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الملامح الجغرافية لظاهرة العنوسة في مدينة الزبير وابعادها : دراسة في الجغرافية الاجتماعية == Geographical Features And Dimensions Of Spinstership In The Town Of Zubair : A Socio - Geographical Study

Author name: بسمة عبد الحسين محمد الهاشمي
Supervisor name: باسم عبد العزيز عمر العثمان
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Spinster ship is a problem that characterizes mast Families and societies nowadags. lt is growing rapidlg because of the differentChanges and the great effects of them on the females in these ocities Spinsters are the unmarried females of the age of 30 onwards. This problem is world - widelg realized and its range uaries from ne society to anathor.In Iraq and Basrah. In particular. spinster ship is considered as an outcome of the economic. Social. Political. cultural and techndagical Changes that occur in the country.it appears in most of the administrative units in Basrah governarate in cluding the town of AL - Zubair. There fore. this studg in vestigates this problem from a socio - geographical Perspective. Additionallg. the study discusses the characteristics of spinster ship to find out its relation and how it is in fluenced bg the different economic. social , technological and personal variables.In addition to the sources and referencesy The studg dependsl on a questionnaire distributed to 660 repondents the Studg arrived at the following conclusions : 1 - The number and percentage of spinsters differ from one sector in AL - ZubairTo another according to the source of Attraction and the different charactersstics And features of cevey section2 - The economic. social. health and personal Factors are the mast effective ones to in crease cases of spinster ship.3 - whan the girl reaches the age of spinster ship ( 30 years). she is exposed to serious demographic. Psychological and moral effectsthat highly in fluence the girl. The family and the society.The study recommends the following : 1 - providing a database of sinstership by the Statotics centre in Basah in cooperation with the local govennment to know the exact umber of spinsters and to Plan to stop and get rid of this Phenomenon2 - Developing plans by the government to Financially help and encourage the youth To marry.3 - Looking at women as playing an im poant role in society and that they hava their own duties and rights that can not be Over looked

تغير بعض الخصائص الهيدروكيميائيه لنهر الفرات بين محطتي الناصرية والقرنة - جنوب العراق == The Euphrates Hydro - Chemical Changes From Nassriyah To Qurna South Iraq

Author name: عبد الحسن عبد النبي هاشم حميدي
Supervisor name: حمدان باجي نوماس
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تبين من خلال الدراسة للخصائص الهيدركيميائية لنهر الفرات في القسم الاسفل من حوض, تاثر الموارد المائية كما ونوعا بالعوامل الطبيعة والبشرية. فقد اتضح من خلال الدراسة اثر العوامل الطبيعية المتمثلة بالموقع الجغرافي للمنطقة في القسم الاسفل من الحوص على انخف | This study analysis the Euphrates hydro - chemical water changes at the lower section. the study consists five chapters, the first deals with the factors affecting water changes such as ( Location, Geology, Topography, Climate, Soil, Natural vegetation cover, Irrigation development of riparian countries, dams and reservoirs and pollution).The second chapter represents the hydrological changes of the river. It focus on water sources the annual, seasonal and monthly water discharges. the annual water discharge includes flood year moderate and dry year ,with discharge variation of 946 (1969) cubic meter per second, 344 (1985), and 34.7 (2009) respectively.Chapter three is dedicated for the chemical variations. These includes (T.D.S, T.H, NO3, SO4, Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCo3, PO4, and Do ) for the period (1967 - 1969) compared with the period of (2014) and (2015 - 2016).Chapter four present the effect of hydro - chemical changes on agriculture development, drinking, animal watering, industrial purposes and environment. The study reveals that the river water become unsuitable for the most uses above.Chapter five discuss the Euphrates water management. It includes fair agreement between the riparian states , construction of now reservoirs , applied advancing irrigation methods , controlling of sewage and drainage water intensive agriculture system, developing of people activities and copration with international Organizations.These measure are vitally important to improve water quality and quantity for the lower Euphrates basin.

مصائد الاسماك ومزارع تربيتها في محافظة البصرة == Fisheries And Farms Reared In Basra Province

Author name: علي خضير عباس
Supervisor name: بشرى رمضان ياسين الطه
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Fish wealth has received a great interest by all countries of the world because of its nutritional value and economic importance, the study area is one of the important areas in Iraq in the agricultural production in both its plant and animal production. Fish wealth is of a great importance due to the availability of water bodies in the province represented by the lower part from the stream of the two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates), and Shatt al - Arab. As well as the waters of the marshes. Basra province represents a sea port of Iraq on the Arabian Gulf's head, and provides the other provinces by various types of sea fish , and that these ingredients can be developed and supported to reach self - sufficiency in achieving food security and reducing imports from abroad.The aim of this study is to reveal the reality of the Wealth Fish in Basra province and analysis of the natural and human Constituents to its relationship by this side and diagnosis of problems encountered the process of production. The study gets about its statements from looking at the fish breeding farms in the dusty lakes and the cages and learn about the natural and human factors affecting it.In the different administrative units in Basra province and conducting personal interviews with a number of fishermen in territorial waters and fresh water, and the owners of fish breeding farms as well as the form the questionnaire which included the sea fishing in the territorial waters and breeding farms fish and a laboratory analysis of water samples in (36) model from the waters of Shatt al Arabs and that of three sites of the Shatt al - Arab which are al Deer district and the two districts of al Hartha and al Faw ,and by (12) models for each site for the years (2015 - 2016 ) two bottle glasses are used in the process of models collection. the price of the one is (1) liter, and it is especially in the collection of water samples for the purpose of the laboratory analysis, and the samples were taken from depth of 2 liters of the river. The Study shows the low capita share of Annual Iraqi individual from the fish meat produced locally, which amounted to 1.79 kg / year in 2002,as it became clear that there is a contrast variation in the amounts of fishing from year to year, and this is due to many factors, including the biological state of the fishes or It may return to primitive ways of fishing or the impact of fish stock by the high fishing effort or the allowed Fishing. And the site of Basra province is considered as a featured site because it is the only province in Iraq, which has access to the sea which provides other province by various kinds of fishes and in spite of the scarcity of water resources by upstream countries (Turkey and Iran) that affected the quality of water in the Basra province ,but it can invest these waters in the development of wealth fish , knowing that species produced in these waters with wanted species by the Iraqi people,and resources represent surface as the Tigris and the Euphrates and the Shatt al - Arab river and the insulation river and tables branching them In addition to the marshes like : Al - Qurna Marsh, Al - Swaib Marsh and Al - Hammar Marsh In addition to marine waters That the total length of its coastline64 km. The surface in Basra province and especially (the Sahel sedimentary) is an appropriate to expand fish breeding farms and especially the Low - lying areas and river basin areas and Marshes and Marshy. The elements of the climate have a great impact on the Fishes and the Solar radiation and temperatures in the Basra province are characterized by a long growth season as well as the appropriateness of these two elements for Fish breeding , except in cases of thermal extremism, especially in the hot season. As for Marine fisheries, through the field study , it is clear that the low in the temperatures has an impact on the presence of fish and their going into the deep regions ( the benthic areas ) and become less in the coastal areas as well as the high temperatures on the fishermen, especially with high relative humidity, causing the self troubles to them with the lack of fishing methods to the coolers devices or heating devices in winter, Thereby preventing the hunter to reach out to the hunting. The Rainfall in Basra province does not have that importance in the fish seasons rather than its volatility and its importance lies on reducing the extremism of the temperatures and reducing the evaporation of water from the docks. Wind has its positive and negative impact on fishes. Winds has an effect on the presence and the plenty of the fishes in the fishery according to the direction of the wind as we mentioned earlier in this subject (the subject of the wind). It is shown that the soil of the province, especially the soil of (Sahael sedimentary) is appropriate to establish farms in this activity in the future. It becomes clear that many of the fish farms breeding that were established was considered as encroachment ( it does not have the projects' permission for fish breeding from the Ministry of Water Resources or the failure to obtain approval from the Ministry of oil) and these farms are from the productive farms and the water quality in the area is appropriate for the cultivation of the fish in the freshwater. It is shown that the fish farming in Basra province confined to the breeding in the fresh water only. And that this activity is suffering heavy losses annually due to the sudden changes in the extents salty during the months of the year. In spite of the existence of the laws that direct fishing operations, but often these Laws are breached and doing fishing in these preventing times. Which are the seasons of migration and reproduction which leads to disallow for the fish to proliferate in a proper way, in addition to that, the using of forbidden means in fishing operations, such as toxins and electrocution and explosives, leading to the extermination of all fish including (Chicks of Fish). Field study discovers that irregular nets are used by the fishermen that the catch all the fish, including small fish without leaving them to grow. as well as the failure to provide a new fishing vessels which are able to save the fish for long periods because it does not contain the refrigerated stores. The role of the current agricultural policy is weak in the development of animal production generally and the fish production in particular because of the lack of the provided assistance ,such as loans and production requirements. As well as a lack of cooperative societies which is specialized in the wealth fish in the province of Basra except one association that specializes in this area namely ( Alnaser Association in al Faw district). And the absence of the role of veterinary institutions in Basra province, and the field study is shown that these institutions do not contribute in the treatment and provide medicines for fishes, forcing the owners of the farms to get treatments from the local markets in a high prices. generally in Basra province the wealth fish faces a lot of natural problems and human life that negatively affect the development of this important activity

