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علاقة قلق الكتابة بلغة ثانية بفاعلية الذات لدى طلبة الدراسات العليا في الجامعات العراقية == The Relationship of Writing Anxiety in A Second Language with Self - Efficacy Among Postgraduate Students in Iraqi Universities

Author name: نور خالد اسريح الفرطوسي
Supervisor name: نجلاء نزار وداعة
General topic: Psychology
Specific topic: Educational Psychology
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعد قلق الكتابة بلغة ثانية تجنب عام للسلوك الكتابي والمواقف التي تتطلب بعض الاداء الكتابي التي يصاحبها تقويم للمادة المكتوبة، اذ يؤثر قلق الكتابة بلغة ثانية على فاعلية الذات التي تعني عملية معرفية عامة تحدث نتيجة لتوقعات الفرد التي يتمكن خلالها من حل المشكلات ومواجهة التحديات الجديدة، وقد استهدف البحث الحالي تعرف : 1. قلق الكتابة بلغة ثانية لدى طلبة الدراسات العليا في الكليات الهندسية في الجامعات العراقية.2. الفروق في قلق الكتابة بلغة ثانية على وفق متغيري النوع(ذكور - اناث)،المرحلة الدراسية(دكتوراه - ماجستير).3. فاعلية الذات لدى طلبة الدراسات العليا في الكليات الهندسية في الجامعات العراقية.4. الفروق في فاعلية الذات على وفق متغيري النوع(ذكور - اناث)، المرحلة الدراسية(دكتوراه - ماجستير).5. العلاقة بين قلق الكتابة بلغة ثانية وفاعلية الذات لدى طلبة الدراسات العليا في الكليات الهندسية في الجامعات العراقية لدى ا - افراد العينة كلها، ب - النوع(ذكور - اناث)، ج - المرحلة الدراسية(دكتوراه - ماجستير).6. الفرق في العلاقة بين قلق الكتابة بلغة ثانية وفاعلية الذات لدى طلبه الدراسات العليا على وفق متغيري النوع (ذكور - اناث)، المرحلة الدراسية(دكتوراه - ماجستير).وقد اقتصر البحث الحالي على طلبة الدراسات العليا من كليات الهندسة للجامعات( بغداد، المستنصرية، التكنلوجية)، ولتحقيق اهداف البحث الحالي قامت الباحثة ببناء مقياس قلق الكتابة بلغة ثانية، اذ تكون من(21) فقرة موزعة على ثلاثة مجالات وهي ( المجال الجسماني، المجال المعرفي، المجال التجنبي)، وقد استخرجت الباحثة الخصائص الاحصائية من صدق(الصدق الظاهري، الصدق البنائي)، واستخراج الثبات بطريقتي اعادة الاختبار ومعادلة الفا كرونباخ وقد بلغ معامل الثبات بطريقة اعادة الاختبار(0,89)، وبطريقة الفا كرونباخ(0,87)، وتم تبني مقياس فاعلية الذات ل (ابورغيف،2017)، المكون من (30) فقرة اذ بلغ معامل الثبات بطريقة اعادة الاختبار(0,87)، اما بطريقة الفاكرونباخ(0,85)، وان جميعها تشير الى انها معاملات ثبات جيدة، وقد تم تطبيق المقياسين على عينة البحث الاساسية البالغة (244) طالب وطالبة اختيروا بالطريقة العشوائية الطبقية بالاسلوب المتناسب. وقد توصل البحث الحالي الى النتائج الاتية : 1. ان طلبة الدراسات العليا من كليات الهندسة ليس لديهم قلق الكتابة بلغة ثانية.2. توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية في قلق الكتابة بلغة ثانية تبعا للنوع(ذكور - اناث) والمرحلة الدراسية(ماجستير - دكتوراه).3. ان طلبة الدراسات العليا لديهم فاعلية ذات.4. توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية في فاعلية الذات وفقا للنوع ولصالح الاناث ولا توجد فروق وفقا للمرحلة.5. توجد علاقة ارتباطية سلبية ذات دلالة احصائية بين قلق الكتابة بلغة ثانية وفاعلية الذات لدى طلبة الدراسات العليا.6. لا توجد فروق بالعلاقة بين قلق الكتابة بلغة ثانية وفاعلية الذات على وفق متغيري النوع والمرحلة.وفي ضوء ذلك قدمت الباحثة عددا من التوصيات والمقترحات. | Writing Anxiety is a general written behavior and avoid situations that require some written performance accompanied by assessment of written article, very effective writing anxiety affects which means General cognitive process occur due to the expectations of the individual that can solve problems and meet new challenges, and the search was designed to identify the following : 1. Second language writing anxiety among graduate students in engineering departments at universities.2. Differences in writing in a second language depending on the variable gender (m - f), academic level stage(MA, PhD).3. Effective self of graduate students in engineering departments at universities.4. Differences in effectiveness depending on the sex variable self (m - f), ), academic level stage(MA, PhD).5. Relationship between second language writing Anxiety and effective self of graduate students in engineering departments in Iraqi universities have a sample as a whole, b - sex (m - f), academic level stage(MA, PhD).6. The difference in the relationship between second language writing anxiety and self - efficacy depending on a sex (m - f), academic level (stage) (MA, PhD).The current study was limited to graduate students from engineering schools to universities (Baghdad, Mustansiriyah, Technology), and to achieve the objectives of the present research the researcher to build a second language writing anxiety scale, from (21) items distributed over three areas : (physical, cognitive, Avoiding) and statistical characteristics were obtained (construction validity, content validity), and have the retest reliability equivalent using Alpha Cronbach coefficient reliability has yielded (0, 89) and Alpha Cronbach (0, 87), and the adoption of a measure Very effective for (Abou Raghef, 2017), (30) items reliability coefficient retest manner (0, 87), either Alpha - Cronbach (0, 85), and all of them refer to it as good reliability coefficients and scales have been applied to a sample basic search (244) students were selected by stratified random way.The following results has obtained : 1. Post graduate students of Engineering College don't suffer from writing anxiety to write in a second language.2. There were statistically significant differences in second language Writing Anxiety, depending on gender (m - f) academic level (stage) (MA., PhD).3.Post Graduate students enjoy high self - efficacy.4. There were Statistically significant differences in particular effectiveness depending on the sex and stage.5. There is a statistically significant negative correlation between Writing Anxiety in a second language and self - efficacy effective of post graduate students.6. There are no differences in the relationship between second language writing anxiety and self - efficacy according to sex and stage.In light of these results a number of recommendations and suggestions in were put forward

قضايا متعلقة بالتوزيع المنتظم == Issues related with uniform Distribution

Author name: هبة علي حسن
Supervisor name: صلاح حمزة عبد
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: على الرغم من الاهمية الكبيرة لاستخدامات التوزيع المنتظم ، الا ان شكل التوزيع وخصائصه تقلص مع الاسف من فرص تطبيقاته في حياتنا العملية . هذه المسالة جعلتنا نفكر في تكوين توزيعات اخرى بالاستناد على التوزيع المنتظم، بحيث تكون التوزيعات الجديدة ذات خواص واشكال مرنة تزيد من امكانية تطبيقاتها العملية. التوزيع المنتظم المعمم وفق الية مارشال واولكن سيتم تقديمه في هذه الرسالة . بعض خواصه المهمة ، اضافة الى نموذج الضغط - التحمل سيتم اشتقاقها ، حيث ان كل من متغيري الضغط والتحمل مستقلان عن بعضهما البعض ويخضع كل منهما للتوزيع المنتظم المعمم وفق الية مارشال واولكن ، بمعلمتي شكل ووزن مختلفتان. ثمانية طرائق مختلفة لتقدير معلمات التوزيع المنتظم المعمم وفق الية مارشال واولكن ، وبالتالي تقدير نموذج الضغط - التحمل قد تم دراستها وتقدير المعلمات بموجبها. دراسة تجريبية باستخدام المحاكاة لغرض المقارنة بين نتائج تلك الطرائق قد تم انجازها ايضا" توزيع بيتا - المنتظم المعمم وفق الية مارشال واولكن سيتم تقديمه في هذه الرسالة ايضا". . بعض خواص التوزيع الجديد المهمة سيتم اشتقاقها. وحيث انه من المعلوم بان التحمل يمكن النظر اليه على انه "المقاوم لحصول الخطا" فان تصميم نظام المعولية الجيد هو الذي يكون فيه التحمل اكبر من الضغط المتوقع . وحيث ان معامل الضمان يمكن تعريفه بحدود كلا" من الضغط والتحمل فان اشتقاق نموذج الضغط - التحمل لتوزيع بيتا - المنتظم المعمم وفق الية مارشال واولكن قد تم هنا بثمانية معلمات باعتبار ان كل من متغيري الضغط والتحمل مستقلان عن بعضهما البعض ويخضع كل منهما للتوزيع المذكور.تم في هذه الرسالة ايضا" اشتقاق نموذج نسبة الخطا التجميعي للتوزيع المنتظم المعمم وفق الية مارشال واولكن MOEU(α,θ) ، مع كل واحد من التوزيعات التالية ، MOEU(a,b) وMOEU(a,θ) والمنتظم بالمعلمة θ ، والاسي المبتور من اليمين بالمعلمتين λ وθ ، وويبل المبتور من اليمين بالمعلمات λ وk وθ ، وفريشت المبتور من اليمين بالمعلمات a وb وθ ، ورالي المبتور من اليمين بالمعلمتين σ^2 وθ ، وكوشي المبتور من الجهتين بالمعلمات a وb وθ ، وكامبل المبتور من الجهتين بالمعلمات a وb وθ . | In spite of the great importance of the uniform distribution uses , but unfortunately the form of the distribution and its properties reduced the distribution applications, especially in real life. This issue has made us think to construct other distributions based on the uniform distribution, So that the new distributions have flexible forms and properties to represent a lot of other applications. The Marshall - Olkin extended uniform (MOEU) distribution is introduced. Some important properties and the MOEU stress - strength model R are obtained where the stress and the strength are independent MOEU distributions with different scale parameters and different shape parameters. Different methods to estimate R and MOEU distribution parameters are studied. Thus, an empirical study is conducted to support the theoretical aspect. The Beta Marshall - Olkin extended uniform (BMOEU) distribution is introduced also. Some important properties are obtained for the new distribution. It is well known that the strength can be viewed as “resistance to failure”. Good design practice is such that the strength is always greater than the expected stress. The safety factor can be defined in terms of strength and stress as strength/ stress. So, the BMOEU strength - stress model with different eight parameters will be derived here. We also derive the additive failure rate model of (Marshall - Olkin Extended Uniform distribution) MOEU(α,θ) and every one of MOEU(a,b) , MOEU(a,θ) , uniform(θ) ,truncated exponential (λ,θ), truncated Weibull(λ,k,θ), truncated Frechet(a,b,θ), truncated Rayleigh(σ^2,θ),Doubly truncated Cauchy(a,b,θ) and doubly truncated Gumbel(a,b,θ) distributions

