نتيجة وجود النظام الدولي احادي القطبية . كل ما سبق مثل مدخلا داعما لتبني الباحث موضوع الدراسة ومحاولة الالمام في جوانبه المختلفة وفق منهجية علمية لمناقشة الفرضية وتقديم معالجة متواضعة لاشكالية الدراسة التي هي بالضرورة تتناول العلاقة بين متغيري الدراسة .. الاول ؛ ممثلا بالتخطيط الاستراتيجي وهو ظاهرة سيتم الوقوف عندها من حيث التعريف بالمفهوم والمراحل ، واستحضار كل ذلك عند مناقشة الانموذج الاميركي في هذا المجال . اما المتغير الثاني ؛ فيتمثل بالاداء السياسي الخارجي ، الذي يتوافر بدوره على مقومات واليات عامة ، واخرى تتميز بها الولايات المتحدة التي سيتم التطرق الى تجربتها الفريدة والمهمة . فالتشخيص العلمي وفق المناهج البحثية المتبعة لامكانية وجود علاقة بين المتغيرين السابقين وطبيعة هذه العلاقة،حاجة علمية وفائدة اكاديمية لابد ان تلبى ،كما انها تمثل اشكالية الدراسة. وعلى غير بعيد عن الاشكالية ، بل في اجابة مفترضة عن التساؤلات التي اثيرت في اطارها ، فان الفرضية المتبناة تتمثل في : " ان ثمة علاقة طردية موجبة بين متغيري الدراسة ، التخطيط الاستراتيجي والاداء السياسي الخارجي الاميركي ، وهي علاقة ذات مرجعية علمية نظرية وابعاد واقعية تستند على ادراك الجهات المختلفة المساهمة في عمليتي التخطيط الاستراتيجي والاداء السياسي الخارجي من جهة ، وعلى مقومات القدرة التي يتوافر عليها الجسد الاميركي ومخرجات ذلك من استراتيجيات الاداء السياسي الخارجي والمشاريع الكونية التي اضحت تمثل المحصلة لكل ذلك ، من جهة اخرى " . ولعل وجود الفرضية المركزية السابقة لا ينفي وجود فرضيات دعت الحاجة اليها وجود اشكاليات فرعية ايضا وتساؤلات ذات علاقة بمتغيرات برزت اثناء التناول التفصيلي لمضامين الاجابة عن تساؤلات الاشكالية الرئيسة. ومن اجل بلوغ الغاية او الهدف من الدراسة في مناقشة الفرضيات المتبناة ، سبيلا لاثباتها او تعديلها او نفيها ، وظفت عدة مناهج بحثية كل وفق مقتضيات ومتطلبات الحاجة العلمية ووفق ما يسمح به استخدامه وخواصه ووضعه المناسب . ومن المناهج المستخدمة المنهج التاريخي ، والمنهج الوظيفي والمنهج الكمي والمنهج التحليلي وصولا الى منهج الاستشفاف الاحتمالي الذي ساعد الباحث في ولوج عالم المستقبل في محاولة لتشخيص الظاهرة واختبار الفرضية في زمن ات . كما ان التناول العلمي لاشكالية الدراسة وطبيعة الفرضية ، اقتضى ان تتوزع هيكلية الدراسة علـى اربعة فصول مثلت متن الدراسة واخر اخير مستقبلي . فاما الفصل الاول والذي حمل عنوان ( الاطار النظري ) فانه بدوره انقسم على ثلاث مباحث اساسية ، تم خلالها استعراض الرؤى النظرية التي تناولت مفاهيم الدراسة والعلاقة بين تلك المفاهيم . وفي الفصل الثاني ، توزع الادراك الاميركي للعالم على مبحثين . الاول تحدث عن ادراك اميركي لعالم الحرب الباردة ، واخر تناول الادراك الاميركي لعالم ما بعد الحرب الباردة ، وتم الخروج بمبحث ثالث شخص مفاصل (الاستمرارية والتغيير) في ادراك الولايات المتحدة لبيئتها الخارجية منذ الحرب العالمية الثانية وحتى لحظة اعداد الدراسة . وجاء الفصل الثالث ليناقش المتغير الاول من متغيرات الدراسة ممثلا (بالتخطيط الاستراتيجي الاميركي) . الامر الذي تطلب ان يكون على ثلاث مباحث ، الاول حمل عنوان (تطور الفكر الاستراتيجي الاميركي) وتم خلاله التطرق الى اهم محطات التحول والتطور التي شهدها الفكر الاستراتيجي الاميركي عبر استعراض ما جاء به الساسة ومحترفي التفكير الاستراتيجي . اما المبحث الثاني ، فتناول ( مؤسسات التفكير الاستراتيجي ) التي تتميز بها دون غيرها عملية التخطيط الاستراتيجي الاميركي . فوجود اكثر من الف مؤسسة غير حكومية متخصصة في مجال التفكير الاستراتيجي كان قد القى بظلاله ايجابا على اداء وكفاءة مؤسسات التخطيط الاستراتيجي الحكومية . كما انه وفر ماكنة لنقد ومراقبة الاداء السياسي الخارجي للولايات المتحدة . وفي حديث ذي صلة ، جاء المبحث الثالث يحمل عنوان ( عملية التخطيط الاستراتيجي ) ، حيث شخص الجهات الحكومية المساهمة في عملية التخطيط الاستراتيجي ودور كل منها في هذا المجال . واهتم الفصل الرابع بطبيعة الحال بالمتغير الثاني من متغيرات الدراسة وحمل عنوان (الاداء السياسي الخارجي للولايات المتحدة ما بعد الحرب الباردة) ، حيث تم التطرق في المبحث الاول لموضوعة مقومات القدرة الاميركية في حين كان النظام الدولي الجديد موضوعة المبحث الثاني . واخيرا ، فان الفصل الخامس حاول ولوج المستقبل في تناوله للتخطيط الاستراتيجي ومستقبل الاداء السياسي الخارجي الاميركي ، وذلك عبر احتمالين اثنين : الاول ؛ هو احتمال الاستمرار في الانغماس او التورط في الشؤون العالمية مما يعني استنزافا اكبر لماكنة التخطيط الاستراتيجي والاداء السياسي الخارجي على حد سواء . ومثل مشهد ( التغيير الايجابي ) الرؤية الثانية ، التي يقف ورائها غير رائد من رواد الفكر الاستراتيجي الاميركي ، الى جانب الكلف العالية التي يقتضيها الاستمرار في اطار الاحتمال الاول . وخلص الباحث الى ان الاحتمال الاوفر حظا في عالم المستقبل هو ( التغيير الايجابي ) والذي يرجح الدعوات القائلة بمساهمة المجتمع الدولي في اكلاف القيادة الاميركية ، والى جانب الاخيرة ، نظير السماح بالمشاركة في ظل نظام دولي عادل . لكن ذلك لاينفي احتمالية الاستمرار في النهج التدخلي الحالي لفترة من الزمن قد تبلغ المدى المتوسط ، الا ان الولايات المتحدة سرعان ما ستكتشف انها تتجه الى عزلة جيدة ولكن تحت عناوين الانغماس المكثف ومزيد من التورط في الشؤون الدولية . وهو شكل من اشكال العزلة لم تعهده في السابق . كما انه ، وعلى عكس الاشكال السابقة ، ذا كلف عالية لعلها تنتهي بموقع الولايات المتحدة على قمة هرمية القوى الدولية . ويبقى القول ان كل ما سبق يمثل مناقشة علمية واختبار وفق مناهج بحثية مختلفة لفرضية الدراسة ، وان تطلب ذلك اتباع هيكلية تعتمد رؤيا تفكيكية لمضامين الفرضية ، الامر الذي نتج عنه اثبات العلاقة نظريا وواقعيا بين متغيري الدراسة ( التخطيط الاستراتيجي ) و( الاداء السياسي الخارجي ) وفق النموذج الاميركي في الحاضر وفي بناء وترجيح الاحتمالات المستقبلية .وختاما اسال الله العلي القدير ان يتقبل هذا الجهد المتواضع ليصب في روافد العلم والابداع المختلفة التي عرف بها شعبنا الصابر وخدمة لعراقنا الحبيب | Throughout its history , United States of America marked, especially after the end of the cold war and got the victory after bringing the Soviet Union, by its rising towards the involving in the international affairs simultaneously with achieving victory as coupled with military event , then economic and political results remained in the interest of U.A.S for a period of time, and renewed with new military victory of the same style regarding the technical difference since the first world war till its recent invasion to Iraq . Not above, just a way out of efficient strategic planning , working to keep it such an agenda , government institutions and non - governmental , and spend much money for that . It is also available on earlier accumulation of number of theories and schools of thought that went with the spirit of times . So realization of American strategic decision - marker for the world , which reflected on foreign policy performance , has represented an outcome of a number of variables that can be summarized as follows : 1. The evolution of American strategic thinking which represents the intellectual outcome arising from the global experiences of U.S.A throughout its history .It doesn’t always involve positive phases , but it also suffers from the limitations and failures of the past , as commandments of founding fathers to commit isolation , and the great failure faced in Vietnam and other .2. The existence of strategic thinking institutions as a dynamic and important actor in formulating the American strategic decision . It should be noticed that the existence of these institutions in the U.S.A is a quantitative and qualitative than what is available in the world north of advocating institution .3. Divergence of institution views in the process of official strategic planning , which has recently led private institutions individually to adopt the American strategic decision .These institutions are represented in presidency, Ministry of Defence ( pentagon ) and the Intelligence Agencies which take the role of Ministry of the Foreign Affairs and National Security Council .4. American capacity constituents and tools of foreign policy performance , since the American superiority , can not always be translated under one title of capacity . Foe and international arena can also play a role to determine the best tool of foreign policy performance ones and the most suitable to face the other . The best employment of the previous variables has motivated the American strategic decision - maker to invest opportunities and avoid threats under the international arena till it reached unipolarity , so it has presented its global project aiming to re - construct the international hierarchy in new international order , sitting on its top individually . It should be noticed that the project was not born suddenly to let U.S.A finding itself without efficient strategic competitor . But it is outcome of previous efforts that lasts even to the period of isolation and building the American house on the base of global superiority , when there was no eligible material base to talk about , on ethical and moral grounds described the U.S.A as if the prominent defender of freedom and democracy in the world . This moral character has soon covered the new international order from the moment of declaration, but this time , it has the constituents of ability and superiority that make the international community listen to American attentively . The new international order has stimulated an extensive controversy , reflected on the probabilities of futurism of this performance , and according to the strategic view presented by institutions of previous strategic planning . Probability of continuation neglects the change on the strategic level , with the possibility of taking place on the level of tactics . It also supposes escalating of involving in global affairs according to the recent followed approach with tendency to traditional employment of means and tools of foreign policy performance which is represented by military force . The second probable is the possibility of change that might lead to two probables : - The first one carries the title of negative change and represents abandonment of U.S.A to its responsibilities and global ambitions which are currently available in return to former state of isolation . This scene has been excluded for lacking constituents of future probability represented by possibility of happening , based on facts emerging from reality , or even past experiences . Although the difficulties that faced U.S.A during the cold war , it wasn’t biased to the option of return to isolation . In addition , the present time is not available on the reason to make U.S.A abandon its global strategy under critical claims from other international powers which request no more from American leadership within the framework of international partnership , so the most probable in the world of future is the positive change which likely supports the contribution of the international community with the American leadership in the responsibility . Conversely , It allows more partnership under fair international order . This is likely to be although the probability of continuity in the current approach for a period of time , but U.S.A will soon find out that it moves towards isolation under titles of intense plunge and more involvement in the international affairs ; and this is a new shape of isolation which has never been before . It also , on the contrary of previous state , expenses too much that might remove the U.S.A from its high position in hierarchy of international powers . The foregoing represents scientific discussion and test , according to different research approaches , the thesis , although it requests structural kind adopting deconstructive vision to the contents of the premise , and that led to prove the relation between study variables ( strategic planning ) and( foreign policy performance ) realistic and theoretically according to the American model in present time , and formulating probabilities of futurity

السياسة الخارجية الامريكية وحقوق الانسان : دراسة حالة كوسوفو

Author name: رياض مهدي عبد الكاظم الحطاب
Supervisor name: قاسم محمد عبد علي الدليمي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of International Policy
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

فكرة التحالف في السياسة الخارجية البريطانية : دراسة حالة التحالف البريطاني الامريكي == The Idea Of The Coalitions In The British Foreign Policy A case Study : The British - American Coalitions

Author name: رنا خالد عبد الجبار
Supervisor name: نادية عبد القادر المختار | مازن اسماعيل الرمضاني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This study tried seeking in a quasi hidden phenomena behind all the relations of force among the counties upon the different time epochs that the international relations witnessed. This phenomena is the international alliances, trying to shed the light on this phenomena and its role on the British political policy.Based on this, it has been clarified that the changes on which based the phenomena of the alliances in the British external policy, and therefore all the objectives, and the means became influenced directly, in the beginning of the twentieth century, on the conditions of the prelateship with the dominant force in the international system, which is the United States, after that Britain was during the epoch of the great emperor, the one who putting the condition of the political international policies, and the one who determines which force is to be and against which force. Even, the super powers were competing to get the chances of the alliances with the British emperor to strength it self in the international conflict.Then the study finished in to seeking in the British American alliances, not because it is one of the cases of the alliances in the British external policy, but because it became the basic element in the influence on the total of the external policy of the British policy.Britain today does not make an alliance with the United States on the basic of the interest only, but it is more than that, as the alliances between them reached till the point of the ideology alliance between the two mentalities which is difficult to separate them on the first sight.But, when we study each one a part , we find the element of the contradiction seem immense among the deep - rooted British mentality, based on the romaine policy, philology ,and which developed through the epochs of the middle ages and the ages of the renaissance, and between the American political mentality , based on the American poetical experience , build by the points of the American political mentality, or what is called by the " America Father" who found the idea of the alliances and the idea of the American Constitution.The American policy is an individual experience , made by the immigrant to the American continent, and which was developed by the life condition of this modern country, till it became an expense related to America, and it could not be generalized. It is related to the political building and economic and social society, related to the united stated, which is about to be different form the structure of the other ancient nations.Britain is considered to be one of strongest counties in using the policy of the alliances to achieve its external goals in the policy. On the other hand, we registered our remarks on which based our study that the British - American alliance is considered to be one of the mot rare shapes of the international alliances which that the history sitnessed. This is due that to the shape of this alliance, its strength and its continuity, and its capability to make the influence. And above all, each par endures to maintain this alliance with the second part

المتغير الحضاري والامن الدولي (جدلية العلاقة) == The Civilizational Variable and International Security “Dialectical Relaioship

Author name: رشا يحيى عبيس هاني
Supervisor name: قحطان كاظم محمد الخفاجي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: It can be said that the search in the manifestations of contemporary international politics with the feasibility of the scientific and practical point of view at the same time together, by virtue of the world that today's world can not be synaptic States if Maoradt development and progress can live isolated encrusted on itself.This thesis has tried to answer a series of questions revolves around its axis Perhaps Atralamngar civilization and the extent of influence on international security.The study examined carefully to Othertasara events on the cultural variable and effervescence of his face and the nature of its relationship to international security on the other.Given that the aim of the thesis is to highlight the dialectical relationship between international security and the changing culturalAnd depending on what it contained treatise of chapters and sections and demands, it concluded a number of results can be summarized the following : An change is a comprehensive process of formats, jobs and social relations, both personal and international levels, a process Mtaataddh and dimensions. The importance of the change in international politics lies in the control change and Tgeyemcn say that research in contemporary international politics phenomena with the feasibility of the scientific and practical point of view at the same time together, by virtue of that the world is today's world Synaptic can not countries if Maoradt development and progress can live isolated encrusted on itself. An political change is being General, lasting and comprehensive multi - dimensional phenomenon and parties, complicated and complex to a very large and infinite extent and impartial and last but not least, the phenomenon of time depends on the time as the decisive factor in the change.3_an There are several theories as to why the process of change. There are those who view the process of change as an evolutionary process, whether in writing or taken form circular. Ually this basis, international Mralamn changes were sensible developments and changes are sometimes spontaneously as a result of increased international interactions and taken a certain form on the level of international political summit pyramid.UN Security. An not and will not settle on one format, but will take Mtaatadh forms depending on the objective and subjective conditions as well as security developments in the case, which began significantly affected Pmaihdt in the international environment An There are many forces of change, and perhaps the most important international structure which serves as the director of the forces of change driving direction formed - aa structural Atah - then back again, according to the curriculum analytical systemic way nutrition retrospective feed back to be input and the forces of change is pushing for the events of a particular form of the phenomena of out. That the change in the presence of the enemy and the disagreement will affect the UN Security adjust the process in all its dimensions, because the strategies and tactics that will be followed by the actors in the international scene will change depending on either deems appropriate to achieve its security. Cultural variable that takes two principal forms to influence the UN Security Council. It entrance Adtraba security and orderly entrance. There are more than approach the entrance and reflecting the impact of the changing cultural kuna Adtraba or organized international security. It could be argued that the global entrance and entrance regional basis in those two entrances and can not be rigid separation between them, but that one is complementary to the other are provided one over the other depending on the international situation prevailing in this era or that. We are studying the impact of the elements of civilization at the international security and how to have an impact on the nature of the composition of the communities where we find it is not possible that any civilization without it have the ingredients to be based upon the basis of its existence. We find that the social and historical denominated find that Almojtkaaat is the foundation upon which civilization and therefore even international security is mainly based on the groups of people and achieve their security So is this ingredient essential to the relationship between the parties 12. As for the material and technical chiropractor, we find that civilization can not be exist without that there will be the basis of material and technique based upon where that human evolution and its dependence on the machine and industrial development and Altjaramanm in the creation of civilization and the impact on international security. Also denominated as the environmental and natural climatic conditions Almaatihomaihdt of changes in the environment are Bmjmlhatather civilization and thus receive Bdilalha on the UN Security In addition to the intellectual and cultural rectifier which is one of the important ingredients in building and basic civilization and thus became the main influences on the UN Security Council. The UN Security depends on the relationship of interaction and Altoaagaf, meaning that the behavior of any of the units of the international system affects the nature Allamn and that these same civilizations countries are influential on the UN Security 16 - that the variable civilization possible to be Adtrabaa international security through the influence of the UN Security and possible to be a element Sraia Baltla and poses a security obsession States Emergence of extremist movements that have become a danger to international security Associated with these movements cultural backgrounds where we see the emergence of radical Islam or fundamentalist tide, which has become a threat to international security and thus there became obsessed with the fear of these Aharklt, which has become an influential heavily on the UN Security imbalance. Struggle for the interests and values which has also become a cultural worker hired to threaten international security.Civilization variable also takes the other hand, being an entrepreneur, a side entrance to international security, not only Adtraba.The ivilizational variable because it possesses the humanitarian missions and humanitarian tasks that could be a factor organized international security and Thakqiq kind of stability. Well that the variable civilization based on scientific and technological progress and the emergence of this progress would work in an orderly fashion to international security. On the other hand became orientations to the need for there to be an international approach to address these movements and work to maintain the stability of the UN Security There has become an international conviction dangers of sectarian and religious conflicts, the urgent need to style or the way to face them in order to maintain international security. Expected to see a significant international structural change and that there will be a new kind of pluralism, but this time be pluralistic participation of any US - led pluralism. And this would be reflected on the future of the UN Security. Confirm that the next and imminent danger to humanity is not the spread of nuclear capabilities as far as what is the proliferation of conflicts and their development, which would be very dangerous if based on a nuclear technology that could be used in a changing world.Where we find the emergence of two types of convergence or alliance of civilizations Altair on the UN Security played a role in Altat. They are : The first approach : Alliance Alammeraki_alurbi_alasiraiala and trying to draw international security that you see fit according to the National Aamnha and therefore varies with each of its vision is threatening international peace and security andThe second is the Chinese approach Islamist alliance - Russian - which constituents of the LES also draw peace and security in accordance with that you see fit.And here we find that this Athalv to take two aspects : - The first is entrenched civilizations in order to face what might urge her and thus affect the UN SecurityThe second is cooperation, or balance among civilizations in order to ensure that the UN Security settledAnd therefore, the future of the cultural variable and its relationship to the international security of : - Either variable decline of civilization and remains active but highlights the other elements of a political, economic and technological impact involved in the UN SecurityAwalamn International is the one who becomes a civilized intellectual Bdalalath variable factors becomes security measures, but not just semantics patterns and be the basis for international security and affect it.And it has to the changing cultural and International Security always in the dialectic of the relationship and that one Aathelr is affected by the other

السيادة بين ميثاق الامم المتحدة والتطبيق العملي : دراسة في التنظيم الدولي بعد الحرب الباردة

Author name: رائد صالــح علي
Supervisor name: فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

اثر الديون الخارجية على حقوق الانسان الاقتصادية والاجتماعية بعد الحرب الباردة : دراسة مقارنة (ماليزيا واليمن) == The impact of External debt on economic and social human rights after the Cold War comparative study (Malaysia and Yemen)

Author name: رائد سامي عباس العبيدي
Supervisor name: احمد الحمداني | عبد الصمد الشمري
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: وتستعرض هذه الدراسة السياق التاريخي لمشاكل الديون الخارجية التي تواجهها بلدان عالم الجنوب وما يترتب على تخلف البلدان المتضررة عن تسديد ديونها من اثر سلبي على قدرتها على النهوض بحقوق الانسان ، وتحديدا انموذجي ماليزيا واليمن ، وخاصة بعد ان وضع المجتمع الدولي العديد من المبادرات وبذل الكثير من الجهود سعيا منه الى ايجاد حل لمحنة الديون التي تعانيها بلدان عالم الجنوب او الى التخفيف من وطاتها مؤقتا على الاقل ويتحمل كل من الدائنين والمدينين المسؤولية فيما يتعلق بسوء ادارة المعاملات الخارجية وكما هو الشان بالنسبة لاعمال حقوق الانسان وتعزيزها، فان المسؤولية الرئيسية في الادارة الجيدة للديون واستخدام الموارد الخارجية على نحو يتسم بالمسؤولية تقع على عاتق الحكومات الوطنية. ومن العوامل التي اسهمت في تراكم ديون هذه البلدان عوامل خارجية مثل صدمات اسعار النفط وانخفاض اسعار السلع الاساسية ،وارتفاع اسعار الفائدة في السبعينات والثمانينات، وحفاظا على ميزان المدفوعات،رفعت البلدان الاقتراض من الخارج لتعويض تدهور شروط التبادل التجاري حيث عرفت اسعار السلع الاساسية انخفاضا حادا في مطلع الثمانينات، وقد لجات بعض البلدان الفقيرة بشكل متزايد الى قروض جديدة لرد خدمة ديونها، وحددت الشروط من جانب المؤسسات المالية الدولية ، مؤدية الى الحد من النفقات العامة وفرض برامج التكييف الهيكلي للتقليل من الاعتماد على القروض الخارجية مما ادى الى انعكاسات سلبية على حقوق الانسان الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية .لقد تم تقسيم الدراسة على اربع فصول . اذ تناول الفصل الاول : اطار نظري عام عن الديون الخارجية لدول عالم الجنوب الذي تضمن مبحثين هما : 1 - المبحث الاول : مفهوم الدين الخارجي - النشاة والاسباب.2 - المبحث الثاني : مبررات وانواع ومؤشرات الدين الخارجي. اما الفصل الثاني : فركز على حقوق الانسان والمؤسسات المالية الدولية المانحة من خلال مبحثين هما : 1 - المبحث الاول : حقوق الانسان النشاة والتطور.2 - المبحث الثاني : المؤسسات المالية الدولية المانحة(البنك وصندوق النقد الدوليين).اما الفصل الثالث : فركز على ، الديون الخارجية وسياسة التكييف الهيكلي وانعكاساتها على الحقوق الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية، وذلك من خلال مبحثين هما : 1 - المبحث الاول : الحقوق الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية2 - المبحث الثاني : الديون الخارجية وسياسة التكييف الهيكلي وانعكاساتها على الحقوق الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية.اما الفصل الرابع : فقد تناول دول العينة المختارة مقارنة بين( ماليزيا اليمن) وقسم الفصل الى ثلاث مباحث وهي : 1 - المبحث الاول : النظام السياسي ولاقتصادي واثر الديون الخارجية في ماليزيا .2 - المبحث الثاني : النظام السياسي والاقتصادي واثر الديون الخارجية في اليمن .3 - المبحث الثالث : الاثر المتحقق للديون الخارجية في ماليزيا واليمن | This study reviews the historical context of the external debt problems faced by the countries of the Global South and the consequent failure of the affected countries to repay their debt from negative impact on their ability to promote human rights, specifically the prototypical Malaysia and Yemen, especially after the international community to put several initiatives and make a lot of efforts in an effort to find a solution to the plight of debt experienced by the world of the South or to reduce temporarily the brunt at least and each of the creditors and debtors responsibility for bad foreign transaction management and as is the case for the realization of human rights and promotion, the main responsibility in the good debt management and use of resources Foreign responsibly lies with national governments. Among the factors that contributed to the debt of these countries external factors accumulation such as oil price shocks and declining commodity prices, and rising interest rates in the seventies and eighties, and to preserve the balance of payments, borrowing countries increased from abroad to compensate for the deterioration of terms of trade as commodity prices known as a sharp decline in the early eighties, and some poor countries have resorted increasingly to new loans respond to service their debt, and set conditions on the part of international financial institutions, leading to the reduction of public expenditure and the imposition of structural adjustment programs to reduce the dependence on external loans, which led to negative repercussions on the rights and economic rights and social and cultural study. We have been divided into four chapters.If the first chapter dealt with : a theoretical framework for external debt in the Southern world, which included two sections, namely : 1. Section I : The concept of external debt - Origin and causes.2. The second topic : the rationale and the types and indicators of external debt. The second chapter : focused on human rights and the international financial institutions and donors through two sections, namely : 1. Section I : Growing human rights and development.2. The second topic : international financial institutions and donor (Bank and the International Monetary Fund).The third chapter : focused on, external debt and structural adjustment policy and its impact on economic, social and cultural rights, and through two sections, namely : 1. Section I : economic, social and cultural rights2. The second topic : foreign debt and structural adjustment policy and its impact on economic, social and cultural rights.The fourth chapter dealt with selected sample comparison between countries (Malaysia, Yemen) and the Department of separation into three sections, namely : 1. First topic : the political system and the economic impact of external debt in Malaysia.2. The second topic : the political and economic system and the impact of external debt in Yemen.3. The third topic : the realized impact of external debt in Malaysia and Yemen. At the end ،the study reached numerous of conclusions

البعــــد المســـتقـبلـي في التخطيــــط الاستراتيـــجـي الاسرائيـــلـي == The Prospective Vision In The Israeli Strategic Planning

Author name: دينا محمـــد جبـــر الربيعـــي
Supervisor name: سرمد زكي الجادر | فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The Israeli Strategic Planning Depend Upon Distant Duration Strategy, Able To Transport The Conflict From Its Dierct Dimenstoin Like War To Indierct One Such As Economical , Political , Sociological , Psychological , And Idealogical Field , To Achieved Its Goals In Fexibal Ways By Exploitation Weakness Points Inside Their Enemies,And Employment Power Points In Themselives . The Zionism Movement And Israel , Attempt To Concern In The Future And Its Elements . Hence, Submition These Elements To The Israeli Thinking ,And The Israeli Strategy Alwayes Drawing Margin Of Prospective Movement In Any Time. So , The Importance Of Study Including That Israel Depend On Strategy Which Is Prospective Goals,Flexibal Means,Variable Forms And Fixed Aims,try To Weak The Arab States , In Return For Protect Israeli Security By Creat A New Events In Its Environment Because Future Never Offering In Silver Dish. The Problem Of This Study Its Prospective Dimenstoin Of Israeli Planning, Attempt to Divided States In The First Level , Therfore The Relations Between Arabs And Israel Is Oppositev Relation Contain That , Every Weakness In The Arabian Body Corresponed Strength In The Israeli Actions , Through Exploitation Arabic Weakness Elements , And Depend Upon Forse , secret Planning , And The Role Of Super Powers Of States.Therefore The Aim Of This Study Is To Solve The Problem mentioned Above This Study Depend Upon Hypothesis Including that The Israeli Strategic Planning give a concern to the Prospective Vision , by clear , flexible strategic or tactical plans . To Prove Hypothesis Of The Study , The Following Questions Should Be Out Under Consideration : - what the meaning of strategic planning ,and how we can distinguish between him and other concepts such as future , or strategic thinking ? - how was the beginning of the Zionism planning before establish Israel , And How Its Become? - what is The Israeli Strategic Planning Institutions and how They Can effect on Israeli total strategy maker? - what is the total Israeli strategy Dimensions On The Internal Level? - what is the total Israeli strategy Dimensions On The External Level? Starting Out From Hypothesis And Problem Of The Study , Its Bodywork Study Will Be Divided Into Five Chapters In addition To The Introduction , Conclusion And The Aimes : - First Chapter studying the meaning of Strategic Planning and other concept like Future And Strategic Thinking . - Second Chapter Explaining The Basics of the Zionism Planning before establish Israel and after That - Third Chapter studying the Israeli Strategic Planning Process Which Is Effect On Israel strategy,and their Prospective plans . - Fourth Chapter explaining the Internal Dimensions of the total Israeli strategy,And Their Plans On This Level - Fifth Chapter studying the External Dimensions of the total Israeli strategy And Their Plans On The International And Rigonal Levels. Eventually , The Conclusion Summarized The Results Of The Study , Such As Using Distant Duration strategy By Israel To Achive Their Goals By Different Means, Forese , Diplomatic Pressures,And Secret Plans.

صراع الحضارات والسياسة الامريكية حيال الدول الاسلامية جامعة النهرين، 2008م == Civilizations Conflict and American policy Against Islamic States

Author name: زينب هادي خلف فارس المكصوصي
Supervisor name: صال نجيب العزاوي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Systems and Public Policies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of Political Systems And Public Policies
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يرمي البحث الى تبيان ان فكرة صراع الحضارات ليست فكرة حديثة بل لها جذور تاريخية عميقة، واثيرت نهاية حقبة الثمانينيات وبداية عقد التسعينيات لسد فراغ القوة بعد انهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي، ورغبة الولايات المتحدة في البحث عن عدو جديد ، ووظفت فكرة صراع الحضارات للتاكيد بان الصراع القادم والذي سيشهده العالم لن يكون صراعا ايديولوجيا بل صراعا حضاريا وان الحضارة الاسلامية هي التي ستكون في مواجهة الحضارة الغربية ، وقد وظفوا احداث 11 ايلول لتاكيد فكرتهم حول الصراع، ولتبرير تدخلهم في شؤون الدول الاسلامية وتغير انظمة الحكم فيها تحت ذريعة مكافحة الارهاب ونشر الديمقراطية والحرية ومفاهيم حقوق الانسان وللحفاظ على السلم والامن الدوليين واعتبار مجموعة من الدول بانها مارقة وراعية للارهاب امثال العراق سوريا ايران ومنظمات التحرير الفلسطينية ويلاحظ ان اغلب الدول الراعية للارهاب دول اسلامية ويستثنى من ذلك الكيان الصهيوني، وتم تناول الموضوع في ثلاث فصول وكالتالي : الفصل الاول : يتناول في مبحثه الاول الاطار المفاهيمي للحضارة والثقافة والمدنية والصراع والحوار، والمبحث الثاني يطرح التاصيل النظري لفكرة الصراع منذ الحروب الصليبية وحتى فترة مابعد الحرب الباردة.الفصل الثاني : يتناول مبحثه الاول سمات الحضارة الاسلامية وخصائصها كونها حضارة انسانية الانسان غايتها وانها حضارة مستمرة العطاء تنادي بالحوار والتسامح والتعايش السلمي وابداعها الفكري استفادت منه البشرية جمعاء لم يقتصر نتاجها على المسلمين والعرب، وفي المبحث الثاني استعرض سمات وخصائص الحضارة الغربية التي انكرت فضل الحضارة الاسلامية عليها وامتازت بنظرتها الاستعلائية وتهميشها لدور الاخر وكان الانسان غايتها لتحقيق تطورها وتؤكد على تفرد حضارتها بصفة الانسانية ، وفي المبحث الثالث يتم المقرنة بين خصائص كلا الحضارتين.الفصل الثالث : تناول في مبحثه الاول الوسائل التي استخدمها الغرب في تصدير مفهوم صراع الحضارات وتشويه الاسلام وقد تباينت الوسائل بين ثقافية (غزو فكري ، اختراق ثقافي، تضليل اعلامي ... الخ) ووسائل اجتماعية واقتصادية (قروض ، ومساعدات) وسياسية (تدخل عسكري، حروب ، .. الخ) ، وفي مبحثه الثاني يتناول اطروحات الدول الاسلامية حيال فكرة صراع الحضارات على المستوى الرسمي داخل منظمة الامم المتحدة ومنظمة الدول الاسلامية وجامعة الدول العربية ، وعلي الصعيد غير الرسمي اطروحات مفكرين ومؤتمرات اسلامية تناقش مسائل حوار الاديان وفكرة صراع الحضارات وما يتعرض له الاسلام من تجاوزات تمس الرموز الدينية للمسلمين ، وفي المبحث الثالث رؤية مستقبلية لما ستشهده العلاقة بين الغرب والاسلام هل ستتجه نحو الصراع ام الحوار ام التفاعل والتعاون. وصولا الى الخاتمة والتوصيات. | Research aims to show that the idea of the clash of civilizations is not a modern idea, but has deep historical roots, and raised end of the era of the 1980s and early 1990s to fill the power vacuum after the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the desire of the United States in the search for a new enemy, and employed the idea of the clash of civilizations to confirm that the next conflict, which place the world would be a conflict ideology, but a conflict civilization and Islamic civilization is to be in the face of Western civilization, was hired September 11 events to confirm the perception about conflict, and to justify intervening in the affairs of Islamic countries and change regimes under the pretext of fighting terrorism and spreading democracy and freedom and human rights concepts To maintain international peace and security and as a group of rogue States as a sponsor of terrorism, such as Iraq, Syria, Iran and the Palestinian Liberation organizations and noted that most state sponsors of terrorism, Muslim countries with the exception of the Zionist entity, has been addressing the subject in three chapters, as follows : Chapter I : Mphath deals in the first conceptual framework for the civilization, culture and civil conflict, and dialogue, and the second topic raises theoretical 84 for the idea of conflict since the Crusades, even after the cold war.Chapter II : The first feature Mphath Islamic civilization and characteristics as human civilization and human purpose it civilization ongoing tender advocates dialogue and tolerance, peaceful coexistence and intellectual creativity benefited mankind not only output on Muslims and Arabs, and the second topic reviewed the features and characteristics of Western civilization, which denied preferred Islamic civilization by virtue outlook and attitudes and marginalization of the role of the other man was designed to achieve development and emphasizes the uniqueness of civilization as humanitarian, and the third topic is Coupler characteristics between both civilizations.Chapter III : Address in the first Mphath means used by the West to export the concept of a clash of civilizations and distort Islam means between the varied cultural (the invasion of intellectual cultural penetration, misinformation ... etc.) and their means of social and economic (loans and aid) and political (military intervention, wars, etc. ..), and the second deals Mphath thoughts about the idea of Islamic clash of civilizations at the official level within the United Nations and the Organization of Islamic Conference and the League of Arab States, and at the informal thoughts of intellectuals and Islamic conferences to discuss issues of dialogue of religions and the idea of the clash of civilization and subjected Islam abuses affecting religious symbols for Muslims, in the subsection III vision for the future would have to fill the relationship between the West and Islam Is run into conflict or dialogue or interaction and cooperation. Towards Conclusion and recommendations

دور الاستثمار الاجنبي المباشر في تنمية اقتصادات دول عالم الجنوب : الصين ومصر انموذجا

Author name: حيدر اسماعيل صالح محمد
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • الاستثمار الاجنبي المباشر
  • دول عالم الجنوب
  • التنمية
  • دور الاستثمار الاجنبي المباشر في الاقتصاد المصري
  • دور الاستثمار الاجنبي المباشر في الاقتصاد الصيني
First pages:

الحركات الاسلامية في المدرك الاستراتيجي الامريكي

Author name: احمد قاسم صالح علي التكريتي
Supervisor name: سرمد زكي الجادر | فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

مستقبل الدور الصيني في الاقتصاد العالمي == The Chinese Future - Role into the Global Economics

Author name: حسن بدري الخالدي
Supervisor name: عبد علي كاظم المعموري
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • الصين
  • المستقبل
  • علاقات اقتصادية
  • الاصلاح الاقتصادي
  • الاصلاح المالي والنقدي
  • البناء الاشتراكي
  • العلوم والتكنولوجيا
  • التجارة
  • الاستثمار
  • الاندماج الاقتصادي الدولي
  • الانضمام الى منظمة التجارة العالمية
  • الفائض الاقتصادي
  • مسالة الطاقة
  • المناطق ا
First pages:
Abstract: By the end of 1978, China followed the economic reforming and opening up policies as a realizing of the importance of economic factor in the formation of comprehensive power frame.The economic growth achieved by china had its influence on activation the growing movement at both regional and international levels through elevation of commercial exchange rate between China and around countries; and activation of foreign investments in which it could contribute in raising the Chinese position through the global economics, where it ranked as a sixth global largest economic entity; and third in the commercial exchange (exporting & importing). Many predictions denote that china will probably occupy more advanced positions at global commerce and economics levels.The current study aimed to proving the following hypothesis; What China had made of economic reforming and opening up as a realizing of economic factor in formation of state power, by which China could achieve high growth rates had its influence on activation of regional and global economics , in which made China as one of the largest economics in global .This study distributed into introduction and three chapters; first chapter deals with progress stages of Chinese economics; the second chapter deals with figures of Chinese role in the global economics and the third chapter deals with effective varieties of Chinese role into global economics and the prospective sceneries of Chinese role into the global economics, finally the study came up with conclusions and recommendations.

توجه الولايات المتحدة الامريكية تجاه اقليم شمال افريقيا بعد انتهاء الحرب الباردة : دراسة جيوستراتيجية == The United States of America's Attitude toward North Africa region after end of Cold War Geo Strategic Study

Author name: عمار حميد ياسين
Supervisor name: نزار اسماعيل عبد اللطيف الحيالي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعـد موضوع الدراسة من المواضيع الحديثة التي لم تنل القدر الكافي في الدراسات العلمية الاكاديمية,ولا سيما اذا علمنا : ان منطقة شمال افريقيا عدت مركز جذب استراتيجي على المستوى الدولي والاقليمي, لانها حظيت باهتمام بالغ من لدن دوائر صنع القرار في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية, وذلك بسبب تجاذب وتنافر المصالح الدولية والاقليمية ازاءها.ولذلك شكل (اقليم شمال افريقيا) مركز استقطاب مهم, اذ نلاحظ استمرارية تصعيد الاهتمام والتاثير في هذه المنطقة من قبل القوى الدولية,مما ينعكس بشكل او باخر على طبيعة التنافس الدولي بين استراتيجيات القوى الكبرى.وعلى هذا الاساس اقتضت الضرورة دراسة هذا الموضوع بشكل علمي ممنهج, ليتسنى لنا معرفة طبيعة الدور الامريكي حيال (اقليم شمال افريقيا) لما لها من تاثير في مصالح الدول الكبرى, ولا سيما الدول الاوربية.واتساقا مع ذلك,فقد شهدت مرحلة ما بعد الحرب الباردة تطورات سياسية,واقتصادية,وعسكرية,وامنية مهمة جدا شكلت بالمحصلة انعطافة جديدة,بسبب انفراد الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ضمن اطار قطبية احاديةعلى المستوى الدولي.ولذلك تمحورت منطلقات التوجه الامريكي نحو المضي قدما باتجاه تطبيق الوسائل المناسبة التي تتواءم مع طبيعة التوجهات الامريكية باتجاه اقليم شمال افريقيا.ومن هنا فقد اقتضت الضرورة دراسة ابعاد التوجه الامريكي تجاه (اقليم شمال افريقيا), بسبب تغير واقع الصراع الدولي الذي يشهد تناقض في المصالح، فضلا عن ان هذا الاهتمام قد اخذ بالتزايد بشكل مضطرد، وبابعاد جديدة بعد احداث 11 ايلول العام 2001, ودخول العالم مرحلة جديدة في ما يسمى بـ( الحرب على الارهاب).اذ تقوم هذه الدراسة على فرضية مفادها : البرهنة على ان الاهمية الجيوستراتيجية التي يتمتع بها اقليم شمال افريقيا ادت الى ان يحتل اولوية مهمة في الادراك الاستراتيجي الامريكي، فضلا عن تزايد هذه الاهمية لمرحلة ما بعد الحرب الباردة.لذلك انتظمت الدراسة التي بين ايدينا في اربعة فصول.الفصل الاول : جاء ليبحث في الاهمية الجيوستراتيجية لاقليم شمال افريقيا في الادراك الامريكي، اما الفصل الثاني تناول دوافع التوجه الامريكي ازاء اقليم شمال افريقيا، في حين ان الفصل الثالث بحث وسائل التوجه الامريكي ازاء اقليم شمال افريقيا، وفي الفصل الرابع تعرضنا الى دراسة القوى المنافسة للتوجه الامريكي ازاء اقليم شمال افريقيا. ومن هنا استوجبت الدراسة الاعتماد على اكثر من منهج لتوظيفه كلما استدعت الضرورة الى ذلك اذ تم الاعتماد على المنهج التاريخي وذلك لغرض الوقوف على مراحل التسلسل التاريخي لتطور مفاهيم الجيوستراتيجية وعلاقاتها مع المفاهيم الاخرى، والمنهج الوصفي من اجل وصف ماهية الجيوستراتيجية ومدى ارتباطها بالمصطلحات الاخرى المقاربة لها، والمنهج التحليلي الذي ساعد على رصد اهم دوافع التوجه الامـريكي حيال اقليم شمال افريقيا، فضلا عن المنهج الاحصائي لمعرفة حجم الاستثمارات الامريكية والمساعدات، ومبيعات الاسلحة ومستويات امدادات الطاقة ومعدلات النمو السكاني لاقليم شمال افريقيا.وعلى صعيد الاستنتاجات نستطيع القول : ان اقليم شمال افريقيا ليس فضاء مطلقا للتوجه الامريكي بل يعاني هذا التوجه من منافسة حقيقية مع قوى دولية تتطلع الى القطبية مثل : روسيا والصين وربما لا يستبعد التحليل الاستراتيجي ان تتحول المنافسة الى حرب باردة او صراع دولي جديد لان الحقيقة العلمية تقول : ان المنافسة بين قوى دوليه لا يمكن ان تبقى على حالها لمدة طويلة، فهي اما ان تسقط اذا حصل توافق بين مصالح تلك القوى، واما ان تتصاعد وتتحول الى صراع اذا ما تناقضت اجندة المصالح الاستراتيجية. | The subject of thesis regarded as one of the most interested subject, which did not focused by many scientific studies, especially if we know the importance of North Africa region as center of interests conflict between many Great super powers, especially United States of America. Which decision makers in it's concerning with that is region in 1950s and after that is because crossing of interests among many powers like Union of Soviet, France, and Britain.The continuity of interesting and influence of North Africa reflects upon the nature of International competion among Great powers, that's make study about that’s subject is more crucial, especially if we study the American role in region, which stamped the more important events which happened in region.So the period that followed the Cold era witness many political, economic, military and, security developments which pointed out the new era in International policy, which United States rise as the unitarily super power in International scene .The United States try to making the suitable policy which harmony with American attitudes towards the North of Africa.Needless to say that the conflict among International powers has been changed after September_ 11_ 2001, when the world enter a new epoch known as the war against terrorism. That’s thesis based upon hypothesis concerning with the strategic importance of North Africa region lead the American decision makers to put the North of Africa as great priority as important region for American interests, And also that’s importance has been increased after end of cold war.So that’s thesis classified into four chapter : first chapter dealing with Geo_Strategic importance of North Africa region in American attitude, while the second chapter dealing with motivations of American attitudes toward North of Africa, the third chapter dealing with tools which American used its toward North of Africa, in the fourth section concerning with role of competitive powers which can rivalry the movement of United States in that’s region. Thesis depend upon more method to analysis the events and movements of United States and other powers, so the historical approach was useful to know about historical succession of Geo_Strategic concept and defining other concepts which connected with its, while the description method was necessary to describe the Geo_Strategy. The analytical approach was necessary to study the most important motivation of United States toward North of Africa. Needless to say that statistic approach was useful to know the size of American investments, assistances, arms exchange, energy supplies, and demographical development rate in North of Africa.The most important conclusions of that’s thesis dealing with fact that North Africa will not to be as closed region for American interests, indeed that’s many other powers like, China, and Russia, can play as competitive powers, and may be turn to axis rivalry United States in region. Thesis concludes that is rivalry may be turn into new Cold War or new International Conflict. In political analysis the competitive among International powers will not stay for long time, May be fall if the accord will be happen among interests of powers, or the conflict will rise and go up if the interests of Great powers will be contradict

الاستراتيجية الامنية للولايات المتحدة الامريكية بعد 11ايلول 2001

Author name: تـميم حسين محمد كاظم التميمي
Supervisor name: نبيل محمد سليم
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

السياسة الروسية تجاه المشرق العربي بعد عام 2000 == Russian Policy Towards Arab Levant After Year 2000 A.D

Author name: بلال طلال حمد ال جوادي
Supervisor name: خضر عباس عطوان
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of International Policy
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The international system has seen the end of the Cold War, the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the emergence of Russia as a state and heiress to him late in 1991, a turning point and the transition from the bipolar system to a unilateral system Polar, which became the United States dominated in which the course of events in the international arena without competition from any Other countries, including Russia, that have passed through the nineties of the last century political and economic crisis made it focuses most of its concerns on internal affairs, and prevented them from restoring the greatness of the Soviet Union and appearing as an influential on the international scene ends with the US hegemony over the course of international events, and change the order forminternational unilateral system of polar to multi - polar system. But with the beginning of this century and the arrival of (Vladimir Putin) to the presidency of the Russian Federation, the president sought driven by his personality and leadership inception military to restore the glories of the Soviet Union and the emergence of Prussia powerful and influential state is not on the scene regional, but also on the international arena, and work to weaken US hegemony around the world and the formation of the international system again be to Russia as a great role to end the unipolar system and announce multi - polar system appearance, in order to achieve this goal has issued the Russian president in late 2000 and document the basic principles of Russian foreign policy, which determines orientations of this policy, and also determine theways and means available to move Russia into a major force in the international arena, and among the listing matches this document reorientation of Russian foreign policy towards all regions of the world, without exception - and not restrict the countries of the Russian neighboring republics of the Soviet Union quoted above, particularly those that were linked with the Soviet Union and a close and solid relations, was the area Levant regions which Russia has worked to re - activate its relations with it, that poses this region of the importance of strategy in international politics, and because of their geographical location privileged, resources and potential economic, as it is an extension of the region of Central Asia and the former Soviet republics and therefore this region affect national security and Russian interests, either directly or indirectly, and that the US considered this region a zone of influence them, and so the Russian trend towards strengthening relations with the countries of this region will reflect thestrength of Russia's return to the international arena and the stability of its position in making Russia a pole of the lords of the international system, which plays a large and influential role in the course of events in it.Importance of the study : - It lies the importance of the study to identify the phases of Russian foreign policy toward the Levant region, which is of the most important strategic areas in determining the forces on the international arena and the motives of this policy, as well as to identify the nature of the events and issues experienced by this region in this important period that is recast the nature of the international system and the Levant, and how to interact with the Russian, and stand on the nature of the qualifications, tools and factors affecting this interaction.roblematic of the study : After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the emergence of Russia as a successor state to him, Russian politics has seen a decline in the trends at the global level throughout the nineties as a result of internal crises, the state is moving made it globally, but the inauguration of President Vladimir Putin for the presidency and his attempt to restore the greatness of Russia and its strength globally It led him to re - Russian policy directed toward many parts of the world, including the Arab East, so the pursuit of Russia to restore its power and prestige in the international arena will be at one of its gates across the Levant, and from, the problematic study revolves around 'what is the nature of Russian attitudes toward the Levant region ? And branching out of this dilemma a number of sub - questions, namely : - Is that the Russian policy is one to every country in Levant countries? Or that her priorities from one country to another? - What is the Russian policy tools and methods toward the Levant? - What Alasthoudarat taken by Russia internally in order to achieve its objectives on the external front that? - Is the regional and international variables play a significant role in Russian policy towards the region? - Is that the Russian return to the area linked to the interests of Russia and otherregions of the world, or is it confined only to this area? Hypothesis Study : The study is trying to prove President premise that Russian policy toward Levant is a policy linked to save the Russian interests and deliver them to the rank of the great powers in the international system, a means and an end at theme time, they are a way to prove its return to the international arena global pole, and too in order to consolidate influence and pursue interests in Levant, which is the heart of the Middle East, and differed in the way that policies from one country to another in Levant countries, and used a variety of tools and means, according to the importance of these countries, according to influential variables in this policy. Through the study reached the following conclusions : -  Russia launched in its policy toward toward the countries of the world, including the Levant from the premises pragmatic based on the achievement of economic and security interests, and to preserve the higher interests of the countries of the world Alchtlvh. After successfully out of the economic crisis and achieving economic stability and move it within the major developed economies globally , began employing its economic potential in the field of foreign policy by seeking to increase foreign investment Russian companies, especially in the field of energy, as well as revive military industries and exported to overseas, such investments to form and export operations one way of the spread and strengthening of Russian foreign policy with the countries of the world. promised Levant for decision - makers Russians one of the gates in which they can return to the international arena, they are a key part of the Middle East, high impact in the global balance of power, and because of its strategic location indirectly affect the Russian National Security and because of their great economic and investment opportunities. proceeded Russia to follow a policy of dealing with the Levant region,not on the basis of unity and a political one geographical, but rather on the basis of its constituent states, according to the economic and military potential of each of these countries, according to international variables in its policy towards the size. played international variables influential role in Russian policy toward Levant, disagreed influence of these variables in a while, and from state another, or in general shows that this effect contributed to reducingignificantly the Russian policy towards Palestine first class, and then toward Lebanon and Jordan, Iraq, and finally Syria.  that the Russian politics has dealt with Levant countries on the basis that there is a central states / Head of the two Iraq, Syria, and other centrist They Jordan, and a third can be called upon States Parties which Lebanon and Palestine.

اثر استراتيجيات التحول نحو مجتمع المعرفة في الثقافة السياسية والسلوك السياسي == Influence of transformation strategies towards knowledge society In political culture and political Behavior

Author name: ايناس ضياء مهدي
Supervisor name: مها عبد اللطيف حسن الحديثي | منعم صاحي العمار
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The states and institutions face increased and varied changes through transformation toward knowledge society. Therefore They must plan to formulate future strategies in order to transform towards knowledge society.Because of the importance of transformation strategies towards knowledge society, the researcher study them as independent variables influence in political culture and political behavior as dependent variable. The research depended on the open systems method and quantitive method in studying the variables.Accordingly, the objectives of the research are : 1 - Sure the successful using for the empirical methods in the political and strategic sciences.2 - Increasing the strategic and political knowledge of the research variables.3 - Building methodological base of the strategic and political researchers in the future.4 - Motivating the researchers in Iraq to study the Iraqi institutions.Also, the research aimed to solve its problem that represented in many questions are : 1 - What are the levels of transformation strategies towards knowledge society, political culture and political behavior in the Iraqi institutions?2 - What are the relationships among transformation strategies towards knowledge society, political culture and political behavior?3 - What are the influences of transformation strategies towards knowledge society in political culture and political behavior?4 - What is the influence of political culture in political behavior?5 - What are the differences among the Iraqi institutions in transformation strategies towards knowledge society, political culture and political behavior?In order to achieve the objectives above, the research has been carried out theoratically and practically. The theoratical part is devoted to explanation the research variables and the basic concepts and that related. The practical part included carrying out the research in the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Culture and Ministry of Financial in Iraq. The public managers in the ministries are considered as a sample of research. The questionnaire is used to collect the data from the research sample. In analyzing the data, the non - parametrical statistics are used. After analyzing and discussing the data, the model of the research generally is not proved true.