العلاقات العراقية - الخليجية والاثار المترتبة عليها : دراسة في الجغرافية السياسية == Iraqi Gulf Relations And Implications The Study Of The Geo - Political

Author name: زهراء عباس هندي الاسدي
Supervisor name: ظاهر عبد الزهرة خضير الربيعي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تكتنفها العديد من الحساسية والتشعب نتيجة لطبيعتها المزدوجة التي تجمع بين عناصر التعاون وعناصر الصراع، فقبل غزو العراق للكويت عام 1990 امتازت العلاقات بين الطرفين بالانسجام والتناغم في المصالح المشتركة، الا انها اصيبت بالجهود والانقطاع بسبب الغزو، على | Characterized the study area countries since the different eras that passed by an old "and more recently", the result of several factors geographical and geopolitical and economic, is the center of an "important" global polarization and a place "for international competition, after obtaining the (Iraq and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)) on their independence and to get rid from the hands of the British occupation, it rushed the study area countries to develop their resources and take advantage of its location and enjoy the talent that donated them to nature.Began competition and conflict over the sovereignty and the imposition of leadership in the region and have fought many wars have been targeting the region and to provide financial support and military by the regional powers and international, so it is imposing an economic blockade for 13 years is over, "and then the occupation of Iraq, and the consequent number of variables and physical challenges and political fronts, economic, and security.After the occupation of Iraq by the coalition forces on the ninth of April 2003, the Iraqi GCC relations have witnessed a shift "clear", as it was followed by a fall by the existing political system on the goals and new principles, represented based on good neighborliness and non - interference in the internal affairs policies, and work to build effective and active foreign relations contribute to the realization and promotion of security and stability, and the emphasis on the promotion of economic development, and to stay away from the roads that lead to political blocs. This is stipulated in the Iraqi constitution of 2005 in its article on the eighth of Iraq's foreign relations, believing "in getting rid of the deadlock and sleep unjustified in Iraq's relations with the Gulf Cooperation Council and other countries on the Arab level and the regional and international levels.Iraq - Gulf relations went through several transformations, starting with "the fallout from international conflict and reflected a shadow on the countries of the study area, which represented the United States alone global pole appeared presence during the fall of the socialist camp and the end of the Cold War.So it ruled on the Iraqi - Gulf relations several political and geopolitical variables grown and fed the important factors and differences in the forefront of the ideological and political goals, and this is to be taken up by the researcher.

التحليل الكمي لكفاءة الطـرق بين المراكـز الحضريـة في محافظـة البصـرة == Quantitative Analysis Of Roads Efficiency Between Urban Centers In Basrah Province

Author name: حيــدر عبد الرحمن جــري الحــويــدر
Supervisor name: عباس عبد الحسن كاظم العيداني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تعـد شبكة الطرق البرية احد عناصر نظام النقل المهمة , التي لا تتم عملية النقل بدونها , وتمثل شبكة الطرق البرية على اختلاف اصنافها احدى اهم البنى اللازمة لتصعيد وتائر التنمية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية في اي اقليم.تهدف الدراسة الى توضيح دور العوامل الطبيعية وا | Land road network is considered one of the most important elements of transportation , It represents one of the elements that contributes to acceleration and social and economic value of any region. The study aims to investigate the natural factors and human factors that affect the extension of this network in Basrah province in addition to the real situation of transportation in it. The movement of vehicles was observed in the different location. some statistical criteria were used to evaluate its efficiency like Arc Gis 9.3, Excel and SPSS , in map simulation and statistical analysis.The study consist of three chapters. Chapter one deals with the factors and variables and affect the extension of the transportation network. Chapter two deals with real situation of transportation in Basrah province.When was chapter three evaluates the efficiency of the network by using some statistical tests. The study shows the nature of the human and natural elements effect on the extension and operation of the network. there is an increase movement of vehicles on the roads between urban centers which doesn’t match the capacity of these roads, especially during the peak hours and holidays. The study also showed the Inefficient road network linking the urban centers according to the indicators used in the study

التلوث البصري في مدينة كربلاء المقدسة : دراسة جغرافية == Visual Pollution In The Holy City Of Karbala : A Geographical Study

Author name: ايلاف علي مرزوك الموسوي
Supervisor name: شكري ابراهيم الحسن
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Environmental Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study attempts to survey the attitudes of the people in Karbala city and their viewpoints concerning visual pollution. The study also aims at investigating the aspects of visual pollution in the city and to measure how people look at this problem, its size and danger. The study provides information that can be useful in the assessment of the problem. The procedure is to distribute 1300 questionnaires to a random sample of the population in the study are during 2016. Another 100 questionnaires have been distributed to a specialized group from the college of engineering in order to compare the different attitudes. Another 200 questionnaires were distributed to the tourists. The results indicate the majority of the informants were reluctant about this problem; they think it causes disturbance and find that the picture of the city became distorted and not pretty and this may affect their health, beside the deterioration of the urban environment..Hough the inhabitants criticize the government's negligence of the city and the rapetisement of the municipality work; they also decide that the ignorance and indifference on the part of the people and the lack of environment awareness are among the prominent reasons of the problem. Enforcing the laws and regulations and activating the imposition of fines on those who cause visual pollution might be the best way to face this problem.