حول الانظمة تامة الاستقرار الكاذب == On Fully Pseudo - Stable Systems

Author name: مصطفى عباس عزيز العزاوي
Supervisor name: مهدي صادق عباس
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: لتكن S شبه زمرة ذات عنصر محايد 1 , M مجموعة ليست خالية . نقول ان M يكون نظام ايمن على S ( ويرمز له MS ) , اذا وجدت دالة من M × S الى M بحيث ms → (m, s) تحقق الشروط التالية : 1 - m(st) = (ms)t2 - m.1 = m , لكل m∈M وs,t ∈ S.ليكن MS نظام ايمن وN مجموعة جزئية ليست خالية من M , نقول ان N هي نظام جزئي من النظام MS اذا تحقق ns ∈N لكل n ∈N , s ∈S .ليكن كل من MS, KS نظام ايمن على S . الدالة f : MS → KS يقال انها تشاكل اذا حققت الشرط التالي f (ms) = f (m)s لكل m ∈M , s ∈S .نقول ان النظام الجزئي N من النظام الايمن MS هو مستقر كاذب اذا تحقق ان α(N)⊆N لكل تشاكل متباين من النظام الجزئي N الى النظام الايمن MS . ونقول ان النظام الايمن MS هو تام استقرار كاذب في حال كون كل نظام جزئي منه هو مستقر كاذب. جزء كبير من هذا العمل يتركز او يتمحور حول دراسة خواص صنف الانظمة تامة الاستقرار الكاذبة والعلاقة بين هذا الصنف من الانظمة مع صنف الانظمة تامة الاستقرار وكذلك مع صنف الانظمة الاغمارية الكاذبة | Let S be a monoid, and M be a non - empty set. Then we say that M_S is a right S - system, if we have a mapping μ∶ M×S → M such that (m,s)↦ms≔μ(m,s) satisfies 1.(ms)t=m(st) for each m∈M ,s,t ∈S. 2. m.1 = m for each m ∈ M, where 1 is the identity element of the monoid S.Given a right S - system MS and a non - empty subset of MS we say that N is a subsystem of MS if ns ∈ N for all n ∈ N, s ∈ S. Let M_S, K_S be S - systems. An S - homomorphism f : M_S→K_S is a mapping from M to K such that for any m∈M and s∈S,f(ms)=f(m)s. We say that a subsystem N of MS is pseudo - stable if α(NS) ⊆ NS for each S - monomorphism α of N into MS. And we say that MS is fully pseudo - stable, if every subsystem of MS is pseudo - stable. A large portion of this work is devoted to the study of the properties of the class of fully pseudo - stable S - systems, and the relation between this class of S - systems with the class of fully stable S - systems and the class of (completely) pseudo - injective S - systems.

الطريقة التغايرية التكرارية لحل المعادلات التفاضلية - التكاملية ذات الرتب الكسرية == Variational Iteration Method for Solving Fractional Order Integro - Differential Equations

Author name: مريم حكمت وديع
Supervisor name: فاضل صبحي فاضل | ندى صباح كرم
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف الرئيسي من هذه الرسالة هو تقديم المعادلات التفاضلية التكاملية ذات الرتب الكسرية بصيغ (Fractional order integro - differential equations) باستخدام نوع جديد من المؤثرات، ولقد تضمنت هذه الصيغ مشتقات ذات رتب كسرية وايضا تكاملات ذات رتب كسرية محتلفة. في البحث تم اولا اشتقاق الصيغة التكرارية لحل المعادلات التفاضلية التكاملية ذات الرتب الكسرية باستعمال الطريقة التغايرية التكرارية (Variational iteration method) ومن ثم برهان تقارب متتابعة حلول الطريقة التغايرية التكرارية الى الحل المضبوط مع اعطاء بعض الامثلة التوضيحية الخطية وغير الخطية لحل هكذا نوع من المعادلات التفاضلية - التكاملية (Volterra and Fredholm) باستخدام الطريقة التكرارية التغايرية. | The main objective of this thesis is to introduce fractional order integro - differential equations using a new type of operators, which consist the order of fractional differentiation and fractional integration are different. The study starts first by deriving the iteration formula, then proving its convergence to the exact solution and then studying the approximate solution of such type of integral equations, Volterra and Fredholm, integro - differential equation by using the variational iteration method, as well as, give some illustrative examples of linear and nonlinear equations.

بعض النتائج على انواع المجاميع الضبابية المفتوحة في الفضاءات التبولوجية على المجاميع الضبابية == Some results on Types of Fuzzy open set in a fuzzy Topological Space on fuzzy set

Author name: مروة فليح حسن العبودي
Supervisor name: منير عبد الخالق عزيز الخفاجي
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Topology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف الاول : - هو لدراسة الفضاءات التبولوجية الضبابية . بالاضافة الى المجاميع الضبابية المفتوحة ( ???? - ???? - ???? - pre - M - Z,Z*,e ,e*) والعلاقة بين الانواع المختلفة من الفضاءات التبولوجية الضبابية مع اعطاء بعض النظريات والخواص ودراسة بعض النتائج المعروفة في هذا الموضوع مع الامثلة توضيحية .الهدف الثاني : - هو لدراسة مجموعة الفصل ومن ثم دراسة العلاقات بين الانواع المختلفة من الفضاءات التبولوجية الضبابية مع اعطاء بعض النظريات والخواص ودراسة بعض النتائج المعروفة في هذا الموضوع مع الامثلة توضيحية .الهدف الثالث : - هو دراسة الفضاءات الضبابية المتصلة والفضاءات الضبابية غير المتصلة والعلاقة بين الانواع المختلفة وبالاضافة الى بعض النظريات والخواص حولها .الهدف الرابع : - هو دراسة الفضاء التبولوجي الضبابي المتراص ودراسة العلاقة بين الانواع المختلفة من الفضاءات التبولوجية الضبابية المتراصة وبالاضافة الى بعض النظريات والخواص عليها . | This thesis investigates four objectives : - The first objective is to study fuzzy topological spaces, as well as, fuzzy ???? - open sets, fuzzy ???? - open sets, fuzzy pre - open sets, fuzzy open sets, fuzzy M - open sets, fuzzy Z - open sets, Fuzzy Z* - open sets, fuzzy e - open sets, fuzzy e* - open sets, fuzzy ???? - open sets and give counter examples if invalid with some properties and theorems of the subject.The second objective is to study some types of fuzzy separated sets in fuzzy topological spaces and study the relationships between of them and give counter examples if invalid with some properties and theorems of the subject.The third objective is to study some types of fuzzy connected spaces in fuzzy topological spaces and study the relationships between of them. FinallyThe four objectives are to study the fuzzy compact space in fuzzy topological spaces and study the relationships between of them, some theorems and properties have been introduced