السياسة الخارجية الامريكية تجاه غرب افريقيا بعد الحرب الباردة : نيجيريا انموذجا == American foreign policy towards West Africa after the cold war Nigeria" case Study

Author name: اياد عبد الكريم مجيد
Supervisor name: صالح عباس الطائي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The region of West Africa has occupied a great strategic importance in America's foreign policy, especially after the cold war, as this policy witnessed an observed American movement towards this region with the beginning of the 1990s of the last century under the changes that the world had witnessed through that period which represented in the disassembly of the Eastern system (Soviet Union) and the uniqueness of The United States of America in the world which is regarded as the only prevailing pole in the international domain. Therefore it followed a foreign policy which is built on that grounds, and fits the nature of the new phase. So, the world has become in front of a unique situation that embodied in the domination of one pole and its attempt to oppose its politics and will on others. Thus, its policy is considered universal and global that comes from the truth that its interests are distributed all over the world. As a result, it is necessary to subject the world to that policy and especially those regions that have a great strategic importance for The United States of America. Among these important regions West Africa's region that is considered one of the most remarkable region in the African Continent which takes a notable place in America's foreign policy according to its great significance on different levels whether political, economic, strategic, or security level. On the economic level, West Africa's region is considered a huge store for raw and unprocessed materials, as well as for sources of necessary energy like oil and gas, which American industry needs greatly. As to the security level, this region becomes very important in America's foreign policy according to its economic importance from one side, and its position among other regions that are included in the American war on terrorism from the other side, a matter that makes this region has a direct relation with American national security. Politically, The United States of America sought to win the attitude and approval of other countries of the region especially in the issues that have a relation with America's goals and interests. However, West Africa's region strategic importance comes from its strategic position which lies near the eastern coasts of The United States of America. So, as a result this makes America's reach to it is easy and getting all what it needs securely and easily. On the basis of all these facts, The United States of America has realized that this region becomes associated with its national security because a great part of its interests is associated with this region. Yet, this leads The United States of America to use variable means and ways that allow it to control the resources and treasures of the countries of the region. Hence, we notice that The United States of America has employed all the means of a foreign political action toward achieving its goals. Therefore, it moved politically through its managers and bosses, as well as holding sessions and conferences that gather both sides, in addition to reinforce the American diplomatic presence through opening new embassies and consulates in most countries of the Continent. As for the economic side, the American policy towards West Africa takes various shapes and directions. Sometimes it uses economic assistance and support as a means of perfusion to that region. Most of America's assistance and support are accompanied with economic and political conditions that touch the sovereignty and independency of the country that receives the assistance. Other times it uses investments and the spread of the gigantic American companies in West Africa as a means of economic domination on the countries of the region, especially after the increase of American dependence on the African oil greatly, in addition to all that, its dependence on the raw materials that are found in large amounts there and used in American industry. On the military level, West Africa witnessed an observed American activity which took different shapes. Sometimes it takes the form of a direct military intervention in the affairs of these countries, as what happened in Liberia in 2003. Other times it takes the form of military support through supplying the institutions of these countries with all what they need from military experiences and consultations, as well as opening sessions for African soldiers in The United States of America from one side, and from the other side, they send American experts to West Africa to supply them with what they need from military experience and consultation. By this action, The United States of America was able to turn the region into what is look like a military base for it to launch anywhere that may threaten its security and interests all over the world. This is revealed by its announcement of formation American military leadership (AFRICOM), since this action shapes one of American political dimensions to achieve its security goal. Nevertheless, this policy was not far from the international competition which glows between the international rising countries that attempt to control and dominate the treasures and sources of this region, and one of these forces is France and China which activate greatly in West Africa. As for France, it was a previous colonizer of the west of the Continent, while China is considered the dragon that searches for energy sources and necessary raw material for its rising and improving industry. These actions raise Washington's fears from losing its control on the region. Therefore, The United States of America moves towards all levels, whether politically, military, or economically in order to prevent the rise of any international competitive forces to it in the region.Consequently, The United States of America moves towards reinforcing its relations with all countries of the West African region especially those countries that have a political, economic, and military importance, whether on Continental level, or on international level. Perhaps one of these countries is Nigeria which becomes the most powerful strategic alliance to The United States of America in the African Continent. Hence all America's foreign policy and movements aim to control and dominate this strategic region and to protect its goals and interests there, in addition to its attempt to oppose its western liberal pattern on the countries of the region. From all above, we can conclude that : 1. West Africa's region is considered one of the most important strategic regions for The United States of America, and its importance is increasing according to its political, economic, and security importance. 2. The variation and multiplicity of the means and mechanisms of the American action towards West Africa in a way that allows and justifies America's free action there, and be insure of opposing its domination on the sources and fortunes of the region. 3. Due to its richness with sources of energy and raw materials, The United States of America sought to put a hand on these sources and raw materials that are found in this region, in addition to protect the American companies' interests there.4. Taking advantage from African market in general, and from the market of the west in particular, because from one side it will be a promising consumptive market for American goods and merchandise for more than 300 million human beings. From the other side, The United States of America will create work chances for America's new generations in the future.5. The increase of American dependence on importing oil abroad especially from African Continent which probably will reach to 25% in 2020 which leads America to consider West Africa one of the most important regions that it will depend on in the future, especially Guinea gulf which is rich with petroleum, a matter that leads many to say that Guinea gulf will be the substitute for the Arab gulf, for The United States of America, according to its huge petrol supply and the increase of the discovered quantities in it from one side, and because of the decrease of the Middle East oil (Arab gulf), as some records indicate, through the coming years, from the other side, in addition to the state of instability that the region witnessed which threaten the access of petroleum supplies to The United States of America.6. Facing the domination of the rising international forces in West Africa especially the French and Chinese dominations, and the attempt to weakening their role, in addition to depriving them of getting any privileges that they may have to get resources and treasures of this region and investing them, as well as depriving them from dominating on its huge markets in order not to be at the expense of America's goals and interests.7. The seeking of The United States of America to create strategic alliances in the region which have a military, economic, political, regional, and international importance, which can depend on in carrying out its foreign policy. Therefore America finds Nigeria (the African giant) the most important and active country in the west of the African Continent

سياسات التكتلات الاقتصادية الدولية والاداء الاقتصادي العربي : دراسة مستقبلية == The policies of international economic blocs and Arab Economic performance (future study

Author name: سعد عبيد علوان السعيدي
Supervisor name: عماد عبد اللطيف سالم | مازن الرمضاني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The economic blocs phenomenon is a relatively modern phenomenon, as wells its recognized for continuous change from its shape. contain mechanism and means from time to another in accoreling to economic objective requirement from one hand and, strategic and political objectives from other hand. the half part of the twentieth century was wide field to grow different economic coalitions stand on the bias of the minimum level of requirement to establish union economic market between group of states in established free economic area, them followed by consolidate and coalition steps, in number of regions in the world. so we become facing number of different economic coalition for coalition and feature degree also the contrast shape. in according to units different that consist of it, and as a result of that, there is contrast in efficiency and influence degree internal and external. there are economic blocs basing on special region.(south east Asia) the other basing on connect between more then one continent .there are blocs established between states companies and economic blocs are Deeping and due to affection or super fkial.so its not effected and effect by negative secretion of the other economic blocs during to diffent behaviors group. that followed by economic blocs including especially field. so as political military, social and cultural fields. these political are practice two main roles. the first one is protection role to protect the bloc from negative effection that muse up inside and outside the bloc. and the other one is aggressive enable the bloc to effected on other and to improve its global place. in according as this stady.the Arab home will be effect by global economic political by protection and aggressive role. the Arab states are not success in setup of special economic bloc till now. the present events and future indicators (in middle range).are not indicate to probable setup to that bloc in true shape although the work it was spent in achievement to that aim.so.the middle future in according to the results of this study it will increase in global economic blocs procedure whether in its growth or especially in unity or efficiency degree. therefore the Arab home will be more facing to negative effective in polices results of global economic blocs. these are more unity and efficiency in international level. the result of the present economic and future indicators are refer to the Arabic economic performance will be negative effective by great global polices of economic blocs inside of the most expected future scripts to the global and Arabic. economic environment except than the Arabic economic blocs of formation scene but that scene is not certain. well see great threat to Arabic economic security and great dedine for Arabic competiting abilities in facing of global competition abilities and great disequilibrium in the most of assented sectors of the Arabic economic All of these will by find in assumptions that the study reaches to it in according to the growth of the global economic blocs from one hand and the future of the growth of Arabic economic blocs. In according to the probable events of future scene in related to global economic that mean the polores,institution and blocs which contain of Arabic economic from other hand.

ثقافة الديمقراطية واثرها في بناء المجتمع المدني في العراق == Democracy Culture and Its Effect on Building the Civil Society in Iraq

Author name: ياسر علي ابراهيم السلامة
Supervisor name: وصال نجيب عارف العزاوي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Systems and Public Policies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Talking about democracy and democracy culture is diverse and complicated. A group may agree on defining their conditions, importance and concept, another group may differ depending on their view and way of reading both. The study has come to emphasize the importance of the role played by democracy in building the societies through an important and close related side which is "democracy culture" and the effect of the later in constructing a real civil society contributing effectively in making the society and the political system aware. The study concentrates on Iraq for its societal specialty (religiously, ideologically, racially….etc) and the occupation it passes through with all its dimensions. Our research entitled (Democracy Culture and Its Effect on Building the Civil Society in Iraq) is organized in three chapters as well as an introduction, a conclusion and a number of appendices. The first chapter deals with "the essence of democracy" in five sections. Whereas the second chapter is dedicated to study "the essence of civil society" and is divided into five sections also. As to chapter three, it addresses "the reality of democratic transformation and civil society in Iraq" within seven sections.

مكانة ايران الاقليمية في الاستراتيجية الامريكية بعد عام 2003 == Iran's Regional Status in the U.S Strategy After 2003

Author name: احمد عبد الكاظم موسى
Supervisor name: محمد كريم كاظم
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

ازمة الاقتصاد الامريكي وانعكاساتها على الاقتصاد العالمي : حالة بلدان الجنوب == The Crisis of the American Economy and Its Reflections Upon the International Economy (The Condition of Southern Countries)

Author name: وسن احسان عبد المنعم العزاوي
Supervisor name: سرمد زكي الجادر | عبد علي كاظم المعمور
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The course of development and progress, which the United States historically enjoyed, has made it emerge as a representative of power and authority in a way that it has not been matched by the greatest empires since the late 19th century. This is basically because of its profound economy that is based upon consistently scientific and technological developments, which has lead it stand for a luxurious economy, and consequently has pushed it to grow its military power and industry.Eventually, US now enjoys the privilege of being the only super power in the world. This last state by itself means the necessity of maintaining a war economy. This first decade of our millennium is witnessing the US as the sole supreme power in the world both military and technologically, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, so that it has become a surpassing example.Yet historically speaking, the US as an example has not been void of symptoms of weakness or crises that the American Economy has undergone. These have been the same economic problems that are manifested in any capitalist system and are peculiar to it the extent that this system has typically been identified with them. This is because the capitalist system is subject to the law of periodical development that transforms economy from the state of boom to a state of bust through crisis, then recycles the same course all over again, together with its bond with a group of renewals that have changed the organic structure of the capital as well as the production relationships with all the economic courses whether they were short, middle, or long - term. Economists proved that these courses were disorganized or interrupted and fragmentary by their nature, the thing which they called " inconstant monotony ". These are five economic courses starting with the wave of textile, machinery and ships; second, the wave of railways; next the development of cast iron production; then, the course of electricity, automobiles, and chemistry; finally the course of speedy armament, the importance of oil up to now, a long with the third scientific revolution based upon the course of knowledge and information technology.All these phases with their developments have led to transforming the nature of economic crises from crises sprung from excess in production to structural crises since 1970s up to day. The structural crises in the capitalist system is an international one including the whole capitalist world marked by reduction in the rates of industrial production growth, and weakness and break down in the conventional branches of heavy industry with a states of unbalance in the world trade and payments, with an inclination to excessive speculations.In order to exhaust the developing countries with such crises as unemployment, indebtedness, fund; in addition to severe financial crises. The American Economy's problem started post World War II. The questions, then, was how to maintain its high - standard growth, and how to lead the capitalist system and its expansions after it came out of the war with a potential economic power. In fact, this was particularly true when it observed in the horizon such problems like weakness in the rates of capital accumulation, merchandizing (demand), with deterioration in profit rates. By 1970s, the relative weight of US retreated by reason of the increase in merger among capitalist economies, and by the growth of world trade, international credits, direct external investments, together with the emergence of Europe and Japan as forces that had the aspects of economic ascent and competition against US.Therefore the American Economy witnessed economic unstableness started with the crises between the world fund and the US dollar, a long with the increase in the American benefit rates, the international financial crises, the crises of the American industry and the subsequent deficit in the balance sheet of US, which Regan's administration failed to solve. Rather, its utmost aspiration was to delay the deficit's growth, or at least to keep it at an annual rate of $ 140 billion.Despite the economic boom of 1990s, it was by no means due to the competitive factors of the Americans goods, nor were they due to the entirely successful economic policies or their convenience, but the essential reason was that the capitals' flow to US on a large scale ( from $ 88 billion in 1990 to $ 865 billion in 2001), and the increase of direct foreign investments, which by 1999 reached about $ 1087 billion with a raise in the American Stock purchases that attained its utmost peak in 2000 by foreign investors $192.7 billion, while the value of stock shares was $292.9 billion for the same year. Still, this does not mean that there were no instabilities or economic crises. These were because the decline of the revenue on investment as a result of unexpected decline in the profitability may lead to a keen negative correction in the American Stock market. In addition, the decline in the value of assets is in the turn bound to continues falling in the economy. Moreover, indebtedness increased for a decade till it reached $5.5 trillion.The debtors, in effect, found it hard to pay their debts, the thing which eventually caused deterioration of bank holdings and disappearance of every tendency for financing new companies. The deficit in the balance of trade also increased from $131 billion in 1993 to $257 billion in 1997 and further to $275 billion in 1999. as for the deficit in the current account, it increased from $ 70 billion in 1993 to $105 in 1999. all these led the competitive capacity of the American Goods to deteriorate in many fields. The issue pushed US to force many countries to open their markets for American Goods, whether through World Trade Organization (WTO) or by the inclusive trade law of US particularly as per article 301, which considers a country indebted if it does not open its markets for the foreign goods, services, and investments.Social crises, such as a wide spread of drugs, development of armed conflicts between the federal authorities and the armed groups, too, caused negative impacts upon the American Society, these became incurable social dilemmas in the lights of the economic - social situation's chastity in the American Society. Both American companies' crises and events of September 11 1 had their influence not only on the American Economy, but it extended to include all the economies of the world; on a larger scale, it covered almost all the manifestations of the economic life (international trade, US dollar's value against other major currencies, stock markets and bond business, investments, international economic organizations, oil, etc.). These two events also had political, military and social trails and dimensions - they influenced them in all the countries of the world, whether advanced capitalist countries or even the newly born ones, and including of course, the advanced developing countries, and finally the developing ones such as the states of our Arab Region.In the view of all this, future remains bound to meeting a certain provision, which it could be possible to count on. The possible scenes of the American Economy's crises is highly related to the present events; having into consideration the foreign changes that can with hold or enhance the referred phenomena. Accordingly, the present study specifies three possible, provisional scenes : continuity, singularity, by the access to the 21st century there were two serious developments in the American Economy horizontally so that they caused an economic reluctance in a rather unexpectedly fast manner.1.The first one was represented by a decline in the investment expenditure on information technology coincided by its increase in some other sectors with instabilities in the companies budgets.2.The second one was manifested by an acute retreat in the consumer's confidence that led to the reluctance in consumption expenditure.In the lights of these economic conditions which the American Economy has been undergoing, the huge explosions that hit World Trade Center and Pentagon in September 11th, 2001, had a very bad impact on this economy including such sectors as aviation, tourism, and insurance. They also affected the American Financial system and its major sectors such as : liquidity, insurance, stock markets and bond business. They also influenced the American Foreign policy and the national security that subsequently led to full targeting of terror in the world, and hence allocating the required human and material resources for it and breakdown. Each has its role in the possibility of that scene to take place according to its variations, its enhancing aspects, or the improbability of its occurrence by its with holding reasons. Also its advisable to observe that the US is still representing the only super power in the World and this states quo is conditioned by its economic, military, and political superiority. That can keep, develop and maintain it at least for the first half of the 21st century.

الاستراتيجية الالمانية حيال منطقة وسط وشرق اوربا (مرحلة مابعد الحرب الباردة) == The Germany Strategy Towards Mid and East European States in The Post Cold War

Author name: مهند علي عمران محمد
Supervisor name: سرمد زكي الجادر
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ركزت هذه الاطروحة على دور الاستراتيجية الالمانية في ادارة التغيير الذي شهدته منطقة وسط وشرق اوربا بعد انهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي وتفكك المعسكر الاشتراكي ، وانطلاقا من الاشكاليات التي بدات بها والفروض التي انتهت الى اثباتها في اطار المنهج والضوابط العملية الى تشخيص دقيق لعلاقة الارتباط بين متغيري البحث وهما كفاءة الاداء الاستراتيجي الالماني وكفاءة الادارة الاستراتيجية للتغيير في وسط وشرق اوربا اذ اثبتت الدراسة علاقة التاثير المتبادل بين المتغيرين اعلاه انطلاقا من حقيقة جوهرية قوامها ثمة علاقة تبادلية ذات طابع طردي موجب بين كل منهما اذ لا يمكن الحديث عن ادارة استراتيجية للتغيير على ارض الواقع بمعزل عن وجود اداء استراتيجي واضح وفاعل يحاول ان يؤثر في مجرى الاحداث بشكل معين بالوقت نفسه لا يمكن لهذا الاداء الاستراتيجي ان يكون عقلانيا بمعزل عن الرؤى والمدركات التي تتوافر عليها الجهة التي تاخذ على عاتقها مهمة القيام بواجب الادارة الاستراتيجية للتغيير وعليه فالاداء الاستراتيجي يجسد الادارة الاستراتيجية للتغيير في حين ان الاخيرة ترشد الاداء لتصل به لاعلى درجات العقلانية والوضوح للوصول الى الغايات المنشودة . اما فيما يتعلق بالاستراتيجية الالمانية لادارة التغيير فقد جعلت من منطقة وسط وشرق اوربا محور التفكير والتخطيط الاستراتيجي الذي سبق عملية ادارة التغيير في اوربا ولعدة اسباب اهمها انها مثلت في ذلك الوقت المسرح الاساسي لحركة التغيير السياسي والاجتماعي في القارة الاوربية كما انها مثلت مجالا جيوستراتيجيا يعاني من ظاهرة فراغ القوة بسبب انحسار النفوذ السوفيتي وعدم استبداله بنفوذ قوة دولية او اقليمية اخرى والاهم كونها تمثل الجوار الجغرافي لالمانيا الموحدة التي اصبحت تمثل الحافة المتقدمة للاتحاد الاوربي وحلف الناتو لا في مواجهة المعسكر الشرقي بل في مواجهة حالة التغيير المتعددة الابعاد والاتجاهات التي تعيشها منطقة وسط وشرق اوربا والتي تتساوى فيها الفرص مع التهديدات الامر الذي يجعل من واقع الجوار الالماني لهذه المنطقة حقيقة بوجهين ينطوي الوجه الاول فيها على فرصة تاريخية فريدة لالمانيا الموحدة حديثا للتعاطي المرن والفعال مع حالة التغيير التي تشهدها المنطقة كمقدمة لا لبروز المانيا الموحدة فحسب بل لبروز المانيا ذات الثقل والدور الاقليميين - في وسط وشرق اوربا - اللذين لا يمكن الاستهانة بهما وينطوي الوجه الثاني على فرضية مواجه المانيا لواقع استراتيجي معقد يعكس طيفا من الصراعات الداخلية والاقلمية مع سيادة حالة من عدم الاستقرار بسبب حالة فراغ القوة قد تجعل من المانيا في حالة دفاع مستديمة بوجه مجال جيوستراتيجي يمثل بمعطيات عدم استقراره ظاهرة ممتدة تسعى لزيادة مجالها الجغرافي عبر توليد مناطق عدم استقرار اضافية ، وعلى هذا الاساس ادرك الساسة الالمان ان تطور الوضع الراهن لمنطقة وسط شرق اوربا مستقبلا باتجاه اي من الفرضيتين اعلاه يعتمد بدرجة كبيرة على طريقة التعاطي مع تطورات المنطقة الحالية وكيفية ادارتها والسيطرة على ابعادها السلبية المحتملة وتحفيز الابعاد الايجابية ، وعلى هذا الاساس قررت القيادة الالمانية الشروع في عملية ادارة التغيير في وسط وشرق اوربا بالاعتماد على استراتيجية واضحة واداء متقدم ليتسنى لها السيطرة على الجوانب السلبية الملازمة لحالة الحراك الاستراتيجي التي تشهدها المنطقة وتحفيز الابعاد الايجابية وصولا الى تحقيق الغايات المنشودة . وكان السعي الى تبني خيار الحدود المتحركة لكل من حلف الناتو والاتحاد الاوربي الملمح الابرز في الاستراتيجية الالمانية لادارة التغيير في وسط وشرق اوربا للاستفادة من التضامن الاوربي - الاطلسي في دعم الجهود الالمانية الهادفة الى السيطرة على حالة الحراك الاستراتيجي التي تشهدها المنطقة لتامين الموقع الجيوبولتيكي الهش لالمانيا بوصفها الحافة النهائية لكل منهما وهو الامر الذي سعت المانيا الى تجاوزه عبر تعديل حدود كل من الاتحاد الاوربي وحلف الناتو لتضم اليها الديمقراطيات الناشئة في وسط وشرق اوربا هذا فضلا عن اعتماد مبدا الشراكات الاستراتيجية على المستويين الاوربي والاطلسي اساسا لاستراتيجية فرعية داعمة تهدف الى ازالة كافة العراقيل التي قد تواجه المساعي الالمانية الهادفة الى توسيع كل من حلف الناتو والاتحاد الاوربي مترافقا مع مساعي اقتصادية المانية مهمة للمساهمة في اعادة تاهيل اقتصاديات هذه الدول الداخلة حديثا الى منظومة العالم الراسمالي ولتاسيس نفوذ اقتصادي يشكل قاعدة لنفوذ اوسع يجعل من منطقة وسط وشرق اوربا مجالا واضحا للتعبير عن السيادة الالمانية . وخلصت الدراسة الى ان هناك ثلاثة احتمالات مستقبلية بالنسبة لمستقبل منطقة وسط وشرق اوربا تتراوح بين احتمال السلام الالماني (Pax Germanic ) الذي يقوم على افتراض خضوع معظم اجزاء منطقة وسط وشرق اوربا باستثناء بيلاروسيا وشرق اوكرانيا ( انظر خارطة رقم 2 ) الى دائرة النفوذ الالماني التي ستتمدد بتمدد الحدود المتحركة لكل من حلف الناتو والاتحاد الاوربي وتتسع باتساعهما وستحافظ الاستراتيجية الالمانية لادارة التغيير في هذا المشهد على مضامينها المشار اليها اعلاه وستسعى الى تطويرها وتكييفها وبما ينسجم مع الغاية المحورية لها وهي بسط النفوذ الالماني على اكبر حيز ممكن في منطقة وسط وشرق اوربا مرورا احتمال السلام الروسي (Pax Russian ) الذي يفترض حصول انتكاسة في الجهود الالمانية الرامية الى توسيع حلف الناتو والاتحاد الاوربي تترجم الى حالة من التمدد العكسي للنفوذ الروسي الذي سيشمل معظم منطقة وسط وشرق اوربا باستثناء منطقة النواة وتضم جمهورية الجيك وهنغاريا وسلوفينيا والنمسا وكرواتيا فضلا عن جمهوريات البلطيق الثلاثة ( انظر خريطة رقم 3 ) والذي ستشهد في ظله الاستراتيجية الالمانية لادارة التغيير احداث تعديل جوهري في بنائها الوظيفي من كونها استراتيجية موجهه الى التحكم في اتجاهات التغيير باتجاه بلورة منطقة نفوذ المانية الى استراتيجية تركز على محاصرة وتطويق احتمالات عودة النفوذ الروسي لوسط وشرق اوربا للحيلولة دون عودة حالة التقسيم الثنائي للقارة وعودة المانيا للعب دور منصة المواجهة المكرسة لصد النفوذ الروسي في وسط وشرق اوربا وصولا الى احتمال التعايش السلمي ( Coexistence ) الذي يفترض توصل المساعي الالمانية - الروسية المتضادة لبسط نفوذهما في وسط وشرق اوربا الى نقطة التوازن التي يتفق فيها الطرفان على اقتسام النفوذ طبقا للخطوط الواقعية الفاصلة بين مناطق نفوذيهما والتي تبدا من الحدود الروسية - الاستونية شمالا الى الحدود الصربية - الكرواتية جنوبا ( انظر خارطة رقم 4 ) وفيه ستنحو الاستراتيجية الالمانية لادارة التغيير الى اعادة رسم دورها من خلال تاكيد فرضيات ادامة مجال النفوذ المتحقق والحفاظ عليه بدلا من التركيز على توسيعه ومده نحو الشرق لتكون بذلك استراتيجية عنوانها الابرز الحفاظ على الوضع الراهن وادارته بطريقة تساهم في الحفاظ عليه وقد رجح الباحث تحقق احتمال السلام الالماني في المستقبل والذي قد تكتمل ملامحه النهائية في الفترة الزمنية الممتدة من عام 2020 - 2025 .و اخيرا يبقى مستقبل منطقة وسط وشرق اوربا بشكل او باخر مرتهنا في العديد من جوانبه بمستقبل الاستراتيجية الالمانية لادارة التغيير في المنطقة لما لها من دور مهم حاليا في التاثير في مجرى التطورات الراهنة وانعكاساتها المستقبلية على هذا الاساس تشكل هذه الاستراتيجية انموذجا متطورا ومتقدما لادارة التغيير في احدى مناطق العالم المليئة بالتعقيدات السياسية والعرقية والجغرافية فضلا عن التاريخية بما يجعل منه انموذجا جديرا بان يحتذى به لما حققه من نتائج ملموسة ستنعكس ايجابيا على دور ومكانة المانيا في المستقبل. | In this study “German Strategy in the Middle and East Europe Region - After the Cold War Period” witch focused on the German strategic role in administrating the change that was made to the Middle and East Europe after fall of the Soviet Union and the dissembling of the socialist camp. Starting from the problems that it initiated from, and pressures that ended in proves in the program frame and functional regulations in precise specifying of the bondage relation between the changing in the research “Quality in the German Strategy ability and administrational Strategic capability to the change in Middle and East Europe; were the study has proven the exchanged relation between the two above mentioned starting from a core fact valued through exchanging relation that carries a positive feeling between them. For, we can not speak on administrational strategy of change in real facts without the existence of a clear and active strategic accuracy that tries to affect in the path of events in a specific way but at the same time the pragmatic accuracy can not work alone without visions and the valuable effects that are consisted on the side that takes on its own agenda the duty of administrational strategy to change. Therefore, the strategic accuracy to emphasis the administrational strategy to change was the last mentioned that advises accuracy to reach the highest pragmatic and clearness to reach the demanded goals. Concerning the German Strategy in administrational changes it has made the Middle and East Europe a focal point of thinking and planning strategy that has preserved the administration change in Europe for many reasons; The most important is that it represented in that political arena in that period of time in the changing political and social movement in the European continent. But it is also represented a geopolitical space that faced a power vacuum because of the narrowing Soviet influence and not exchanging its influence with another International power or a regional one. More importantly, it represents the geographical neighbor to united Germany that became the front edge to the many situational changes and the directions that the Middle and East Europe were living witch is equivalent to the chances with the threats. The matter that puts the reality of German neighbors for this region a truth with two faces; the first face, goes on a unique newly united German historic event to be flexible and active with the changing events that the region observes in front. Not to only show a united Germany, but also to show Germany that has a weight and role in the region of Middle and East Europe that can not be underestimated. As for the second face, it shows the theory of Germany facing a realistic strategy. A position that reflects a ray of internal struggles and regional instability that is caused from a power vacuum that might put Germany in a continuous defensive situation in facing the geopolitical side that is represented by contributions of its own spread instability witch aims to increase its geographical space in generating more instability. On this basis the German politicians noted that the developing situation to the Middle and East Europe region in the future to the direction of any of the two theories above, depends largely on the methods of excepting the ideas with the developing of the region at the moment and how to manage it and control its assumptions of negative probability and inject the objective methods. On this bias the German leaders decided to initiate in this process of administrative change in the Middle and East Europe relying on a clear strategy and heading performance to achieve a control on the negative sides that come with strategic movement that the region faces and injects the objective angle reaching the intended goals. Adopting the Moving Borders’ for each the NATO Pax and European Union. The original motivator to the German Strategy to administrate the change in the Middle and East of Europe, through the benefit of the European Transatlantic solidarity in supporting the German efforts in reaching the control on the strategic movement situation that the region sees to insure a geopolitical position for Germany in describing it as the final edge for each of them, itch is the matter that Germany aimed for the overtake through arranging its borders each of the E.U and the NATO Pac to embrace the newly democratic states in Middle and East Europe that push for dependence on the strategic cooperation principle on the European and Atlantic level as a strategic basis as a supporting branch aiming to clear out all the complex that might complicate facing the German efforts that aims to expand each of the NATO and the European union combined with the efforts of economical German importance to contribute in rehabilitating the economies of these newly entered states to the capitalists world and establishing an effective economy that makes a base to a wider power spread that will enable the Middle and East of Europe a clear expression of German influence. In this study, I have pointed out that there are three futuristic possibilities concerning the future of the Middle and East Europe region. The possibility varies from the Germanic Pac’ witch is based on the assumptions that most of Middle and East European parts except Belarus and east Ukraine (please see map 2) will be under the German influence witch will expand with the expansion of the moving borders, for both the NATO and the E.U and in large with it. Not forgetting that the German strategy to administrate the change in this scenario in the details that I have mentioned above and will aim to improve and adapt with what is in it’s intentions witch is expanding the German power on the largest size possible in the Middle and East of Europe that is possible. The Second possibility, is the Russian Pax’ witch assumes a deterioration happening in the German efforts that aim to the expanding of the NATO Pac and the E.U that translates to a reverse expansion to the Russian power that will include most of the Middle and East Europe with exception to the nucleus position that includes the Czech Republic, Hungry, Slovenia, Austria, Croatia in addition to the three Baltic Republics (please see map 3) that will see under the German strategy to administrate the changes making a core change in its building work originating from a strategy that is directed to take charge of originating from a strategy that is direct to the power expansion of Germany to a strategy that will focus on barricading and the seizing the possibility of a Russian power come back in the Middle and East of Europe in efforts to prevent a returning action of a duel split to the continent and the return of Germany in playing abase role to face the Russian power expansion in Middle and East Europe. Reaching the last probable theory the (Coexistence) that implies reaching a German - Russian that is in conflict To expand there power over the Middle and East of Europe to appoint of balance that enables the two in reaching a division of power, based on realistic lines that separate between there expansion of power that starts with the Russian borders - Estonia from the North to the Serbian borders - Croatia to the south (please see map 4) in it the German strategy of administrative change will take part in redrawing its role through assuring assumptions on habilitating the expanded power that is achieved and securing it instead of focusing on the expansion and expanding to the East so that the Strategy’s title will be to secure the current situation and administrative in any way that joins in securing it. In my study, I have reached an assumption that an achievable German peace in the future witch will have a full hindsight in the period time 2020 - 2025.Last the future of the Middle and East of Europe region in one way or another is risked by many sides of the German Strategy that administrates the change in the region for its important role today and its effect in the up coming future and the future reflection on this bias. This strategy forms a sophisticated significance administrative change in one of the worlds most politically complicated regions (ethnically and geographically) not forgetting to mention historically. Witch makes from it an original example for what it has achieved and accomplished from actual results that positively reflect the German role and its place in the future.And Last I close my Study case in the Wisdom of God the great and powerful that every student must condition him self too

العلاقة بين التمويل الدولي ومستقبل التنمية في العراق : دراسة تحليلية

Author name: مهند حميد مجيد الربيعي
Supervisor name: احمد الحمداني | عماد عبد اللطيف
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The International financial becomes one of the important variables in the international field, which achieved especially when revealed its positive role with the economic improvement process in developing countries, according to that booming of international economic institution. Despite of dearness varies in the distribution of International financial flows between the developing countries, these countries applied the condition of international economic institutions (IMF, International Bank, WTO) which it imposed on the states and it applied the capitalistic system as it ideology, philosophy, and as a manner to attract the international flows inter to it’s markets and increase the volume which flow in it. In Iraq, there are urgent needs, during the new conditions, for economical rearrangements. In present, there is no longer, says about independent development, self dependency, be logic any more.Even there is abundance of natural resources (which is one of the vital reasons in the international finance flow); it doesn’t mean that there is no requirement for the international society support (through releasing of finance flow), especially in the new world, which has very complex economical relationships. Therefore, any economical rehabilitation, that curried out in Iraq’s economical structure, towards the market system transformation, are reasonable and quit logic, according to this country needs and also for international economical changes.Since Iraq’s economy has special characteristics and heritage, that adopt taking care of living conditions of their citizens, it is very difficult to approve direct transformation, which leads to take off these responsibilities. It’s obvious that any economical changes will be rejected and refused. So, gradual and sequential transformations will be necessary, in order to create general and social acceptance to these crucial changes and finally to obtaining good and positive results.

قوى التغيير العالمية واثرها في ضبط الانتشار النووي التغير في الهيكلية الدولية انموذجا == The Change Drivers And Its Impact In Control Of The Nuclear Proliferation - The Sample Of Changeability In International Paramedical -

Author name: منعم خميس مخلف الهيتاوي
Supervisor name: منعم صاحي حسين العمار
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The change regards basic character of age or our life, the changeability has been happened as a result of interaction of many drivers, the response was differs to this change from state to anther.The important of nuclear proliferation issue had been raised, especially in the world after the cold war era.The research in history of the development of nuclear proliferation issue. So important, to know what its development? And what's reach of it ?.And also we must to study the international system, international structure and the pattern of power distribution and as a result that phenomenon (nuclear proliferation )regards from most complex of international strategic and politic. In the other hand the important of study rise in present an image to world changing and discover the connection between the nuclear proliferation control and the pattern of power distribution in one hand, and with the international system ,the international structure.The study aimed to achieve many purpose such as : 1 - Try to give an image a bout the global change.2 - Try to know ,what the density of nuclear weapons.3 - What the nuclear proliferation control means ?what its machineries ? and its approach? .4 - What the international system ,the international structure mean? and what's machineries of the changing of it?.5 - How was the international relations in the cold war era ? and how effect by the nuclear proliferation control?.6 - How was the international relations after the cold war era ? and how effect by the nuclear proliferation control?. how the unipolar system effected by the machineries which using to control of the phenomenon ?. 7 - What is the future of the phenomenon?.To achieve these purpose the study depend on many approaches, historical, systematic, analytic, descriptive and futurism approaches. The study distributed on introduction, four sections and abstract. The first section deal with the theoretical and conceptual. While the second section deal with study of the nuclear proliferation and international powers relations in the cold war era. The third section concert by the nuclear proliferation and international powers relations after the cold war era.The fourth section study the scenario of the future of the international structure and the nuclear proliferation control. The thesis had been reached many conclusion we can summarized in the following : 1 - The change is a comprehensive operation on systems function and social relations, and its multilevel and multidimensional. The changeability as outcome don’t happened in the system forma alone but also in functions which system perform it. . 2 - The political changeability describe as general, permanent ,comprehensive ,complex ,infinity and time phenomenon (depend on time as mainly factor in changeability.3 - There are many theories had been explained the change operation, according to that the researchers looked to this operation as circler or linear development.4 - The international system had been passed in physical changes . 5 - The international system will not stable in one forma ,but will take many forms according to objective and selfish of the system ,its development and at systems structure according to structural theory.6 - There are many changes drivers ,the changeability of the international structure, and regard as a outcome of the change drivers push towards acting certain forma for concerning phenomenon. 7 - The changeability in international structure and its form will effect in all aspect of the nuclear proliferation operation, because the strategic and tactics which followed by the active powers in international system will changing according to its position in international structure or international system.8 - The nuclear proliferation basically will take two forms ,horizontal and vertical ,the international law and international agreement prevent the horizontal and regardless about the vertical .9 - There are many approaches to the nuclear proliferation, but the basic types are global and regional approaches ,and there are integrated relation between them.10 - The nuclear proliferation control concept differs from disarmament concept but that will not prevent studying the first concept as a part of the second.11 - There are strong relation between the nuclear abilities and nuclear weapons , but not necessity every state have nuclear abilities will industry and have nuclear weapons .12 - The international system regarded on of the most unstable type among anther of the political systems.13 - In spite of the state stay the main actor in international relations but it not unique actor, many actors become play important role by the nature of international political system.14 - The international political system depend on the interaction relation, any behavior of any actor will effect by the others, so that we will must to study these groups especially the radical groups which have political purpose.15 - There are may form take it by the international premedical such as unipolar, bipolar and multipolar .16 - The distribution of international nuclear power there are declared nuclear powers according to NPT, nuclear state by de facto,and the threshold state.17 - The nuclear proliferation in the cold war era according to international power relation, the ideological conflict and the distribution of power, the military forces played political objective more than military. 18 - The nuclear proliferation machineries passed in many stages , in some time two - party agreement or multiparty agreement 19 - The détente between the US and soviet union push the nuclear nonproliferation before the end of the cold war.20 - After the end of the cold war , the US dominated on the world, theories and vision explain the capitalism victory it began to reread the history to make a new history ,the neorelastic,the end of history and the clash of civilizations, the last warning from the American over - confidence, and to ready to the future.21 - The machineries of the nuclear proliferation control after the cold war according to American domination by the American system such as missile shield project, extend the NPT, and motivation and sanctions system.22 - In spite of the regional approach was not prefer by the USA, it plays important role in American nuclear policy, the connection so closed between the international and regional approaches.23 - After the events of 11 - september 2001 escalate which international terrorism phenomenon which had been changed the world vision to nuclear issue also the concept of the war changed, the preemptive war have been followed.24 - The double standers policy had been followed by USA with its treatment with the nuclear programs.25 - The international satisfaction was born by necessity of the change to control to the spread of nuclear weapons.26 - The international structure may be witness an significant changing, the type of the multi appear, the partnership type it must with American leadership, which reflects to the future of nuclear proliferation phenomenon may take two types : a - The nuclear proliferation out of the control.b - The nuclear proliferation under of the control.27 - We must to ensure the next danger to the humanities life is not in the nuclear proliferation, but in the international, regional nuclear technology, may using in changing world. And local conflict and its developing especially if based on it.

السياسة الخارجية الامريكية والمشرق العربي مابعد الحرب الباردة == The American Foreign Policy and The Eastern Arabian Countries : The period After The Cold War

Author name: مصطفى جاسم حسين
Supervisor name: فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This dissertation is concerned with studying the foreign policy of the United States towards the Eastern Arab countries after the cold war. It consists five chapters with an introduction and a conclusion.The first chapter tackles the development of the American policy towards the Eastern Arab countries and its aims. It is obvious that it did not take a special feature only at the end of the second world war. From the end of 18th.century on , the American policy was concerned with some economic interests especially with oil and some other cultural and religious concerns like those made by some protestant missionaries in different Eastern Arab countries. After the second world war when there was a great need for oil, the region has captured the interest of the American decision maker gradually. In addition, the increasing of tension caused by the cold war was another reason that the region becomes of increasing value for the Americans. It is possible to say that the most important American aims in the region are economic and cultural in order to generalize the American type besides other strategic and security aims.The second chapter studies the important features effective in the American foreign policy towards the Eastern Arab countries. The deconstruction of the Soviet union appears to be the most distinguishable international feature that enables the United States to impose its policies on the region. With out having an opponent , the region suffers some kind of political submission in order to be re - formed. The Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in 2nd of August 1990 was among the most important regional features that helped in prevailing the American policy in the region more than ever. More over, this chapter concentrates on studying other regional factors " variables" that work to suppress the American policy in the region, like the Islamic extremism and spreading of the weapons of mass destruction and terrorism. It also studies the features that helped in the success of the American policy in the region like the strategic role played by Israel and the existing of non - democratic regimesThe third chapter discusses the units and the institutions responsible for the foreign political decision - making. It is divided into two sections. The first section studies the formal units represented by the president, the role played by both the ministry of defense and the state secretary, in addition to the CIA and the national security council and the congress in determining the American foreign policy. The second section is concerned with the non - formal institutions effective in foreign policy decision - making, like the political parties, the Zionist lobby, the economic - military factor, besides the important role played by the institutions of research and thought development" Think - Tanks".The fourth chapter tackles the American foreign political behavior towards the region. It is divided into five sections. The first studies the American foreign political behaviour towards Iraq. The second one specializes with studying the Arab - Israel conflict and the attitude of the United States towards the Palestinian Issue. The third section focuses on the American attitude towards Syria. The fourth one deals with the American behaviour towards the security of the Arab gulf states. The fifth section studies the American behaviour towards Egypt.The fifth chapter envisions the future of the American policy towards the Eastern Arab countries. It is divided into four sections. The first one studies the political scene. The second deals with the scene (scenario) of the continuing of the present American policy. The third section suggests the change of this policy in away that enables the Arab countries to move in a space larger than that found in the scene of the continuing of the same policy discussed in the previous section. The fourth one work to intermingle the two previous scenes.

المتغير الامريكي في سياسة تركيا حيال الاتحاد الاوروبي من 1993 - 2008 == American Variable in Turkey Policy Toward European Union From 1993 - 2008

Author name: محمـد ياس خضــير
Supervisor name: فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The Foreign Policy for any State had divided from an internal situation in order to formulating specific strategy to be dealing with another strategy on the international scene . Especially that unstable state internally made it unable to make and achieving foreign policy. In concerning with Turkey , we could consider it as prevailing state toward growth and development , because of it s capacity in exerting too much work to integrating with western world. So that since establishing a new state (Turkish Republic) in 1923 , it had been begun another an era by establisher of this state the president (Kamal Ataturk) for linking Turkey Completely with the western world , and cutting all thing which were being connecting with the secularism and Islamic past. After that , Turkey could Difficulty had been achieving kind of integration within region , especially after affimiliation in NATO Organization, in addition to that reaching all efforts to the hold an agreement which so - called (Ankara agreement) in 1963 , until inaugurating European Union in 1993 after signed Maastricht agreement. The aim of Turkey is to be member in an European union by inter within regional agglomeration. So that it became a part of several objectives in Turkish Foreign Policy. This Thesis has tried to tackle several questions methodologically, to reach into certain approach about what nature of Turkish Foreign Policy Toward European Union? and what is the impact of formal and informal institutions to make Turkey Policy toward European Union? what are motives of Turkish Policy against European Union? and what are obstacles of this Foreign Policy? In addition to that it answered about the an effect of American Variety in Turkish Foreign Policy toward European Union. This Study has divided into four parts. The First part is dealing the relations between turkey and European state during 1945 - 1993 , and knowing impulsive of these relations. In Second Part has tackled the Turkish role in America Strategy , then studying the perspective of Foreign Policy of Turkey to their relations with U.S.A. by partnership principle in the international Policy. Ether third chapter or part from this thesis has researching about the role of formal structures in making foreign policy of Turkey , and How to be application by all of that . Then exploring the effect of informal institutions within Turkey political system to formulate Foreign Policy toward European Union. The Fourth chapter has been dealing an impact of U.S.A. in Turkey Policy toward European Union by Knowing , The manner of Turkish Foreign Policy to be member inside European Union , In the Shadow of American Variety toward this Policy to limit the nature of motivations and obstructers for all of that within framework of American effect and handling the future of Turkish foreign Policy toward European Union by specific Three scenarios. At all end , We are making several conclusions which are being formed specific views about subject.

الاستراتيجية الشاملة للولايات المتحدة الامريكية ومستقبل التوازنات الجيواستراتيجية العالمية

General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • العلاقات التركية الاوربية
  • العلاقات التركية
  • الامريكية
  • تركيا والاستراتيجية الامريكية
  • الدور التركي في الاستراتيجية الامريكية
  • المنظور التركي للعلاقات مع الولايات المتحدة الامريكية
  • صنع القرار الخارجي التركي
  • دور المؤسسات الرسمية وغير الرسمية في عملية
First pages:
Abstract: Through the study of "the comprehensive strategy of the United States and the future of the global geostrategic balances" it becomes clear that the rapid developments and changes in the global environment are redefining the global geostrategic balances, with the dawn of the twenty - first century many indicators and variables that indicate the movement of global balances on the verge of moving into a new phase have accumulated to confirm the decline of the United States ability to control the direction the movement of balances individually, Although it is still the strongest but no longer the only party in the balance, Since the emergence of the world's major powers having the capacity, the will and active performance as well as and prowess to face or reduce the American capacity to control the movement of the soft power by means of balance and peaceful ascent or the so - called "fine balance" and to abide by the rules of international law and not to resort to military force in international crisis management and processing the objectives and interests depending on the basis of partnership, the United States looks forward with growing concern to the shrinking margin over military and economic capabilities compared to those of China and Russia and a range of powers Described as emerging, including India and Brazil, which will accelerate the end of the era of the so - called American Empire is progressing chronologically and with amazing speed, with global powers being able to join forces with geopolitical and geo - economic partnership frameworks as well as the military to stop the expanion of U S hegemony on the world.The international system has seen structural shifts made him go away slowly on the imbalances that were dominant in the international hierarchy since the end of the cold war, coincided with the relative decline of the economic strengths for most Western capitalist countries and especially the United States, as a result of the economic and financial crisis that began in 2008, global powers rising in Asia and Latin America continued to achieve high rates of economic growth despite the nature of the interdependence of the world economy, promoting the growing economic power inevitably strengthens the strategic power of the forces balancing with the United States, both with regard to the implementation of development plans drawn or military budgets or strategic capacities make it an active actor having formulating will in the future of the World geostrategic balances. Thus the polarization of international forces is moving towards the formation of groupings and international strategic partnerships between influential world powers active in regional and international policies, and in the geopolitical, economic, military, and technological areas, depending on their material and moral potential, as well as elements of the external environment and providing an incentive for future influential roles in the future of the global balances movements.The United States recognizes that the transition strategy is great, and it should adapt to the developments of the global system, witnessing the rise of new forces which have the power and ability to build partnerships and organizations with strong influence over some nation States, despite the fact that the United States is the largest military force in the world, we found it stumble in its wars of expansion, and the economy weakens more and more because of the stiff competition faced by the economies of other emerging powers And, if the U.S adapts to those changes, with better cooperation with world powers, we will see a smooth and peaceful transition to a pluralistic system and geo - strategic balances evenly without disasters and wars, the United States will become an important actor beside the other world powers.And by analyzing the extensive strategy of the United States and that of the world powers towards issues, crises and areas of influence dealt with by these forces, and knowing the main variables that affect the international environment, several conclusions were reached as follows : -  There is a relationship of mutual influence between the nature of the international system, its structure and its mechanisms and the existing global geostrategic balances, in the unipolar system in the case of imbalance the balances are under the control of a single pole and its allied forces, that Pole dominates on the interactions and strategies of its rival powers and deter them. Under the bipolar system the established geostrategic balances are closer to relative parity between the poles or the two blocs and often their relationship are with conflicting strategies rather than cooperative ones, which pushes the movement for change in balances more quickly. In the multi - polar system world balances are based on three or more poles, which makes them more stable. Geo - balances in That its more cooperative and partnership strategies that to compete and conflict and move towards a complementary relationship finding mechanisms to ensure the interests and objectives of all States and prohibit overtaking them. all strategic variables affect the change of states power positively or negatively, and accordingly, the global geostrategic balance change occurs, the State which possesses mechanisms to control and manipulate those variables, enable it to achieve the greatest impact in the movement of balances for achieving its objectives, this was evident in the achievements and performance of the extensive American strategy after World War II, and then after the collapse of the Soviet Union enabled by mechanisms of the capitalist system as well as its capabilities and potentials, employing events and strategic variables, To achieve strategic balance with the Soviet Union and continued superiority or maintaining control over balances after its collapse through the use of the soft power and hard or smart power that enabled it to achieve many of the benefits of preventing the emergence of rivals and winning the support of the largest possible number of States to its side, to control the movement of geostrategic balances for achieving its goals and its national security.  with the dawn of the twenty - first century the U.S strategic performance is witnessing change and decline in its influence and interests, at the level of the Middle East after the destruction and occupation of Iraq and supporting Arabic movements change, and perpetuating crises as the Syrian crisis, the United States withdrew from direct interaction settings depending on the strategy of driving from the back and giving active roles for regional and international powers it had put them in a list of enemies and rivals such as Iran, Russia and China, Which is reflected on their active roles to approach new areas of influence. After a series of U.S political and military failures, in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the global economic crisis and deflation and recession in the United States and Europe it, began looking for new alternatives to lead the world in a more stable and secure, less unique and unilateral domination, So some great powers found that it can influence worldwide reactions, and the participation of the United States to let the world stand on solid substrates, to become more balanced and stable. the emergence of global forces with strategies backed by strategic performance aimed at ending U.S. geostrategic balances Singularity in the world, especially in the areas of influence of the strong competition for the United States. In this chaos and the American decline globally, Russia and China have found their chance in pushing balances movement through the Syrian crisis especially as the Arab countries witness the Arab spring setbacks and uncertain future, Russia and China have also found that the EU suffers from economic crises hitting its members, and the United States is not better than the EU it is preoccupied with finding new opportunities to revive its collapsed economy, while Russia and China lead a role that rejects any American trends both toward Syria or Iran and Ukraine, As well as the rest of the spheres of influence which threaten national and energy security. the geostrategic balance theory derive from the basic assumption that, if States are not associated with each other in lasting relationships, but in the case of constant change driven by considerations of power, and seeking to increase investment of their capacity. components and reorganizing their relationships and the quality of their interactions to achieve balance with the United States. On that basis, China turned to a new strategy, which seeks to restore its former influence, through the initiative of the new Silk Road project, which integrates with waking up Russia and the presentations of dissertations Uras union integrated. with India's wishes, looking for new maps, here, the new formations and clusters, such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the community and the Group of 20 Bricks, become an objective and necessary response, to reproduce a new world, with multiplier balances, which provides a safe departure for human society, towards the prospects of cooperation and integration, and to get out of the crises, And thus came the international orientation of the strategic triangle (Russia, China and India) to lay the foundations of this world, through enhanced cooperation among the three countries and increased economic ties, forming a image of an Asian pole having its own system. No doubt, the bilateral and multilateral strategic partnerships formed between the forces of competition would have widespread impact in steering reactions and global geostrategic balances, since the movement of their own balances will be controlled by global trends in corporate strategy formation held with States converged in interests and goals, as well as its capabilities contributing to the success of strategic performance.  the future of the geostrategic equilibrium which started after the U.S downturn posed by features and confirmed by facts and events in international interactions and strategic partnerships formed by world powers competing with the United States indicate the direction of future balances movement towards equivalence in potential and capacities and resulting performance of strategic and global influence shared by world powers with a view to defending their interests and objectives of the powers allied with it

مكانة النفط في الاستراتيجية الامريكية للقرن الحادي والعشرين == Position of Oil in The American Strategy in Twenty - One Century

Author name: مالك دحام متعب الجميلي
Supervisor name: رفاه شهاب احمد الحمداني | عبد علي المعموري
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of International Economic Relations
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The study deals with the Oil variable in The American Strategy of the Twenty - One Century . It deals with the American strategic thought during the World War I and II, and channels of this thought and how this thought is turned in the era of neo conservatists for keeping the Capitalist System leading against the communist thought which led the Soviet Union .For Keeping The American United States as world ruling , it draws the basic features of world post - Cold War . It draws the Gulf War II the general features of American strategy represented by global ruling and Controlling upon the areas filled with oil after considers the certain truth whose basis is depletion of oil wells and for keeping its economic strategy , it follows states , blockading it , then weaking the structural frame for oil trade represented in OPEC organization and controlling over it via depending on some of states this organization .Without doubt , this movement has led to the appearance of rivalries for the American United States over oil areas 6 it goes in to American - Chanian rivalry , The American - Russian rivalry and Possibilities of developing this rivalry in to conflict between the important poles for controlling over oil wells .In the maltitude of these events , an important phenomena is appeared and it must be deat and taken in to consideration in this study which is the global financial crisis which effect noticeably on the capital global economics in particular .The American economy example has never been accepted after discovering deep negatives in this hard stage , in the one hand and motivates to search for anew system which over comes such negatives which may lead the global economics in to depression .As an example assures the importance of oil variables in the war and peace time , the importance of Iraqi oil in the American Strategy is studied and this variable is affected on determining the relations channels with Iraq whether occupation or destroying the infrastructure beginning with imposing oppressive rules on oil materials as an attempt to return the foreign companies for Controlling on oil production in terms of marketing and pricing and then the future of oil relation between Iraq and American United Nations

الحركات الاسلامية وعلاقتها بالنظام السياسي في جزائر

Author name: علي سلمان صايل السلامي
Supervisor name: اكرم عبد الله الجميلي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Systems and Public Policies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Up to this page we have turned over a long chapters that dealt with the links between the Islamic movements and the political regime in Algeria, we have been put before many events in which a tiny one was simply a main cause for next pace , and some large one gave rise to a wider and a more important one . A midst events we found that a geopolitically important country such as Algeria struggle for his objectives and interest facing European and American influence and hegemony . From page to page, we were, committed to draw the issues openly and objectively, by which scientific aims over ride any other obsessions . A cross these & chapters the researcher reached many contents that expressed the relation between the Islamic movement and the Algerian political regime. in many fields . formost among them was the nature of the political orientation of the regime as a loosing and tighting for Islamic movement and their attitudes in the process of change, especially after a wide sector came to a full consent in a peaceful approach to reach the power through the political process which lie in the centre of the process of democracy . Any way Where dose this analysis lead us ? What is the outcomes that may be incurred on the logic aspect of this study in five chapters : - We had set forth the development of domestic political relations between Algerian regime and the political parties ( seculia , and religious ), especially the Islamic powers , headed by Islamic front for rescue, and we focused on the nature of Algerian regime in connection with inner limits and type of reactions, As this regime along the period from 1991 - 2006 do not permit total multiplity, despite the existing parties law, where depriving the Islamic front for rescue and canceling legislation elections this is simply represents the weakness of the regime, and the unwillingness to achieve the democracy with its multiple shape , whether the winner parry in election is secular on Islamic the Islamic front for rescue sees that Algeria is connected with the Islamic world firmly . and thinks that the Islam is the most sign ficant pillar in Arab nationality Hence , it believes that the unopeness of the Algeria regime is relative and not indefinite over the surrounding Islamic and Arabic world . and its openness globally toward Eastern counties . This has turned the educational balance of the Algerian people Eventually these has been changed the Arab nationality to become slender specialty in Algeria Based on this, the Islamic front for rescue and all other Islamic movements see that the power generated from joining is nothing but a great will that can bestow and prohibit, it can also ( remonstrate) the resources of Arab ( wealth) . Which can be a strong credit (reserve) that can be seen globally by their friends, so the policy of the Algerian ragtime has been focused on what the front believes in cooperation with the great state policies especially france and USA , on a raving plans and taccs that ensure encountering the Islamic current in Algeria attempting to contain them one time and strike them by military force another time . there is no difference the vitality the Algerian regime favored has based on great degree of legitimacy as an election outcome that lead the President Bo tafliqa to the power rein for two turns . we can say that the present period in the development of the political regime in Algeria and the inner connection with the other political and Islamic powers especially after the referendum on constitution 29/9/2005 , would be the true streak of the regime capability to achieve the full political participation and continuing in applying democratic approaches in harmony with pietism plurality required . this phase the regime ensure the major consent or deprived of then if the major consent has not been acquired the regime would reach the fragmentation period in which it can witnesses its gradual collapse . It seems that the new Algerian regime has achieved some now a major consent and acceptance especially after a larg number of rescues leader announced in exile their approval for national accord and their support to the referendum , urging the armed groups in the mountains to abandon their weapons and came into a dialoge with the authority . therefore , it would beachange to say that the Algerian regime has truly succeeded to get over the sharp crisis that the country faced through several years , their regime political decisions that is being issued would give its results for next long years . Hence the Islamic front for resue should not gain its legitimacy and the justification for their existence that based on past consideration only , but basically on the necessity of the present situation and the future needs therefore it should see the future form viewing full cooperation and dialogues with regime plus several dialoges to get rid of and finalise the political isolation , moreover to get back their role in the required political participation .