الملاءمة المكانية لمرائب النقل في مدينة البصرة : دراسة في جغرافية النقل الحضري == The Place Suitability Of Transportation Parks In Basra City (A Study In Urban Transport)

Author name: وحيـدة داود محمــود الدايني
Supervisor name: عبد الرحمن جري مردان الحويدر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تتجلى اهمية الملاءمة المكانية في كونها تقدم الدعم اللازم في اختيار المواقع المكانية الملائمة للاستعمالات بشكل عام والحضرية منها على وجه الخصوص، اذ تعد مدينة البصرة ذات بعد تجاري واقتصادي مهم، كونها تضم اعلى تركز لمؤسسات العمل المختلفة صناعية، تجارية، خدم | The place suitability is so important for selecting the suitable places for all uses and for urban uses in particular. This suitability ensures a maximum degree of functional interaction and controls their overall constructional form. Therefore, the study aims at redistributing parks in the city that ensures the required capacity of smooth movement of cars and facilitate the transportation of people with ease and less effort. Basra city, which has economic and commercial importance, and which includes different commercial, industrial and service establishments of public and private sectors creates a high percentage of daily movement of cars, and witnesses a density of population during the traffic jam times in the mornings and the evenings and during festivals. So, there is a need to plan and design the parks in order to achieve their aims successfully. The study consists of three chapters in addition to results and suggestions. The first chapter is about the distribution of Basra parks and the problem of sites. The second chapter discusses the variables that identify the distribution of parks in Basra city, while the third chapter tackles the functional competence of the parks of the city. The study attains a few conclusions; the most significant one is that there are 10 parks in Basra, four of them are off duty for one reason or another, while six of them are working, half of them in the center of the city in Al - Ashar because of its economical, administrational and service significance. The other three parks are in (Al - Kafa’at, Al - Hadi and Alsumud) quarters. The study has also shown that the daily traffic jams that result from the small width of streets and small size of parks and the unavailability of good service in these parks are the main problems that obstruct transportation in the city and its region. By applying the place suitability logarithm, the study has come to show that the present parks of the city are not suitable to most of the people of the city, and the study referred to the necessity of using the methods of Geographic Information Systems GIS in applying this logarithm in order to identify the suitability of the present parks and select the most suitable places for future parks, and this is the aim of the study

اثر النمو الحضري على التخطيط العمراني في مدينة سوق الشيوخ : دراسة في جغرافية المدن == The Impact Of Urban Growth On The Constructional Planning In The City Of 'Suq Al - Shyoukh' A Study In The Urban Geography

Author name: حاكم ناصر حسين الشميساوي
Supervisor name: صلاح هاشم زغير الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: City of Suq al - Shuyukh is the center of Suq al - Shuyukh district ,an administrative unit ,within Dhi Qar Governorate , lies in the southern part of the province with distance of (621.2) hectares and its population amounts of (130,517) inhabitants for 2015 which represents reality of the city consists of (24) residential quarters.The study aims to highlight on the analysis of the phenomenon of urban growth, its trends and problems in the city of Suq al - Shuyukh as well as study the demographics of the city in terms of growth and distribution and composition and population density and urban growth prediction (spatial and population) for the next 10 years until 2025 ,and examine the reality of urban land use to identify the most important problems that stand against this study to put appropriate solutions in order to project future trends.The study includes four chapters divided into topics, within study Chapter I , represents with some demographics indicate that the city of Suq al - Shuyukh has seen significant population growth had reached (1977 - 1987 - 1997 - 2007 - 2015 ).This substantial growth of the population is a reason for increasing the demand for urban land uses ,that moved the expansion of the area of the city along the morphological stagesChapter II ,the first topic through the study of historical stages of city of Suq al - Shuyukh foundation show that the city has gone through four morphological stages ,and in each of these stages formed certain function for the city dominates on the invested spatial space of it gave shape to the city during this phase.Chapter II , second topic, dealt with the spatial distribution reality of urban land uses in the city and shows that the city contains multiple functional uses, represent by residential use which occupied an area of followed by public services ,then transport services area , industrialuse , commercial use , community service , sports use , green and open land use of and religious use was an area ofChapter III , dealing with the study of problems of urban growth in the city of Suq al - Shuyukh , the first topic of the chapter included the study of override problems on basic design of the city ,where rapid urban growth caused multiple problems and significant was the problem of urban housingSo the residential need analysis for the city of Suq al - Shuyukh and its assessment across the increasing population growth, which amounted 3%, which is one of the important topics in housing policies target to solve the housing problem.The second topic is devoted to the study of problems of interference in land use represented by planning and environmentalChapter IV ,dealt with current and future urban growth trends in the city and the first topic is devoted to the future prediction for the city of Suq al - Shuyukh population until 2025 as a total population amounted of (169672) inhabitants as the population growth rate is 3%.While the second topic dealt with urbanization trends for the city of Suq al - Shuyukh to search for future need of urban land use.The study showed that the city of Suq al - Shuyukh needs space of land estimated with(176.2) hectares and this area is out its basic design border as well as identify trends of future urbanization of the city.The study showed that the best directions for future city expansion to the northwest ,south and South - western direction in the absence of artificial and natural features.And then the most important outcomes came of the researcher and design to achieve the objectives of study in the future.

