University location: Mosul

First pages:

Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في قسم البستنة وهندسة الحدائق / كلية الزراعة والغابات/جامعة الموصل خلال موسم النمو 2003 لداسة تاثير الحديد وحامض الجبراليك في النمو الخضري والجذري والمحتوى المعدني لشتلات ثلاثة اصناف من الزيتون عالية الزيت المستوردة من الجمهورية العربية السورية . استخدم في تنفيذ الدراسة تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة للتجارب العاملية بثلاثة عوامل هي الحديد وحامض الجبراليك والصنف ، وكررت التجربة ثلاث مرات وبواقع خمس شتلات لكل وحدة تجريبية ولموسم نمو واحد فقط . رشت الشتلات حتى البلل الكامل باربعة مستويات من الحديد هي صفر و10 و20 و30 ملغم Fe/لتر باستخدام المادة المخلبية Fe - EDDHA والتي تحتوي على 6% حديد واربعة مستويات من حامض الجبراليك هي صفر و50 و100 و150 ملغم GA3/لتر . حيث رشت الشتلات لثلاث مرات في الموسم ، الاولى في الاول من نيسان والثانية في الاول من ايار والثالثة في الاول من حزيران ، حيث تم رش الحديد في الصباح الباكر وحامض الجبراليك في المساء لنفس اليوم في كل موعد ، كما تم رش الشتلات باليوريا وبتركيز 0.2% قبل يوم من كل موعد رش . وفي منتصف تشرين الاول اخذت القياسات (ما عدا تقدير العناصر الغذائية حيث اخذت العينات الورقية في بداية اب) . وحللت النتائج احصائيا باستخدام الحاسوب وحسب التصميم المستخدم ، وقورنت المتوسطات باستعمال اختبار دنكن متعدد الحدود وتحت مستوى احتمال 5% ، وتلخصت النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها بما ياتي : 1. ان صفات النمو الخضري والجذري (ارتفاع الشتلات وقطر الساق الرئيس وعدد الاوراق على الشتلات وعدد التفرعات وطولها والمساحة الورقية للشتلات وطول اطول جذر والوزن الجاف للاوراق والساق والمجموع الجذري) وكمية الكلوروفيل ( A والكلي) في الاوراق ازدادت معنويا مع زيادة مستوى الاضافة من الحديد وكذلك حامض الجبراليك في حين ان كمية كلوروفيل B ازدادت معنويا باضافة حامض الجبراليك فقط . 2. لقد تفوق الصنف درملالي على الصنفين الاخرين في معظم صفات النمو الخضري المدروسة ، حيث تفوق على الصنف صوراني في الصفات الاتية : طول الساق الرئيس وقطره وعدد الاوراق والمساحة الورقية للشتلات ، في حين انه تفوق على الصنف خضيري في عدد الاوراق/شتلة والمساحة الورقية للشتلات والوزن الجاف للساق وكمية الكلوروفيل في الاوراق (B والكلي) . 3. ادت زيادة المستويات المضافة من الحديد الى زيادة معنوية في تركيز النتروجين والحديد في الاوراق ، في حين ان تركيز البوتاسيوم ازداد مع زيادة مستوى الاضافة لحد 20 ملغم Fe/لتر ، بينما لم يتاثر تركيز كل من الكربوهيدرات والفسفور في الاوراق معنويا عند الرش الورقي بالحديد . 4. تبين ان للرش الورقي بحامض الجبراليك اثرا معنويا في تركيز الحديد والفسفور في الاوراق ، حيث ان تركيز الحديد ازداد معنويا مع زيادة تركيز حامض الجبراليك في محلول الرش ، في حين ان اعلى تراكيز الفسفور كان عند الرش بـ 100 ملغم GA3/لتر ، بينما لم يتاثر تركيز كل من الكربوهيدرات والنتروجين معنويا باضافة حامض الجبراليك . 5. كان للصنف تاثير معنوي في تركيز عنصر الفسفور في الاوراق ، حيث تفوق الصنف صوراني على الصنف درملالي في تركيز هذا العنصر ، في حين ان تراكيز كل من الكربوهيدرات والنتروجين والبوتاسيوم والحديد لم يتاثر معنويا بالصنف . 