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التنمية السياسية العربية بين الاصلاح السياسي ودعوة التغيير الخارجي == Arabian Political Development Between Political Reform & External Change invitation

Author name: زيد عدنان محسن العكيلي
Supervisor name: لبنان هاتف الشامي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: مع نهاية القرن العشرين واطلالة القرن الحادي والعشرين شهد العالم ولادة نظام دولي جديد ، اطلق بداياته بحرب الخليج الثانية التي قادتها الولايات المتحدة الامريكية في منطقة من اهم المناطق الاستراتيجية في العالم الا وهي منطقة الوطن العربي حيث شهدت هذه المنطقة حربا اقليمية التمسية ، دولية التاثير ، عالمية الابعاد ، لتعلن ميلاد حقبة دولية جديدة . تمتاز بهيمنة القطب الامريكي الذي اخذ يفرض مفاهيمه على العالم في اطار ظاهرة تحركها قوى المال والاعلام الا وهي " العولمة " واحيانا تستخدم القوة العسكرية لـ(مكافحة الارهاب ، الحد من اسلحة الدمارالشامل) هذه الظاهرة هي التي حملت شعارات الديمقراطية وحقوق الانسان والحريات العامة لتجعل منها معيارا للثواب والعقاب فمن يرفع هذه الشعارات وينفتح على النظام العالمي الجديد يحظى بالثواب ، ومن يعرض عن الديمقراطية وحقوق الانسان والحريات العامة يتعرض لخطر العقاب ، وبذلك وجدت الانظمة السياسية العربية نفسها امام عملية اصلاح ديمقراطي عالمية تقودها الولايات المتحدة مفروضة عليها من الخارج ، وهذه العملية العالمية انتخبت وانتقت مواقع ذات اهمية استراتيجية لتطل من خلالها على العالم . لذا فان الدول العربية امام عملية تغريب سياسي عالمي (الغربنة) من خلال فرض ايديولوجية الغرب الراسمالي ضمن موجة الديمقراطية التي جاءت كرد فعل للمتغيرات الدولية وقد سميت هذه المرحلة بـ(التحرر السياسي) ، لكن نتائج هذا التحول كانت قد اخذت شكل تناقضات شهدها العالم العربي ضمن هذه الايديولوجية المفروضة او الوافدة . اذ ليس بمقدور كل دول العالم النامي بصورة عامة والدول العربية بصورة خاصة ان تطبق هذه التجربة بمناى عن اي تخبطات او تعثرات ، لان بعض هذه الدول غير مهيا اساسا للاصلاح السياسي وبالتالي تنمية سياسية حقيقية ديمقراطية . اذ ان الشعارات والدعوات التي تطلق في ميدان حقوق الانسان والتعددية من قبل دعاة " النظام الدولي الجديد " ، لاتزال تخاطب مجتمعات - هشة - وتستغل الاوضاع المتردية لحقوق الانسان هذه ، لتدغدغ امال الشعوب والمجموعات والجماعات التي تعاني من القمع ، وتظهر وكانها هي المنقذ لها . كما ان الدعوات لملاحقة المسؤولين عن انتهاكات حقوق الانسان بصفتهم الفردية امام القضاء تمهد الطريق نفسيا لتقبل هذه الدعوات والترحيب بها والترويج لها واللجوء الى القوى الخارجية ، فاذا اظهرت الديمقراطية الليبرالية نظما غير متوائمة مع مصالح الغرب فليس هناك اي مانع من اجهاض هذه التجربة على الرغم من الشعارات التي ترفعها . لقد اصبح الفراغ الذي تعانيه المنطقة العربية بسبب غياب مشروع اصلاحي تنموي سياسي ديمقراطي يشكل فرصة سانحة للقوى الدولية التي تمتلك مصالح استراتيجية في المنطقة لتقديم مشاريع (اصلاحية) للانظمة التسلطية في المنطقة هذه الانظمة التي كانت تحظى في السابق بدعم نفس القوى التي بادرت لتقديم هذه المشاريع (الاصلاحية) . حيث ساد الاعتقاد ان الاخذ بالانظمة الراسية وهيمنة الحزب الواحد (الوحيد) سيقود الدول العربية الى الاستقرار السياسي على اساس ان التعددية قد تخلق حالة من الفوضى بسبب الصراع على السلطة بين الاحزاب ، ذلك فضلا عن ان نظام الحزب الواحد سيقود الى انجاز مهم هو بناء الوحدة الوطنية ، والنهوض باعباء تحقيق التنمية الشاملة ، التي تحتاج الى سلطة قوية لاتتوفر في الانظمة البرلمانية التعددية ، لان التعددية تعني الفرقة والتنافر ، فضلا عن كل ذلك فان نظام الحزب الواحد قد حقق واحدا من اهم اهدافه وهو ضمان الاستمرار للنخب السياسية الحاكمة دون مضايقات القوى المعارضة لها ، بهذه القناعة حكمت الانظمة السلطوية العربية ، حيث حظيت هذه الانظمة بدعم احد المعسكرين ابان الحرب العالمية الثانية لابقاء نظام سلطوي يقمع المعارضة ويحول دون انتقال الدولة الى منطقة نفوذ المعسكر الاخر . ولهذا فان المطالبة بالتنمية والاصلاح تقع في صلب المعركة من اجل الوطن الحر السيد الموحد . وهذا الهدف لايتحقق الا في ظل انظمة شرعية تكفل حقوق المواطنين وتحظى بدعمهم وتكسب ثقتهم التي تشكك في المشاريع الاصلاحية المقدمة من قبل الحكومات بسبب خبرتها معها . اذن الاصلاح السياسي الديمقراطي ضرورة يفرضها واقع المجتمع العربي في الوطن العربي ، لخلق حالة من الاستقرار والعدالة داخل هذا المجتمع الكبير الذي اصبحت تنطوي بين جنباته على متغيرات الرفض للانظمة السياسية القائمة والرغبة بالتغيير والاصلاح ، وهذه المتغيرات اذ لم يتم استيعابها في اطار عملية سلمية فانها ستولد انفجار تعجز الانظمة السياسية القائمة على استيعابه ، اذن لايمكن الخروج من الازمة التي تتعرض لها الانظمة السياسية العربية من دون وجود عملية اصلاح شاملة وحقيقية ، تاخذ في اعتباراتها التطورات الدولية ومواثيق حقوق الانسان ، هذا لان نجاح العملية الاصلاحية العربية يتطلب العودة الى الاصول من اجل هضمها وغربلتها واستخراج شيء جديد منها اصيل كاصالتها ، لا ان يعتمد الاصلاح على هوامش الفكر الغربي او يكتفي بالتراث فالاصلاح لايمكن ان يؤسس على هوامش او جزئيات . بل هو كل متفاعل بين معطيات التراث التي تشكل خصوصية المشروع ، والاعتبارات الدولية التي تنطوي على الحداثة ، حتى ينجح المشروع التنموي الاصلاحي فانه يتطلب اذن ثقافة سياسية جديدة تعمل على احلال النزعة النسبية في الوعي السياسي محل النزعة الشمولية ، وتحل التوافق والتراضي والتعاقد محل قواعد التسلط والاحتكار والالغاء . لايمكن لاي مشروع اصلاح سياسي ديمقراطي في الوطن العربي النجاح دون وجود مجتمع مدني نشيط وحيوي يسهم بفاعلية لبلورة مشروع اصلاح سياسي ديمقراطي يناسب خصوصية كل دولة ويستوعب القوى المجتمعية ، وادت حالة التردي التي تعتصر الكيانات العربية وتحايل الحكومات على مشاريع الاصلاح الفرصة لتدخل الاجنبي لاجراء التغيير بعدما فشلت الانظمة السياسية العربية بتغيير نفسها ، اذن الاصلاح امر ضروري وعاجل ، ينبع من داخل مجتمعاتنا ذاتها ويستجيب الى تطلعات الجماهير في بلورة مشروع شامل للاصلاح ، يضم الجوانب السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية...الخ ، فالديمقراطية ليست مؤسسات فقط وانما هي ثقافة سياسية وسياسات اقتصادية واجتماعية وثقافية ...الخ ، متفاعلة مع بعضها البعض ، اذن اي مشروع للاصلاح الديمقراطي في الشرق الاوسط حتى يكتب له النجاح لابد ان يميز الوطن العربي عن سواه ، بسبب الخصوصية التي تمتع بها الدول العربية بحيث يسمح المشروع الاصلاحي بالتعامل مع كل دولة على حده ، وينتظم في نسق عام مع القواسم العربية المشتركة الاخرى ، بينما يتيح لكل مجتمع عربي كي يدفع خطوات الاصلاح الخاصة به الى الامام ، ويفعل من الوجود العربي على الساحة الدولية والاقليمية ، ويبعده عن التقوقع والتمحورعلى الذات . | With the end of the 20th century and the outset of the 21st century, the world witnessed the birth of a new world order. It began with the 2nd Gulf War led by the United States of America (USA) in one of the most important strategic regions the world - the Arab Homeland. This Region witnessed a regional and afflictive war marked with international dimensions and impacts announcing the birth of a new international era. This era is branded with the domination of the American pole that started imposing its concepts on the world in the framework of a phenomenon driven by money and media, i.e.," globalization". Sometimes the military force is used for (fighting terrorism or banning the proliferation of the weapons of mass destruction). This phenomenon raised the slogans of democracy, human rights and general freedoms to be used as the criterion for reward and punishment. Those who adopt these slogans and welcome the new world order will be rewarded, and those who reject democracy, human rights and general freedoms will be punished. Therefore, the Arab political systems found themselves facing a world democratic reformation process led by the USA. This process selected strategically important locations to dominate from these locations on the world. Consequently, the Arab states are facing a westernization process through the imposition of the ideology of the capitalistic western world within the wave of democracy that came as a reaction fro the international changes. This stage is called as (political liberation). However, the results of this alteration took the form of contradictions witnessed by the Arab world within the incoming or imposed ideology. Generally, all the developing and Arab countries cannot implement this experiment without stumbling and floundering. That is because some of these countries are not prepared for political reformation and hence a real democratic and political development. The claims and slogans raised in the arena of human rights and pluralism by the heralds of the "new world order", still addressing - fragile - communities and utilizing the bad situation of human rights there to titillate the hopes of the oppressed peoples and groups. They want to look as their saviors. The calls for hunting down those who are responsible for the violations of human rights, in persons, before courts, pave the way psychologically to accept, welcome and promulgate for these calls and resort to the outside powers. So, if the liberal democracy generates systems that are not inline with western interests, then there is no obstacle to abort this experiment despite the slogans it may raise. The vacuity from which the Arab region suffers due to the absence of democratic, political, developmental and reforming project gives a an easy chance to the international powers that have strategic interests in the region to provide (reformation) projects for the dictatorship regimes in the region. In the past, these regimes were backed by same powers that took the initiative of the provision of such reformation projects. There has been a tenet saying that the adoption of hierarchical regimes and the hegemony of one party (the only one) will lead the Arab states to political stability. That was based on the idea that pluralism or (a multi - party - state system) could result in disorder originated from the dispute on authority between the parties. This is in addition to the belief that a single - party - state system will leads to a significant accomplishment, i.e., building the national unity and upholding the extensive development that needs a powerful authority which the multi - party parliamentary systems lack. This is because the multi - party system means disunity and discord. Aside from that, the single - party system has achieved one of its biggest aims - insuring the persistence of the political elites in power without being annoyed by their opposing powers. According to this belief the totalitarian Arab regimes ruled their peoples. These regimes were supported by one of the two camps during the 2nd World War for preserving a totalitarian regime that oppresses the opposition and stands against the transition of the state to the influence of the other camp. Therefore, the call for reformation and development lies at the heart of the battle for a unified, sovereign and free country. This goal cannot be achieved unless there are legal systems that guarantee the rights of the citizens and enjoys their support and credit which suspiciously regards the reformation projects offered by the governments due to their experiences with them. It became clear that the democratic political reformation is a necessity dictated by the nature of the Arab community in the Arab Homeland. And that is to create a state of stability and justice inside the big community which is folding and encompassing the new conditions of rejecting the existing political regimes and the desire for change and reformation. These new conditions or variables, if they were not contained in the framework of a peaceful process, it will generate an explosion which cannot be contained by the existing political systems. Therefore, there is no way out of the crisis which the Arab political regimes face now unless there is real and extensive reformation process that take into its consideration the international developments and the human rights charts. This is because the success of the Arab reformation process requires from us to go to the origins in order to comprehend and sift them to extract something as a new and genuine as it is. Reformation should not depend on the margins of the western thinking or be limited to heritage. It cannot be based on margins and partialities. Yet, it represents the interaction between the given facts of the heritage that formulates the features of the project on the one hand, and the international consideration branded with modernity. In order that the reformation and developmental project succeeds, it requires a new political culture that works on replacing the relativism whim in the political perception with the comprehensive whim. Similarly, harmony and accord replaces the rules of hegemony, monopoly and revocation. No democratic reformation project in the Arab Homeland can succeed unless there is an active civil society that contributes vitally in the building of a democratic political reformation project that fits the specialties of each country and contains the powers of its community. The deterioration that is pressing out the Arab entities and the deception organized by the governments against the reformation projects, gave the opportunity for the foreign intervention to carry out the changing process after the Arab political systems failed to change itself. Reformation therefore is a necessity in our communities and it responds to the expectations of the peoples for the building of an extensive reformation project. This project includes all the political, economic, social and cultural aspects. These aspects react with each other. Therefore, if there is any project for democratic reformation to be successful in the Middle East, it should differentiate the Arab Homeland from the other regions due to features which the Arab countries enjoy. Such a project should give the chance of treating each state alone. It should have a general order with the things that the Arab countries have in - common. It also give the chance for each Arab society to push forward its own reformation steps and invigorates the Arab presence both on the regional and international levels and keep it off from confinement and introversion

القوى الكبرى واعادة تشكيل النظام الدولي : دراسة في فرضيات الصعود والافول == Great Powers And Reforming International System A Study In The Assumptions Of Ascendancy And Decline