التحليل المكاني لتغير استعمالات الارض السلنية في مدينة البصرة باستخدام الاستشعار عن بعد RS ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية GIS == Spatial Analysis Of The Change In Residential Land Use In The City Of Basrah By Using Remote Sensing And Geographic Information Systems

Author name: مرتضى مظفر سهر الكعبي
Supervisor name: عباس عبد الحسن كاظم العيداني | طارق جمعة علي المولى
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This present study is based on remote sensing RS and geographic information systems GIS as a basis applied to draw Cadastral changes to the residential land use in order to detect the temporal and spatial variations that contributed to the change in the residential land use in the city of Basrah for (1977 - 2016) nearly four decades , they have resulted in changes in the category of use which refers to the Cadastral Acquisitions For residential use on the Cadastral of the rest of the other urban uses (commercial, industrial, service).This is called positive change, while if the urban uses cut off which is referred as a part of the area of the residential using which annexed , this change is called in the category of use negative , as well as the study of the spatial variation to change the pattern of the residential land use which specialized in building a second floor and a tenement was added to the residential units and these differences included all the city's neighborhoods according to the field study which was based on the distribution of the questionnaire Form.The study goes from a basic premise which says that the whole fundamental changes that hit the residential land use in the sort or the residential use pattern was a result of increasing population growth , Immigration and the Cases of displaced as well as the absence of law and the rise of the economic level of the residents from this point of study, it aims to conduct a remote sensing RS and geographic information systems GIS ,depending on several satellite visuals which are different in dates for the production of high - definition maps representing the total Cadastral changes for residential use in the city of Basrah during the four decades of her life.In order to achieve the goal the study were divided into an introduction and four chapters, as the first chapter dealt with digital processing and interpretation of visual and space analysis of the factors influencing the change of residential land use in the city of Basra, while the second chapter touched on the spatial distribution of land use in the city and changes cadastral study, according to availability the visuals of the satellite to four points, which included maps of selected years (1977.1989, 2002.2016) as well as a field study of the researcher. The third chapter pointed to changes in the category of residential uses and patterns in the city, according to (5) vertebrae represented (the stages of growth of the city of Basra and that historically tracked and spatial analysis of the development of residential land use, analysis of residential patterns in the city, changes in the use of residential land in terms of style or class whether in the negative, the study of the most important implications of changes in a class or style residential use. go on fourth chapter in the study of the planning practices of the city's future and the changes of uses of residential land for the period 1942 - 2014 which was addressedto all the basic designs that addressed the city of Basra seemed pre - prepare her basic designs and finishes basic design (development of the city of Basra strategy and updating its basic design) in 2014, So the study reached to a number of important conclusions like : 1. The increasing population growth in the city and the contrast differences in economic levels of the families and the security situation and the availability of labor is a way compressor to changes in the residential uses, either positively or negatively.2. The ( populated, political, social, economic, and transport variables play a pivotal role in the Cadastral variables for residential use.3. The absence of activation of Laws and the deterioration of Oversight reality, especially after the regime change in 2003 was an important catalyst in the encroachment on farmland and empty spaces within the city which belongs to government agencies so the secretion status of random housing is done ,so we find that the freedom of the disposition of the residential units (irregular or random) and in the absence of law this reflected on the residential changes whether this change in the sort or in the pattern positively or negatively.4.The country policy which represents Stakeholders for four decade has its deep impact in finding changes cadastral For the residential use which is marked by the distribution of residential blocks on different segments according circumstances experienced by the country including the study area.

المناخ وعلاقته بالافات التي تصيب المحاصيل الزراعية في محافظة البصرة == Climate And Its Relationship With The Agricultural Pests That Infect Agricultural Crops In Basrah Province

Author name: اية عبد الرضا حامد المازني
Supervisor name: عبد الامام نصار ديري ناصر المظفر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تعد الافات الزراعية من المشاكل الخطيرة التي تواجه الانتاج الزراعي وللمناخ دور كبير في ظهورها وانتشارها خاصة عندما يشذ عن معدلاته او تفوق او تقل عن متطلبات المحصول. تهدف الدراسة الى تسليط الضوء على العلاقة بين الخصائص المناخية لمحافظة البصرة والافات الزرا | Agricultural pests are regarded serious problems that face agricultural production. Climate has a great role in their appearance especially when its rates go up or down the needs of the crop. The present study aims at shedding light on the relationship between climatic characteristics of Basrah province and the agricultural pests that infect the crops of (palms, wheat, tomato, eggplant, cucumber, watermelon, melon, okra and onion). These agricultural crops have a great economic and trophic importance. Therefore, production rates should be raised and its quality should be improved by observing agricultural pests whether they are diseases or insects that affect the quantity and quality of production. Especially if we know that new insects have entered Iraq like Tuta Absoluta and the Red Palm Weevil which started to affect many agricultural crops. Add t this the endemic diseases like Leaf Blights, Fusarium Wilt, and Powdery Mildew which greatly affect the production despite of the suitability of the climatic conditions and other natural conditions. The collection of the data of the study was done through field work. Four sites were chosen (Karmat Ali, Abo - Alkhaseeb, Aldair, and Az - Zubair) to observe the agricultural pests that infect the crops involved in the study starting from the beginning of the agricultural season 2015 - 2016 and to determine the rate of prevalence for each crop according to the location of prevalence. The study is composed of three chapters in addition to the introduction and conclusions. The first chapter is devoted to the analysis of the climatic characteristics of Basrah province, especially those factors that are related to the agricultural process like solar beams, temperature, relative humidity, winds and dust. Chapter two involved the climatic requirements of the crops under study. Chapter three is concerned with the field observance of the diseases that infected the crops and also the insects and natural plants (grass). The study concluded that the majority of the known diseases appear in different rates on the crops. There appeared also some affections caused by insects especially Tuta Absoluta and Red Palm Weevil. The study also concluded that the prevalence of the diseases and insects didn’t reach to the extent that classify them to be epidemic, their prevalence percentages were somehow reasonable within the season 2015 - 2016.

تلوث الترب في قضاء الرميثة وتاثيرها على الانتاج الزراعي : دراسة في جغرافية التربة == The Pollution Of Soils In Rumaitha City And Its Effect On The Agricultural Production : A Study In Soil Geography