6. ان التداخلات جميعها فيما يبن الحديد وحامض الجبراليك والصنف اثرت معنويا في الصفات المدروسة كافة ، ما عدا تاثير التداخل بين حامض الجبراليك والصنف في تركيز البوتاسيوم في الاوراق . وان احسن المعاملات كانت الرش الورقي لشتلات الصنف درملالي بـ 30 ملغم Fe/لتر + 150 ملغم GA3/لتر . | This study was conducted in the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, during the season of 2003, to study the effect of iron and GA3 on the vegetative growth, root growth and mineral composition of transplants of three cultivars of olive.The experimental design used in this study was Randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three variables (iron, GA3 and cultivar) and three replicates with five transplants per unit. The transplant was sprayed with four levels of iron (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg Fe/L) in the chelated form of the solution (Fe - EDDHA) which contains 6% of iron, and four levels of GA3 (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg GA3/L). The spray was conducted three times in the season, the first was in the 1/4/2003, the second was in 1/5/2003 and the third was in 1/6/2003.In 15/10/2003, the data obtained (except the mineral nutrition, the leave samples was obtained in 1/8/2003) were statistically analyzed using S.A.S. system and the means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at 5%.The results obtained in this study could be summarized as follows : 1. The characteristics of the vegetative and root growth (transplants height, steam diameter, leaves number, number and length of shoots, leaf area, the length of main root, dry weight of leaves, steam and roots, and the amounts of chlorophyll (A. B. and total) in leaves were significantly increased with the increase of the iron levels and GA3 .2. Dremlaly cultivar dominated on the Surani cultivars in the transplants high, steam diameter, leaves number, leaf area, while it dominated on Huthairi cultivar in leaves number, leaf area, steam dry weight and amount of chlorophyll A and total chlorophyll.3. The study showed that there was a significant increase in the concentration of nitrogen and iron in the leaves, when the level of iron is increased. Whereas the concentration of potassium in leaves was increased as the level of added iron was increased up to 20 mg Fe/L, while the concentration of carbohydrate and phosphorus was not significantly affected with the spraying of iron.4. Increasing the levels of GA3 resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of iron in leaves, whereas the concentration of phosphorus in leaves was increased as the level of added GA3 was increased up to 100 mg GA3/L, while the concentration of carbohydrate and nitrogen was not significantly affected with added GA3.5. Surani cultivar dominated on the Dremlaly cultivar in the phosphorus concentration, While the concentration of carbohydrate, nitrogen, potassium and iron was not significantly affected with the cultivar.6. Most of the interactions among iron, GA3 and cultivar showed significant effects on most of the characteristics studied in this experiment. The best treatment was transplants of Dremlaly cultivar which were sprayed with 30 mg Fe/L + 150 mg GA3/L.