Author name: علي بشار بكر اغوان
Supervisor name: محمد ياس خضير
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Constitute the rotation exponential relationship dimensions positive and negative between the international system over the different stages of the major powers in various manifestations, argumentative and extensive research and one of the main gates of understanding of international relations at the contemporary stage, this relationship has opened ample room for endoscopy and research in but the international system and major powers dramatically, impact, vulnerability and nutrition, nutrition reverse dual between the international system and major powers relationship has alternated according to each stage and this relationship is the main problem of the balance of power in several stages, and when he was urgently needed because of the international system is to be the foundation standard for classification of power arrogance in the world, we became our international system stable and clearly defined in terms of the formation of systemic in different structural dimensions, that the international system is established the concept of structural and quality of states and impose the rhythm of movement for many reasons, notably that the nature of the regime often imposes itself a great obligation for these forces because adopted for fear of imbalance or break up of certain international situation or threat to the status of this or that country. While it is possible that just the opposite is happening as they become the major powers in the zenith of its power is granted international system and give it structure and posed or change the balance, that is, the major powers here are the ruler and the clutch on the decision to change within the system and not vice versa.Of course, and as far as what the major powers and the international system and the issues of restructuring strategy and the required strategic supplies, it became clear manner that does not accept the argument that the concept of power and public and private as has changed helped broadly to re - read the beliefs of the strategic countries in terms of the ups and build self - mechanisms .Importance of the study : Centric importance of the study of it represents an attempt research earnest to form a new theory to explain how they can through the major powers arise strategic detail the destruction, they also offer hypotheses second supplement to the theory of looking at the mechanics of the fading of states and their tracks and provide detailed explanations of the forms of collapse and form, in the sense that the subject of major powers and reshape the international system based on the assumptions of ascent and decline, it represents an attempt to re - read international relations in general and major powers and the international system, in particular in the pot research focuses on the scientific methodology of the measurement, audit and observation and select the tracks.The problem of the study : The study generally runs from the two problems main ways : the first, which is problematic conceptual theory relating to the characterization of and what the big powers and the international system and the nature of the dialectical relationship rotating between the two, the second is problematic current major powers characterization and put it in its proper place according to the hypothesis of ascent and decline and the compatibility of all the power with these hypotheses.The dilemma conceptual first, since the study is trying through, and over the detective and three chapters, the first - the first, second and third - explain what the clash incident between the international system and major powers, as it is trying to study here and across this part of the dilemma that the disintegration of the complex Association about the presence of overlapping relationship is a clear path between the evolution of the international system on the one hand and major powers on the other hand, due to the complexity of the actors and their diversity and change the concept of power and its vocabulary, this relationship appears frequently as a rotational (ie, when they vibrate and weaken the international system, is restored and fed through strategic reaction of major powers on the form of finding a new strategic balance or maintain the strategic balance as and when it weakens the major powers, the system modifying itself in line with the size of the weakness incident to correspond to the requirements and elements of modernization that has occurred in the international environment and gives the stream additional to those strengths that have benefited from the decline in single actors function or polar strategic act also shall be either by maintaining a balance or modify it identifies with the size and manage change).While Applied dilemma second focuses on practical models of major powers and try to determine its position in the international system based on key assumptions that have been developed and adopted a basic criteria for the rise of the big powers and the eclipse, as it dealt with the last three chapters (IV, V and VI) the issue of the status of all power in the international system - models selected - based on the extent of approaching and distancing itself from the hypotheses that have been put forward both in terms of climb or, moreover study focuses in this part of the dilemma defines the shape of the future of the international order based on the data and the reality of the big powers. It is through this dilemma offers a number of central research questions that the study will try to answer them through the next research context, the most important of these questions are : 1. What is the fundamental nature of the relationship between the international system and major powers?2. How can identify the key ingredients that require their presence in the power of any wish to become a major international scope of the system?3. What are the main forms of balance known to international relations throughout history, the nation - state?4. Who are the actors function capable of control in the international system and restructuring?5. How can identify the entrances of change within the international system and who knows this change?6. What is the most important hypotheses that can be through to become a major force on the international scope of the system?7. How can identify the most important hypotheses decline that lead them to collapse?8. Do not slip United States a world power?9. Is Russia today is on its way toward building the same to you mean by itself as one of the poles of the future world again?10. Is China really able to replace the United States? And how?11. What is Japan's new site in the international system?12. What is the future of the international system in the light of data the rise and fall of great powers?Hypothesis of the study : Consistent with the dilemma that have been submitted and research questions that have been submitted and as well as the main hypotheses that have been adopted by the study systematically through the third quarter in an attempt to form a comprehensive theory, the study starts from the assumption president of that on the basis of (that there is a direct correlation "positive + negative" between the regime the one hand and major powers on the other hand. The more major powers more coherent and stronger the more you process the formation of the international system more discipline, and vice versa, the more the international system more solid whenever the major powers to maintain more balance and less likely to change. And branching out from this hypothesis President, two assumptions in two basic subgroups : The first hypothesis : Whenever any major international force backed away from its position, as it was an opportunity to push a new force to fill the vacuum, and this is a dialectical ascent and decline.The second hypothesis : Whenever a major international force backed away from its position as it was an opportunity to reshape the international system according to the new balance of power. This is the dialectical relationship between the international system and major powers.Curricula : The study used the six - round main chapters range of approaches that are used in scientific research on the scope of political science were as follows : 1. The historical approach, which sought the study through used to display the most prominent of the relevant idea of historical experiences and the subject that the researcher wants to clarify, this has been the approach one of the main approaches that have been through it to identify the mechanisms of the fading of the major powers and the conclusion of which many hypotheses have been one of the most important pillars of the study at various stages.2. Analytical Approach : The study used the analytical approach to the study of various plants for several purposes, the most important cases of the dismantling and re - installed in accordance with the main theme of her service, and the support of the conclusions of this approach is based on the basis of scrutiny of reality and studied extensively studied through strategic insight.3. Approach the international system Analysis : It is one of the most major and modern approaches that study sought to focus on it through international structural analysis and situations experienced by the international system and the dismantling of his limbs and its impact, the study was able bumpy this approach to reach many conclusions based on what provided by this approach of the mechanics to understand the phenomenon and absorbed significantly.4. Approach to measure the strength of nations : one of the most important approaches and, most recently that for its research tools have enabled the study to identify the most prominent features of the strength and the weakness of the major powers and greatly helped to explain many of the phenomena and dismantled as it should.5. Future Approach : It is one of the most important methods you used for the purposes of study, the most important of several identifying features scenes of the future of the international system according to the scene forward - looking unconditional. Structural study : As well as the introduction to the study and details and the conclusion and findings, the study contained two doors presidents by six central chapters, the first section by three chapters titled (conceptual framework and theoretical), while Part II came with three other chapters supplement entitled (Applied and future frame).Ensure that the first chapter of the study, which came under the title (the major powers and the international system), the two main two sections (Section I : what the major powers and the international system) while the second part, titled (forms of power in the international system balance).On the other hand Chapter II of the study, which was titled contained (actors in international relations and the entrances to change) on two sections two main (Section I : actors function traditional and new actors function of non - State actors in international relations), while the second section under the title (the entrances to the change in the system international).Also a third chapter of the study, which was titled (hypotheses rise and fall of great powers) of the two main two sections (Section I : hypotheses rise of major powers) while the second part, titled (hypotheses fading major powers).Chapter IV of the study contains two sections and two presidents, who came under the title (the major powers "core" and measuring hypotheses ascent and decline), was the first topic title (the United States) while the second section title (Russian Federation).On the other hand, Chapter V of the study complements the above by two sections presidents under the title of president of the chapter came a (major powers "emerging" and measuring hypotheses ascent and decline), was the first section of the chapter entitled (China), while the second part, titled (Japan) .

النخبة السياسية في العراق 1958 - 2014 : دراسة في التوجيهات والاهداف == The political elites that ruled Iraq (1958 - 2014) studies in trends and goals

Author name: سعدي ابراهيم حسين
Supervisor name: ليث عبد الحسن جواد الزبيدي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present dissertation consists of four chapters preceeded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion . It sets out from questioning and if the political elites henceforth (P.Es) successivly ruled Iraq for the period (1958 - 2014) are and the same trends and gools ?The dissertation replies This inquiry by hypothesising that the (P.Es) successively ruled Iraq vary in their trends and goals , as each has its own ones . The trends and goals mainle of (P.E) ruled for (1958 - 1963) concentrated on constructing Iraqi state . The (P.E) of (1963 - 2003) was of Arabic national trends and goals . As for the (P.E) came to power in Iraq after 2003 , they are of no clear trends and goals , considering their different national , religions and sectarian trends and goals .To verity of valility of this Aypothesis , Ch1 studies the (P.E) ruled Iraq (1958 - 1963) . Ch2 studies the (P.E) ruled for the period (1963 - 1968) . Ch3 studies the (P.E) ruled Iraq (1968 - 2003) . while Che4 concerns the study for the (P.E) ruled since 2003 till 2014 .The disser tation has come to the following conclusions : First : - the ruling(P.E) of (1958 - 2003) are of persons mostly come from military establishment , with an important exceptions when these elites by headed by civil leaders , as the case with the political (Abdulrhman Al - Bazaz) who became prime minster , and the former Iraqi president (Saddam Hussein) came to power in 1979 as a president. the later , in spite driving himself to the military establish meant by seizing the biggest military rank , he still being actually a civilian .Second : - The (P.E) ruled Iraq before 2003 depended on their own capacities to take the power by making revolutions coups . While the (P.E) came to power after 2003 till the time of concluding this dissertation , depended on external factor represented by USA support to expel the previous (P.E) and substitute it by recent (P.Es) .Third : - The (P.Es) ruled Iraq all over the period specified for the purpose of the present study didn't succeed to a achieve their trends and goals , moreover , they encountered by internal obstacles and the (P.Es) themselves , as well as home and external (regional and international) obstacles .So , we could say the trends and goals that helped (P.Es) to take power , were at the same time reasons behind losing the power , especially before 2003 .After 2003 , the (P.Es) national and sectarian trends and goals were negative factors led rulling system specially and the whole country in general to many economical , political and security problem and crises . the most prominent one is the national and communal political share in rulling Iraq .Finally , the dissertation comes to a list and suggestion , including : - 1 - concerning the future (P.Es) trends and goals it is suggested that the new (P.E) have to adopt popular national trends and goals of all Iraqi people suitable for Iraqi situation , which promots and at the same time supported by the a general unified national identity . the best possible suggested strategy to achieve this to follow the steps and rebuilt state resemble that and ancient Iraqi empires since it unified all Iraqi nation under their title , as no Iraqi Arabs , Kurds and other could deny his Hondo our to be belong to those civilizations .So , we could keep Iraq away from the risk of national and sectarian trends and goals .2 - concerning the mechanism to take the power : - The study suggests that the peaceful exchang of power is that best way must be adapted by the future(P.E) as it is founded by USA in Iraq after 2003, and they must leave the second alternative , i.e the violence to take the power which was the only way the past since 1958 .3 - concerning the political performance , the study concentrates the necessity of correspondence between trends and goals on one hand , and the (P.Es) , performance on the other hand . this could be achieved by adopting reviewing trends and goals periodically by the (P.Es) and reforming these trends and goals to be realistic of applicable within a reasonable and useful period for Iraqi people , not imaginary and Uri realistic like establishing national state , while the existed Arab countries are under the risk of partioning one after one . Neither trying to establish a communal (sinni or Shiite) state while Iraq realy consists of more than one religion or sect .

اثـر ادارة نـظام الابـداع الـوطنـي فـي استراتيجية التكيف والسيطرة : دراسة نموذج العراق

Author name: محمد مصطفى جمعة السعدون
Supervisor name: سرمد زكي الجادر | مازن اسماعيل الرمضاني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

القيادة واثرها في الاداء الاستراتيجي التركي الشرق الاوسط انموذجا == Leadership and its Impact on the Turkish Strategic Performance Middle East as a Model

Author name: محمد عبد الله راضي
Supervisor name: باقر جواد كاظم السوداني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The study addressed the issue of leadership, as one of the important topics in the field of political science, and in strategic studies. Political leaders are to give countries a regional or global status.The political leadership in the country, define the objectives, means of implementation, determine the power and weaknesses of the state, and monitoring the opportunities and difficulties, in the internal and external environment.Turkey, since 2002, witnessed the presence of a leadership with Islamic content, able to convey Turkey than doubled phase to phase power. And headed Turkey, under the control of the Islamists, to pay attention to the Middle East, as a strategic area.The Middle East, as a geographic area, includes : Egypt, Israel, and the Arab Gulf States, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. And some of them add : Pakistan, Afghanistan, Arab Maghreb countries, and Sudan.Turkey lies in the Middle East, and during the period between 1923 - 2002, went secular, aiming to join Europe, and have been associated with NATO and the United States, ignoring its relations with the Middle East.The Islamists after taking power in Turkey, gave their attention to the Middle East, which was considered a pivotal area, to perform as a strategic actor.The study aims to : find a relationship between the role of Islamists leadership and the performance of Turkey in the Middle East. Within the period 2002 - 2020.And that raised the issue of the relationship between : the leadership of the Islamists, and Turkey's role in the Middle East, an important question : Is the effectiveness of the Turkish strategy, during the period 2002 - 2015, in the Middle East, linked to the presence of Islamists in power?The answer, verified the existence of a relationship between two variables. Turkey and the shift towards secular parties will push Turkey towards : a little get away from the Middle EastThe study was divided into three chapters, an introduction and a conclusion : 1. First chapter : (Turkish leadership and strategic perception of the Middle East), and it has to answer the question : How Islamists consider Turkey's role in the Middle East?And address this issue in two paragraphs, first : the theoretical framework for leadership, the relationship between leadership and strategic performance, and leadership connection with the strategic decision making in Turkey, and second : Turkish strategic perception of the Middle East from the aspects of political, security, economic and civilization importance.2. Second chapter (Turkish leadership and strategy in the Middle East). It has to answer the question : What is Turkey's strategic orientation towards the Middle East, and what is the content of the strategic performance?And it headed the study, in dealing with this subject, through three paragraphs : first, focused on variables effect Turkey's strategic performance in the Middle East. And second, it focused on the strategic orientation of the Turkish in the Middle East. And third, the history of Turkish strategic performance since World War II.3. Third chapter (Leadership and the future of strategic performance in the Middle East), and has to answer the question : Will the Islamists continue in the leadership of Turkey till 2023? And whether changes will happen in Turkey's strategy in the Middle East?And it headed the study, in dealing with this subject, through two paragraphs, first : the expected changes, in leadership, during the period between 2015 - 2020, inside Turkey, and second what changes is expected on the Turkish strategic performance, in the Middle East according to changes in leadership

السياسة الامنية الامريكية تجاه النظام الاقليمي في الشرق الاوسط بعد احداث 11 ايلول 2001 == United States Security Policy Toward The Regional Order In The Middle East After The Events Of September 11, 2001

Author name: ظفر عبد مطر التميمي
Supervisor name: سمير جسام راضي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: تعد السياسة الامريكية الخارجية بجانبها السياسي الامني من اهم المفردات التي تشكل احدى ادوات محور البناء والتغيير في منطقة الشرق الاوسط الموسع، وما يليها من مناطق مجاورة ، وذلك بعد انتهاء مرحلة الحرب الباردة، وتغير مراكز القوة العالمية، خاصة مع تصاعد مفاهيم مثل النظام الاقليمي، والاقليمية الجديدة، والامن الاقليمي والتي قد تبرز لتحل محل التعددية القطبية العالمية او على الاقل ستغير من مفهوم الهيمنة الامريكية على النظام العالمي الجديد. ولان القرن الحادي والعشرين بدا امريكيا بامتياز، فان الادارة الامريكية تحاول جاهدة فرض الصبغة الامريكية على هذا القرن حتى نهايته، او على الاقل حتى بداية ضعف الدولة الامريكية. ان منطقة الشرق الاوسط الموسع تمثل حالة من الوفرة في الموارد الطبيعية والديموغرافية فمن المؤكد انها ستمثل حالة من الوفرة ايضا في الخطط الامريكية التي ستؤدي الى تغيير المنطقة وفقا لتطلعات الادارة الامريكية وحلفائها، وبذلك تتناسب منطقة الشرق الاوسط الموسع مع التناغم الحاصل بين فوضى التغيير والنظام الاقليمي الجديد، والتي تمثل افضل السبل لجعل هذه المنطقة المشتعلة دوما باتون الحروب والصراعات اكثر ميلا نحو الاستقرار والسكينة وان تكلف ذلك مددا زمنية ليست بالقليلة او الهينة. وبالتالي فالادارة الامريكية امامها فرصة كبيرة في اعادة خلق المنطقة على وفق تخطيط استراتيجي اداري ناجح يتسم بصيغة المشاركة مع دول منطقة الشرق الاوسط الموسع والسماح بخلق محاور اقليمية جديدة تعتمد على تطوير نظامها الامني وربطه بالسياسة الامنية الامريكية والتي تفسح المجال امام القوة الذكية الامريكية لتؤسس مدارس فكرية جديدة غير بعيدة عن التوجه العسكري الامريكي ولا قريبة من التنازلات الخطيرة التي قد تغير من موازين القوى العالمية . | The American foreign policy is marked with political security one of the most important items that constitute one of the tools of axis construction and change in the broader Middle East, and its next neighboring regions, after the end of the Cold War era, and change centres of global power, especially with the escalation of concepts such as regional system, regional new, and regional security that may emerge to replace the multi - polar world, or at least will change the concept of American hegemony on the new world order , because the twenty - first century the start of U.S. par excellence, the U.S. administration is trying hard to impose American character to the end of this century, or at least until the beginning of the weakness of the American state.The broader Middle East region represents a state of abundance in natural resources, demographic. It certainly will be a case of abundance also in U.S. plans that will lead to change the region in accordance with the aspirations of the U.S. administration and its allies, and thus fit the broader of the Middle East with harmony happening between chaos of change and new regional order, which represents the best way to make this region a flaming always patron wars and conflicts are more inclined towards stability and tranquility and cost periods of time is not uncommon or soft. Thus American administration before a great opportunity to re - create the region according to a strategic planning successful management characterized format engagement with the countries of the Broader Middle East and allow the creation of regional hubs new depends on the development of its security system and link security policy of America, which gave way to smart power American establish schools of thought new non - far from the U.S. military approach does not close serious concessions that may change the global balance of power .