Author name: افراح هاشم فرحان كاطع المرشدي
Supervisor name: نجم عبد الله رحيم
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aims at assessing the pollution type in the soil of the banks and Basins in Rumaitha city and its effect on the agricultural production. It is divided into three chapters : chapter One is devoted to investigate the natural Factors which are represented by (the location of the sample area, its geological and surface structure, climate properties, water resources, and natural plants) and humanistic Factors which are represented by (tilling and adjustment, irrigation, drainage and fertilization of the soil and the agricultural system). Chapter Two is concerned with the physical and chemical properties of the soil of the sample area while chapter Three investigated the Geographical distribution of soil pollution in the city of Rumaitha in which it discusses the definitions of pollution, its causes and effects on the agricultural areas. Some samples of soil and water were gathered during the period of the study (2015 - 2016). The study has concluded the following : Chapter OneThe results of the analysis of the banks and basins soils structures has shown contrastive mixtures of mud, mud - silt, and mud - silt - mud. Also the Virtual and real density of the soil is variant in the banks and basins. Moreover, the value of the organic material and soil reaction, and the average of the positive and negative ions, are variant too. Chapter Two The study shows that the geographical and humanistic factors have huge effects on some of the physical and chemical properties of the soil of Al - Rumaitha city and its relation to the agricultural production. Throughout the geological structure, surface equability, climate properties, paucity and scatter of natural plants, the quality of irrigation water, and water and salinity grade, several aspects of soil construction were identified which are reflected on the real structure and density of the soil. Moreover, it contains organic materials, salinity, and Positive and negative ions which are intensive in the soil of the basins rather than the banks of the river. The human has a big negative influence on these properties because of his wrong agricultural methods which are represented by tilling the soil, excessive irrigation especially in the unsuitable periods of irrigation, following the traditional methods in irrigation, the Scarcity of broaches, the wrong use of Chemical and organic fertilizers pesticides. All of these factors helped in the process of soil pollution and the intensity of salinity and heavy materials.Chapter ThreeThis chapter is concerned with salinity and osmotic pressure and mutual sodium and positive ions such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium, and negative ions like chlorine, sulfates, and bicarbonates as well as their importance to the plants. The role of the heavy factors to the developing plants appears during the germination, branching, flowering, and maturity stages and on the agricultural production as a whole. Although there are some factors of pollution, the soils of Al - Majid and AL - Najmi townships were the best in producing the various agricultural crops. While there is a decrease in production of Al - Hilal township especially on the banks of the river because they receive a lot of water pollution. It was also concluded that the soils of the banks are higher and better in their productive capability than the drains which are highly effected by the salinity and the intensity of heavy materials in addition to the bad management of the soil. The results of the analysis have shown that the city is copious with the various types of agricultural corps like grain, and vegetables. Sesame plant is the prominent in planting and production because of the suitable soil, and its capability to endure salinity which is scattered in farmlands.

تاثير العوامل الجغرافية في انتشار مرضي حساسية الجهاز التنفسي والربو في محافظة ذي قار == The Effect Of The Geographicl Factors In Spreading The Allergy Of The Respiratory System And Asthma In Thiqar Governorate

Author name: عباس زغير محيسن المرياني
Supervisor name: عبد الامام نصار ديري ناصر المظفر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The relationship between human and his environment in general and his health in special way, not generated during just past centuries, but it had its roots when the God created human on the earth. He is struggling to be adapted for his safety in the time that the environment is simple and uncomplicated either at the present time and under the industrial progress and environmental pollution situations, the human environment became complicated and health problems increased to be the main concerns of the complexity of the impact of seminars and scientific conferences. Perhaps say Legacy (Health is a crown on the heads of healthy people, just feeling by the patient) referring to particular importance of health. Respiratory disease considered as an environmental diseases that afflict a large portion of human society at different age groups, and quality. Wherever conditions were favorable for the human injury, he falls as prey on the impact of the disease. Respiratory disease, respiratory allergies and asthma has multiple causes, compatible with and due to the multiplicity of tissues and organs that being infections involved firstly, and for multiplicity of environmental factors that cause disease secondly. Human self - predisposing of allergies and asthma led to the respiratory infections irrelevant to the different environmental factors leading to the injury. Natural factors such as climate and its components have a direct or indirect effect. However, some human activity may result environmental changes such as air pollution that caused by gases and smoke particles that induce a negative impact on the respiratory system. These factors may initiate together interfering impact, creating a harmful atmosphere to human population in the absence of concern for the environment. Finally may reflected negatively on the health and human lifestyle and thus get many diseases, including allergy and asthma.The study is subjected to reveal the most prominent environmental factors (natural and human - making) that lead to the spread of respiratory illness (respiratory allergies and asthma) in the province of Thi Qar, and then find a correlation between them to show the temporal and spatial contrast as well as the identifying the demographic characteristics of infected people in correlation with by age and quality groups. The study is based on descriptive and statistical analytic approaches, which converts digital data into information for the purpose of the comparison and stand on the most important reasons that explain the change phenomenon in the time and place designated to serve the scientific research as well as that used observations and interviews for the purpose of collecting data and verifying their accuracy, especially for human side.This thesis considered as the first study interesting with geographical respiratory disease respiratory allergies and asthma distribution in Thi Qar province. It has been used a statistical ways and means to address the data to serve the research topic and on the basis that attended chapters as follows : The first chapter discussed the theoretical and organizational framework that included a range of environmental terminology and types of diseases and respiratory diseases, allergies and asthma.Chapter two contributes in the study of the environmental factors for the emergence of diseases, allergies and respiratory in ThiQar.Chapter three specializes in the study of temporal variation of the allergy of respiratory diseases during the period of 2004 - 2009 according to the following characteristics : - Annual changes to the allergies of respiratory diseases, asthma and its relationship to variable environmental factors. - Relationship of climate characteristics with seasonal variables for under study diseases.Chapter four interested in the following items : - Detection of spatial variation of infected people in related to diseases under study and the roles of environmental factors to show that variance. - The study of demographic characteristics (age and gender composition) of people with disease under study.

شط العرب : الخصائص الهيدرولوجية والاستثمارات المائية == Shatt - Al - Arab Hydro Logical Features And Water Exploitations

Author name: صفية شاكر معتوق المطوري
Supervisor name: حمدان باجي نوماس | منعم مجيد حمد الحمادة
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Shatt Al - Arab forms from the confluence of : rs main tributries the Tigris and Euphrates at Qurna. It occupies the lower part of the basin. It runs south - eastward to flow into the /\rab Gulf with 196 Km length and an average width of 500 m. The river depthvaries from 7 m at Fao to J 5 m in Basrah. Its total basin area is 909200 Krn2.The physical and human factors have agreate in flunce upon the geneual properties of water in the area. The geological struction itself has an influnce upon the river discharge throughout the seepage loses which take part in increasing the salt groundwater( approximately ( 8 - 64 ) m mhos I cm ) , in addition , the gentle slopes of the ground with an average of 0. 02 m I km decreased the river flow to ( approximately 0.55 m Is ).The dry climate with high temperatures approximately 24 , 8° C, low rainfall with an average annual of 142 mm and the interse evaporation 3090.51 mm , have their role in increasing the water losses from the river to 0.21 ~ill ion cubic meter ( bcm ).Furthermore , the human conditions inside and outside the country have their influnce upon the quantity and quality of water especially the upstream riparian basin states which take large scale development particularly in storage and irrigation. Also , the. traditional irrigation methods play a negative role in wasting and polluting water. Further , the increase in demanding wate1· for the different use aspects of improvements. The study of the hydrological properties indicate that the average water discharge reaches to 646 cumecs ( m3 I s ) ( 20.3 bcm ) for the period ( 1986 - 1998 ). Its water , discharge depends on its main tributaries : Tigris , Euphrates , Al - Sewib and Al - Eiz with an arerge annual of 168 , 151 , 105 , 222 cumecs Successively. It also depends on Al - Karon discharge with an average annual of 63 cumecs at present. The river discharge various yearly , seasonally and monthly depending on the water year properties , i.e. weather in is wet , neutral , or dry. Water levels vary also yearly ,seasonally and monthly depending on discharge and the influence of ebb and tide.The present study shows that Shatt - Al - Arab faces many problems such as the influence of storage projects and the exploitations of the upstream riparian states on water quantity and quality , the effect of different sorts of pollution. The area also suffers from lack of management staff in their duties and the absence of observation and association of the concerned authorities.Exploitation from all its sides proved that the present requirements controle 34.5 % of the available water. It was also revelied that the water budget in higher than the available water with an average surplus of 13.22 hem meanwhile , the area confronts future waher deficit as a result of the development in accomplishing irrigation and storage projects of the upstream basin states and Iraq which will reach to 82 bcm.