دراسة تاثير طرق الاستخلاص على مكونات الزيوت العطرية لبعض بذور العائلة الخيمية باستخدام تقنية GC - - MS

Author name: رفل عبد الحسين رسن المالكي

Supervisor name: ضياء فالح عبد الله الفكيكي | اسعد رحمان سعيد الحلفي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Food

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: In this study, essential oils extracted from Umbelifera family plants (cumin, aniseed, fennel, and caraway) have been extracted by using microwave - assisted water distillation and traditional water distillation (Clevenger method).The results showed that the needed time to extract essential oils from seed by microwave - assisted water distillation was significantly less than Clevenger method. The results also showed that the higher oil yield extracted from cumin, aniseed, fennel, and caraway by microwave - assisted water distillation were 4.8, 1.3,7, 3.4 and 2.8 % respectively, while by using Clevenger method were 4.5, 2.8, 2.3 and 1.3 % respectively. As noticed that higher oil yield was from cumin compare with other studied oils.Physical properties have been studied of extracted oils by microwaveassisted water distillation and Clevenger method. The results revealed that oils extracted by the two methods were dissolved into alcohol and did not dissolve in water. Also, colors of extracted essential oils ranged between yellow to yellowish brown. Caraway oil was yellow gold, cumin was yellowish. In addition, the taste of fennel oil and aniseed was sweet contrary to cumin and caraway oils were bitter. Specific density of all essential oils extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation and Clevenger method in this study ranged from 0.64 - 0.92. Refractive index values of extracted essential oils by Clevenger ranged between 1.48 - 1.55, and 1.49 - 1.55 by microwave - assisted water distillation. In terms ofabsorbency, the better absorbency was at microwave - assisted water distillation and Clevenger method at wave length of 280 nm compare with other oils that appeared better absorbency at wavelength of 250nm. Antioxidant activity has been measured of different concentrations of the four essential oils extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation and Clevenger method. Also, the results showed that antioxidant activity of linoleic acid of essential oils was converging for both methods Antioxidant activity was increased with increasing essential oil concentration, and the concentration of 100% had gave higher value of antioxidant activity of oils extracted from cumin, aniseed, fennel, and caraway by Clevenger reached 60 ، 69،78%respectively, also reached 65, 74, 59, 68% respectively for essential oils extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation . Also, the results showed that antioxidant activity of caraway oil was significantly higher than other essential oils. The abilityof different concentration from the four essential oils extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation and Clevenger method has been studied in the growth inactivation some types of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Staphylococcus aureus where noticed that activity of essential oils was increased with increasing oil concentration and the higher inactivation of oils was at 100% concentration. There is a variation in activity of all essential oils toward Bactria types. Caraway has high inactivated effect compared with other oils in this study and inactivation diameter of oil caraway extracted by Clevenger at concentration of 100% reached 19, 28, 32 mm toward testing Bactria of Staphylococcus aureus، Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosarespectively, while average inactivation of this oil extracted by microwave - assisted water distillation was less compare with Clevenger where reached 30, 25, 16 mm towards cited Bactria types respectively. The results also showed that the identification of activation chemical compounds that is present in the essential oils xtracted by Clevenger and microwave - assisted water distillation using GC - MS technique for acknowledgment its quality, quantity and percentage in the four essential oils as follow : 1. The results of identification of active compounds of essential oil caraway extracted by Clevenger and microwave - assisted water distillation have been demonstrated Carvon compound by high ratio reached 47.12 and 40.5 % for both extraction methods respectively, while compound ratio Anethol and D - Limonene of caraway oil extracted by Clevenger were 16.18 % and 11.67% respectively and by microwave - assisted water distillation were 22.19% and 10.96% respectively.2. The chemical compounds like Alpha - Isopropylbenzyl alcohol, Cumic aldehyde and betapinene extracted from cumin essential oil by Clevenger reached 35.19, 22.60 and 13.26% respectively, while reached 33.77, 21.24 and 13.26% respectively by using microwaveassisted water distillation. On the other hand, the compound of Alpha - Isopropylbenzylalcohol has higher concentration compared with other prevailing compounds in extracted oil by these two methods.3. The results showed that the appearance of chemical compounds in aniseed oil extracted by Clevenger and the higher ratio was registered by Anethol compound reached 75.33% compared with other prevailing compounds, also the appearance of the samecompound with high ratio reached 77.58% in the extracted oil by microwave - assisted water distillation.4. The prevailing compounds in the essential oil of fennel extracted by clevengerwere Anethol , L - Fenchon and Estrago by 72.78, 7.41 and 5.52% respectively, while their ratio reached 67.01, 8.28 and 4.93% respectively by using microwave - assisted water distillation.From these results, the Anethol compound was prevailingcompound in the two extraction methods.