معوقات التنمية الشاملة فـي عـراق ما بعد التغيير السـياسي : دراسة في اثر عدم الاستقرار السياسي

Author name: جواد كاظم كطان الشمري
Supervisor name: صالح عباس الطائي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Development in Iraq were problematic for the President of the successive regimes in spite of the differing motives and justifications have adopted a system in which to proceed, under the former regime was one of development solutions for the political legitimacy required to continue in power, and this is a natural fact that the Development Gateway always explains that contribute in giving some of the legitimate authority in the event it was not in accordance with the generally accepted elements of legitimacy and the most important of which voters choose voluntarily to the ruling authority, for this reason that the former regime began to implement major development during the Sbiniat of the last century is the first decade of the years of his reign, however, that poor Management Authority and the absence of democratic choice and the transformation of the ruling establishment to the individual institution has led to a decline in levels of development, after this process has gradually ceased during the years of the Iraq war - Iran and the subsequent drop in the continuation of the performance of the Iraqi economy by international sanctions imposed by the end of 1990 to show This decline in levels of development through a number of indicators including : deterioration of the Iraqi dinar, a decline in the average annual per capita income and therefore a sharp decline in the gross national product of the state, a gradual increase in the rates of unemployment and the high proportion of the total and starved of manpower, all of which had a bitter reflections indicators of human development, which is a component of overall development, as has the proportion who are literate (Literacy) and a decrease in the average life expectancy and this is what the Twcrh periodic reports of the United Nations and in particular its development program. With the political change that took place in 2003 an international resolution entered a critical juncture of development and perhaps even worse than previous years, if the former regime had been used based on the economic development of the oil wealth to solve the problems of input legitimacy, it is lost under the new system was of course the question of legitimacy with the adoption option the political process as a means of managing power in the country reduced to the question of development in the context of the provision of public services did not take place in this new political climate as a priority after Zahmtha other issues dominated the scene, despite the stated intentions of both the U.S. administration, which came to rule Iraq for about year or by the successive governments have been promising the reconstruction of Iraq and bring about comprehensive development in accordance with an international program along the lines of historical precedents of the heritage inspired by Japanese and German experiences, however, that the events that followed the political change and the reality of this project was postponed because of the continued deterioration of the situation of security and the rise of political conflicts potential between the parties to the political process and turned out to be a sectarian tensions so that the issue of development is not included in the government program, or it turned out to be just one small service delivery policies of local councils, in the sense that the latest development as planned according to a certain extent of time for a change in the social and economic realities as one of the central policies of the State Supreme ignored for the benefit of priority of security that drained a large part of the state budget in previous years remained in the funds allocated for development in the budget is weak and did not meet the real needs. It was the lack of political stability in Iraq is not in the greatest impact of causing FP stop the development process but also the decline of instability Fmkrjat, which were represented in the absence of consensus on government policy and the transformation of the sectarian tension to a civil war which lasted more than a year led to the spread of administrative corruption in state institutions because of poor oversight and accountability mechanisms result concerns the problem of security, which has become the obsession of both the state and the citizen, which in turn has led to disruption of the majority of reconstruction projects, as well as the flight of national capital to markets abroad in search of a more secure, without forgetting that Iraq's transition to a sustainable environment for the violence to make of foreign investment, both in its direct or indirect is not contained at all. On this basis, the security requirement is most urgent is the need for (for the citizen - the voter) and the legitimacy of the government is subject to its ability to provide a more secure environment which reveals a change in political behavior is the re - ordering of priorities in the collective mind on the basis of the prevailing circumstances so that it is to live in completion of a more secure environment proves the legitimacy of authority, and perhaps this new hierarchy of priorities in the collective mind has provided more space for corruption to become the administrative status of the membership of the inherent structure of the Iraqi state, have contributed significantly to the failure of development plans, on the basis of the fact that the conditions are intended to set priorities , development will become a political demand of voters where there is a safe environment so as to become synonymous with the legitimacy of their authority in the implementation of this requirement.

الحكم العالمي في دراسة العلاقات الدولية بعد الحرب الباردة == Global Governance In The Study Of International Relations Post Cold War Era

Author name: اياد هلال حسين الكنانـي
Supervisor name: قاسم محمد عبد علي الدليمي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: For a long time, governance was a syndrome of state sovereignty; the authority of governing all aspects of life in the frame of its regional existence. Its continuous pursue is that all remains under full control, in addition to its refusal to any foreign interference. Therefore the concept of a sovereign nation - state stood as an obstacle facing the process of dividing the authority of the state or even thinking of adopting any role opposite to that of its own. At the same time reality proves that no local or international tools have been developed in order to limit or hinder the power or authority of the nation - state. In that light there hasn't been a significant differentiation between the terms government and governance in the context of social sciences; governance never reached beyond the action of governmental institutions in a certain state. Both terms have been interchangeably used in their meaning and indication when dealing within the frame of nation state authority. This comprehension reflected on the subject of governance in international relations; studies appeared to attenuate centralized governance on international relations in order to reach peace, justice, no war, and organizing international affairs in the same manner of exercising them from inside the state; a vision that ultimately led to suggesting ideal theorists the concept of global governance in its different features.As globalization grows, it becomes more difficult for a state to exercise unlimited domination or produce an absolute social module that could be followed and scrutinized in an authoritarian way on its own and or territory. This kind of control has become totally unpractical. No matter how many institutions a state could build or laws it can legislate, it still remains short of imposing full control on its own lands. This crisis that hit the sovereign country accompanied the reality of governance sharing by other states. These out comers take part in setting standards and building basics and sometimes they might compete and triumph over the mother state itself. What was said represents the local level, and when speaking on the global level, globalization induced other forms of governance and authorities in the field of world policy, including the horizontal and vertical interactions ; sub state, supra state , and trans state, also including organizational initiatives presented by market institutions and the campaigns held by the international social movements. There is a focus on breaking the limits of a single state and heading towards a globalized governance system because of the narrow angle that conventional itself in when compared to a globalized system that enjoys trans - border reactions and exchange that seem to need more than a state's regulations to be controlled. At the same time many issues and problems came to surface that require international intervention. Awareness has also been raised concerning global threats that demand international action. Therefore the dominance of the nation state is gradually transforming towards to (post - national sovereignty) since it is losing its capacity to withhold its public affairs on both the local and international level. In addition to different sides emerging and taking a vital role in what was strictly in the hands of the nation - state alone. Representatives of nation - states today are obliged to be partners when exercising authority, with international organizations, multinational corps, and trans - national political and social organizations or movements in addition that those sides have a rising role in crystallizing interior affairs. This picture led to the demise of the main sign of conventional sovereignty in the past : borders and territory capture. In the light of what was mentioned above, researchers in the field of international relations, especially after the cold war, started the pursue to define modules other than that of a nation - state, as an alternative system. They developed their ideas and theories concerning global governance, and considering it the new analytical concept that describes world politics and power being spread and divided upon global level. Moreover, some researchers considered this a theoretical alternative for international relations perspectives.From this point, it becomes clear, why research in global governance is such an important issue. Since it is the theoretical alternative that could explain the breaking of states' power and how it spreads along different levels. Instead of the conviction that the nation - state reached its end socially and politically, and the retreat of its power, and the opinions that support the transformation of the state's powers and their direction towards a unified hierarchical structure (world government), theorists found a middle position between the chaotic demise of the nation - state and the central grip of the global government, by being more realistic and to the ground. They headed towards the global system that depends on different participating sides in managing state affairs. In addition to the importance of studying global governance by presenting explanations that apply to the global changes. Conventional analysis proved to be short from interpreting those changes in a realistic manner.

الاصلاحات الدستورية في الدول العربية (1991 - 2007) == CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMATIONS IN ARAB STATES (1991 - 2007)

Author name: حازم صباح احميد
Supervisor name: مها عبد اللطيف حسن الحديثي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: بدات الدعوة الى الاصلاحات الدستورية في الدول العربية منذ التغييرات الكبرى التي حدثت في العالم، خاصة في العقد الاخير من القرن العشرين بعد تفكك الاتحاد السوفيتي والكتلة الاشتراكية، وانهيار نظام القطبية الثنائية بانفراد الولايات المتحدة الامريكية في الساحة الدولية وطرح ما يسمى بالنظام الدولي الجديد، هذه الهيمنة السياسية والاقتصادية دفعت الى تصاعد الدعوات الى الاصلاح الدستوري ضمن اطار شعارات الديمقراطية وحقوق الانسان، وبناء مؤسسات المجتمع المدني وازدادت هذه الدعوات بشكل كبير بعد احداث 11 ايلول 2001 . وفي هذا السياق فقد مثل الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية نوع من الاشكالية من خلال التناقض بين ما هو وطني وما هو عالمي، اذ ان الترابط ما بين مطلب الاصلاح وبين مطلب وضع الدستور وتعديله، هو ترابط تاريخي له ضرورات واقعية، فمن ناحية لا يمكن ضمان واستمرار واستقرار عملية الاصلاح بغير دستور يحميها، ولكن ليس الدستور فقط هو الضامن لعملية الاصلاح، اذ ان الدستور مهما كان صريحا واضحا، الا انه لا يمكن ان يضمن عملية الاصلاح الا اذا توافرت الارادة السياسية للنظام السياسي على البدء فيه او الاستمرار في دعمه وتطويره، فالاصلاح الدستوري هدفه احداث تغييرات ملموسة في بعض او جميع نصوص الدستور تقود في النهاية الى الاصلاح الشامل، اذ لا يمكن ان يتحقق اي اصلاح بدون اصلاح للدستور، ويتم ذلك من خلال وجود دستور يحدد العلاقة بين الحاكم والمحكوم وكيفية تشكيل السلطات العامة، وما مدى صلاحية هذه السلطات وما هي العلاقة بين كل سلطة واخرى، وان يكون هناك نص واضح يبين الحقوق والحريات العامة للمواطنين، واذا كان هناك دستور تجاوزه الواقع، فلا بد ان يتم اصلاح ذلك الدستور لينسجم مع الواقع القائم. وهنا يطرح الاصلاح الدستوري بهدف اصلاح القواعد الدستورية التي تشير عن سيطرة سلطة ما على بقية السلطات، او انتهاك حقوق المواطنين وحرياتهم، او تكريس نظام حكم معين. اما الاليات العملية لاصلاح الدستور فتنص عليها قواعد الدستور، وهي تختلف صعوبة او سهولة بحسب مرونة الدستور او جموده. كذلك فان الدستور هو انعكاس للظروف التي تعيشها الدولة، وعليه فلابد من تعديل نصوصه بما يتماشى مع تلك الظروف، والا حدث انفصام بين النص والواقع. اذ ان كثيرا من الدول العربية تخشى من اثارة فكرة اصلاح الدساتير رغبة في تحقيق وحماية الاستقرار، كما لو كان الاصلاح مهددا او معرقلا للاستقرار، وكيف ان الاصلاح قد يكون مطلوبا من اجل الاستقرار، وان عدم القيام بالاصلاحات الدستورية، او مقاومة متطلبات الاصلاح كثيرا ما كان من اسباب تهديد الاستقرار، وبذلك فقد اصبح الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية هدفا ضاغطا وتحول شيئا فشيئا مع انكشاف ضعف الانظمة الحاكمة في الدول العربية وعجزها عن موازنة الضغوط الخارجية والداخلية، من خلال طرح اشكالية جديدة تتعلق بالعلاقة بين دور الداخل ودور الخارج في تحقيق الاصلاح الدستوري وضمان تقدمه ونجاحه.اهمية الدراسة : يعد الدستور اعلى مؤسسة قانونية في المجتمع، حيث يتضمن قواعد العمل السياسي المشترك ما بين كل قوى المجتمع للانطلاق منها وعبرها الى البرامج المختلفة لتلك القوى في داخل المجتمع عند الوصول الى السلطة، لذلك جاءت اهمية الدستور السياسة في الزام والتزام من في السلطة بتلك القواعد عند الممارسة السياسية. ان اجراء الاصلاحات الدستورية يقود الى ضرورة قبول كل قوى المجتمع بها، والزام الحكام بتطبيقها من خلال اولا الاتفاق على تحديد مجالاتها وثانيا السعي الى تطبيقها لمواكبة التحولات على الصعيدين الداخلي والخارجي.هدف الدراسة : تهدف الدراسة الى تتبع عملية الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية منذ عام1991 - 2007، والمجالات الاكثر حضورا في تلك العملية. اضافة للبحث في مشاريع الاصلاح غير المنجزة ومجالاتها، ومعرفة التاثير السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي لتلك الاصلاحات ومعرفة دوافعها الداخلية ومحدداتها الخارجية.فرضية الدراسة : تقوم الدراسة من اجل بلوغ اهدافها على فرضية اساسية مفادها : ان الاصلاحات الدستورية هي حاجة ملحة لمواكبة التحولات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية في اي دولة، وقد تبنت الدول العربية مجموعة اصلاحات دستورية منذ عام1991 الى عام2007، الا ان هذه الاصلاحات ركزت بالدرجة الاولى على متطلبات المجتمع الدولي من جهة ومنح الحكام صلاحيات اوسع من اجل ضمان البقاء في السلطة اطول فترة ممكنة. ومن اجل اثبات ما جاءت به الفرضية، كان لابد من الاجابة عن التساؤلات التالية : 1 - ما هي خصائص الدساتير التي يمكن اجراء الاصلاح عليها؟2 - ما هي التحولات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والسياسية التي تفرض عملية الاصلاح؟3 - هل للعوامل الخارجية اثر في توجهات الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية؟4 - ما هو دور السلطات الحاكمة في تحديد مجالات الاصلاح الدستوري سواء على الصعيد الاجتماعي - الاقتصادي - السياسي؟5 - هل كان لمطالب المعارضة السياسية دور فاعل في عملية الاصلاح ومجالاته؟6 - هل افرزت هذه الاصلاحات عن نتائج ايجابية، ام بقيت غير مفعلة مبتعدة عن الواقع الاجتماعي - الاقتصادي - السياسي؟ منهجية الدراسة : ان المنهج هو الطريق الذي يودي الى الكشف عن حقيقة معينة، ويكون ذلك عن طريق مجموعة من القواعد والوسائل التي يتبعها الباحث للوصول الى هذه الحقيقة، ولذلك اعتمدت الدراسة من اجل التحقق من صحة الفرضية التي تقوم على منهجين هما : منهج التحليل النظمي الذي يقوم على جمع المعلومات واعتماد المنهج المقارن.اشكالية الدراسة : تبعا لما تقدم ذكره فقد باتت اشكالية الدراسة واقعا عمليا بين السبب وتفاصيله من ناحية الاصول والصياغة اذ تتجسد في تساؤلات عدة تضمنت : - ما هي الفائدة التي عادت على الدول العربية مما يطلق عليه بالاصلاح الدستوري؟ - وهل ما تم من تغيير او تعديل على نصوص الدستور يعد اصلاحا دستوريا حقيقيا؟ - وما هي القوى السياسية التي دفعت باتجاه القيام بتلك الاصلاحات الدستورية؟هيكلية الدراسة : تقوم الدراسة على هيكلية تتكون من مقدمة واربعة فصول وخاتمة وهي كالاتي : - الفصل الاول خصص للاطار النظري والمفاهيمي اذ سيتناول الاصلاح ومجالاته، من خلال ثلاثة مباحث. - الفصل الثاني فقد خصص للبحث في نشات وخصائص الدساتير في الدول العربية، من خلال ثلاثة مباحث . - الفصل الثالث فقد تناول دوافع الاصلاح الدستوري في الدول العربية من خلال مبحثين. - الفصل الرابع تناول الاصلاحات الدستورية ومشاريعها المستقبلية، من خلال مبحثين . | The interest of this study stand on the main changes that happened in the world, exclusively after the soviet union decline and socialist block, and the USA as a unipolar international system. The new world order pushed the states to take the constitutional reformation as one of the main issues, this issue developed after the 11 Sep. events and what were Arab States accused for it. The Constitutional reformation in Arab states occur between what's was democracy and what was nationally. And there was relationship between any reformation and the political will. Many of Arab states afraid to provoke the idea of constitution reformation in order to achieve and protect their stable. Because the Arab political regime saw that any constitutional reformation may threat their presence. Moreover the reformations goals in these states discovered it's weakened. Here, set some questions are : - What are the benefits that belong to Arab states from the constitutional reformation? - is what change to constitution considered as a really constitutional reformation? Study structure includes four units abstract and conclusion as below : - Unit one : aspects and theoretical frame in three chapters, the first : the aspects of reformation, second : reformation sides and its similarity aspects, third chapter : the constitutional reformation and its similarity aspects. - Unit two : the born and characterize of conditions in three chapters, first chapter : the beginning of constitutions born, second : the method of Arab constitutions, third chapter : the Arab states constitutions characteristics. - Unit three : the constitutional reformation in Arab states into two chapters, the first chapter : the legal, political, social and economic internal motivation, The second : political and economic external motivation of constitutional reformation. - Unit four : the constitutional reformation and its future protect into four chapter, first chapter : the political side, the second chapter : the social sides, human rights and public liberty, third chapter : economic sides and the last chapter : the main conditional reformation projects. Ended with abstract, conclusion and recommendations.Study conclusion : 1 - The Arab political regime has not the devise and will enough to act the constitutional reformations because they thought that and reformations threat their presence.2 - The importance of the Arab states constitutional reformation is very necessary because of threats and challenges that occur around them.3 - The constitutional reformations in many Arab states come from the political leadership alone and represented the decision maker vision in every change, after and remove constitutional provisions.4 - Major of constitutional reformation in Arab states occurs with isolation to their people and it seeks to control the power in one side without any participation in their life.5 - It's needed judicial and legislature reformations without any political obstacles that stop it like curfew.