مكانة اليابان في النظام السياسي الدولي الواقع والمستقبل == Japan's stAtus in the international political system : Present and Future

Author name: علي رسول حسين المسعودي
Supervisor name: فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

مستقبل الامن الاقتصادي العربي في ضوء المتغيرات الاقليمية الراهنة == The Security Future of The Arab Economy in The Light of The Current Regional Variables

Author name: احمد باهض تقي الحميداوي
Supervisor name: سرمد زكي الجادر | عماد عبد اللطيف سالم
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This study is among the studies which are concerned with the future .It discuss significant issue i.e. the Arab Economic Security, the methods of achieving it, and the problems that impede realizing it in our times. The difficulty of the study emanates from the difference in vision for the topic(National Security) in general and the economic security in particular among the Arab countries depending upon the political system prevailing there and its Arab,Regional,and international orientation.There are some Arab political systems that do not put among its priorities the process of building and achieving the Arab economic security while some non - Arab political systems do have orientations towards working within the national frame so as to achieve that goal. This study works from the premise that the deterioration of indicators expressing the influential variables of Arab economic security will pave the way towards the demolition of the Arab economic security under regional variables which do not work for the interest of consolidating that security,therefore the study aims at either proving or disproving that hypothesis. The study falls into six chapters. Chapter one is an introduction into the economic security through the theorization on some concepts. Chapter two discusses the political variables affecting the Arab economic security. Chapter three handles the economic variables affecting the Arab economic security.Chapter four is about is scientific variables influencing the Arab Economic Security Chapter five discusses the current regional variables(The Iraqi variable and the joint Arab economic cooperation) and their reflections on the Arab Economic Security Chapter six discusses the future visions which are likely to happen to the Arab Economic Security. The Dissertation concludes in an ending, conclusion and recommendations

الادراك الامريكي للعلاقات الاقتصادية مع دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي في ظل المتغيرات الاقليمية والدولية == THE AMERICAN PERCEPTION TO THE ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH COUNCIL CO - OPERATION GULF COUNTRIES UNDER AND INTERNATIONAL THE REGIONAL VARIABLES

Author name: عبد الصمد سعدون عبد الله الشمري
Supervisor name: فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني | عماد عبد اللطيف السامرائي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of International Policy
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The American Perception of the economic relations with the Arab Gulf Coopration Countries is at the essence of the American strategic thought, expressed as strategies and objectives towards the Arab Gulf area as a whole. Such relations, in turn, represent the American superior in such territory of the World. Further, various tools and justifications involved in these relations have been distinguished by security cover with in a wide American security strategy in the Arab Gulf from the mid - 1970 an beginning of the 1980. This issue was clearly stated in the political sequent speeches of the U.S Presidents at such period The present study aims to analyze, according to the systematic approach the structure of the aspects of the behavioral and dynamic variable of both the Gulf and American societies, as well. Some of such variables conduct as motivating and some are for the American realization towards these relations. Hence, to reach the implied concept for such realization. On the other hand , present study includes also aspects of the regional and international variables tackled in the Arab Gulf area which, these variables, are considered to be external impacts, pratising directly or in directly to fix the above realization inconformity with the American objectives or aims achieving the Imperial project in the middle east, taking the Arabian Gulf as a launching point. This is due to the fact that the Arabian Gulf is the wealthiest area in the world in the new millennium. For the above reasons, the U.S have under taken New inter national system formation from the beginning of the 1990s in line with the fall the Russian union in the end of the 1991.The New Inter national system is the neo - Liberal substitution to support the American trends in such anew project, enhanced by firstly the superior military technical of the U.S in the world, and secondly by guan teed all the political and economic efforts of both the U.S western and Gulf a llies for accomplishing the American aims and plans in this area of the world. From the events of September /2001 and beyond, the American imperial ambitions in the A rabian Gulf area have become more recognized, yet such period has correlated with has become to known as concept of terrorism which has been set according to the American view. Consequently, the U.S has guided the so called A nti - terrorism War,starting from A fghanston, along With the occupation of Iraq in 2oo3. In such war, the U.S has utilized the military power as the sole an ideal means to achieve the objectives set behand such a strategy for rest,ucturing the middle east in conformity with the American model . This new coure of the conducted by the U.S is an indication that it has become , the first super power which has become, in turn ,the leader of the world with in the New International system. But in contract ,violence and op - violence will be the main feature and the ongoing thretening of the furtural scane fasing the American project in the Arabian Gulf . Hence, the U.S has no more need for an international legislation for implementing its plans in such an area, since it relies highly on the American legislation to establish the economic realization on reality.

السياسة التركية تجاه سوريا بعد 2002 == Turkish policy toward Syria after 2002

Author name: عباس سعـدون رفعــت
Supervisor name: محمد كريم كاظم
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of International Policy
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: he subject thesis deals with international politics issue and it is useful because it clarifies how to deal with foreign regional and international environment and how to arrange it to serve a state interest in general as far as in understudy interest to make use of its results in national issues. The subject of this thesis (Turkish policy toward Syria) is very important due to the several variables like Turkish and Syrian policies and their mutual effects on Iraq. Studying Turkish foreign policy toward Arabic region in general and Syria specifically clarifies its change from being stable then dropping Arabs and Syria as a choice before 2002 then act intensively with the issues of Arabs including Syria since 2002 while in 2011 Turkey left its neutrality and non - interference in internal Arabic issues as Arabic revolutions broke up and started interfering to express its existing power with points of view to what happening in its neighborhood. As the Syrian condition specially after 2011 regarded as a special case, studying the Turkish dealing with it is important because it gives us evidences about what Turkey plans for coming years depending on the development scale of its policies in the past years in general and toward Syria specially. The Turkish policy toward Syria as we clarify in this thesis, passed several stages of development as it started with a revolution and multi - contents struggles but it turned to stability after 1998 then started cooperation specially after 2004 till 2011 when it was turned hard down then the struggle indications begun between the two countries with strong clashes and high level interference. The conflict of this thesis is linked to the following question : Why the Turkish policy toward Syria figured in this way since 2002 and the answer of this question as it was shown in this thesis refers to the wide effect of Justice & Development Party on the Turkish policy that push Turkey to play its role in accomplishing changes in the Arabic and regional countries including Syria as a result of the international changes and pressure. In other meaning, Turkey designs its foreign policy in depending on two factors : The first one is related to its commitments with NATO and western relationships which is the main factor pressing on all circles of interests. As western countries represent the main circle of interest and all the roles of turkey are as a results of the NATO and west demands. The second factor is related to its power and historical reasons which were aroused toward Arab region in 1970s rationally when the western countries ignored Turkish interests in Cyprus and also because Turkey as an industrial country in need for energy, markets and capitals was influenced by Arabs oil ban and also because Arab region is encouraging to open chances to turkey. Within 1990s, several controversial issues appeared in Turkey - Arabs relationships generally and with Syria specifically like : - Water issue, Turkey has plenty of water resources with ambitious economic trends but also has problems with Kurds. So turkey used water to have several aims for instance to develop Kurdish areas to push them to leave politics to production and also used water in making peace in middle east to have central statue in the regional relations but that thing caused crises with Syria and Iraq because it lowered water level in the two countries. - Kurdish issue, Turkey does not admit about the Kurdish existence in turkey while it helps Iraqi Kurds by giving them facilities to world via Turkey that revealed the Turkish dual standards in dealing with Kurds problem for its cooperation with Kurds in other countries as a pressure method while all rights of Kurds in turkey are forbidden. Syria made use of that to gain benefits in its relationship with turkey from 1995 to 1998. - Border issue, Mosul and Iskenderun are the main problems. Turkey demands to take Mosul because it was not under the alien's occupation in the First World War in the time of signing peace agreement between fighting countries while Turkey kept its control over Iskenderun as a result of its agreement with France when turkey agreed to participate in the Second World War beside the aliens. From time to time, that subject is aroused and influences on the two countries relations. As a result of the two factors activity (west and Turkish trends) we found that turkey started to take part in Arab countries generally and toward Syria specifically after the demonstrations begun as it was related to internal factors interaction (related to the public desire to end political introversion) and also related to external factors ( the American desire to rearrange the political map in Arab countries in general through chaos and inner struggle in Arab societies). So, turkey involved in internal roles and its policy was implementing in accordance with west countries desires for example, Turkey threatens use military power to protect civilians but stop going further because the western countries do not like that. On the light of what presented before, the conclusions are : 1. Turkish policy is influenced by several internal, regional and international factors and the most important one is its links with west to do what they like turkey to do in its region as changes occurred after cold war.2. The Turkish policy toward Arabs is not stable for its link to the west because the economic reasons and (energy, water and Kurds) are pushing to make bilateral relations not confronting while we find out how turkey gives high importance to its relations with Israel (in spite of what happened in Lebanon in 2006, what happened in Gaza in 2008 and also the freedom fleet in 2010). In other meaning, the Turkish will is under the west control.3. The Turkish policy toward Syria moved from clash and difference before 2002 to cooperation after2004which refers to bilateral readiness of cooperation in spite of difference issues in Turkish - Arabs relations. Turkey is aware of the stress that Arabs can use against it just like Kurds issue. So if Arabs lack legitimate in govern, turkey did not decide yet the identity of state and the future of Kurds in turkey.4. The link between Justice & Development Party and Islam might produce some Turkish attitudes toward Arabs including Syria but the type of the Turkish interference in the Syrian event after 2011 showed that the Islamic factor is not active among Turkish government and its trends as strong as the link with the west. 5. Future suggests that turkey will have more interference in Arabs region issues because of its link to the west and also due to the continuous western efforts to push turkey to play roles in Arab countries that gave turkey significant statue after 2002, so turkey won’t sacrifices what gained as it inherits the Ottoman State and the regional change (the rise of Iran and also the rise of sectarianism in regional treatments for several reasons). None of that will make Turkey withdraw from interference in Arabs issues especially in the Syrian developments.Finally recommendations are : 1. Making importance to study all aspects of Turkish policy because it has developing trends, interests, issues to deal with and participating powers.2. Giving importance to studying all regional policies because studying Turkish policy toward Syria showed how regional implement its plans at the expense of other region states and people interests including Iraq. Therefore, it is important to make all that studies to help the Iraqi decision maker to take decisions and act in accordance with scientific and theoretic visions.3. Paying attention to the interconnectedness regional relations and interests. The Syrian crisis and its results presented that interconnectedness between regional countries in historical, geographical, political, ethnic and religion while ignoring that cause chaos in all countries.4. Making importance to study all the ways that lead to enhance Iraqi interest in regional relations as serving Iraq is the final aim of every thesis. Then making that studies deep to enable Iraq in accomplishing regional balance and achieve his interests in the region. What is related to this thesis we have to as a recommendation encourage building full regional security system to prevent some powers to possess alone the regional actions to fulfill its or another international interests.

دور مؤسسة الرئاسة في صنع الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة بعد الحرب الباردة == Role of the Presidsncy Office in making General U. S. Strategy after the Cold War Era

Author name: عامر هاشم عواد
Supervisor name: منعم العمار
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of Political Systems And Public Policies
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

سياسة الاتحاد الاوربي حيال المشرق العربي == Policy of the European Union Towards the Eastern Arabic Region

Author name: صباح صاحب العريض
Supervisor name: نادية عبد القادر المختار | فكرت نامق العاني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اشارت الكثير من الدراسات والاراء الى الفرص المتوافرة امام الاتحاد الاوربي للبروز ولاداء ادوار دولية مهمة كاحد ابرز القوى الدولية الصاعدة والتي لها حظوظ كبيرة في تبوء مركز دولي بارز يضعه في مجال الندية لقوى ودول كبرى اخرى، خاصة في ميدان التنافس الدولي على اقاليم العالم ودوله المهمة ذات الثقل الاستراتيجي الكبير والتي تتقدمها منطقة المشرق العربي، بما تمثله من كم هائل من الموارد المختلفة ومصادر الطاقة المتعددة، وعناصر الاستثمارات الدولية، بشكل خاص بعد بروز عدة متغيرات دولية منها نهاية الحرب الباردة وتفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي ومن ثم تشكل الاتحاد الاوربي بصيغته الحالية وتوسيعه المستمر اضافة الى المنافسة الامريكية المحمومة على النفوذ والهيمنة على هذه المنطقة والتي افرزت غزو العراق واطلاق مشروع (الشرق الاوسط الكبير)، مع ترافق كل ذلك وومتغيرات دولية اثرت في صيغ التفاعل الدولي واليات التفكير المرتبطة بها، وخاصة في المدة التي تلت الحادي عشر من ايلول (2001) وما سبقه من الترويج لفكرة العولمة والعمل على تعميم الفكر الراسمالي ليشمل كافة دول العالم على وفق اليات التوحيد الاقتصادي، وهذا منعكس تداعياته على اعادة بناء وتشكيل العلاقات الدولية بين دول العالم واقاليمه المتباينة، تلك التداعيات التي ساهمت في تعميق انقسام العالم بين شمال وجنوب، وصراع محتدم بين الحضارات التي تسعى الى رفض ومقاومة اطروحات ذلك الفكر الراسمالي المتسلط.وهذا كله ياتي في سياق جدل واسع يدور ـ خصوصا بعد تفكك النظام الدولي القديم ـ حول القوى التي تشكل النظام الدولي (الجديد)، والتي ترى كثير من الاراء الى ان الاوضاع الجديدة تتجه بالاتحاد الاوربي صعوده وزيادة دوره السياسي والاقتصادي وهذا بدوره سينعكس بشكل تلقائي على السياسة التي سيعتمدها الاتحاد الاوربي تجاه باقي دول العالم واقاليمه والتي تاتي منطقة المشرق العربي في المقدمة منها، وهذا ما سيؤدي ـ بالنتيجة ـ الى توافق مساحة لا باس بها امام بلدان هذه المنطقة لاستغلال التنافس الدولي الواقع في نطاقها، والافادة من التحالفات الدولية لخدمة قضاياها، خاصة مع تصاعد مستوى حرص الاتحاد الاوربي على ابقاء معظم مناطق (الشرق الاوسط) وشمال افريقيا ضمن دائرة النفوذ الاوربي المباشر.يشير البعد التاريخي لسياسية الاتحاد الاوربي حيال منطقة المشرق العربي الى عدد من النقاط الرئيسة تاتي في مقدمتها الرغبة الواضحة من قبل دول الاتحاد ـ وهو ما انعكس على مؤسساته ذاتها في السياق نفسه ـ في تفعيل الجوانب الاقتصادية المختلفة في تلك السياسة وتطويرها بالشكل الذي يحقق لها اكبر قدر من الفائدة، وبالمقابل تعمل على عدم الاغراق في البعد السياسي الا بالقدر الذي يتطلبه البعد الاقتصادي نفسه، او بقدر لا يزيد عليه، وقد استمرت تلك السياسة قائمة على هذه الرؤية لمدة من الزمن ولم تشهد تغيرا الا بعد تغيير الترتيبات الدولية على اثر تفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي، حيث حاول الاتحاد ـ كغيره من الفاعلين الدوليين ـ على زيادة حجم التواجد على الساحة المشرقية بسبب الاعتقاد الذي ساد في تلك المدة والذي مفاده توافر فرص اكبر بعد نهاية الحرب الباردة، وهامش اوسع من الحركة والذي كان محكوم سابقا بالمعادلة ذات الطرفين او القطبين، الا ان الواقع السياسي لمنطقة المشرق العربي لم يتحول على وفق هذا السيناريو بل تم وضعه في اطار سيناريو الفاعلية الامريكية واضحة التاثير والنفوذ فاصبح كغيره من اقاليم العالم الهامة يتحرك بشكل او باخر وفق سياقات معينة حاولت الادارة من تطبيقها على دوله، وهذا ما جعل الاتحاد الاوربي يدخل في زاوية حرجة واظهر في الوقت ذاته الدرجة غير المتكافئة ما بين الطرفين فيما يتعلق بمدى التاثير في مسارات المنطقة وسياساتها.لقد بدا واضحا من خلال فصول ومباحث الاطروحة ان السياسة الخارجية للاتحاد الاوربي الموجهة حيال منطقة المشرق العربي انما تعاني من عدة اشكالات تعوقها عن ابداء الفاعلية المطلوبة منها ازاء شؤون وقضايا المنطقة، ومن ابرز تلك الاشكالات سيادة السياسات الخارجية للدول الاعضاء في الاتحاد الاوربي وفي كثير من الاحيان على السياسات الموحدة له، وهو ما يعني اضافة الى بقاء فكرة تغليب المصلحة الذاتية لكل دولة عضو في الاتحاد، فانها تعني تعدد وجهات النظر بل واختلافها وتقاطعها في احيان اخرى تجاه المتغيرات الحاصلة في المنطقة المشرقية وهو ما يؤثر بالنتيجة في نجاح السياسة المشتركة، ومن هنا نستطيع ان نعلل عدم الحضور الفاعل والمؤثر للاتحاد الاوربي في الساحة الاقليمية وعدم التناسب في ما بين الحجم الاقتصادي الهائل والاخذ بالنمو له وما بين الدور السياسي ذي الاطر المحدودة والذي لا يرتقي الى ذلك الحجم الاقتصادي، خاصة وان الاتحاد يسعى من خلال اهتمامه بدول المنطقة الى حماية مصالحه الاستراتيجية وتعزيزها والمحافظة على الاستقرار والامن في الضفة الجنوبية للمتوسط التي تشكل امتدادا جغرافيا لحدود دوله المتوسطية، هذا فضلا عن ان البلدان في المشرق العربي تشكل سوقا واسعة واساسية لصادراته المختلفة، الامر الذي ادى بدوره الى جعل هذه المنطقة شديدة التعرض للضغط الاقتصادي الذي قد يستخدمه الاتحاد تجاهها وبالتالي فان اي مشروع يوضع من قبل الولايات المتحدة الامريكية لدول المنطقة، من دون ان يكون لاوربا دور فيه، هو بمنزلة خطر على مصالحها وامنها، وبخاصة في ظل التنافس الذي تشهده العلاقات الاقتصادية والسياسية بين دول الاتحاد الاوربي والولايات المتحدة الامريكية.ومن هنا، وفي ضوء جملة المعطيات السابقة، فانه يتوجب على الاتحاد الاوربي الذي يسعى الى تعزيز دوره السياسي في المنطقة، ادراك ان اي خطوة في اتجاه الامن المشترك في منطقة المشرق العربي وما يجاورها من الدول لا يمكن ان يتحقق الا بالتزامن مع حصول تقدم في العملية السلمية، وعليه، فان على الاتحاد ان يضطلع بمسؤولية اكبر في تسوية الصراع العربي ـ الصهيوني وحل القضية الفلسطينية، وان على سياسات الاتحاد عدم الاكتفاء بالدور الثاني الذي يكمل الدور الامريكي وان لا تقتصر المسؤولية الاوربية تجاه الصراع العربي ـ الصهيوني على المستوى المالي والاقتصادي فقط، بل ينبغي ان تمتد هذه المسؤولية لتشمل المستوى السياسي، كما يترتب على الاتحاد ان لا يكتفي بالطلب من الولايات المتحدة الامريكية ان تحدد له فصلا سياسيا معينا يضطلع بدوره من خلاله، بل يجب عليه ان يحدد هذا الدور بنفسه تماما، كما فعل سابقا ازاء بعض القضايا والمواضيع الهامة، كاعلان تاييد لقيام المؤسسات الفلسطينية مثلا، وعليه يمكن القول ان عدم تسوية الصراع العربي ـ الصهيوني، سوف يبقى يلقي بضلاله السلبية على السياسة الخارجية للاتحاد حيال دول المشرق العربي وعموم العلاقات العربية مع الاتحاد الاوربي.وان من المتوقع ان يشهد المستقبل القريب زيادة واضحة في قوة الاتحاد الاوربي على الصعيد الدولي، بحيث يؤدي ذلك الى خلق واقع جديد في النظام الدولي يرتكز على سياسة التوازنات وليس على نظام القطبية الثنائية او المنفردة، كما كان عليه الامر قبل تفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي وما تلاه، فالعصر القادم هو عصر التكتلات والتجمعات الاقليمية، اذ ان لكل تجمع او تكتل قوة تاثير تختلف عن قوة الاخر في معالجته للقضايا الاقليمية والدولية، وبالتالي فان الاتحاد الاوربي الذي قد يشكل ابرز القوى الدولية الجديدة المؤثرة على الصعيدين الاقليمي والدولي، يتحفز لمواجهة التحديات التي تعترض تقدمه، بخاصة العقبات التي تضعها الولايات المتحدة الامريكية للحد من اي دور سياسي له على الصعيد الاقليمي وخاصة في منطقة المشرق العربي، بكثير من المسؤولية والوعي، لكن ذلك لا يستطيع ان يمنع تلك التحولات الهامة التي ستغير معادلة القوى على المستويين الدولي والاقليمي غير ان تلك التحولات لمراكز القوى العالمية ستكون في اطار تدريجي، وبخاصة ان هناك عددا من العوامل التي قد تكون مساعدة او معطلة لاي تقدم او تراجع لاحدى القوى الدولية الموجودة او التي تسعى للظهور كقوة دولية مؤثرة، وهذا كله سيترك اثارا واضحة وهامة على مستقبل سياسة الاتحاد حيال منطقة المشرق العربي ودولها التي من الواجب ان تكون قادرة على استيعاب طبيعة تلك التغيرات والتعامل معها بدقة وسرعة مما يجعلها لا تفوت الفرصة التي قد تتاح لها واستثمار ذلك التغيير لصالح قضايا المنطقة المصيرية. | European Union is considered today as one of the most influential units on the International political arena. It is expected that its power and size will eventually increase among the other powerful unions in the world. Thereby, its effect is great on the Eastern Arab region and countries. Its policy towards this area is one of the most important policies.The European unity has its effect on the paths of work there since it has first initiated in (1957). It has effect on many urgent issues and problems in the Middle East; and this effect has increased clearly after the October War1973 because Europe had undergone the negative side of the stoppage of oil supplies from the Arab countries. Then the relations and interests between the eastern Arab countries and Europe began to increase excessively and to become more complicated until the European Union was founded in its final structure.When the European Union began to get enlarged horizontally and vertically, its relations with Arab eastern countries also began to enlarge. So this has been reflected on its external policy towards our region. Also there have been a kind of some intensive and huge pressures from the United States of America on Europe to make it change its attitudes in the area and to build new strategies which will not affect the American interests here. America, of course, will not change its policy; it has a lot of vital interests and it will never think of changing its attitude in any circumstances. This thesis will give answers to these inquiries us follows:1. What is the historical range of the European policy (in general) towards the Arabic eastern region?2. What are the most important issues that have unified state in the European policy towards the Arabic eastern region? 3. What are the European policy motives now towards the Arabic eastern region? 4. What are the structures and frames of taking political decisions (the external attitudes in particular) towards the Arabic eastern region? 5. What is the political behavior of the European Union towards the most important issues in the Arabic eastern region? To have clear answers to these critical inquiries in this thesis, and the additional scientific difficulties inquiries that might rise, and to accomplish most accurate answers to the nature of the European policy towards the eastern Arabic region, we have followed scientific investigations and scientific logical steps that allow the researcher fulfill his goal. We have followed the (historical origin) in studying the (joint) European policy since 1973 till the date of initiating the European Union in 1993. We focused on some important issues of that era, and we will depend on the (descriptive method) in the second chapter of this thesis in order to describe the strategic importance of the eastern Arabic region with regard to the potentials of natural raw materials of power in addition to the critical strategic position. We will also depend on (organizational method) in collecting facts and information about the subject of the thesis (the entries), then apply (operational method) to enrich tools and methods of the scientific research. Later - and as a result- reach scientific outcomes and facts (outlets) which supposed to be part of new entries for the information circle; and this is (reversal feeding). In order to deal with the circular inquiries about the thesis subject and its numerical points arisen, we have taken a scientific method of categorizing the thesis into main chapters and researches has been depended on. This thesis is composed of: • Introduction• The first chapter: (Europe policy towards some issues of the eastern Arabic region).• The second chapter (Motives of the European Union towards the eastern Arabic region).• The third chapter: (frames and ways of formulation the European Union policy towards the eastern Arabic region).• The fourth chapter: (the political behavior of the European Union towards the issues of the eastern Arabic region); • Finally, the abstract in which we stated the most important conclusions we have reached. This thesis has shown the nature of the policy regarding the eastern Arabic region which the European Union depends on during a very complicated and important period simultaneously; and during changeable and unstable circumstances which impose many difficult potentials and substitutions. This kind of circumstances resulted in many obvious failures, and have created a status of disability in dealing with them in the right way. We have tried to throw light on the largest scope of the political work of the European Union in the eastern Arabic region clear way, and we have focused on the most important complicated issues not only in this critical area but also in the whole world.

تطور ظاهرة تدويل النشاط الاقتصادي وانعكاساته السياسية والاقتصادية على البلدان النامية : مصر انموذجا == The Evolution of Internationalization Economy Active Phenomenon and Reflex on Developing countries (Egypt Case Study)

Author name: سلام جبار شهاب
Supervisor name: عبد علي كاظم المعموري
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: …. The Internationalization is wide term, so the study began in definition the Phenomenon the mean of Internationalization, Economy Internationalization, Political Internationalization, and differences between the Internationalization and the Globalization. (ch.1). the beginning this Phenomenon in old civilization, and the vision of economic systems (Islamic, Capitalism, Socialist systems) (ch.1).The Internationalization theories wall taken for important, (International trade theories, Foreign Investment theories). (ch.1)…. There are many motives for this Phenomenon which differentiates between political and economical motives, (ch.2). What forms of this Phenomenon, (ch.2), and determine the machine that organized the Internationalization. (ch.2)…. In last chapter, this phenomenon lead to many of effects, in political and economical sides, that taken about Egypt state. (ch.3)For that, what is the future of this Phenomenon? The researcher put three visions for the future, first, the Americanization, second, the transnational corporation, third, the international integration. (ch.3) …. Finally, A number of important conclusions emerge from our analysis of the (Internationalization Phenomenon).

المحددات السياسية والاقتصادية لسلوك الدولة في العالم الثالث : الدولة النفطية انموذجا == POLITICAL & ECONOMICAL LIMITATIONS ON BEHAVIOR OF THE STATE IN THE THIRD WORLD : OIL COUNTRIES AS SAMPLES

Author name: سعد صالح عيسى علي الجبوري
Supervisor name: وصال نجيب عارف العزاوي | علي كاظم المعموري
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تتكون الاطروحة من مقدمة وفصل تمهيدي وثلاثة فصول اخرى لتغطي عنوان الاطروحة الذي هو : المحددات السياسية والاقتصادية لسلوك الدولة في الجنوب : الدول النفطية انموذجا ( السعودية ، فنزولا ، نيجيريا ) . وهي متوزعة على الشكل التالي : الفصل الاول : وجاء في ثلاث مباحث ، الاول ويتضمن الاطار النظري والتاريخي لنشوء الدولة في العالم ، حيث يتضمن تعريف الدولة مفهوما وخلفية تاريخية مع النظريات المفسرة لنشوء الدولة ، ونشاة الدولة في ظل الاستعمار ومفهوم الدولة في المدارس الفكرية المختلفة ، ومنها الفكر الغربي ، ولدى مفكري العالم الثالث والفكر العربي الاسلامي ومفكري عصر النهضة ، والفكر العربي المعاصر 0 في حين يتناول المبحث الثاني نشوء وتكون الدولة في عالم الجنوب من حيث خصائص الدولة حديثة السيادة والتكوين الاقتصادي والاجتماعي لدولة الجنوب وكيفية تكون الدولة في ظل علاقات السيطرة ( التبعية ) 0 اما المبحث الثالث فقد ذهب لبيان خصوصية الدولة في عالم الجنوب من حيث وظائف الدولة وخصائصها0 وياخذ الفصل الثاني في تحليل المحددات الفوقية ( الخارجية ) والتحتية ( الداخلية ) لسلوك الدولة في الجنوب ، حيث يتطرق للمحددات السياسية والاقتصادية والمجتمعية خارجيا وداخليا ، وانعكاس هذه المحددات على نمط سلوك الدولة في الجنوب 0 اما الفصل الثالث فياخذ منحا فكريا متضمنا اتجاها تحليليا للعوامل المحددة لطبيعة الدولة النفطية الريعية / نموذج الدولة في الجنوب ، وواقع وطبيعة الاقتصاديات الريعية من حيث البنى الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والسياسية لدولة الجنوب الريعية ، وعلاقة النفط والريع النفطي بالتنمية والتحديث واتجاهاتها في الجنوب ، واهمية النفط والريع النفطي وطبيعة السياسات المرتبطة به في هذه الدول على الصعيد الاجتماعي والاقتصادي والسياسي والاثار السلبية للريع النفطي 0 في حين خصص الفصل الرابع لعرض انماط السلوك السياسي والاقتصادي والمجتمعي لانموذجات مختارة من دول الريع النفطي ، فمن الدول النفطية الاسيوية تم اختيار ( المملكة العربية السعودية ) ، ومن افريقيا ( نايجيريا ) ومن امريكا اللاتينية ( فنزويلا ) ، اذ يتناول المبحث الاول السلوك السياسي بمؤثراته الخارجية والداخلية ، وفي المبحث الثاني السلوك المجتمعي ( الاجتماعي ) ، اما المبحث الثالث فيتناول السياسات الاقتصادية في دول الجنوب ( المالية والنقدية والانفاقية والاستثمارية وتوزيع الدخل ) ، وفي المبحث الرابع تتناول الرسالة تحليل لانماط السلوك السياسي والاقتصادي والمجتمعي لكل من العربية السعودية ، نايجيريا وفنزويلا ) ، من حيث امكانياتها المادية والبشرية والمالية والسياسات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية ودور الريع في هذه السياسات لهذه الدول 0 فيما جاءت خواتيم هذه الاطروحة بجملة من الاستنتاجات والتوصيات ، متبوعة بالمصادر العربية والانكليزية والملخص باللغة الانكليزية . | The thesis is entiteld “ Political and Economical limitations on behavior of the state in the third word : oil countries as samples ” The thesis is composed of an intrduction ,the more three introductory chapters and other three chapters . The researcher has hypothesized that the more as much you explain the impact of political , econimical , and social determiners with globalization towrds increase of its activity and its reactive impact on the behaviour of a state in the Third World , these states or countries will be margined more and its activity will decrease to the benefit of the international capitalistic system and globalization mechanism represented through the international organizations and multi - national companies through the study of Venezuela , Saudi Arabia and Nigeria and those countries under control compulsorily or optionally to globalization and internationalization and continuous exposition to regional enviromental challenges . The study aims at : 1. Defining the country in general in terms of its theoretical and historical foundation and its privacy in the Third World . 2. Country stereotypes and its concepts in the south countries and how to form a national country . 3. Self - independece of a country in the south and the traditional charactersitics of the contemporary country . 4. Revealing the role of globalization and other external factors and changes in the international environment and global balances and its impacts on the degree of the country development in the countries of the south in specfic . 5. Comprehension of variance in the attitudes of the Third World countries in general and countries of petroleum rent especially concerning changes in the economic world and growth of multi - national companies’ role over the role of national governments . 6. The impact of political , economic , and social limitations in the country conduct in the south countries in general and countries of petroleum rent in specific . The thesis consists of an introduction and an intrductory chapter and other three chapters . The chapters were were dealt with as follows : Chapter 1 consists of three sections ; first section includes the theoretical and historical frame of the foundation of the country in the world . It also includes definition of the country conceptually and a historcal background with the interpretive theories of the foundation of the country under occupation and the concept of country in the various cognitive schools , of them the Western thinking , and by the world thinkers and the arabic islamic thinking and renaissance period thinkers and the arabic contemporary thinking Section 2 deals with the foundation and creation of the country in the south having the characterstics of the modern country , and the economical and social creation of the southern country and how the country is created under control relations Section three deals with the privacy of the country in the south world in terms of the country and its traits in the south world Chapter 2 analyses the upper determiners (external) and lower (internal) of the country conduct in the south . It exposes the social , political , and economic dterminers internally and externally , and reflection of these determiners on the conduct sterotype of the country in the south . Chapter 3 analyzes the thinking frame and the determining factors to the nature of the petroleum rent state /sample of the country in the south . Also it shows the situation and the nature of petroleum rent economies in terms of the economic , social , and political infrastructures of the southern countries and the relation of petrol and the petroleum rent with development and modernization and their decisions towards the south . Also the importance of petrol and petroleum rent nature of the policies related to these countries socially , economically , and politically and the side effects of petroleum rent . Chapter 4 deals with the political , economic , and social conduct of samples chosen from the countries of petroleum rent (Saudi Arabia , Nigeria and Venezuela) . Section 1 deals with the political behavior with its impact externally and internally . Section 2 deals with the social conduct . While section three deals with the economic policies in the southern countries (financial , monetry , expenditure , investmental , and distribution of rent ) . Section 4 deals with an analysis of the political , economic , and social conduct of each of Saudi Arabia , Nigeria , Venezuela) in terms of their financial , human , monetry , political , economic , and social abilities and the role of petroleum rent in the policies of these countries . The final chapter of thethesis exposes the conclusions drawn , and recommendations supported by a number of statistical tables related to the topic .

علاقة المجتمع المدني بالنظام السياسي التاثير والتاثر : دراسة حالة مصر والاردن == The Relationship of Civil Society With the Political System Influence and Effect - Jordan and Egypt as Case in Study

Author name: ســداد مــولــود ســبــع
Supervisor name: وصال نجيب عارف العزاوي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Systems and Public Policies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of Political Systems And Public Policies
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This study tackles a very important subject not for being the subject of debate and argument by the politicians and researchers , but it comes in period that witnesses an increasing calls and pressures for applying the democratic approach in ruling and these pressures come in time that many of the Third World countries submit to the despotic and dictatorial systems that raising democratic slogans without applying this approach .Here , to study the mechanism of modernization and developing these systems , We should study the role of civil society in these systems which represented by alleviating the burden thrown on the state through social , economic and cultural functions of these systems in addition to the political one .The study of the relationship of society with the political system , requires the search in the theoretical fram for main reason and that is development happened on the human science especially , political science . These developments led to the emergence of new concepts , some are disappeared and the other are developed and expanded which requires the study of these developments to understand the public frams of each concept and then apply it on the Arab situation and the study patterns . And this what we tried to do through studying the developments that happened on the political system . more over the rapid development of civil society in the western states and does it reach to our Arab societies .But , the existence of civil society in some our societies evoked an intellectual political debate for being one of the concepts that there is no agree on it's historical background in the Islamic political thought , and some definetly refuse it's existence not only in the Islamic Political thought , but also in the institutions of Arab contemporary state and they do assert that what is existing is traditional institutions took the form of civil society institutions in the west , but the indication is a mere traditional society that devotes the tribal fanatic and this clear in Jordan .This extremist opinion is considered denial of many efforts and activities of civil society institutions , because some could break the barrier of central despotisim of political system in order to explain his opinion and demands freely , as Egypt that has the pioneer role in this respect .The civil society characterized by effectiveness and motion which supported by great powers on purpose or non , these great powers promoted Egypt to appear in a nominal democracy not the real one , because they realize that the real democracy means the choice of Egypt society and this is appropriate with the regional Function of Egypt by the great powers .There is a fact hatcould not be deny that Egypt is considered institutions state , in spite of the domination of decision maker on the political life and puplic life in Egypt , and this domination is one of the problems of Arab states , Thus some systems justified it by using many means one of these is the belonging to the messenger of God ( pray and peace be upon him ) and this indeed what happened in the Jordanian political system which has a little freedom according freedom measurements . This political system a doped multiplicity as the Egyption … , but dealt with it cautiously and this matter left it . clear hard influence especially and civil society and the society generally on here the ability of civil society influence on the political system is very hard that we find some of it's indications in Egypt through its participation beside the government and private sector in commen development programs among the three seetors .After the explanation of this short brief about the subject significant , we must explain the structure of this subject which consisted of four chapter , introduction and conclusion .The first chapter tackles the conceptual fram of each civil and political society with all developments took place in this respect , more over studying the relationship between the two variables after the assumption that the strength and effectivness of the first political system is taken from the effectiveness of civil society ( second ) and revers is true .The second chapter studies the lawful , political , economic and social features through studying the accompanianed problematic of political parties action and the administration of head of state and king for the political process which reflected directly process whether in elections or through political process .While , the third chapter tackles of great interest the accompanianed problematic of concept using by enhance or limit concept borders and also the problematic of civil society existence in Egypt and Jordan but according to the Arab peculiarity and then the main characteristic of Egypt and Jordan .Where as , the fourth chapter tackles the influence of the political system on the civil society through affected the later by the first , but this will not abolish the influence of civil society on the political system , because of the need of political system for civil society or part of it's components to perform development programs and this is clear in Egypt . Finally , the conclusion represents a summary of the main ideas in this study and the conclusions that resulted from this study

الدور الاقتصادي والسياسي للعملة الاحتياطية : الدولار انموذجا == The economic and political role of the reserve currency - American’s dollar

Author name: زينب سعد شمس الدين الشيشاني
Supervisor name: هجير عدنان زكي امين
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان الاساس المؤثر في النظام النقدي الدولي هي العملة الاحتياطية او العملة القائدة كماهو متعارف عليه، وهي التي تعمل عمل المحرك لهذا النظام وان اي دولة قائمة على نظام اقتصادي مستقر قادرة بذلك على تحقيق النمو والاستقرار وبذلك هي تضمن علاقات تجارية مزدهرة مع دول اخرى، ذلك النظام الاقتصادي الذي بدوره يضمن توفير السيولة من خلال نظام المدفوعات الدولية والاشراف على تنظيم المعاملات الدولية، ومن المتعارف عليه ايضا حسب اراء بعض الادبيات الاقتصادية والنقدية ان العملة الاحتياطية هي عبارة عن عملة وطنية تقوم بوظائف النقود الدولية، ويدعمها اقتصاد قوي متنوع، وتؤهلها العديد من الميزات لتؤدي دور الوساطة في تسوية المدفوعات وسداد الديون، ولتكون ايضا وسيلة فعالة في تحقيق التسويات مما يؤهلها تلقائيا لتقوم بمهام النقد الدولي. ومن اجل ان تبقى هذه العملة محل ثقة واستخدام المجتمع الدولي، فمن المفروض ان تحقق توازن لمصالحها الوطنية والدولية في ان معا دون ان تاثر احداهما على الاخرى، ومع ان النظام النقدي قد انفصل بعض الشيء عن علاقته الوطنية، فاصبح التاثير الاكبر عليه ناتج عما يحدث في مجموع العلاقات الدولية، وان تفاوتت نسب تاثير الدول في تلك العلاقات. وتخضع العملة الاحتياطية الى العديد من التاثيرات، رافقتها منذ قدم تاريخها حتى يومنا هذا، فهي خاضعة لمؤثرات ناتجة من العوامل الاقتصادية والسياسية والقانونية والاجتماعية ترافقها في كل حقبة تاريخية، وبذلك نذكر ان النظام الدولي يعود الى جذور اوربية وتحديدا القرون الوسطى التي شهدت احتدادا للتنافس بين الكنيسة، المسيطر الروحي ذلك الوقت، وبين اصحاب الشان الرفيع لتاتي النتيجة لصالحهم، وبذلك يكون منتصف القرن التاسع عشر هو بداية انشاء الدول القومية في اوروبا. وبتتابع التطور التاريخي للنظام النقدي الدولي، وتحديدا بعد نظام بريتون وودز انتهى شكله الاخير باعتماد العملات الاحتياطية الرئيسة ياتي الدولار الامريكي بالدرجة الاولى على راس هذا العملات. ويحتم علينا القول بان نظام بريتون وودز مهد الطريق امام الدولار ليحتل مكانته كعملة احتياطية اولى ذلك عن طريق منحه امتياز خلق السيولة الدولية من خلال عجز ميزان المدفوعات الدولية، وهذا مايعنى بالامتياز الفائق او المفرط، وهو مصطلح اطلقه الفرنسيين عندما انتقدوا نظام النقد الدولي باعتماد الدولار كعملة دولية, لانه بذلك يعفي الولايات المتحدة الامريكية من العديد من الالتزامات تجاه الدول، ناهيك عن المكاسب الجمة التي تحصل عليها الولايات المتحدة الامريكية باعتبار عملتها عملة احتياطية دولية اولى. ان تمتع الولايات المتحدة الامريكية باقتصاد قوي وقوة نفوذ الدولار الامريكي سياسيا وعسكريا، وذلك كون عملتها عملة احتياطية اولى في العالم، قد منح الولايات المتحدة الامريكية امتيازات فائقة، ومن هذا المنطلق انتهجت الولايات المتحدة الامريكية منهجا خاصا في صنع سياستها الخارجية واقعة بذلك تحت تاثير جهات ضاغطة مثل اللوبيات والشركات متعددة الجنسية او الشركات العملاقة ومن اهمها شركات السلاح وشركات النفط. ان هذه الامتيازات التي تتمتع بها الولايات المتحدة الامريكية، والناتجة من كون عملتها عملة احتياطية اولى في العالم، ساهمت كثيرا في دعم القوة العسكرية الامريكية في سبيل تحقيق اهداف الامن القومي الامريكي، وتمثل ذلك في عسكرة الاقتصاد الامريكي على مدى اكثر من نصف قرن وتمويل الحروب بطرق متعددة، وان كانت الولايات المتحدة الامريكية تعاني من مشاكل اقتصادية لعل ابرزها العجز التجاري القائم في ميزان مدفوعاتها، وذلك نتيجة العديد من الاسباب منها الحروب المكلفة التي خاضت غمارها الولايات المتحدة الامريكية، ولعل ابرزها الحرب الامريكية على فيتنام والحرب الامريكية على العراق، وقد انعكست هذه المتغيرات على طبيعة وسياسة الادارة الامريكية الحالية التي تتبوا مركز القيادة والزعامة في العالم مما اعطى ملامح واضحة للدور السياسي للدولار الامريكي. | The growth and economic stability to any state does not take place only when the availability of the monetary system is capable of providing the necessary liquidity to the economy, monitoring and controlling the various indicators which reflect the economic performance. As well as the international level does not represent a booming trade and economic relations between States unless there is a monetary system including rules and mechanisms to stabilize the international monetary and provide liquidity to the international payments and supervising the organization of international transaction. Probably one of the main components of international liquidity is what is known conventionally currency reserves and the task of leading the international monetary system. Throughout the nineteenth - century and until the beginning of the First World War transactions States were according to the gold standard system, and its banknotes issued by central banks, it's used in state of gold, a cover 100%, The pound sterling, as well as gold, were treated at the international level, and ranks first among reserved currencies. That the power enjoyed by the pound sterling before the First World War was a reflection of the political and economic power and military encamping in that period and was practiced in the field of international trade. The dollar did not play any role at the international level in this period. Since the First World War began, and expanded the requirements of war efforts and military expenditures, it's went out, states began to issue massive amounts of paper money to equal the size of military expenditures, collapse the international monetary system of gold standard, and continued system of international monetary system suffers from many crises since the end of the First World War until the Second World War. The dollar at the beginning of the year 1945, it work began (the Convention on the Breton Woods) and it is covered with gold by 100%, and become the first currency reserved in the world, was awarded the international monetary system concession to U. S. A, and it is a possibility to create the international liquidity through the U.S.A balance of payments deficit. This is what we mean by the word exorbitant privilege. We discussed the associated political and economic side of what is known to privilege, a term reportedly at the France when it blames the adoption of the international monetary system, the dollar as an international currency and providing state - exporting to it, the U.S.A, a privilege exempting them from the real commitment to other countries. The fact that the U.S.A. dollar, supported by a strong economy with high productivity, control over global trade, access to foreign markets, the ability to increase exports, military power and political influence is clear, making it the first reserved currency in the world. The American dollar is supported by strong economics that has high productivity and controls on the world trade and has an access to the foreign markets and it is able to increase the exports , clear military power and political influence making it the first reserved currency in the world that currency which has political dimensions.The international reserved currency through the dollar experience assures the political effects and dimensions of that leading currency through the American foreign policy and demands of the American the national security before and after the events of Sep.2001 and it explains that the most effected sides of making the American foreign policy is the lobbies or the pressure groups and also the multinational companies or the giant companies .The most important ones are the weapons companies and oil companies. The economic momentum supporting the military power in achieving the goals of the American national security represents encamping the American economics more than half century and supporting the wars in multi ways ,the most important ones are taxes , Treasury bills that the American government presents ; the citizens and the foreign people that finances wars that it is engaged in that it suffers from the economic problems ,the most important ones is the deficit in the trading balance.The most prominent American wars that they have high economic and financial costs ,the American - Vietnam wars and the American war on Iraq and it reflects the variables on the nature of the current American administration and the policy of the United states that predicts the leading centre that it gives clear features for the political role of the international reserved currency - the American dollar as sample - that it deals with through the chapters of the research.The Framework of ResearchThis research is divided after the introduction into four chapters ,it deals with the variables concerning with that chapter ,the subject of the first chapter is a conceptual access dealing with the reserved currency in the international currency system through two researches, the first sections deals with the concept of the concept of reserved currency and its contents ,section two deals with the functional role of the reserved currency in the international currency system.Chapter two deals with the international reserved currency during the historical development and its current reality through three sections. Section One deals with the development of the international reserved currency ,section two deals with the dollar as an international reserved currency in the international reserved system and section three deals with the role of the other currencies in the current international system. Chapter three that discuses the economic role of the reserved currency(dollar as a sample)through three sections, section one deals with the financial sides for the economic dominance on the international level, section two deals with advantages and the arranged costs on the American national currency (dollar)as a tool in settling the debts and section three deals with the political economics of the international currency. Chapter four of the research studies the political role of the international reserved currency (dollar experience)through three sections, section one discusses the American foreign policy and interests of the national security and the partners that have an effect on the operation of the American decision making, section two the role of the economic momentum supporting the American military power, that power which is used for achieving the American political goals, the American military factorial community that the United States of America, section three studies the American military power and the most prominent wars of the United states of America and what has happened in the current American policy.

التنمية السياسية العربية بين الاصلاح السياسي ودعوة التغيير الخارجي == Arabian Political Development Between Political Reform & External Change invitation

Author name: زيد عدنان محسن العكيلي
Supervisor name: لبنان هاتف الشامي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Systems and Public Policies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: مع نهاية القرن العشرين واطلالة القرن الحادي والعشرين شهد العالم ولادة نظام دولي جديد ، اطلق بداياته بحرب الخليج الثانية التي قادتها الولايات المتحدة الامريكية في منطقة من اهم المناطق الاستراتيجية في العالم الا وهي منطقة الوطن العربي حيث شهدت هذه المنطقة حربا اقليمية التمسية ، دولية التاثير ، عالمية الابعاد ، لتعلن ميلاد حقبة دولية جديدة . تمتاز بهيمنة القطب الامريكي الذي اخذ يفرض مفاهيمه على العالم في اطار ظاهرة تحركها قوى المال والاعلام الا وهي " العولمة " واحيانا تستخدم القوة العسكرية لـ(مكافحة الارهاب ، الحد من اسلحة الدمارالشامل) هذه الظاهرة هي التي حملت شعارات الديمقراطية وحقوق الانسان والحريات العامة لتجعل منها معيارا للثواب والعقاب فمن يرفع هذه الشعارات وينفتح على النظام العالمي الجديد يحظى بالثواب ، ومن يعرض عن الديمقراطية وحقوق الانسان والحريات العامة يتعرض لخطر العقاب ، وبذلك وجدت الانظمة السياسية العربية نفسها امام عملية اصلاح ديمقراطي عالمية تقودها الولايات المتحدة مفروضة عليها من الخارج ، وهذه العملية العالمية انتخبت وانتقت مواقع ذات اهمية استراتيجية لتطل من خلالها على العالم . لذا فان الدول العربية امام عملية تغريب سياسي عالمي (الغربنة) من خلال فرض ايديولوجية الغرب الراسمالي ضمن موجة الديمقراطية التي جاءت كرد فعل للمتغيرات الدولية وقد سميت هذه المرحلة بـ(التحرر السياسي) ، لكن نتائج هذا التحول كانت قد اخذت شكل تناقضات شهدها العالم العربي ضمن هذه الايديولوجية المفروضة او الوافدة . اذ ليس بمقدور كل دول العالم النامي بصورة عامة والدول العربية بصورة خاصة ان تطبق هذه التجربة بمناى عن اي تخبطات او تعثرات ، لان بعض هذه الدول غير مهيا اساسا للاصلاح السياسي وبالتالي تنمية سياسية حقيقية ديمقراطية . اذ ان الشعارات والدعوات التي تطلق في ميدان حقوق الانسان والتعددية من قبل دعاة " النظام الدولي الجديد " ، لاتزال تخاطب مجتمعات - هشة - وتستغل الاوضاع المتردية لحقوق الانسان هذه ، لتدغدغ امال الشعوب والمجموعات والجماعات التي تعاني من القمع ، وتظهر وكانها هي المنقذ لها . كما ان الدعوات لملاحقة المسؤولين عن انتهاكات حقوق الانسان بصفتهم الفردية امام القضاء تمهد الطريق نفسيا لتقبل هذه الدعوات والترحيب بها والترويج لها واللجوء الى القوى الخارجية ، فاذا اظهرت الديمقراطية الليبرالية نظما غير متوائمة مع مصالح الغرب فليس هناك اي مانع من اجهاض هذه التجربة على الرغم من الشعارات التي ترفعها . لقد اصبح الفراغ الذي تعانيه المنطقة العربية بسبب غياب مشروع اصلاحي تنموي سياسي ديمقراطي يشكل فرصة سانحة للقوى الدولية التي تمتلك مصالح استراتيجية في المنطقة لتقديم مشاريع (اصلاحية) للانظمة التسلطية في المنطقة هذه الانظمة التي كانت تحظى في السابق بدعم نفس القوى التي بادرت لتقديم هذه المشاريع (الاصلاحية) . حيث ساد الاعتقاد ان الاخذ بالانظمة الراسية وهيمنة الحزب الواحد (الوحيد) سيقود الدول العربية الى الاستقرار السياسي على اساس ان التعددية قد تخلق حالة من الفوضى بسبب الصراع على السلطة بين الاحزاب ، ذلك فضلا عن ان نظام الحزب الواحد سيقود الى انجاز مهم هو بناء الوحدة الوطنية ، والنهوض باعباء تحقيق التنمية الشاملة ، التي تحتاج الى سلطة قوية لاتتوفر في الانظمة البرلمانية التعددية ، لان التعددية تعني الفرقة والتنافر ، فضلا عن كل ذلك فان نظام الحزب الواحد قد حقق واحدا من اهم اهدافه وهو ضمان الاستمرار للنخب السياسية الحاكمة دون مضايقات القوى المعارضة لها ، بهذه القناعة حكمت الانظمة السلطوية العربية ، حيث حظيت هذه الانظمة بدعم احد المعسكرين ابان الحرب العالمية الثانية لابقاء نظام سلطوي يقمع المعارضة ويحول دون انتقال الدولة الى منطقة نفوذ المعسكر الاخر . ولهذا فان المطالبة بالتنمية والاصلاح تقع في صلب المعركة من اجل الوطن الحر السيد الموحد . وهذا الهدف لايتحقق الا في ظل انظمة شرعية تكفل حقوق المواطنين وتحظى بدعمهم وتكسب ثقتهم التي تشكك في المشاريع الاصلاحية المقدمة من قبل الحكومات بسبب خبرتها معها . اذن الاصلاح السياسي الديمقراطي ضرورة يفرضها واقع المجتمع العربي في الوطن العربي ، لخلق حالة من الاستقرار والعدالة داخل هذا المجتمع الكبير الذي اصبحت تنطوي بين جنباته على متغيرات الرفض للانظمة السياسية القائمة والرغبة بالتغيير والاصلاح ، وهذه المتغيرات اذ لم يتم استيعابها في اطار عملية سلمية فانها ستولد انفجار تعجز الانظمة السياسية القائمة على استيعابه ، اذن لايمكن الخروج من الازمة التي تتعرض لها الانظمة السياسية العربية من دون وجود عملية اصلاح شاملة وحقيقية ، تاخذ في اعتباراتها التطورات الدولية ومواثيق حقوق الانسان ، هذا لان نجاح العملية الاصلاحية العربية يتطلب العودة الى الاصول من اجل هضمها وغربلتها واستخراج شيء جديد منها اصيل كاصالتها ، لا ان يعتمد الاصلاح على هوامش الفكر الغربي او يكتفي بالتراث فالاصلاح لايمكن ان يؤسس على هوامش او جزئيات . بل هو كل متفاعل بين معطيات التراث التي تشكل خصوصية المشروع ، والاعتبارات الدولية التي تنطوي على الحداثة ، حتى ينجح المشروع التنموي الاصلاحي فانه يتطلب اذن ثقافة سياسية جديدة تعمل على احلال النزعة النسبية في الوعي السياسي محل النزعة الشمولية ، وتحل التوافق والتراضي والتعاقد محل قواعد التسلط والاحتكار والالغاء . لايمكن لاي مشروع اصلاح سياسي ديمقراطي في الوطن العربي النجاح دون وجود مجتمع مدني نشيط وحيوي يسهم بفاعلية لبلورة مشروع اصلاح سياسي ديمقراطي يناسب خصوصية كل دولة ويستوعب القوى المجتمعية ، وادت حالة التردي التي تعتصر الكيانات العربية وتحايل الحكومات على مشاريع الاصلاح الفرصة لتدخل الاجنبي لاجراء التغيير بعدما فشلت الانظمة السياسية العربية بتغيير نفسها ، اذن الاصلاح امر ضروري وعاجل ، ينبع من داخل مجتمعاتنا ذاتها ويستجيب الى تطلعات الجماهير في بلورة مشروع شامل للاصلاح ، يضم الجوانب السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية...الخ ، فالديمقراطية ليست مؤسسات فقط وانما هي ثقافة سياسية وسياسات اقتصادية واجتماعية وثقافية ...الخ ، متفاعلة مع بعضها البعض ، اذن اي مشروع للاصلاح الديمقراطي في الشرق الاوسط حتى يكتب له النجاح لابد ان يميز الوطن العربي عن سواه ، بسبب الخصوصية التي تمتع بها الدول العربية بحيث يسمح المشروع الاصلاحي بالتعامل مع كل دولة على حده ، وينتظم في نسق عام مع القواسم العربية المشتركة الاخرى ، بينما يتيح لكل مجتمع عربي كي يدفع خطوات الاصلاح الخاصة به الى الامام ، ويفعل من الوجود العربي على الساحة الدولية والاقليمية ، ويبعده عن التقوقع والتمحورعلى الذات . | With the end of the 20th century and the outset of the 21st century, the world witnessed the birth of a new world order. It began with the 2nd Gulf War led by the United States of America (USA) in one of the most important strategic regions the world - the Arab Homeland. This Region witnessed a regional and afflictive war marked with international dimensions and impacts announcing the birth of a new international era. This era is branded with the domination of the American pole that started imposing its concepts on the world in the framework of a phenomenon driven by money and media, i.e.," globalization". Sometimes the military force is used for (fighting terrorism or banning the proliferation of the weapons of mass destruction). This phenomenon raised the slogans of democracy, human rights and general freedoms to be used as the criterion for reward and punishment. Those who adopt these slogans and welcome the new world order will be rewarded, and those who reject democracy, human rights and general freedoms will be punished. Therefore, the Arab political systems found themselves facing a world democratic reformation process led by the USA. This process selected strategically important locations to dominate from these locations on the world. Consequently, the Arab states are facing a westernization process through the imposition of the ideology of the capitalistic western world within the wave of democracy that came as a reaction fro the international changes. This stage is called as (political liberation). However, the results of this alteration took the form of contradictions witnessed by the Arab world within the incoming or imposed ideology. Generally, all the developing and Arab countries cannot implement this experiment without stumbling and floundering. That is because some of these countries are not prepared for political reformation and hence a real democratic and political development. The claims and slogans raised in the arena of human rights and pluralism by the heralds of the "new world order", still addressing - fragile - communities and utilizing the bad situation of human rights there to titillate the hopes of the oppressed peoples and groups. They want to look as their saviors. The calls for hunting down those who are responsible for the violations of human rights, in persons, before courts, pave the way psychologically to accept, welcome and promulgate for these calls and resort to the outside powers. So, if the liberal democracy generates systems that are not inline with western interests, then there is no obstacle to abort this experiment despite the slogans it may raise. The vacuity from which the Arab region suffers due to the absence of democratic, political, developmental and reforming project gives a an easy chance to the international powers that have strategic interests in the region to provide (reformation) projects for the dictatorship regimes in the region. In the past, these regimes were backed by same powers that took the initiative of the provision of such reformation projects. There has been a tenet saying that the adoption of hierarchical regimes and the hegemony of one party (the only one) will lead the Arab states to political stability. That was based on the idea that pluralism or (a multi - party - state system) could result in disorder originated from the dispute on authority between the parties. This is in addition to the belief that a single - party - state system will leads to a significant accomplishment, i.e., building the national unity and upholding the extensive development that needs a powerful authority which the multi - party parliamentary systems lack. This is because the multi - party system means disunity and discord. Aside from that, the single - party system has achieved one of its biggest aims - insuring the persistence of the political elites in power without being annoyed by their opposing powers. According to this belief the totalitarian Arab regimes ruled their peoples. These regimes were supported by one of the two camps during the 2nd World War for preserving a totalitarian regime that oppresses the opposition and stands against the transition of the state to the influence of the other camp. Therefore, the call for reformation and development lies at the heart of the battle for a unified, sovereign and free country. This goal cannot be achieved unless there are legal systems that guarantee the rights of the citizens and enjoys their support and credit which suspiciously regards the reformation projects offered by the governments due to their experiences with them. It became clear that the democratic political reformation is a necessity dictated by the nature of the Arab community in the Arab Homeland. And that is to create a state of stability and justice inside the big community which is folding and encompassing the new conditions of rejecting the existing political regimes and the desire for change and reformation. These new conditions or variables, if they were not contained in the framework of a peaceful process, it will generate an explosion which cannot be contained by the existing political systems. Therefore, there is no way out of the crisis which the Arab political regimes face now unless there is real and extensive reformation process that take into its consideration the international developments and the human rights charts. This is because the success of the Arab reformation process requires from us to go to the origins in order to comprehend and sift them to extract something as a new and genuine as it is. Reformation should not depend on the margins of the western thinking or be limited to heritage. It cannot be based on margins and partialities. Yet, it represents the interaction between the given facts of the heritage that formulates the features of the project on the one hand, and the international consideration branded with modernity. In order that the reformation and developmental project succeeds, it requires a new political culture that works on replacing the relativism whim in the political perception with the comprehensive whim. Similarly, harmony and accord replaces the rules of hegemony, monopoly and revocation. No democratic reformation project in the Arab Homeland can succeed unless there is an active civil society that contributes vitally in the building of a democratic political reformation project that fits the specialties of each country and contains the powers of its community. The deterioration that is pressing out the Arab entities and the deception organized by the governments against the reformation projects, gave the opportunity for the foreign intervention to carry out the changing process after the Arab political systems failed to change itself. Reformation therefore is a necessity in our communities and it responds to the expectations of the peoples for the building of an extensive reformation project. This project includes all the political, economic, social and cultural aspects. These aspects react with each other. Therefore, if there is any project for democratic reformation to be successful in the Middle East, it should differentiate the Arab Homeland from the other regions due to features which the Arab countries enjoy. Such a project should give the chance of treating each state alone. It should have a general order with the things that the Arab countries have in - common. It also give the chance for each Arab society to push forward its own reformation steps and invigorates the Arab presence both on the regional and international levels and keep it off from confinement and introversion