تمركزات (?,?) - على حلقات اولية من النمط ? - == (?,?) - Centralizers On Prime ? - Rings

Author name: مروة محمود شعبان
Supervisor name: صلاح مهدي صالح
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: لتكن M حلقة من النمط - Г وσ,τ دوال متشاكلة داخليا من M , في هذا العمل تم تقديم ودراسة المفاهيم من تمركزات (σ,τ) العالي, تمركزات (σ,τ) - جوردان العالي وتعميمها على حلقات من النمط - Г.تتمثل الاهداف الاساسية لهذا العمل الى : تقديم وتعميم مفهوم تمركزات (σ,τ) - (تعميم تمركزات (σ,τ) - على التوالي), تمركزات (σ,τ) - جوردان (تعميم تمركزات (σ,τ) - جوردان على التوالي) وتمركزات (σ,τ) - جوردان الثلاثي على الحلقة والحلقة من النمط - Г. تقديم وتعميم مفهوم تمركزات (σ,τ) - العالي (تعميم تمركزات (σ,τ) - العالي على التوالي), تمركزات (σ,τ) - جوردان العالي (تعميم تمركزات (σ,τ) - جوردان العالي على التوالي) وتمركز (σ,τ) - جوردان الثلاثي العالي على الحلقة والحلقة من النمط - Г. كما تم دراسة هذه المفاهيم على حلقة اولية وحلقة اولية من النمط - Г.من الواضح ان تمركز - (σ,τ) العالي (تعميم تمركز - (σ,τ) العالي على التوالي) هو تمركز - (σ,τ) جوردان العالي (تعميم تمركز - (σ,τ) جوردان العالي على التوالي), لكن العكس غير صحيح بشكل عام, في عملنا قدمنا الشروط التي تجعل العكس صحيح. | Let M be a Г - ring and σ,τ be endomorphisms of M, in this work we will present and study the concepts of higher (σ,τ) - centralizer, Jordan higher (σ,τ) - centralizer and their generalizations on Г - rings. The main objectives of this work are to : (1) present and generalize the concepts of (σ,τ) - centralizer (resp.generalized (σ,τ) - centralizer), Jordan (σ,τ) - centralizer (resp.Jordan generalized (σ,τ) - centralizer) and Jordan triple (σ,τ) - centralizer on the ring and Г - ring.(2) present and generalize the concepts of higher (σ,τ) - centralizer (resp.generalized higher (σ,τ) - centralizer), Jordan higher (σ,τ) - centralizer (resp.Jordan generalized higher (σ,τ) - centralizer) and Jordan triple higher (σ,τ) - centralizer on the ring and Г - ring. We study the characteristics of these concepts on prime ring and Г - ring. It is clear that every higher (σ,τ) - centralizer (resp.generalized higher (σ,τ) - centralizer) is Jordan higher (σ,τ) - centralizer (resp.Jordan generalized ((σ,τ) - centralizer) but the converse is not true. In general in this thesis we give the conditions which make the converse is true

بعض النتائج على الزمر التبولوجية الضبابية == Some Results On Fuzzy Topological Groups

Author name: محمد ثجيل حمود
Supervisor name: منير عبد الخالق عزيز الخفاجي | تغريد حر مجيد
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Topology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف الاول دراسة عدة انواع من الدوال الضبابية المستمرة في الفضاء الزمري التبولوجي الضبابي (الضبابية المستمرة b - , الضبابية المستمرة α - , الضبابية المستمرة semi - , الضبابية المستمرة pre - , الضبابية المستمرة regular - , والضبابية المستمرة β - ) مع بعض النظريات عليها وبعض العلاقات فيما بينها في الفضاء الزمري التبولوجي الضبابي واعطاء امثلة عكسية اذا لم تتحقق العلاقة.الهدف الثاني دراسة عدة انواع من الفضاءات الضبابية المتراصة في الفضاء الزمري التبولوجي الضبابي (فضاء ضبابي متراص b - , فضاء ضبابي متراص α - , فضاء ضبابي متراص semi - , فضاء ضبابي متراص pre - , فضاء ضبابي متراص regular - , فضاء ضبابي متراص β - ) والفضاءات الضبابية المتصلة في الفضاء الزمري التبولوجي الضبابي (فضاء ضبابي متصل b - , فضاء ضبابي متصل α - , فضاء ضبابي متصل semi - , فضاء ضبابي متصل pre - , فضاء ضبابي متصل regular - , فضاء ضبابي متصل β - ) مع بعض النظريات عليها وبعض العلاقات فيما بينها في الفضاء الزمري التبولوجي الضبابي.الهدف الثالث دراسة بعض انواع بديهيات الفصل الضبابية Ti لكل i = 0 ,1 ,2 ,3 في الفضاء الزمري التبولوجي الضبابي ودراسة العلاقات فيما بينها وبرهنا العكس تحت شرط الفضاء الزمري التبولوجي الضبابي (والتي تدرس لاول مرة حسب معرفتنا).الهدف الرابع دراسة بعض انواع بديهيات الفصل الضبابية bTi لكل i = 0 ,1 ,2 ,3 في الفضاء الزمري التبولوجي الضبابي من النوع b - ودراسة العلاقات فيما بينها وبرهنا العكس تحت شرط الفضاء الزمري التبولوجي الضبابي من النوع b - (والتي تدرس لاول مرة حسب معرفتنا).الهدف الخامس دراسة الفضاءات المتراصة الضبابية من النوع b - والفضاءات المتصلة من الضبابية من النوع b - في الفضاء الزمري التبولوجي الضبابي من النوع b - مع بعض النظريات عليها. | The first objective is to study certain types of fuzzy continuous in fuzzy topological groups (fuzzy b - continuous, fuzzy α - continuous, fuzzy semi - continuous, fuzzy pre - continuous, fuzzy regular - continuous and fuzzy β - continuous) with some theorems on them and the relationship between them in fuzzy topological group and give the counter examples if invalidity. The second objective is to study certain types of fuzzy compact spaces (fuzzy b - compact space, fuzzy α - compact space, fuzzy semi - compact space, fuzzy pre - compact space, fuzzy regular - compact space and fuzzy β - compact space) and fuzzy connected space (fuzzy b - connected space, fuzzy α - connected space, fuzzy semi - connected space, fuzzy pre - connected space, fuzzy regular - connected space and fuzzy β - connected space) with some theorems on them and some relations between them in fuzzy topological group. The third objective is to study some types of fuzzy separation axioms Ti, for all i = 0 ,1 ,2 ,3 in fuzzy topological group and study the relationships between of them and proved the converse under the condition of fuzzy topological group which was studied for the first time up to our knowledge. The fourth objective is to study some types of fuzzy separation axioms bTi, for all i = 0 ,1 ,2 ,3 in fuzzy b - topological group and study the relationships between of them and proved the converse under the condition of fuzzy b - topological group which was studied for the first time up to our knowledge The fifth objective is to study fuzzy b - compact spaces and fuzzy b - connected spaces in fuzzy b - topological group with some theorems on them

تحليل التدفق لبعض مسائل النقل المتموج اللانيوتيني == Flow Analysis of Some Non - Newtonian Peristaltic Transport Problems

Author name: لقاء زكي حمادي
Supervisor name: احمد مولود عبد الهادي
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف من هذه الاطروحة هو دراسة العدديد من مسائل النقل التموجي لبعض الموئع النيوتينيه واللانيوتينية تحت تاثير كل من الاجهاد المزدوج ، المجال المغناطيسي، الوسط المسامي، تاثير الانزلاق وانتقال الحرارة لعدة نماذج هي : نموذج المائع المعقد، نموذج لانيوتيني (,(Walter’s B نموذج المشتقات الكسريه ماكسويل المعمم في قناة افقية ومائلة ، متماثله وغير متماثلة. وقد تم اشتقاق معادلات الحركة والطاقة على افتراض طول موجه طويل وانخفاض عدد رينولدز للتقريب. ارتفاع الضغط تم الحصول عليه باستخدام التكامل التحليلي. وقد تم بناء الحلول التحليلية التقريبية باستخدام طريقه مختلفه مثل طريقه هوموتوبي للاضطراب ((HPM والتي استخدمت لايجاد الحلول لنموذج ماكسويل المعمم. ظهرت في الدراسه تاثير الارقام الابعديه مثل : - ارقام رينولد, فرويد، هارتمان،كراشوف ، براندل ، ايكرت وكذالك تاثير المعلمات وقت الاسترخاء، معلمة المشتقه الكسريه ، معلمة الاجهاد الزوجي، معلمه الانزلاق ، معلمة النفاذية، معلمه الميل المغناطيسي، والميل للقناة، قوة الاحتكاك والتاثير الميكانيكي وداله الجريان تم دراستها وتحليلها وتم رسم (174) شكل من خلا ل برامج "MATHEMATICA" | The aim of this thesis is to study the peristaltic transport of some Non - Newtonian fluids under the effect of couple stress , magnetic field ,porous medium, slip effect and heat transfer for several models namely : complex fluid model, Walte’s B model and fractional generalized Maxwell model in symmetric , antisymmetric horizontal and inclined channel. The motion and energy equations have been derived under the assumption of long wave length and low Reynolds number approximation and the expression for pressure rise is obtained by using analytical integration. Approximate analytical solutions have been constructed using different method such as Homotopy pretrubation method for fractional model . The effect of dimensionless numbers; Renolds, Froude, Hartman, Grashof, Prandtl, Eckert numbers and each of relaxation time, fractional parameter, couple stress parameter, slip, permeability parameter, inclined of magnetic parameter, inclination of channel, friction force mechanical efficient and stream function are received and analyzed. This study is done through plotting(174) figures by the “MATHEMATICA” package