السياسات الصناعية والمزايا التنافسية في ظل المتغيرات الدولية : دراسة حالة الصناعات التحويلية العربية == Industrial Policies And Competitive Privileges with International changes - Studying the State of Arabic Manufacturing Industries

Author name: ثائر محمود رشيد العاني
Supervisor name: وصال نجيب عارف العزاوي | عبد علي كاظم المعموري
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ost of the countries in the world including the growing ones have carries out general repetition to their economical policies especially (industrial Policy) in order to be ready for facing any changes taking place and to be ready for 21st century just as looking for a place in international economic that its main sources distributed between liberation of international trade and probing deeply in details of excellent techniques.For this reason the computational abilities formed basic necessity for the state as well as for single producer and became train which drawing all other changes with it.The growing countries have realized these facts lately so they tried to improve their economic by depending on supposed forms of patterns that are published by international institutions (IMF, IBRD) in order to maintain or change the form of economic.The industrial sector did not be far from these changes but it was the important element of them especially that the policies of specialization amid it directly in order to reduce the support to this sector (Whether it includes goods for special or general benefit).And here the philosophy of change lies which means reducing the shortage in general budget of the state and prepare it to pay tits payable debts.We must refer here to the influence of (WTO) which affects all economic sectors including industrial one so that the liberation of international trade will dispose industrial goods in all countries to difficult challenges.The industrial policies used in Arabic countries led to emphasizes the deficion in form of their changing industries which made them lose the opportunity to support their competition abilities in order to face change that happened in international economic.This study depends on the program of research deals with general to special according to its point of view that all national (Local) and international environment play an important role in trace changing industry in addition to that it depends on description methods to analyze economical changes.The study has been divided to four sections, the first one included the main international changes that characterized last century such as establishment of many economical collections and organizing new agreements for international trade.The second section deals with economical policies and competitive ability international trace.Part of this study presents analyzing for the effects of industrial laws within the organization of international trade and possible profits which will given by general agreement of growing countries.This third section deals with challenges of international environment that faces Arabic industries and formal problems which they are suffer from as a result of general policies and changeable role of state. It deals also with what consider as a chances for region to improve the industrial sector.And work hardly to draw some important characters for industrial strategy to Arabic countries in order to support Arabic industrial abilities.

المكانة الدولية للهند في القرن الحادي والعشرين == THE INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF INDIA IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Author name: تـلا عاصم فائق
Supervisor name: صالح عباس الطائي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Many scholars have dealt with the conflict of the regional powers and the major international powers in South - Asia Region on various aspects. The Indian military and nuclear capabilities are considered major fields of political studies. Such research is conducted in the framework of the Indian political system, the Indian relationship with the Arabic Gulf countries and the role of the rising powers in strategic balance. Indian international status in the 21st Century is the main issue of the current study. These academic efforts are aiming at defining the strategic capacities that India has, since its role in the Asian - region shows a kind of dominance. Moreover India is not only a regional rising power but has a distinctive international role with the ambition of occupying a permanent seat in the United Nations. The importance of the theme of the current study can be summed up as an attempt to approve the following questions : What are the Indian potencies?What are the main issues affecting the international status of India in the post cold war era?And finally, what are the future outcomes becoming out of the international status of India in the 21st Century? Indian technological, economic and social developments can be considered the fruits of its democratic political system. Despites all multi - cultured nature with language and religion varieties, India established a strong democracy. This affirms an effective foreign political act to state India as a regional and international dominant power in the 21st Century.The study sheds light on certain basic dimensions showing the Indian political will of having the most affective external political act in and outside its region. It is clear that India is promoting a future international status in the post cold war era. The problematic issue includes an investigation of all the internal and external variables affecting the status of India. Internal ones include various political, economic, military, as well as social strengthening potencies. While the external ones are either regional or international. The first are focused on the Indian role in a direct conflict with Pakistan and China as part of its continuing struggle for power over prominent strategic issues. But India has very distinctive cooperative relations with both The United States of America and Federal Russia. It also has a very large bilateral economic cooperation with both Japan and Australia. The future prospects more points for powerful Indian role in the 21st Century.The study falls into four chapters. Chapter One deals with the theoretical frame. It is an introduction divided into two sections. The first section includes the conceptual bases, presenting the terminology of status such as the role, function, and position. Moreover a definition of the regional and international systems and their targets. The second section deals with the main political, military economic and social objectives and principles of the Indian strategy. Chapter Two deals with International potencies of India which are geographic, social, political and economic. All these show the impact of internal and external factors on the rising international political role of India.Chapter Three restricts the scope of the study to the post cold war era. Chapter Four prospects a future perspective of the Indian international status in the 21st Century. This shows three scenes : the first is the Indian dominance, the second is the Indian - American coalition and partnership, and the third is the Indian part in international alliance. Consequently India has spiritual as well as materialistic capacities enable it to achieve a very influential international role. The current study proves the hypothesis that India's potencies whether internal or external increase its international role and make it more effective. The researcher has arrived at some conclusions and presents a review of the main points, they are mainly : 1) Indian ambition never stops on the regional bordered limitations. It is not considered only a regional dominant power. And it has far challenging economic, military and political prominence over its neighbour, Pakistan. But it is an international power making efforts to get a permanent seat in the United Nations. 2) Indian - Pakistani relation in the post cold war era has been a continuation of the pre cold war relations. It is based on mistrust, violence and instability heading to arm struggle rather than cooperation. This makes it a more strategic manipulator in the region. While the Indian - Chinese relation is colored with cooperation supported by many Governmental official visits on both sides. Though these countries are still competing for a more influential regional role. 3) There is a wide range of mutual interests between India and the United States of America. This is resulted in a strategic collision to achieve their interests in economy, military and politics. Moreover India has established good friendship with Russia on every aspect to serve their regional interests.4) India has an effective role in the Asia - Pacific region that is limited due to the regional strategic balance. Indian diplomacy has accomplished a lot to achieve mutual understanding and stability in the region. Its part in the Pacific - APEC Economic Forum has helped a great deal to insure Indian economic as well as political status.

التطور التكنولوجي والحرب == Technological Development and War

Author name: براء عبد القادر وحيد محمود
Supervisor name: لبنان هاتف الشامي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: There is no doubt that the study of one of the future phenomenon , is a process of scientific research , starting from the past of the phenomenon , passing by it's present to look for it's future prospect and factor of change in it . The national security adviser to president (Carter) (Zbigniew Brzezinski) mentioned that (Future can and must be planned , without careful choice , change may cause anarchy) . In reference to the need to predict the future and a willingness to deal with it's variables .War , is one of the phenomena that accompanied time in all it's different dimensions , past and present and future . It is very old because it emerged with the emergence of human societies since the dawn of human civilization , and continues to the present day , and will remain to along time , as far as those communities remain . It is part of human nature which can not be changed , and the highest forms of conflict to resolve the contradictions . Reality proved the incorrectness of that point of view which has been spread after the end of the cold war in (1991) and resulted in apoint of view which stated that the phenomenon of the international conflict in general , including the phenomenon of war , will become a phenomenon of the past , or that the future wars will be conventional wars , the human is still in their planetary - level enough to destroy their planet hundreds of times , but that the land no longer satisfy their appetite and military instincts for destruction , and instead it is transmitted to space and stars war .In a world where technological development has become the key to progress , and competition intensified through technology , and which influence will be extended to the political , strategic and economic aspects , and working towards making technology a controlling factor which qualifyes it's adapter to have the control in any other field , the persistence of the war phenomenon makes it's study and understanding , as asperate which has it's rules and laws and governed by it's specific circumstances , and as a field generated and influenced by various political , economical and social fields , a vital issue , not only to the specialists , since that the management of the war and the development of strategies , is no longer the prerogative of the generals , but these strategies draw on the table of tables , rallied around the leaders , generals , technicians , scientists and the educated , even in the most developed countries . we do not mean that the study of war is a study of battles and military campaigns or to identify the types of weapons and others , but also be studied at a higher level which the level of strategy , operations and tactic .From here stems the problem of the study , that the future wars will view dramatic developments turnes concepts and standards known to the military affairs on it's head , as a result of the accumulation of the impact of the diversity and the evolution of multi - output revolutions , like technology , information , media and economy revolution , and other revolutions that have passed automatically to the military arenas . The contribution of the expert systems and equipments of artificial intelligence and neural networks and X - ray laser , as well as the robot and super computer in defining the target and turning it in moments , in addition to the contribution of algorithm schemes and communication equipment , as well as the development of theoretical and applied science in facilitating the full implementation of war training ahead of time , in a way that enhance success factors and causes of failure . Those contributions are important which lead us study this subject through raising main question : - How future wars will be with the development of military technology , and its recruitment in the means and tools of war ?To answer these questions , the study started from a hypothesis referring to that the recruitment of the technological development for military fields with armed forces , will alter the nature of future war , so that they accommodate with the challenges posed by the third wave at the military level . In the context of answering the question mentioned above, more than one method have been adopted , according to the requirements of the study , for example , including a historical approach in the study of campaigns and battles which have had a significant impact in the development of means and tools of war , and the diversity of strategies and tactics . and also a functional approach to search in the functions and contributions of the new fields of technological development . and also the future approach to predict some elements of future wars , with the benefit from the expertise of modern wars in the last decade of the 20th century , and the first decade of the 21 century . In the light of the hypothesis which has been put forward, and in order to demonstrate it , this thesis will be structured into four chapters provided to answer the question raised , in addition to a conclusion . In chapter one , I have had to study the technology and the war as a conceptual framework , the first section dealt with the concept of appealing against the terms of concepts and approach , while the second section dealt with the dialectic relationship between the two terms , and their effect on policy .Chapter two studied technological development and war in the 20th century in two sections . It tackled the development and war until the second world war in the first section . and during the cold war in the second.Chapter three focused on the development of technology and war after the Cold war and it's impact on military affairs , to deal in it's first section the new fields of technological development . In it's second section , it dealt with revolution in military affairs .Finally , the fourth chapter studied the technological development and the wars of the first decade of the 21 century , to deal in its first section the war waged on Iraq on 2003 as a case study . and the future of technological development and war , in its second section . In addition to the conclusion , summarizing the content of the thesis , and it's deductive and recommendations.It should be noted , that the study of the technological revolution and future wars , is not without a number of difficulties , such as : - The confidentiality of information relating to military affairs , in general , and the war strategies and management , specially . - Limitations and the obsolescence of the available information on the subject of study , particularly with regard to the phenomenon of war . the scarcity of information available in the base , and the descriptive nature of the شwars in the depths of history , each with their own conditions , and are leaving room for doubt one of the difficulties in the future research of this phenomenon .In the end , I ask God Almighty to make the pragmatic scientific work that involves service to the nation , the paper finds it's place in our Arabic library .

مستقبل مكانة العراق في التفكير الاستراتيجي الامريكي == The future of Iraq's position in American strategic thinking

Author name: عمر عبد الجبار كامل الحياني
Supervisor name: لبنى خميس مهدي الربيعي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Importance of the subject : The study of the process of American strategic thinking about the case, but it is the study of the phenomenon of ever - changing, the United States of America to adopt its strategy depending on the nature of each stage pass out, so the future of our study of the status of Iraq in US strategic thinking begin studying the goals of the United States changing in Iraq, according to each down to goals and future determinants of its strategy in this country phase.There is no doubt that Iraq has an advanced position in American strategic thinking, Iraq and by its very nature geo - strategic (political, economic, and security) is a variable influential and influenced by the countries of the regional neighbors and thus on the overall US interests in the Middle East that combines strategic location and stores the energy features, this is perceived by the United States which formulate strategies one after the other.It also highlights the importance of our study of the subject, in many respects, and perhaps most important is the timing, as the current phase is one of the most intense phase of the evolution of the US approach toward Iraq forestry because of the security crisis experienced by Iraq in its fight existential terror that still occupy parts of it, and also because of the development of Middle East fragile region and in this context, this study will try to monitor and identify trends in US strategic thinking and the type of performance that US administration, current and future, to deal with the situation in Iraq in accordance with the objectives of the current strategic interests of the US or to be reformulated if what I thought the US make a lot of efforts to assert its influence in Iraq and gain a foothold permanent military presence have it.This study runs from the specific problem of the effect that there was an officer and future US vision on Iraq factors, particularly the (site of Iraq in the US war on terrorism, the need of the United States for Iraqi oil, the rise of the Iranian role, the interest of the United States in the Middle East) Despite from the fact that these factors are within an environment characterized by liquidity and the pace of change at short ranges, the interests of the United States and its role in Iraq and the size of the threat to make the decline in the status of Iraq is not an option acceptable to the United States of America in the future.According to the problem, this study aims to prove the validity of the hypothesis that there is a direct correlation between the level of place occupied by the Middle East region in the priorities of the US administration and the extent of its involvement in its files that (the war on terrorism, to contain Iran's rising influence, energy security, the security of traditional allies States United American) and the prestige that supposedly enjoyed by Iraq, and for the purpose of proving this hypothesis has to be to answer a number of questions : - What attributes of US strategic thinking and characteristics that distinguish it?What is the importance placed on Iraq in US strategic thinking ? - - What are the main changes witnessed by the strategic direction of the US towards Iraq since the end of the Cold War? - What are the main internal and external variables affecting the future of the prestige enjoyed by Iraq in US strategic thinking ?In light of the foregoing and through our treatment of the subject of the future of Iraq, the US position in the strategic thinking of the elements of this status enjoyed by Iraq is made up of several aspects, according to available upon this country and of the advantages of the elements of power : Politically, the Iraq of the US view is a political gravity force insurmountable within the ranges of the Middle East region, especially if re - training course and adjust the behavior of its political system in the framework of cooperation relations or equivalent US influence, which will make a loop allies of the United States in the region , the economic importance of Iraq constitute oil wealth founded on, and perhaps this side is better explains the intensity of American strategic engagement in the case of Iraq exclusively in the region, on the other hand, the United States control over Iraq's oil and the Persian Gulf gave way to determine global production volumes and volumes of supply and oil prices so on, in making the development of other countries and growth of the economic subject indirectly American supervision, or security interest - the military of Iraq in US strategic thinking, Vtaatoty of the nature of the security environment of the Middle East where there are in the first place, and what is available upon Iraq the stature and impact in achieving military balance of regional security in this region is stable, the one hand, Iraq's position reflected in the security environment, territorial what constitutes a bridge vital links the Gulf states with Iran, it has Iraq has always been an important factor in the inter - relationship between Iran and its environs, as pose security agreements signed between Iraq and the United States in the content of public basic foundation of US military strategy in order to make Iraq a partner of the United States and among its allies in the war on terror.To determine the future of Iraq's place in American strategic thinking depends on the beginning of a series of issues that have a role in tipping Iraq's position or not in the formulation of a comprehensive US strategy for any US administration to come, whether or democratic republic, and most of these issues are : - The status of the Middle East in the American strategy : that the location of Iraq in the heart of the Middle East means self - evident that his place in US strategic thinking is the mortgage status of this region as a whole in the priorities of the American administrations, we have observed that the Middle East, the status of the decline in the US strategy for the South East region Asia - Pacific throughout the era of President Barack Obama has contributed to the decline in Iraq's position in the priorities of this administration, and therefore it would revive the trend of US interventionism in the affairs of the Middle East, again, that Iraq due course to the top of US strategic priorities. - The need of the United States for oil : the United States consume at present a quarter of global oil production, even though it has only 3 percent of global oil reserves, according to the statistics of 2015, saw the years between the years 2013 to 2015 US demand growth oil exceeds demand in China's growth (), so the United States consider to Iraq in the long term as a vital source for the future of energy in the world, as is expected, that Iraq would be his "biggest contribution to a great extent for the growth of global oil supply." , so the extent of the US need for oil will affect how much weight will have in the US strategic thinking. - America's war on terror : In the event of any US administration has decided to increase its involvement in the fight against terrorism, Iraq will remain until the near future is at the center of this war, in the sense that he must be the main square of her, and this intervention will reflect positively necessarily on Iraq, the status of the US American United, one hand is seen by many in the American research and study centers that the jump made by terrorist organizations in 2014 was the result of a full US withdrawal and non - official from Iraq in 2011, the study concluded two scenes prospective potential, namely. - that the United States increase its support and its military presence in Iraq to help in its war on terror in order to reassert its influence and role in the whole Middle East region and to prevent international and regional powers of the competition hegemony or fill US void in Iraq, and also confirmed that the US ambassador former Zalmay Khalilzad that opportunity back US influence in Iraq, large, and that the current data indicate that helping Iraq restore the military balance, the most important steps of the possible adoption by the US administration to support and strengthen relations with Iraq.to see the status of Iraq's decline in US strategic thinking, if it wanted the next US administration apply what he called Ian Bremmer, in his book "Great Powers : three options for the US role in the world," strategy "US Independence", which aims to reduce the United States of its international obligations dramatically, and that revolves around the inside first, and reduce military expenditures, in addition to withdrawing completely from the Middle East, where he sees that it is time for the decomposition of the responsibility for solving the problems of others, the United States is the US is depleted from during its obligations to defend allies