القوى الكبرى واعادة تشكيل النظام الدولي : دراسة في فرضيات الصعود والافول == Great Powers And Reforming International System A Study In The Assumptions Of Ascendancy And Decline

Author name: علي بشار بكر اغوان
Supervisor name: محمد ياس خضير
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of International Policy
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Constitute the rotation exponential relationship dimensions positive and negative between the international system over the different stages of the major powers in various manifestations, argumentative and extensive research and one of the main gates of understanding of international relations at the contemporary stage, this relationship has opened ample room for endoscopy and research in but the international system and major powers dramatically, impact, vulnerability and nutrition, nutrition reverse dual between the international system and major powers relationship has alternated according to each stage and this relationship is the main problem of the balance of power in several stages, and when he was urgently needed because of the international system is to be the foundation standard for classification of power arrogance in the world, we became our international system stable and clearly defined in terms of the formation of systemic in different structural dimensions, that the international system is established the concept of structural and quality of states and impose the rhythm of movement for many reasons, notably that the nature of the regime often imposes itself a great obligation for these forces because adopted for fear of imbalance or break up of certain international situation or threat to the status of this or that country. While it is possible that just the opposite is happening as they become the major powers in the zenith of its power is granted international system and give it structure and posed or change the balance, that is, the major powers here are the ruler and the clutch on the decision to change within the system and not vice versa.Of course, and as far as what the major powers and the international system and the issues of restructuring strategy and the required strategic supplies, it became clear manner that does not accept the argument that the concept of power and public and private as has changed helped broadly to re - read the beliefs of the strategic countries in terms of the ups and build self - mechanisms .Importance of the study : Centric importance of the study of it represents an attempt research earnest to form a new theory to explain how they can through the major powers arise strategic detail the destruction, they also offer hypotheses second supplement to the theory of looking at the mechanics of the fading of states and their tracks and provide detailed explanations of the forms of collapse and form, in the sense that the subject of major powers and reshape the international system based on the assumptions of ascent and decline, it represents an attempt to re - read international relations in general and major powers and the international system, in particular in the pot research focuses on the scientific methodology of the measurement, audit and observation and select the tracks.The problem of the study : The study generally runs from the two problems main ways : the first, which is problematic conceptual theory relating to the characterization of and what the big powers and the international system and the nature of the dialectical relationship rotating between the two, the second is problematic current major powers characterization and put it in its proper place according to the hypothesis of ascent and decline and the compatibility of all the power with these hypotheses.The dilemma conceptual first, since the study is trying through, and over the detective and three chapters, the first - the first, second and third - explain what the clash incident between the international system and major powers, as it is trying to study here and across this part of the dilemma that the disintegration of the complex Association about the presence of overlapping relationship is a clear path between the evolution of the international system on the one hand and major powers on the other hand, due to the complexity of the actors and their diversity and change the concept of power and its vocabulary, this relationship appears frequently as a rotational (ie, when they vibrate and weaken the international system, is restored and fed through strategic reaction of major powers on the form of finding a new strategic balance or maintain the strategic balance as and when it weakens the major powers, the system modifying itself in line with the size of the weakness incident to correspond to the requirements and elements of modernization that has occurred in the international environment and gives the stream additional to those strengths that have benefited from the decline in single actors function or polar strategic act also shall be either by maintaining a balance or modify it identifies with the size and manage change).While Applied dilemma second focuses on practical models of major powers and try to determine its position in the international system based on key assumptions that have been developed and adopted a basic criteria for the rise of the big powers and the eclipse, as it dealt with the last three chapters (IV, V and VI) the issue of the status of all power in the international system - models selected - based on the extent of approaching and distancing itself from the hypotheses that have been put forward both in terms of climb or, moreover study focuses in this part of the dilemma defines the shape of the future of the international order based on the data and the reality of the big powers. It is through this dilemma offers a number of central research questions that the study will try to answer them through the next research context, the most important of these questions are : 1. What is the fundamental nature of the relationship between the international system and major powers?2. How can identify the key ingredients that require their presence in the power of any wish to become a major international scope of the system?3. What are the main forms of balance known to international relations throughout history, the nation - state?4. Who are the actors function capable of control in the international system and restructuring?5. How can identify the entrances of change within the international system and who knows this change?6. What is the most important hypotheses that can be through to become a major force on the international scope of the system?7. How can identify the most important hypotheses decline that lead them to collapse?8. Do not slip United States a world power?9. Is Russia today is on its way toward building the same to you mean by itself as one of the poles of the future world again?10. Is China really able to replace the United States? And how?11. What is Japan's new site in the international system?12. What is the future of the international system in the light of data the rise and fall of great powers?Hypothesis of the study : Consistent with the dilemma that have been submitted and research questions that have been submitted and as well as the main hypotheses that have been adopted by the study systematically through the third quarter in an attempt to form a comprehensive theory, the study starts from the assumption president of that on the basis of (that there is a direct correlation "positive + negative" between the regime the one hand and major powers on the other hand. The more major powers more coherent and stronger the more you process the formation of the international system more discipline, and vice versa, the more the international system more solid whenever the major powers to maintain more balance and less likely to change. And branching out from this hypothesis President, two assumptions in two basic subgroups : The first hypothesis : Whenever any major international force backed away from its position, as it was an opportunity to push a new force to fill the vacuum, and this is a dialectical ascent and decline.The second hypothesis : Whenever a major international force backed away from its position as it was an opportunity to reshape the international system according to the new balance of power. This is the dialectical relationship between the international system and major powers.Curricula : The study used the six - round main chapters range of approaches that are used in scientific research on the scope of political science were as follows : 1. The historical approach, which sought the study through used to display the most prominent of the relevant idea of historical experiences and the subject that the researcher wants to clarify, this has been the approach one of the main approaches that have been through it to identify the mechanisms of the fading of the major powers and the conclusion of which many hypotheses have been one of the most important pillars of the study at various stages.2. Analytical Approach : The study used the analytical approach to the study of various plants for several purposes, the most important cases of the dismantling and re - installed in accordance with the main theme of her service, and the support of the conclusions of this approach is based on the basis of scrutiny of reality and studied extensively studied through strategic insight.3. Approach the international system Analysis : It is one of the most major and modern approaches that study sought to focus on it through international structural analysis and situations experienced by the international system and the dismantling of his limbs and its impact, the study was able bumpy this approach to reach many conclusions based on what provided by this approach of the mechanics to understand the phenomenon and absorbed significantly.4. Approach to measure the strength of nations : one of the most important approaches and, most recently that for its research tools have enabled the study to identify the most prominent features of the strength and the weakness of the major powers and greatly helped to explain many of the phenomena and dismantled as it should.5. Future Approach : It is one of the most important methods you used for the purposes of study, the most important of several identifying features scenes of the future of the international system according to the scene forward - looking unconditional. Structural study : As well as the introduction to the study and details and the conclusion and findings, the study contained two doors presidents by six central chapters, the first section by three chapters titled (conceptual framework and theoretical), while Part II came with three other chapters supplement entitled (Applied and future frame).Ensure that the first chapter of the study, which came under the title (the major powers and the international system), the two main two sections (Section I : what the major powers and the international system) while the second part, titled (forms of power in the international system balance).On the other hand Chapter II of the study, which was titled contained (actors in international relations and the entrances to change) on two sections two main (Section I : actors function traditional and new actors function of non - State actors in international relations), while the second section under the title (the entrances to the change in the system international).Also a third chapter of the study, which was titled (hypotheses rise and fall of great powers) of the two main two sections (Section I : hypotheses rise of major powers) while the second part, titled (hypotheses fading major powers).Chapter IV of the study contains two sections and two presidents, who came under the title (the major powers "core" and measuring hypotheses ascent and decline), was the first topic title (the United States) while the second section title (Russian Federation).On the other hand, Chapter V of the study complements the above by two sections presidents under the title of president of the chapter came a (major powers "emerging" and measuring hypotheses ascent and decline), was the first section of the chapter entitled (China), while the second part, titled (Japan) .

النخبة السياسية في العراق 1958 - 2014 : دراسة في التوجيهات والاهداف == The political elites that ruled Iraq (1958 - 2014) studies in trends and goals

Author name: سعدي ابراهيم حسين
Supervisor name: ليث عبد الحسن جواد الزبيدي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Systems and Public Policies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of Political Systems And Public Policies
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present dissertation consists of four chapters preceeded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion . It sets out from questioning and if the political elites henceforth (P.Es) successivly ruled Iraq for the period (1958 - 2014) are and the same trends and gools ?The dissertation replies This inquiry by hypothesising that the (P.Es) successively ruled Iraq vary in their trends and goals , as each has its own ones . The trends and goals mainle of (P.E) ruled for (1958 - 1963) concentrated on constructing Iraqi state . The (P.E) of (1963 - 2003) was of Arabic national trends and goals . As for the (P.E) came to power in Iraq after 2003 , they are of no clear trends and goals , considering their different national , religions and sectarian trends and goals .To verity of valility of this Aypothesis , Ch1 studies the (P.E) ruled Iraq (1958 - 1963) . Ch2 studies the (P.E) ruled for the period (1963 - 1968) . Ch3 studies the (P.E) ruled Iraq (1968 - 2003) . while Che4 concerns the study for the (P.E) ruled since 2003 till 2014 .The disser tation has come to the following conclusions : First : - the ruling(P.E) of (1958 - 2003) are of persons mostly come from military establishment , with an important exceptions when these elites by headed by civil leaders , as the case with the political (Abdulrhman Al - Bazaz) who became prime minster , and the former Iraqi president (Saddam Hussein) came to power in 1979 as a president. the later , in spite driving himself to the military establish meant by seizing the biggest military rank , he still being actually a civilian .Second : - The (P.E) ruled Iraq before 2003 depended on their own capacities to take the power by making revolutions coups . While the (P.E) came to power after 2003 till the time of concluding this dissertation , depended on external factor represented by USA support to expel the previous (P.E) and substitute it by recent (P.Es) .Third : - The (P.Es) ruled Iraq all over the period specified for the purpose of the present study didn't succeed to a achieve their trends and goals , moreover , they encountered by internal obstacles and the (P.Es) themselves , as well as home and external (regional and international) obstacles .So , we could say the trends and goals that helped (P.Es) to take power , were at the same time reasons behind losing the power , especially before 2003 .After 2003 , the (P.Es) national and sectarian trends and goals were negative factors led rulling system specially and the whole country in general to many economical , political and security problem and crises . the most prominent one is the national and communal political share in rulling Iraq .Finally , the dissertation comes to a list and suggestion , including : - 1 - concerning the future (P.Es) trends and goals it is suggested that the new (P.E) have to adopt popular national trends and goals of all Iraqi people suitable for Iraqi situation , which promots and at the same time supported by the a general unified national identity . the best possible suggested strategy to achieve this to follow the steps and rebuilt state resemble that and ancient Iraqi empires since it unified all Iraqi nation under their title , as no Iraqi Arabs , Kurds and other could deny his Hondo our to be belong to those civilizations .So , we could keep Iraq away from the risk of national and sectarian trends and goals .2 - concerning the mechanism to take the power : - The study suggests that the peaceful exchang of power is that best way must be adapted by the future(P.E) as it is founded by USA in Iraq after 2003, and they must leave the second alternative , i.e the violence to take the power which was the only way the past since 1958 .3 - concerning the political performance , the study concentrates the necessity of correspondence between trends and goals on one hand , and the (P.Es) , performance on the other hand . this could be achieved by adopting reviewing trends and goals periodically by the (P.Es) and reforming these trends and goals to be realistic of applicable within a reasonable and useful period for Iraqi people , not imaginary and Uri realistic like establishing national state , while the existed Arab countries are under the risk of partioning one after one . Neither trying to establish a communal (sinni or Shiite) state while Iraq realy consists of more than one religion or sect .

اثـر ادارة نـظام الابـداع الـوطنـي فـي استراتيجية التكيف والسيطرة : دراسة نموذج العراق

Author name: محمد مصطفى جمعة السعدون
Supervisor name: سرمد زكي الجادر | مازن اسماعيل الرمضاني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

القيادة واثرها في الاداء الاستراتيجي التركي الشرق الاوسط انموذجا == Leadership and its Impact on the Turkish Strategic Performance Middle East as a Model

Author name: محمد عبد الله راضي
Supervisor name: باقر جواد كاظم السوداني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The study addressed the issue of leadership, as one of the important topics in the field of political science, and in strategic studies. Political leaders are to give countries a regional or global status.The political leadership in the country, define the objectives, means of implementation, determine the power and weaknesses of the state, and monitoring the opportunities and difficulties, in the internal and external environment.Turkey, since 2002, witnessed the presence of a leadership with Islamic content, able to convey Turkey than doubled phase to phase power. And headed Turkey, under the control of the Islamists, to pay attention to the Middle East, as a strategic area.The Middle East, as a geographic area, includes : Egypt, Israel, and the Arab Gulf States, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. And some of them add : Pakistan, Afghanistan, Arab Maghreb countries, and Sudan.Turkey lies in the Middle East, and during the period between 1923 - 2002, went secular, aiming to join Europe, and have been associated with NATO and the United States, ignoring its relations with the Middle East.The Islamists after taking power in Turkey, gave their attention to the Middle East, which was considered a pivotal area, to perform as a strategic actor.The study aims to : find a relationship between the role of Islamists leadership and the performance of Turkey in the Middle East. Within the period 2002 - 2020.And that raised the issue of the relationship between : the leadership of the Islamists, and Turkey's role in the Middle East, an important question : Is the effectiveness of the Turkish strategy, during the period 2002 - 2015, in the Middle East, linked to the presence of Islamists in power?The answer, verified the existence of a relationship between two variables. Turkey and the shift towards secular parties will push Turkey towards : a little get away from the Middle EastThe study was divided into three chapters, an introduction and a conclusion : 1. First chapter : (Turkish leadership and strategic perception of the Middle East), and it has to answer the question : How Islamists consider Turkey's role in the Middle East?And address this issue in two paragraphs, first : the theoretical framework for leadership, the relationship between leadership and strategic performance, and leadership connection with the strategic decision making in Turkey, and second : Turkish strategic perception of the Middle East from the aspects of political, security, economic and civilization importance.2. Second chapter (Turkish leadership and strategy in the Middle East). It has to answer the question : What is Turkey's strategic orientation towards the Middle East, and what is the content of the strategic performance?And it headed the study, in dealing with this subject, through three paragraphs : first, focused on variables effect Turkey's strategic performance in the Middle East. And second, it focused on the strategic orientation of the Turkish in the Middle East. And third, the history of Turkish strategic performance since World War II.3. Third chapter (Leadership and the future of strategic performance in the Middle East), and has to answer the question : Will the Islamists continue in the leadership of Turkey till 2023? And whether changes will happen in Turkey's strategy in the Middle East?And it headed the study, in dealing with this subject, through two paragraphs, first : the expected changes, in leadership, during the period between 2015 - 2020, inside Turkey, and second what changes is expected on the Turkish strategic performance, in the Middle East according to changes in leadership

السياسة الامنية الامريكية تجاه النظام الاقليمي في الشرق الاوسط بعد احداث 11 ايلول 2001 == United States Security Policy Toward The Regional Order In The Middle East After The Events Of September 11, 2001

Author name: ظفر عبد مطر التميمي
Supervisor name: سمير جسام راضي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تعد السياسة الامريكية الخارجية بجانبها السياسي الامني من اهم المفردات التي تشكل احدى ادوات محور البناء والتغيير في منطقة الشرق الاوسط الموسع، وما يليها من مناطق مجاورة ، وذلك بعد انتهاء مرحلة الحرب الباردة، وتغير مراكز القوة العالمية، خاصة مع تصاعد مفاهيم مثل النظام الاقليمي، والاقليمية الجديدة، والامن الاقليمي والتي قد تبرز لتحل محل التعددية القطبية العالمية او على الاقل ستغير من مفهوم الهيمنة الامريكية على النظام العالمي الجديد. ولان القرن الحادي والعشرين بدا امريكيا بامتياز، فان الادارة الامريكية تحاول جاهدة فرض الصبغة الامريكية على هذا القرن حتى نهايته، او على الاقل حتى بداية ضعف الدولة الامريكية. ان منطقة الشرق الاوسط الموسع تمثل حالة من الوفرة في الموارد الطبيعية والديموغرافية فمن المؤكد انها ستمثل حالة من الوفرة ايضا في الخطط الامريكية التي ستؤدي الى تغيير المنطقة وفقا لتطلعات الادارة الامريكية وحلفائها، وبذلك تتناسب منطقة الشرق الاوسط الموسع مع التناغم الحاصل بين فوضى التغيير والنظام الاقليمي الجديد، والتي تمثل افضل السبل لجعل هذه المنطقة المشتعلة دوما باتون الحروب والصراعات اكثر ميلا نحو الاستقرار والسكينة وان تكلف ذلك مددا زمنية ليست بالقليلة او الهينة. وبالتالي فالادارة الامريكية امامها فرصة كبيرة في اعادة خلق المنطقة على وفق تخطيط استراتيجي اداري ناجح يتسم بصيغة المشاركة مع دول منطقة الشرق الاوسط الموسع والسماح بخلق محاور اقليمية جديدة تعتمد على تطوير نظامها الامني وربطه بالسياسة الامنية الامريكية والتي تفسح المجال امام القوة الذكية الامريكية لتؤسس مدارس فكرية جديدة غير بعيدة عن التوجه العسكري الامريكي ولا قريبة من التنازلات الخطيرة التي قد تغير من موازين القوى العالمية . | The American foreign policy is marked with political security one of the most important items that constitute one of the tools of axis construction and change in the broader Middle East, and its next neighboring regions, after the end of the Cold War era, and change centres of global power, especially with the escalation of concepts such as regional system, regional new, and regional security that may emerge to replace the multi - polar world, or at least will change the concept of American hegemony on the new world order , because the twenty - first century the start of U.S. par excellence, the U.S. administration is trying hard to impose American character to the end of this century, or at least until the beginning of the weakness of the American state.The broader Middle East region represents a state of abundance in natural resources, demographic. It certainly will be a case of abundance also in U.S. plans that will lead to change the region in accordance with the aspirations of the U.S. administration and its allies, and thus fit the broader of the Middle East with harmony happening between chaos of change and new regional order, which represents the best way to make this region a flaming always patron wars and conflicts are more inclined towards stability and tranquility and cost periods of time is not uncommon or soft. Thus American administration before a great opportunity to re - create the region according to a strategic planning successful management characterized format engagement with the countries of the Broader Middle East and allow the creation of regional hubs new depends on the development of its security system and link security policy of America, which gave way to smart power American establish schools of thought new non - far from the U.S. military approach does not close serious concessions that may change the global balance of power .

معوقات التنمية الشاملة فـي عـراق ما بعد التغيير السـياسي : دراسة في اثر عدم الاستقرار السياسي

Author name: جواد كاظم كطان الشمري
Supervisor name: صالح عباس الطائي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Systems and Public Policies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Development in Iraq were problematic for the President of the successive regimes in spite of the differing motives and justifications have adopted a system in which to proceed, under the former regime was one of development solutions for the political legitimacy required to continue in power, and this is a natural fact that the Development Gateway always explains that contribute in giving some of the legitimate authority in the event it was not in accordance with the generally accepted elements of legitimacy and the most important of which voters choose voluntarily to the ruling authority, for this reason that the former regime began to implement major development during the Sbiniat of the last century is the first decade of the years of his reign, however, that poor Management Authority and the absence of democratic choice and the transformation of the ruling establishment to the individual institution has led to a decline in levels of development, after this process has gradually ceased during the years of the Iraq war - Iran and the subsequent drop in the continuation of the performance of the Iraqi economy by international sanctions imposed by the end of 1990 to show This decline in levels of development through a number of indicators including : deterioration of the Iraqi dinar, a decline in the average annual per capita income and therefore a sharp decline in the gross national product of the state, a gradual increase in the rates of unemployment and the high proportion of the total and starved of manpower, all of which had a bitter reflections indicators of human development, which is a component of overall development, as has the proportion who are literate (Literacy) and a decrease in the average life expectancy and this is what the Twcrh periodic reports of the United Nations and in particular its development program. With the political change that took place in 2003 an international resolution entered a critical juncture of development and perhaps even worse than previous years, if the former regime had been used based on the economic development of the oil wealth to solve the problems of input legitimacy, it is lost under the new system was of course the question of legitimacy with the adoption option the political process as a means of managing power in the country reduced to the question of development in the context of the provision of public services did not take place in this new political climate as a priority after Zahmtha other issues dominated the scene, despite the stated intentions of both the U.S. administration, which came to rule Iraq for about year or by the successive governments have been promising the reconstruction of Iraq and bring about comprehensive development in accordance with an international program along the lines of historical precedents of the heritage inspired by Japanese and German experiences, however, that the events that followed the political change and the reality of this project was postponed because of the continued deterioration of the situation of security and the rise of political conflicts potential between the parties to the political process and turned out to be a sectarian tensions so that the issue of development is not included in the government program, or it turned out to be just one small service delivery policies of local councils, in the sense that the latest development as planned according to a certain extent of time for a change in the social and economic realities as one of the central policies of the State Supreme ignored for the benefit of priority of security that drained a large part of the state budget in previous years remained in the funds allocated for development in the budget is weak and did not meet the real needs. It was the lack of political stability in Iraq is not in the greatest impact of causing FP stop the development process but also the decline of instability Fmkrjat, which were represented in the absence of consensus on government policy and the transformation of the sectarian tension to a civil war which lasted more than a year led to the spread of administrative corruption in state institutions because of poor oversight and accountability mechanisms result concerns the problem of security, which has become the obsession of both the state and the citizen, which in turn has led to disruption of the majority of reconstruction projects, as well as the flight of national capital to markets abroad in search of a more secure, without forgetting that Iraq's transition to a sustainable environment for the violence to make of foreign investment, both in its direct or indirect is not contained at all. On this basis, the security requirement is most urgent is the need for (for the citizen - the voter) and the legitimacy of the government is subject to its ability to provide a more secure environment which reveals a change in political behavior is the re - ordering of priorities in the collective mind on the basis of the prevailing circumstances so that it is to live in completion of a more secure environment proves the legitimacy of authority, and perhaps this new hierarchy of priorities in the collective mind has provided more space for corruption to become the administrative status of the membership of the inherent structure of the Iraqi state, have contributed significantly to the failure of development plans, on the basis of the fact that the conditions are intended to set priorities , development will become a political demand of voters where there is a safe environment so as to become synonymous with the legitimacy of their authority in the implementation of this requirement.

الحكم العالمي في دراسة العلاقات الدولية بعد الحرب الباردة == Global Governance In The Study Of International Relations Post Cold War Era

Author name: اياد هلال حسين الكنانـي
Supervisor name: قاسم محمد عبد علي الدليمي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of International Policy
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: For a long time, governance was a syndrome of state sovereignty; the authority of governing all aspects of life in the frame of its regional existence. Its continuous pursue is that all remains under full control, in addition to its refusal to any foreign interference. Therefore the concept of a sovereign nation - state stood as an obstacle facing the process of dividing the authority of the state or even thinking of adopting any role opposite to that of its own. At the same time reality proves that no local or international tools have been developed in order to limit or hinder the power or authority of the nation - state. In that light there hasn't been a significant differentiation between the terms government and governance in the context of social sciences; governance never reached beyond the action of governmental institutions in a certain state. Both terms have been interchangeably used in their meaning and indication when dealing within the frame of nation state authority. This comprehension reflected on the subject of governance in international relations; studies appeared to attenuate centralized governance on international relations in order to reach peace, justice, no war, and organizing international affairs in the same manner of exercising them from inside the state; a vision that ultimately led to suggesting ideal theorists the concept of global governance in its different features.As globalization grows, it becomes more difficult for a state to exercise unlimited domination or produce an absolute social module that could be followed and scrutinized in an authoritarian way on its own and or territory. This kind of control has become totally unpractical. No matter how many institutions a state could build or laws it can legislate, it still remains short of imposing full control on its own lands. This crisis that hit the sovereign country accompanied the reality of governance sharing by other states. These out comers take part in setting standards and building basics and sometimes they might compete and triumph over the mother state itself. What was said represents the local level, and when speaking on the global level, globalization induced other forms of governance and authorities in the field of world policy, including the horizontal and vertical interactions ; sub state, supra state , and trans state, also including organizational initiatives presented by market institutions and the campaigns held by the international social movements. There is a focus on breaking the limits of a single state and heading towards a globalized governance system because of the narrow angle that conventional itself in when compared to a globalized system that enjoys trans - border reactions and exchange that seem to need more than a state's regulations to be controlled. At the same time many issues and problems came to surface that require international intervention. Awareness has also been raised concerning global threats that demand international action. Therefore the dominance of the nation state is gradually transforming towards to (post - national sovereignty) since it is losing its capacity to withhold its public affairs on both the local and international level. In addition to different sides emerging and taking a vital role in what was strictly in the hands of the nation - state alone. Representatives of nation - states today are obliged to be partners when exercising authority, with international organizations, multinational corps, and trans - national political and social organizations or movements in addition that those sides have a rising role in crystallizing interior affairs. This picture led to the demise of the main sign of conventional sovereignty in the past : borders and territory capture. In the light of what was mentioned above, researchers in the field of international relations, especially after the cold war, started the pursue to define modules other than that of a nation - state, as an alternative system. They developed their ideas and theories concerning global governance, and considering it the new analytical concept that describes world politics and power being spread and divided upon global level. Moreover, some researchers considered this a theoretical alternative for international relations perspectives.From this point, it becomes clear, why research in global governance is such an important issue. Since it is the theoretical alternative that could explain the breaking of states' power and how it spreads along different levels. Instead of the conviction that the nation - state reached its end socially and politically, and the retreat of its power, and the opinions that support the transformation of the state's powers and their direction towards a unified hierarchical structure (world government), theorists found a middle position between the chaotic demise of the nation - state and the central grip of the global government, by being more realistic and to the ground. They headed towards the global system that depends on different participating sides in managing state affairs. In addition to the importance of studying global governance by presenting explanations that apply to the global changes. Conventional analysis proved to be short from interpreting those changes in a realistic manner.

الاصلاحات الدستورية في الدول العربية (1991 - 2007) == CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMATIONS IN ARAB STATES (1991 - 2007)

Author name: حازم صباح احميد
Supervisor name: مها عبد اللطيف حسن الحديثي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Systems and Public Policies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Department Of Political Systems And Public Policies
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: بدات الدعوة الى الاصلاحات الدستورية في الدول العربية منذ التغييرات الكبرى التي حدثت في العالم، خاصة في العقد الاخير من القرن العشرين بعد تفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي والكتلة الاشتراكية، وانهيار نظام القطبية الثنائية بانفراد الولايات المتحدة الامريكية في الساحة الدولية وطرح ما يسمى بالنظام الدولي الجديد، هذه الهيمنة السياسية والاقتصادية دفعت الى تصاعد الدعوات الى الاصلاح الدستوري ضمن اطار شعارات الديمقراطية وحقوق الانسان، وبناء مؤسسات المجتمع المدني وازدادت هذه الدعوات بشكل كبير بعد احداث 11 ايلول 2001 . وفي هذا السياق فقد مثل الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية نوع من الاشكالية من خلال التناقض بين ما هو وطني وما هو عالمي، اذ ان الترابط ما بين مطلب الاصلاح وبين مطلب وضع الدستور وتعديله، هو ترابط تاريخي له ضرورات واقعية، فمن ناحية لا يمكن ضمان واستمرار واستقرار عملية الاصلاح بغير دستور يحميها، ولكن ليس الدستور فقط هو الضامن لعملية الاصلاح، اذ ان الدستور مهما كان صريحا واضحا، الا انه لا يمكن ان يضمن عملية الاصلاح الا اذا توافرت الارادة السياسية للنظام السياسي على البدء فيه او الاستمرار في دعمه وتطويره، فالاصلاح الدستوري هدفه احداث تغييرات ملموسة في بعض او جميع نصوص الدستور تقود في النهاية الى الاصلاح الشامل، اذ لا يمكن ان يتحقق اي اصلاح بدون اصلاح للدستور، ويتم ذلك من خلال وجود دستور يحدد العلاقة بين الحاكم والمحكوم وكيفية تشكيل السلطات العامة، وما مدى صلاحية هذه السلطات وما هي العلاقة بين كل سلطة واخرى، وان يكون هناك نص واضح يبين الحقوق والحريات العامة للمواطنين، واذا كان هناك دستور تجاوزه الواقع، فلا بد ان يتم اصلاح ذلك الدستور لينسجم مع الواقع القائم. وهنا يطرح الاصلاح الدستوري بهدف اصلاح القواعد الدستورية التي تشير عن سيطرة سلطة ما على بقية السلطات، او انتهاك حقوق المواطنين وحرياتهم، او تكريس نظام حكم معين. اما الاليات العملية لاصلاح الدستور فتنص عليها قواعد الدستور، وهي تختلف صعوبة او سهولة بحسب مرونة الدستور او جموده. كذلك فان الدستور هو انعكاس للظروف التي تعيشها الدولة، وعليه فلابد من تعديل نصوصه بما يتماشى مع تلك الظروف، والا حدث انفصام بين النص والواقع. اذ ان كثيرا من الدول العربية تخشى من اثارة فكرة اصلاح الدساتير رغبة في تحقيق وحماية الاستقرار، كما لو كان الاصلاح مهددا او معرقلا للاستقرار، وكيف ان الاصلاح قد يكون مطلوبا من اجل الاستقرار، وان عدم القيام بالاصلاحات الدستورية، او مقاومة متطلبات الاصلاح كثيرا ما كان من اسباب تهديد الاستقرار، وبذلك فقد اصبح الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية هدفا ضاغطا وتحول شيئا فشيئا مع انكشاف ضعف الانظمة الحاكمة في الدول العربية وعجزها عن موازنة الضغوط الخارجية والداخلية، من خلال طرح اشكالية جديدة تتعلق بالعلاقة بين دور الداخل ودور الخارج في تحقيق الاصلاح الدستوري وضمان تقدمه ونجاحه.اهمية الدراسة : يعد الدستور اعلى مؤسسة قانونية في المجتمع، حيث يتضمن قواعد العمل السياسي المشترك ما بين كل قوى المجتمع للانطلاق منها وعبرها الى البرامج المختلفة لتلك القوى في داخل المجتمع عند الوصول الى السلطة، لذلك جاءت اهمية الدستور السياسة في الزام والتزام من في السلطة بتلك القواعد عند الممارسة السياسية. ان اجراء الاصلاحات الدستورية يقود الى ضرورة قبول كل قوى المجتمع بها، والزام الحكام بتطبيقها من خلال اولا الاتفاق على تحديد مجالاتها وثانيا السعي الى تطبيقها لمواكبة التحولات على الصعيدين الداخلي والخارجي.هدف الدراسة : تهدف الدراسة الى تتبع عملية الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية منذ عام1991 - 2007، والمجالات الاكثر حضورا في تلك العملية. اضافة للبحث في مشاريع الاصلاح غير المنجزة ومجالاتها، ومعرفة التاثير السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي لتلك الاصلاحات ومعرفة دوافعها الداخلية ومحدداتها الخارجية.فرضية الدراسة : تقوم الدراسة من اجل بلوغ اهدافها على فرضية اساسية مفادها : ان الاصلاحات الدستورية هي حاجة ملحة لمواكبة التحولات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية في اي دولة، وقد تبنت الدول العربية مجموعة اصلاحات دستورية منذ عام1991 الى عام2007، الا ان هذه الاصلاحات ركزت بالدرجة الاولى على متطلبات المجتمع الدولي من جهة ومنح الحكام صلاحيات اوسع من اجل ضمان البقاء في السلطة اطول فترة ممكنة. ومن اجل اثبات ما جاءت به الفرضية، كان لابد من الاجابة عن التساؤلات التالية : 1 - ما هي خصائص الدساتير التي يمكن اجراء الاصلاح عليها؟2 - ما هي التحولات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية التي تفرض عملية الاصلاح؟3 - هل للعوامل الخارجية اثر في توجهات الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية؟4 - ما هو دور السلطات الحاكمة في تحديد مجالات الاصلاح الدستوري سواء على الصعيد الاجتماعي - الاقتصادي - السياسي؟5 - هل كان لمطالب المعارضة السياسية دور فاعل في عملية الاصلاح ومجالاته؟6 - هل افرزت هذه الاصلاحات عن نتائج ايجابية، ام بقيت غير مفعلة مبتعدة عن الواقع الاجتماعي - الاقتصادي - السياسي؟ منهجية الدراسة : ان المنهج هو الطريق الذي يودي الى الكشف عن حقيقة معينة، ويكون ذلك عن طريق مجموعة من القواعد والوسائل التي يتبعها الباحث للوصول الى هذه الحقيقة، ولذلك اعتمدت الدراسة من اجل التحقق من صحة الفرضية التي تقوم على منهجين هما : منهج التحليل النظمي الذي يقوم على جمع المعلومات واعتماد المنهج المقارن.اشكالية الدراسة : تبعا لما تقدم ذكره فقد باتت اشكالية الدراسة واقعا عمليا بين السبب وتفاصيله من ناحية الاصول والصياغة اذ تتجسد في تساؤلات عدة تضمنت : - ما هي الفائدة التي عادت على الدول العربية مما يطلق عليه بالاصلاح الدستوري؟ - وهل ما تم من تغيير او تعديل على نصوص الدستور يعد اصلاحا دستوريا حقيقيا؟ - وما هي القوى السياسية التي دفعت باتجاه القيام بتلك الاصلاحات الدستورية؟هيكلية الدراسة : تقوم الدراسة على هيكلية تتكون من مقدمة واربعة فصول وخاتمة وهي كالاتي : - الفصل الاول خصص للاطار النظري والمفاهيمي اذ سيتناول الاصلاح ومجالاته، من خلال ثلاثة مباحث. - الفصل الثاني فقد خصص للبحث في نشات وخصائص الدساتير في الدول العربية، من خلال ثلاثة مباحث . - الفصل الثالث فقد تناول دوافع الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية من خلال مبحثين. - الفصل الرابع تناول الاصلاحات الدستورية ومشاريعها المستقبلية، من خلال مبحثين . | The interest of this study stand on the main changes that happened in the world, exclusively after the soviet union decline and socialist block, and the USA as a unipolar international system. The new world order pushed the states to take the constitutional reformation as one of the main issues, this issue developed after the 11 Sep. events and what were Arab States accused for it. The Constitutional reformation in Arab states occur between what's was democracy and what was nationally. And there was relationship between any reformation and the political will. Many of Arab states afraid to provoke the idea of constitution reformation in order to achieve and protect their stable. Because the Arab political regime saw that any constitutional reformation may threat their presence. Moreover the reformations goals in these states discovered it's weakened. Here, set some questions are : - What are the benefits that belong to Arab states from the constitutional reformation? - is what change to constitution considered as a really constitutional reformation? Study structure includes four units abstract and conclusion as below : - Unit one : aspects and theoretical frame in three chapters, the first : the aspects of reformation, second : reformation sides and its similarity aspects, third chapter : the constitutional reformation and its similarity aspects. - Unit two : the born and characterize of conditions in three chapters, first chapter : the beginning of constitutions born, second : the method of Arab constitutions, third chapter : the Arab states constitutions characteristics. - Unit three : the constitutional reformation in Arab states into two chapters, the first chapter : the legal, political, social and economic internal motivation, The second : political and economic external motivation of constitutional reformation. - Unit four : the constitutional reformation and its future protect into four chapter, first chapter : the political side, the second chapter : the social sides, human rights and public liberty, third chapter : economic sides and the last chapter : the main conditional reformation projects. Ended with abstract, conclusion and recommendations.Study conclusion : 1 - The Arab political regime has not the devise and will enough to act the constitutional reformations because they thought that and reformations threat their presence.2 - The importance of the Arab states constitutional reformation is very necessary because of threats and challenges that occur around them.3 - The constitutional reformations in many Arab states come from the political leadership alone and represented the decision maker vision in every change, after and remove constitutional provisions.4 - Major of constitutional reformation in Arab states occurs with isolation to their people and it seeks to control the power in one side without any participation in their life.5 - It's needed judicial and legislature reformations without any political obstacles that stop it like curfew.

السياسات الصناعية والمزايا التنافسية في ظل المتغيرات الدولية : دراسة حالة الصناعات التحويلية العربية == Industrial Policies And Competitive Privileges with International changes - Studying the State of Arabic Manufacturing Industries

Author name: ثائر محمود رشيد العاني
Supervisor name: وصال نجيب عارف العزاوي | عبد علي كاظم المعموري
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ost of the countries in the world including the growing ones have carries out general repetition to their economical policies especially (industrial Policy) in order to be ready for facing any changes taking place and to be ready for 21st century just as looking for a place in international economic that its main sources distributed between liberation of international trade and probing deeply in details of excellent techniques.For this reason the computational abilities formed basic necessity for the state as well as for single producer and became train which drawing all other changes with it.The growing countries have realized these facts lately so they tried to improve their economic by depending on supposed forms of patterns that are published by international institutions (IMF, IBRD) in order to maintain or change the form of economic.The industrial sector did not be far from these changes but it was the important element of them especially that the policies of specialization amid it directly in order to reduce the support to this sector (Whether it includes goods for special or general benefit).And here the philosophy of change lies which means reducing the shortage in general budget of the state and prepare it to pay tits payable debts.We must refer here to the influence of (WTO) which affects all economic sectors including industrial one so that the liberation of international trade will dispose industrial goods in all countries to difficult challenges.The industrial policies used in Arabic countries led to emphasizes the deficion in form of their changing industries which made them lose the opportunity to support their competition abilities in order to face change that happened in international economic.This study depends on the program of research deals with general to special according to its point of view that all national (Local) and international environment play an important role in trace changing industry in addition to that it depends on description methods to analyze economical changes.The study has been divided to four sections, the first one included the main international changes that characterized last century such as establishment of many economical collections and organizing new agreements for international trade.The second section deals with economical policies and competitive ability international trace.Part of this study presents analyzing for the effects of industrial laws within the organization of international trade and possible profits which will given by general agreement of growing countries.This third section deals with challenges of international environment that faces Arabic industries and formal problems which they are suffer from as a result of general policies and changeable role of state. It deals also with what consider as a chances for region to improve the industrial sector.And work hardly to draw some important characters for industrial strategy to Arabic countries in order to support Arabic industrial abilities.

المكانة الدولية للهند في القرن الحادي والعشرين == THE INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF INDIA IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Author name: تـلا عاصم فائق
Supervisor name: صالح عباس الطائي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Many scholars have dealt with the conflict of the regional powers and the major international powers in South - Asia Region on various aspects. The Indian military and nuclear capabilities are considered major fields of political studies. Such research is conducted in the framework of the Indian political system, the Indian relationship with the Arabic Gulf countries and the role of the rising powers in strategic balance. Indian international status in the 21st Century is the main issue of the current study. These academic efforts are aiming at defining the strategic capacities that India has, since its role in the Asian - region shows a kind of dominance. Moreover India is not only a regional rising power but has a distinctive international role with the ambition of occupying a permanent seat in the United Nations. The importance of the theme of the current study can be summed up as an attempt to approve the following questions : What are the Indian potencies?What are the main issues affecting the international status of India in the post cold war era?And finally, what are the future outcomes becoming out of the international status of India in the 21st Century? Indian technological, economic and social developments can be considered the fruits of its democratic political system. Despites all multi - cultured nature with language and religion varieties, India established a strong democracy. This affirms an effective foreign political act to state India as a regional and international dominant power in the 21st Century.The study sheds light on certain basic dimensions showing the Indian political will of having the most affective external political act in and outside its region. It is clear that India is promoting a future international status in the post cold war era. The problematic issue includes an investigation of all the internal and external variables affecting the status of India. Internal ones include various political, economic, military, as well as social strengthening potencies. While the external ones are either regional or international. The first are focused on the Indian role in a direct conflict with Pakistan and China as part of its continuing struggle for power over prominent strategic issues. But India has very distinctive cooperative relations with both The United States of America and Federal Russia. It also has a very large bilateral economic cooperation with both Japan and Australia. The future prospects more points for powerful Indian role in the 21st Century.The study falls into four chapters. Chapter One deals with the theoretical frame. It is an introduction divided into two sections. The first section includes the conceptual bases, presenting the terminology of status such as the role, function, and position. Moreover a definition of the regional and international systems and their targets. The second section deals with the main political, military economic and social objectives and principles of the Indian strategy. Chapter Two deals with International potencies of India which are geographic, social, political and economic. All these show the impact of internal and external factors on the rising international political role of India.Chapter Three restricts the scope of the study to the post cold war era. Chapter Four prospects a future perspective of the Indian international status in the 21st Century. This shows three scenes : the first is the Indian dominance, the second is the Indian - American coalition and partnership, and the third is the Indian part in international alliance. Consequently India has spiritual as well as materialistic capacities enable it to achieve a very influential international role. The current study proves the hypothesis that India's potencies whether internal or external increase its international role and make it more effective. The researcher has arrived at some conclusions and presents a review of the main points, they are mainly : 1) Indian ambition never stops on the regional bordered limitations. It is not considered only a regional dominant power. And it has far challenging economic, military and political prominence over its neighbour, Pakistan. But it is an international power making efforts to get a permanent seat in the United Nations. 2) Indian - Pakistani relation in the post cold war era has been a continuation of the pre cold war relations. It is based on mistrust, violence and instability heading to arm struggle rather than cooperation. This makes it a more strategic manipulator in the region. While the Indian - Chinese relation is colored with cooperation supported by many Governmental official visits on both sides. Though these countries are still competing for a more influential regional role. 3) There is a wide range of mutual interests between India and the United States of America. This is resulted in a strategic collision to achieve their interests in economy, military and politics. Moreover India has established good friendship with Russia on every aspect to serve their regional interests.4) India has an effective role in the Asia - Pacific region that is limited due to the regional strategic balance. Indian diplomacy has accomplished a lot to achieve mutual understanding and stability in the region. Its part in the Pacific - APEC Economic Forum has helped a great deal to insure Indian economic as well as political status.

التطور التكنولوجي والحرب == Technological Development and War

Author name: براء عبد القادر وحيد محمود
Supervisor name: لبنان هاتف الشامي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: International Relations and Foreign Policy
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: There is no doubt that the study of one of the future phenomenon , is a process of scientific research , starting from the past of the phenomenon , passing by it's present to look for it's future prospect and factor of change in it . The national security adviser to president (Carter) (Zbigniew Brzezinski) mentioned that (Future can and must be planned , without careful choice , change may cause anarchy) . In reference to the need to predict the future and a willingness to deal with it's variables .War , is one of the phenomena that accompanied time in all it's different dimensions , past and present and future . It is very old because it emerged with the emergence of human societies since the dawn of human civilization , and continues to the present day , and will remain to along time , as far as those communities remain . It is part of human nature which can not be changed , and the highest forms of conflict to resolve the contradictions . Reality proved the incorrectness of that point of view which has been spread after the end of the cold war in (1991) and resulted in apoint of view which stated that the phenomenon of the international conflict in general , including the phenomenon of war , will become a phenomenon of the past , or that the future wars will be conventional wars , the human is still in their planetary - level enough to destroy their planet hundreds of times , but that the land no longer satisfy their appetite and military instincts for destruction , and instead it is transmitted to space and stars war .In a world where technological development has become the key to progress , and competition intensified through technology , and which influence will be extended to the political , strategic and economic aspects , and working towards making technology a controlling factor which qualifyes it's adapter to have the control in any other field , the persistence of the war phenomenon makes it's study and understanding , as asperate which has it's rules and laws and governed by it's specific circumstances , and as a field generated and influenced by various political , economical and social fields , a vital issue , not only to the specialists , since that the management of the war and the development of strategies , is no longer the prerogative of the generals , but these strategies draw on the table of tables , rallied around the leaders , generals , technicians , scientists and the educated , even in the most developed countries . we do not mean that the study of war is a study of battles and military campaigns or to identify the types of weapons and others , but also be studied at a higher level which the level of strategy , operations and tactic .From here stems the problem of the study , that the future wars will view dramatic developments turnes concepts and standards known to the military affairs on it's head , as a result of the accumulation of the impact of the diversity and the evolution of multi - output revolutions , like technology , information , media and economy revolution , and other revolutions that have passed automatically to the military arenas . The contribution of the expert systems and equipments of artificial intelligence and neural networks and X - ray laser , as well as the robot and super computer in defining the target and turning it in moments , in addition to the contribution of algorithm schemes and communication equipment , as well as the development of theoretical and applied science in facilitating the full implementation of war training ahead of time , in a way that enhance success factors and causes of failure . Those contributions are important which lead us study this subject through raising main question : - How future wars will be with the development of military technology , and its recruitment in the means and tools of war ?To answer these questions , the study started from a hypothesis referring to that the recruitment of the technological development for military fields with armed forces , will alter the nature of future war , so that they accommodate with the challenges posed by the third wave at the military level . In the context of answering the question mentioned above, more than one method have been adopted , according to the requirements of the study , for example , including a historical approach in the study of campaigns and battles which have had a significant impact in the development of means and tools of war , and the diversity of strategies and tactics . and also a functional approach to search in the functions and contributions of the new fields of technological development . and also the future approach to predict some elements of future wars , with the benefit from the expertise of modern wars in the last decade of the 20th century , and the first decade of the 21 century . In the light of the hypothesis which has been put forward, and in order to demonstrate it , this thesis will be structured into four chapters provided to answer the question raised , in addition to a conclusion . In chapter one , I have had to study the technology and the war as a conceptual framework , the first section dealt with the concept of appealing against the terms of concepts and approach , while the second section dealt with the dialectic relationship between the two terms , and their effect on policy .Chapter two studied technological development and war in the 20th century in two sections . It tackled the development and war until the second world war in the first section . and during the cold war in the second.Chapter three focused on the development of technology and war after the Cold war and it's impact on military affairs , to deal in it's first section the new fields of technological development . In it's second section , it dealt with revolution in military affairs .Finally , the fourth chapter studied the technological development and the wars of the first decade of the 21 century , to deal in its first section the war waged on Iraq on 2003 as a case study . and the future of technological development and war , in its second section . In addition to the conclusion , summarizing the content of the thesis , and it's deductive and recommendations.It should be noted , that the study of the technological revolution and future wars , is not without a number of difficulties , such as : - The confidentiality of information relating to military affairs , in general , and the war strategies and management , specially . - Limitations and the obsolescence of the available information on the subject of study , particularly with regard to the phenomenon of war . the scarcity of information available in the base , and the descriptive nature of the شwars in the depths of history , each with their own conditions , and are leaving room for doubt one of the difficulties in the future research of this phenomenon .In the end , I ask God Almighty to make the pragmatic scientific work that involves service to the nation , the paper finds it's place in our Arabic library .

مستقبل مكانة العراق في التفكير الاستراتيجي الامريكي == The future of Iraq's position in American strategic thinking

Author name: عمر عبد الجبار كامل الحياني
Supervisor name: لبنى خميس مهدي الربيعي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
University: Al-Nahrain University - Faculty Of Political Science - Strategy Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Importance of the subject : The study of the process of American strategic thinking about the case, but it is the study of the phenomenon of ever - changing, the United States of America to adopt its strategy depending on the nature of each stage pass out, so the future of our study of the status of Iraq in US strategic thinking begin studying the goals of the United States changing in Iraq, according to each down to goals and future determinants of its strategy in this country phase.There is no doubt that Iraq has an advanced position in American strategic thinking, Iraq and by its very nature geo - strategic (political, economic, and security) is a variable influential and influenced by the countries of the regional neighbors and thus on the overall US interests in the Middle East that combines strategic location and stores the energy features, this is perceived by the United States which formulate strategies one after the other.It also highlights the importance of our study of the subject, in many respects, and perhaps most important is the timing, as the current phase is one of the most intense phase of the evolution of the US approach toward Iraq forestry because of the security crisis experienced by Iraq in its fight existential terror that still occupy parts of it, and also because of the development of Middle East fragile region and in this context, this study will try to monitor and identify trends in US strategic thinking and the type of performance that US administration, current and future, to deal with the situation in Iraq in accordance with the objectives of the current strategic interests of the US or to be reformulated if what I thought the US make a lot of efforts to assert its influence in Iraq and gain a foothold permanent military presence have it.This study runs from the specific problem of the effect that there was an officer and future US vision on Iraq factors, particularly the (site of Iraq in the US war on terrorism, the need of the United States for Iraqi oil, the rise of the Iranian role, the interest of the United States in the Middle East) Despite from the fact that these factors are within an environment characterized by liquidity and the pace of change at short ranges, the interests of the United States and its role in Iraq and the size of the threat to make the decline in the status of Iraq is not an option acceptable to the United States of America in the future.According to the problem, this study aims to prove the validity of the hypothesis that there is a direct correlation between the level of place occupied by the Middle East region in the priorities of the US administration and the extent of its involvement in its files that (the war on terrorism, to contain Iran's rising influence, energy security, the security of traditional allies States United American) and the prestige that supposedly enjoyed by Iraq, and for the purpose of proving this hypothesis has to be to answer a number of questions : - What attributes of US strategic thinking and characteristics that distinguish it?What is the importance placed on Iraq in US strategic thinking ? - - What are the main changes witnessed by the strategic direction of the US towards Iraq since the end of the Cold War? - What are the main internal and external variables affecting the future of the prestige enjoyed by Iraq in US strategic thinking ?In light of the foregoing and through our treatment of the subject of the future of Iraq, the US position in the strategic thinking of the elements of this status enjoyed by Iraq is made up of several aspects, according to available upon this country and of the advantages of the elements of power : Politically, the Iraq of the US view is a political gravity force insurmountable within the ranges of the Middle East region, especially if re - training course and adjust the behavior of its political system in the framework of cooperation relations or equivalent US influence, which will make a loop allies of the United States in the region , the economic importance of Iraq constitute oil wealth founded on, and perhaps this side is better explains the intensity of American strategic engagement in the case of Iraq exclusively in the region, on the other hand, the United States control over Iraq's oil and the Persian Gulf gave way to determine global production volumes and volumes of supply and oil prices so on, in making the development of other countries and growth of the economic subject indirectly American supervision, or security interest - the military of Iraq in US strategic thinking, Vtaatoty of the nature of the security environment of the Middle East where there are in the first place, and what is available upon Iraq the stature and impact in achieving military balance of regional security in this region is stable, the one hand, Iraq's position reflected in the security environment, territorial what constitutes a bridge vital links the Gulf states with Iran, it has Iraq has always been an important factor in the inter - relationship between Iran and its environs, as pose security agreements signed between Iraq and the United States in the content of public basic foundation of US military strategy in order to make Iraq a partner of the United States and among its allies in the war on terror.To determine the future of Iraq's place in American strategic thinking depends on the beginning of a series of issues that have a role in tipping Iraq's position or not in the formulation of a comprehensive US strategy for any US administration to come, whether or democratic republic, and most of these issues are : - The status of the Middle East in the American strategy : that the location of Iraq in the heart of the Middle East means self - evident that his place in US strategic thinking is the mortgage status of this region as a whole in the priorities of the American administrations, we have observed that the Middle East, the status of the decline in the US strategy for the South East region Asia - Pacific throughout the era of President Barack Obama has contributed to the decline in Iraq's position in the priorities of this administration, and therefore it would revive the trend of US interventionism in the affairs of the Middle East, again, that Iraq due course to the top of US strategic priorities. - The need of the United States for oil : the United States consume at present a quarter of global oil production, even though it has only 3 percent of global oil reserves, according to the statistics of 2015, saw the years between the years 2013 to 2015 US demand growth oil exceeds demand in China's growth (), so the United States consider to Iraq in the long term as a vital source for the future of energy in the world, as is expected, that Iraq would be his "biggest contribution to a great extent for the growth of global oil supply." , so the extent of the US need for oil will affect how much weight will have in the US strategic thinking. - America's war on terror : In the event of any US administration has decided to increase its involvement in the fight against terrorism, Iraq will remain until the near future is at the center of this war, in the sense that he must be the main square of her, and this intervention will reflect positively necessarily on Iraq, the status of the US American United, one hand is seen by many in the American research and study centers that the jump made by terrorist organizations in 2014 was the result of a full US withdrawal and non - official from Iraq in 2011, the study concluded two scenes prospective potential, namely. - that the United States increase its support and its military presence in Iraq to help in its war on terror in order to reassert its influence and role in the whole Middle East region and to prevent international and regional powers of the competition hegemony or fill US void in Iraq, and also confirmed that the US ambassador former Zalmay Khalilzad that opportunity back US influence in Iraq, large, and that the current data indicate that helping Iraq restore the military balance, the most important steps of the possible adoption by the US administration to support and strengthen relations with Iraq.to see the status of Iraq's decline in US strategic thinking, if it wanted the next US administration apply what he called Ian Bremmer, in his book "Great Powers : three options for the US role in the world," strategy "US Independence", which aims to reduce the United States of its international obligations dramatically, and that revolves around the inside first, and reduce military expenditures, in addition to withdrawing completely from the Middle East, where he sees that it is time for the decomposition of the responsibility for solving the problems of others, the United States is the US is depleted from during its obligations to defend allies

تحسين خوارزميات الحل التام والبحث المحلي لحل بعض مسائل الامثلية التوافقية == Improving Exact and Local Search Algorithms for Solving Some Combinatorial Optimization Problems

Author name: فائز حسن علي
Supervisor name: طارق صالح عبد الرزاق
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Numerical Optimization
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: In mathematics and computer science, an optimization problem (OP) is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions. OPs can be divided into two categories depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete. An OP with discrete variables is known as a combinatorial optimization problem (COP). In a COP, we are looking for an object such as an integer, permutation or graph from a finite set.The aim of the research presented in this thesis is to investigate the use of various optimization exacts and heuristics to solve the COP's. This thesis presented in six chapters.In this thesis we interest in discussing three samples of COP; machine scheduling problem (MSP), transposition cipher problem (TCP) and aircraft landing problem (ALP).In the first two chapters, we discuss the main concepts of the COP, the three study cases, the basic techniques and methods for solving the COP respectively.In chapter three, we interesting in MSP, with multiple objective for the 1//(Ci,Ti) problem (P1) and 1//Ci+Ti problem (P3). We investigate the usefulness of precedence rules in solving (P1) and (P3). We found that the complete enumeration method (CEM) gives efficient (and optimal) solutions for (P1) (and (P3)) with number of jobs (n)10, and branch and bound (BAB) gives efficient solutions for (P1) with n15 and optimal solution for (P3) with n80. In addition, we use the local search methods (LSM), to solve the two problems, represented by genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) with n2000. In general we conclude that PSO serves better than GA. Lastly, a neural network (NN) is constructed to solve problems (P1) and (P3). Two learning algorithms are used to learn the NN; pack propagation (PB) and PSO with and without depending on successive rules (SR). We see that PSO is better than BP in learning NN to obtaining good results.In chapter four, we suggest a new direction in cryptanalysis of TCP, we suggest using the techniques of COP to solve TCP in another word, the TCP treated as one of COP. First a new mathematical formulation for TCP is introduced and proposed some new tools of TCP cryptanalysis. The CEM and modified BAB are developed by using SR to obtain the multi digits CEM (MDCEM) and MDBAB which are helpful in decreasing the CPU time. Classical bees' algorithm (CBA) and shifted key BA (SKBA) are improving the cryptanalysis results. To increase the performance of the mentioned algorithms we construct cryptanalysis system for TCP to find exact solution (as possible) for n20 in reasonable time, which is called SR keys BA (SRKBA). The main result of this thesis is suggesting a general solving system for COP specially, when the problem submits to SR.Chapter five focused in one of the important problems of COP; ALP. A new improvement in a heuristic method, called parallel improving algorithm (PIA), is introduced, the new algorithm called modified PIA (MPIA) which is serves better than PIA. The CEM is used to solve ALP using two techniques; exhaustive search method (ESM) which gives optimal solution but in unreasonable time for n>9 while MPIA gives approximation solutions for n9 in 6 seconds. Lastly, hybridization is proposed between MPIA and CBA, which is called improvement CBA (ICBA). ICBA gives optimal solutions in solving ALP for n<50 and near optimal for n=50.In chapter six, some conclusions together with some suggestions for future researches have been given.The exact and heuristics methods all were tested by programming them using version 10.0 of Delphi Language and MATLAB, and running on Processor Intel(R) Core (TM) i3 CPU, 2.53 GHz, Core(s), with Ram 1.21 GB computer.