قابلية الحل وقابلية السيطرة لمسائل السيطرة غير المحلية اللاخطيه والشبه خطية ذات الرتب الكسرية == Solvability and Controllabity of Nonlocal Problem for Non - Quasilinear Fractional Order Control Problems

Author name: فوزي مطر إسماعيل اﻠﻣكدمي
Supervisor name: سمير قاسم حسن
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الهدف الرئيسي في هذه الاطروحة هو دراسة وتطوير بعض الخواص الرياضياتية لبعض الصنوف من للمعادلات اللاخطية والشبه خطية النبضية المتعددة التكامل التفاضلية الكسرية الرتبه مع تباطؤ حيادي وشروط ابتدائية غير محلية في فضاء غير منتهي مع مؤثر اضافة شبه خطي باستخدام مفاهيم شبه الزمرة المستمرة القوية ذات المعلمة الواحدة والمتولدة بمولد غير مقيد. كذلك الخلفية الضرورية لهذا العمل قد عرضت ودعمت ببعض الملاحظات المفيدة والامثلة التوضيحية. الشروط الاساسية للحل المعلول لايجاد الوجدانية والوحدانية وقابلية السيطرة مع شروط ابتدائية غير محلية لصنوف من انظمة السيطرة النبضية ذات رتب كسرية متعددة قد نوقشت وطورت بفضاءات غير منتهية على اساس استخدام الشبه الزمرة الجيبية القوية الاستمرارية مع تقنية خاصة لنظرية النقطة الصامدة. واخيرا , الوجدانية لمسائل السيطرة اللاخطية والشبه خطية النبضية التكاملية التفاضلية الكسرية مع شروط غير محلية حيث تم دراستها بواسطة قياس عدم التراص في فضاء غير منتهي. وايضا ثم دراسة ومناقشة وتطوير قابلية السيطرة لبعض الانظمة النبضية بواسطة شبه زمرة متطورة مقلقلة قوية الاستمرارية مولده بمولد غير مقيد مقلقل. | The main aim of this thesis is to study and develop some mathematical properties of some classes of quasi - nonlinear impulsive multi - integro - fractional rank differential order with neutral delay and nonlocal initial value conditions in infinite dimensional space with quasilinear operator perturbation using the concepts of one - parameter family of strongly continuous semigroup generated by unbounded linear generator. The necessary background for this approach has also been presented and supported by some useful remarks and illustrative examples. As well as, the necessary background for this thesis have been offered the mild principle conditions for the existence uniqueness and controllability with nonlocal initial conditions of multi - fractional order differential order impulsive control system with nonlocal conditions and neutral infinit delay have also been discussed and developed in some infinite dimensional space, by using the principle of cosine strongly continuous semigroups and special technique of fixed point theorems. Finally, the existence of quasi - nonlinear impulsive integro - fractional rank differential control problem with nonlocal conditions via measure of noncompactness in infinite dimensional space are also presented. The controllability is discussed and developed via evolution perturbed strongly continuous semigroup generated by unbounded perturbed generator

تشاكلات من النمط (?,?) على الحلقات الاولية من النمط ? == On (?,?) - Homomorphisms on prime ? - Rings

Author name: فواز رعد جار الله
Supervisor name: صلاح مهدي صالح
General topic: Mathematics
Specific topic: Mathematics
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: لتكن M حلقة اولية من النمط Г وσ,τ دوال متشاكلة من M , في هذا العمل تم تقديم ودراسة المفاهيم التالية تشاكلات(σ,τ) العالية, تشاكلات(σ,τ) - جوردان العالي وتعميماتها على الحلقات الاولية من النمط - Г. تتمثل الاهداف الاساسية من هذا العمل : تقديم ودراسة مفهوم تشاكلات (σ,τ) - (تعميم تشاكلات (σ,τ) - على التوالي), تشاكلات (σ,τ) - جوردان (تعميم تشاكلات (σ,τ) - جوردان على التوالي) وتشاكلات (σ,τ) - جوردان الثلاثي على الحلقة R والحلقة M من النمط - Г. تقديم ودراسة مفهوم تشاكلات (σ,τ) - العالي (تعميم تشاكلات (σ,τ) - العالي على التوالي), تشاكلات (σ,τ) - جوردان العالي (تعميم تشاكلات (σ,τ) - جوردان العالي على التوالي) وتشاكل (σ,τ) - جوردان الثلاثي العالي على الحلقة R والحلقة M من النمط - Г. | Let M be a Г - ring and σ,τ be endomomorphisms of M, in this thesis we introduced and studied the concepts of(σ,τ) - higher homomorphism, Jordan (σ,τ) - higher homomorphism and presented their generalizations on Rings and Г - rings. So that , our objects was : (1) Introduced the concepts of (σ,τ) - homomorphism (resp.generalized (σ,τ) - homomorphism), Jordan (σ,τ) - homomorphism (resp. generalized Jordan (σ,τ) - homomorphism) and Jordan triple (σ,τ) - homomorphism on the ring R and proved that : Every Jordan (,) - homomorphism of a ring R into prime ring R' is either (,) - homomorphism or (,) anti homomorphism.(2) Introduced the concepts of (σ,τ) - higher homomorphism (resp.generalized (σ,τ) - higher homomorphism), Jordan(σ,τ) - higher homomorphism (resp.generalized Jordan(σ,τ) - higher homomorphism) and Jordan triple(σ,τ) - higher homomorphism on the ring R and proved that : Let F = ( fi )iN be a generalized Jordan (,) - higher homomorphism of a ring R into 2 - torsion free ring R',such that and ii=ii. Then F is a generalized Jordan triple (,) - higher homomorphism.(3) Introduced the concepts of (σ,τ) - homomorphism (resp.generalized (σ,τ) - homomorphism), Jordan (σ,τ) - homomorphism (resp. generalized Jordan (σ,τ) - homomorphism) and Jordan triple (σ,τ) - homomorphism on the  - ring M and proved that : Every generalized Jordan (,) - homomorphism of a  - ring M into prime  - ring M' is either generalized (,) - homomorphism or (,) - anti homomorphism.(4) Introduced the concepts of (σ,τ) - higher homomorphism (resp.generalized (σ,τ) - higher homomorphism), Jordan(σ,τ) - higher homomorphism (resp.generalized Jordan(σ,τ) - higher homomorphism) and Jordan triple(σ,τ) - higher homomorphism on the  - ring M and proved that : Let  = (i)iN be a Jordan (,) - higher homomorphism from a  - ring M into 2 - torsion free  - ring M', such that abc = abc, for all a, b, c  M and , , a'b'c'=a'b'c', for all a',b',c'M' and ,   , and i i = i i .Then  is Jordan triple (,) - higher homomorphism.

اثر استراتيجية بوليا في تحصيل مادة الاملاء واستبقائها لدى طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط == The effect of Polya strategy on the collection and retention of the dictation among the second grade students