Author name: وداد علي عبد سلمان البهادلي

Supervisor name: سميرة عبد الكريم مطرود

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Gardening

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The present study was conducted during the growing season of 2013/2014 in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Field of the College of Agriculture / Basrah University, to study the effect of sowing date, plant spacing and plant treatment with Bio Health WSG and their interactions on growth and yield of Carum carvi L. plant and its biochemical activities.The study included 12 factorial treatments, which were the combinations of two sowing dates, i.e. 20/9, 10/10 ; three plant spacing , i.e. 20, 30 or 40 cm between plants and other and plant treatment with Bio Health WSG and without treatment. A Complete Randomized Block Design in a factorial experiment was used with three replicates. Treatment means were compared according to the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at probability level of 0.05%.The most important results may be summarized as follows : - 1 - Effect of sowing dates : Cultivated plants on 20/9 had a significant effect in plant height, number of main branches. plant - 1, number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, fresh and dry weights of shoot system. plant - 1, date to the appearance of the first inflorescence, the total number of inflorescences. plant - 1, total number of mini inflorescences. plant - 1, mean of the total number of florets. plant - 1 total sum of fruits. plant - 1 (25.83g), weight of 1000 fruits, the productivity of fruits hectare - 1 (2.695 tons), percentage of volatile oil (3.2%), oil yield .plant - 1 (0.82g), productivity of oil hectare - 1 (84.4g), refractive index of volatile oil, leaves content of total chlorophyll, fruits content of total solubleSummaryBcarbohydrates. Plant cultivated on 10 /10 had a significant effect in volatile oil density and its specific gravity, while there were no significant effects for cultivated date in total number of leaves. plant - 1, total number of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrate and total protein percentage in fruits.2 - Effect of plant spacing : Cultivated plants at 40 cm had a significant effects in fresh and dry weights of shoot system. plant - 1, total of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, total number of inflorescences.plant - 1, sum total of fruits .plant - 1 (21.10g). Cultivated plants distance at 30 cm had a significant effects in number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, percentage of volatile oil (3.1%), oil yield per plant (0.60g), productivity of oil per hectare (58.9kg), content of total soluble carbohydrate. Cultivated plants at distance of 20 cm had a significant effects in productivity fruits of per hectare (2.252 tons). On the other hand, there were no significant effects for cultivation distance in plant height, number of main branches. plant - 1, the date of the first appearance of inflorescence, mean of total number of florets . plant - 1, weight of 1000 fruits, volatile oil density, and its specific gravity, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrate and total protein percentage in fruits.3 - Effect of treatment with Bio Health WSGTreated plants with Bio Health WSG gave significant increases in the number of number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, percentage of volatile oil (2.7%), oil yield per plant (0.55g), productivity of oil per hectare (56.0kg), leaves content of total chlorophyll .While, treated plants withBio Health WSG had no significant effect on the other studied characteristics.SummaryC4 - Effect of the interactions : There were a significant effect on all the double and triple interactions in plant height , number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, dry weight of shoot system. plant - 1, total number of inflorescences. plant - 1, total of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, total sum of fruits. plant - 1, productivity of fruits per hectare, percentage of volatile oil, oil yield per plant, productivity of oil per hectare, volatile oil refractive index and its density, leaves content of total chlorophyll, leaves and fruits contents of total soluble carbohydrate. All double and triple interactions except for the interaction of the date of agriculture cultivation and bio Health WSG treatment significant effect in total number of leaves. plant - 1.Double and triple interactions except for the interaction between cultivation distance and bio Health WSG treatment had a significant effect in number of main branches. plant - 1, fresh weight of shoot system, date of the first appearance of inflorescence, rate of the total number of florets. plant - 1, weight of 1000 fruits, specific gravity of oil, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrate. The interference between the distance, cultivation date and bio Health WSG treatment only had significant effect in the total of number of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, and the triple interaction had only significant effect in protein percentage in fruits.5. Chemical components of the volatile oil : A test done by Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry Shimadzu GC MS QP2010 Ultra has showed that the most important chemical volatile oil components were carvone and limonene, whose means were ranged 32.73 - 51 - 55% and 33.34 - 57.05%, respectively. They were differed in their content of these two components, cultivated plants on first date at a distance of 20 cm which treated with bio Health WSG produced theSummaryDcontent of carvone (51.55%), and plants cultivated in the second date at a distance of 40 cm not treated with bio Health WSG produced limonene at a percentage (57.05%).5. Effectiveness of aqueous and alcoholic extracts and oil of the plant against the two types of pathogenic bacteria to human : Test was bone to the effectiveness of four concentrations which were 50, 100, 200, 400 mg.ml - 1 of the aqueous extracts besides, methyl and ethylalcoholic extracts for fruits and roots of the plant at three concentrations which were 25, 50 and 100% of volatile oil of its fruit in vitro on the two types of bacteria tested, i.e. bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by using filter paper disc diffusion method . Each of the ethanolic extract of roots of concentration at 200 mg /ml - 1 and concentration 100% oil were effective of the growth of bacteria E. coli .They reached the diameter of inhibition 20 mm. Methanolic extract of the roots at concentration of 200 mg.ml - 1gater gave the highest inhibition of the growth of bacteria staph. aureus amount 25mm.