افضل تقريب احادي الاتجاه لدوال غير مقيدة في الفضاء Lp,w (X) == The Best One Sided Approximation of Unbound ed Functions in Lp,w(X) Spaces

Author name: علاء عدنان عواد المحمدي
Supervisor name: صاحب كحيط جاسم الساعدي
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis is devoted to approximation of unbounded functions and deals with what is called one - sided approximation by positive linear operators and entire functions in Approximation Theory. More precisely, the existence of a sequence of polynomials which lie above (or below) a given unbounded functions and approximate it arbitrary well have been investigating. Our offer an overview of this subject in the spaces , starting with the early works of Freud and ending by the latest results in this area. This branch of estimate degree of best one - sided approximation was studied in last 60 years and now contains a big variety of techniques and approaches. Our developed modified methods on one - sided approximation in the space and obtain several results.The degree of best one - sided approximation for unbounded functions in the space , by using Hermite - Fejer interpolation polynomials on [ - 1,1] and the interpolation polynomials on [ - , ] have been studied and founded.In addition, the estimation of best one - sided approximation in , by Valle - Poussin operator and Jackson's polynomial in terms average modulus have studied.Furthermore, an estimate of best one - sided approximation in weighted space by using Bernstein polynomial and by spline polynomials in terms the kth local modulus of - continuity and Ditzian - Totic modulus of smoothness are also proposed with details.The direct and inverse inequalities of best one sided approximation by entire functions are proved in space. Some conditions have been used to prove the relations between degree of best multi approximation and best one - sided multi approximation on interval ,as well as some results consisting direct and converse theorems for one - sided multi approximation in space on interval have been proved.

جدولة متعددة المقاييس : نماذج رياضياتية وخوارزميات مضبوطة وتقريبية == Multicriteria Scheduling : Mathematical Models, Exact and Approximation Algorithms

Author name: عدوية علي محمود النعيمي
Supervisor name: طارق صالح عبد الرزاق
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: هذه الاطروحة مخصصة لمسائل جدولة متعددة المقاييس وعرضت بستة فصول.الفصلين الاول والثاني هي مقدمة وفيها مختلف المفاهيم لصيغ مسائل متعددة المقاييس وناقشنا طرائق الحل المعروفة لمسائل الجدولة وتحتوي الفصول الثلاثة البحث الاساسي على مختلف المقاييس لمسالة جدولة ماكنة واحدة.هذه الاطروحة تقدم نماذج رياضياتية وخوارزميات لايجاد الحلول الكفوءة، المثلى والتقريبية لمسائل جدولة متعددة المقاييس.استخدمنا تقنيات التفرع والتقيد لتصغير المقياسين : مجموع الاجزاء للاعمال المتاخرة (∑Vj) واعظم جزء لعمل متاخر (Vmax). هذه المسالة رمز لها 1//F(∑Vj,Vmax)، واقترحت خوارزمية كفوءة (ADA) لايجاد مجموعة حلول كفوءة لها. قدمت ايضا خوارزمية التفرع والتقيد (BAB) لايجاد حل امثل لمسالة تصغير الدالة الخطية ∑Vj+Vmax. الصعوبة للمسالة الاخيرة تقترح بانه ليس بالامكان دائما ايجاد حل امثل بسرعة. لذلك استخدمت خوارزميات بحث محلية (local search algorithms) وهي descent method (DM), simulated annealing (SA) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA) لايجاد حلول قريبة من الحل الامثل وبزمن حسابي اقل.اقترحت خوارزمية كفوءة لايجاد الحلول الكفوءة لمسالة الماكنة الواحدة مع اوقات تحضير التي رمز لها 1/rj/F(Tmax,Vmax). قدمت ايضا خوارزمية التفرع والتقيد (BAB) لايجاد حل امثل لمسالة تصغير الدالة الخطية Tmax+Vmax مع اوقات تحضير. استخدمت لهذه المسالة ايضا خوارزميات بحث محلية (local search algorithms) لايجاد حلول تقريبية.درست مسائل جدولة متعددة المقاييس على ماكنة واحدة لايجاد مجموعة حلول كفوءة للمسائل العامة 1//F(∑Cj, Tmax, Vmax)، 1//F(∑Cj, ∑Vj, Vmax)، 1//F(∑Cj, ∑Vj, Tmax)، 1//F(∑C2j, Tmax, Vmax)، 1//F(∑Cj, Tmax+Vmax). اقترحـت الخوارزمية الكفؤة (ADA1) لحل هذه المسائل. اقترحـت ايضا خوارزميتيــن لايجاد افضــل حـل ممكن لكـل من المسالتيـن الهرميتيـن 1//Lex(Vmax,∑Cj,Tmax) و1//Lex(Vmax,Tmax,∑Cj).الخوارزميات الكفوءة المقترحة هي عامة ويمكن استخدامها لايجاد مجموعة الحلول الكفوءة الفعلية (strict Pareto optimal) لمسائل جدولة متعددة المقاييس. نتائجنا التجريبية تشير الى ان الخوارزميات المقترحة تجد الحلول الكفوءة بشكل فعال في معظم الحالات وايضا، نتائجنا الحسابية تبين بان الخوارزمية (GA) فعالة اكثر للمسائل 1//∑Vj+Vmax و1/rj/Tmax+Vmax. اخيرا، قدمت استنتاجاتنا مع بعض المقترحات لبحوث مستقبلية. | This thesis is devoted to multicriteria scheduling problems. It is presented in six chapters.The first two chapters are introductory in which we give various aspects of multicriteria problem formulation and we discuss the well known methods of solution for machine scheduling problem.The next three chapters contain original research on various multicriteria single machine scheduling.This thesis presents the mathematical models and algorithms for generating efficient, optimal and approximation solutions for multicriteria scheduling problems.We use branch and bound techniques for minimizing the two criteria : the total late work (∑Vj) and the maximum late work (Vmax), this problem is denoted by 1//F(∑Vj,Vmax). An efficient algorithm (ADA) is proposed to find efficient solutions set. A branch and bound (BAB) algorithm is also presented to find optimal solution for the problem of minimizing a linear function ∑Vj+Vmax. The NP - hardness of the last problem suggests that it is not always possible to find an optimal solution quickly. Therefore, local search algorithms (descent method (DM), simulated annealing (SA) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA)) are used to find approximation solutions that are close to the optimum with less computational time.An efficient algorithm is proposed, to find efficient solutions for one machine problem with release dates denoted by 1/rj/F(Tmax,Vmax). A branch and bound (BAB) algorithm is also presented to find optimal solution for the problem of minimizing a linear function Tmax+Vmax with release dates. For this problem also local search algorithms are used to find approximation solutions.The multicriteria scheduling problems are studied on a single machine to find efficient solutions set for the general problems 1//F(∑Cj,Tmax,Vmax), 1//F(∑Cj,∑Vj,Vmax), 1//F(∑Cj, ∑Vj, Tmax), 1//F(∑C2j, Tmax,Vmax) and 1//F(∑Cj,Tmax+Vmax). An efficient algorithm (ADA1) is proposed for solving these problems. Also two algorithms are proposed to find the best possible solution for each of the two hierarchical problems 1//Lex(Vmax, ∑Cj,Tmax) and 1//Lex(Vmax, Tmax, ∑Cj).The proposed efficient algorithms are general and can be used to enumerate the set of strict Pareto optimal for the multicriteria scheduling problems. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithms find efficient solutions optimality in most cases. Also, our computational results show that the genetic algorithm (GA) is more effective for the problems 1//(∑Vj+Vmax) and 1/rj/(Tmax+Vmax). Finally, our conclusions together with some suggestions for future researches are given

حل المسالة العكسية للكسوريات من خلال الاساليب التطويرية المثلى وتطبيقاتها

Author name: شيماء سلمان عبد
Supervisor name: نادية محمد غانم | نصيف جاسم الجواري
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Fractal image coding based on the inverse problem of an iterated function system plays an essential role in several areas of computer graphics and in many other interesting applications. Despite this method have received much attention because of its high resolution and fast decoding and many other advantages, but it has not been used widely because, it required high computation time in the encoding process. Genetic algorithm as an efficient optimization approach is highly used to solve such problems. In this study, this technique is improved and implemented, and another improvement that helps to optimize the search space in the target image is proposed, this is through reaching of global optimum in a single run. It is known as crowding method. The first use of this method in solving of fractal inverse problem shows acceptable result, especially, in reducing of the encoding time and obtaining of good quality images. Although, crowding method provides a satisfactory results in comparing to the original Jacquin and genetic algorithm techniques, but it concentrates on the best elements in the population of the search space. To support global exploration and prevent trapping in local optima, a new probability is added, which helps to satisfy diversity in the population selection from both the best and worst individuals. This is satisfied through proposing of a new diversity method to reduce being trapped in local optima, and improve the time complexity of the algorithm. The relation between searching for an optimum solution and playing music is known as harmony search algorithm (HAS). This algorithm is used in this study for the first time to solve fractal inverse problem. It has been proved that access to find music harmony corresponds to solving of an optimization problem searching for an optimal solution. In comparing to the original technique, the experiments on the three proposed approaches show their efficiency and effectivity In this study, a new method that combines fractal dimension (FD) which is an indicator of image complexity with the FIC scheme is proposed. Classifying images in databases according to their texture by using FD helps reduce the retrieval time of query images. The validity of the proposed method is evaluated using geosciences images. Result shows that the method is computationally attractive.

حركة اقطاب الحلول النسبية للمعادلات التفاضلية الجزئية == Poles Motion of Rational Solutions for Partial Differential Equations

Author name: حسين جميل مطشر
Supervisor name: انعام عبد الرحمن ملوكي
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Differential Equations
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الاطروحة درسنا عائلة معادلات برجرز الهرمية، برهنا ان هذه العائلة تتمتع بخاصية تحليل الاقطاب، من هذه الخاصية يمكن الحصول على حلول نسبية باقطاب متحركة، اوجدنا الانظمة الديناميكية التي تصف حركة هذه الاقطاب للمستوى الاول والثاني من العائلة الهرمية. كذلك قدمنا خوارزميتين جديدتين، بواسطتهما يمكن تصوير حركة الاقطاب لحلول المعادلة التفاضلية الجزئية، وذلك بتحديد مواقع الاقطاب لكل تغير بالزمن، هذه الخوارزميات تبدا بحل المعادلة التفاضلية المعطاة بالطريقة الطيفية ثم توسيع مجال هذا الحل ليشمل المستوي العقدي باستخدام تقريب بادييه ومن ثم ايجاد النقاط المنفردة. بعدها قمنا بتطبيق الخوارزميات على مسالة كوشي لمعادلة قسطنطين - لاكس - ماجدة ومعادلة برجرز ومعادلة شارما - تاسو - اولفر. | In this thesis, the Burgers hierarchy of equations are consider. We prove that this family enjoy the poles decomposition property. This property may provide rational solutions with movable poles. For the first and second level of the hierarchy, we find the dynamical systems that describe the motion of these poles.Also two new algorithms have been presented, by which one can visualize the motion of poles of a solution of partial differential equation, through detecting the position of the poles as time varies. These algorithms start by solving the given partial differential equation using Fourier spectral method, then continue this solution into complex plane through Padé approximation, and then compute the singularity of the resulting solution. Subsequently, we apply both algorithms to some Cauchy problems of Constantin - Lax - Majda, Burgers and Sharma - Tasso - Olver equation.

افضل تقريب من جانب واحد بواسطة مؤثرات مختلفة في فضاءات الوزن == Best One - Sided Approximation by different operators in weighted spaces

Author name: جواد كاظم جودي الفتلاوي
Supervisor name: صاحب كحيط جاسم الساعدي
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: هذه الاطروحة مكرسة لدراسة التقريب الوزني للدالة الغير مقيدة f في منطقة بسيطة (دالة لمتغير واحد) او مضاعفة (متعددة المتغيرات) وتبيان ما هو التقريب من جانب واحد في نظرية التقريب. في البداية سوف ندرس بشي من التفصيل المؤثر〖 Q〗_n^∓ (f,x) في الحالتين المفردة والمضاعفة، الاستنتاج المهم هو ايجاد درجة افضل تقريب من جانب واحد لمشتقة الدالة f في الحالتين المفردة والمضاعفة (f ́ ,D^∝ f) بواسطة اشتقاق المؤثر السابق الذكر. بعد ذلك سوف ندرس التقريب بواسطة المتعددات المقطعية(الشرائح) تعتبر اداة فعاله من ادوات التقريب لذلك سوف ندرس تقريب الدالةf بواسطة انشاء مؤثر الشرائح〖 S〗_n^∓ (f,x) والذي يعتمد في تركيبة على شرائح معينة تحقق مواصفات معينة في الحالتين المفردة والمضاعفة، كذلك ندرس في الحالة المضاعفة تقريب الدالة f∈W_p^Λ (Ω) بزوج من الشرائح والذي يسمى شبية التقريب من جانب واحد بعد افتراض ان الدالة f هي دالة خطية. وبعد هذا سوف ندرس مسالة الاندراج للدالة f بمؤثر الاندراج في الحالتين المفردة والمضاعفة, في الحالة المفردة سوف نقرب f بمؤثر يعتمد على متعددة هرميت - فيجر والذي يمتلك خاصية التقارب من الصفر ,في الحالة المضاعفة سوف ندرس التقريب بواسطة المؤثر الذي يعتمد على متعددة لاكرانج وسوف نوجد نوع جديد من مقاييس النعومة وهنالك الكثير من النتائج في هذه الدراسة. اخيرا" سوف ندرس الوجود والوحدانية لمتعددات التقريب من جانب واحد، وسوف نستنتج بالنسبة للوحدانية انه لا يكفي كون الدالة مستمرة لتكون متعددات التقريب من جانب واحد وحيدة. | This dissertation is devoted to studying weighted approximation of the unbounded function f in single and multivariate domain by algebraic operators, and deal with what is called one - sided approximation in approximation theory. Firstly, we have studied with a detail the algebraic operators 〖 Q〗_n^∓ (f,x) in single and multivariate cases, the Para important topic here is finding a degree of best one sided approximation of f ́ and〖 D〗^∝ f in a single and multivariate cases(resp.)by derivative of 〖 Q〗_n^∓ (f,x).After that, we study the approximation by splines which are an efficient tool for functions approximation, so we study one - sided approximation by construct a new splines operators〖 S〗_n^∓ (f,x) which dependence on a constructed splines in both (single,multivariat) cases , also in multi - case we study with detail a degree of one - sided approximation when f∈W_p^Λ (Ω) (Sobolev space) by intertwining pairs of splines which called co - one sided approximation by assuming that f is a linear mapping .Then, we study interpolation problem of the function f by construct a new interpolation operators〖 L〗_n^∓ (f,x)in both cases (single and multivariate ), in single case we study interpolation - operator which based on Hermite - Fejer polynomials which has a property that uniform convergence to zero, in multi - case we study multivariate interpolation - operator which dependent on Lagrange interpolation polynomials in several variables and in this survey we introduce a new form of modulus of smoothness and there are many results. Finally, we study the existence and uniqueness of polynomials of best one - sided approximation; it is not difficult to see that such polynomials of best one - sided approximation are not necessarily unique under continuity condition

مقاسات ذات العلاقة بمقاسات ريكارت == Modules related to Rickart modules

Author name: تماضر عارف ابرهيم
Supervisor name: سعد عبد الكاظم كاطع الساعدي
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Differential Equations
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: لتكن R حلقة تجميعية ذات عنصر متحايد وكل المقاسات المعرفة عليها تكون مقاسات احادية يمنى. يقال لمقاس احادي ايمن M معرف عل الحلقة R بانه مقاس ريكارت اذا كان التالف الايمن في المقاس M لكل تشاكل ذاتي منفرد من حلقة التشاكلات الذاتيةS = EndR(M) يتولد بعنصر متحايد في S. من خلال هذه الاطروحة نقدم مفاهيم متنوعة ذات صلة بمقاسات ريكارت. الهدف في هذه الاطروحة يتم على مسارين نقدم من خلالها عدد من النتائج والمفاهيم : المسار الاول ان العناصر المتحايدة تلعب دورا مهما في التركيب النظري لاي حلقة، هذا الدور المهم دفعنا الى تقديم مقاسات ريكارت القوية. يقال لمقاس ايمن M على الحلقة R بانه مقاس ريكارت بقوة اذا كان التالف الايمن في المقاس M لكل عنصر منفرد في الحلقة S يتولد بعنصر متحايد شبه مركزي ايسر. يعتبر هذا النوع من المقاسات بانه مقاس اقوى من مقاسات ريكارت لانه محتوى فعليا في مقاسات ريكارت. تم اعطاء العديد من الصفات والنتائج والتشخيصات لهذا النوع من المفاسات. علاوة على ذلك، تم تقديم حلقات ريكارت بقوة حيث تم ربطها بالعديد من المفاهيم المعرفة على سبيل المثال، حلقات ريكارت، شبه بير الرئيسية والمنتظمة بقوة. ايضا تم دراسة بعض التوسعات لحلقات ريكارت بقوة. يقال عن المقاس M بانه مقاس ريكارت الرديف اذا كان صورة كل عنصر منفرد في حلقة التشاكلات الذاتيةS = EndR(M) تتولد بعنصر متحايد. نلاحظ في هذا المسار ايضا تم تقديم مفهوم مقاسات ريكارت رديفة بقوة. يقال عن المقاس M بانه مقاس ريكارت رديف بقوة اذا كان صورة كل عنصر منفرد في حلقة التشاكلات الذاتيةS = EndR(M) تتولد بعنصر متحايد شبه مركزي ايسر. تم اعطاء العديد من الخصائص لهذا النوع من المقاسات وربطه ببعض المقاسات المعروفة. المسار الثاني في سنة 2008 قدم الباحثين في المصدر] 2[ مقاسات (شبه) بيرالنقية كتعميم الى مقاسات (شبه) بير. يقال لمقاس ايمن M على الحلقة R بانه مقاس (شبه) بير اذا كان التالف الايمن في المقاس M لكل (مثالي ) مجموعة غير خالية في الحلقة S يتولد بعنصر متحايد. يقال لمقاس ايمن M على الحلقة R بانه مقاس (شبه) بير النقية اذا كان التالف الايمن في المقاس M لكل (مثالي ) مجموعة غير خالية في الحلقة S نقي في المقاس M. هذاالاعمام دفعنا الى تقديم مقاسات ريكارت النقية كتعميم الى مقاسات ريكارت ومقاسات بير النقية. يقال لمقاس ايمن Mعلى الحلقة R بانه مقاس ريكارت نقي اذا كان كل تالف ايمن في M لكل تشاكل ذاتي في الحلقة S نقي في M (حسب تعريف كوهن لنقاوة المقاس الجزئي). من المعروف جيدا بانه كل مركبة جمع مباشرعلى الحلقة R هي مقاس نقي وهذا يؤدي الى انه مقاسات ريكارت محتواة فعليا في مقاسات ريكارت نقية. في هذا المسار ايضا تم تقديم مقاسات ريكارت النقية الرديفة كاعمام الى مقاسات ريكارت الرديفة. يقال لمقاس ايمن Mعلى الحلقة R بانه مقاس ريكارت نقي رديف اذا كان صورة كل تشاكل ذاتي في الحلقة S نقي في M (حسب تعريف كوهن لنقاوة المقاس الجزئي). تم برهنة العديد من النتئج لهذا النوع من المقاسات واعمام بعض نتائج مقاسات ريكارت الرديفة الى مقاسات ريكارت النقية الرديفة. على سبيل المثال تم البرهان على الحلقة R تكون حلقة ريكارت نقية ثنائية اذا وفقط اذا كانت R حلقة منتظمة اذا وفقط اذا كانت R حلقة ريكارت ثنائية. | Let R be an associative ring with identity and all modules are unitary right R - module.An R - module M is said to be Rickart if the right annihilator in M of each single element of endomorphism ring of M is generated by an idempotent of S = EndR(M). In this thesis we introduce various concepts related to Rickart modules. The goal of this thesis is divided into two paths : Path one : The idempotent elements play an important role in the structure theory of any ring. That motivates us to de ne strongly Rickart modules as a stronger concept of Rickart modules. A module M is strongly Rickart if the right annihilator in M of each single element of S = EndR(M) is generated by a left semicentral idempotent. Many characterizations, properties and results of strongly Rickart modules are given. Also, We shed light on some certain concepts that are not contain the Rickart module, and explain the relation of each one with the strongly Rickart modules. Moreover, we study stronglyRickart rings and give the relation of it with some known rings, like Rickart rings, p.q. - Baer rings,strongly regular rings and others. Also, we study some types of extensions of strongly Rickart rings.Also, in this path we intrduce and study the dual consept of strongly Rickart modules. A module M is dual strongly Rickart if the image of each single element of S is generated by a left semicentral idempotent. We study this concept carefully on the other hand, we give the relation of it with the strongly Rickart concept, the relation of it with strongly regular rings. Indeed, by using well known concepts we nd some properties and associate it with well known concepts.Path two : In 2008, M.S. Abbas and A. H. Alsaadi introduced the concepts of purely Baer modules as a generalization of Baer modules which is introduced by T. Rizvi and C. Roman. A right R - module M is said to be Bear if the right annihilator in M of any non empty subsets of S is generated by an idempotent. A module M is purely Bear if the right annihilator of each nonempty subset of S = EndR(M) is pure submodule of M. These concepts lead us to introduce and study the concept of purely Rickart modules as a generalization of bothRickart modules and purely Bear modules. A right R - module M is purely Rickart if the right annihilator in M of any singly element of S is pure (in sense of Cohn) submodule of M. Also, in this path, we interduce a dual concept of purely Rickart. In fact, a module M is dual puerly Rickart if the image of each single element of S is pure in M. Results of dual Rickart modules are genralized to dual purely Rickart modules. Also, we prove that a ring R is daul purely Rickart if and only if R is Von Neumann regular if and only if Ris dual Rickart ring.

النمو لدوال احادية المنشا ذات متغيرات عقدية عديدة ومتسلسلات دريشلية == Generalized Growth of Monogenic Function of Several Complex Variables and Dirichlet Series

Author name: اسيل حميد عبد السادة الوائلي
Supervisor name: مشتاق شاكر عبد الحسين الشيباني
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science - Department Of Mathematics
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الاطروحه قدمنا ودرسنا النمو للدالة الكلية الممثلة بسلسلة تايلور لمتغيرات مركبة متعدده واعطينا الشرط الضروري والكافي لهذه الدوال ان تكون ذات نمو منتظم معمم.النمو للدالة الكلية الممثلة بمتعددة حدود متجانسة تم دراستها حيث وسعنا وحسبنا نتائج H.H.Khan وR.Ali.ايضا" في هذه الاطروحه حصلنا على بعض العلاقات بين الرتب والانواع للدوال الكلية المتمثلة بسلسلة درشت المتعددة. في السنه 1878 قدم William kingdom Clifford جبر يحمل اسمه من بعده ويمكن اعتباره تعميم لاعداد المركبه. ويطلق على الموضوع الرئيسي في تحليل كليفورد بالدالة احادية المنشا والتي يمكن وصفها الحل الصفري لمعامل كوشي - ريمان .M.A.Abul - Ez وDe Almeida حصلوا على توصيف للرتبه, الرتبه السفلى, النوع والنوع الاسفل للدوال الخاصه احاديه المنشا بدلالة معاملات سلسلة تايلور. في هذه الاطروحه وسعنا نتائج M.A.Abul - Ez وDe Almeida. حيث درسنا اعمام الرتبه , الرتبه السفلى والنوع للدوال الخاصه احاديه المنشا ذات النمو البطيء بمساعدة دوال نمو عامه .المبدا لاعمام الرتبه ,الرتبه السفلى والنوع للدوال الكليه بطيئة النمو اعطت من قبل الباحثين Seremeta , Kapoor وNautiyal . الوصف للرتبه والرتبه السفلى والنوع للدوال الكليه الخاصة احادية المنشا ذات النمو البطيء قد تم الحصول عليها بدلالة معاملات سلسلة تايلور .قدمنا وناقشنا بعض خصائص الدالة الكلية الخاصة احادية المنشا المتمثلة بسلسلة تايلور .حيث حصلنا على بعض المتراجحات بدلالة الحد الاعظم والدليل المركزي . ايضا" في هذه الاطروحه وسعنا نتائج Lahiri وBanerjee,حيث درسنا النمو المقارن للحد الاعظم للدوال احادية المنشا مع الحد الاعظم للدوال ذات الصلة .عدد قليل من العلاقات على معدلات النمو للدوال المركبة الكلية الخاصة احادية المنشا باستخدام رتبتها المعممه من الشكل 〖 λ〗^([l])قد تم الحصول عليها .بعض الصيغ بدلالة معاملات تايلور للرتبة والنوع للدوال الخاصة احادية المنشا بمساعدة دوال اخرى خاصة احادية المنشا تم الحصول عليها . O. P. Juneja , G. P. Kapoor وS. k. Bajpai حصلوا على الرتبه والنوع من الشكل p,q)). كذلك النوع الاسفل والرتبه السفلى من الشكل p,q)) للدالة الكلية وكذلك حصلوا على توصيف تام لمعاملات الدوال اعلاه . اعمام النوع من الشكل p,q)) واعمام النوع السفلي من الشكل p,q)) للدالة الكلية بالنسبة الى الرتبه التقريبية مع دليل الزوج p,q)) تم دراسته من قبل R.S.L.Srivastava وK.Nandan, Ramparkash.D.Hery , كذلك تم الحصول على توصيف لمعاملات الدوال اعلاه .في هذه الاطروحه اخترنا مبدا الرتبه من الشكل p,q)) واخذت بعين الاعتبار للداله الخاصه احادية المنشا, حيث ان هذا المبدا هو تطوير للتعريف التقليدي للرتبة والرتبة السفلى والذي تم الحصول عليه بواسطة استبدال اللوغارتيمات بلوغارتمات تكرارية حيث ان درجة التكرار تتعين بواسطة درجة p وq .واخيرا" في هذه الاطروحة وسعنا نتائج R.S.L.Srivastava وK.Nandan Ramparkash.D.Hery الى اعمام النوع واعمام النوع السفلي للدالة الكلية الخاصة احادية المنشا بالنسبة لدليل الزوج (p,q). | In this thesis we have introduced and studied the growth of entire function represented by Taylor series of several complex variables, and we give a necessary and sufficient conditions for these functions to be of generalized regular growth. The growth of entire function which are represented by homogenous polynomial have been studied, where we have extended and improve the results of H.H.Khan and R.Ali [26]. Also, in this thesis we obtained some relations between orders and types of entire functions represented by multiple Dirichlet series. In the year 1878 William kingdom Clifford (1845 - 1879) introduced the algebra named after him which may be regarded as generalization of the complex numbers. The main object in the Clifford analysis is called monogenic function which may be described as null solution of the Cauchy - Riemann operator. M.A.Abul - Ez and De Almeida [3] have obtained the characterizations of order, lower order, type and lower type of special monogenic functions in terms of Taylor's series coefficients. So in this thesis we have extended the results of M.A.Abul - Ez and De Almeida, and we study the generalized order, lower order and type of special monogenic functions having slow growth with help of general growth functions. The concept of generalized order, lower order and type of entire functions of slow growth has been given by M. N. Seremeta [37], G. P. Kapoor and A. Nautiyal [25]. The studied characterizations of order, lower order and type of special monogenic functions of slow growth have been obtained in terms of their Taylors series coefficients. We have introduced and discussed some growth properties of entire special monogenic functions represented by Taylor series, where we obtained some inequalities in terms of maximum term and central index. The results of B.K.Lahiri and Banerjee [28] have been extended, where we studied the comparative growth of the maximum term of iterated entire monogenic functions with the maximum term of the related functions. A few relations on the growth rates of composite entire special monogenic function using their generalized order λ^([l]) have been obtained. Some formulae in terms of Taylor coefficients of order and type for an entire special monogenic function with help of other entire special monogenic functions are obtained. O.P.Juneja, G.P.Kapoor and S.K.Bajpai ([22], [23]) obtained (p,q) - order, (p,q) - type, lower (p,q) - order and lower (p,q) - type of an entire function, and they also obtained the results for the complete coefficient characterizations of (p,q) - order, (p,q) - type, lower (p,q) - order and lower (p,q) - type of an entire function. Generalization (p,q) - type and generalization lower (p,q) - type of an entire function with respect to the proximate order with index pair (p,q) are defined by Nandan, Ramparkash. D.Hery and R.S. Srivatava [31] and their coefficient characterizations are obtained. In this thesis we picks up the concept of (p,q) - order introduced by Juneja et.al. [22] and considers it for special monogenic functions where this concept is a modification of the classical definition of order and lower order obtained by replacing logarithms by iterated logarithms, where the degree of iteration is determined by p and q.Finally, in this thesis we have extended the results of Nandan , Ramparkash.D.Hery and R.S.Srivatava [31] by using the generalized (p,q) - type and generalized lower (p,q) - type of an entire special monogenic functions with index pair (p,q).

الرواية والاسناد واثرهما في وضع اخبار السيرة النبوية : المرحلة المكية انموذجا == Narration and ascription and their effect in Writing of prophetic Biography of Mecca Phase as a sample

Author name: سهاد محمد باقر جواد صادق
Supervisor name: اياد عبد الحسين صيهود الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: Since long time, man interested in history whether by a scientific knowledge or be a desire to save his remarkable deeds and glorifying forefathers. This is to express his affiliation to his society and living land. Interest in saving history varies according to variety of cultures and their people, for each civilization has its own history. Arabs were the first who interested in saving their religious and cultural heritage. And in spite of the modest historical material of Arab history before the prophet mission that reached us; it is in fact a history that needs a lot of thorough examination and purification particularly in what concern with the religious side for most of its sources came through poetry, legends, folklores, and from some old Testament books. The prophet mission had great influence on development of history science for Arabs because of entrance of Arabic history into new era of documentation dew to the news that came through Holy Quran about previous nations. This is in addition to appearance of prophet Mohammed ( p.b.u.h.)as an Arabic personality that made a change in Arab peninsula and neighboring communities. This directed historians towards Arabic and Islamic history that started since descending of inspiration. This interest did not prevent fabricators to insert their lies to Islamic history particularly the prophet biography exploiting authority&#39;s prevention for writing down from one side and for the political conflict from the other side. Thus, the land was fertile and there was enough space to plant many lies in theprophet&#39;s( p.b.u.h.)biography. Despite of severity and verification means that muslim scholars in accepting or refusing narration, fabricators exploited transferring and narrating rules and source refusal to insert their subjects. Therefore, the source was a means to pass the faults and detestable narrations. Accordingly, there was a reason for a study deals with the source and narration and their influence on the historical fabrication process. This is what mentioned by Prof. Dr. Ayad Al kheffaji. He chose the prophet&#39;s biography to be his study, and in particular the Meccan period of the prophet life for its importance in the Islamic history. In addition, it was a very fertile land for fabricators because most of its events were not documented that makes easy for them to add whatever sources they want to the weak narrations. Our work in the dissertation was to discover whatever relates to the prophet&#39;s biography when he was in Mecca, starting from his birthday to his immigration to Medina, then studying sources and bodies narrations. For each narration had its own privacy that differs from others. There was the weak narrations whether by its source or body. Others had no source. Thus, there was necessity to criticize the text by comparing it with other historical tests one time and submitting it to the mind and logic on the doctrine criteria

بهجة السامعين والناظرين بمولد سيد الاولين والاخرين للعلامة المحدث الشيخ ابي بكر محمد بن احمد نجم الدين الغيطي الاسكند ري الشافعي ت 981 ه/ 1573 م : دراسة وتحقيق == Bahjat Al - Sam'een wa al - Nadhereen bi Maoled Sayyed Al - Aweleen wa Al - Akhereen For The Expert, Narrator, Sheikh Mohammed Ahmed bin Ali bin Abi Bekr Al - Ghadhy Al - Eskandy Al - Shafi'y ( d. 981A. H/ 1573A.D) A S tudy and Investigation

Author name: محمد نعمة طاهر الصريفي
Supervisor name: اياد عبد الحسين صيهود الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: By this study, the researcher obtained a number of conclusions that couldbe summarized as following : - 1 - The intellectual and cultural movement in Egypt, in the Mamloky era or the following Islamic eras, had flourished in the intellectual and theological schools that had gave us a great number of scientists, narrators and jurists.Many intellectual schools had been established where the great scientists, especially of the Shafi'y sect, had studied to be experts in the fields of the prophetic biography, jurisprudence and prophetic tradition or hadith.2 - In this study the researcher attempted to exhibit the biography of the author Najimul - Deen Al - Ghadhy and the scientific movement which he had lived where many scientists had worked to defuse the intellectual, religious and cultural awareness.3 - The study revealed the books and manuscripts, the published and the missing ones, of the author, his permission to the scientists of his era and the opinions upon his works, where his era had witnessed a serious competition among the scientists.4 - Throughout the study, we found that author Najimul - Deen Al - Ghadhy Al - Shafi'y is one of the narrators whose masters had described him as ( jam'e al - kamalat) and compared him to Al - Bokhary due to his scientific status in Egypt.5 - The study dealt with the masters, sheikhs and scientists who had praised his scientific march, and those who had learned and get used of his scientific works; written and orally.6 - The author had taught many of the student who had become a distinguished figures in the different fields of knowledge such as : - hadith, interpretation or explanation and jurisprudence according to Al - Shafi'y sect.7 - The researcher had not been restricted to the resources on which the author had depended, he went beyond them to the resources of biography, explanations, hagiography as well as the historical books that deal with all the details of the prophetic biography.8 - In this study we have referred all the narrations and texts of the this subject to their original resources completing them and correcting the distortion to have a clearer and more correct text.9 - The author's resources, declared and non - declared, had been put in a table. 10 - A scientific comparison had been conducted between original copy and the secondary one referring to the resources to get the correct text.11 - The results had been summarized and exhibited in the conclusion .By the support of His Almighty God, and the guidance of our master teachers, the researcher had accomplished studying and investigating Bahjat Al - Sam'een wa al - Nadhereen bi Maoled Sayyed Al - Aweleen wa Al - Akhereen, for The Expert, Narrator, Sheikh Mohammed Ahmed bin Ali bin Abi Bekr Al - Ghadhy Al - Eskandy Al - Shafi'y, ( d. 981A. H/ 1573A.D). Praise be to Allah, Lord of worlds, prayer and peace be upon the most honorable Mohammed and his pure progeny.

مرويات الصحابة في كتاب سنن البيهقي : دراسة في الاحوال الاجتماعية والاقتصادية

Author name: فرات عبد الرضا جواد معله
Supervisor name: اياد عبد الحسين صيهود الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: The Islamic legislation has two main resources : the Holy Quran and the prophet instructions ( Sunneh). These instructions means what is said or done or accepted by the prophet. Thus, the forerunner Muslims or the prophet's companion took much care of what the prophet did. Some were writing down what they were hearing in their meeting with the prophet. So, recording at the beginning was an attempt to collect the aural sayings; it had no title and no subject unity. Therefore, the prophet's companions' recordings were called the companions' writings. Al Hedeith writing was started in Al Medinah Al Munewarah for it was Islamic State center and homeland of the prophet and his companions; that's why these writings took the narrative Hijazi style. It was characterized by taking care with prophet's Hedeith and attaching the biography with it. That's why the prophet's Hedeith moved side by side with the history for a long duration. One can hardly find a saying in biography without the prophet's Hedeith especially during Al Medinah stage. That was simply because of state building and society planning as well as economic management. However, the researcher finds difficulty to separate them when talking about the sayings. If he mentioned the companions' sayings, his pen unintentionally writes about the prophet's Hedeith. It is a necessity one cannot avoid. But recording was stopped during Omar Bin Al Khettab era. The Islamic state formally did not adopt a decision for writing till the era of Umayyad Omar Bin Abdul Aziz ( 99 H. - 101 H. / 717 - 719 A. D. ) when he saw a necessity for recording. From that date , the scholars worked hard for writing, and from that time Al Hedeith and the prophet's biography were separated to be the core modern science, that because it is an independent science with its own bases and origins. Some persons were great with a high level of philology of this science. Among those scholars was Al Beiheki. His book Al Sunen Al Kubrah was comprehensive for all the prophet's Hedeith in addition to a large number of the prophet's companions' narratives in all fields political, social, economic, and creedal. Thus, he decided to tackle the social and economic sides of the companions' narratives through Al Sunen Al Kubrah book. So, the current thesis was entitled (the companions' narratives in Al Sunen Al Beiheki : A study in the Social and Economic States. Our study procedures implemented collected the companions' narratives of the economic and social impressions. It has two sections. The first is devoted in the social narratives; it is in turn, was divided into three sections. The first dealt with marriage and family system, while the second was about social complementarity in Islam, and the third discussed fashion and general cleanliness. Second chapter mentioned the economic companions' narratives, it has two sections. The first was about the financial resources of the Islamic state. It collected narratives relate to the state incomes such as almsgiving fifth, tribute, booty, war profiteer and Faiy'a the second section mentioned the economic activities that the companions' narratives wrote about. This included the agricultural activity, crafts, industries, and commerce activity. It is worthy to mention that the study preface stated Al Beiheki biography.

تحديد الخزان الجوفي وتقييم معاملاته الهيدروليكية من القياسات السطحية للمقاومة النوعية في حوض شهرزور شمال العراق == Aquifer delineation and evaluation of hydraulic parameters from surfacial resistivity measurements in Sharazoor basin ? North East Iraq

Author name: عبد الله كريم امين
Supervisor name: جاسم محمد ثابت | بختار قادر عزيز
General topic: Geology
Specific topic: Geophysics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The studied area is located at (8Km) south east of Sulaimaniya city - North East Iraq. It is represented by Sharazoor plain. The studied area was surveyed by (281) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) points distributed along six profiles running parallel to the strike direction of strata and covered an area of (200 km2).Apparent resistivity curves are plotted and interpreted using of both partial matching with auxiliary curves by Ebert method and the advance (IPI2 - win) software program through the application of forward calculation and inverse modeling.The quantitative interpretation results are used to construct six geoelectrical sections along profiles, and then converted to geological sections after correlating with the geological wells information distributed throughout the studied area. The results of interpretation show that the unconfined aquifer consisted of gravel, sand with clay of recent alluvial deposits with the upper part of middle Tanjero Fn.consisting alternating layers of sand, limestone, marly limestone overlying marly layer, which acts as an impermeable layer. This is clearly observed from well lithological sections shown in fence diagram passing throughout the studied area.Porosity values of the aquifer in all the distributed wells of the studied area are calculated through the applying of both Archie formula and a technique of density formula. The porosity values of both formulas are drawn with the resistivity values of the aquifer in the wells. The relationship of the density formula is given a positive linear relationship with a relative coefficient (R=98.29) for recent deposit aquifer with the presence of clay content, through which it decreases from north west beginning part toward the south east end part of the studied area. This will be clearly observed from increasing of the porosity. Furthermore there is no any condition for its application. Where as for Archie formula relationship shows also a linear positive relationship with lower relative coefficient (R=87.55). Therefore density formula can be considered as an applicable technique for calculating porosity of the recent deposits with clay. Further more the extracted relation may considered as slandered ration for direct calculation of porosity values from aquifer resistivity values in the studied area and surrounding areas having the same sequences.The estimated values of the hydraulic parameters especially transmissivity (T) using both the manual method by Cooper Jacob and the computer software by (AQTESOLVE) program. The results of both methods are shown in Table (5 - 3).Comparing values of (T) by both methods, the computer program gives higher values, which is probably due to the correction of the manual values by taking into account both outer diameter (rw) and casing diameter (rc) of the single well aquifer test. The hydraulic conductivity (K) is calculated by dividing transmissivity by the saturated thickness of the aquifer. Aquifer transmissivity values are range between (22.81 m2/day) from the beginning to (44.21 m2/day) at the central basin of the studied area. And hydraulic conductivity (K) values range between (0.68 m/day) at the NW - part to (1.6 m/day) at the SE - part of the studied area. Both results values of (T) and (K) are located within the standard range values of unconsolidated recent deposits, which are clearly shown increasing values from the beginning part toward the central part at the end of the studied area. Such increasing can be related to diminishing of the clay content as well as increasing of sand and gravel in the aquifer toward the central basin located at the south eastern - part of the studied area. The results of the hydraulic parameters are tied with the resultant geoelectrical parameters, on the bases of the relations given by (Frohlic, 1994). According to these relations, Frohlic has suggested two models for the aquifer. In the first model, he suggested a variable thickness with constant resistivity and hydraulic conductivity, while in second model, he suggested a constant thickness with variable resistivity and hydraulic conductivity. The extracted relations of the present study are not conformable to any of the Frohlics linear models. But by comparing with modern models suggested by Singh (2005), they show best fit with the positive hyperbolic relationship, because all the three parameters are variable throughout the studied area. The interpretation of such relationship is related to decreasing for the aquifer clay content and thus increasing the resistivity values from NW - part toward the SE - part of the studied area. Consequently the ground water movement takes the same direction. It can be possible to evaluate hydraulic parameters from geoelectrical parameters. Transmissivity (T) and hydraulic conductivity (K) can be estimated from resistivity (ñ) or transverse resistivity (ñTr) relations or any other extracted relations in this study can be applied.Geologic sections and extracted relations between geoelectrical and hydraulic parameters can be shown that Sharazoor basin includes of unconfined aquifer. The aquifer consists of recent alluvial as (gravel, sand with clay content) and repeated thin sequence of part of middle Tanjero Fn. (sandstone, limestone and marly limestone) overlying impermeable layer of marl. The thickness values of the aquifer range between less than (20m) and resistivity values (32Ù.m) at NW - part consisting of recent and thin layers of upper part of middle Tanjero Fn., where as it increases to more than (80m) and resistivity value (72Ù.m) with increasing recent deposit and decreasing or disappearing limestone and marly limestone toward the central basin.Further more it is also concluded that the resistivity values for recent alluvial deposit range between (20Ù.m) to less than (60Ù.m), and for middle Tanjero Fn.range between more than (60Ù.m) to around (90Ù.m), where as for lower Tanjero Fn. from more than (90Ù.m) to more than (150Ù.m).

طباقية التتابع والخواص المكمنية لتتابعات الباليوجين المتاخر النيوجين المبكر في - منطقة كركوك == SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LATE PALAEOGENE - EARLY NEOGENE SUCCESSION IN KIRKUK AREA

Author name: ياسين صالح كريم الجويني
Supervisor name: عمي داود كيارة
General topic: Geology
Specific topic: Geology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Kirkuk - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Kirkuk
First pages:
Abstract: The Late Palaeogene - Early Neogene succession of Kirkuk, Bai Hassan and Khabaz oil fields include the Jaddal, Palani, Sheikh Alas, Shurau, Tarjil, Baba, Bajwan, Ibrahim, Azkand, Anah and Jeribe formations.Palaeoenvironment interpretation of the analyzed microfacies identified nine major environmental zones. They range from Supratidal to deep basinal. The setting was rimmed shelf with barrier reef during the Oligocene and a distally steepened ramp during the early Miocene. The studied succession was affected by various diagenetic processes.Eight types of porosities were identified depending on petrographic study, they include interparticle, intraparticle, intercrystalline, fracture, channel, moldic, vug and cavern porosities. The Jaddala, Palani, Tarjil and Ibrahim formations have low porosities whereas the higher porosities were present in Sheikh Alas, Shurau, Baba, Bajwan, Azkand, Anah and Jeribe formations.The Late Palaeogene - Early Neogene succession represents one 2nd order cycle, bounded below by a transgressive surface (TS) and above by a type 1 sequence boundary (SB1). Five 3rd order cycles can be identified within the highstand systems tract of the 2nd order cycle, they reflect the effect of local subsidence on sequence development.The first stage of basin development was the deposition of the basinal Jaddala (late Eocene) and the basinal Palani (early Oligocene) all over the area. The second stage was represented by a regression due to the uplifting of Kirkuk oil Field where deposition of fore reef - reef of Sheikh Alas and backreef of the Shurau took place, this was ended by uplifiting to the northwest. The next transgression covered Khabaz oil Field and Daoud dome of Bai Hassan during the late Oligocene as well as the Tarjil plunge hence the basinal facies of Tarjil was deposited and the fore reef - reef Baba and backreef Bajwan deposited on the Baba and Kithka domes. The third stage was characterized by uplifting of both Kirkuk and Bai Hassan and the water in the study area was covered the Khabaz oil Field where the basinal facies of Ibrahim Formation was deposited in Khabaz oil Field only during the early Miocene followed by falling with sea level and deposition of the fore reef - reef Azkand. The shallow facies of Anah Formation represent the end of this stage. It was followed by another transgression covering only Bai Hassan and Khabaz where the Jeribe Formation was deposited during the early middle Miocene.Four reservoir units in Kirkuk oil Field, and three reservoir units in both Bai Hassan and Khabaz oil fields were identified. These reservoir units include the Jeribe, Anah and Azkand formations in Khabaz oil Field; Bajwan, Baba, Shurau and Sheikh Alas formations in Kirkuk oil Field; and Jeribe, Bajwan, Baba formations in Bai Hassan oil Field.

دراسة جيوكيميائية لعنصر الرصاص في الانطقة السطحية وتاثيراته البيئية في مدينة كركوك/ شمالي العراق

Author name: نور محمد سمين
Supervisor name: حسن احمد علي الجميلي
General topic: Geology
Specific topic: Rocks and Minerals
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Kirkuk - College Of Science - Department Of Applied Geology
Language: Arabic
University location: Kirkuk
First pages:

مسح جيوكيميائي لمكاشف الاوليكوسين - المايوسين والتربة الحديثة بين القائم والرمادي،غرب العراق == Geochemical survey of the Oligocene - Miocene exposures and recent soil between Al - Qaim and Ramadi, West of Iraq

Author name: صفوك عاصي حسین العبیدي
Supervisor name: صالح محمد عوض
General topic: Geology
Specific topic: Geochemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Rock geochemical survey was conducted on the exposures of Upper Oligocene - Middle Miocene successions (Anah, Euphrates, and Fatha formations) along the western bank of the Euphrates River from Al - Qaim to Abu - Jir village near Al - Ramadi. Soil geochemical survey was also carried out in area located between Al - Baghdadi and Abu - Jir village. A total of 113 Samples were analyzed for major, minor components (CaO, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Na2O3, K2O, TiO2, MnO, P2O5, SO3, and loss on ignition (LOI)), also some trace elements were analyzed (Rb, Ba, Sr, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Cd, Th and U). Seven (7) samples were collected from Anah Formation from its exposure in Haqlan site; Thirty two (32) samples were collected from the Euphrates outcrops along the traverses of about 192 km, twenty nine (29) samples also of Euphrates Formation were collected from six stratigraphic sections (Al - Khaniq, Samndan, Al - Fuhaimi, Haqlan, Raghadan, and Al - Baghdadi); Twenty five (25) samples were collected from Fatha Formation along a traverseof about 253 km. In addition, twenty (20) soil samples had been collected as well.Mineral investigation showed a prevalence of pure calcite (97.14%) in Anah Formation, pointing out a non - dolomitzed typical reef facies, whereas, in the Euphrates Formation, the predominant mineral in traverse samples is dolomite of (82.02%) average. The vertical distribution of minerals in Euphrates Formation also emphasized the prevalent of dolomite in all stratigraphic sections, except in Haglan and Al - Baghdadi sections, where calcite is a predominant (94.13% and 58.47% respectively). The lateral mineralogical distribution in the Fatha Formation reveals that the dolomite (36.5%) is the main mineral, followed by gypsum (32.5%), then calcite (16.9%), clay minerals and quartz (12 %). The main mineral constituents of soil are calcite (30.2%), gypsum (28.03%), clay minerals and quartz (21.81%), dolomite (12.12%). The Rocks in these Formations are geochemically classified according to Ca/Mg ratio. Consequently, Anah Formation is considered as calcitic limestone of high purity, Euphrates Formation rockswere classified to slightly calcareous dolomite, calcareous dolomite, and dolomite and Fatha Formation carbonate rocks were classified to highly dolomitic limestone, dolomite, slightly calcareous dolomite, and calcareous dolomite.The vast majority of major, minor oxides (Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, Na2O3, K2O, TiO2, MnO, P2O5) and trace elements (Rb, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, and Th), in Anah, Euphrates, Fatha and soil samples are mainly incorporated within clay minerals. The Ba, Cd, have weak relationship with alumina because they didn't incorporate within clay minerals, but may exist within organic matter and carbonate minerals, while Sr incorporated in carbonate rocks and gypsum and U in dolomite.The geogenic is the main factor controlling the soil chemistry in the study area. It is a residual deposits that had been mostly derived from the parent rocks of Fatha Formation, rather than the Euphrates Formation forming sedimentary overburden of different thickness. The dominance of trace elements in soil as compared to Fatha and Euphrates samples can be ordered as follow : V, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Sr, Rb, Ga, Th, is ordered as : Soil> Fatha Formation > Euphrates Formation.The spatial distribution of major, minor and trace elements are presented on dot maps, and their lateral variations are graphically presented and explained. Then, by application the accumulative probability curve method, the geochemical background, threshold and anomaly of minor and trace elements in Euphrates, Fatha formations and soil samples are computed and determined. The most determined anomalous values of elements are represent local and insignificant anomalies and not traced to mineralization. However significant anomalies recorded in certain soil samples, such as samples no. 42s display Ba significant anomaly (2988 ppm), 6H is characterized by peculiar high concentration of Sr (5680 ppm) which considered as anomalous soil sample of celestite mineralization, and Sample no. 65s exclusively was characterized by high abundance of pure native sulfur (69.19%) potentially indicates a significant sulfur mineralization.The study showed that the Anah Formation had been deposited in reef environment. Sr was used as an evidence of the depth of the sedimentary basin, the low Sr content in the Euphrates Formation as a result of dolomitization impact that released Sr from calcite lattice. The Euphrates Formation was deposited in the shallow lagoon environment. In the Middle Miocene, circumstances of the sedimentary basin have been changed to shallow, semi - restricted highly evaporitic, hypersaline lagoon environment of Fatha Formation.