الفاعلون الجدد في السياسة الدولية : فاعلو الشبكة انموذجا

Author name: امنة رسول عبد الزهرة
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

ادارة التغيير : الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة انموذجا == Management of Change : Case study : Comprehensive American Strategy

Author name: حازم حـــمـــد مـــوسى الجــنابــي
Supervisor name: منعم صاحي حسين العمار
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: انطلاقا من الاطروحة عنوانا اود ان اقدم نبذة مختصرة عن ما خضنا به ولنبدا : باهمية الدراسة : اذ حملت لنا الاطروحة عنوانا اهمية بانت واضحة من الدور والمكانة التي حضي بها التغيير في النظام الدولي.ويستند موضوع البحث الى فرضية اساس مفادها((كلما كانت ادارة التغيير الامريكية عقلانية، كلما كانت الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة ناجحة)). لكن ونحن نحاول اثبات الفرضية واجهتنا اشكالية اساسها : مفادها ان الولايات المتحدة تعاملت مع الاخرين من منطلق استراتيجية ادارة التغيير, والاخرين انطلقوا في تعاملهم مع الولايات المتحدة من استراتيجية الادارة بالتغيير. لتثار امامنا العديد من التساؤلات وهي : ما التغيير؟ وما انواعه؟ وما اشكاله؟ وما الادارة؟ وما اشكالها؟ وما هي علاقتها بالتغيير؟ ما هي ادارة التغيير؟ وما انواعها؟ وهل التغيير يقاد؟ ام يدار؟. وهل يصنع ؟ ام يفرض؟ وما هو دور ادارة التغيير في الاستراتيجية الامريكية؟ وما سر نجاحها؟ وما هو مستقبلها في ظل التغيير المتقادم؟لهذا حرص الباحث على اعتماد مناهج عدة،لتعامل مع تلك الاشكالية ولما اتسم به موضوع الدراسة من انتقالات ونقلات بحثية متنوعة. واستجابة لمتطلبات الدراسة عمدنا الى استخدام عدة مناهج وكالاتي : اعتمدنا في الفصل الاول : المنهج الوصفي : لحاجتنا الماسة له في هذا الفصل، واعتمدنا في الفصل الثاني : المنهج التاريخي : لتاسيس بناء قوي نستند عليه ليسعفنا ونحن نتحدث عن التغيير. اما في الفصل الثالث فاعتمدنا على : المنهج التحليلي : بعد ان لمسنا ضرورة للتقصي عن جزيئات التغيير الامريكي ولملمتها بعد التفتيش عن ذبذباتها التي تعذر على الكثيرين معرفتها. وصولا الى الفصل الرابع : والذي دعتنا الحاجة فيه الى تبني المنهج الاستشرافي والمنهج الاستشفافي لما لهما من دور بارز وفعال لوضع رؤية مستقبلية لادارة التغيير الامريكي. واستكمالا لما يتطلبه موضوع البحث من دقة في التحليل والتحديد والتعمق في التقصي عن الحقائق والتوسع لشمول اكبر عدد من العناوين الفرعية المتشعبة اعتمدنا الهيكلية المتضمنة (مقدمة واربعة فصول وخاتمة واستنتاجات ).سنعرض نبذة مختصرة حول موضوع الاطروحة المعنونة بـ"(ادارة التغيير : الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة انموذجا )" وكما موضح ادناه : الفصل الاول : عرضنا فيه المادة بعنوان "ادارة التغيير "ذا وجد الباحث ضرورة مهمة لتقسيمه الى ثلاثة مباحث وفقا الى التسلسل الاتي : المبحث الاول : واطر بعنوان " فلسفة التغيير "لنعرض من خلاله الاطار المفاهيمي ليكون لنا اساس مدركي يسعفنا في تفسير ما هو موجود من اداء في الاستراتيجية الامريكية. اما المبحث الثاني فحمل عنوان "الادارة " لما لها من دور فاعل ومؤثر في مسيرة التغيير . وفيما يخص المبحث الثالث : فكان بعنوان "ادارة التغيير"والذي انصب على تحليل وتاطير المفردة اساس البحث، لتكون النهج الذي تتبعه في دراسة الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة لترسم لنا خريطة ادائية تفسر سر الاداء الامريكي .وتناغما مع ما مضى، ووصولا الى الفصل الثاني والذي كان تحت مسمى " : الولايات المتحدة الامريكية وضرورات التغيير " والذي عد من اسس ادارة التغيير، تلك المفردة التي اعتمدها صانع القرار الامريكي وتعامل معها بعقلانية فبانت ثمارها على الاستراتيجية الامريكية ولبانت ذلك ارتاينا تقسيمه الى ثلاثة مباحث : المبحث الاول : والذي تتطرق الى " الرؤية الامريكية للتغيير واثرها في بلورة الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة"والذي تناوب بين منظري التغيير وفلاسفته، وبين صناع التغيير وقادته. فعرضنا فيه المراحل التاريخية التي مر بها التغيير الامريكي والتي بانت عليها صفة اقتناص الفرص وتوظيف المتغيرات من لدن صناع التغيير . اما بالنسبة للمبحث الثاني والذي حمل عنوان " اليات التغيير في الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة "وعرضناها على الجملة بما تضمنت ممن عناوين غزيرة بمحتواها . واستكمالا لما مضى عرضنا للمبحث الثالث الذي اطر بعنوان " دلالات التغيير في الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة "والذي ارتكزت فكرته على عرض تلك الدلالات استمرارا في التقدم في دراسة التغيير الامريكي.ووصولا الى الفصل الثالث عرجنا لتناول العنوان " ادارة التغيير في الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة : رؤية تاريخية "لاهمية التفاعلات التي يحملها كونه من اسس الدراسة التي كانت حلقة وصل بين الماضي والمستقبل . فالمبحث الاول : الذي حمل عنوان "ادارة التغيير في الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة في عالم ما قبل الحرب الباردة" لتكون مهمته مقتصرة على ابانة الخطوات الحذرة للساسة الامريكان وهم يتعاملون مع التغيير الدولي. اما المبحث الثاني : فكان تحت مسمى " ادارة التغيير في الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة في عالم الحرب الباردة "الذي كان اساسه هو التنافس في احداث التغيير بين التغيير الامريكي - الليبرالي والتغيير الاشتراكي - الشيوعي. وجاء المبحث الثالث والذي ترجم تحت عنوان " ادارة التغيير في الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة في عالم ما بعد الحرب الباردة" فكان جل الاهتمام ينصب على ادارة التغيير الامريكي في حقبة الهيمنة الامريكية.وصولا الى الفصل الرابع والذي اطر بالعنوان"مستقبل الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة وادارة التغيير"الذي جاء مصداقا للعلاقة الجدلية بين ادارة التغيير ومستقبل الاستراتيجية الامريكية . وفي بداية تطرقنا في المبحث الاول : والذي حمل عنوان : "المحفزات اللينة لادارة التغيير" الى جملة من العناوين التي عدت محفزات ساعدت على ادارة التغيير امريكيا.اما في ما يخص المبحث الثاني والذي حمل عنوان : "المحفزات الخشنة لادارة التغيير" وتضمن جملة من العناوين التي عدت محفزات خشنة ساعدت على تنشيط ادارة التغيير امريكيا. كما ان المبحث الثالث الذي ادرج تحت عنوان : "مستقبل الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة في ظل ادارة التغيير" تضمن جملة من العناوين التي عدت رؤية مستقبلية لادارة التغيير الامريكي. وفيه تمت قراءة مختصرة لمستقبل الاستراتيجية الامريكية في ظل ادارة التغيير والذي تضمن ثلاثة مشاهد كلا منه حمل من المقومات وما تسنده ليرشح لنراؤية مستقبل الاستراتيجية الامريكية .وختاما نصل الى الخاتمة التي لخصت تلك المفردة الواسعة والمعقدة لننهي البحث بجملة من الاستنتاجات، بمثابة ثمرة البحث الذي خضنا في تفاصيله، لنخرج من هذه المقاربة بجملة من النتائج منها : اولا - ان التغيير فعل وضعي مقصود ،مضاد للثبات والسكون، يملك علاقة طردية مع الزمن ،وله علاقة تقويمية مع الادارة، والاخيرة يتحكم بها صناع القرار في النظام الدولي. لهذا تعد الادارة الدولية المفتاح الاساسي لقيادة التغيير الدولي، وهذا يدل على ان التغيير يصنع ويقاد ويدار. والدليل ان الساسة الامريكيون صنعوا وقادوا واداروا التغيير الدولي. ليوصلهم لقمة الهرم السياسي الدولي .ثانيا - من البديهي القول ان صناع التغيير هم اللاعبين الاساسين في المسرح السياسي الدولي الذين يغتنمون الفرص الاستراتيجية التي تعد خطا من الاخرين لاحداث نقلة استراتيجية شاملة تحدث خلل في التوازن الاستراتيجي الدولي ولتكون نافذة للتغيير في الساحة الدولية.ثالثا - خير وسيلة لقيادة التغيير، هي صناعة التغيير. وخير وسيلة لصناعة التغيير، هي ادارة التغيير. وخير وسيلة لادارة التغيير، ايجاد استراتيجية عقلانية للتفكير.رابعا - وبما ان الاستراتيجية الامريكية متجددة، تمكنت من مواكبة تجدد التغيير الدولي، بعد ان جعلت من العقلانية الادائية والتقويم الاستراتيجي مرتكز لها، فضلا عن اتساع ورشة بناتها وصناعها ومنظريها الذين كان لهم الفضل في ادراك التغيير الدولي وترويضه، لان خير وسيلة لضمان التغيير هو اقتناص فرص التغيير، وهذا ما عمدت اليه الولايات المتحدة في استراتيجيتها على مر حقب التغيير العالمي. واذا لم يحل التوازن في النظام الدولي، فسيتغير النظام لصالح الولايات المتحدة، وينشا لا توازن يعكس اعادة توزيع القوى، بما يضمن الهيمنة للولايات المتحدة : ((اي كلما كان النظام الدولي اكثر اختلالا، كلما كان التغيير الدولي اكثر تولدا وظهورا)).خامسا - ودون شك، ستسعى الولايات المتحدة الامريكية وهي تتعامل مع التغيير الدولي الى "التعاون - التشاركي المتزن" الذي يضمن لها المحافظة الامريكية على الدور والمكانة بالقدر الممكن والمستطاع. سادسا - وبعد عرضنا كل ما تقدم، يمكن ان نؤكد ان النظام الدولي بات رهين ادارة التغيير الامريكية العقلانية، والاخيرة باتت رهينة للاعقلانية القوى الفاعلة في النظام الدولي وهي تتعامل مع التغيير.سابعا - ان الحديث الموضوعي يشير الى اللاتماثل في ادارة التغيير الدولي، فهناك قوى تصنع التغيير وهي لا تدرك خطورته، واخرى تواجه التغيير وهي لا تدرك قوته، وكذلك توجد قوى يصنعها التغيير، وقوى تصنع التغيير ليكون جزء من استراتيجيتها المعتمدة ليحمل الهدف المبتغى والمنشود.ثامنا - ان المستقبل الامريكي بات رهينة عقلانية ادارة التغيير. وادارة التغيير رهينة الاستراتيجية الامريكية العقلانية الشاملة. طالما بدت ادارة التغيير حاوية لادارات فرعية امثال : ادارة التاثير، وادارة التطبيع، وادارة الاقناع ، وادارة الانتقاء، ادارة صناعة العدو، وادارة التحدي....الخ .وهذا ما حاولت الاستراتيجية الامريكية احتوائه بعقلانيتها المتجددة وهي تدير التغيير. من كل ما ورد اعلاه من استنتاجات، نصل ونتوصل الى صحة ودقة الفرضية التي وضعت للدراسة والتي نصت على ((كلما كانت ادارة التغيير الامريكية عقلانية، كلما كانت الاستراتيجية الامريكية الشاملة ناجحة)). | Importance of starting the study of the role of change management in the formulation of the future. For this we tried to indicate the importance of managing change in U.S. strategy, which is one of the most important reasons for its success, the single that made the United States, culminating at the top of the political hierarchy of the international system, so it is not surprising that the change management and study tool for the interpretation of American behavior. And perhaps a gateway systematic new is added to the Methods of strategic analysis. Two documents on the basis of the hypothesis, that ((the more rational management of change America, the more comprehensive U.S. strategy was successful)). Having brought us the subject of study the problem of a title based on the United States dealt with the others in terms of change management strategy and the others set off in their dealings with the United States of the change management strategy which enabled the United States of cemented construction globally and ensure the future. Complement what is required in question the accuracy of the analysis and identification and in - depth investigation of the facts and the expansion to include the largest number of sub - headings complex for us out of a need to know the components of intellectual and performance piece American cemented subject of the study and search for enrichment of the scientific material we have adopted structural included (introduction and four chapters and a conclusion and conclusions), In response to this point, we offered a brief on the subject of the thesis entitled to "(change management : a model of comprehensive U.S. strategy)" as shown below : Chapter I : We put the article entitled "Change Management" The researcher found the need for a mission to divide it into three sections according to the sequence follows : Section I : The frames with the title "philosophy of change" to offer from which the conceptual framework we have a basis Mdrick a Asafna in the interpretation of existing performance in U.S. strategy. The second section he carried the title of "management" because of their active and influential role in the process of change. With regard to the third topic : the share was the title of "change management", which focused on the analysis and research - based single - frame, to be the approach in the study of the overall U.S. strategy to draw a map of our performances explain the secret of American performance. And in tune with the past and, to Chapter II, which was under the name "United States of America and the necessity of reform," which count of the foundations of change management, such individual adopted by the American decision - maker and deal with it rationally Fbant fruit on the U.S. strategy and pant so we decided to divide it into three sections : Section I : , which address the "American vision for change and their impact in shaping American strategy overall," which alternated between the theorists of change and philosophers, and the makers of change and leaders, Frdhana the historical stages undergone by the change, the U.S. and that they had a capacity to seize opportunities and employment variables from the presence of Change makers. As for the Study of the second, titled "Mechanisms of change in the overall U.S. strategy" and what we presented to the sentence included the addresses of the heavy laden. As a complement to our past for the Study of the frames of the third entitled "The implications of the change in the overall U.S. strategy," which was based his idea to display those signs in the continuation of progress in the study of the U.S. change. Through to the third quarter Arzina to deal with the heading "Management of change in the overall U.S. strategy : a historical perspective" of the importance of interactions carried by being one of the foundations of the study, which was a link between the past and the future. Valambges The first, titled "Managing change in the overall U.S. strategy in the world of the pre - Cold War" to be his mission limited to indicate the cautious steps of the U.S. politicians who are dealing with international change. The second section was called "management of change in the overall U.S. strategy in the world of the Cold War," which was the basis of which is to compete in the events of the change between change between the U.S. - the liberal and the socialist transformation - the Communist Party. The third topic, which was translated under the title "Managing change in the overall U.S. strategy in the world after the Cold War" was the most attention was focused on change management in the era of American domination of America.And in tune with the past through to the fourth chapter, which frames the title "the future of the overall U.S. strategy and change management," which came to a dialectical relationship between change management and the future of U.S. strategy. At the beginning we listed in the first section and titled : "soft incentives for the management of change" to a number of titles that promised incentives have helped to change management Alomrakia. As for the second section, titled : "coarse stimuli for change management" and included a number of titles that promised to stimuli coarse helped to activate the change management U.S.. The third topic, which was included under the title : "The future of U.S. strategy in light of the overall management of change" included a number of titles that promised a future vision for Change Management U.S.. And it has been read a brief for the future of U.S. strategy in the management of change, which included three scenes both of which carry the ingredients and attributed to nominate her vision of the future of U.S. strategy. Finally we come to the conclusion that summarized those individual large and complex to expire Find a set of conclusions to serve as the fruit of research that fought in the details