الاستقرار الريفي في قضاء شط العرب == A Stability Rural In The Shatt Al - Arab District

Author name: لمى غازي عوفي التميمي
Supervisor name: عباس عبد الحسن كاظم العيداني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف الدراسة التعرف على واقع الاستقرار الريفي في منطقة الدراسة والتي تحددت بقضاء شط العرب بحسب وحداته الادارية هي (مركز قضاء شط العرب، ناحية النشوة), اذ اشتمل القضاء على (39) مستقرة ريفية منها (18) مستقرة ريفية تقع ضمن مركز القضاء، و(21) مستقرة ريفية في ن | The aim of this research is to recognize on reality of rural stability in the ears of study, which located at Shatt - al - Arab according to its unit agnosticism, Which is (canton the Shatt al - Arab Center, Canton of Al - Nashua), Which includes (39) rural stable of which (18) are located at Canton Center, and (21) at Al - Nashua township, as Well as that the study improves that that influence 0f the historical dimension to the emergence of rural Settlements as the region Suffers to numerous administrative Changes as merging Al - Nashua township With all its settlements administratively With all Shatt - al - Arab in 1983 after that it Was belonged to Al Qurna township and thus prepare rural Settlements Served increased in the study area.......There are Several factors influenced the distribution of rural stability, including human and other natural and emerged three distributional patterns of Settlements served consisted linear pattern which forms the rate (64.1%) and the accumulated pattern by the rate (12.8%) and the dispersed patterns by the rate(23.1%) of the total numbers stable.The studies showed the variation in sizes settlements some of urban sprawl and its impact on reducing agricultural land area as a result of the process of saie of agricultural land and turn it into housing units resulting from population growth and family fission, as studies addressed the reason that led to the reluctance of farmers for agriculture and showed of farmers for agriculture. Population education, health and marketing as well as study the reality of educational, health and recreational services and the infrastructure as study followed uses of residential, agricultural, industrial and commercial land and therefore the study came out the conclusions aimed at the advelopmement of resistance spot and the advancement of the current betterment will be discussed and explained in detail through the chapters of the message

تحليل جغرافي سياسي للعلاقات العراقية - التركية بعد عام 2003 == A Geographic - Political Analysis Of Iraqi - Turkey Relations Post 2003

Author name: عبد الرحمن علي عبد الرحمن الجادر
Supervisor name: ظاهر عبد الزهرة خضير الربيعي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geopolitics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يتناول البحث دراسة العلاقات العراقية - التركية للمدة من (2003 - 2014) من منظور جغرافي سياسي للدولتين يمنحنا تصورا جيوبوليتيكيا عن طبيعة سير العلاقات بينهما توافقا واختلافا؛ نظرا لما شهدته الدولتان من تطورات داخلية في كل منهما؛ اذ تشكل مرحلة ما ب | This study deals with the Iraqi - Turkey relations for the period 2003 - 2014 from political and geographical perspectives. It gives us a clear geopolitical vision of the nature of the relations between these states in cases of Compatibility and disagreement. This period is very important in forming the relations between these two countries, for both of them witnessed some important developments during this period. Iraq witnessed a radical change in its political system after the 9th of April 2003, which creates new political, economic and security situations. Turkey, on the other hand, witnessed the arrival of Turkish Justice and Development Party, with Islamic orientation, to the power in 2002. That arrival, which was accompanied with domestic social, political and economic changes as well as changes in both regional and international relations, makes Turkey a more effective power in the region. The theory of Strategic Depth adopted by turkey has a prominent role in the construction of multiple positive relationships with European, Islamic and Arab countries, including Iraq, and this has reflected on the bilateral relations between Turkey and Iraq.The importance of studying the Iraqi - Turkish relations stems from the importance of their geographical Neighborhood and their mutual effect in the economic, ethnic and political fields such as the Kurdish state, Kirkuk, and water shares that affected Iraqi power and its political entityThe study aims to a comprehensive analysis of the geographical and political components of the two countries in order to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each ingredient to guide relations between the two countries in order to achieve their political advantage. The study sought to Confirm that the balance in the political relations between Iraq and Turkey is the base of strong relations between the two countries, which determine the direction of their future relations geopolitically.The main findings of this study is that the Iraqi - Turkish relations have moved from being limited to the interference in the internal affairs of Iraq; because of the impact of common issues and the concomitant serious security implications, such as the Kurds' claim of Kirkuk governorate, and ongoing threats of the PKK to Turkey, as well as the water issue on the relations between the two countries. The Turkish political decision - maker, however, is keen to activate diplomacy to promote political and economic relations with Iraq, the resolution of the outstanding problems between the two countries in accordance with the strategic framework envisages not harming the common interests between them. The fruit of those trends was the establishment of the Supreme Council for strategic cooperation between the two countries in 2008, which can represent the basis for strengthening the relations in several areas, including : political, economic and security between the two countries in the future up to the full level of strategic partnership.Although Turkey has the geographical and political components that enable the Turkish decision - maker to exercise an influential role in its relations with Iraq, yet, the political instability in Iraq made it a target of international, regional and Turkish intervention in order to form a new political situation in line with the Turkish political and geopolitical interests; therefore Turkey took advantage of several circumstances to put Iraq under pressure due to the requirements of interest with the absence of Iraqi political vision in handling foreign issues which turns the Iraqi position to be weak if not totally absentHowever, the position of the Turkish political decision - maker changed in 2008 to earnest support of the Iraqi government to preserve the unity of Iraq, its stability to enable Turkey maintaining the unity of the Turkish territory, and to strengthen trade ties with Iraq to increase the volume of trade exchange between the two countries to reach up to (20 billion) dollars in the coming years. Turkey understands that any interference in Iraq's political affairs will affect the process of accession to the EU. So the study emphasized the need to adopt the principle of (political balance with neighboring countries), which consists of several policies represent a mechanism for the Iraqi decision maker to handle with Turkey, other neighboring countries.Iraq represents the link between Turkey and the Arab Gulf States and Southeast Asian countries. While the Turkish neighborhood represents Iraq's outlet to Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan and to all European countries, and the mutual benefits between the two countries strengthen the cooperation to serve their interests together and encourage the two countries to establish good neighborliness. The investment of Turkish human resources and its employment in Iraq is very important, particularly in the economic and military sphere in order to help Iraq recover and the building of the new Iraqi state.It becomes clear that there is a range of forecasts governed by the factors of attraction or repulsion based on the present and future relations between the two countries, if these factors are exploited properly, they will lead to build a prosperous future. The decision - maker in both countries must understand that the two countries complement each other and that the strong relations between the two countries are based on the principles of good neighborliness and the principle of political balance with neighboring countries.