الجوانب الاقتصادية والمالية في كتاب (صحيح ابن حبان) توفي 354هـ

Author name: ورقاء يونس يحيى الطائي
Supervisor name: حمدان عبد المجيد محمد الكبيسي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Literature
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

استعمال اسلوب ARDL في تقدير اثر سياسات الاقتصاد الكلي على بعض المتغيرات الاقتصادية في العراق == Using the ARDL method to estimate the impact of macroeconomic policies on some economic variables in Iraq

Author name: خضير عباس حسين الوائلي
Supervisor name: مهدي سهر غيلان الجبوري | كاظم سعد الاعرجي
General topic: Administration and Economics
Specific topic: Economy
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kerbala - Faculty Of Administration And Economics - Department Of Economics
Language: Arabic
Full text from the source: https://uokerbala.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Rp-Using-the-ARDL-method-to-estimate-the-impact-of-macroeconomic-policies-on-some-economic-variables-in-Iraq.pdf
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: مر الاقتصاد العراقي بظروف استثنائية في العقود الماضية من حروب دامت لمدة طويلة كانت نتائجها وخيمة على واقع الاقتصاد العراقي من استنزاف للموارد الاقتصادية وكذلك على واقع السياسات الاقتصادية, تلاها حصار اقتصادي شديد استمر لاكثر من عقد من الزمن الذي اثر في تراجع جميع المؤشرات الاقتصادية, وفي ظل هذه الظروف لجات الدولة الى اتباع سياسة الاصدار النقدي الجديد لتمويل الانفاق العام لسد حاجات المواطنين, وهذه السياسات ادت حدوث تضخم جامح وتدهور قيمة العملة المحلية . اما بعد عام 2003 وفي ظل الانفتاح الاقتصادي وتزايد عائدات النفط لم نلحظ حدوث اي تغيير في واقع الاقتصاد العراقي وانما تعميق الطابع الريعي ولم يكن هناك توجهات للسلطات العامة لرسم سياسات اقتصادية تهدف لاعادة بناء الهيكل الاقتصادي وازالة الاختلالات الهيكلية التي يعاني منها وكذلك ابعاد الاقتصاد عن تاثير الصدمات الداخلية والخارجية . تنطلق هذه الدراسة من فرضية مفادها "ان هناك علاقة توازنية طويلة الاجل بين متغيرات الاقتصاد الكلي ومتغيرات السياسات الاقتصادية". ومن اجل اختبار هذه الفرضية فان الدراسة قسمت الى ثلاثة فصول, تناول الاول الاطار النظري لسياسات الاقتصاد الكلي والثاني تناول تحليل المتغيرات الاقتصادية في العراق اما الثالث تناول قياس تحليل دوال الاقتصاد الكلي والسياسات الاقتصادية وتم الحصول على نتائج النماذج القياسية باستعمال انموذج الانحدار الذاتي للابطاء الموزع (ARDL), والذي يعد من الاساليب القياسية المتقدمة, والذي يعتمد على اختبار استقرارية السلاسل الزمنية ويعطي هذا الانموذج نتائج عن طبيعة العلاقة في الاجلين القصير (انموذج تصحيح الخطا) وكذلك نتائج للاجل الطويل. وقد توصلت الدراسة الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات من اهمها وجود علاقة توازنية طويلة الاجل فضلا عن العلاقة قصيرة الاجل بين متغيرات الاقتصاد الكلي ومتغيرات السياسات الاقتصادية وكذلك كانت سرعة التكييف في اغلب النماذج سريعة نسبيا ومن ثم فان الاختلالات التي يمكن ان تحدث سوف يتم تصحيح النسبة الاكبر منها في السنة نفسها واعادتها تجاه القيمة التوازنية طويلة الاجل. | The Iraqi economy has experienced exceptional circumstances in the past decades of war that lasted for a long time and its results on the reality of the Iraqi economy from the depletion of economic resources as well as the reality of economic policies, followed by a severe economic siege lasted for more than a decade that affected the decline in the values of economic indicators, Under these circumstances, the state resorted to adopting the new monetary policy to finance public expenditure to meet the needs of citizens, and these policies were offset by the gross inflation and deterioration of the value of the local currency. After 2003, with the opening of the economy and the increase in oil revenues, we did not notice any changes in the reality of the Iraqi economy, but rather the deepening of the rentier nature. There were no directions of the public authorities to formulate economic policies aimed at rebuilding the economic structure and removing structural imbalances, Internal and external shocks.This study is based on the hypothesis that there is a long - term balance between macroeconomic variables and economic policy variables.In order to achieve this hypothesis, the study was divided into three chapters, The first dealt with the conceptual framework of macroeconomic policies and the second dealt with the analysis of economic variables in Iraq. The third dealt with the modeling of macroeconomic functions and economic policies. The results of the standard models were presented using the ARDL model, Which is one of the advanced standard methods, which depends on the test of stability of time series This model gives results on the nature of the relationship in the short term (error correction model) as well as long - term results. he study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a long - term equilibrium relationship as well as the short - term relationship between macroeconomic variables and economic policy variables, and the speed of adjustment in most models was relatively rapid. Therefore, the imbalances that can occur will be corrected. Same year and return it to long - term equilibrium value.

تحضير البوليمر الموصل بولي (ارثوا - تولدين) ودراسة الخصائص البصرية والكهربائية له واستخدامه في تصنيع الخلايا الشمسية == PREPARATION OF CONDUCTING POLY (O - TOLUIDINE) AND STUDY OF ITS ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES FOR APPLICATION AS A SOLAR CELLS

Author name: حسين فالح حسين اللعيبي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study include the preparation of poly (O - Toluidine), by the chemical polymerization, then doped with HCl, and P - toluene sulphonic acid.The polymer solution deposited on glass, interdigitated finger electrode, and silicon wafer by the use of spin coating technique, in order to study electrical and optical properties as well as electronic applications in the fabrication of solar cells. The prepared samples were treated thermally before the measurement took place. Addition, a study was made of the effect of dyes on solar cells, (RhB, Flu, CuPc, and PbPc ) deposited on poly(O - Toluidine) and doped by p - toluene sulphonic acid (POT - PTSA). The thickness of the samples is measured by the use of Ellipsometry spectroscopy. The polymer thin films prepared were analysized by the use of (FT - IR) and Raman spectroscopes to determine the functional groups of the chemical bonds. To identify the nature, the structure of the surfaces of the prepared samples and to measured the partial size of the grain Atomic force Microscopy AFM insistent were used. The optical properties of the thin films prepared were studied including recording the absorption spectroscopy for wavelengths of (300 - 900 nm). The absorption coefficient and the forbidden energy gap to transmission directly were measured as well as the refraction index (n), extinction coefficient (k), dielectric constant ε, as well as, the optical constant represented by single oscillator energy (Eo), dispersion energy (Ed), moment of dielectric constant (M - 1, M - 1 3), non linear optical susceptibility (χ3) were determined.The electric conductivity was studied and it was found that the thin films correlate with the ohmic behaviour at the measured volts range (1 - 100V) for the polymers (POT, POT - HCl, POT - PTSA, and POMA). The effect of the temperature on the electric properties of these thin films is also studied. The study shows that the electric conductivity increases with the increase of temperature, where all the samples were found to show a negative thermal coefficient of resistance which is a characteristics of semi - conductive material.The effect of doping with HCl and p - toluene solphonic acid on electric conductivity was studied and found to increase to (2.46x10 - 5 S.cm - 1) while the conductivity of the polymer doping with HCl increases to (7.59x10 - 6 S.cm - 1) compared to the pure polymer (1.49x10 - 7 S.cm - 1). This study shows that the activation energy in the pure polymer is (0.313eV) and decreases when the polymer was doped with PTSA, HCl to (0.211 eV) and (0.235 eV) respectively.For the electronic application of prepared polymers (POT, POT - HCl, POT - PTSA, and POMA) a solar cells were constricted by using n - type silicon wafers and different electrode from gold and aluminium. The optical properties of the solar cell under the effect of the light equivalent to that of the sun and which falls vertically on the sample were studied ; it is practically found that, the highest efficiency obtained is (2.55 %) for the polymer (POTPTSA). The effect of thickness on the solar cell efficiency is also studied where it is found that the highest efficiency is about (2.55%) at thickness (35 nm). The electric properties of the solar cell were studied at different intensity (10,25, 50, 100) mW/cm2 and the efficiency reaches its maximum (4.88) when the intensity of the incident light is equal to 10 mW/cm2. It is observed practically that the efficiency of all cells decreases when dyes are added to the polymer (POT - PTSA). The exposure of the solar cell of the polymer (POTPTSA) to normal weather conditions was tudied for more than two monthswhere it is observed that the cell efficiency falls from 2.55 to 1.18 after two weeks of exposure. Then it reached constant value of 0.88 for two months of time exposure

دراسة تاثير الضغط والحرارة وحساب القيم المثلى لكرونشن لبعض المواد الصلبة == A Study for Effect of Pressure and Temperature and Evaluation of Optimum Value of Gruneisen Parameter for Some Solids

Author name: جنان فخر الدين احمد علي
Supervisor name: عدنان محمد الشيخ حسين | ممتاز محمد صالح حسين
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Solid State and Materials Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al Mosul - Faculty Of Education - Physics Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: معادلة الحالة هي صياغة نظرية لوصف المادة عند مجموعة ظروف فيزياوية معينة وهي علاقة رياضية بين دالتي حالة او اكثر متعلقة بالمادة مثل درجة الحرارة والضغط والحجم والطاقة الداخلية. في هذه الدراسة استخدمت معادلة الحالة لاحتساب تاثير الضغط على الخواص الفيزيائية للمواد الصلبة في مدى واسع من درجات الحرارة ابتداءا من درجة حرارة الغرفة وصولا لدرجة حرارة الانصهار، ثم صياغة معادلة حالة عامة للمواد الصلبة من خلال اجراء بعض التحويرات على المعمول بها وفق تسلسلها الزمني بدءا من معادلة برجمان وصولا الى معادلات حالة المواد الصلبة الحديثة.تم تطبيق معادلات الحالة المختلفة على مجموعة من المواد الصلبة واحتساب تاثير الضغط على الخواص الفيزيائية بالاضافة الى استخدام معادلة مرنكهان وتحويراتها للتعرف على التاثير الاعلى من المديات المالوفة وعلى تغير معامل المرونة الحجمي مع الضغط واجتياز حاجز تغير طور الحديد (b.c.c.) - Fe الى طور (hcp) - Fe.للمزيد من استقصاء تاثير الضغط على المواد الصلبة تم دراسة تاثير الضغط على معامل كرونشن الاول  وعمل برنامج حاسوبي لاحتساب القيم المثلى للمعامل الثاني لكرونشن q باعتماد تاثير الضغط على الجزء الخالي من الارتداد ثم مقارنة البيانات التجريبية والبيانات النظرية التي تم الحصول عليها من النموذج النظري في هذه الدراسة وكانتا في حالة تطابق جيد.لقد تم تطبيق معادلة الحالة لفنت للفضة عند درجة حرارة الغرفة وعند درجات الحرارة العالية باستخدام معادلة ماي - كرونشن - ديباي (المتكونة من معادلة فينت مضافا اليها الضغط الحراري) لحساب تاثير الضغط على انماط الاهتزاز وترددات الفونون وكذلك احتساب المعاملات الثرموداينميكية للفضة عند ضغوط ودرجات حرارة مختلفة. اشارت نتائج الدراسة الى ان الضغط يرفع اهتزاز الشبيكة نحو الترددات العالية في الوقت الذي تقل فيه شدة كثافة الانماط وحدتها.تم دراسة دراسة تاثير الضغط على درجات حرارة الانصهار لاطوار الحديد الاكثر استقرارا مثل طور (hcp) - Fe وطور i(f.c.c.) - Fe وذلك بربط معادلة لندمان في الانصهار مع معادلة ماي - كرونشن - ديباي (MGDE) ومقارنة النتائج النظرية مع منحنيات الانصهار التجريبية والنظرية التي تم الحصول عليها من المصادر العلمية وكذلك دراسة الخواص الثرمودايناميكية للحديد طور  - Fe ومقارنتها مع البيانات التجريبية والنظرية، ولقد لوحظ ان نتائج الدراسة كانت مرضية وتحقق معادلات الحالة المعتمدة ولاسيما معادلة فينت التي يظهر انها لاتزال المعادلة الاكثر استخداما لكونها معادلة حالة عامة، رغم تواصل الابحاث حتى الوقت الحاضر لصياغة معادلة حالة عامة للمواد الصلبة. | An equation of state is a constitutive equation describing the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions. It provides a mathematical relationship between two or more state functions associated with the matter, such as its temperature, pressure, volume or internal energy. Equations of state are useful in describing the properties of fluids, mixtures of fluids, solids and even the interior of stars. In this thesis equations of state are used for the evaluation of pressure effects on solids at room temperature and high temperature up to melting points.A review for equations of state evaluation have been given with applications of the different EOS on solid state starting from Bridgeman EOS till up to date EOS such applications enable this work to improve the applying of Murnghun EOS to higher range of pressure passing the point of phase transition as aresult of considering the variation in bulk modulus value for  - Fe and  - Fe.The optimum value of second Gruneisen parameter has a subject of study and a theoretical model of study and a theoretical computational model has been constructed using the evaluation of recoilless - fraction (f - fraction) of  - ray for Fe57 in V, Ti and  - Fe.Static and thermodynamic properties of silver at high pressure and high temperature have evaluated. The effect of high pressure and high temperature of lattice vibrations and mode density have been studied in details in this thesis.Iron phases, melting curve, thermodynamics properties of iron have been studied and theoretical evaluation and physical interpretation for the variation of these subjects have been given

دراسة الخواص الضوئية والكهربائية لاغشية ثنائي اوكسيد القصدير المحضرة بطريقة الترسيب البخاري الكيميائي CVD == Study of the Optical and Electrical Properties of Tin Oxide Films Prepared by Chemical Vapour Deposition Method (CVD)

Author name: سناء محمود حسين الدليمي
Supervisor name: ميخائيل عيسى منصور
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Thin Films
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al Mosul - College Of Science - Physics Department
Language: Arabic
University location: Mosul
First pages:
Abstract: تم تصميم وتنفيذ منظومة الترسيب البخاري الكيميائي ذي المفاعل الافقي(Chemical Vapor Deposition, CVD) لتحضير اغشية رقيقة من املاحها. تم استخدام المنظومة لتحضير اغشية اوكسيد القصدير SnO2 من كلوريده على ارضيات من الزجاج على شكل مجموعات بعوامل ترسيب مختلفة (درجة حرارة الارضية ،معدل انسياب الهواء، زمن الترسيب وموقع النموذج) ومن ثم دراسة الخواص الفيزيائية لتلك الاغشية.درست البنية البلورية لمجموعة من الاغشية باستخدام طريقة حيود الاشعة السينية(X - Ray Diffraction) وتبين بان الاغشية تمتلك تركيبا بلوريا متعدد البلورات (Polycrystalline) من النوع الرباعي القائم (Tetragonal) وان الاتجاهات المفضلة لنمو الحبيبات البلورية هي (110) و(200) وان حجم الحبيبات يتراوح ما بين (465 - 159)A ويعتمد ذلك على ظروف الترسيب. درس ايضا تاثير عوامل الترسيب على معدل الترسيب، ووجد بانه لا يتغير مع الزمن بتثبيت بقية العوامل ولكنه يزداد مع ارتفاع درجة حرارة الارضيات ومع زيادة معدل انسياب الهواء ثم يستقر عند قيم معينة تعتمد على ظروف الترسيب. ومن خلال دراسة تاثير موقع النموذج على الخواص الفيزيائية لاغشية SnO2 وجد بان افضل موقع داخل المفاعل لترسيب تلك الاغشية يبعد عن نهايته حوالي 17 cm. درست ايضا الخواص البصرية للاغشية وذلك بقياس النفاذية ضمن مدى الطول الموجي(300 - 1100)nm وتم حساب معامل الامتصاص، طاقة حافة الامتصاص وفجوة الطاقة البصرية، وتبين بان اغشية SnO2 تمتلك نفاذية تتراوح ما بين (95 - 80)% ومعامل امتصاص  > 104 cm - 1 وطاقة فجوة بصرية Eopt  4 eV ضمن منطقة الطيف المرئي. ومن خلال دراسة العلاقة بين معامل الامتصاص وطاقة الفوتون الساقط تبين بان الانتقالات الالكترونية كانت مباشرة. تمت دراسة الخواص الكهربائية للاغشية المرسبة بدرجات حرارة ارضيات مختلفة وكذلك بمعدلات انسياب هواء مختلفة وتثبيت بقية العوامل، ووجد بان افضل توصيلية كهربائية كانت عند درجة حرارة ارضية 475C وعند معدل انسياب هواء 2.3 L/mins.. ومن خلال دراسة تاثير ارتفاع درجة حرارة الغرفة على التوصيلية الكهربائية للاغشية تبين بان هناك مستويي طاقة للشوائب قريبين من حزمة التوصيل.تم تحضير خلايا شمسية من نوع SnO2/n - Si ونوع SnO2/SiO2/n - Si بتكوين سمك مختلفة من مادة SiO2 بطريقة الاكسدة الحرارية للسليكون. تمت دراسة خواص التيار - فولتية في الظلام وعند الاضاءة بقدرة 11.7 mW/cm2 ، وتبين بان كفاءة التحويل للخلية بدون اوكسيد كانت بحدود 5.01% ، اما للخلية ذات طبقة SiO2 < 20 A فكانت بحدود 5.9% .درست ايضا الاستجابة الطيفية بقياس التيار الضوئي للخلية SnO2/n - Si للمدى (300 - 1200) nm ووجد بان افضل استجابة كانت عند الطول الموجي  = 600 nm . | A chemical vapour deposition system with horizontal reactor has been designed and executed for preparing thin films from its salts. It was used to deposit groups of tin oxide (SnO2) films from its chloride on glass substrates with different deposition factors (substrate temperature, air flow rate, deposition time and sample position in the reactor), then their physical properties were studied.Crystal structure of group of SnO2 films was studied using X - Ray diffraction method, it appears that the films have polycrystalline structure of tetragonal type, with (110) and (200) as preferred directions and grain size between (159 - 465) A, depend on deposition condition.The effect of deposition factors on deposition rate was studied, it was found that the deposition rate does not change with increasing time and fixing other factors but it increases with the increase in substrate temperature and with the increase in air flow rates up to specific values depend on deposition condition. By studying the effect of sample position or physical properties it was found that the best position inside the reactor is about 17 cm from its end. Optical properties were also studied by measuring the transmission percent within the wavelength range (300 - 1100) nm, it was found that SnO2 films have a transmission percent  (80 - 95)%, absorption coefficient  > 104 cm - 1 and optical energy gap Eopt  4 eV within the visible region. Studying the relation between absorption coefficient and the energy of incident light verified that the electronic transition is direct. Electrical properties of films deposited at different substrate temperature as well as, different air flow rates, with fixing other factors shows that the highest electrical conductivity is at substrate temperature 475 C and air flow rate 2.3 L/min. The effect of temperature on electrical conductivity has been studied and it was found that there are two impurity energy levels closer to conduction band.The solar cells type SnO2/n - Si and SnO2/SiO2/n - Si with different SiO2 thickness made by silicon thermal oxidation, have been prepared. Current - voltage characteristics for those cells in dark and under 11.7 mw/cm2 illumination were studied.It was found that the efficiency for the cell without oxide layer was 5.01% while for cell with SiO2 < 20 A was 5 - 9%. The spectral response study at wavelength range (300 - 1200) nm show that the highest photocurrent was at  = 600 nm.

دراسة بعض التاثيرات اللاخطية في ليزرات الالياف == Studying Some of the Nonlinear Effects in Fiber Laser

Author name: يونس محمد عطية الزاهي
Supervisor name: قيس عبد الستار النعيمي | علي عبد داود الزكي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Laser Physics and Electro-optics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: وضع نموذج رياضي لوصف تفاعل المجال الكهرومغناطيسي مع الايونات المشوبة لقلب الليف البصري باستخدام ميكانيك الكم. الموجات السلتونية(soliton wave ) الناتجة عن هذا التفاعل تكون ضمن مدى النبضات عالية القصر (ps )والليف المستخدم في دراستنا هو ليف الايربيوم( ( Er+3. الموجات السوليتونية تتشكل نتيجة التفاعل بين تشتت سرع المجموعة (GVD)واللاخطية .اشتقت معادلة شرودنكر اللاخطية لانتقال النبضة الليزرية داخل ليزرات الالياف ذي النمط المنفرد وعملية التكبير للنبضة الليزرية يمكن وصفها بواسطة معادلة شرودنكر اللاخطية والتي تضم تشبع الكسب والتشتت الليفي واللاخطية لليف كما وضع الباحث توضيح لعملية قفل النمط باستخدام تقنية التشبع بالامتصاص (SA mode - locking technique) وباستعمال هذه التقنية وضعت دراسة نظرية لتوليد السلتون باستعمال المرنان الحلقي.ثم استعمل حل يضم ( (Chirpingللحصول على الشروط اللازمة لتوليد السلتون الليزري داخل ليزرات الالياف مع تغير الطور الذاتي وقد تبين ان السلتون يستقر بعد 30 دورة بالنسبة الى قيم التشتت( (dispersion واللاخطية ((nonlinearity والكسب المستخدمة في هذه الدراسة. ومن التاثيرات اللاخطية التي درست هي تغير الطور الناتج عن تفاعل مجال نبضتين خلال انتقالهم في ليزرات الالياف (,(XPMاجرينا حلا لمعادلتين مرتبطة لا خطية تضم تغير الطور الذاتي وتشتت سرع المجموعةوتشتت الكسب والفرق الزمني بين السلتونين الذي يعد مهما جدا لمعرفة مسافة التفاعل بين السلتونين. قمنا بدرا سة تحليليه للتفاعل بين السلتونين حيث بينت النتائج عدم حصول تفاعل عندما تكون الفاصلة الزمنية بين السلتونين =4ps J خلال ال30 دورة.اللااستقرارية في ليزرات الالياف تم دراستها من خلال فحص مدى استقرارية الحل لاي اضطراب, اللاستقرارية تؤدي الى توليد نبضات اضافية على جانبي النبضة الرئيسية عند عملية تكبير النبضة.نتائجنا بينت ان الموجة المستمرة سوف تتحول الى نبضات عالية الشدة تعيد نفسها عند تردد يعتمد على تشتت الكسب واللاخطية.عند استعمال القدرات العالية في ليزرات الالياف فان الاستجابة الخطية سوف يقل تاثيرها على النبضة الليزرية.والتاثيرات اللاخطية سوف تظهر واحدى هذه التاثيرات ناتجة بسبب التاثرية الكهربائية من الرتبة الثالثة وتحدث عند استخدام قدرتين للضخ في الليف الليزري في هذا الجزء من الدراسة نلاحظ كيف ان الطاقة تنتقل من قدرات الضخ العالية الى موجة الاشارة. نتائجنا بينت ان استجابة الكسب تعتمد على قدرة الضخ وعلى محصلة الطور والكسب يزداد بزيادة اللاخطية ويصبح اعظم ما يمكن عند تساوي محصلة الطور الخطي ومحصلة الطور اللاخطي. | In our model, the electromagnetic field and the dopant atoms are described quantum mechanically. The resulting solitary waves take the form of ultra short (picoseconds) laser pulses which propagate through fiber doped with rare earth atoms such as Erbium; solitary wave formation involves the combined effects of group velocity dispersion (GVD), nonlinearity and resonant interaction with dopant atoms .We drive the nonlinear Schrödinger wave equation(NLSE)for single mode optical fiber laser. Pulse amplification is governed by a (NLSE) that includes gain saturation, gain dispersion, fiber dispersion, fiber nonlinearity and the detuning effects occurring when the carrier frequency of the input pulse does not coincide with gain peak.We present theoretical study of Saturable Absorption mode locking technique with self phase modulation (SPM) in a unidirectional ring cavity. The pulse propagation in fiber laser requires chirping, our results show the conditions which the fiber laser require to produce soliton pulses. The stability of the soliton takes place after 30 loops. The effect of cross phase modulation (XPM)on the evolution of co propagating ultra short pulses in an optical fiber laser is discussed theoretically by solving the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations which include the contribution of self phase modulation ,cross phase modulation ,group velocity dispersion and gain dispersion .The separation time between two neighboring solitons is important to determine how close two solitons can come without affecting each other .Interaction between two solitons has been studied analytically .Our result shows the initial separation time J=4 ps between two solitons is necessary to avoid soliton interaction for30 loops. The modulation instability in erbium doped fiber laser is studied through a stability analysis of the underlying nonlinear Schrödinger equation .Modulation instability generates multiple pulses when a single pulse is amplified .It can also create multiple sub pulses in mode locked fiber lasers Our results show continuous wave optical signal converted into a train of high repetition rate depend on the gain dispersion and nonlinearity. When a high power optical signal is launched into a fiber laser the linearity of the optical response is lost. One such nonlinearity effect, which is due to the third order electrical susceptibility is called four wave mixing (FWM) and occurs when two pump powers is lunched into a fiber laser. This work notes how to transfer energy from a strong pump wave to signal wave, our result shows the gain responsible (parametric gain) depends on the pump power and net phase mismatch and it is increasing with increasing the nonlinearity and the gain becomes maximum when the linear mismatching is equal to the nonlinear mismatching

تحضير ودراسة خواص الخلية الشمسية المفعلة بالصبغه بطريقة الترسيب بالليزر النبضي == Preparation and Characteristics Study of Dye Synthesized Solar Cell by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Author name: وسن جبار طاهر
Supervisor name: سمر يونس الدباغ | سؤدد سلمان احمد
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Laser Physics and Electro-optics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: هذا العمل يركز على تصنيع الخلايا الشمسية المفعلة بالصبغه باستخدام مادة شبه موصله من نوع P بدل من استخدام السائل لغرض معالجة بعض المشاكل منها معالجة التسرب في السائل المستخدم. الى جانب ذلك، فقد تم دراسة وتحضير المواد النانوية التي تلعب دورا هاما في اداء هذا النوع من الخلايا الشمسية, حيث ان هذه المواد القابليه على تحقيق كفاءة تحويل عالية مع الحفاظ على البساطة والكلفة المنخفضة. تتكون الخليه الشمسيه من (ITO/ TiO2 or ZnO /Ru /CuI/ Ag) حيث تم ترسيب المواد النانويه المستخدمه في هذا العمل بواسطة استخدام تقنية الترسيب بالليزر النبضي. واجريت الفحوصات التركيبيه والبصرية والكهربائية لجميع المواد النانويه المستخدمه في تحضير الخليه الشمسيه وكذلك دراسة تاثير عدد نبضات الليزر نيديميوم, التلدين وكفاءة الخليه الشمسيه : - تم فحص اغشية اوكسيد التيتانيوم واوكسيد الزنك النانويه بواسطة حيود الاشعه السينية (XRD) وجد ان تركيبها يتغير من العشوائي الى متعدد التبلور عند التلدين بدرجة حرارة o C450 . اما اغشية ايوديد النحاس فكانت متعددة التبلور بدرجة حرارة الغرفه.اظهرت دراسة طبوغرافية السطح لجميع الاغشية المحضرة بان حجم الحبيبات يزداد وكذلك خشونة السطح تزداد بزيادة عدد نبضات الليزر المسلطه وكذلك زيادة درجة الحرارة.من خلال فحص الخصائص البصريه لجميع الاغشية المحضره وجد ان الامتصاصية تزداد بزيادة عدد نبضات الليزر وكذالك عند زيادة درجة الحرارة.قياسات هول اثبتت ان اغشية اكسيد التيتانيوم واكسيد الزنك هي من نوع n - type بينما اغشية ايوديد النحاس فهي من نوع p - type . تم ملاحظة ان كثافة حاملات الشحنه تزداد وتحركيه هول تقل بوضوح مع زيادة عدد نبضات الليزر.تم تصنيع القطب الضوئي للخلايا الشمسيه المفعلة بالصبغه من مادة اوكسيد التيتانيوم واوكسيد الزنك النانويه, حيث لوحظ في حالة وجود اوكسيد التيتانيوم او اكسيد الزنك فان القطب الضوئي يعتمد على زيادة عدد النبضات وبالتالي اعتماد كفاءة الخليه الشمسية على عدد النبضات بسبب زيادة السمك, حيث لوحظ عندما كان عدد النبضات المسلطة 200 نبضه فان كفاءة الخليه الشمسيه كانت %2.115) ) وعندمزااد عدد النبضات الى 800 نبضه زادت كذالك كفاءة الخليه الشمسيه الى ( 5.654%) . ان مادة اوكسيد التيتانيوم هي افضل من اوكسيد الزنك حيث كانت كفاءة الخليه في حالة استخدام مادة التيتانيوم اعلى من كفاءة الخليه في حالة استخدام مادة اوكسيد الزنك حيث لوحظ عند استخدام 800 نبضه بلغت كفاءة الخلية الشمسية الى 5.654% في حالة استخدام مادة اوكسيد التيتانيوم ولكن انخفضت الكفاءة الى 4.231% عند استخدام مادة اوكسيد الزنك. وايضا تم وضع مادة ايوديد النحاس مع اوكسيد التيتانيوم ومع اوكسيد الزنك وكان اوكسيد التيتانيوم افضل من اوكسيد لزنك نتيجة لزيادة الكفاءة. | In a solid state dye - sensitized solar cell the electrolyte is replaced by a p - type semiconductor avoiding problems of leakage of liquid electrolytes. During this work the solar blend from (ITO / TiO2 or ZnO/ Ru / CuI / Ag) is fabricated. The thin films were prepared by pulse laser deposition (PLD) technique and deposited on (ITO) glass substrate. The structural, optical and electrical properties of all samples where studied. XRD analysis indicated that the structure of TiO2 and ZnO thin film change from amorphous to polycrystalline if annealed to 450 Co . XRD analysis shows the CuI at room temperature is polycrystalline. The morphology of surface, found the grain size and roughness of TiO2, ZnO and CuI thin film increase as the number of Nd : YAG laser pulse and temperature increased. Optical properties investigation of TiO2, ZnO and CuI thin film showed that as the number of Nd : YAG laser pulse and temperature increase that lead to increase in absorption. Hall effect measurement prove that TiO2 and ZnO are N - type while CuI is P - type semiconductor, as the number of Nd : YAG laser pulses and temperature increase the carrier concentration nH increase while the mobility µH decrease. The I - V characteristics of the fabricated solar cell is measure , it can be noticed that the photocurrent collected from the TiO2 or ZnO is depending on the number of pulses. The increase in the number of the pulses resulting increase in the photocurrent, indicating the dependence of current collection efficiency on number of pulses. In the same material (TiO2) can be noted the number of pulses equal to 200 the conversion efficiency equal to 2.115 % while increase number of pulse to 800 pulse the conversion efficiency increase up to the 5.654 % from this value it can be observed the conversion efficiency increases when the number of the pulses increasing. Also when using ZnO material it observed that the conversion efficiency depend on the number of pulses when the number of pulses equal to 200 the conversion efficiency equal to 1.144 % while increasing the number of the pulses to 800 pulse the conversion efficiency increase up to the 4.231%, as well as when use TiO2 the efficiency increase more than the with use the ZnO. It can be observed that the use of CuI in solar cell the efficiency depend on the number of pulses , increase with increasing number of pulses. I - V parameter of the solar cell with different number of pulse for CuI thin film, can be observe when use the CuI with TiO2the conversion efficiency is higher from the use CuI with ZnO, the value of conversion efficiency when use CuI with TiO2 at 800 pulses up to rage 5.192%, while when use CuI with ZnO the value of conversion efficiency at 800 pulse equal to 3.654% from this value can be conclusion the efficiency of the TiO2 is up from the efficiency of ZnO

تحضير ودراسة الخواص الطيفيه الى الوسط الليزري الفعال Er : TiO باستخدام تقانة الصول - جل == Preparation and Study of the Spectroscopic Properties of Er : TiO2 Laser Active Medium using Sol - Gel Technique

Author name: هناء محمد ياسين
Supervisor name: صباح نوري مزهر | بسام غالب رشيد
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Laser Physics and Electro-optics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ions Doped nano particular titanium dioxide was prepared via sol - gel method under varying conditions (with doping rates equal to 1.24%wt, 2.65%wt, 3.78%wt, 5.05%wt and 6.31%wt). The structure, morphological and spectroscopic properties of prepared doped samples were investigated by a variety of techniques, including XRD, AFM , UV - Visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy.XRD analysis shows that TiO2 prepared samples have amorphous structure turn to polycrystalline anatase structure after annealing process. The lattice constant parameters 'a' and 'c' of the tetragonal lattice anatase TiO2 powder has been calculated; the results showed that the value of 'a' remains essentially unchanged, while the lattice constant 'c' have slightly increased at lower doping rate then become stable at higher doping rate. This is due to a combination of interstitial and substitutional accommodation of the dopant ions.The FTIR spectra for pure and doped samples after annealing process show a single transition peak at wave number around 1200cm - 1 and 1102 cm - 1 respectively. The wavelength of high transition rate of this peak depends on Er3+ concentrations. By Comparing with wavelength of high transition rate of pure TiO2 sample, slightly peak wavelength increments shift occur with increment of doping concentration rate. FTIR spectra give a good indication in direction of synthesis of optical band - pass filter at a wavelength around 9.07μm (~1102 cm - 1).Judd - Ofelt analysis is performed to calculate the three Judd - ofelt of parameters; Ω2, Ω4 and Ω6. From the absorption spectra, the radiative transition probabilities A(J;J’), radiative lifetime τrad and fluorescence branching ratioare calculated for each excited upper manifolds states of Er3+ .A photoluminescence peaks was recorded at wavelength around to 498nm, 533nm and 1533 nm. The emission cross - section σem for prepared samples are calculated. It was founds that sample with doping rate 5.05%wt have high σem values in compares with other samples, and it’s value is close to those value of Er : Glass.According to the spectroscopic properties of doped samples, it could be concluded that Er : TiO2 has the potential to be a laser mat

الانكسار الثنائي النمطي المتسبب عن الانحناء وتاثيراته على انتشار السوليتون في الليف البصري احادي النمط

Author name: نجلة بيرسي سليم موسى توما
Supervisor name: حسن احمد حسن | قيس عبد الستار النعيمي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان تقنية الاتصالات في الالياف البصرية اصبحت تحدي ثنائي معلومات - ارسال, مع ارتفاع تدفق النبضات واتساعها. ان السوليتون يوفر ارسال اشارة تحمل هذه المواصفات. مع ذلك فان الالياف البصرية تلاقي انحناءات في مسارها.ان هذا البحث يتعامل مع تاثيرات هذه الانحناء على ارسال نبضات من هذا النوع. فالانحناءات تحور مسار الانتشار, وتسبب الانكسار الثنائي النمطي وتنتج زحف في فرق الطور النسبي. لذلك فان هذا العمل سوف يتطور على مرحلتين : - المرحلة الاولى هي التحريات التجريبية عن بعض العوامل الاساسية مثل التوهين نتيجة انحناء الليف بانصاف اقطار انحناءات مختلفة وتاثير ذلك على شدة النبضة الخارجة اولا. كذلك تمت دراسة مقارنة بين ليفين بصريين من ذات المواصفات ولكن بطولين مختلفين : 75 سم و10 متر للانكسار الثنائي النمطي وتاثير انحناء الليف عليه.ونظرا لخفوت الشدة في نهاية الليف البصري الاطول فلذلك كانت الحاجة ماسة الى دوائر تحسس دقيقة. ان هذه الدوائر اللاكترونية قد اتممنا بنائها ومن ثم طورت وعيرت ليتم استخدامها لهذا الغرض.حيث ان الشدة الناتجة عند الانحناءات الى انصاف اقطار 3 ملم تصبح ضحلة جدا.لذلك فبواسطة التكبير الحاصل على مرحلتين تمت دراسة التوهين والانكسار الثنائي النمطي وانشطار النمط اولا. ان التاثير الظاهر هو نتيجة الجهد الذي يتوزع على معامل الانكسار الضوئي لقلب الليف نتيجة الانحناء. ولذلك يتم احتساب معامل الانكسار الفعلي لبعض الانحناءات المهمة.ان بعض القراءات الاساسية ثم بواسطة الحاسوب بعد شد نظام الطور الواحد اليه وبرمجته لاحتساب الشدة الادنى والاقصى ودرجة الاستقطاب. كما ان التغيرات التي تحصل تحت تاثير الانحناء يتم احتسابها تباعا.ولقد تم استخدام المجهر البصري والكاميرا الحرارية لتصوير تطور شكل الحزمة الضوئية الناتجة تحت تاثير الانحناءات المختلفة. - اما المرحلة الثانية لهذا العمل فهو يتعامل مع التحليل العددي لمعادلة شرودنجر اللاخطية NLSE وبطريقة فصل المتغيرات يتم تحويلها الى مصفوفة . وباستخدام طريقة رينج - كوتا العددية, فان هذه المعادلة تم برمجتها بلغة الMATLAB حيث يتم الاستفادة من مواصفات المصفوفة اعلاه. ان غاية العمل يتم بالاستفادة من العوامل التي تم احتسابها انفا.فلقد تم استخدامها كشروط اولية في انتشار السوليتون في ليف بصري احادى النمط في برنامج الحاسوب للتحليل العددي لنمط انتشار السوليتون. فان الطور النسبي لانطلاق النبضة وتاثير الزحف في الطور النسبي نتيجة الانحناء هما من الشروط التي يمكن التحكم بها. اما التغير المحتسب في معامل الانكسار الفعلي فانه يؤثر على المعامل اللاخطي الذي يتسبب في تشويه قطار نبضات السوليتون .لقد تمت دراسة ثاثير العوامل المذكورة اعلاه على كل من الشدة الناتجة مع المسافة المقطوعة وتاثير تواجد اكثر من سوليتون والحالة التي تنتج عن تفاعلها مع بعضها البعض. اظهرت النتائج التي حصلنا عليها ان السوليتون المتالق يعاني من انحلال في غطاء الشدة للمجموعة.كذلك فهو يتفاعل اسرع مع السوليتونات المتجاورة تحت تاثير الانحناءات الشديدة والتي قد تصل الى انصاف اقطار اقل من .003 متر.بينما لاتتاثر السوليتونات المعتمة بذلك.ومع ذلك فلا ينصح بها للارسال في الاتصالات, بسبب امكانية تحولها الى سوليتونات متالقة. كما هو الحال للسوليتونات من المراتب العليا وذلك بسبب انشطارها وانحلالها الى سوليتونات من مراتب اوطا. ان النتائج التي ظهرت تشجع الابحاث المستقبلية والعمل نحو قدرة الاستيعاب للانماط و(او) مزج اطوال موجية مختلفة في الارسال البصري بما يدعى الليف البصري احادى النمط.خلال الجزاين, فان العملي والنتائج العددية كانت متلائمة.كذلك يمكن مقارنتها بنتائج البحوث الحديثة. | Telecommunication based on optical fiber technology has become a major information - transmission duel, with high - bit rates and capacity. Soliton provides such signal transmission properties. Meanwhile, optical fibers encounter curved paths.This work deals with the bending effects on the transmission of such pulses. Bends deform the propagating path, induce birefringence, and produce relative phase shift. Consequently, they degenerate the envelope of the propagating pulse train shape. Therefore, this work is developed in two steps : - The first one is the experimental investigations for some relevant parameters as the attenuation resultant from the different bending curvatures of the fiber, and the resultant effects on the intensity of the received pulse. A comparative study between two fibers, identical in properties but of lengths 75 cm and 10 meters has been undertaken first. The birefringence is found at different curvatures.Because of the faint received intensity at the end of the curved long fiber, so sensitive electronic circuits were needed.Therefore electronic circuits are built, adapted and calibrated for this purpose. Attenuation, induced modal birefringence and modes splitting are treated first. The effect of the stress of bending on the optical refractive index distribution is numerically found for different bending radii of curvatures.Using a single interface stage, the related readings of the maximum, minimum and the degree of polarization is found for each curvature and recorded. Also an optical microscope and a CCd camera follow the changes produced by these curvatures. The intensity distribution of the received train of pulses at different bending is photographed. - The second step of this work deals with the numerical analysis of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE). The equation is treated first by means of separation of variables. Then, using Runge - Kutta numerical method, NLSE is developed in MATLAB program. Where the matrix properties of the solution is mainly appropriate.The ultimate work makes benefit of the previous calculated parameters. They are used in the initial conditions of soliton propagation in the single mode optical fiber in computing program for the numerical analysis of the propagating soliton mode.The relative initial phase of the launched pulse and the effect of the relative phase shift induced by bending are the main governing factors here. Where the effective refractive index value is used to calculate the nonlinear damping coefficient that deform the soliton intensity envelope.This study is developed to treat also some effects of the propagating distance and the nonlinear coefficient on the neighboring interacting pulses.Results obtained in this work, showed that bright soliton experiences degeneracy in its packet intensity envelope. Also, it interacts faster with the neighboring solitons under severe bends of curvature radii less than .003m. Dark solitons don’t. Meanwhile they are not advised for optical communication transmission, for their possible transformation into bright ones. As well as higher order solitons because of their splitting into branches and disintegration to lower order solitons.These new results encourage the future researches and work toward mode capacity and/or mixing different wavelengths in optical transmission by so called single - mode optical fibers.Throughout all the two parts, the experimental and numerical results are in a good agreement. Also they are comparable with recent researches

جهد الاستيقاظ للايونات المخترقة باستخدام نموذج الذرة المهتزة توافقيا == Wake - Potential of Penetrating Ions using Harmonic - Oscillator Atom

Author name: نبيل جنان بهنام فتوحي
Supervisor name: خالد عبد الوهاب احمد | عبد الله احمد رشيد
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Solid State and Materials Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في الدراسة الحالية وصفت ظاهرة الاستيقاظ الناتجة بواسطة تفاعل البروتون في المواد الصلبة عند سرعة ثابتة υ . مادة الهدف اعتبرت كغاز الكتروني وتتميز خواص العزل لها ε(k,ω) . الدراسة تنطوي على ثلاث اقسام تعتمد على معادلة جهد الاستيقاظ التي تم تحليلها باستعمال نموذج المتذبذب التوافقي الكلاسيكي والكمي للبروتون المنتقل خلال اهداف من (كاربون، المنيوم ، نحاس) بالاحداثيات الاسطوانية (ρ,z) . فضلا عن تفاعل البروتون مع كرة نانوية درست بالاعتماد على نظرية الاستجابة للوسط العازل في الاحداثيات الكروية (r ,θ,φ) باستعمال اهداف من الالمنيوم والذهب .القسم الاول، حسابات جهد الاستيقاظ والقوى المستحثة للبروتون السريع المتحرك داخل الاهداف الصلبة درست باستعمال صيغ مختلفة من دوال العزل ، الطور العشوائي التقريبي ، درود - لورنس ودالة العزل الكمية .جهد الاستيقاظ ∅_W (ρ,z) لدالة العزل للطور العشوائي التقريبي اظهرت النتائج سلوك مخمد للتذبذبات في الاتجاه الطولي خلف الجسيم المقذوف، نمط هذه الاهتزازات يتناقص اسيا في الاتجاه العرضي بالاضافة الى ان جهد الاستيقاظ يمتد قليلا امام الجسيم المقذوف فضلا عن اعتماد كل من جهد الاستيقاظ والقوى الموقفة والجانبية على قيمة ومواقع الاحداثيات الاسطوانية (ρ,z) وسرعة البروتون υ ، ان عمق الجهد ∅_W (ρ,z) يزداد بزيادة الاحداثي ρ ،ايضا نلاحظ ان عمق جهد الاستيقاظ يتناسب عكسيا مع سرعة البروتون υ.تاثير ربط الالكترون على الجهد الاستيقاظ ∅_W (ρ,z) ، القوى الموقفة والقوى الجانبية الموصوفة بنسبة الكثافة الالكترونية 〖〖=ω〗_p〗^2⁄〖ω_0〗^2 10الى 0.1 تمت دراستها بصيغ دالة العزل درود - لورنس، ودالة العزل الكمية للغاز الالكتروني .النتائج اظهرت ان عمق جهد الاستيقاظ والقوى الموقفة والجانبية تقل (مع زيادة التذبذب للجهد)عندما تقل نسبة 〖ω_p〗^2⁄〖ω_0〗^2 من 10الى 0.1 .القسم الثاني، جهد الاستيقاظ V_Wake (z,ρ=0) والقوى الموقفةF_S (z,ρ=1) والجانبية F_ρ (z,ρ=1)، للمتذبذب التوافقي الكمي كدالة للسرعة υ(a.u) و((ω_p z)⁄υ)، النتائج اظهرت سعة التذبذب والتذبذبات للجهد والقوى تقل مع زيادة نسبة عامل الكثافة الالكترونية 〖ω_p〗^2⁄〖ω_0〗^2 من 0.1 الى 10 ، بينما بزيادة الطول الموجي فان تاثير ربط الالكترون يعتمد على قيمة كل من تردد البلازما ω_p والتردد الرنيني ω_0 .القسم الثالث، بينت النتائج العددية للبروتون المتحرك خارج كرة نانوية بسرعة ثابتة وموازية للمحور z العمل النظري بني على اساس نظرية الاستجابة لدالة العزل باستعمال دالة الطور العشوائي التقريبي . النتائج اشارت الى حدوث تذبذب لتاثيرات الاستيقاظ (wake effects) للغاز الالكتروني خلف الجسيم المقذوف وبشكل معاكس لاتجاه الحركة عند السطح الكروي . ان قمعا مميزا على شكل حرف V يظهر للجهد ∅_ind (r,θ,φ) كدالة الى الزوايا θ وφ . فضلا عن اعتماد قدرة الايقاف على موقع الشحنة z_∘ ، ولوحظت قيم سالبة لقدرة الايقاف عندما يقترب البروتون ببطيء من سطح الكرة النانوية . | The present work, discusses the wake phenomena produced by swift protons interaction with solids at the constant velocity. The target material modeled as an electron gas characterized by its dielectric properties ε(k,ω). The work implies three parts depended on wake potential equation , which have been analyzed using harmonic and quantum harmonic oscillator models for proton channeling through the targets like (C, Al and Cu) in the cylindrical coordinate system(ρ,z) . As well as the interaction, fast proton with a nanosphere is studied based on the dielectric response theory in spherical coordinates systems (r ,θ,φ) using targets (Al and Au). The first part, was the calculation of wake potential and induce forces for swift proton moving in the solid targets using various dielectric function formalisms, the random phase approximation (RPA) , the Drude - Lorentz and quantum dielectric function .Wake potential in the RPA dielectric function results exhibited a damped oscillatory behavior in the longitudinal direction behind the projectile; the pattern of these oscillations decreases exponentially in the transverse direction. In addition, the wake potential extends slightly ahead of the projectile, moreover wake potential, stopping and lateral forces depends on cylindrical coordinate value (ρ, z), as well as the proton velocity υ , the dip depth ∅_W (ρ,z) increases as the value of the coordinate ρ decreases , Also the depth of wake potential is observed to be inversely proportional to the proton velocity υ .The effect of electron binding on the wake potential ∅_W (ρ,z), stopping and lateral force , described by the ratio 〖ω_p〗^2⁄〖ω_0〗^2 =10 to 0.1, has been studied in Drude - Lorentz dielectric function and quantum dielectric function formalisms . The results showed that wake potential dip depth, stopping and lateral forces decreases (with more oscillations for potential) when the electron density ratio 〖ω_p〗^2⁄(〖ω_0〗^2.) decreases from 10 to 0.1, which achieved with previous work (P.Sigmund, 2011) The second part, wake potential V_Wake (z,ρ=0) , stopping force F_S (z,ρ=1) and lateral force F_ρ (z,ρ=1) ,in quantum harmonic oscillator plotted as a function of the velocity ion υ(a.u) and ((ω_p z)⁄υ) , The numerical calculations show that the amplitude of the oscillations increases and the oscillation potential and forces decreases with increasing electron density parameter(〖 ω〗_p^2)⁄(ω_0^2 ) from 0.1 to 10. While the wavelength increases, The effect of electron binding depends on the values of each of the plasma frequency ω_p and the resonance frequency ω_0 .The third part , numerical calculation of interaction of a proton flying outside nano - dielectric sphere with constant velocity parallel to z - axis, theoretical work based on the dielectric response theory using random phase approximation RPA dielectric function . The results indicate the oscillating wake effects occur in the electron gas behind the particle opposite to the particle motion at spherical surface. The typical V - shaped cone appearing when plotted wake potential ∅_ind (r,θ,φ)as a function of θ and φ. Moreover, the stopping power depends on the charge position z, and noticed that negative stopping power can be achieved as particle approaches to nano - dielectric sphere slowly.

امثلية مضخمات الالياف البصرية البارامترية == Optimization of Fiber - Optic Parametric Amplifiers

Author name: مؤيد حنون سلمان الكناني
Supervisor name: علي هادي حسن الحمداني | حسن عبد ياسر
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في ظل ظهور تقنية انظمة الاتصالات التي تعتمد تقنية قسمة - مزج الطول الموجي (WDM) وازدياد المسافات الى عشرات الالاف من الكيلومترات في انظمة اتصالات الالياف البصرية, ظهرت الحاجة الى ايجاد مضخمات بصرية تعوض الخسارة في القدرة للاشارات المنتقلة. تنقسم المضخمات البصرية, التي تضخم الاشارة البصرية مباشرة بدون تحويلها الى اشارة كهربائية, الى عدة انواع تعتمد كل منها على عمليات فيزيائية مختلفة واوساط بصرية مختلفة. وتبرز اهمية كل نوع من هذه المضخمات حسب نوع التطبيق المستخدم لاجله. ففي مضخم الليف البصري البارامتري والذي يستخدم لتضخيم الاشارات المنتقلة لمسافات كبيرة في اتصالات الالياف البصرية, فان عملية التضخيم تعتمد اساسا على مزج الموجات الاربع (FWM). عموما, معرفة كفاءة وامثلية هذا النوع من المضخمات يتم بواسطة ثلاثة عوامل رئيسية هي : عرض حزمة الربح, التسطح, مقدار الربح المتحقق.في هذه الرسالة تم دراسة مضخم الليف البصري البارامتري (FOPA) والظواهر المتعلقة به بهدف الوصول الى افضل ظروف تشغيل. ان عملية مزج الموجات الاربع (FWM) هي اساس عمل التضخيم في هذا النوع من المضخمات وهي تعتمد على عوامل كثيرة مثل : التشتت, قدرة النبضات الداخلة, الطول الموجي للتشتت الصفري (ZDW), عامل اللاخطية, وعلاقة مركز النظام مع الطول الموجي للتشتت الصفري. بالاضافة الى تلك العوامل فان حالات الاستقطاب للنبضات الداخلة والعلاقة فيما بينها له الدور الكبير في تحديد قدرة التضخيم. ولكون الليف البصري استخدم هنا كمضخم فان ذلك يتطلب قدرة عالية لنبضات الضخ تتجاوز شرط العتبة لاستطارة رامان المحفزة (SRS) وهذا يستوجب دراسة تاثير هذه الاستطارة على طيف الربح. ان حساب خواص المضخم وفق النظرية القياسية يستوجب حل المعادلات المرتبطة للنبضات المنتشرة داخل الليف. وحيث ان هذه المعادلات غير قابلة للحل التحليلي لذلك تم استخدام تقريبات مقبولة ومبنية على اساس تقسيم الليف البصري الى مجموعة من المقاطع الصغيرة المتتالية. ووفقا لذلك تم وضع حلول تحليلية لهذه المعادلات واستنتاج صيغة تكرارية للتطبيق على اي طول لليف البصري. وذلك يتزامن مع وضع صيغ رياضية دقيقة لعامل اقتران الطور البصري والتي استخدمت مع الحلول التحليلية المقترحة لحساب طيف الربح. اثبتت النتائج التقارب الفائق بين النموذج المقترح والحل العددي. ان تطابق حالات الاستقطاب للنبضات المتفاعلة في عملية مزج الموجات الاربع يؤدي بشكل كبيرالى تعظيم عملية الربح المتحققة وهي حالة مثالية. عندما تكون حالات الاستقطاب للنبضات الداخلة ذات صيغ استقطاب عشوائية, وهي الحالة الطبيعية, فان ذلك يتطلب ادخال مفهوم ثنائي الانكسار في معادلات الارتباط للنبضات المنتشرة. من اجل ذلك فان النموذج الذي تم تطويره هنا يتضمن دراسة تاثير ثنائي الانكسار وتحليل حالات الاستقطاب في فضاءي جونز وستوكس لكلا النوعين من المضخم, باستخدام نبضتي ضخ او نبضة ضخ واحدة. حقق النموذج المقترح تطابقا مع النماذج المعروفة والتي تعتمد في الغالب على الحلول العددية.عندما تتجاوز قدرة الضخ شرط عتبة معين فانه يتوجب ادخال تاثير استطارة رامان المحفزة في معادلات الارتباط للنبضات المنتشرة. ومن خلال دراسة دالة استجابة رامان فان تاثيرات هذه الاستطارة يمكن من اضافتها والتوصل الى نظام معادلات جديد, حيث افترض ان حالات الاستقطاب متطابقة لتبسيط عملية التحليل. هذا النظام غير قابل للحل تحليليا ولذلك تم حله عدديا باستخدام طريقة رانج كوتا (Runge - Kutta). اظهرت النتائج تطابقا مع السلوك في حالة النظرية القياسية مع حدوث تغيرات معينة بسبب تاثير الاستطارة.