الاصلاح السياسي في دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي بين المحفزات ... والمعوقات

Author name: همسة قحطان خلف
Supervisor name: رياض عزيز هادي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: لاحقت رياح التغيير والاصلاح السياسي دول المنطقة العربية خلال السنوات الاخيرة، وقد تفاوت معدل التاثر فيها من دول الى اخرى، وقد تعاطت دول مجلس التعاون لدول الخليج العربي مع الاتجاه العالمي بشكل او باخر نحو الديمقراطية والحرية والسياسة بالمعنى الليبرالي - بشكل اكثير ايجابية ومرونة من دول عربية اخرى قديمة العهد بالتطور الديمقراطي والحراك السياسي بمعناه الشامل، اذ شهدت دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي خلال العقد الاخير موجتين للاصلاح السياسي : كانت الاولى : في مطلع التسعينات من القرن الماضي، وجاءت الاخرى : في نهاية ذلك العقد، ومطلع العقد الحالي، وكلتا الموجتين وضعتا النظم السياسية الخليجية على اعتاب مرحلة التحديث، بعد ان ظلت حالة الركود مسيطرة عليها لعقود طويلة، وتمثلت ابرز معالم الموجة الاولى في مظهرين جديدين في دول لم تعرف من قبل وجود مؤسسات وتشريعات تنظم الحياة السياسية، وعملية المشاركة فيها، المظهر الاول : هو تاسيس مجالس للشورى (بالتعيين) في المملكة العربية السعودية، وفي البحرين في العام 1992، والمظهر الاخر : اصدار تشريعات وانظمة اساسية في السعودية العام 1992، وفي سلطنة عمان في العام 1996. اما الموجة الاخرى فقد شهدت قيام النظم السياسية الخليجية باصدار دساتير دائمة، ومثال على ذلك اصدار دستور قطر في نيسان في العام 2003، مع ظهور توجه لاعتماد الية الاقتراع العام سبيلا لتشكيل المجالس التشريعية بدلا عن طريق التعيين، ومنح هذه المجالس صلاحيات اوسع، ومن الامثلة على ذلك ماجرى في البحرين في بدايات العام 2002، وتبنت دولة الامارات العربية المتحدة في عام 2006 اسلوبا يتم فيه انتخاب نصف عدد اعضاء المجالس الاستشارية، والنصف الاخر يعين من جانب الحكومة، وعمدت سلطنة عمان في العام 2000، الى الغاء الدور الحكومي في اختيار، وتعيين اعضاء تلك المجالس مع توسيع قاعدة المشاركة في العملية السياسية. ومن اهم الاسباب التي حفزت دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي لتبني النهج الاصلاحي منذ مطلع تسعينات القرن الماضي ما ياتي : - التطورات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية التي شهدتها تلك الدول خلال عقدي السبعينات والثمانينات، بفعل تزايد العوائد المالية النفطية، والتي ادت الى ظهور شريحة من المثقفين طالبت بالاصلاح السياسي، والمشاركة السياسية، وكان لهذه الشريحة دور في احداث تحول نوعي في الوعي السياسي للمواطنين. - اثارت المتغيرات الناجمة عن عملية غزو الكويت في العام 1990، وحرب الخليج الثانية في العام 1991، وما بعدها تساؤلات عدة دارت حول طبيعة النظم السياسية، وعملية التطور السياسي المنشودة في دول الخليج، بعد اتضاح هشاشة تل النظم، وانكشافها الامني، وضعف قدراتها العسكرية رغم المبالغ الهائلة التي انفقت على التسلح، وشراء المعدات العسكرية، الامر الذي شد المواطن الى الاهتمام بالعملية السياسية، والتطلع للمشاركة فيها بعد ان كانت حكرا على شريحة اجتماعية معينة اثبت الواقع العملي عدم كفايتها في ادارة العملية السياسية، وفي مواجهة الازمات. - توجه النظم السياسية الخليجية للحصول على الشرعية عبر توسع قاعدة المشاركة السياسية، وصناديق الاقتراع عوضا عن شرعية الانجاز التي تقوم على فكرة دولة (الرفاه)، ويضاف الى الاسباب التي اشرنا اليها انفا ما ياتي : ا. تصاعد الضغوط الدولية المطالبة بالتحول الديمقراطي، وتصاعدها بعد احداث 11 ايلول 2001، في الولايات المتحدة الامريكية. ب‌. الادراك الخليجي المتزايد لاهمية الاصلاح السياسي باعتباره حصانة ووسيلة من الوسائل التي تقلل او تضعف الميل للعنف، وقد شهدت البحرين اعمال عنف واسعة النطاق في العام 2005. | The trend to change has overrun the Arabian states in the region during last few years, and the rate of its influence varied from one to another. The Arabian Gulf States delt with the global inclination towards democracy, and political freedom in terms of liberalism in a posative, and flexable manner better than many Arabian States more ancient in being tuch with democratic evolution in its significance. The member of Arabian Gulf States Cooperation Council witnessed two waves of political reforms during last decade, the first one took place in the nineties decade last centry, and the second started at the end of that decade, and it is still on process. Both waves put political systems of Gulf States on modernization threshold after long time of stagnancy. The features of the first wave resemble in two aspects in countries never knew before the existance of institutions, and legislations that control political life, and the process of contribution in it. The first aspect was the establishment of the state consultative courts by assignment in Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain in 1992. The second aspect was the legislations, and principles issued in Saudi Arabia in 1992, and in Oman in 1996. The second wave witnessed Qatars initiative in issuing its permanent constitution in April 2003 in conjunction with adopting the mechanism of general election to form the state consultative courts instead of assignment. The United Arabs Emerates adopted a system combined between assignment, and election , while Oman canceled governmental role in selection, and assignment of the courts members, with enlargement of the base of contribution in political process. There were reasons behind Gulf States pursue to adopt political reforms since the decade of nineties last centry and they are : - Economic, and social evolutions in these states during seventies, and eighties decades last century due to petrol revenue increases, which led to emergence of aducated section of society claimed political reforms, and participation in political process. This section played a role in making a specific change in political awarence among the citizens. - The variables followed the invation of Kuwait, and the war in 1991 has risen questions about the nature of political systems, and the expected political evolution in Arabian Gulf States after the clarity of weakness, security disclosure, and debility of military power in those states dispite their huge defence expenditures. These variables inspired people to pay attention to political process, and they looked forward to take share in it, and not to let it quitrent to a particular section of society, practical reality prove its defects in facing crisis. - The trend of Gulf States to achieve legitimacy through enlargement of base of political partnership and resorting to elections instead of achieving it through fulfillment, because of the following : a. The increase of international pressure demanding democratic change especially after September 9.11th 2001. b. The recognition of increasing importance of political reform in Gulf states as an immune method to reduce possibilities of violence like what happened in Bahrain at large scale in 2005.The present study comprises an introduction, a preliminary section, five chapters, and a conclusion. The preliminary section is about the concept of political reform. The first chapter deals with the first reform endeavor in Gulf States. The second chapter investigates elements of political reform in Gulf States, the first section studies internal elements, while the second section examine external elements.The third chapter devoted to constitutional reforms in three sections. In the first one we study the constitutional amendment in Kuwait, and in Bahrain. The second section is devoted to study legislation, and principles issued in Saudi Arabia, and Oman, while the third section examines the permanent constitution in Qatar, and in the United Arabs Emiretes. The fourth chapter deals with political reform through investigations of elections, and contribution in political process, human rights, civil society, and the right of expression. The fifth chapter deals with political reform deterrent through studying regulations, and constitutional frame work feebleness with in the members of the Arabian Gulf States cooperation council, besides investigates social, economic, and cultural elements taking into consideration the future of political reform in these countries. The conclusion of the thesis includes a summary of the results reached to through the present study

اداء النخبة السياسية في اقليم كوردستان العراق (1991 - 2013) == Performance of Political Elite in Kurdistan Region of Iraq (1991 - 2013)