Author name: محمود هاشم حميد العقابي
Supervisor name: عفاف حسن محمد الشبر
General topic: Educational Sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: كان الهدف من البحث الحالي : التعرف على (اثــــر استراتيجية بوليا في تحصيل مادة الاملاء واستبقائها لدى طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط)، وللتحقق من ذلك صاغ الباحث الفرضيتين الصفريتين الاتيتين : 1 - الفرضية الاولى : لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى دلالة (5 0,0 ) بين متوسط درجات تحصيل طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط للمجموعة التجريبية التي تدرس مادة الاملاء باستخدام استراتيجية بوليوامتوسط درجات تحصيل طلاب المجموعة الضابطة التي تدرس مادة الاملاء باستخدام الطريقة الاعتيادية. 2 - الفرضية الثانية : لا يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى دلالة (5 0,0 ) بين متوسط درجات استبقاء طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط للمجموعة التجريبية التي تدرس مادة الاملاء باستخدام استراتيجية بوليوامتوسط درجات استبقاء طلاب المجموعة الضابطة التي تدرس مادة الاملاء بالطريقة الاعتيادية. ولتحقيق هدفا البحث اختار الباحث تصميما تجريبيا ذا ضبط جزئي للمجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة ، وقد بلغت عينة البحث (64) طالبا من طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط في متوسطة السفراء للبنين التابعة لمديرية تربية الرصافة الثالثة في بغداد ، وقد وزعوا عشوائيا على مجموعتين, بواقع ( 32 ) طالبا في المجموعة التجريبية ، و( 32 ) طالبا في المجموعة الضابطة , وقد تم تطبيق التجربة في الفصل الدراسي الاول من العام الدراسي ( 2016 - 2017 ) . وكافا الباحث بين المجموعتين احصائيا باستعمال الاختبار التائي (t - test ) لعينتين مستقلتين , في متغيرات : (العمر الزمني محسوبا بالشهور واختبار القدرة اللغوية ،و درجات العام السابق في مادة اللغة العربية (2015 - 2016)وبمربع كاي ( كا2 )في التحصيل الدراسي للاباء، والتحصيل الدراسي للامهات) قبل اجراء التجربة ولم تكن هناك فروق ذوات دلالة احصائية بين المجموعتين في هذه المتغيرات. وحاول الباحث ضبط عدد من المتغيرات الدخيلة التي اشارت الادبيات والدراسات السابقة الى انها قد تؤثر في هذا النوع من التصاميم التجريبية متمثلة بـ : ( ظروف التجربة ، الاندثار التجريبي ، العمليات المتعلقة بالنضج ، الحوادث المصاحبة ، واثر الاجراءات التجريبية ) . وحدد الباحث المادة العلمية التي تضمنت (5) موضوعات من كتاب الاملاء المقرر تدريسه لطلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط للعام الدراسي (2016 - 2017) وهي (الهمزة اول الكلام همزة قطع، وهمزة وصل، والهمزة المتوسطة على الالف ، والهمزة المتوسطة على الواو ، والهمزة المتوسطة على الياء)، صاغ الباحث مجموعة من الاهداف السلوكية للمواضيع التي درسها في مدة التجربة والتي كانت بواقع (43) هدفا سلوكيا بصيغتها النهائية، وقد عرضها على مجموعة من الخبراء والمتخصصين في طرائق التدريس والقياس والتقويم ،ثم اعد الباحث خططا انموذجية لتدريس طلاب مجموعتي البحث منها على وفق استراتيجية بوليا للمجموعة التجريبية واخرى على وفق الطريقة الاعتيادية للمجموعة الضابطة، وعرض انموذجين منها على مجموعة من الخبراء والمتخصصين في طرائق التدريس والقياس والتقويم ، وقد اجرى الباحث التعديلات واخذ بملاحظات الخبراء في صياغتها. درس الباحث المجموعة التجريبية على وفق استراتيجية (بوليا) والمجموعة الضابطة بالطريقة الاعتيادية. اما اداة البحث فقد تمثلت( باختبار تحصيلي) اعده الباحث تكون من (40) فقرة متنوعة موزعة على ثلاثة اسئلة لقياس التحصيل الاملائي لدى الطلاب ( عينة البحث )، وقد تثبت من صدقه وثباته , واستخرج معامل صعوبة الفقرات , ومعامل تمييزها , وفعالية البدائل المخطوءة لفقراته ، ثم طبقه على مجموعتي البحث بعد اكمال التجربة التي استغرقت فصلا دراسيا كاملا، استعمل الباحث الوسائل الاحصائية المناسبة في اجراءات بحثه وتحليل نتائجه، والمتمثلة باستعمال حزمة الحقيبة الاحصائية (s p s s) ومنها الاختبار التائي (t - test) لعينتين مستقلتين، ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون , ومعامل سبيرمان - براون في تحقق الثبات، ومربع كاي، ومعادلة صعوبة الفقرة ،و تميز الفقرة ،و فعالية البدائل المخطوءة . وبعد تطبيق الاختبار التحصيلي واختبار الاستبقاء على عينة البحث توصل الباحث الى : 1 - يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى (0،05) بين متوسطي درجات طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الذين درسوا على وفق استراتيجية بوليواالمجموعة الضابطة الذين درسوا على وفق الطريقة الاعتيادية في اختبار التحصيل، ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية . 2 - يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى (0،05) بين متوسطي درجات طلاب المجموعة التجريبية الذين درسوا على وفق استراتيجية بوليواالمجموعة الضابطة الذين درسوا على وفق الطريقة الاعتيادية في اختبار الاستبقاء, ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية . وفي ضوء نتائج البحث استنتج الباحث عددا من الاستنتاجات منها : 1 - فاعلية استراتيجية بوليا في التحصيل لدى طلاب المجموعة التجريبية في مادة الاملاء 2 - فاعلية استراتيجية بوليا في الاستبقاء لدى طلاب المجموعة التجريبية في مادة الاملاء وفي ضوء نتائج البحث اوصى الباحث بعدد من التوصيات منها : 1. ان تولي كليات التربية عند اعداد مدرسي اللغة العربية ، ومدرساتها اهتماما خاصا بتاهيلهم ، وتدريبهم على كيفية استخدام استراتيجية بوليا في تدريس قواعد الاملاء.2 - حث مدرسي اللغة العربية ومدرساتها على استعمال استراتيجية بوليا في تدريس مادة الاملاء.اقترح الباحث عددا من المقترحات : 1. اجراء دراسة مماثلة في فروع اللغة العربية الاخرى. 2. اجراء دراسة مماثلة لمعرفة اثر هذه الاستراتيجية في متغيرات اخرى غير التحصيل ، مثل : التفكير الناقد ، والاتجاهات نحو المادة ، وغيرها . 3. اجراء دراسة تجريبية مماثلة للدراسة الحالية تشمل مراحل تعليمية اخرى او مهارات لغوية اخرى | The aim of the current research is to identify the effect of the Polya strategy in the collection and retention of the dictation among the second grade students. To verify this, the researcher formulated the following null hypotheses : 1 - First Hypothesis : There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (5 0,0) between the mean scores of the second grade students of the experimental group studying the dictation using the Polya strategy and the mean achievement of students of the control group studying the dictation using the traditional method.2 - The second hypothesis : There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (5 0,0) between the mean scores retention of students in the second grade of the mean scores group of the study of dictation study using the strategy of Polya and the mean retention rates of students of the control grou. In order to achieve the objective of the research, the researcher chose a experimental design with partial control of the experimental and control groups. The sample was 64 students from the second intermediate grade in the middle ambassadors of boys belonging to the Directorate of Education of Rusafa III in Baghdad. They were randomly distributed to two groups, 32 students In the experimental group, and 32 students in the control group, The experiment was applied in the first semester of the academic year (2016 - 2017).The researcher equlized between the two groups statistically using the t - test for two independent samples and the Kiy square (k 2) in the variables : the age of time calculated by months, the academic achievement of the parents, the academic achievement of the mothers, the test of language ability, (2016) before the experiment and there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in these variables. The researcher taught the experimental group according to the strategy of Poulia and the control group in the traditional way.The researcher tried to control a number of extraneous variables that the literature and previous studies have indicated may affect this type of experimental design : (experimental conditions, experimental extinction, maturation processes, associated accidents, and the effect of experimental procedures).The researcher then identified the scientific material which included (5) topics from the book of dictation to be taught to the second grade students for the (2016 - 2017) academic year in Iraq. The researcher prepared (43) behavioral goals to teach the specific subjects of the experiment and then presented them to a group of experts and specialists, The researcher prepared model plans for teaching the experimental group and the students of the control group. The researcher then presented the two models to the experts and specialized . He prepared an achievement test consisting of (40) different sections divided into three questions to measure the spelling achievement of the students (the research sample). The researcher used the appropriate statistical means in the procedures of their research and analysis of the results, namely using the statistical packet (spss), including (t - test) of two independent samples, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman - Brown coefficient of stability, kiy square, equation of paragraph difficulty, parity equation, and equation of the effectiveness of wrong alternatives. After applying the test and the retention test on the research sample, the researcher reached the following results : - 1 - There is a statistical difference at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students who tausht according to the strategy of Polya and the control group, who tausht according to the traditional method in the achievement test, and for the favour of the experimental group.2 - There is a difference of statistical significance at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of students of the experimental group who taught according to the strategy of Polya and the control group, who taught according to the traditional method in the retention test, and for the favour of the experimental group.In light of the results of the research, the researcher concluded a number of conclusions, including : 1 - The effectiveness of the strategy of Polya in increasing the achievement of students in the dictation.2 - The effectiveness of the strategy of Polya in the retention rate of students in the dictation.In the light of the results of the research, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations, including : 1 - Urge Arabic language teachers and teachers to use the Polya strategy in teaching spelling.2 - The colleges of education in the preparation of teachers of the Arabic language, and their teachers should pay special attention to their rehabilitation, and training them on how to use the strategy of Polya in teaching spelling rulesThe researcher suggested a number of Suggestions, including : 1 - Conduct a similar study in other branches of Arabic.2.Conduct a similar study to find out the effect of this strategy on other non - achievement variables, such as : critical thinking, trends towards matter, retention, etc.3.Conduct a similar experimental study for the current study that includes other educational or language skills