الخصائص الفيزيائية, الفعالية ضد البكتيريا والغشاء الحيوي لبوليمر بولي فينيل الكحولPVA مع صبغة السفرانين والبايوسورفكتنت == Physical Properties, Antibacterial and antibiofilm Activities of PVA Polymer with Safranin Dye and Biosurfactant

Author name: مهند سامي جليل
Supervisor name: محاسن فاضل هادي الكاظمي | جيهان عبد الستار سلمان
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Solid State and Materials Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم تحضير الاغشية بطريقة الصب لعدة اوزان ( 0.25، 0.5، 0.75، 1) غرام ولعدة اوزان جزيئية (14000،160000) غم \مول من بوليمر بولي فينيل الكحول وايضا لعدة نسب خلط من صبغة السفرانين (4، 8، 10، 12، 16، 20 ) مل ولعدة تراكيز (1×10 - 2، 1 ×10 - 3، 1× 10 - 4، 0.5×10 - 4، 1×10 - 5، 1×10 - 6 ) مول\لتر. تم دراسة الخصائص الفيزيائية والفعالية ضد البكتيرية لصبغة السفرانين، بوليمر بولي فينيل الكحول، بايوسرفكتنت واغشية (صبغة السفرانين، بايوسرفكتنت) المذابة في البوليمر. ايضا تم دراسة تاثير تغيير (الوزن والوزن الجزيئي لبولي فينيل الكحول، التركيز لصبغة السفرانين وتاثير نسبة الخلط لصبغة السفرانين \ بولي فينيل الكحول) على الخصائص الفيزيائية الضوئية والخصائص التركيبية. اختبارات الخصائص الفيزيائية الضوئية تتضمن اطياف الامتصاص والفلورة، فجوة الطاقة والثوابت البصرية . اختبارات الخصائص التركيبة لبوليمربولي فينيل الكحول، صبغة السفرانين واغشية سفرانين \ بولي فينيل الكحول تمت بعده طرق هي ( حيود الاشعة السينية XRD ، مجهر القوة الذرية AFM ، مجهر المسح الالكتروني(SEM) ، وتحويلات فورير للاشعة تحت الحمراء FTIR النتائج المتحققة توضح بان شدة اطياف الامتصاص والفلورة تزداد بزيادة تركيز صبغة السفرانين .تم حساب فجوة الطاقة لصبغة السفرانين وبولي فينيل الكحول ومقارنتها مع اغشية الصبغة المذابة في البوليمر وقد بينت النتائج الى نقصان فجوة الطاقة للصبغة والبوليمر بعد مزجهما مع بعض، كما ان فجوة الطاقة لاغشية السفرانين المذابة في البوليمر تقل بزيادة نسبة الخلط لصبغة السفرانين. تم دراسة كل الثوابت البصرية (معامل الامتصاص، معامل الخمود، معامل الانكسار، وثابت العزل الحقيقي والخيالي ).تم حساب معاملات الفلورة لكل النماذج وتبين بان افضل نتيجة لزمن العمر وزمن العمر الاشعاعي لصبغة السفرانين كانت عند التركيز( 0.5×10 - 4) مول \لتر في حين للاغشية الصبغة المذابة في البوليمر كانت عند نسبة الخلط 12 مل للصبغة وللوزن الجزيئي 14000 غم \ مول للبوليمر ونسبة خلط 4 مل للصبغة وللوزن الجزيئي 160000 غم \مول.تم اختبار الفعالية ضذ البكتيرية وضد الاغشية الحيوية لصبغة السفرانين، البايوسرفكتنت، بوليمر بولي فينيل الكحول واغشية ( صبغة السفرانين، بايوسرفكتنت) \ بولي فينيل الكحول لعدة اوزان جزيئية لبولي فينيل الكحول وعدة اوقات تجفيف وعدة بكتريا مرضية (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) ولنوعين من الاطباق ( بلاستك وزجاج ). ان افضل النتائج المتحققة كانت للبايوسرفكتنت المذاب في البوليمر والمصبوب للنوعين من الاطباق وللنوعين من البكتريا, بالنسبة للبكتيريا (Staphylococcus aureus) حصلنا على النتائج (98.70%,100.00%,) للاطباق البلاستك والزجاج على التوالي وللوزن الجزيئي 14000 غم\مول اما بالنسبة للبكتريا (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) حصلنا على النتائج (98.00% و97.70%) للاطباق البلاستك والزجاج على التوالي وللوزن الجزيئي 160000 غم \ مول | Films were prepared by casting method with different weights (0.25,0.5,0.75,1) g and different molecular weights (14000,160000) g/mol of PVA polymer and different doping ratio of Safranin dye (4,8,10,12,16,20) ml and different concentration (1x10 - 4,0.5x10 - 4,1x10 - 5,1x10 - 6) g/mol.The physical properties, antibacterial activity and antibiofilm of Safranin dye, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films, Biosurfactant and Safranin dye doped PVA films have been studied. Also study the effect of changing (the weights and molecular weights of PVA, the concentration of Safranin and doping ratio of Safranin dye doped in PVA films ) on photophysical and structural properties.Photophysical properties tests are including the parameters : - Absorption and fluorescence spectra, energy gap, and optical constants. Structural properties tests are investigate by methods (XRD, AFM, SEM and FTIR spectrum) for PVA polymer films, Safranin dye as solution and Safranin / PVA films. The achieved results illustrated that the intensity of absorption and fluorescence spectra of Safranin dye are increase as concentration increase. The energy gap for Safranin dye and PVA polymer has been calculated and compared with Safranin doped PVA polymer films that led to decrease energy gap of dye and polymer after doping together, the energy gap of Safranin / PVA films are decreasing as increasing doping ratio of Safranin. All optical constants (absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index and real and imaginary dielectric constant) were studied.Fluorescence parameters for all samples will be calculated. The best lifetime and radiative lifetime for Safranin dye is for concentration 0.5x10 - 4 mol/liter while for Safranin dye doped PVA films is for 12 ml doping ratio for PVA Mw 14000 g/mol and 4ml doping ratio for PVA Mw 160000 g/mol .Antibacterial and Antibiofilm activity were tested for Safranin dye, Biosurfactant, PVA polymer and (Safranin, Biosurfactant / PVA ) films for different molecular weights of PVA, different drying time, different pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) and different kind of plates ( plastic and glass). The best results achieved from the mixture Biosurfactant doped PVA casting in both Plates and for both pathogenic bacteria, the results for Staphylococcus aureus are (100.00%, 98.70%) for plastic and glass plates respectively and for molecular weight (14000 g/mol), while the results for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (98.00%, 97.70% ) for plastic and glass plates respectively and for molecular weight (160000 g/mol)

تحضير مركب من (النحاس - الكرافيت) ودراسة خواصه الكهربائية والميكانيكية والحرارية == (Copper - Graphite) composite preparation and studying it's electrical, mechanical and thermal properties.

Author name: مهدي محمود مطر
Supervisor name: فاضل عطية جياد | ابراهيم رمضان عاكول
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Solid State and Materials Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذا العمل, تم تحضير مادة متراكبه من النحاس والكرافيت باستخدام طريقة مسحوق المعادن (powder metallurgy method) وتم دراسة خواصها الفيزياويه والميكانيكيه والكهربائيه والحراريه.نسب مختلفه من الكرافيت كانت (40%,30%,20%,10%,5%) تم اضافتها الى مسحوق النحاس,كل النسب خلطت بعنايه مع (2%) من وزن المركب مع بولي فينول الكحول (polyvinyl Alcohol) كرابط.النماذج شكلت على شكل عينات دائريه ,ثم كبست تحت ضغط (55) ميكا باسكال ومن ثم عولجت حراريا بعد وضعها في انابيب من الكوارتز مفرغه حيث وضعت في فرن بدرجة حراره (900) درجة مؤية لمدة (4) ساعات حيث كان معدل درجة التسخين والتبريد هي (4.5) درجة مؤية لكل دقيقة .الكثافة الحجمية(Bulk density ) ) والفجوات الضاهرية(Apparent porosity) ومقاومة البلي(Wear rate ) ومعامل الاحتكاك(Friction coefficient ) والممانعه الكهربائيه(electrical resistivity) والتوصيليه الحراريه(thermal conductivity) درست.حيث كانت الكثافة الحجمية (3.24 - 6.1)غرام لكل سنتميتر مكعب لكل النسب من الكرافيت والفجوات الضاهرية (13.816 - 8.768) غرام لكل سنتميتر مكعب وكذلك معدل البلي لمختلف الاحمال (5,10,15) نيوتن كان يقل مع زيادة محتوى الكرافيت في المركب حيث كان معدل البلي (2.91x10 - 7 - 0.9x10 - 7) غرام لكل سنتميتر عند مسافه (6) سنتميتر لكل نسب الكرافيت وكذلك معامل الاحتكاك (0.562 - 0.590) ,الممانعة الكهربائية كانت (108x10 - 3 - 80x10 - 3) اوم لكل متر والتوصيليه الحرارية كانت (116.41 - 131) وات لكل كلفن متر لكل نسب الكرافيت.العينه (10%)كرافيت اختيرت افضل نموذج حيث كانت الفجوات الضاهرية لها (10.024) غرام لكل سنتميتر مكعب والكثافة الحجمية (5.13) غرام لكل سنتميتر مكعب ومعامل الاحتكاك (0.580) ومعدل البلي(2.58x10 - 7) ) غرام لكل سنتميتر عند حمل (15)نيوتن وممانعة كهربائية (80.2x10 - 3) اوم لكل متر وتوصيلية حرارية (128.37) وات لكل كلفن متر .مواد مختلفة مثل سليكون الكاربيد(SiC) واوكسيد اليثانيوم(( La2O3 ومسحوق الكالين(Kaolin) استخدمت كمواد تطعيم بنسب مختلفة اضيفت الى العينة (10%) كرافيت ودرس تاثيرها على خواص المركب حيث كان معدل البلي قد تحسن حيث اصبح (0.65x10 - 7) غرام لكل سنتميتر لعينة سليكون الكاربيد(SiC) (2.5%) وكذلك الصلادة ازدادت, (1%) من واوكسيد اليثانيوم(( La2O3 قللت معدل البلي الى (1.72x10 - 7) غرام لكل سنتميتروكذلك الصلادة ازدادت ,اضافة نسب مختلفة من الكالين الى المركب وخصوصا النسبة (5%) قد حسنت معدل البلي حيث وصل الى (2x10 - 7) غرام لكل سنتميتر مع زيادة للصلادة ايضا.معدل البلي ومعامل الاحتكاك درست باستخدام تقنية (pin - on - disk) حيث استخدمت ثلاثة احمال هي (5,10,15) نيوتن وعلى ثلاث مسافات هي (4,6,10) سنتمتر, بصورة عامه النتائج اظهرت ان معدل البلي يزداد مع زيادة الاحمال والمسافات | In the present work, copper - graphite composite is prepared by powder metallurgy method P/M, and studying their physical, mechanical, electrical and thermal properties.Different percentages of graphite (40 wt%, 30 wt%, 20 wt%, 10 wt% and 5 wt%) have been added to copper powder. Each percentage mixed carefully with (2) wt% of polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as a binder.Many samples as a disc have been compacted at (55) MPa, and then sintered in evacuated quartz tube at (900)oC for (4) hours where the heating and cooling was (4.5)oC per min. Bulk density, apparent porosity, wear resistance, friction coefficient, electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity of the composite have been study. Where the bulk density (3.24 - 6.1)gm/cm3 for all the percentage of graphite, and the apparent porosity was (13.816 - 8.768) gm/cm3 and wear rate at difference load (5,10 and 15)decreased with increasing graphite content, where the rate (2.91x10 - 7 - 0.9x10 - 7)gm/cm at distance (6)cm for all the percentage of graphite and friction coefficient was (0.562 - 0.590), electrical resistivity was (108x10 - 3 - 80x10 - 3)ohm. m, and thermal conductivity (116.41 - 131) w/k.m for all percentage of graphite.10 wt% graphite composite has chosen a best of samples where the apparent porosity was (10.024) gm/cm3 and bulk density (5.13) gm/cm3 and friction coefficient (0.586) and wear rate (2.58x10 - 7) gm/cm at (15)N as a load, and resistivity (80.2x10 - 3) ohm .m and thermal conductivity (128.37) w/k.m.Different materials such as SiC, La2O3 and Kaolin have been used as doping materials in different percentages to best sample prepared (10 wt% graphite) and studying their effect on the properties of this composite. The wear rate has been enhanced where it becomes (0.65x10 - 7) gm/cm for (2.5 wt% SiC) and the hardness has been increased. (1 wt% La2O3 ) has also decreased the wear rate to (1.72x10 - 7) gm/cm with increasing the hardness of the samples. Adding different percentage of kaolin to the composite specially (5 wt %) has enhanced also the wear rate where reach to (2x10 - 7) gm/cm and hardness increasing too. Wear rate and friction coefficient studying under dry sliding condition using pin - on - disk technique. Three loads (5, 10 and 15) N, where used at different distance effect (4, 6 and 10) cm from the center of disk. In general the results showed that the wear rate is increased with increasing the applied load and increased the distance

دراسة النشاط الاشعاعي وانبعاث غاز الرادون في بعض المحافظات العراقية == Study of Radioactivity and Radon gas Emanation in Some Iraqi Governorates

Author name: محمود سالم كريم الركابي
Supervisor name: ندى فاضل توفيق | حازم لويس منصور
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الاشعاع جزء من البيئة الذي نعيش فيه. يتعرض جميع الناس للاشعاع من الهواء والتربة والماء. وان الجزء الاكبر من التعرض الطبيعي للاشعاع ينتج من غاز مشع يدعى الرادون. الدراسة الحالية تتضمن خمسة اجزاء. الجزء الاول تضمن قياس تراكيز الرادون وايجاد قيم بعض الاعلومات المتعلقة بتركيز الرادون مثل (CPPP, AED, EP, PAEC) في الهواء داخل عشرون منزل لكل محافظة من محافظات (بغداد , الانبار , ذي قار) (بواقع اربع نماذج لكل منزل) .تم قياس تراكيز الرادون باستخدام كاشف الاثر النووي .(CR - 39) بينت النتائج ان معدل تركيز غاز الرادون داخل المنازل في محافظة بغداد يساوي (Bq/m3 51.688±16.7) ولمحافظة ذي قار يساوي (153.730±42.4 Bq/m3) وهما اقل من المدى المسموح والموصي به من قبل اللجنة الدولية للوقاية من الاشعاع (ICRP) (200 - 300 Bq/m3) لعام (2009(, بينما وجد ان معدل تراكيز غاز الرادون داخل المنازل في محافظة الانبار يساوي ( (512.975±74.5 Bq/m3وهو اعلى من المدى المسموح والموصي به من قبل اللجنة الدولية للوقاية من الاشعاع لعام 2009. تضمن الجزء الثاني من هذه الدراسة قياس تراكيز غاز الرادون في نماذج من التربة وايجاد قيم بعض الاعلومات المتعلقة بتركيز الرادون مثل (RER). تمت دراسة عشرين موقعا لكل محافظة من محافظات (بغداد , ذي قار, الانبار) (بواقع اربع نماذج لكل موقع) وذلك باستخدام تقنية القدح لتربة سطحية ولتربة من عمق (10 سم). بينت النتائج الحالية ان معدل تركيز غاز الرادون في نماذج التربة السطحية في محافظة بغداد يساوي (Bq/m3 24.337±8.7) ولمحافظة الانبار يساوي (81.287±17.7 Bq/m3) ولمحافظة ذي قار يساوي ((75.875±21.8 Bq/m3. كما وجد بان معدل تركيز غاز الرادون في نماذج التربة لعمق (10 سم) في محافظة بغداد كان يساوي (Bq/m3 21.237±5.1) ولمحافظة الانبار يساوي ((71.35±20.85 Bq/m3 ولمحافظة ذي قار يساوي ((66.703±14.8 Bq/m3. النتائج الحالية لجميع المحافظات المدروسة (بغداد , الانبار , ذي قار) بينت ان تراكيز الرادون في نماذج التربة السطحية وكذلك لعمق (10 سم) هي اقل من الحد المسموح والموصي به من قبل اللجنة الدولية للوقاية من الاشعاع لعام (1993) والذي يساوي (200 Bq/m3) , كما وجد ان قيم تركيز غاز الرادون وقيم(RER) في التربة السطحية هي بصورة عامة اكبر من قيمتها عند العمق (10سم).في الجزء الثالث الذي تضمن قياس تراكيز غاز الرادون وايجاد قيم بعض الاعلومات المتعلقة بتركيز الرادون مثل .(Cd, RER, AED) في نماذج مياه الشرب (ماء حنفية) تم اخذه مباشرة من 20 منزل لكل محافظة من محافظات (بغداد,الانبار, ذي قار) (بواقع اربع نماذج لكل موقع) وذلك باستخدام تقنية عد اثار جسيمات الفا المنبعثة من غاز الرادون في كاشف الاثر النووي(CR - 39) . بينت النتائج الحالية ان معدل تركيز غاز الرادون في نماذج مياه الحنفية في محافظة بغداد يساوي (Bq/L 0.135±0.03) ولمحافظة الانبار يساوي (0.139±0.03 Bq/L) ولمحافظة ذي قار يساوي ((0.175±0.03 Bq/L. النتائج الحالية لجميع المحافظات المدروسة (بغداد , الانبار, ذي قار) بينت ان تراكيز غاز الرادون في نماذج ماء الحنفية للمحافظات المدروسة هي اقل من الحد المسموح والموصي به من قبل الوكالة الدولية لحماية البيئة (USEPA) لعام (2012) والذي يساوي (11.1 Bq/L).الجزء الرابع من هذه الدراسة تضمن قياس تراكيز اليورانيوم - 235 لعشرين نموذج تربة سطحية لمناطق منتخبة لكل محافظة من محافظات (بغداد , الانبار , ذي قار. اوضحت النتائج الحالية ان معدل تراكيز اليورانيوم لجميع نماذج التربة السطحية المدروسة في محافظة بغداد يساوي (ppm 1.371±0.3) ولمحافظة الانبار يساوي ((3.381±0.62 ppm ولمحافظة ذي قار يساوي ((2.077±0.4 ppm. النتائج الحالية لجميع المحافظات المدروسة كانت اقل من الحد المسموح والموصى به من قبل اللجنة العلمية للامم المتحدة لتاثيرات الاشعاع الذري (UNSCEAR) لعام(1993) والذي يساوي (11.7 ppm). الجزء الخامس من هذه الدراسة تضمن قياس تراكيز النشاط الاشعاعي النوعي وايجاد قيم بعض الاعلومات المتعلقة بتركيز الرادون مثل [Hex, Hin , Iɣ , EAD, (AED) out , (AED) in , DƔ , Raeq ]لخمس نماذج تربة لمناطق منتخبة لكل محافظة من محافظات (بغداد , الانبار , ذي قار) وذلك باستخدام كاشف الجرمانيوم عالي النقاوة (HPGe). بينت النتائج الحالية ان معدل تركيز النشاط الاشعاعي النوعي بالنسبة الى (238U,232Th,40K, 137Cs), لمحافظة بغداد كان يساوي (4.02±1.5 Bq/kg, 104.26±37.3 Bq/kg, 11.54±3.2 Bq/kg , 14.09±3.3 Bq/kg) على التوالي, ولمحافظة ذي قار كان يساوي (3.15±1.5 Bq/kg , 304.6±69.1 Bq/kg , 22.7±4.1 Bq/kg , 29.2±5.1 Bq/kg) على التوالي , وهم اقل من الحدود المسموحة والموصى بها من قبل اللجنة العلمية للامم المتحدة لتاثيرات الاشعاع الذري لعامي (2000 , 1993) والتي تساوي (Bq/kg 35 ,Bq/kg 30 , Bq/kg 400 ,Bq/kg 14.8) على التوالي, بينما وجد بان معدل تركيز النشاط الاشعاعي النوعي بالنسبة الى (238U ,232Th,40K, 137Cs), لمحافظة الانبار كان يساوي (51.88±6.4 Bq/kg , ,38.72±2.4 Bq/kg 615.36±49.7 Bq/kg (17.43±1.3 Bq/kg) على التوالي, وهم اعلى من الحدود المسموحة والموصى بها من قبل اللجنة العلمية للامم المتحدة لتاثيرات الاشعاع الذري(UNSCEAR) لعامي(2000 , 1993). واخيرا نود ان نبين بان الدراسة الحالية تعتبر من الدراسات المهمة جدا والحيوية لانها تتعلق بصحة وسلامة البشر في المقام الاول, بالاضافة الى ان بعضا من نتائج الدراسة الحالية تقدم لاول مرة وحسب علم الباحثون. | Radiation is a part of the environment in which we live. All people receive radiation exposure from occurring radioactivity in air , soil and water. The largest fraction of the natural radiation exposure we receive comes from a radioactive gas, called radon.The present study consists of five parts. The first part of the present study includes the indoor air radon gas concentrations measurements and the determination of some other related parameters such as (PAEC, EP, AED and CPPP) which was carried out in twenty dwellings for each governorate studied (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar) (with four samples in each dwellings). Radon concentrations were determined by using (CR - 39) nuclear track detectors, the results have shown that, the average radon gas concentrations indoor dwellings in Baghdad governorate was equal to (51.688±16.7 Bq/m3 (and in Thi - Qar governorate was equal to (153.730±42.4 Bq/m3), which were less than even the lower limit of the recommended range (200 - 300 Bq/m3) given by (ICRP, 2009). While the average radon gas concentration in indoor dwellings in Anbar governorate was found to be equal to (512.975±74.5 Bq/m3) which was higher than the limit of the recommended range given by (ICRP, 2009). The second part of the present study was to measure radon gas concentrations and the determination of some other related parameter such as (RER) for twenty soil locations for each governorate (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar) (with four samples in each location) by using the sealed - cup technique for depths (0,10 cm). The results have shown that, the average radon gas concentrations in surface soil samples in Baghdad governorate was equal to (24.337±8.7 Bq/m3( , in Anbar governorate was equal to (81.287±17.7 Bq/m3) and in Thi - Qar governorate was equal to (75.875±21.8 Bq/m3) . The average radon gas concentrations in soil for the depth (10 cm) in Baghdad governorate was found to be equal to (21.237±5.1 Bq/m3 (, in Anbar governorate was equal to (71.35±20.85 Bq/m3) and in Thi - Qar governorate was equal to (66.703±14.8 Bq/m3). The present results in all the three governorates studied (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar) have shown that the radon gas concentrations in surface soil samples and for depth (10 cm) in soil were less than the recommended value (200 Bq/m3) given by (ICRP, 1993), with the results for the depth (10 cm) were , in general , less than their corresponding values in surface soil samples .The third part of the present study was to measure the radon gas concentrations and the determination of some other related parameters such as (AED, RER and Cd) concentrations in water samples which were taken directly from networks water (tap water) in twenty dwellings for all the three governorates studied (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar) (with four samples in each dwellings) by using (CR - 39) nuclear track detectors. The results have shown that, the average radon gas concentrations in tap water samples in Baghdad governorate was found to be equal to (0.135±0.03 Bq/L(, and in Anbar governorate was equal to (0.139±0.03 Bq/L) and in Thi - Qar governorate was equal to (0.175±0.03 Bq/L). The present results in all the three governorates studied (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar) have shown that the radon gas concentrations in tap water samples were less than the recommended value (11.1 Bq/L) given by (USEPA, 2012).The fourth part of the present study was to measure uranium - 235 concentrations in twenty surface soil samples for selected regions in each of the three governorates studied (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar). The results have shown that, the mean uranium concentrations in the studied surface soil samples in Baghdad governorate was found to be equal to (1.371±0.3 ppm (, in Anbar governorate was equal to (3.381±0.62 ppm) and in Thi - Qar governorate was equal to (2.077±0.4 ppm) ,which were less than the recommended value of (11.7 ppm) given by (UNSCEAR, 1993).The fifth part of the present study was concerned with the measurements of the specific activity and the determination of some other related parameters such as (Raeq ,DƔ, AEDin , AEDout ,EAD , Iɣ , Hin and Hex). in five soil samples for selected regions in each of the three governorate studied (Baghdad, Anbar and Thi - Qar) by using high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The results have shown that, the average specific activity of (238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs) in Baghdad governorate which were (14.09±3.3 Bq/kg, 11.54±3.2 Bq/kg, 104.26±37.3 Bq/kg and 4.02±1.5 Bq/kg) ,respectively, and Thi - Qar governorates which were (29.2±5.1 Bq/kg, 22.7±4.1 Bq/kg, 304.6±69.1 Bq/kg and 3.15±1.05 Bq/kg) , respectively, were less than the recommended values of specific activity of (238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs) which were (35 Bq/kg ,30 Bq/kg, 400 Bq/kg and 14.8Bq/kg) ,respectively, given by (UNSCEAR, 2000 and UNSCEAR, 1993), while for Anbar governorate the average specific activity of (238U, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs) which were (51.88±6.4 Bq/kg , 38.72±2.4 Bq/kg , 615.36±49.7 Bq/kg and 17.43±1.3 Bq/kg), respectively, were found to be higher than the recommended values of specific activity given by (UNSCEAR, 2000 and UNSCEAR, 1993).Finally, we would like to mention that the present study is considered to be very important and vital because it is concerned with people health and safety in the first place, and to the best of our knowledge , some of the present results were presented for the first time

تصميم وبناء منظومة الترسيب البخاري الكيميائي لتحضير انابيب الكاربون النانوية لاغراض المتحسسات الغازية == Design and Construction of CVD System for Synthesis Carbon Nanotube for Gas Sensing

Author name: محمد عودة داود
Supervisor name: عبد القادر داود فيصل | كاظم حسن حسين
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذا البحث، قمنا بتحضير اغشية رقيقة نانوية كعوامل محفزة لانماء انابيب الكاربون النانوية CNTs. استخدمت طريقتين لتحضير الاغشية : الاولى هي طريقة الطلاء البرمي spin coatingوالاخرى هي طريقة الترذيذ ثنائي القطب Diode Sputtering . العوامل المحفز catalystsرسبت على قواعد السيليكون المؤكسدة SiO2 نوع p(100) وبابعاد ×1)cm 1( وكذلك الواح زجاج الكوارتز (1×1)cm . استخدم جهاز AFM لمعرفة طوبوغرافية السطح. التركيب السطحي للاغشية المرسبة كان تركيبا نانويا ومعدل خشونة السطح كان في المدى (0.24 - 0.76)nm ومعدل الحدود الحبيبية يقع ضمن المدى (1.1 - 1.76)nm . لقد وجد ان معدل خشونة السطح يزداد مع زيادة التركيزالمولاري للمادة FeCl3 في حالة التحضير بطريقة الدوران وخشونة السطح بزيادة زمن الترسيب في حالة الترذيذ بالبلازما. لقد بنينا منظومة ترسيب بالبخار الكيميائي CVD مصنوعة محليا لانماء انابيب الكاربون النانوية على اغشية محفزة محضرة مسبقا. في كل التجارب استخدم غاز الاستيلين C2H2 وغاز النتروجين N2 وبمستوى نقاوة عالية وبمعدل جريان sccm (15/85) للغازين ( (C2H2/N2 على الترتيب. اظهر المجهر الالكتروني الماسح ان الانابيب النانوية المحضرة بهذه الطريقة تمتلك اقطارا بحدود (20 - 80)nm وتمتلك كثافة عالية في بعضها ويصل سمكها الى حدود 50µm وان ميكانيكية الانماء لهذه الانابيب النانوية هي باتجاه عمودي على سطح القاعدة مع وجود التواء بالشكل. حيود الاشعة السينية X - Ray اظهران قمة الاعرض تتمركز حول المستوي (002) وعند 2ϴ=24.970 وتحفز بسبب عدم انتظامية الكاربون ويشير ذلك الى وجود درجة من العيوب داخل التركيب الذري للكاربون وكذلك وجود القمة للمستوي (100) عند 2ϴ=43.20 يشير الى وجود نوعية واطئة لمادة الكاربون النانوية. استخدم طيف رامان لبيان ان طيف التركيب الكاربوني يحتوي على حزمتين رئيسيتين : هما الحزمة G عند ((1596cm - 1 لحالة MWCNTs وتشير الى نمط استطالة الاصرة (sp2) الذي يتبع تركيب الكرافيت المرتب جيدا والثانية الحزمة D عند الطي ) (1306cm - 1 والتي تعزى الى استطالة الاصرة (sp3) الناتجة عن وجود اضطراب بالتركيب لوجود عيوب الشبيكة بتركيب الكاربون. فحوصات المجهر الالكتروني النافذ استخدمت لاثبات انابيب الكاربون النانوية من النوع متعدد الجدران MWCNTs وكذلك وجود خندق اجوف يفصل بين حزمتي الجدران حيث كان معدل الاقطار بحدود (80nm) وكذلك اظهرت الصور وجود ذرات الحديد النانوية عند قمة الانابيب وهذا يؤكد ان الانماء الراسي هو السائد. بنيت منظومة متحسس غازي مصنعة محليا لفحص عينات CNT واستخدامها كمتحسس غازي لغاز الايثانول . النتائج اظهرت قيم التحسسية (26, 37, 42, 39, 40) للتراكيز (100, 200, 400, 600, 800) جزء لكل مليون لتراكيب الكاربون النانوي المتعدد الجدران المرسب على عوامل محفزة محضرة بطريقة الترذيذ بالبلازما واظهرت قيم تحسسية (24, 11, 12, 20, 21) لتراكيب الكاربون المتعدد الجدران المرسبة على عوامل محفزة محضرة بطريقة الطلاء البرمي. جميع القياسات الخاصة بالمتحسس الغازي اجريت في درجة حرارة الغرفة. | In this work, we have prepared nano thin films as catalysts to grow CNTs. Two ways used to prepare the catalysts : the first was the Spin Coating and another one was Diode Sputtering. The catalysts were deposited on p/100/SiO2 (1×1) cm2 and on slides of quartz with dimensions (1×1) cm. The Atomic Force Microscope was employed to know the surface topography. The surface structure of the deposited films was nanostructure and the average roughness scales from 0.24 nm to 0.76 nm and the average value of the grain size ranges from (1.1 nm) to (1.76 nm). It was found that the surface roughness increased with increased concentration of FeCl3 in the case of spin coating and increased with increasing deposition time in case of the diode sputtering. We have constructed of a homemade (CVD) system to grow CNTs on catalyst that ready earlier. In all experimental, C2H2 and N2 that high - level purity with flow (15/85) sccm (C2H2 / N2) were used respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope showed that the nanotubes synthesized with this method has diameters about between (20 and 80) nm and the highest nanotube densities and film thicknesses of about (50µm) and the growth mechanism of the nanotubes are oriented perpendicular to the substrate surface with a curly shape. X - Ray diffraction show the wider peak of (002) centered at (2ϴ=24.97o) is induced by the disordered carbon and indicates to presence defect level in the atomic carbon structure and the peaks at (2ϴ=43.2o) for (100) plane indication of the low quality of carbon nano materials. Raman Spectroscopy was used to show the spectrum of the spectrum of CNT structure contains two main bands : the G - band (1596cm - 1 for MWCNTs), which is assigned to the (sp2 bonded) stretching mode of a well - ordered graphitic structure and the D - band (1306cm - 1 for MWCNT), attributed to the (sp3 bonded) stretching mode, resulting from the presence of a disordered structure or lattice defects in the graphite structure. Transmittance Electron Microscope was employed to confirm that the carbon structures were multiwalled carbon nanotubes, which hollow cavity, diameter about 80nm, and revealed the presence of iron particles mainly in the tip of MWCNTs, suggesting that a tip - growth mechanism might be predominant. A homemade gas sensing system was constructed to examine the CNT samples as gas sensors for ethanol. The results revealed good sensitivities (26, 37, 42, 39, 40) for the concentration (100, 200, 400, 600, 800) ppm for MWCNTs prepared on the catalyst deposited using diode sputtering and sensitivity of (24, 11, 12, 20, 21) for MWCNTs prepared by spin coating technique. All the result measurements have done at room temperature

تحضير وتوصيف الجسيمات النانوية للفعالية المضادة للبكتريا == Preparation and characterization Of nano - particles for antibacterial activity

Author name: محمد جمعة حيدر الشمري
Supervisor name: محمد صالح مهدي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Nuclear and Environmental Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Education For Pure Sciences
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم في ھذا البحث المقارنة بين ثلاث طرائق سھلة وسريعة لتحضير دقائق الفضة النانوية بخطوة واحدة بطريقة الازالة بالليزر في محيط سائل وطريقة الكيميائية والطريقة الكهروكيميائية وبحجم وخصائص مسيطر علیھا وبتراكيز عالية واستقراريه لمدة زمنية طويلة وبدون تكتل.استخدمت عدة فحوصات وقياسات لتحليل الخصائص البصرية والتركيبية وطوبوغرافية السطح والخصائص التي تصف طبيعة وشحنة وجهد هذه المواد باستخدام مطيافية الاشعة الفوق البنفسجية وحيود الاشعة السينية والمجهر الالكتروني الماسح ومجهر القوى الذري والمجهر الالكتروني النافذ وجهد زيتا على التوالي. تم التحكم بحجم الفضة النانوية بواسطة عوامل عدة للطرائق الثلاثة منها : الطريقة الاولى : تم استخدام ليزر النيدميوم - ياك العامل بتقنية عامل المفتاح (طاقة الليزر 1000 ملي جول وبمعدل تكرارية 1 هيرتز) وباطوال موجية مختلفة 1067 نانوميتر وبطول 532 نانوميتر الناتج من التولد التوافقي الثاني باستخدام بلورة KDP وبطول موجي 355 نانوميتر الناتج من التولد التوافقي الثالث باستخدام البلورة اللاخطية KTP. تم دراسة تاثير طاقة الليزر على حجم الفضة النانوية داخل الماء المقطر اللاايوني, ووجد من خلال قياسات البصرية (الامتصاصية) ,ان اعلى قمة امتصاص عند 532 نانوميتر وهذا يدل على ان الحجم الحبيبي للفضة مساو الى (35 - 40) نانوميتر و(35 - 60) نانوميتر للطول الموجي 1064 nm)) و(28) نانوميتر عند الطول الموجي (355nm) وذات شكل كروي وهذا ما تؤكده نتائج المجهر الالكتروني الماسح والنافذ .وتم الحصول على افضل حجم حبيبي هذا عند افضل طاقة ليزر 1000 ملي جول وطول موجي 532 نانوميتر وعدد نبضات 1000 نبضة وعمق سائل 8 - 12 ملم.اما الطريقة الثانية : فتم توظيف قطبين من الفضة النقية بطول 8 - 12 سم وسمك 0.4 سم وعرض 8 - 10 ملم داخل محتوى مائي لا ايوني وبمسافة 10 ملم وتسليط جهد مقداره 27 فولت. تم الحصول بهذه الطريقة على عالق من الفضة النانوية بحجم حبيبي 30 - 50 نانوميتر عند افضل ظروف.واخيرا الطريقة الكيميائية، اذ تم استخدام نترات الفضة عند درجة حرارة (27 و100) ودرجة الحامضية PH (7). والحصول على اصغر حجم حبيبي 20 - 60 نانوميتر عند افضل شروط تحضير.ووجد من خلال المقارنة للطرائق الثلاثة ان معدل انتاج عالق الفضة النانوية بطريقة الكهروكيميائية اكبر 10 مرات من الطرق الاخرى , بينما تعد طريقة الازالة بالليزر في السوائل اكثر نقاوة وسيطرة على الحجم الحبيبي من خلال معلمات الليزر . قيم اختبار Z - Potential ما بين (33.78 الى - 53.18) ملي فولت عند pH (7 الى 7.5) لعالق الفضة المحضرة بالطريقة الكهروكيميائية وهذا يشير الى استقراريه هذه المواد النانوية مع تكتل قليل.واخيرا تشير نتائج الفحوصات البيولوجية (المضادة البكتريا) الى ان الفضة النانوية المحضرة بالطريقة الكهروكيميائية افضل الطرائق المستخدمة لقتل بكتيريا E - coli وبكفاءة عالية لغزارة ايونات الفضة بهذه الطريقة | In this work, comparison measurements between three types of preparation of silver - NPs PLAL, electrochemical and the chemical method. The production in size and properties can be controlled in high concentrations with good stability for long period without aggregation. Employed were for analyses of optical, structural and morphological properties of the surface that describe the nature, the charging and the voltages of these materials by using the UV - VIS, X - ray, Z - potential, SEM, AFM, and TEM.The size of the silver nanoparticles has been controlled by many factors for three methods : The First Method : YAG - laser was used Q - switching (with laser energy 1000 mJ and fluence 1Hz) with different wavelengths 1064 nm, 532 generated from the second harmonic generations by using KDP crystal and the wavelength 355 nm generated from the third generation by using KTP nonlinear crystal. We studied the effect of the laser energy on the size of silver NPs in the DDDW has been studied. It has been found from the optical measurements (absorbance ABS) that the highest peak is at 532 nm and this could reflect that the optimum size for silver nanoparticles is about 35 - 40 nm, average size of the particles is 55 - 60 nm at wavelength (λ =1064 nm), and average size of the particles is 28 nm at (λ =355 nm) of spherical shape. This result has been confirmed by the measurements of the SEM and TEM, the obtained results are taken at energy 1000 mJ, 532 nm and laser pulses 1000 pulse and height column 8 - 12 mm.The second method (Electrochemical method), during which, we employed two electrodes of pure silver with length 8 - 12 cm, thickness of 0.4 mm and width 8 - 10 mm inside a container full of DDDW with distance 10 mm between them and with potential difference about 27 volt. A colloidal silver - NPs with grain size of 30 - 50 nm has been produced at optimum conditions. The third method (Chemical method) : Silver Nitrate at temperature (27 and 100) °C with PH (7). The production in this method has the grain size of 20 - 60 nm at the optimum conditions.It has been concluded, by doing a comparison among the three methods that the production rate of the colloidal silver Nano - particles is the best by the electrochemical method among them. While the PLAL method produces purer product that is suitable for the medical applications.The obtained values from Z - Potential are (33.78 to - 53.18) mV at pH = 7 to 7.5 for the colloidal silver NPs were prepared by electrochemical method and this may refer to stability of these nano - particles with less aggregation. Finally, the results and measurements of the biological test (antimicrobial) refer that the silver NPs prepared by the electrochemical is the optimum method for E - coli destruction under the effect of the silver NPs ions (Ag+).

تحضير التراكيب النانوية المشوية وغير المشوبة لمركب ثنائي اوكسيد التيتانيوم وتطبيقاتها == Syntthesis off Doped and Undoped TiO2 Nanosttructtures and ttheiir Applliicattiions.

Author name: محسن عطية خضير الطائي
Supervisor name: رعد سعدون صبري | يوسف كاظم عبد الامير
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: TiO2 nanostructures were synthesized by two different techniques : sol - gel and electrospinning methods. Each technique gives us specified nanostructure; nanoparticles can be resulted from the sol - gel method, whereas nanofibers are resulted from electrospinning method.In sol - gel method, the effects of gelatinization time (1, 3, 5) days and calcination temperature (500, 700, 900) oC were studied on TiO2 nanoparticles. The effect of applied voltage (15, 18, 21) kV, flow rate (1, 5, 10) ml/h, and PVP concentration (7, 10, 13) % are studied in the case of TiO2 nanofibers. Also Different ratios of Ag doped TiO2 nanofibers (3, 6, and 9) % were synthesized using electrospinning method. The resulting nanomaterials being characterized using XRD, AFM, FESEM,UV - Vis analysis, and PL measurements. X - ray diffraction measurements show that TiO2 nanoparticles were polycrystalline with anatase phase and transform to rutile phase at 900 oC. TiO2 nanofibers have only anatase phase. The crystallite size and lattice constants (a and c) for both anatase and rutile phases are calculated. No noticeable peaks of silver metal were observed in the XRD when Ag is doped in titania.The roughness average for TiO2 nanoparticles, which is estimated from AFM images increases when the gelatinization time and the calcination temperature increased, but at 900 °C it decreases. This may be attributed to the change from anatase to rutile phase. In the case of TiO2 nanofibers, the roughness average increases with the increases of applied voltage and decreases of the flow rate. While the maximum roughness occurring at 10 % PVP concentration. In general, the roughness average increases with the doping ratio. The diameter size distribution of both TiO2 nanofibers and nanoparticles show the favorite Gaussian distribution.The FESEM images show that the fiber has a uniform distribution and looks like mats. The grain size of TiO2 nanoparticles increase from (58 - 89) nm with the gelatinization time increase from (1 - 5) days respectively, also it increases from (58 - 111) nm with the calcination temperature increase from (500 - 900) °C respectively. In the case of TiO2 nanofibers, the average fiber diameter decreases with increase the applied voltage, and decrease both the flow rate and PVP concentration. Increasing Ag doping ratio will decrease the average fiber diameter, and convert the smooth surface of the nanofibers to granular surface. Silver doped TiO2 nanofibers are very clear in both AFM and FESEM images. The allowed direct band gap of TiO2 nanoparticles slightly decreases from 3.45 to 3.35 eV when the gelatinization time increases from (1 - 5) days respectively. When the calcination temperature increases from (500 - 900) oC, the band gap gradually decreases from(3.45 - 3.30) eV. The band gap of TiO2 nanofibers increase from (3.35 - 3.45) eV due to the increase of the applied voltage from (15 - 21) kV respectively, and decrease from (3.45 - 3.4) eV with increase the flow rate from (1 - 10) ml/h respectively. The decrease of Eg is also observed with the increase of PVP concentration. Finally the band gap decreases from (3.45 - 3.20) eV when the Ag doping ratio increases from undoped to 9 % respectively.PL spectra of TiO2 both nanoparticles and nanofibers are recordedat room temperature and excitation wavelength of 260 nm. Two groupsof peaks were observed, the first peaks lie in the UV region, which can be attributed to the emission of band gap transition related to the anatase structure of TiO2 nanofibers, whereas the second emission band lies in the visible region and originated from the charge recombination at the shallow - trap surface state.Photocatalytic properties in different concentrations (2, 10, and 20) mg/50 ml of both TiO2 nanoparticles and nanofibers were evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) in water under UV light irradiation (λ= 365 nm). The outcomes indicate that Ag doped TiO2 nanofibers exhibited most efficient photocatalytic activity of up to 96 % after 160 min as shown by the degradation of the MB aqueous solution, followed in terms of efficiency the undoped nanofibers, and then nanoparticles respectively. These results make Ag doped TiO2 nanofiberis the most efficient material in water treatment field.

دراسة تحليلية لزيوغ العدسة المغناطيسية المسقطية == Analytical Investigation of Magnetic Lens Aberrations

Author name: محسن صلبوخ ارهيف العمشاني
Supervisor name: حسن نوري عبد الوهاب العبيدي | كاظم جواد كاظم الشجيري
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في هذا البحث تم اجراء دراسة نظرية - حاسوبية لدراسة امكانية طريقة التوليف في الحصول على عدسات مغناطيسية عديمة الدوران والتشويه. حيث تم وضع دالة هدف جديدة لتمثيل توزيع كثافة الفيض المغناطيسي المحوري للعدسات المغناطيسية الثنائية والاحادية الفجوة. تم دراسة تاثير متغيرات الامثلية التي تفرضها دالة الهدف، على الخواص المسقطية والاقطاب المعاد بناؤها المنتجة بواسطة مجالات التصوير. حيث شملت هذه الدراسة كل من مجالات التصوير المغناطيسية الاحادية والثنائية الفجوة.في الحقيقة، تعطي دالة الهدف المستخدمة اثنان من متغيرات الامثلية الهندسية هما سمك الفجوة S وقطر الفتحة D ومتغير امثلية فيزياوي واحد هو تهيج المجال التصويري NI . اظهرت النتائج بان المتغير NI يمكن ان يحذف من اجراء الامثلية لانه لا يؤثر على الخواص البصرية وكذلك الاقطاب المعاد بناؤها. بينما S وD لها اهمية معتبرة في تصميم العدسات المغناطيسية الثنائية الفجوة. اضافة الى ذلك اوضحت النتائج، ان الطريقة الحالية يمكن ان تستخدم بشكل واسع لدراسة وتصميم العدسات المغناطيسية الاحادية والثنائية الفجوة.حيث امكن الحصول على صور عديمة الدوران والتشويه باختيار مناسب لقيم النسب بين فجوات وفتحات العدسة الاولى والعدسة الثانية. | A theoretical - computational investigation for studying the synthesis for possibility to produce a rotation and distortion free magnetic lenses have been carried out. Where, a new target function put forward to approximating the axial magnetic fields of a double and single - gap magnetic lenses. The influence of the optimation parameters araises from the proposed target function on the projector properties and the reconstructed polepeices of the produced imaging fields have been investigate. This investigation were covered both the single and double - gap imaging magnetic fields.In fact, the introduced target function gives two geometrical parameters namely the gap width S and bore diameter D and only one physical parameter which is the field excitation NI. The results have revealed that the parameter NI can be released from the optimition procedure since it gives no effect on the optical properties and hence the reconstructed polepieces. While the parameters S and D have a considerable important in designing double and single gap magnetic lenses. In addition, the results have clearly shown that, present technique can be widely used to design and investigate single and double gap magnetic lenses .Where, a rotation and distortion free images have been obtain by a suitable choice of the values of first lens to second lens gap and bore ratios

اعتماد معامل التصادم على فقدان طاقة الايونات العنقوديه السريعه == Impact Parameter Dependence of Energy Loss of Fast Cluster Ions

Author name: مثنى محمد محمود
Supervisor name: خالد عبد الوهاب احمد | رياض خليل احمد
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Electronic of molecule and ionic clusters study are useful tools in both fundamental research of both material science and plasma physics. The effect of a cluster shown clearly deviatesin the sum of individual effects of each cluster component. Electronic energy loss and channelling of molecular clusters as a function of impact parameter are not so well understood which is according to the mono - atomic ions phenomena. The cluster stopping power can be theoretically treated by the united - atom model, which describes the cluster as an equivalent single atom, with atomic number and mass being the sum of atomic number and mass of each component. This model is limited to the very beginning of the interaction between cluster and the target.The present work describes the calculation of the impact parameter dependent energy loss for bar ions at high velocities, which reproduces full first order calculations for all impact parameters without large scale calculation. The physical inputs which be used the electronic density and the oscillator strength. Atomic units are used throughoutthe present work.This work describes an extension of the perturbative convolution approximation (PCA) model, based on the impact parameter method, for molecules and clusters namely MPCA (Molecular PerturbativeConvolution Approximation). MPCA gives the energy loss as a function of impact parameter taking in the consideration close and distant collisions.In the present work a simple formula for the electronic energy loss of bare ions, screened projectile and molecular cluster ions as function of impact parameter is described. Starting from first order perturbation theory and proposed three programs written in FORTRAN - 90. Using the physical inputs are the electron density and oscillators strengths of the atom. Good approximation has been done to avoid going in a complex numerical calculations and we obtained good agreement with previous works.An extension to the convolution approximation for the ionization probability, energy loss and energy loss straggling as a function of impact parameter for swift ions leads to write a program for the numerical calculations and then apply it on C - target to study the effects of sub - shell on the variation of impact parameter. , and sub - shells have a different effects on the energy loss and energy loss straggling.

دراسة المؤثرات على الاتصالات الليزرية تحت الماء == Study of the Effects on Underwater Laser Communications

Author name: مازن علي عبد علي
Supervisor name: محمد تقي حسين | كاظم حسن حسين الموسوي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Laser Physics and Electro-optics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم تصميم وبناء منظومة ليزر للاتصالات تحت الماء. هذه المنظومة استخدم الدايود الليزري ذو الطول الموجي (532nm), هذه المنظومة تعمل على تحميل موجة صوتية على ضوء الليزر وارسالها من نقطة الى اخرى. حيث يتم ادخال الموجة الصوتية عن طريق اللاقطة التي تحولها الى اشارة كهربائية ثم تكبيرها وتضمينها. ثم يجهز التيار الى الثنائي الليزري ذي القدرة (50mw)عن طريق الترانزستور(MJ3055), ثم يتم ارسال الحزمة الليزرية خلال الماء واستلامها من الجهة الاخرى. استخدم انبوب من الزجاج نوع بايركس مغلق من الطرفين بواسطة نافذتين من الكوارتز. ان دائرة الاستقبال تعمل على تحويل الاشارة الليزرية الى اشارة كهربائية ضعيفة بواسطة الكاشف. هذه الاشارة تكبر ثم يتم فتح التضمين للحصول على الاشارة الصوتية التي تكبر باستخدام ال( (I.C 386 ويتم ارسالها عن طريق السماعة. في هذا العمل استعمل ثلاثة انواع من الاوساط المائية كاوساط ماصة للاشارة, تم تحقيق اتصال صوتي تحت الماء لمسافة (1m) ولثلاثة حالات : الاولى : في درجة حرارة الغرفة وكانت نسبة الاشارة الى الضوضاء (13.9dB) للماء المقطر, الثانية : باستخدام موشور نيكول حيث كانت نسبة الاشارة الى الضوضاء (dB12) للمستقبلة الاولى بينما كانت (11.4dB) للمستقبلة الثانية في الماء المقطر. الثالثة : في درجات حرارة مختلفة حيث كانت نسبة الاشارة الى الضوضاء (6.9dB) عند درجة حرارة (307K) بينما كانت (14.5dB) عند درجة الحرارة (333K). تم حساب معامل التوهين الحاصل لليزر المار خلال الماء (مقطر, حنفية, نهر). تم استخدام برنامج (MATLAB) لتحليل الحزمة الليزرية المرسلة والمنعكسة وملاحظة توزيع الشدة في ظروف مختلفة.وكذلك تم استخدام برنامج (ZEMAX - 7) الخاص بالتصاميم البصرية, لتصميم منظومة لمرور الشعاع الليزري خلال الماء ومنها تم حساب دالة الانتقال البصري, ومخطط البقعة الليزرية, والطاقة المتجمعة, وعدم التضليل في الشعاع | A design and construct underwater laser communication system have been studied. This system used diode laser of wavelength 532nm. It works by modulating sound wave on the laser beam and sending it away from point to another. The sound wave passed in a microphone and then converts into an electrical signal; this signal will be amplified and modulated. The resultant current is supplied to a laser diode (50mW) output through the transistor (MJ3055) and the laser beam allows passing through water and received from the other side. A tube of pyrex glass of length (1m) is used to contains two quartz windows. The laser power in receiver circuit is converted to a weak electrical signal using silicon detector. This signal is amplified and the audio frequency is separated from carrier frequency and then amplified using (I.C 386) a whole speakers. In this work three types of water medium have been used with different absorption signal. To satisfy a high quality sound communication link underwater for a distance about (1m) using the three following cases : • At room temperature : the signal to noise ratio S/N is (13.9) dB for distilled water, while (9.5) dB for tap water and (6) dB for river water. • Nicol Prism is used and the signal to noise ratio of (12) dB for first receiver while (11.4) dB for the second receiver in distilled water.• At different temperature : the signal to noise ratio S/N increase with increasing temperature is measured (6.9) dB in (307) K while (14.5) dB for river water at (333) K. The attenuation factor of laser beam which passing through three types of water (distilled, tap and river) have been measured. The intensity distribution of the incident laser beam and the reflected beam is computed and analyzed with matlab code, the changes in distribution of intensity of the transmitter pulse are compared with various conditions.Finally zemax 7 code is used, to design the optical system for the laser beam through the water, and calculate optical transfer function (OTF), spot diagram, encircled energy, and unvignetting rays

خصائص اغشية اوكسيد الكادميوم المشوب بالانديوم ذات التركيب النانوي والمحضرة بطريقة الترسيب بالليزر النبضي لتطبيق المتحسس الغازي == Characterization of In Doped CdO Nanostructure Prepared by PLD for Gas Sensor Application

Author name: مازن حامد حسن
Supervisor name: علي احمد يوسف الشمري
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Laser Physics and Electro-optics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم بهذه العمل دراسة نمو الاغشية بظروف ترسيب مختلفة لفهم تاثير طريقة التحضير على خصائص الغشاء ولتحديد افضل الظروف التحضيرية وتتمثل بدرجة الحرارة (400°C), وضغط الاوكسجين(2×10 - 1) mbar وكثافة طاقة الليزر الساقطة 1.8 J/cm2 باختلاف محتوى اوكسيد الانديوم (7% ,5%, 3%, 1%, 0) بالتردد المضاعف لليزر النيديميوم - ياك الذي يعمل بتقنية عامل النوعية عند الطول الموجي 532nm بمعدل تكرارية (1 - 6) هرتز وامد نبضة 10 نانوثانية لترسيب اغشية اوكسيد كادميوم انديوم النانوية على قواعد مختلفة من الكوارتز والالومينا بسمك 150±10 نانومتر وعدد نبضات 150 نبضة لكل الاغشية باختلاف ظروف الترسيب. الخصائص التركيبية للاشعة السينية تظهر اغشية رقيقة لتركيب مكعب متعدد التبلور ذات اتجاة سائد (111) باتجاة موازي للسطح, عند نمو غشاء اوكسيد كادميوم انديوم على قواعد الالومينا تم الحصول على اصغر حجم حبيبي 16.52 nm عند نسبة التشويب 7%)) . مما يدل على تبلور افضل للغشاء وهذا ماتوضح ايضا من صورمجهرالقوة الذرية. تم دراسة طوبوغرافية السطح باستخدام مجهر القوى الذرية (AFM) . تظهر العينات ذات تركيب حبيبي وان حجم الحبيبات تتناقص مع زيادة نسب التشويب واصغر حجم حبيبي (79.11nm) و(82.99nm) تتحقق عند نسب تشويب (7%) لقواعد الكوارتز والالومنيا على الترتيب, من صور مجهر الالكترون الماسح تم الحصول على حبيبات كروية صغيرة تتراوح nm (60 - 80 ) للاغشية النقية والمشوبة. قياس الخصائص البصرية باستخدام مطياف الاشعة المرئية وفوق البنفسجية . الاغشية الرقيقة لها نفاذية عالية في المنطقة المرئية بمعدل نفاذية اعلى من (93%). وبفجوة طاقة بصرية تراوحت بين (3.25 - 3.15eV) . كما تم حساب فجوة الطاقة البصرية باستخدام جهاز مطياف الضيائية (PL) وكانت النتائج مقاربة لما تم الحصول عليه من قياسات طيف الاشعة المرئية وفوق البنفسجية, وظهور ازاحات بسيطة باتجاة الطول الازرق في قمم الامتصاص مع زيادة نسب التشويب. نتائج شدة الاستضاءة الفوتونية للاغشية المصنعة قيست ضمن المدى (200 - 900) nm,حيث هيجت الاغشية عند طول موجي (270nm) , اعظم شدة ظهرت عند المنطقة البنفسجية عند طول موجي (445.2nm). الخصائص الكهربائية تتضمن حساب التوصلية المستمرة والتي تظهر طاقة للتنشيط لجميع الاغشية . وطاقة التنشيط (0.228eV) و(0.234eV) للاغشية النقية على قواعد الكوارتز والالومنيا , واعلى طاقة تنشيط (0.515eV) تتحقق عند نسبة تشويب (3%) لقواعد الكوارتز و(0.42eV) تتحقق عند نسبة تشويب(7%) لقواعد الالومنيا. دراسة تاثير هول تظهر شبه موصل من نوع (n - type) . قياس التحسسية للاغشية (CdO) النقية والمشوب لخليط من غاز ثاني اوكسيد النتروجين والهواء في منظومة مصنعة محليا , تم اختبار جميع الاغشية لنسبة الخلط (3% NO2 : air) وفولتية تحفيز (3V). افضل درجة حرارة عمل للمتحسس كانت عند درجات الحرارة (200 - 225)oC للاغشية النقية وتتناقص الى oC (175 - 200) للاغشية المشوبة . اعظم تحسس كانت (263.97%) وسرعة استجابة زمنية (13.5s) وزمن استرداد (15.5s) تتحقق عند نسبة تشويب (3%), والتحسسية تتناقص مع زيادة نسب التشويب. | In this work, films have been grown under various deposition conditions in order to understand the effect of processing on the film properties and to specify the optimum condition, namely substrate at temperatures of (400°C), oxygen pressure (2×10 - 1) mbar, laser fluence 1.8 J/cm2, and with different In2O3 contents (0, 1%, 3%, 5% and 7%) using double frequency Q - switching Nd : YAG laser beam (wavelength 532nm), repetition rate (1 - 6) Hz and the pulse duration of (10ns), to deposit CdO : In films on sapphire α - Al2O3 (006) and quartz substrates with thickness of about 150±10 nm for all CdO : In nanofilms at different deposition condition and the number of laser pulses was 150 pulses. The x - ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to determine structural properties of the prepared films,the structure of the cadmium oxide has a cubic unit cell with highly orientated in the (111) direction. In the CdO : In films on sapphire substrate with a smallest grain size (16.52nm) are achieved at a ratio of doping (7%). This indicates the superior crystallinity of the film, which also has observed from the atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. The surface morphology of the deposit materials has been studied by using AFM. The samples are displayed granular structure, the grain sizes have been decreased with increasing of doping concentration ratio, the smallest grain size equal to (79.11 nm) and (82.99nm) are achieved at a ratio of doping (7%) for quartz and sapphire α - Al2O3 substrate, respectively, from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the pure CdO and CdO : In films are composed of spherical grains of small with the size (60 - 80) nm . UV - VIS transmittance measurements have been shown that the films are highly transparent in the visible wavelength region, with an average transmittance of (93%). The optical band gap of the films has been found to be in the range (3.25 - 3.15) eV according to the nanostructure films by use photoluminescence (PL), the same results of energy gap value with simple difference and with small blue shift in peaks with increase of doped ratio, been found to be 2.45eV for pure CdO and it varies differently, in addition, the photoluminescence spectrum were analysed between (200 - 900) nm, all the films shown two kinds of luminescence transitions involved when the thin film is excited with wavelength 270 nm, the greatest intensities have been demonstrated in the near UV - Vis spectrum (445.2 nm). The activation energy for pure CdO was (0.228 eV) with quartz substrates, while (0.234eV) with α - Al2O3 substrates, this value decreases to (0.515 eV) when the film doping at (3%) with quartz substrates and (0.42eV) with α - Al2O3 substrates. The prepare films have been determined as an that n - type semiconductor films by the hall Effect measurements. The sensitivity measurements behavior measurements of CdO films with different doping concentrations of In2O3 under (3% NO2 : air) and bias voltage (3Volt). The optimal operating temperature is found to be 200 - 225°C for pure CdO and decreases to (175 - 200) °C for the samples. The maximum sensitivity is equal to (263.97%) with response time (13.5s) and recovery time (15.5s) was achieved at (3%) doping concentration level for α - Al2O3 substrate. The sensitivity of samples has been decreased when increasing of doping level

دراسة الخصائص التركيبية وتاثير السمك على الخصائص البصرية لاغشية ZnO الرقيقة المحضرة بطريقة التحلل الكيميائي الحراري

Author name: كامران ياسين قادر
Supervisor name: نادر فاضل حبوبي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Thin Films
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم في هذا البحث دراسة الخصائص التركيبية وتاثير السمك على الخصائص البصرية لاغشية (ZnO) الرقيقة المحضرة بطريقة التحلل الكيميائي الحراري ، اذ ان الاغشية المحضرة هي بسمك(2000,3000,4000,5000,6000,7000)Ǻ مرسبة على قواعد زجاجية بدرجة حرارة . اظهرت نتائج حيود الاشعة السينية لاغشية اوكسيد الخارصين ان هذه الاغشية متعددة التبلور ومن النوع السداسي ولها اتجاه تفضيلي هو (002). اشتملت دراسة الخواص البصرية على قياس طيفي الامتصاصية والنفاذية للاغشية المحضرة لمدى الاطوال الموجية)nm 900(390 - ، وجد ان الامتصاصية تزداد بينما تقل النفاذية بزيادة سمك الغشاء لغاية سمك (Ǻ6000) ولا يوجد تاثير ملحوظ للسمك ((7000Ǻ. ووجد ايضا عند حساب الانعكاسية انها تزداد بزيادة السمك لغاية سمك (Ǻ6000) ولا يوجد تاثير ملحوظ للسمك ((7000Ǻ. حسبت قيم فجوة الطاقة الممنوعة للانتقال المباشر المسموح وكانت تتراوح من eV (2.8 - 3.05) ، اذ انها تقل بزيادة سمك الغشاء . اما قيم فجوة الطاقة الممنوعة للانتقال المباشر الممنوع فكانت تتراوح من eV (2.68 - 2.83) . وايضا درس تاثير السمك على معامل الانكسار ، معامل الخمود ، معامل الامتصاص ، ثابت العزل الكهربائي بجزئيه الحقيقي والخيالي ، والتوصيلية الضوئية ، وجد ان تغير السمك يؤثر على قيم هذه المعلمات. | In this research , the study of structural properties and the effect of thickness on the optical properties of (ZnO) thin films prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis . The thickness of the prepared thin films (2000,3000,4000,5000,6000,7000) Ǻ , which were deposited on glass substrate at a temperature of (400 ) . The optical properties including the measuring of absorbance and transmission spectra in the wavelength range (390 - 900) nm . It was found that absorbance increases while transmission decrease as the thickness increased up to (6000 Ǻ) , there is no any noticeable effect for thickness (7000 Ǻ) . And it was found that reflectance increases as the thickness increased up to (6000 Ǻ) , there is no any noticeable effect for thickness (7000 Ǻ) . The forbidden energy gap for direct allowed transition were calculated and it was in the range (2.8 - 3.05) eV , it decrease as the film thickness increase , and their values of the direct forbidden transition were in the range (2.68 - 2.83) eV . The effect of thickness on the refractive index , extinction coefficient , real and imaginary part of dielectric constant and optical conductivity were also studied , it was found that thickness variation affect on the values of these parameters .