Author name: ياسين اشور جوهر
Supervisor name: مها عبد اللطيف حسن الحديثي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: مما لاشك فيه ان كل مجتمع ينقسم على شريحتين رئيسيتين، وهما عبارة عن الشريحة الحاكمة والمحكومة، غير ان خصائص وسمات هاتين الشريحيتين تختلف من مجتمع لاخر، وتختلف باختلاف الامكنة والازمنة. وان الاسباب التي تولد تلك المفارقات ترجع الى مسالة تطور المجتمع وتجاوز الظروف السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية والتراثية المتخلفة. لذا نجد ان صفات وخصائص النخبة الحاكمة في المجتمعات المتقدمة والمتحضرة مقارنة بمثيلتها في المجتمعات المتخلفة او المجتمعات النامية، مختلفة. ففي المجتمعات المتقدمة والمتحضرة نجد ان النخبة الحاكمة نتيجة لالتزامها بسيادة القانون وعقلانية ادارة السلطة ومحاولاتها بناء دولة مؤسسات وفصل السلطات والايمان التام بعملية تبادل السلطة بين القوى السياسية وايمانها بمبادئ الديمقراطية والحريات الفردية والجماعية، هي نخبة لها القابلية على التجديد والتغيير من خلال التعبير الصادق والحقيقي عن اهداف وامال الافراد في المجتمع الواحد، هذا من جهة، ومن جهة اخرى، نايها عن احتكار السلطة من اجل الاستمرار بالبقاء على كرسي الحكم لمدة طويلة، فضلا عن عدم قدرتها استغلال الدستور وتغيير القوانين من اجل مصالحها الخاصة. ان الافراد في المجتمعات المتقدمة والمتحضرة ليسوا مكتوفي الايدي تجاه النخبة الحاكمة، بل ان وعيهم السياسي يبلغ مستوى يجعل منهم قادرين على منع الحكام من التهور وارتكاب الخروقات الدستورية والزامهم بالخضوع لبنود القوانين والاحكام المتفق عليها بين الطرفين، ولهذا نلحظ وجود التعاون والتوازن المشترك بين النخبة الحاكمة والمحكومة في تلك المجتمعات من ناحية القوة والشرعية ووسائل الصراع، ونجد باستمرار ان التغيير في تلك المجتمعات يكون مستندا الى القانون والدستور ويكون خاليا من اي عنف او انقلاب عسكري. وفيما يتعلق بالمجتمعات المتخلفة او المجتمعات التي هي في طور الانتقال الديمقراطي، فنجد ان العلاقة بين النخبة الحاكمة والمحكومة هي علاقة غير راجحة مليئة بالمشكلات. ان ما تمتاز به النخبة الحاكمة في تلك المجتمعات، انها نخبة منطوية على ذاتها ومنعزلة لا تفسح المجال للتغيير وتتبادل باستمرار السلطة فيما بينها، ولاجل ذلك يلجاون الى اعتماد شرعية سياسية ضعيفة وخالية من المضمون وانتخابات غير بناءة، او استخدام العنف والظلم بحق المواطنين. من جهة اخرى، ان النخبة الحاكمة في مثل تلك المجتمعات بغية بقائها في السلطة والتمسك بمقاليد الحكم، تلجا الى خطاب قومي او ديني او اشتراكي او ليبرالي او اي خطاب اخر تجذب من خلاله الحس العاطفي للجماهير، وفي الوقت نفسه نجد تلك الخطابات خالية من اي مضمون حقيقي او التزام بالمفاهيم الواردة فيها. ان هذه اللامبالاة والبعد عن الخطوط العريضة لتلك الخطابات تولد شيئا من التشاؤم لدى شريحة المحكومين، فضلا عن ذلك، ان هذه الخطابات لم تفلح في ان تصبح بديلا جيدا لانتماء الفرد للعشيرة او القبيلة او الاسرة او المنطقة، بمعنى اخر لم تستطع ان تؤسس لهوية عليا هي في غنى عن الهويات الفردية او الفرعية الاخرى في المجتمع، حتى يتقيد به الجميع بغض النظر عن الانتماء الديني او القومي او اللغوي او الطائفي او الجغرافي. كل هذه الامور تقف عائقا امام تلك المجتمعات وتحد من قدراتهم على تاسيس سلطة مدنية تتكفل حقوق وواجبات الافراد بلا فارق. في المقابل نجد في اغلب الاحيان ان موقف الجماهير في تلك المجتمعات هو موقف المتفرج اذ لا دور له في بناء القرار السياسي وحضوره السياسي محدود، فينتهي في اغلب الاحيان بالتصويت في الانتخابات فقط، وليس له وعي سياسي كافي بحقوقه ولا يملك وسائل استحصال تلك الحقوق، لذلك نلاحظ ان التغييرات التي تحصل في تلك المجتمعات في الغالب تكون اما بتدخل خارجي او عن طريق العنف او القوة المادية او انقلاب عسكري او ثورة. وفي المحصلة نجد ان تلك المجتمعات تدور في فلك اللاستقرار والازمات السياسية ولا تستطيع ان تصل الى مرحلة المؤسساتية والتصالح الاجتماعي والسياسي التام. هذه الاطروحة الموسومة بـ (اداء النخبة السياسية في اقليم كوردستان 1991 - 2013)تتضمن اربعة فصول، يتناول الفصل الاول مدخل نظري مقسم على عدة موضوعات، اما الفصل الثاني فيتناول الحديث عن تاريخ النخبة السياسية في اقليم كوردستان العراق، وقد قسم على ثلاث مراحل رئيسية، المرحلة الاولى تبدا من (1919 - 1939)، تحدثنا فيها عن بدايات ثورات الشيخ محمود الحفيد وغيره، فضلا عن محاولات بعض المنظمات السياسية والجهات الكوردية التي سعت كثيرا لاستحصال حقوق الكورد في عيراق تلك الفترة. اما المرحلة الثانية فتبدا من تاريخ (1939 - 1979)، تحدثنا فيها عن بدايات التنظيمات السياسية، فنجد ان النخبة السياسية استطاعت ان تنظم نفسها في عدد من الاحزاب السياسية في محاولة منها لنيل حقوق الكورد. وفي هذه المرحلة تحدثنا عن دور ( الملا مصطفى البارزاني) الذي خاض الثورة في بدايتها كشخصية عشائرية ضد الحكومة العراقية انذاك، ثم اصبح قائدا سياسيا وقوميا كورديا على مستوى داخل وخارج العراق. اما المرحلة الثالثة فتبدا من (1975 - 1991)، تحدثنا في بدايتها بشكل مختصرعن تلك السياسات والمظالم التي حلت بالكورد من قبل الحكومات العراقية في تلك الفترة، ثم تطرقنا الى الحديث عن اعادة النخبة السياسية الكوردية لصفوفها في عدة احزاب سياسية مختلفة في ارائها الفكرية والايديولوجية والتنظيمية والجماهيرية. اما الفصل الثالث من هذا البحث فيعد بداية لمنعطف كبير في الكفاح السياسي والعسكري للنخبة السياسية الكوردية والشعب الكوردي على حد سواء. في بدايته تحدثنا عن الجغرافية البشريةوالطبيعية لاقليم كوردستان كمدخل ضروري من اجل فهم اداء النخبة السياسية الكوردية، لغنها بعد انتفاضة (1991) تقلدت السلطة في اطار قانوني ومؤسساتي بصورة فعلية. كذلك تحدثنا عن محاولات النخبة السياسية الكوردية في مسعى منها لتنظيم انتخابات برلمانية بعيدا عن سلطة الحكومة المركزية، وتاسيس برلمان وحكومة ومؤسسات حكومية مستقلة. فضلا عن ذلك، تحدثنا فيه عن التوجه الفكري واهداف تلك النخبة عن طريق الاحزاب السياسية الداخلية التي كانت لها دور وتاثير وثقل في تلك الفترة، اضافة الى الصراعات الداخلية التي نشبت بين الاحزاب كنتيجة لمحاولات كل منها فرض سلطتها الحزبية والمناطقية في اقليم كوردستان. اما في الفصل الرابع فتحدثنا عن اداء النخبة السياسية الكوردية بعد سقوط النظام السياسي في العراق عام (2003)، كيف كانت، وكيف استطاعت ان تؤقلم نفسها مع التغييرات الجذرية التي حصلت في العراق عامة واقليم كوردستان خاصة. تكلمنا ايضا عن دور النفط كورقة اقتصادية مهمة ورئيسة له دور كبير في تعزيز سلطة النخبة السياسية الكوردية في الاقليم. كذلك سلطنا الضوء على التبادل الدوري الحاصل بين النخبة السياسية وبقائها في السلطات التشريعية والتنفيذية. وفي الختام تحدثنا عن دور النخبة السياسية الكوردية في ايجاد الحلول او تفاقم ازمات التنمية السياسية في اقليم كوردستان العراق. توصل البحث الى عدة نتائج منها : ان كل مجتمع يتمتع بنخبة سياسية تقوم بتنظيم شؤونه السياسية على مستوى الداخل والخارج، وتعبر عن امال واهداف افراده. اما فيما يخص النخبة السياسية الكوردية قبل(1991)، فانها كانت باستمرار في جبهة الدفاع وقيام الثورات ضد الحكومات العراقية اذ لم تكن صاحبة سلطة في الاقليم، ولكن هذا لا يغنينا عن الاعتراف بان هذه النخبة، ونتيجة لاسباب داخلية وخارجية، كانت في كثير من الاحيان تقف ضد بعضها، حتى ان احتدام العداء بينها دفعها الى اللجوء لقوى خارجية في سبيل محو الاخر، فضلا عن انها لم تكن نخبة سياسية موحدة وهذا ما اثر سلبا على تحقيق اهدافها السياسية. بعد عام (1991) على الرغم من ان هذه النخبة استطاعت سد فراغ السلطة في اقليم كوردستان العراق، لكن لم يكتب لها النجاح في ذلك، لانها فشلت في ماسسة السلطة، كما لم تفلح في الانتقال بالمجتمع الكوردي الى مرحلة الاستقرار السياسي والاقتصادي والاجتماعي المتين، ولم تستطع ان تنظم السلطة وفق المبادىء الديمقراطية، وفشلت في تثبيت مبدا تبادل السلطة، وتجديد نفسها، وفسح المجال امام القوى السياسية الاخرى حتى يكون لها دور في العملية السياسية وصياغة القرار السياسي في الاقليم، هذا ولم تستطع ان تغني نفسها عن ميراث الاقتتال الداخلي ومحو الاخر من خلال اتفاق سياسي وحزبي فيما بينها بالاعتماد على انفسهم لحسم صراعاتهم وخلافاتهم، ولكن على النقيض من ذلك نجد تلك النخبة ولحد الان تعتمد على القوى الخارجية اكثر من اعتمادها على جماهيرها. بالرغم من ذلك لم تستطع تلك النخبة ان تحسم نفسها ويكون لها خطاب سياسي واضح وصريح توجهه الى الداخل او الى السلطة المركزية في العراق، بل الذي نجده انما هو خطاب سياسي متغير معتمد على اهداف واستراتيجية الاحزاب الكوردستانية وخاصة الحزبين الديمقراطي الكوردستاني والاتحاد الوطني الكوردستاني . ومن النتائج الاخرى التي توصل اليها البحث، ان النخبة السياسية الكوردية بالرغم من تحقيقها بعض التقدم على المستويات السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية في الاقليم، لكنها فشلت في تاسيس اقتصاد قوي يلبي - في الاقل - الاحتياجات الداخلية للاقليم، وبدلا من ذلك، ذهبت الى الاهتمام بتنمية الاقتصاد الاستهلاكي والاعتماد الكلي على قطاع النفط لادارة المجتمع الكوردي في العراق، وهذه السياسة كانت لها تداعيات سلبية مثل : تحطيم البنى التحتية للاقتصاد الزراعي والصناعي، كذلك توسيع القطاع العام على حساب القطاع الخاص، وربط مصادر عيش المواطن بالحكومة ومصادر تمويل الحكومة بالاحزاب السياسية، والاسوا من ذلك، ان هذا النوع من الاقتصاد الى حد بعيد، اصبح سببا من اسباب تقوية الاحزاب من خلال استحصال رؤوس اموال كبيرة والسيطرة على اقتصاد الاقليم. اما من الناحية الاجتماعية، فان هذه النخبة وخاصة بعد عام (1991) اصبحت سببا من اسباب احياء الروح القبلية والعشائرية والاسرية، بدلا من ريادة المجتمع باتجاه العقلانية وبناء دولة مؤسسات، هذا لان المجتمع الكوردي في الاساس هو مجتمع تقليدي وقبلي، وبدلا من تجاوز وكسر هذه العادات الاجتماعية واضعافها، لجات الى تقويتها وتقديسها، كل هذا من اجل بقائها في السلطة والحكم، وفي المحصلة فشلت هذه النخبة في تاسيس هوية واضحة لسكان اقليم كوردستان، وبناء شرعية قوية لها، فضلا عن هذا، لم تستطع تحقيق العدالة الاجتماعية والسياسية والاقتصادية في المجتمع الكوردي، وتوجيهه نحو تحقيق اهدافه وتخليصه من ازماته. ايجازا، نستطيع القول، ان اداء النخبة السياسية الكوردية في فترة حكمها، كان اداء ضعيفا، اذ لم تستطع خلق نموذج ايجابي ومختلف لنظام حكم في العراق والمنطقة، بل اخذت صفات وخصائص المجتمعات المتخلفة التي اشرنا اليها سابقا. | Undoubtedly, each community of humans is divided into two levels : the first level consists of leaders, governmental officials, while the second one is the ordinary citizens. The characteristics of these two levels differ and vary from one society to another, and change from specific place and time to others. This occurs when the communities are stepping toward development in the political, economic, social, and cultural aspects. The characteristics are entirely different in progressed societies rather than those in non - developed ones or newly developed. In the developed ones, and due to the superiority of law, reasoning the authority, having an establishment system in disturbing and handing out the power depending on democratic basics accompanied by society’s and individual’s freedom, it can step forward both into flourishing and renovation. This will be achieved through having a clear public goals and wishes of all the population, and through non - monopolization of power for the sake of lasting longer times as much as possible. On one hand, we notice that all the individuals in developed societies are more cautious about the performance of the government and they do not let them deviate from every segment of the country’s constitution and its authorized power and make them be abided by the law.as a result, we could easily observe that there’s a mature sort of cooperation between the people and government, and even the changes will be done according to legislative processes which are not opposing the items of law and constitution. On the other hand, the non - developed societies or the initial democratic ones face current problems and unhealthy relations in the terms of both the people and the government. Leaders in the government will not allow the throne to flee from them and they try their hard not to be dethroned and not to lose the power, and to sustain this, they rely on misleading election process to deceive the public or to oppress them by using power to force them to be yielded. Sometimes for convincing the public, they announce their false enthusiastic nationalism or their entire faith for religion or their cunning liberal, social policy for running country. Therefore, people would not touch any hopes in their meaningless emblems that could not be even suitable alternatives for the tribal, religious, and regional beliefs in which people had been suffered a lot because of them. All these factors helped not to have serious steps toward establishing a very modern and systematic government that reserves the rights and duties of all without hindrances and injustice. Besides, people sometimes are not aware about the complete items of their official rights, and they act like onlookers only watching and staying disconnected to what are going on. So, a foreign force may interfere to uproot a specific regime as the people are idle in attempting to make changes, or through an internal codetta or an uprising, the change may be happened. And this will bring great damage in a way that security would be lost for longer times and a chaotic state spreads everywhere in country. The dissertation, is entitled (The Performance of the Political Elite in Kurdistan Region from 1991 to 2013), consists of four parts, the first one includes a theoretical entrance to the subject of the project which is divided into several sections, each on has an abstract on what relates to Elitist Theory. The second part explains a historical survey of elitism in Kurdistan region, and it’s graded into three stages, the first stage starts from 1919 to 1939, includes Shekh Mahmud’s revolution and some groups who tried to regain Kurd’s rights from different Iraqi regimes. The second stage, from 1939 to 1975, witnessed an organized way of political system to have some parties for acquiring the national rights of Kurds, and Mala Mustafa Barzani was one of the prominent figures who started first as a tribe leader to revolute against the regime, then he turned to represent Kurds as a political and national leader that affected the political process to certain extends. The third stage, 1975 to 1991, sheds lights on the tyranny of Saddam’s policy and the regime’s oppression against Kurd, also it surveys the reorganization of all the Kurdish political parties to direct people to new ideological trends. The third part, from 1991, elaborates a very important period in the history of Kurds since they achieved their real autonomy and separated from other parts of Iraq, and they started to rule themselves. This will be the core for the project to observe the political elite. In this part, the project elucidates the Kurdish political elite and how they, for the first time and far from Iraqi regime’s threats, were able to hold an election, besides, their being able to establish parliament and government and other governmental directorates. And the political parties tried their best to obtain more popularity in order that they might gain more posts in the authority, and this caused several conflicts and struggles among those parties. The Fourth part explains the Kurdish elite performance after the crashing down of Baath’s regime in 2003, and how they were capable of handling the political role in both Baghdad in Kurdistan. Also, the case of oil as a significant economic and political sector which fostered Kurdish elite. The last pages of this part clarify their positive and negative contributions in decreasing and increasing the obstacles and problems. This project (dissertation) has reached some conclusions like each society has its own elite politicians that organize society’s political affairs as well as representing the wish and needs of people on both internal and external levels. In relation to the Kurdish political elite prior to 1991, they’ve always been in defense and rebellion against the central government in Iraq and with no power in Kurdistan. Due to many internal and external factors, these elite groups have often been in bitter fighting with each other in a way that they sometimes sought help from foreign forces to defeat each other. They have always been in difference and not united which made them unable to achieve their political goals. However, after 1991, despite filling the power vacuum in Kurdistan, these elite were unable to transfer the Kurdish society to the state of political, economic, social and cultural stability. They could neither regulate the power democratically and bring about the bases for peaceful power transfer in Kurdistan nor renew themselves and give way to other political factions to have roles in the process of decision making and the political process in Kurdistan region. Furthermore, instead of making some kind of political agreement and depend on themselves for settling their disputes, they could not rid themselves from deleting each other and the inheritance of the civil war. These elite groups have continuously and still relied on foreign support rather than their people. Moreover, they have not been able to make their mind up and have a clear message to Kurdistan region or the central government in Iraq. What they have is a political message that changes according to the goals and strategy of the parties in Kurdistan especially (P.U.K) and (K.D.P). Another conclusion of the project is that in spite of some progressing that the Kurdish political elite achieved but they failed in founding a very enhancing and strong economic system which conveys the internal needs of Kurdistan region, they depended on oil sector to provide the assumptions, but on the other hand it created a great damage in agricultural and industrial sectors which are considered the most vital bases into development. It led to the declining of private sectors and expanding the public ones, and they connected the people’s earn living with the government and the latter was matched with the political parties. Thus, the Kurdish political elite monopolized all the economic and commercial sectors of the region. In social sense, and for the sake of lasting in the throne as much as possible, they helped the tribal culture to be strengthened again since the Kurdish society was still a very traditional one which reflected negatively in the process of development. They could not make a true, modern, updated, and developed identity for Kurdish people in Iraq and the Middle East, and they were not able to invent a very standardized style of government so as to be taken as a unique sample for Iraq and other countries

التعددية السياسية في الفكر السياسي الاسلامي المعاصر

Author name: مـعـد صالح حــسن العبيدي
Supervisor name: مها عبد اللطيف حسن الحديثي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: There are many Quranic verses put us in front absolute truth should be considered by every mindful beings is the omni existence of the Allah, and the diversity of his creatures. We should admit that multipality and diversity beside the difference is a theological act that induced by Allah wisdom and indicated to it by Islamic doctrine from its essential sources : The Quran and prophetic tradition, Islamic doctrine urges us to positive diversity which guides to the acquaintance and cooperation in addition to intimacy, mean while it’s preventing the negative diversity and difference which lead the nation to fighting and mutual killing, and the last one is the worst according to Islamic doctrine and for the necessity of development which witnessed in all humaninty fields, some of Islamic thinkers and intellectuals, in plus to some Muslim pioneers, presented their opinions and ideas which related to the topic of diversity and differences in all it’s aspects, weather it is religious or cultural or even ethnic or political that enrich wildly the modern Islamic political thought, specially after the wide spreading of “Diversity” as term and a concept linked to western liberal political thought innorated by western thinkers like : Jean Jack rousseay and Jean luck. Islamic political thinkers endeavour to extract their pretext and evidences from Islamic doctrine sources for the purpose of coexistence with political diversity according to up mentioned rules so the thinkers divided in to groups, some of them refuse it definity and other who support it with some disciplinasy conditions, mean while the others who support it definitely in Islamic Society and every one of of them has its own pretext and justifications that addressed to enhance his position of this subject whether they are with or no. Despite nemurous supporters for the political diversity of Islamic society in context with Islamic doctrinal rules and its traditions but we should realize that all controversy about this topic among all political currents not considering more than the oritical intellictural debut if it’s not transferred to be applied as political act on reality wether it was in the past or in recent century, there is no Islamic society applying Islamic gouverning system complety according to religious teachings so that the interesting people in political systems affairs could emit their judgment at validity on political diversity in a such society or not. So all which exposed by a Islamic scientists and juriprudents and followed pioneers of modern Islamic political thoughts of their opinions in this concern not consider to be more than a vow for purportedly. Islamic society does not exist on the ground of reality in our recent century. In concerning with Iraqi Islamic political parties indicate in their intellectual programs the topic of political diversity of Islamic society but they are not come out of General outline which was drawing by modern Islamic political thought.