واقعة فخ سنة 169هـ اسبابها ونتائجها

Author name: محمد عبد الرضا شنيتر العذاري
Supervisor name: نعيم دنيان عبيد الغراوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Summary:
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العلاقات العثمانية الفارسية في عهد القاجاريين 1795 - 1896 == Ottoman - Persian Relations During Qajareen Period (1795 - 1896)

Author name: نوران برهان علي
Supervisor name: فردوس عبد الرحمن كريم
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: When studying the international relations between two countries, there are three possibilities : either cooperation or struggle or combination between them. Dealing with historical facts of the subject of the study lead us to explain the Persian - Ottoman relations within the third section.This relation is struggle one and three is no cooperation according to the circumstances of the stage. There is no doubt , that the relation has special importance , not because the importance of the two countries and their political momentousness in the region but because their interchangeable influence in political reality for each one and generally on the region sphere.The progress of relation indicates that each development whether internal or external in the politics of one of them may effect the other country directly or indirectly. For the significance of the study and lack of the studies that deal with Ottoman - Qajareen relations (1795 - 1896) , in this study we try to deal with all the development from all sides. The thesis is divided into introduction and three chapters. The first chapter deals with Persian - Ottoman relations during (1795 - 1823) consisting the most important disputed cases that are the reason for firing the war between the two sides. These cases are the attacks of Whabiya on Kerbella and the difficulties that the visitors and Pilgrims face when they pass through Ottoman lands in their way to holly shrines the tribes there and their role in breaking out the conflict,Al - Bapanin family , Persian - Ottoman war in (1821 - 1823) , signing the, Arthroom treaty and the role of European countries in first signing it. The second chapter deals with relations during (1823 - 1847) and the problems which are the reason for renewed the conflict among Al - Bapanin Princes, campaign of Ali Rudha against Muha mera, attack of Nejeeb Pusha on Kerbella and Prince - Persian discussions to solve the problems between two countries and sign second Arthroom treaty. The third chapter deals with Persian - Ottoman relations during(1847 - 1896).It includes cooperation and coordination with greatest countries regarding boundaries problems attitude of Persian from the Qerem War, visit of Nasar Aldean Shah to Baghdad and signs brcaties with Ottoman, calling of Sultan Abdel Hameed to form Islamic league. It is referred to rebellion of Abdella Al - Sheri and it's affect on politics. It also refers to Shat al - Arab problem and the role of European countries to fire the dispute inorde to serve their interests. It is depended in this thesis on number of documents which not published, documentary books, University theses and number of Arabic books and translated books into Arabic. In this thesis , the researcher reaches to number of results which are as following : The Persian - Ottoman relations are distinguished by prominent struggle which it is rooted to Jaldeeran battle in sixteen Century.This battle is the real beginning to this struggle. The area of this struggle extends from South of Basrah - Baghdad towards Hamadan or Bedra - Jasan to Sherezoor and inters Atherbeajan land Armenian land. The depth of this line extends from the West and reaches Basrah - Baghdad - Kirkuk - Arbil - Mosul then inters Diyar Bekar then Arthroom - Diyar Bekar Tbkis - This is the area of Persian - Ottoman struggle. The most important factor that contributes to continuity of dispute is violating the boundaries. There is violation , whenever signs treaty from the first Arthrooim treaty in1893 and second Arthroom treaty in 1847 to map out the boundaries and plan to the dispule. No side obligates in spite of interference of the greatest countries of the greatest Countries such as British and Russian. The British - Russian competition has impact on the relation between Persia and Ottoman especially the British interests which are very active through diplomatic efforts to again privileges which are granted as interference right to proleed its interest.
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اخبار الامام الحسين (عليه السلام) في كتاب انساب الاشراف للبلاذري (ت279هـ) : دراسة مقارنة == Imam Al - Hussein (Peace Be Upon Him) In The Book Of Ansaab Al - Ashraf By Al - Balatheri (D. 279 A.H./ 892 AD) : A Comparative Study

Author name: نادية عبد اللطيف داخل
Supervisor name: عكرمة كامل محمد الساعدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Thank Allah almighty with goodness and blessing for his greatness and generosity and prayers be upon the best of prophets and messengers Abu Alqassim Mohamed Bin Abdullah and on Virtuous family. Allah Said (Allah wants to keep impure away from you the(Prophet )family and purify you).( )Yes purify them and make their likeness the way to approach Allah the almighty.It is well known the highness of Imam AL Hussein ( P B U H) and his great degree in spirits and minds of Muslims in all the times of Islam history.The greatness of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) accompanied by wide writing movement. Some of it takes the biography which are featured by the Muslim and non Muslim writers writings.Some modern studies approach to introduce the values of Al Hussein reawakening as expressional method in Islamic history. With all this greatness, expansion and variety, the critical and comparison sense method was absent somehow in this writing movement.The importance of this subject is that the revolution of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) is one of the most important revolutions that occupied the human thinking, because it was not normal event but important event in history.The historian whatever his believes and doctrine have to refer to it in brief or in details according to his point of view and to his thinking knowledge. If we look at all who wrote the revolution AL Hussein (P B U H), we find them felt little before its greatness except little individuals who their spirits full of hate towards the prophet family and sell their conscious by money and high positions.The subject of the research is Al - Balathery's (Ansab Alashraf) who lived in third century of Hijra. This century was one of the most flourishing times in Islamic history.The Arabic culture was flourished by appearance of greatest scholars and Al - Balathery was among them. Great historians appeared whose historic narration had matured since the time of the prophet and Ommiad age. Al - Balathery is well known historian famous in confidence, great knowledge, truth several travels. His book was taken by more than narrative historian who investigate it scientifically. We followed this book in the part of Ameer Almomneeen Ali bi Abi Talib (PBUH). When Al - Balathery mentioned the family of Aqeel Bin Abi Talib he tells the important information of Muslim Bin Aqeel and his role in Al Hussein revolution.For all these reasons I choose this book. It attracts me for what it introduced of information about Imam AL Hussein (P B U H), where I find the precise narration and enrich in in science As well as the confidence narrators and references. This gives me strong motive and great well in close this subject. The research and the researcher faced some difficulties because the subject of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) is not easy subject. Thus the researcher depends on Al - Balathery's (Ansab Alashraf) book basically ,then make comparison of Al - Balathery's book with other references that discussed the subject of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) revolution. That means the researcher puts Al - Balathery's book before his eye that reduced his free movement and study what theses resources contains. The other difficulty is to the difficulty to have other resources from public libraries because theses libraries faced robbery. I asked Allah help to remove these difficulties, thus I could perform The research (Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) in Al - Balathery's (Ansab Alashraf) book - (comparative study).The nature of the study necessity oblige the research be in introduction, five chapters and conclusion. The first chapter is about Al - Balathery and it is divided in three inquiries. The first inquiry is dedicated to study Al - Balathery character : his name, nickname, surname, family, growing, his scholars, his students, his travels, his writings and his death. The second inquiry is about Al - Balathery time, his method in introduce the subject of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H).The third inquiry is studying the scientific life of Al - Balathery.The second chapter is about the life of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) and his attitude from pledge of allegiance to Yazied. This chapter include two inquiries.The first inquiry studies the personal life of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H).The second inquiry studied the attitude of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) from the piece of Imam AL Hassan (P B U H) with Muaiaa Bin Abi Sufian and from pledge of allegiance to Yazied in his father rule.Third chapter is about Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) in Medina and Mecca. This chapter includes four inquiries. First inquiry is about Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) in Medina.The second inquiry discussed Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) travel from Medina to Mecca and the places he passed by. Third inquiry is about the correspondence between Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) and people of Kufa.The fourth chapter is titled (Murder of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) - Altaf Battle - . This chapter includes four inquiries. The first inquiry is about Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) travel from Mecca to Iraq.The second inquiry discussed Alhur Bin Yazied Al - Reahy in confront Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) and Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) correspondences with Kufa People. Third inquiry is about Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) in Karbala. The fourth inquiry is about murder of Imam AL Hussein (P B U H) in Altaf Battle.Then comes the conclusion which the researcher reaches to. It includes the brief of all the discussion of the research and it is followed by the resources and references.
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الدعاية المذهبية والسياسية في بلاد المغرب خلال القرنين الثاني والثالث الهجريين == The Political And Doctrinal Propaganda In Al - Magherb States During The Second And Third Centuries Of Hijra