الوظيفة السكنية للمراكز الحضرية في قضاء المدينة == The Residential Function Of The Urban Centers In Al - Mdeyna District

Author name: مريم خيرالله خلف
Supervisor name: رعد ياسين محمد الحسن
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تعد الوظيفة السكنية واحدة من الوظائف المهمة في المدينة كونها ترتبط بتجمعات سكانية كثيرة وكذلك تبرز اهميتها في مجمل الفعاليات والوظائف داخل المدينة فضلا عن اشتراكها مع بقية الوظائف في السيطرة على مساحة الحيز الحضري، كما انها تعنى بواحدة من اهم المتطلبات | The residential Function is considered as one of the important functions in the city ,Because : it is relates so many communities, as Its importance clearly appears in the whole activities and functions within the city, besides its participation with the other functions in controlling the area of the urban space. Residential Function is also concerned with one of the most important and essential human requirements that’s satisfy individual and family instincts, desires and privacies. Even if the city is devoid of some functions, we cannot imagine how a city without residence. Due to the increase of civilization around the world, the importance of residence was increases; Therefore the Residential Function occupies the widest area in all the cities of the world in comparison to what other functions occupy. The importance of the residential function appears from the ratio that occupies compared to the built area and the total space of the cite , But it may increase in the Developing Countries more than the Developed Ones, Because of lot of Specialists were interested in fields and cities’ variant scopes and the problems they suffer from ,They have been interested in the studies concerned with those problems and the attempt to find the properiate solutions. The Urban Studies is considered as one of the most geographical studies that dealt with Residential , due to its relationship with the population and the importance it has on the overall Functional activities in a cities as the industrial, commercial and service - ones. The thesis aims to study the residential function of the urban centers in Al - Mdeyna District by following up the morphological stages those centers passed through, specifying the residential problem and the required methods to handle it. The study aims as well to reveal the residential structure of the urban centers in Al - Mdeyna and the contributed factors in forming the dwelling Fact whence the number of houses, their occupation degree and the constructional status of those houses, as well as to identify the reasons that make such cities unstable residentially, social and construction ally so as to state dwelling regions in it. Since there is no specialized urban studies handled the residential function in the urban centers of Al - Mdeyna district, this study adopt the obtained information from the field study represented by questionnaire, personal interviews and the visits to the related State offices.The nature of this study have required it to contain five chapters : Chapter One, deals with the morphology of the urban centers in Al - Mdeyna and give a historical background about the three centers , Chapter two handles the prototyped design that was drawn for the three cities and evaluating it. Chapter Three deals with the dwelling and city structures adopting a group of variables and criteria to highlight the dwelling districts reality and its locative contrast among the city parts; which, by the residential regions were revealed in the urban centers as studied in Chapter Four. Chapter Five concluded the study by addressing the residence problem in the city and the environmental issues the residential area suffer from, Reveal the reasons of the problem aggravation and the proposed solutions to handle that problem. Several conclusions and Recommendations concluded The Study.

تقييم كفاءة النقل البحري العراقي ودوره في التنمية الاقتصادية : دراسة في جغرافية النقل == Evaluation Of Iraqi Maritime Transportation And Its Role In The Economic Development A Study In Transportation Geography

Author name: نجم الدين عبد الله نجم الحجاج
Supervisor name: اسعد عباس هندي الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Maritime transportation is considered as one of the most important pillars of economy to any state in the world. It is an everlasting resource to that economy that support the treasury of the state. In addition, it is important to both international and internal trade. Ports are the contact points with other foreign states. They are transporters to different kinds of goods and products around the world. Besides, they help in mixing social and cultural relations among costal states and cities.Maritime transportation has pushed all states especially the developed ones to forward different types of investments in this sector due to the huge revenue. It is a useful resource if there is an appropriate economic, social and political climate. Some states rely about 70% on this sector as contribution to their income budgets.Maritime transportation in Iraq is not an exception, on the contrary, it contributes a great deal to the national budget. It contributes to the economic wheel of progress in the country. It is the vital vein to the different stuff of the whole trade. After 2003, there was a recognizable exposure to the world which resulted in overflow of various goods making use of the political change. About 85% of the different goods are imported through maritime transportation. it represent a lung to the country without which there would be a great deficiency.The study falls into five chapters, introduction, abstract, conclusion, and recommendations. Chapter One has two sections. Section one surveys the history of maritime transportation in Iraq. In section two we study the elements of the transportation(ship, road, port). Chapter Two deals with the natural and human resources that may affect the transportation. Chapter Three is devoted to the criteria of performance evaluation of maritime transportation in Iraq by applying these criteria on the elements of transportation. Chapter Four deals with the effect of transportation on the economic development. Chapter Five shows the present situation as well as the future expectation of maritime transportation in Iraq by forwarding future expectation from 5 to 10 years to arrive at changes and development that the transportation could witness

تحليل جغرافي لحالات الطلاق المسجلة في محافظة البصرة للمدة 2003 - 2012 == Geographical Analysis Of Divorce ReGIStered Cases In Basra Province For The Period (2003 - 2012)

Author name: سعد عكموش نجم الصليخي
Supervisor name: باسم عبد العزيز عمر العثمان
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Demographics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: يعد الطلاق ظاهره عالميه موجودة في كل المجتمعات وهو امر عرفته البشرية منذ قديم الزمان , وكانت له طرائق واشكال مختلفة من بيئة الى بيئة ومن عصر الى اخر, وقد اقرته الاديان كل بطريقته. فاقر الاسلام الطلاق ونظمه تنظيما دقيقا مراعيا في ذلك الاسرة و| Divorce is a global phenomenon that exists in all societies and is known to mankind from along times. It has various ways and forms ; it differs from one society to another and from one age to another. All religions have admitted divorce, each in its own way. Islam has endorsed divorce; it organized in a way that takes into consideration the happiness of the family on one hand and to maintain the human society on the other. This study aims to examine the problem of divorce in Basra province through the divorce cases in the period (2003 - 2012). In addition to the results of the field study through a questionnaire form that was distributed to a divorced women to identify the main reasons and motives that led to occurrence of divorce cases, some methods and statistical programs have been used in this study to reach accurate results about this phenomenon and how it spreads in Basra society, and to the main reasons behind such a problem. The results have shown that there is a large increase in divorce cases and its climax was in year (2012). Several reasons have contributed to the growth of this phenomenon, especially in recent years, but the social factors and the change of some customs and traditions have the major role in the increase of divorce cases. Some solutions have been put forward to delimit this phenomenon, which extends its effects on divorced women and men, and its impact on children and then the family and the entire society. This study consists of four chapters. These chapters have been preceded by a theoretical introduction, which includes the definition of divorce and the study of divorce cases globally, regionally and locally. The first chapter deals with demographics of Basra province as well as studying the growth of divorce cases during the study period. The second chapter studies the geographic distribution of this phenomenon in the province through some metrics. The third chapter deals with demographic, social and economic characteristics of the divorce cases. While the fourth chapter investigated the causes of divorce and its effects.