تقنيات معالجة الصور لتصنيف قزحية العين == Image Processing Techniques For Iris Eye Classification

Author name: كاظم عجيل عبيد زغير النصار
Supervisor name: زياد محمد عبود | راضي شدهان حمودي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Image Processing
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يوفر نظام التحقق الالي من التعرف على هوية الفرد على اساس الميزة الفريدة او السمة التي يمتلكها الفرد. ويعتبر التعرف على قزحية العين (للتعرف على بيانات الهوية) من اكثر الموثوقية والدقة. هدفت الدراسة الحالية، للتعرف على هوية الاشخاص من خلال دراسة تراكيب قزحية العين (اربعة مجاميع)، ودراسة خصائص هذه التراكيب من خلال التقاط صور للقزحية باستخدام كاميرراقمية، وتطبيق تقنيات المعالجة الصورية عليها، من ضمنها المعالجة الاولية. تم الحصول على 15 صورة لقزحيات مختلفة باللون لكل مجموعة (اي ما مجموعه 60 صورة). اولا يتم تحديد (استخلاص) منطقة الدراسة المهمة (ROI) من العين، ثم استخراج الخصاص الاحصائية (mean, Std., energy, homogeneity and entropy)، وتمييز المجاميع الاربعة(flower, Jewel, Shaker, Stream) لتراكيب القزحية بالاعتماد على الشبكة العصبية - العكسي. ثم تطبيق طريقة تحويل المويجي على نفس الصور واستخراج الخصاص الاحصائية، وتمييزها ايضا بالاعتماد على الشبكات العصبية - العكسي. ومقارنة النتائج لكل مجموعة قبل وبعد تطبيق طريقة تحويل المويجي. ودراسة امكانية تطبيق تقنية المنطق المضبب في تمييز تراكيب القزحية لعين الانسان بالاعتماد على الاحصائيات السابقة. اظهرت نتائج تمييز تراكيب القزحية الاربعة، بالاعتماد على الشبكة العصبية - العكسي بان نسب الدقة في التمييز تتراوح بين 72 - 75% وبعد تطبيق طريقة تحويل المويجي تبين انها تتفوق على التمييز باستخدام الشبكة العصبية - العكسي فقط بنسبة 5% على النسبة السابقة. وان تتميز تراكيب القزحية بتطبيق تقنية المنطق المضبب ينجح وبدقة عالية تصل الى 100% اذا كان بين اي نوعين من تراكيب القزحية الاربعة | Automatic verification of the identification of an individual based on the unique feature or characteristic that provides a system owned by the individual. The iris recognition (of identification data) from more reliability and accuracy. The present study aimed to identify the identity of the people through the study of the structures of the iris (four groups), and the study of the properties of these structures by capturing images of the iris using a digital camera, and the application of image processing techniques on them, including primary treatment. It was obtained on 15 different image Irises colors for each group (a total 60 images). First, extract important study area (ROI) of the eye image, then find the statistical operations (mean, Std., Energy, homogeneity and entropy), the distinction of the four groups (flower, Jewel, Shaker, Stream) for the structures of the iris based on backpropagation neural network. Then apply the method of wavelet transform on the same images and statistical operations, and to distinguish them also relying on the backpropagation neural networks. Finally; compare the results for each group before and after the application of wavelet transform method. And study the possibility of Fuzzy logic method discrimination in the application of the structures of the iris of the human eye, depending on the previous statistical operations. depending on the Backpropagation neural network that accuracy rates in distinguishing between 72 - 75% and after the application of wavelet transform the way turned out to be superior to the discrimination network using only 5% on rate the previous with Backpropagation neural network only, and characterized the structures of the iris by application Fuzzy logic method succeed and high accuracy of up to 100% if between any two of the four structures of the iris.

استخدام خوارزميات العمليات الهندسية للصور الثابتة == Algorithm of image operation that using in still image.

Author name: قحطان عباس نعمان الجبوري
Supervisor name: علي عبد داود الزكي | كاظم جواد كاظم
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم في السنوات القليلة الماضية تطوير العديد من انظمة المحاكاة في توليد الحركة لتكوين صورة متحركة في تطبيقات عديدة منها انظمة السيطرة والتدريب والسينما الحديثة وتوليد الرسوم المتحركة . ان اغلب انظمة محاكاة وتوليد الحركة تعتمد بشكل اساسي على العمليات الهندسية التي يمكن اجرائها على مستوي الصورة او على نقطة او هدف في الصورة لذا توجهنا في بحثنا لدراسة هذه العمليات الهندسية وتاثيرها على جودة الصورة وكفاءة توليد الحركة.هذه الدراسة تم فيها اقتراح خوارزميات لاجراء العمليات الهندسية الاساسية (النقل ، تغيير المقياس، القص ، التدوير) وكذلك تم استحداث عملية هندسية سميت بالتقييس النسبي . وعند اجراء اية عملية هندسية قد لاتكون مراكز عناصر الصورة الناتحة بعد المعالجة في مواقع صحيحة لذا يجب اعادة تشكيل الصورة من جديد ويتم ذلك عن طريق الاستكمال الرياضي ، وتوجد طرائق عديدة للاستكمال الرياضي، وفي هذا البحث تم تطبيق ثلاث طرائق هي الاستكمال الثنائي لاقرب جوار والاستكمال الثنائي الخطي والاستكمال الثنائي التكعيبي ولمعرفة افضل طريقة من تلك الطرائق تم حساب معدل مربع الخطا العياري NMSE بين الصور المعالجة والناتجة من التحويل العكسي لاية عملية هندسية والصور الاصلية . لقد اظهر الاستكمال الثنائي التكعيبي نتائج افضل عند استخدام العمليات الهندسية الاساسية ، اما عند استخدام عملية التقيس النسبي نلاحظ ان للاستكمال الثنائي لاقرب جوار نتائج افضل من الطرائق الاخرى للاستكمال . فضلا على ذلك تم في هذه الدراسة تصميم برنامج لتوليد حركة لجسم محدد في الصورة من خلال استخدام العمليات الهندسية ، حيث تم توليد حركة في مستوي صورة ولحالات متعددة (حركة نقل ، حركة تدوير، حركة قصية، حركة تغير المقياس وحركة التقيس النسبي اضافة الى الدمج بين عملية النقل وبعض العمليات الهندسية لتوليد الصور بحالات مختلفة. | In few years ago , are developed many of simulation systems in moving generation to grated movie image in several application as in control system , training system ,modern cinema and movie painting . The most of simulation systems and movie generation are basic depended on image operation that carrying out on the level of image or part of image or target in the image therefore, we tend in this search to studies image operation that is effected of image quality and coefficient moving generation . This study we suggested many algorithm to applying basic geometric image operation (transition , scaling , shearing , rotation ) , as wall suggested new image operation is relative scaling . When we perform any image operation the position in many of pixel did not integer , for that reason we must forming this image by mathematical interpolation . There are many interpolation methods and in this study we used three methods are bi nearest interpolation , bi leaner interpolation and bi cubic interpolation . For we know best method we calculated normalized mean square error between process images these are forming form inverse transformations for any operation and origin image . In analysis results we shown the bi cubic interpolation had efficiency at using basic image operation , other than in relative scaling we shown the bi nearest interpolation best result from other methods . Other than, in this research we design program to generated moving object in image by using image operation that is generation moving in level of the image in many cases moving of the ( transition, rotation , shearing ,scaling and relative scaling) , as well it merge between transition and some geometric operation to created image in different way

الاستقصاءات العملية والمحاكاتية للميزات الترايبولوجية والحرارية للمتراكبات النانوية البوليمرية == Empirical and Simulation Investigations of Tribological andThermal Characteristics of Polymer Nanocomposites

Author name: فاضل كريم فرحان
Supervisor name: زينب عبد السلام الرمضان | بهجت بهلول كاظم
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم دراسة الخصائص الترايبولوجية , الخواص الميكانيكية , محلل التوصيل الحراري, تقنية التحليل الميكانيكي الحراري, تقنية تحليل الوزن الحرارية, معدل التقشر الحراري, معامل العزل الحراري, واختبار المحاكاتي لخلطة (الايبوكسي - البولي استر الغير مشبع) والمدعمة بكاربيد السيلكون النانوي بكسر حجمي (0%, 5%, 10% و15%) مع ثبات الكسر الحجمي للكرافيت الناعم 5% وهذه الدراسة خضعت بتغير في مختلف الكسر الحجمي بدلالة الخصائص الترايبولوجية, الخصائص الحرارية, الخصائص الميكانيكية. تم استخدام تقنية الموجات الفوق الصوتية للتفريق وتقنية الخلط المغناطيسي في تحضيرا لنماذج المتراكبات النانوية ثم تبعها تقنية الصب على البارد باستخدام قالب من التفلون حسب المواصفات القياسية. تم استخدام تقنية المسمار على القرص في قياس الخصائص الترايبولوجية,استخدمت الماكنة القياسية العالمية في قياس الخواص الميكانيكية, وتم استخدام تقنية الصلادة الدقائقية في تحديد قيم الصلادة,استخدمت تقنية المحلل الحراري(Mathis TC i) في قياس الخواص الحرارية, تم استخدام تقنية التحليل الميكانيكي الحراري TMA)) في قياس (معامل التمدد الحراري, الاجهاد الحراري, الانتقال الزجاجي ومعامل المرونة) عند مختلف درجات الحرارة. تم استخدام تقنية تحليل الوزن الحرارية TG)) لقياس تغير الكتلة مع الحرارة بثبوت الزمن. تم استخدام الشعلة الاوكسي استيلينية في تحديد معدل التقشر ومعامل العزل الحراري . تم تنفيذ برامج المحاكاة للانتقال الحراري بثلاث ابعاد باستخدام طريقة الفروقات المحددة لقياس معدل التقشر لنماذج المتراكبات النانوية والخلطة البوليمرية. اظهرت نتائج قيم الميزات الترايبولوجية ( معدل البلى الانزلاقي الجاف) بان معامل الاحتكاك يهبط تدريجيا بتعاقب النسبة المئوية الحجمية للنانوكاربيد السيلكون ويستقر عند قيم ثابتة لزمن الانزلاق العالي , يسلك معامل البلى كذلك نفس السلوك حيث يكون اوطا عند اعلى نسبة مئوية حجميه للنانو كاربيد السيلكون , وتعرض العلاقة بين الاحتكاك - البلى ميكانيكيتين متزاملة, الاولى مع بداية الحركة والمميزة بسطح باهت غير براق التي تدل, على الية التاكل بالحرث , والثانية التي ترافق الاحتكاك المستقر والمميز بالمظهر البراق التي تدل على الية التاكل باللصق. اظهرت نتائج القيم الصلادة زيادة تصاعدية بتعاقب الزيادة في الكسر الحجمي للمالئات. كذلك بينت نتائج قيم متانة الشد, الضغط والانحناء انخفاض تدريجي بتعاقب الزيادة في الكسر الحجمي للمالئات. بينما اظهرت نتائج قيم معامل المرونة زيادة تدريجية بتعاقب الزيادة في الكسر الحجمي للمالئات. كما اظهرت نتائج قيم المحلل التوصيل الحراري (التوصيلية الحرارية, التدفق الحراري, الانتشار الحراري) زيادة تدريجية بتعاقب الزيادة في الكسر الحجمي للمالئات. بينت نتائج السعة الحراري والمقاومة الحراري انخفاض تدريجي بتعاقب الزيادة في الكسر الحجمي للمالئات. اظهرت نتائج قيم التحليل الميكانيكي الحراري تحسن في معامل التمدد الحراري ومعامل المرونة بتعاقب الزيادة في الكسر الحجمي للمالئات. اظهرت نتائج قيم التحليل الوزن الحراري الخسارة العالية بالنسبة المئوية لكتلة خلطة الاساس, بينما اظهرت نتائج قيم الخسارة بالنسبة المئوية في الكتلة للمتراكبات النانوية انخفاض تدريجي بتعاقب الزيادة في الكسر الحجمي للمالئات. تاتي قيم التقشر بواسطة المحاكاة اعلى من قيم العملي هذا يمكن ان يوضح التداخل البيني للمتراكبات النانوية التي تمتلك متانة عالية وقوة ارتباط وان قيم الكثافة خير دليل على ذلك. تم حساب نتائج محاكاة التوصيلية الحرارية ومعامل الاحتكاك بموجب نموذج التركيب الدقائقي ونموذج نيلسون والتي تمت مقارنتها مع نتائج العملي والتي لوحظت انها تقع بين قيم محاكاة الاتجاه الموازي وقيم محاكاة الاتجاه العمودي للمادة المالئة والتي اثبتت ان المالئات تصطف قريبة من الاتجاه العمودي اكثر مما هو عليه من الاتجاه الافقي او العشوائي بالنسبة لاتجاه حركة الانزلاق او اتجاه التدفق الحراري. تم توظيف اقتران استخدام المجهر الالكتروني الماسح ((SEM وقيم الكثافات للمساعدة في تفسير النتائج. المتراكبات النانوية المستخدمة في هذا العمل تمتلك حشوات عالية يمكن استخدامها في التطبيقات عالية الترايبولجي , عالية التشتت الحراري ولمقاومة التقشر. | In this thesis, tribological characteristics, mechanical properties, thermal conductivity analyzer, thermal mechanical analysis technique, thermogravimetry technique, thermal ablation rate, thermal insulation indexed, and simulation test, have been studied for (epoxy - unsaturated polyester blend) reinforced with nano silicon carbide( 0vol %, 5vol%, 10vol%, 15vol%) with constant volume fraction of ultra fine graphite 5%, which are subject to change in different volume fraction in terms of tribological characteristics, thermal and mechanical properties. Ultrasonic dispersion and magnetic stirring techniques are used to prepare the nanocomposites specimens follow with cold - casting technique using flash Teflon molds standard conditions. [Pin - on - disc] technique is used to measure tribological characteristics, Universal testing machine technique is used to measure mechanical properties. Micro hardness Vickers technique is used to determine the hardness. Mathis TC i technique is used to measure thermal conductivity analyze, thermal mechanical analysis (TMA) technique is used to measure coefficient thermal expansion, thermal stress, glass translation and elastic modulus at different temperature. Thermogravimetry (TG) technique is used to measure mass change with time or temperature. Oxy - acetylene flame technique is used to determine ablation rate and insulation indexed. Simulation programs of heat transfer in three dimensions for ablation test for blend polymer and nanocomposites specimens are carried out using finite difference method. Tribological characteristics (dry sliding wear rate) results show that the coefficient of friction drops progressively and settles constant values by succession of Vol% Nano - SiC for high sliding time. Wear coefficient also behaves similarly as being lowest for high Vol% Nano - SiC . The wear - friction relationship displays two mechanisms, the first, associated with the run - in period recognized by dull matte finish which deal to abrasive wear mechanism, and the second mechanism is associated with steady friction recognized by high gloss appearance which is deal to adhesive wear mechanism. Hardness Vickers results show that values increase progressively by succession of volume fraction of fillers. Tensile strength, compression strength, bending strength results show that the values decreases with the increasing volume fraction of additives. while elastic modulus values increase progressively by succession of volume fraction of fillers. Thermal conductivity analyzer (thermal conductivity, thermal effusively, thermal diffusion) results show that values increase by succession of volume fraction of fillers . Heat capacity and thermal resistance results show that values decreases progressively by succession of volume fraction of fillers. Thermal mechanical analysis results show that values coefficient thermal expansion and elastic modulus improvement progressively by succession of volume fraction of fillers. Thermogravimetry results show that values change percentage of mass loss for blend resin matrix very high, while values change percentage of mass loss for nanocomposites decreases progressively by succession of increase volume fraction of fillers. Ablation simulation values come higher than experimental values, this could be explained, by the interface effect of nanocomposites, which have high strength, strong bond force, and density values are evidence to that. Simulation of coefficient of friction and thermal conductivity results, which are calculated according to micro structures model and Nielsen model, and when it was compared with the experimental results, it has been observed, that the experimental results, were localized between the parallel direction simulation values. and perpendicular direction values for additives, which is evidenced that the additives arrangement closed to perpendicular direction more than random or parallel direction with respect to dry sliding and heat flux direction. Scanning electron microscopy SEM, coupled with auxiliary microscopy, and densities were employed to aid interpretation of results. Nanocomposites used in this work, have high volume fraction of additives can be used in applications, which need high tribological, high thermal dispersion, and ablation resistance.

دراسة التغير النهاري للاشعاع الشمسي على مدينة بغداد == A Study of Diurnal Variation of Solar Radiation Over Baghdad City

Author name: فاتن عزت محي الدين علي العبيدي
Supervisor name: امال محمد الحلو | علي عبد داود الزكي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Solar Energy Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعتمد مظهر اي مشهد مضاء بواسطة الاشعاع الشمسي المباشر وغير المباشر على مجموعة من العوامل. توزعت هذه العوامل بين هندسية الرؤيا، انعكاسية تركيب المشهد، الاضائية والظروف الجوية. وبمرور الوقت فان هذه العوامل تتغير وبالتالي تؤثر على كيفية ظهور المشهد. تعتبر مجموعة صور المشهد الملتقطة والتي يتم جمعها بمرور الزمن ذات قيمة في دراسة تغاير مظهر المشهد والذي يمكن ان يقود الى تطبيقات جديدة ويساعد على تحسين النظريات والاساليب القائمة والتي تقود الى اضاءة اوساط يمكن السيطرة عليها. يوفر تحليل مجموعة الصور على فهم التاثير الذي يمكن ان تسببه الاضاءة على اداء النظام البصري. تم تقديم الدراسة الحالية كدراسة تحليلية احصائية مركزة لمجموعة الصور الملتقطة تحت اضاءة الاشعاع الشمسي المباشر وغير المباشر لمشهد ما بداخل منظومة بصرية مائلة باتجاه خط الاستواء. تم اجراء التحليل من خلال دراسة تغاير بضعة عوامل احصائية كدالة للزمن فضلا"عن مساحة فتحة نافذة الضوء المستخدمة، اختبار افضل القياسات الكمية لمحاكاة تغاير الشدة اليومي مع الزمن وبالتالي دراسة تاثير الاضائية على تباين الصورة. تم تحقيق الاهداف السابقة من خلال تحليل الصور عبر التغاير اليومي للحزم الحمراء - الخضراء والزرقاء والمركبةL. تم اعتماد ثلاث خوارزميات بالاستناد على الخواص الاحصائية لمؤثر سوبل لكشف الحواف، الخط ومنطقة الصورة المستقطعين. في الخوارزمية الاولى والمستندة على الخواص الاحصائية للحافة تم ملاحظة وجود حالة مستقرة للتباين مع الزمن بين اوقات شروق وغروب الشمس مع وجود حالات استثناء اثرت بفاعلية على قيمة التباين تمثلت بوجود الهباء الجوي في الساعات الضبابية والاضاءة الداخلية العالية. للخوارزمية اعلاه وتحت تاثيرمستقر لحالة الطقس وباستخدام زاوية خط العرض كزاوية ميل تم ملاحظة سلوك متميز قوي للتغاير اليومي للقياسات الاحصائية مع مساحة الفتحة المستخدمة في الاعتدالين. اكدت الخوارزمية المعتمدة الانحراف الشمسي الحاصل في الاعتدالين وفتحت حقل جديد للتعاون بين علم الفلك، جمع البيانات، التقنية البصرية وتحليل الصورة لفهم العالم الذي نعيش فيه.تم استخدام نتائج الخوارزمية الثانية والمستندة على الخواص الاحصائية للخط المستقطع لفحص الصورة. اظهرت قياسات الشدة وباستخدام هذه الخوارزمية معلومات حيوية عن انواع مختلفة من الاستطارة للضوء قيد الدراسة ومن ثم الطبيعة الفيزيائية للضوء. اظهرت نتائج القياسات لشدة الخط المستقطع الدور المتميز لاستطارة رايلي وماي والتي تعمل وبصورة منفردة ولفترات زمنية محددة على توزيع قيم شدة الخط المستقطع للحزم الحمراء - الخضراء والزرقاء والمركبة L. ان موقع الخط المستقطع على الصورة الملتقطة يحدد نوع العامل الاحصائي والذي يمكن استخدامه في علاقته مع الزمن ومساحة فتحة نافذة الضوء في تمثيل التغاير اليومي لبعض الظواهر الفيزياوية. تم ملاحظة دور العامل الاحصائي SNR في علاقته مع الزمن والمساحة كعامل محسن لحالة التشوه الحاصل في الصورة لحالة الخط المستقطع والمار بمنطقة متجانسة بيضاء، في حين لم يتحقق التحسين السابق لخط اخر يمر بمناطق لونية مختلفة. بينت النتائج ان افضل عامل احصائي لتمثيل تغاير الشدة اليومي مع الزمن وتغاير الانحراف الشمسي لمنحنيات الشروق/الغروب في علاقات تغاير مركباتها المختلفة للتباين مع المساحة هو المعدل وmx+mn. تم استخدام الخوارزمية الثالثة بالاستناد على الخواص الاحصائية للمناطق المستقطعة من الصورة. بينت النتائج ان مساحة فتحة نافذة الضوء المستخدمة تؤثر وبقوة على توزيع شدة الاطوال الموجية المهيمنة للرؤية النهارية (470، 535 و610 ) نانومتر، حيث حصل انفصال واضح لمنحنيات الشروق والغروب في كل ايام العمل بحالة شدة ثابتة وواطئة عن باقي الفترات لحالة مساحة فتحة نافذة الضوء الصغيرة (10 ×10) سم2 وغير ذلك للمساحة الكبيرة (40 ×40)سم2 | The appearance of a scene illuminated by direct and indirect solar radiation depends on a variety of factors. Among these factors are the viewing geometry, scene structure reflectance, illumination and atmospheric conditions. As time elapses, these factors change altering the appearance of the scene. Sequence images of a scene collected over time are valuable in studying the scene appearance variation. This can lead to novel applications and help in enhancing the existing methods that are leading to environments which can be controlled. So, a focused statistical analysis study to the sequence captured images is introduced. This has been done by utilizing sunlight/skylight as a source to illuminate a scene inside a tilted optical system facing the equator.Analysis of such sequence provides an understanding to the effects that the illumination may cause on system performance. This is achieved by studying the variation of some statistical estimators as a function of time as well as window's aperture area, testing the best quantitative measurements to simulate the diurnal intensity variation with time and hence investigating an illuminance effect upon image's contrast. These aims have been achieved by analyzing such images through the diurnal variation of RGB bands and L - Component. Based on Sobel edge detector's, extracted line's and block's statistical properties, three algorithms have been executed. For an algorithm based on an edge statistical properties and between sunrise and sunset times, a steady state for the diurnal variation of contrast value with time had been obtained. However, there are some exceptional cases. Aerosols in hazy hours and high interior illuminance affect attractively upon contrast's value. In this algorithm, under steady weather condition, using site's latitude as a tilted angle, a significant behavior of the diurnal statistical estimators variation with area of window's aperture strongly noticed in the case of the two equinoxes. The adopted algorithm emphasizes the sun declination at equinoxes and opens a new field of cooperation between astronomy science, data acquisition, optical technique and image analysis to understand our world. A second algorithm, based on the extracted line statistical properties, has been used for image examination. Using this algorithm, the intensity measurements provide vital information on the different types of scattering light under study and hence on the physical nature of the light. Rayleigh and Mie scattering are the dominant effects. Each one, individually, works at certain intervals upon the extracted line intensity values of RGB bands and L - Component. Line's location upon captured image specifies the type of statistical estimator, which can be used in its relationships with time and area of window's aperture to represent the diurnal variation of some physical phenomena. An enhanced statistical estimator for the distortion case has been signified in SNR relationships with time and window's aperture area. This is true for the extracted line that passes through homogeneous white region, while it isn't the case for another one passes through different color regions. Mean and mx+mn estimators are found to be the best statistical estimators to represent the diurnal intensity variation with time and sunrise/sunset sun declination variation curves in their corresponding different contrast parameters variation with area. Based on extracted block statistical properties, the third algorithm has been used. The results show that the area of window's aperture strongly affects the intensity distribution of the dominant wavelengths for human photopic vision (470, 535 and 610)nm. For all dates, the sunrise and sunset curves split with a steady and lowest intensity states from other periods of times for the case of lowest area (10x10)cm2, while it isn't the case for biggest area of window's aperture (40x40)cm2.

التاثيرات الجوية على التصوير الحراري للحزمة 3 - 5 مايكرومتر == ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS ON 3 - 5 ?m BAND THERMAL IMAGING

Author name: فاتن شكور زين العابدين
Supervisor name: علي هادي حسن الحمداني | كاظم جواد كاظم
General topic: Astronomy and Space science
Specific topic: Astrophysics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: خلال مرور اشعة الضوء المنبعثة من الاجسام في الغلاف الجوي للارض فانها تعاني من تغير مستمر في اتجاه انتشارها وهذا ناتج عن اضطراب الغلاف الجوي وتغير كثافة الهواء على طول مسار الضوء. لمعرفة ما يحدث لصورة الجسم في الجو فقد قمنا بدراسة تاثير الانكسار الحاصل في مسار الاشعة الحرارية المنبعثة من الاجسام في الغلاف الجوي على الصورة المتكونة بواسطة منظومة التصوير الحراري. لقد تم بناء نموذج جديد للجو لغرض دراسة تاثير الاضطراب الجوي على تصميم منظومة التصوير الحراري. افترضنا الجو في هذا النموذج بانه في حالة اتزان حراري (hydrostatic equilibrium ) وانه يتكون من طبقتين هما التروبوسفير والستراتوسفير. وان كل مكونات الغلاف الجوي خاضعة للقانون العام للغازات. درجة الحرارة افترضت متناقصة بنسبة ثابتة ضمن طبقة التروبوسفير لحد التروبوبوز الذي يصل ارتفاعه الى (11كم) من سطح الارض، ومن ثم تبقى درجة الحرارة فوق التروبوبوزعلى نفس الدرجة التي كانت عليها في التروبوبوز. ان اعلى ارتفاع للستراتوسفير افترض (80كم). تم ايجاد علاقة رياضية لحساب الانكسار كدالة لزاوية السمت ومعامل الانكسار من جهة وعوامل الظروف الجوية ودرجة الحرارة في منطقة الرصد من جهة اخرى. تمت هذه العملية من خلال حل المعادلة الخاصة بكل طبقة ممثلة بتكامل باستخدام قاعدة سمبسون ومن ثم جمع مقدار الانكسار لكلا الطبقتين لينتج الانكسار الكلي للغلاف الجوي. لقد قمنا باعداد برنامج حاسوبي جديد بالاستناد على النموذج الجديد للغلاف الجوي لايجاد زاوية الانكسار الجوي ولقيم مختلفة من زاوية السمت والمدى.اجريت مقارنة لنتائج البرنامج الحالي مع نتائج دراسات اخرى وقد كان هنالك توافق وتقارب جيدين بينهما. ان ميزة البرنامج الحالي انه سهل الاستخدام وبالامكان تغيير النموذج المستخدم فيه بسهولة, حيث ان قيم درجة الحرارة, الضغط, الرطوبة, خط العرض,درجة حرارة الاختبار, الطول الموجي للضوء المستخدم, ودرجة الدقة المطلوبة يمكن ان تغير في البرنامج بسهولة. اجريت دراسة لنفاذية الاشعة تحت الحمراء في النافذة الجوية 3 - 5 مايكرومتر باستخدام برنامج LOWTRAN6 وذلك في المسارين الافقي والمائل وبارتفاعات مختلفة (0.005،1،2،3،5،7،10،20 كم) ولعدة مديات (1،2،3،5،7،10،20 كم). طور البرنامج الحاسوبي Raytracing واستخدم في تصميم منظومة تصوير بصري حراري تعمل في المنطقة الطيفية 5 - 3 مايكرومتر. ثم تم الربط بين البرنامج المعد لحساب زاوية الانكسار في الغلاف الجوي مع برنامج الRaytracing .من خلال هذا الربط تم الحصول على تصميم بمواصفات جديدة التي من ثم ادخلت في البرنامج ZEMAX .تم حساب فرق المسار البصري ودالة الانتقال المعدل وspot diagram للمنظومة الحرارية المصممة قبل تاثير الاضطراب الجوي عليها، كما تم دراسة تاثير تغير المجال على خواص دالة الانتقال المعدل.اخيرا فقد تم دراسة تاثير الاضطراب الجوي على المنظومة من خلال ادخال ستة متغيرات وهي زاوية السمت، ارتفاع الملاحظ، درجة الحرارة، الضغط، الرطوبة النسبية وخط العرض. ومن ثم حساب فرق المسار البصري ودالة الانتقال المعدل وspot diagram مرة اخرى وملاحظة ما يحدث عليها من تغييرات بتغير انكسارية الجو ولعدة قيم من زاوية السمت(5،10،20،30،40،50،60،70،80،90 درجة) ولمديات مختلفة (20,10,7,5,3,2,1,0 كم) | When a light ray that emitted from the bodies, passes through the Earth’s atmosphere it will continuously change its direction of propagation. This is due to the atmosphere turbulence and the variation in the air density along the line of sight. In order to find out what happens to the image of a body in the atmosphere; we have studied the influence of thermal radiation refraction through the atmosphere on the image formed by thermal imaging system. A new atmospheric model was build to study the effect of the atmospheric turbulence on the optical imaging system design. In this model we assumed that the atmosphere in a hydrostatic equilibrium and consisting of two layers, the troposphere and stratosphere and all atmosphere consistence, obeys the perfect gas law. The temperature assumed decreasing at a constant rate within the troposphere, up to the tropopause at about 11km height from the Earth's surface and then above the tropopause the temperature remains constant and equal to the tropopause temperature. The upper height of the stratosphere is taken 80km. A formula obtained for calculating total refraction angle as a function of zenith angle and refractive index, and all meteorological data at the observer. The total refraction angle is the sum of the refraction caused by the troposphere and the stratosphere, each one is given as integral which was calculated by Simoson's rule. Then a computer program was written based on the new atmospheric model for calculating atmospheric refraction angle for different zenith angles and ranges of atmosphere. A comparison was done between the results of the present program and those of other sources. The comparison, indicate a good agreement with these sources. This program is simple to use, and in which the atmospheric model used can be varied easily. The values of temperature, pressure, humidity, latitude, lapse rate, wavelength and a specific accuracy can be changed. The IR transmission in the 3 - 5μm band was studied using the computer code LOWTRAN6 in both the horizontal and slant path at different altitudes (0.005, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20 km) and ranges (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20 km). A raytracing program was developed and it was used to design a thermal optical imaging system to work in the 3 - 5μm band. Then the new atmosphere refraction program was combined with the raytracing program. From this combination we obtained a new system design which was entered in the software ZEMAX.The optical path deference, modulation transfer function, and spot diagram were computed for the designed thermal optical imaging system before entering atmosphere turbulance effect. The affection of changing the field on the characteristics of the modulation transfer function was also studied. Finally the atmosphere turbulance effect was studied by entering six parameters, zenith angle, observer height, temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and latitude. The optical path deference, modulation transfer function, and spot diagram were calculated again to estimate, there affection by the atmosphere refraction for different values of zenith angles (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 degree) and ranges (0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20 km).

حسابات الخزن المغناطيسي العشوائي في المواد الفيرومغناطيسية == CALCULATIONS FOR RANDOM MAGNETIC STORAGE IN FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS

Author name: فاتن ساجت مطر الخفاجي
Supervisor name: كاظم جواد كاظم الشجيري
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Solid State and Materials Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: نظام التسجيل المغناطيسي في الاقراص الصلبة يمثل اكثر مجال متطور نامي بسرعة للتقنيات المتقدمة في العالم في الوقت الراهن. ان هذا العمل مركز على تقييم اداء وسائط التسجيل المغناطيسي ( الطولية والعمودية والبت النمطي) من خلال دراسة تحديدات متطلبات وسائط التسجيل المغناطيسي ذات كثافة الخزن العالية من ناحية الاستقرار الحراري ، نسبة الاشارة الى الضوضاء وقابلية الكتابة. في الدراسات السابقة والتجارب يؤخذ تردد المحاولة كثابت وفي هذه الاطروحة استعملنا تردد المحاولة كدالة لدرجة الحرارة والمجال المسلط وحجم الحبيبة وثابت الاضمحلال . تردد المحاولة النموذجي بحدود وللتسجيل المغناطيسي الطولي والعمودي على التوالي وهي قيمة اكبر بكثير من القيمة التخمينية المستعملة عموما . دراسة وتحليل مجال الكتابة لتحديد افضل نظام تسجيل من خلال تخفيض ابعاد النظام وتقليل المسافة بين راس التسجيل والوسط . دراسة زمن الاسترخاء للتسجيل المغناطيسي الطولي والعمودي كدالة للمجال المسلط وزمن المحاولة عند قيم مختلفة لعامل الاستقرار الحراري. دراسة تحديدات البت النمطي لكثافة الخزن العالية مع وسط ECC لتخفيض مجال النقل للبتات المفردة وتحديدات وسط بت نمطي بكثافة خزن ما بعد 1Tbit/in2. تصميم وسط تسجيل مغناطيسي طولي بكثافة خزن 67 Gbit/in2 . | The magnetic recording system in hard disk drives represents the most rapidly developing area of high technology in the world today. This work is focused on the magnetic recording performance evaluation of longitudinal, perpendicular and bit patterned media by the study of the limitations of media requirements for high areal density magnetic recording in terms of thermal stability, signal to noise ratio and writability. In experiments, the attempt frequency is often taken as constant, but in this thesis we used attempt frequency as the function of the temperature, applied field, grain size and the damping constant. We have found that the attempt frequency is typically about and for longitudinal recording and perpendicular recording, respectively, which is much larger than the commonly used estimate of . Analyzing write field to determine a better recording system by scaling down its dimensions and the head - to - medium spacing. studying the relaxation time for longitudinal and perpendicular magnetic recording as a function of applied field and attempt frequency at different value of the thermal stability factor. Studying the limitations of bit patterned media to higher areal density with exchange coupled composite ECC media to lower the switching field of individual bits and limitations of bit patterned media for 1Tbit/in2 and beyond. Design of longitudinal magnetic recording system for 67 Gbit/in2

محاكاة لخصائص الهوائيات الكسورية المكونة من الميتاماتيريل == Simulation of Fractal Antenna Properties Composed of Metamaterials

Author name: عمار نضال شريف
Supervisor name: عامر باسم شعلان
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الميتامتيريال او المواد ذات معامل الانكسار السالب هي مواد صناعية . تمتلك هذه المواد خصائص مثل معامل الانكسار السالب وهي خصائص غير موجودة في المواد الطبيعية. الميتامتيريال التي تم تصميمها من خلال وضع المرنانات الكهرومغناطيسية مثل المرنانات الحلقية المنفصلة (SSR) في مجموعة دورية من بين التصاميم الاكثر انتشارا. المرنانات الحلقية عند وضعها بالقرب من الهوائيات كغطاء فانها سوف تحسن معامل الكسب للهوائي. وعند حفر هذه المرنانات على سطح الهوائي فانها تؤدي الى تقليل حجم الهوائي. اصبحت الهوائيات المطبوعة من اكثر الهوائيات شيوعا وذلك لامتلاكها العديد من الخصائص مثل صغر حجمها وقلة وزنها وسهولة تصنيعها بكلفة قليلة. ان تصميم الهوائيات المطبوعة باستخدام اشكال الهندسة الكسورية اكسبها تحسين في خصائص الهوائي. في هذه الاطروحة تم تصميم ستة اشكال كلاسيكية واربعة اشكال كسورية لخلايا الميتامتيريال وتم حساب المعاملات الخاصة بها باستخدام طريقة الاسترجاع بواسطة برنامج (HFSS) المخصص لمحاكاة النماذج الكهرومغناطيسية. السماحية والنفاذية ومعامل الانكسار السالب تم حسابها وقد اظهرت هذه الخلايا تصرفا مشابها لتصرف المواد اليسارية عند ترددات الرنين العائدة لها. دراسة تاثير خلايا الميتامتيريال على خصائص الهوائيات يقع على شقين ، تحسين معامل الكسب وتقليل حجم الهوائي. غطاء الميتامتيريال الذي يتكون من خلايا كلاسيكية الشكل او خلايا كسورية الشكل تم وضعه فوق نماذج الهوائيات، كوخ الرباعي وبيانو ونتفة الثلج. تم الحصول على نتائج جيدة من تحسين معامل الكسب وتقليل الفصوص الجانبية في شكل المجال للهوائي. ان مقدار التحسين في بعض النماذج والتي تمتلك غطاء مكون من خلايا كسورية الشكل يصل الى 5 ديسيبل. ان المرنان الحلقي تم حفره على سطح الهوائي بيانو اما المرنان الحلقي على شكل هلبرت الكسوري فقد تم حفره على المستوي الارضي لهوائي نتفة الثلج. نتائج جيدة من تقليل الحجم تم الحصول عليها حيث ان مقدار التقليل بالحجم لهوائي بيانو وصل الى 41%. ان الهوائي كوخ الرباعي وهوائي بيانو تم دراستهم عمليا حيث تم تصنيعهم واجراء القياسات لهم باستخدام جهاز محلل شبكة النواقل. وتم الحصول على نتائج عملية متوافقة مع النتائج النظرية. في الدراسات المستقبلية سيتم دراسة اغطية الميتامتيريال لاكثر من طبقتين وبزوايا مختلفة نسبة الى مستوي الهوائي | Metamaterials or left - handed materials are man - made structures. They have properties like negative refractive index that is not found in natural materials. Metamaterials that is designed by placing electromagnetic resonators like split ring resonators (SRRs) in a periodic array is among the most popular designs. Split ring resonators when placed next to antennas as a cover, it will improve the gain of the antenna. Split ring resonator when slotted on patches, it causes a size reduction. Microstrip patch antennas have become one of the most popular antennas because they have many advantages such as low - profile, light weight, and low cost of fabrication. Designing of microstrip patches are utilized from fractal geometry. Fractal shapes exhibit antennas more improved in its parameters.In this thesis, six classical and four fractal unit cell metamaterials are designed and their parameters are calculated using retrieval method by HFSSV13 code for electromagnetic structure simulation. Permittivity, permeability, and negative refractive index are calculated. These shapes show left - handed behavior in their resonance frequencies.The study of effect of metamaterial unit cells on antenna parameters lies in two categories, gain enhancement and size reduction. Meta - cover of classical and fractal unit cells is placed above Quadruple Koch, Peano, and Snowflake antennas. Good results of gain enhancement and side lobe reduction are obtained. Enhancement of some models of fractal meta - cover equals 5 dB. Split ring resonator and Hilbert ring are slotted on antenna patch and ground plane of the antenna respectively. Two models are proposed, First iteration of Peano and Snowflake antennas. A good result of size reduction is obtained. The reduction in Peano antenna equals to 41%. Quadruple Koch and Peano antennas are studied experimentally. These models are fabricated and measured using vector network analyzer. Good agreement of measured and calculated results is obtained. In the future work more than two layers will be investigated with different angles relative to the antenna plane

تاثر اشعة كاما المرتدة بكثافة المواد غير المتجانسة باستخدام طريقة مونت كارلو == The Effect of the Density of an Inhomogeneous Material on Gamma Backscattering Using Monte Carlo Method

Author name: عل نعمة محمد
Supervisor name: علاء باقر كاظم
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Atomic Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في البحث الحالي، تم تصميم وكتابة برنامج محاكاة حاسوبي بالاستناد على تقنية الفوتونات المرتدة وطريقة مونت كارلو ليكون منظومة عملية افتراضية، عوضا عن المنظومة العملية الحقيقية، في مجال الاختبارات اللااتلافية لتراكيب المواد المتاكلة (المتصداة). ولهذه المحاكاة القابلية على تحليل توزيع الطاقات للفوتونات التي تصل للمنظومة الكشفية بعد ان تعاني عدة استطارات في مادة الهدف. ۇجد انﱠ عدد الفوتونات المستطارة، سواء استطارة منفردة او متعددة، تعتمد على الترتيب الهندسي للمنظومة وعلى خصائص مادة الهدف. ان المعلومات التي تم الحصول عليها من هذه التقنية تعتمد بشكل وثيق على كثافة مادة الهدف، مما يسمح برصد اي تغيير في انتظام تركيب تلك المادة. على هذه الاسس، يصف برنامج المحاكاة الحاسوبي الحالي سلوك حالة التاكل لنماذج من الحديد او الفولاذ وصفا كميا. وقد تم تنفيذ هذا البرنامج على مجموعة من مركبات الصدا الشائعة، هي FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, FeCl2 قورنت النتائج المستحصلة من هذا العمل مع بعض النتائج النظرية والعملية المنشورة، حيث اظهرت توافقا جيدا ضمن المعطيات التي تم تحديدها مسبقا. فكانت نسبة الخطا الخاصة بحسابات سمك التشبع بحدود (0.02 - 0.08)، بينما مقدار الخطا الخاص بحسابات الكثافة حوالي (0.003 - 0.04). ان نتائج المحاكاة الحالية مفيدة، ليس فقط، في تخمين الترتيب الافضل لمنظومة الفحص المعتمدة في عملها على مبدا استطارة كومبتن المرتدة للاشعاع وانما في تخمين امكانية التطبيق العملي لهذه المنظومة. زيادة على ذلك، انها وسيلة ناجعة في الفعاليات التدريبية للتنمية البشرية، للموظفين والطلبة، في مجال تطبيقات التقنيات النووية خصوصا في مجالي الصناعات الانشائية وصناعة النفط والغاز. من جانب اخر، باجراء بعض التحويرات الطفيفة على المحاكاة الحالية يمكن توظيفها في مجالات الفيزياء الاحيائية والطبية | A computer simulation program based on Monte Carlo method and photon backscattering technique was designed and written to be as virtual experimental system, instead of the real experimental system, concerning nondestructive testing (NDT) of corroded materials. The simulation based on this program was able to analyze the energy distribution of photons that reach a detector system after suffering several successive Compton scattering events in a target. It has found that the number of single and multiple backscattered photons depend on the geometry of the system and the characteristics of the target. Also the information has been obtained by this technique is strongly related to the material density, this allows changes in the material uniformity to be monitored. On these bases, the present computer simulation program is described to quantitatively characterize the corrosion status of steel samples under insulation. The program is carried out on FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3 and FeCl2. The results of this work were compared with the theoretical and experimental data. The comparison showed that are in good agreement with the published data. The deviation of the simulated results of this work from the experimental values about for the saturation thickness (0.02 - 0.08) and the errors of the density results from experimental data (0.003 - 0.04). Our simulation results are useful not only to evaluate the optimal configuration of an inspection system that has used Compton backscattered radiation, but also to assess the feasibility for setting up experimentally this system. In addition, it has been very useful for training activities with a view of human resources development, staff and students, in the field of application of nuclear techniques, particularly, in structural industries and industry of petroleum and gas. In addition, with slight modification, the present simulation technique can be employed in the fields of bio and medical physics

دراسة التركيب النووي للنوى الزوجية - زوجية ذات الاعداد الكتلية A=82 - 144 باستخدام نموذج IBM - 1 == Studying the nuclear structure of even - even (a=82 - 144) isotopes using IBM - 1

Author name: علي عبد الاله عبد الجبار العبادي
Supervisor name: خالد سلمان ابراهيم | ايمان طارق العلوي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Nuclear and Environmental Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: في البحث الحالي استخدم نموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة الاول(IBM - 1) لدراسة التركيب النووي للنظائر الزوجية - زوجية ذات الاعداد الكتلية (A=82 - 144) . تم استخدام البرنامج (IBSS1.For ) لايجاد مستويات الطاقة وحساب نسبها وانتقالاتها الكامية بالاعتماد على العدد الكلي للبوزونات (N ) . وقد تم تصنيف هذه المستويات حسب مستويات الطاقة (band - g ,β, γ).وكذلك تم تحديد سلوك النظائر بالاعتماد على قيم مستويات الطاقة العملية ونسبها وترتيب الحزم فيها, واظهرت النتائج ان النظائر تنتمي الى التناظرات الديناميكية U(5),SU(3),O(6),U(5) - O(6). كما تستخدم برنامج (IBMTT.For) لحساب احتمالية حدوث الانتقالات الكهربائية رباعية القطب B(E2) وعناصر المصفوفة المختزلة لمؤثر الانتقال الكهربائي رباعي القطب ان المستوي يمتلك شكل متطاول ( prolate) ,بينما ياخذ المستوي الشكل المفلطح ( oblate). كذلك تم حساب احتمالية الانتقالات المغناطيسية ثنائية القطب B(M1),و عناصر المصفوفة المختزلة لمؤثر الانتقال المغناطيسي ثنائي القطب ,باستخدام برنامج M5.For)). استخدمت نتائج حسابات عناصر المصفوفة المختزلة لمؤثر الانتقال الكهربائي رباعي القطب وعناصر المصفوفة المختزلة لمؤثر الانتقال المغناطيسي ثنائي القطب لحساب نسب الخلط δ (E2/M1),و نسب الخلط المختزلة (E2/M1) ,وتعدد القطبية multipolarity)) الخاصة بكل نظير . لقد اظهرت النتائج توافقا جيدا مع القيم العملية المتوفرة واختلافا مع بعض القيم ,حيث ان قيم نسب الخلط في النظائر , , , للانتقالات ( - ),) - ),( - ),( - ),كانت (0.18) - 8.2 - 3),)6.3),)6.6),)على التوالي .بينما اظهرت نتائج النسب في نفس النظائر وللانتقالات نفسها القيم (0.6790) - 12.3470) , ) ,(10.8692) ,(8.8238) على التوالي . كما تم استخدام التركيب الهندسي لنموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة الاول وذلك لحساب طاقات السطوح لبعض النظائر وكانت النتائج متوافقة بشكل جيد مع المخطط المثالي للخطوط الكنتورية | In the present work , the interaction boson model (IBM - 1) was used to study the nuclear structure of even - even (A=82 - 144)isotopes. The (IBSS1.For)program was used to find the energy levels and calculate the energy ratios. The researcher has classified the energy levels according to the (g, β, γ - band), and determined the behavior of these isotopes according to the experimental values of energy levels ,their ratios and bands arrangement . the isotopes are belong to the dynamical symmetries U(5),SU(3),O(6),U(5) - O(6). The (IBMTT.For) program was used to calculate the electric quadrupole probability B(E2) , reduced matrix elements of electric quadrupole operator , and electric quadrupole moments , . Throughout the results of electric quadrupole moments ,the state have a ( prolate) shape while the state have an (oblate ) shape . The values of magnetic dipole transition probability B(M1) and reduced matrix elements of magnetic dipole operator have been predicted by (M5.For) program . The results of reduced matrix element of electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole transition operators were used to calculate delta mixing ratios δ(E2/M1), reduced mixing ratios (E2/M1), and multipolarity for each isotopes. The values of delta mixing ratios in , , , and , for the transitions ( - ), ( - ),( - ) , and ) - ) were (0.18) ,( - 8.3),(6.3),and(6.6) respectively,the present calculations confirmed that ,the values of delta mixing ratios in the same isotopes and for the same transitions are (0.6790), ( - 12.3476) ,(8.8238), and (10.8692) respectively . The geometrical structure of the interaction boson model (IBM - 1) was applied for a chosen isotope to calculate the potential energy surfaces, the results were in good agreement with the typical plots of countor lines and trixial symmetries

دراسة تاثير التشعيع ل PMMA المشععة الكترونيا بواسطة SEM == Investigation of Charging Effect in Electron Irradiated PMMA by SEM

Author name: علي سعد مهدي
Supervisor name: حسن نوري عبد الوهاب العبيدي
General topic: Physics
Specific topic: Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Mustansiriyah University - Faculty Of Education
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تم انجاز اجراء تحليلي لقياس الشحنة التي يمكن ان تحقن في نموذج لمادة عازلة في المجهر الالكتروني الماسح. يعتمد هذا الاجراء بالاساس على تحديد شحنة الاستقطاب بواسطة ظاهرة المراة الالكترونية. من خلال ذلك تم تطوير عدة علاقات مرتبطة بهذا الموضوع لتكون قابلة للتطبيق فيما يخص بالطبع شحنات الاستقطاب للمواد الخطية والموحدة الخواص . استنادا الى ذلك تم تحديد الجهد الذي ينشا كنتيجة لتاثير كلا من الشحنات المحقونة الحرة والشحنات المستقطبة. ومع ذلك فهذا العمل تم انجازه وفقا لمنطلق من الناحية النظرية وقد تم اعتماد منحنى التاثير المراتي بمثابة مقياس تقييم لجودة الصورة المراتية. لذلك فان هذا الاجراء قد تم استخدامه لدراسة منحنيات التاثير المراتي التجريبية لمادة PMMA ولجهود تشعيع مختلفة ومن ثم معرفة اهم المعلمات التي تؤثر على هذه المنحنيات. من ناحية اخرى تم دراسة محاكاة مسار الحزمة الالكترونية في داخل غرفة المجهر الالكتروني الماسح فيما يتعلق بتفاعل هذه الحزمة مع المادة ضمن الغرفة. في الواقع وقد استند التعامل الرياضي على الميكانيك الكلاسيكي باستخدام مفاهيم استطارة روذرفورد. في الواقع فان هذه الدراسة قد تم انجازها اولا باستخدام مجال التربيع العكسي اما المرحلة الثانية فهي تتعلق بمجال التربيع والتكعيب العكسي. اهمية الصيغ التي تم الحصول عليها لهذه المسارات تاتي من ارتباطها بين بعض من اهم المعلمات التي تتحكم في ظاهرة التاثير المراتي. هذه المعلمات في الواقع هي الشحنات المحقونة، زاوية السقوط، جهد المسح، ومسافة التشغيل، وثابت العزل الكهربائي لمادة العينة. اوضحت النتائج بشكل جلي ان شحنة الاستقطاب تؤثر على قوة كولوم التي تعاني منها الكترونات المسح. علاوة على ذلك فان التغير في جهد العينة يعتمد بصورة رئيسية على ثابت العزل لمادة العينة. | An analytical procedure has been carried out to measure the charge that may trapped in an insulator sample of scanning electron microscope. It is mainly concerning with the determination of the deduced polarization charges by means of mirror effect phenomenon. Several relations related to such issue have been modified so as to be applicable for regarding charges due to polarization in linear and isotropic material. Consequently, the potential arises as a result for both trapped free and polarization charges is set up. However, this work has been carried out concerning the theoretical point of view, the mirror plot curve has been adopted as an evaluation scale for the quality of the mirror image. Therefore, this procedure had been used to investigate the experimental mirror plot curves for PMMA material with different accelerating potential and then study the most important parameters that affects in these curves. From other hand, a simulation for the electron beam trajectory inside SEM chamber have been investigated regarding the interaction of this beam with material that chamber involves. Actually, the mathematical manipulation has been based on classical mechanics using Rutherford’ scattering aspects. This investigation, in fact, have been accomplished by using an inverse - square field in the first step while the second step has been concerned with an inverse - square and cubic field. The importance of the obtained formulas for these paths comes from its correlation among some of the most important parameters that control the mirror effect phenomenon. These parameters, in fact, are the trapped charges, incident angle, scanning potential, working distance, and dielectric constant of sample material. Results have clearly shows that the polarization charge significantly influences the Coulomb’s force that incoming electrons suffer from. Furthermore, the variation in the sample potential is mainly depend on the dielectric constant of the specimen material.
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