Author name: فرح مصطفى قاسم الموسوي
Supervisor name: كريم عاتي لعيبي الخزاعي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Al - Maghreb has witnessed during the second and third centuries of Hijra\ eighth and ninth centuries AC has witnessed political and doctrinal propaganda which used the form the main aim was to form their own state so that they can practice their own doctrine freely. It is clear from the study that the propaganda is a mean used to achieve certain purpose that the propaganda is made for many factors which are mentioned in summary : The first factor : the leaders of the propaganda who put the foundation and styles of the choice of the promotions. The second factor : the propagandists have the main task. The success of the propaganda depends on the smartness of the propaganda and amount of effort.The third factor : the environment in which the propagandist spread his ideas is an important factor.The fourth factor : the political situation of the country helps to establish states. When we find people are dissatisfied with the authority, we can spread your ideas easily with the least costs and efforts. In addition to the factors above, there is an indirect factor used by the propagandists which is the secrecy in which they promote their ideas for their care to promote their ideas. Thus, they manage to establish a political entity which was the result of spreading their doctrinal propaganda. They were able to find believers in them and their ideas in a way they can make revolutions against the authority and make their own states. That was clear in the middle of 2nd century of Hijra. There were three states; the first was deconverted from Islam to atheism while the callers of the khawarij manage to establish two states each represent the propagandists. The means of the propagandists they followed to spread their propaganda on the religious and mundane levels were the different doctrines spread in the Maghreb states in a very close time period. Different states were held in Maghreb during the two century period each one was different form the other in doctrine and sect. The propaganda material was also varied and different according to the need for it and the environment in which the propaganda was spread. It was fat material which incorporated the hadith of prophet and the predictions and blessings of the Mahdi and the slogan of the satisfaction for the posterity of the prophet (PBUH).
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كتب الرسول (صلى الله عليه واله وسلم) ورسائله للدعوة الى الاسلام : دراسة تاريخية == Books Of The Messenger ( Peace And Blessing Be Upon Him Family ) And His Letters To Call For Islam (Historical Study)

Author name: غسان هادي زغير الجبوري
Supervisor name: قصي اسعد عبد الحميد الراوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: with the bow in front of the great name of al - Mustafa Muhammad ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) who brights address and search pages from beginning to end, together with the intentionto accept an amnesty for all guilts from me and my pen has no power to provide more. The spread of any religion and footing in the minds and souls depends on the content and its contents in the right call and offering comprehensively in the Islamic religion these pillars of Islam is of the origins and concepts apply to the instinct humanity, it calls for the Justice and charity and to avoid oppression and aggression and look into the kingdom of heaven and earth? , it claims also to science, reading and writing and other social and ethical concepts that agree encroachment of humans and minds supportit without exception, Koran seek all the power and the means possible to install the constitution of human life, it says to Prophet) ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) and ordering him (warning - evangelization - advocacy - reporting - rift - beautiful - recall - the statement - and education) for conveying the message of the Islamic to the people in every possible image, the Messenger of Allah ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) did this matter to the fullest and show Islam complete and powerful presentation, he called his family and his relatives first and then his people and the sons of his own people, and when the matter has been restored to him and settled in Medina, he called to the various parts of the earth and sent his companions), God bless them) to kings and princes and people and tribes and groups to invite them to Islam. It should be noted that Khudaibiya is starting the Islamic Dawa out of the Arabian Peninsula point to include kings and princes of the world was not the oral call, but it was in the form of books and messages dictated by the Messenger of Allah) ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) on his book and sent with his messengers to call people to Islam and religion right It is worth mentioning that these books and letters prophetic impact Islam because they are issued by the Messenger of humanity Prophet Muhammad) ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) and this letters are not limited to one side, but in different aspects of them, letters in the secretariats for those who safest, and letters in Aloqtaat, and letters in the covenants and conventions, and letters in charity and Zakat and quintiles, and letters in sentences and the statutes and the laws, and he wrote to his commanders and warlords of armies , and letters in the call of Islam, which are the focus of research and was an effect on the search and spotlight by recalling the efforts of the Great Prophet Muhammad) ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) It should also be noted that the impires Byzantine and Persian and their control over a wide impact is clear in the region areas, and when he called them the Messenger of Allah) ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) (to Islam they refused his call, the Prophet) ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) the kings and princes who under these two control impires Some of them answered and some of them perished, so it was for these books and messages of impact in Islam. The study required by the nature of the material that is divided into an introduction and three chapters and a conclusion and a list of sources and supplements. The first chapter was titled (writing and writers in the heart of Islam) has included the three sections, the first topic : the importance of writing in Islam through the Holy Quran and prophetic traditions and sayings of Ahl al - Bayt (peace be upon them) and sayings of the Companions), God bless them) and the second topic highlighted the illiteracy and the eloquence of the Prophet) ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) and the third section : a book titled Prophet ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) The second chapter titled (books and messages of the Prophet) ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) in the Arabian Peninsula) have included two sections : the first topic was titled : books and messages of the Prophet) ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) to individuals (personalities) The second section titled : books and messages of the Prophet) ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) to the tribes and groups. The third chapter of the study was entitled (books and messages of the Prophet) ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) to the Byzantine and Persian impires It is in their authority and included two sections : first section titled books and messages of the Prophet), ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) to the Roman Caesar and his power ; The second section, entitled : books and messages of the Prophet) ( peace and blessing be upon him family ) to Kisra and his power.
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اسرة ال اعين واثرهم في الاسلام == The Aain Family And Their Impact In Islam

Author name: سهيل صالح جالي المالكي
Supervisor name: صباح شاكر فليح الغراوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: All pries is to do Allah and peace and blessing be upon Muhammed and his househeld. The Islamic message were not addressed to a particular nation or nationalism, but it was a message to all the nations of different religions and origins and nationalities, and that is absorbed by all these elements and was able to collect in Bodqp which all loyalties melted, and became the only loyalty to the religion and resulted in great human civilization which emerged humanitarian features and scientific, and study the history of families is one of the important studies in Islamic history, no doubt they dealt with the study of the lives of numerous characters and contain so many different roles carried out by those personalities emerge in stages. This was the nature of the research required to make it in the introduction, three chapters, that chapters was not equal; and according to the scientific article that are available for each chapter, and that has been reached and gathered from sources, began to head - in which showed the importance of the subject and the reason for choosing the subject, the contents of the chapters , and the methodology and the difficulties encountered and overview of sources and references,.. then fundamental conclusion we have drawn them to this thread points, and supplement, as well as proven sources and references. the first chapter title : ( definition of the family of Al Aain of the political, intellectual, and their era) in which we highlighted on (Sensn) family grandfather, and find out the origin of the family, then find out (the Aain) and the father of the family that his name, and how to enter in Islam and joining the tribe of Bani Shiban which We lived Kufa, and then we reviewed and audited in the some of his soons , and the different narrators in it, and the piography of each person of men Al Aain and their, soons who were linked to the Imams (peace be upon them), and then we talked about the home of the family, their mosque, and we ended to the Chapter to speak about the political their time and intellectual especially in the reigns of Imam Muhammad al - Baqir and Ja'far al - Sadiq (peace be upon them); Because of their close contact with them, and their commitment to the pace of the household (peace be upon them).The second chapter entitled (interpretative impact, and ethical impact, historical impact) talked about the importance of interpretation, and aware of the readings. One of the sons of the family the readings scientists, and looked at the impact of family men in interpretative area, as well as a review of some models of their novels in interpretation Quran and divided it into : what came in the prophets and their people, and the other in the Imams (peace be upon them) and the Shiites, then the moral impact, and a profile science ethics, their talks for Imams (peace be upon them) in the moral side, the choice of divided it into sections models, according to the alphabet, then historical events, it dealt with the display models of the age of the message events, and the Umayyad era, and in the novel Mahdism And singled out the third chapter and last title (verbal impact and impact idiosyncratic) which dealt with the impact of verbally family, and divided into three points : the first : for theology defined and its origins and its importance, and the second : Speakers of the Al Aain and their role in the debate the people of deviant beliefs, and. Ideological talks in (Theology), while the impact idiosyncratic talked about jurisprudence, and the history of jurisprudence, and scholars of the family, and especially the role of Ben Zuraarah in this area, and the rest of the men of the family, and in the jurisprudence(branches of religion). The curriculum in writing is to deal with the sources of cash closer reading and analysis of information on sources and compared with each other through information analysis and linked with each other and the information that conclusion describes the impact of the family, and especially in relation to novels.
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محمد بن علي بن ابي طالب (عليه السلام) (ابن الحنفية) وجهاده في الاسلام == Muhammad, The Son Of Imam Ali Abn Abi Talib, Known As Ibn Al - Hanafiah Historical Study