القوى الاقليمية والقوى الكبرى دراسة في استراتيجيات الشراكة والتوظيف : دراسة حالة (العراق والولايات المتحدة الامريكية) == Regional Powers and great powers study in Strategies of the Partnership and the appointing Case study Iraq and American united state

Author name: علي حسين حميد عزيز
Supervisor name: مازن اسماعيل الرمضاني | منعم صاحي العمار
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: ان الشروع في دراسة بحثية في اي فرع من فروع العلوم السياسية، لهو عمل يتطلب عدم الانصراف للجزئيات والاتجاه نحو الحالات الفردية، انما يتوجب ان ينصب على الكليات والظواهر العامة المشتركة، بعدم تعقب تفاصيل سياسات الدول بل استهداف الاصول العامة الكامنة وراء تلك التفاصيل.وهذا اختصاص البحث الاستراتيجي. فالقوة هي العنصر الثابت الوحيد بين العناصر الخارجية التي تحرك العلاقات السياسية/الاستراتجية الدولية. وعليه كانت مشكلة القوة هي المشكلة الحقة في العلاقات الدولية. ومن هنا اتجهت دراسة العلاقات الدولية بعناية كبرى الى ظاهرة القوة واحتلت القوة من تلك الدراسات مكان الصدارة. فالقوة ظاهرة موضوعية وشخصية اتسمت بها العلاقات السياسية/ الاستراتيجية الدولية على مر الاجيال، لذا فانها، وان كانت عنصر ثابت في العلاقات الخارجية كما اسلفنا، تكون، من حيث الماهية، غير ثابتة وانما تتشكل مع الظروف. فالواضح للمتابع والمهتم بالشؤون السياسية ان العلاقات الدولية، التي نشات في كنف القوة، ظلت تسيطر عليها هذه الظاهرة منذ بدء الخليقة حتى وقتنا الحاضر، وان تغيرت المعالم التي تميز هذه القوة من وقت لاخر، واستقراء تاريخ العلاقات الدولية يؤكد هذا الامر.يرجع الاهتمام الامريكي في العراق الى اوائل القرن العشرين الذي شهد صراعا شديدا بين القوى الدولية الرئيسية للهيمنة على الشرق الاوسط خاصة على منابع بترولها الغنية .وحسبما تذكر دراسات التاريخ العراقي الحديث ان الاهتمام الامريكي في العراق من خلال الشركات النفطية والاهتمام الامريكي بالنفط العراقي عام 1926، كذلك نلاحظ ان العراق افتتح له سفارة في الولايات المتحدة في فترة الثلاثينات من القرن الماضي، ولذلك بدات الولايات المتحدة ومن الشروع الاول لوراثة الامبراطورية البريطانية الى العمل على التخطيط لكيفية احتلال العراق والوثائق الامريكية تفيد ان الولايات المتحدة وعندما كان التمركز الامريكي في تركيا وفق معاهدة حلف شمال الاطلسي (الناتو) في فترة الخمسينات ارادت الولايات المتحدة الامريكية التدخل في ثورة 1958 لكن يبدو ان الوضع الاقليمي لم يكن يسمح بذلك ناهيك عن توازنات القوى العالمية في فترة الحرب الباردة وصراع مرير بين الاتحاد السوفيتي والولايات المتحدة، ولذلك بدات الولايات المتحدة تعيد النظر بعلاقاتها الاستراتجية مع العراق لتاخذ شكل العلاقات نحو الصراع اكثر من التعاون وخصوصا بعد مجيئ حزب البعث ليتسلم السلطة بعد عام 1968 لتاخذ العلاقات الطابع الصراعي ولتبدا الحد الفاصل بعد قرار التاميم العراقي للنفط لتعلن الولايات المتحدة ان الولايات المتحدة خارج السيطرة وانه لابد من اعادة التخطيط لكيفية اسقاط العراق ونظامه السياسي من اجل احتلاله وما كان لاحد المبشرين من المحافظين الجدد الا وهو بول ولفيتز ان يطرق مكاتب البيت الابيض والكونغرس الامريكي ليعلن على العالم ومنهم الادارة الامريكية انه لابد من احتلال العراق وكان ذلك في منتصف السبعينات لكن يبدو ان التغيرات الاقليمية في المنطقة ومجيء النظامين الراديكاليين في ايران ومن ثم العراق كان اعلان البداية لتنفيذ احتلال العراق والقضاء على القوتين الاقليميتين المنافستين للكيان الاسرائيلي والفاعلين الاساسيين في التوازن الاستراتجي في الشرق الاوسط ولكن يبد ان الحرب كانت السبيل لتفاعل العلاقات العراقية - الايرانية منذ بداية الثمانينات ولذلك تغيرت الاليات لتنفيذ ذلك المخطط الاستراتجي لبول ولفيتز والادارة الامريكية ونلاحظ بعد منتصف الثمانينات استطاعت الولايات المتحدة ان تجد الشرعية للتواجد الامريكي المباشر من اجل حماية موانئ النفط والناقلات التجارية النفطية، الى ان انتهت الحرب العراقية الايرانية في عام 1988 وتكللت بخروج الجيش العراقي قوي البنية ويتوافر على امكانيات تقنية عالية جدا لا ننكر انها جمعت من الخارج في العراق، لكنها سرعان ما دمرت القدرات العسكرية العراقية وبدا الموت البطيء للدولة العراقية بعد حرب الخليج وصولا لفرض خطوط العرض الى احتلال العراق بعد 9/4/2003.ولذلك دعت الادارة الامريكية الى لعب دور في بناء العراق ما بعد الحرب والذي يجب ان يقتصر على وضع اطار عام لاتفاق مقبول مع ترك التسوية النهائية للشعب العراقي نفسه وفي هذا الاطار يجب ان نجعل العراق لا يمثل بعد الحرب خطرا على الولايات المتحدة او على دول الجوار وان تتعاون الحكومات العراقية المستقبلية في جهود ازالة ترسانة الاسلحة الدمار الشامل والصواريخ البالستية وفقا لقرارات مجلس الامن وبناء ائتلاف متعدد يلبي مصالح كافة الفئات والجماعات الدينية والعرقية في العراق وخاصة المكونات الثلاثة الرئيسية حسبما يذكر التقرير .وان تعمل الولايات المتحدة على تبني مبادئ الديمقراطية وحقوق الانسان والسوق الحر وان يكون مؤيدا للغرب ويعمل معنا في حربنا ضد (الارهاب) وان يدعم المفاوضات للصراع العربي - الاسرائيلي.ولذلك لابد على الادارة الامريكية ان تعمل على تحقيق ذلك من خلال اولا دعم القوى السياسية العراقية في الخارج من اجل المساهمة في قلب النظام واحتلال العراق، ثانيا التاكيد على الفدرالية كمبدا للحكم في العراق ما بعد الحرب اذ انها ستضمن كل ذي حقا حقه وستعمل على منع تشكيل قوة عسكرية عراقية تهدد دول الجوار، ثالثا تطهير العراق من نظام حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي وكما وصفتهم الوثيقة سواء كانوا داخل الحكومة العراقية او كاعضاء داخل المجتمع العراقي والتحقيق مع القيادات لحزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي ومحاكمتهم لارتكابهم جرائم ضد الانسانية ومحاكمة علنية وتزويد الحكومة العراقية الجديدة بالمساعدات الفنية اللازمة لذلك كما انه لابد من حظر عمل حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي في العملية السياسية لما بعد الحرب على العراق. كذلك انه لابد على الجيش الامريكي اثناء وجوده في العراق بتقديم مساعداته للحكومة الفدرالية في تدريب جيش عراقي نوعي لا كمي بلا جدوى!! ويرتهن مستقبل العلاقات العراقية الامريكية بنوعين من الاستراتيجيات التي من الممكن ان تاتي ثمارها لكلا الطرفين وحسب طبيعة البيئة الداخلية (لكلا الطرفين) والبيئة الاقليمية والعالمية. فاستراتيجية التوظيف قائمة على فرضية ان الولايات المتحدة دخلت العراق بدون مشروع لتكوين الدولة انها حالت بالعراق الى البيع وبالتالي جعلت العراق ساحة لتصفية حسابات صديق الحرب الباردة وعدو اليوم الا وهم الحركات الاسلامية وبالتالي لا نعلم من اعطى الرئيس بوش الابن ان يكون العراق ساحة الارهاب الاولى وبالتالي نجد ان الولايات المتحدة وجدت بالعراق المكان المناسب لتوظيف الجغرافيا العراقية كمنبر للمشروع الامريكي في الشرق الاوسط وبالتالي ان الادارة الامريكية سوف تدير العراق كوصية عليه وان العراق وفق هذا المشهد الضبابي فاقد للارادة السياسية بسبب المتغير الامريكي وبالتالي هي عملت وتعمل الادارة الامريكية على توظيف العراق بشكل غير معقول في تحقيق اهدافها الاستراتجية. اما الاستراتيجية الثانية الشراكة وهذه الاستراتيجية تنطلق من فرضية مفادها ان حجم العلاقات الاستراتجية بين الطرفيين يتحتم على الطرفيين ان يدركوا ويصلوا بالعلاقات البينية اي العلاقات الامريكية - العراقية لحالة التعاون الاستراتجي الوثيق والقائم على الشراكة دون ان يكون هنالك اختلال في معادلة العلاقات بين الطرفين ولكن نلاحظ ان احد اطراف العلاقة مازال الغموض يكتنف سياسته تجاه الولايات المتحدة الامريكية وذلك بسبب عدم وضوح شكل النظام السياسي العراقي لحد الان وعدم ثبوت المنهج الفكري/الايدلوجي ثم انه مازالت هنالك ملفات استراتجية لم تغلق بين البلدين لحد الان منها ملف الديون العراقية وحسابات الدولة العراقية في البنوك والمصارف الامريكية ثم ان هنالك عقود بموجب مذكرة التفاهم للنفط مقابل الغذاء مازالت لم تنفذ وقد قبضت الشركات الامريكية امولا او استحقاقات مالية كنسبة على العقود من صندوق العراق في الامم المتحدة، ناهيك عن الوضع الداخلي العراقي غير المستقر والمنفلت لحد بعيد يجعل من الولوج لتطبيق هذه الاستراتيجية متعثر نتيجة لاسباب داخلية واقليمية مؤثرة. | To Start Studying Any Field Of Political Science Fields Requiring Not To Focusing Upon Particulates And Going To Individual Cases, But It Requires Centering Over The Sharing & Overall General Phenomenon By Not To Tracking The States Policies But By Studying The General Origins Behind These Details, This Is The Specialty Of Strategic Research.Power Is The Lonely Invariable Factor Among The External Factors That Motivating The International Relations. So The Power Was A Real Issue In International Relations. According To That International Relations Study Focusing Upon Studying Power Phenomenon And Power Took The Priority. The Power Is A Subjective Phenomenon That Shaped The International Strategic /Political Relations All Times, So As It Invariable Factor In Foreign Affairs It Will According To Its Sole Not Constant But Shaping By Situations. Any Observer That Interesting In Political Affairs Can Notice International Relations Rose Within Power Continued Controlled By This Phenomenon Since The Old Ages Tell Now.American Interesting In Iraq Back To The Beginning Of 20th Century Which Had Hard Conflict Between Main International Powers To Dominance Over The Middle East And Its Oil. According To Iraqi Recent Historical Studies American Interesting In Iraq Were Through The Oil Companies Since 1926.We Can Notice That Iraq Opened Embassy In U.S.A At 1930’s Of Last Century. So U.S.A Started To Planning How To Occupy Iraq, American Documents Showed That U.S.A Tended To Interfering The 1958 Revolution In Iraq It Was In Turkey According To NATO Treaty, But Because Of The Regional Situation And Global Balance Of Power In Cold War Prevent Them, All Of That Reflected In Reviewing It’s Strategic Relations With Iraq To Be More Shaping By Conflict Than Cooperating Especially After The Revolution Of 1968 That Made The Arab Baa’th Party Took The Control Of The Power. The Relations Between Iraq And U.S Got More Conflicting After The Decision Of Nationalization Of Iraqi Oil. At That Time U.S Announced That Iraq Is Out Of Control And Should Remove His Political Regime And Occupy Him. This Were Clearly Announced By Paul Wolfitez At The Middle Of 1970’s That Iraq Should Be Occupied, But Because Of The Regional Changes Especially Tow Radical Regimes Came To Control In Iraq & Iran Were The Starting To Occupy Iraq & Destroying The Regional Powers That Competition Israel & Effective Actors In The Strategic Balance Of The Middle East .Because Of The Iraqi - Iranian War U.S Changed It’s Mechanism To Execute The Strategic Plan .At The Mid Of 1980’s We Can Noticed That U.S. Found Legitimacy For Its Direct Existing To Protect Oil Carriers & Harbors, Tell The End Of The War That Resulted Although In High Technology Army & Powerful Iraqi Army, But It Destroyed And Started Slow Death Of Iraqi Governmental System After The Gulf War, Forcing The Lines 36,32 & Ending By Iraqi Occupation April 09,2003.U.S Administration Called To Play A Role In Building Post - War Iraq Which Should Be Limited To Put The Framework For Accepting Agreement And Let The Final Settlement For Iraqi People. Regarding This We Should Not Make Iraq Representative Any Dangerous Toward U.S AFTER THE War Or Its Neighbors, Iraqi Future Government Should Cooperating With Efforts Of Removing WMD According To UN ORDERS And Composing Multilateral Coalition Agreeing With All Parties (Racial,Religious..Etc), Especially The Three Main Parties.U.S Should Works To Adopt Democratic Principles, Human Rights And Free Market. According To This Iraq Should Be Supporting To WEST, Working With Us In Our War Against (Terrorism), And Supporting The Negotiation Of Arab - Israel Conflict.US Should Work To Achieve That By Supporting Iraqi Political Powers Outside Iraq To Anticipating In Removing The Regime And Occupying, Assuring Federation As Principle To Rule In Post - War Iraq, Cleaning Up Iraq From Arab Baa’th Party Regime (As They Described By The Report)Either Inside The Iraqi Government Or Members Within Iraqi Society & Investigating The Arab Baa’th Regime Leaders Prosecuting Them For Their Crime Against Humanity And Provide The New Iraqi Government With All Necessary Means , Arab Baa’th Party Should Banning In Political Process Of Post - War Iraq. Beside All of That American Army Should Provide Any Help To Iraqi Federation Government And Training Iraqi Army With Good Quality Not Quantity.Iraqi - Us Future Depends On Tow Kinds To Strategy That Their Results Should Be Satisfied According To The Regional & Global Environments. Employing Strategy Relying On A Hypothesis Saying That US Came To Iraq With No Project Aiming To Form A State That Resulted In War Between Cold War Friend & Recent Enemy (Islamic Movements). So We Don’t Know Who Allowed President Bush To Make Iraq The First Battlefield Of Terrorism. According To This That U.S Found In Iraq A Proper To Employee Iraqi Geography As A Step To American Project In Middle East ,So U.S Will Control Iraq As Regent Upon Him.According To This Foggy Scenario Iraq Will Be Without His Poetical Well Because Of The American Variable, So U.S Did & Working To Employing Iraq In A Conceivable Manner In Order To Achieve It’s Strategic Goals. The Second Strategy Is The Partnership, This Strategy Relying On A Hypothesis Says: The Strategic Relations Between Iraq & U.S Directing Them To Realize & Achieve In Their Relations To A Case Of Closed Strategic Relations That Depends On Partnership With No Disturbance In Their Relations, But Unfortunately That One Of The Relation Parts Have A Mystery Policy Toward U.S Because Of Unclear Iraqi Political System Yet, And No Consisting Ideology Doctrine Beside Unclosed Strategic Files Between Them Such As Iraqi Debts ,Iraqi Accounts In American Banks , Many Contracts Should Be Done According To The Oil Against Food Memorandum That Still Not Done , Many American Companies Got Money Or Financial Privileges As A Ratio For Contracts From Iraqi Box In UN And Unstable Iraqi Interior Situation That Reflecting In Difficulties To Apply This Strategy As Result Of Many Interior & Regional Factors .

المثقف والسلطة في العراق 1921 - 1958 : دراسة اجتماعية سياسية == The intellectual and the authority In Iraq 1921 - 1958 Social and political study

Author name: رهبة اسودي حسين
Supervisor name: بلقيس محمد جواد
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

مستقبل الاصلاح السياسي في الدول العربية == The future of political reform in the Arab countries

Author name: جبار اسماعيل عبد
Supervisor name: حسين علوان حسين الربيعي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

سياسة روسيا الاتحادية تجاه العراق (2003 - 2010م) وافاقها المستقبلية == The Policy of Federation of Russia Towards Iraq (2003 - 2010)A.D. and its Future Horizons

Author name: بان فوزي داود الدليمي
Supervisor name: فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

الاداء الاستراتيجي الامريكي بعد العام 2008 : ادارة باراك اوباما انموذجا == American Strategic Performance After 2008 Barrak Obama's Administration as A Model

Author name: محمد وائل عبد الرحمن القيسي
Supervisor name: محمد كريم كاظم الدفاعي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

الاقليمية الجديدة والنظام الدولي : دراسة في اشكالية التاثير والتاثر == The New Regionalism and the International System : A Study in the Problematicity of Affectedness and Effectiveness

Author name: مروان سالم علي العلي
Supervisor name: قاسم محمد عبيد الجنابي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

العولمة وانعكاساتها على الامن القومي العربي == Globalization and its Effect on The Arabs National Security

Author name: اياد رشيد محمد ال كريم
Supervisor name: خضر عباس عطوان
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
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