Author name: زينب ضاري حسين
Supervisor name: نضال حميد سعيد الربيعي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The history is events and attitudes , and personalities are the most important elements of the industry these events and attitudes that played a big role in it, that the history of our Islamic nation is full of personalities that played a role and influence in the roles of life , and it participated directly or indirectly with draw its events and those figures figure. Abu Al - Qasim Muhammad Al - Akber , the son of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) known as Ibn Al - Hanafiah. This personal coupled with Al - Alawy family in conjunction with a strong, clear and mixed with its events and proceedings remarkable and memorable cannot deny that. He Has studied under his father, Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and he take from a multitude science of his brothers Imam Hassan and Hussein (peace be upon them) and he contemporary with the Imams Al - Sajjad and Baqir (peace be upon them), but his personality incurred to a case of ambiguity and foggy in some situations and sides in its motion , and was be a subject of the question and that motivated me to look for him is what I read from some of they have some quick convictions towards this personality that he did not come out with his brother Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) to Karbala, whereas he has not respect as observed in treated a lot of people with him, as well as from what I have read some of the quotes to make him as a negative evidence on his personality, so I choose this subject (Muhammad Al - Akber, the son of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) known as Ibn Al - Hanafiah.) attempt to remove this ambiguity that accompanied the life of this personality. The nature of the available material necessitated to us divided it on the introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion, including more important that reached in this research and appendix, therefore first chapter was entitled "The Life of Muhammad Ibn Al - Hanafiah and his biography," has included seven items , we studied in the first item his name and lineage, and we discussed in the second item for his nickname and surname ,and we highlighted in the third item on his birth and upbringing with his father, Imam Ali (peace be upon him) , but the fourth item has been specified for the study of his qualities and carried the title of the fifth item (his brothers). For large number we have chosen only three and two grandsons of Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him and his family) as Imam Hassan and Hussein (peace be upon them) and their brother Abou El Fadl Al - Abbas (peace be upon him) , and we clear the relationship Ibn Al - Hanafiah with them such a relationship based on love, harmony, respect, and we dealt with in the sixth item the cause of his wives and his children and concluded this chapter by the seventh item about his death and the multiplicity of stories about it , and his burial place. The second chapter carry the title "Jihadi and political role of the Mohammed Ibn Al - Hanafiah " has included six items , in the first item we studied the role of jihad in the Battle of the Camel year 36 AH. , and how was the standard - bearer of his father that day. The second item was specified to the study of his role in the battle of Saffeen of in 37 AH., and the third item addressed his role in the battle of the Naharawan year 38 AH ,or 39 AH and was said to shed light on the fourth item Ibn Al - Hanafiah position in the revolution of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) as we studied the most important reasons that prevented his participation in the incident Al - Taff painful. The fifth item included the position Mohammed Ibn Al - Hanafiah from succession of Abdullah Abn Zubair , Abdul Malik Abn Marwan , but the sixth item has studied the position of the Mohammed Ibn Al - Hanafiah of the Alkisanih faith which said his imamate , and the position of Imamate nephew Imam Ali Zainal Abidin (peace be upon him). the third chapter carry title " intellectual role of Ibn Al - Hanafiah " as it included six item studied, in the first item named (novels in interpretation) ,where the transfer of the commentators from Muhammad Ibn Al - Hanafiah the views of many in the interpretation of many of the verses of the Holy Quran
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مدينة الاسكندرية في العصر الفاطمي 358 - 567هـ : دراسة سياسية حضارية == The City of Alexandria In The Fatimid Era 358 - 567 A - H Civilized Study Political

Author name: احمد عبد الله حميد
Supervisor name: هيفاء عاصم محمد الطيار
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The city of ALxendrai in the Fatimi era : (358 AH - 567 AH / 968 AD - 1171AD) a civilized and political studythis subject acquires ahistorcal importance so that the city of ALxendria was out fotouh process of Islamic of Egyption lands and ALxendrai become one of the associated AL - Andalus and morocco. Has come to the mind of the reader many questions about the history of this city through the title of the message we are trying to answer a number of these questions, we could effortlessly and these questions : Was the city of Alexandria political impact in the Fatimid, and whether Alexandria's contributions to the State General systems during the era of the Fatimid Caliphate, and whether her contributions and wide in the Egyptian economy during the era of the Fatimid Caliphate, and whether the location or status of the city in general, the role of the opposition movements against the rule of the Fatimid state and whether its role in the architectural and cultural and scientific movement cultural and during the era of the Fatimid Caliphate. The first chapter was titled (Alexandria geographic Islamic Alfathan and Fatimid) included three Investigation eat the first part, the city of Alexandria geographic and name, location and boundaries and the topography of the city and its climate and resources of water and traced in the second section to build the city of Alexandria and months, its historical and architectural before Islam and devoted the third section to the study of Islamic Alfathan and Fatimid Egypt and its impact on the city of Alexandria. and held the second chapter II (political, administrative and judicial systems and functions associated in Fatimid Egypt) has included three Investigation we highlighted in the first section on political systems and functions associated in Fatimid Egypt and eat the second topic of administrative systems and functions of Diwaniyah in Fatimid Egypt showed in the third section of judicial systems and religious functions in Fatimid Egypt. Chapter III came under the title (the contributions of the city of Alexandria, the economic and financial aspects of Egypt in the era of the Fatimid Caliphate and influenced by opposition movements), where the inclusion of this chapter three Investigation dealt with in the first part, contributions to the city of Alexandria in the Egyptian economy the second section per port city of Alexandria in the financial resources of the state and studied in the third section affected by the city of Alexandria opposition movements. and came fourth chapter (urban and cultural manifestations in the city of Alexandria during the era of the Fatimid Caliphate) and divided the chapter into three Investigation handled the first part, the most prominent remaining ancient city even the Fatimid era and dealt with in the second part, religious and social urbanization of the city of Alexandria during the era of the Fatimid Caliphate and the third section devoted to the study of religious schools that were built in the city of Alexandria and scientific trips to the most prominent scholars during the era of the Fatimid caliphate. The study reached a number of conclusions namele : the city had aprominet role in the Islamic conquest operations of Egypt ,it had role in the construction of the financial resources which it provided it to the state treasury in the reign of fatimi caliphat ,the city was one of the opposition movements centers against the fatimi state.
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اخبار الامام علي (عليه السلام) في المصنفات التاريخية المغربية والاندلسية الى نهاية القرن التاسع الهجري == The News of Imam Ali (Peace Be Upon Him) In The Historical Moroccan And Andalusian Works To The End of The Ninth Hijri Century

Author name: هيلين عبد الكريم محمد المرياني
Supervisor name: بثينه جبار زاجي الغزي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Personality of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) was still and attracts the attention of the Islamic nation and even the world, and this was one of the reasons that was invited me to select the subject of ( (The news of Imam Ali (peace be upon hi
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ال نوبخت ودورهم الحضاري في العصر العباسي

Author name: نسرين صالح عباس
Supervisor name: كريم عاتي لعيبي الخزاعي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
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الصحابي الجليل مالك بن نويرة (رض) : دراسة تاريخية == The Sublime Companion Malik Ben Newairah (May Allah Be Pleased With Him) : An Historical Study

Author name: فلاح شنيشل عبد الواحد
Supervisor name: صباح شاكر فليح الغراوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, Peace and Blessing be upon the master of the Messengers and the very beloved of Allah, our intercessor in the Judgment Day, Mohammed Peace and Blessing be up on him, His pure Household and auspicious companions. Th
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الجنرال البريطاني جورج غوردون ودوره العسكري والسياسي (1854 - 1885) == The British General George Gordon And His Political And Military Role (1854 - 1885)

Author name: عماد وحيد كماش المحمداوي
Supervisor name: لطفي جعفر فرج الاسدي
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis is dealing with a British Military character raised in the nineteeth century through many pages of his life current which started from the twenties of his age, and get an important role in the history of the British Imperial in that period whi
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التيارات والاحزاب السياسية في مدينة النجف (1905 - 1920) == Political Movements And Parties In Al - Najaf (1905 - 1920)

Author name: علي غيلان محيسن العلياوي
Supervisor name: جميل موسى النجار
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: وفي الواقع على الرغم من تعدد الدراسات الجامعية التي تناولت تاريخ مدينة النجف الاشرف، لذلك وجدنا هناك الحاجة الى التعمق لدراسة مواقف واتجاهات وافكار علماء ورجال الدين في النجف الاشرف من التطورات والاحداث السياسية وخصوصا ابان الثورة الدستورية الايرانية وال | The present paper includes introduction, preface, four chapters and conclusion where the researcher has pointed to ultimate results. The preface deals with political awareness in Al - Najaf until 20th century, explaining the beginning of political awaren
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ثورة عام 1830 في فرنسا الاسباب والنتائج : دراسة تاريخية == 1830 Revolution In France Causes And Results

Author name: عبير كامل جمعة
Supervisor name: اروى خالد علي مصطفى
General topic: History
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: حين ندرس التاريخ الاوربي الحديث في القرن التاسع عشر، نجد ان تلك المرحلة التاريخية حافلة بالاحداث والتطورات الكبيرة، والمهمة، لاسيما البلدان التي شهدت احداث تاريخية مهمة كان لها تاثير كبير في القارة الاوربية، ومن اهم هذه البلدان فرنسا، التي شهدت تغيرات كبي | Due to the lack of studies dealing with modern European history, Especially France which precisely eventful period that influenced France dramatically. The study consists of an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion as well as supplements, sources
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