ميناء مبارك الكويتي وتاثيراته على العراق : دراسة في الجغرافية السياسية == Mubarak Kuwait Port And Its Impacts On Iraq : A Study In Political Geography

Author name: حاكـم هيال جاسـم التوبـي
Supervisor name: سعود عبد العزيز عبد المحسن الشعبان الفضلي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geopolitics
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تناول موضوع الدراسة - ميناء مبارك الكويتي وتاثيراته على العراق - دراسة في الجغرافية السياسية عدة طروحات تمثلت بالاثر الذي سيتركه الميناء وموقعه ونشاطه المستقبلي على الموانئ العراقية والاقتصاد العراقي بشكل عام. وتكمن اهمية الموضوع في توقيت انشاء الميناء و| The subject matter of the study - Mubarak Kuwait Port and its impacts on Iraq - a study in political geography - deals with some arguments represented by the impact that the port and its location and anticipated activity leaves on Iraqi ports and Iraqi Economy in general. The importance of the subject matter lies in the timing of the port construction and the Iraqi objections that it created at all levels which expressed their fears of impeding Iraqi Navigation in Khor Al Zubair and thereafter Iraqi trade with the outside world particularly more than tow third of the trade of Iraq is imported via its economical ports in Arab Gulf. Furthermore , most of Iraqi petroleum exports are exported via its oil ports in Arab Gulf where oil tankers cross the waters of Arab Gulf beyond Iraqi sovereignty. this geopolitical situation is also a source of concern for the decision makers in Iraq. It can be recognized that how Kuwait made use of natural phenomena especially the tide phenomenon in the construction of Mubarak port on the base of reducing the effects of such phenomenon causing deposition to occur on the Kuwaiti shore. in turn , erosion and scour occur on Iraqi shore leading for the Kuwait to obtain more soils on the account of Iraqi regional waters and soils. By considering the port drawings , it is quite clear that damages will fall upon Iraq because the port is due to be constructed in a place where maritime traffic will widely increased. In addition , the deviation of canal route towards the Kuwaiti shore and the port impeding thereof. Furthermore , the fact that Mubarak port is very much close to Al Fao port - about 4 KM distance roughly - means that the later hindered Iraqi plans in expanding AL Fao Grand Port. Iraq accordingly was obliged to move Al Fao port away southward to its previous location which opposite Mubarak port because the area is being seriously narrow where there is availability and countering of tow big ports. Navigation cannot move fluently and safely which jeopardizes Iraqi ports in Khor Al Zubair besides Al Fao port to be disabled or crippled part of their activities especially the navigation canal lies in the regional Kuwaiti waters. Worthy of recognition , the historical heritage of Iraq - Kuwait relation has created unstable situations overwhelmed with suspicion and mistrust to both parties because of the military tragic events took place between the two countries and the Kuwaiti feeling of fear and caution due to Iraq 's movements in the waters of the Arab Gulf in addition to the perennial concern due to Iraq's demands of Kuwait belonging thereto. Moreover, Iraq fears the damages that affect Iraqi trade when Mubarak port will be in operation which means the occurrence of imminent threat jeopardizes Iraqi ports and warns the loss of huge financial incomes due to the loss of thousands of job opportunities for workers as well as shipment agencies and maritime shipment lines may be transferred to Mubarak port which will disrupt the track work of Iraqi Ports and then it will paralyze their movement which means that there are Iraqi fears because of Kuwaiti intentions in Mubarak port.This study offered some scenarios besides Iraq ' s available capabilities to reduce the damage of this port. The study showed the political and economical motives behind the establishment of this port. The structuring of the study was made of five chapters. The first chapter deals with theoretical and conceptual framework while the second deals with natural and human features of Iraqi shore. the third chapter presents a historical outline of Iraqi - Kuwaiti Relations as well as the location and the drawings of the port. the fourth chapter focuses on the Mubarak port political and economical impacts on Iraq. the fifth chapter presents the anticipated scenarios of Mubarak port - a geopolitical study - besides the available capabilities of Iraq to avoid or rather reduce part of these damages.

تطور النقل البحري لموانئ العراق (1950 - 2000) : دراسة في جغرافية النقل == Development Of Sea Transport In Iraq Ports (1950 - 2000)

Author name: علي حسين خميس حسن العنزي
Supervisor name: حميد غالب عجيل السكيني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aims at investigation sea transport in Iraqi ports during the period of 1950 - 2000. Geography of sea transport has not been given enough attention by the researchers in spite of its high importance. Needless to say that such studies will give clear insights about the dynamics of sea cleat in sights about the dynamics f sea transport as one of the most important human and social activities. Sea transport and coordinating the roles of the other sectors such as preparing these sectors and making them more capable of benefiting and developing the societies so as to serve the national economy. To achieve the aims of this research and to provide the proper solution and to provide the proper solutions for the many problems of sea transport and ports in Iraq, the researcher divided the study into four chapters. Chapter one presents a historical review of Iraqi ports since the first civilizations in ancient Iraq. Its also mentions the struggle among the other ancient civilization to control Iraqi ports up to the modern time. The chapter two also draws a real picture of every Iraqi port today. Chapter two tackles the human and natural effects that limit the activity and the direction of the sea transport coming to the Iraqi ports. Chapter three studies the naval services in Iraqi ports by highlighting the activities and the capacities of production in the establishments like wharves, warehouses stores, cranes and other means of transport in these ports. Chapter four deals with the movement and the direction of sea transport. This includes preparing ships, cargo movement inside the ports in addition to shedding light on the roles of persons as means of transport. The chapter also analyzed the role of the Iraqi ports in Iraqi foreign trade. It also discusses the spatial relations among the Iraq ports concerning the direction of transport, the trade transaction on the wharves, predicting the future potentials of the amount transported and the geographical. Location selected for constructing new Iraqi ports. The most important conclusions of the study are : 1. The different human and natural factors affect the Iraqi ports either positively or negatively. 2. The geographical location of Iraq ports that can serve Iraqi foreign trade. 3. Iraqi ports offer good naval services. 4. Political and economic affect the activities in the country highly affect the activities in the Iraqi ports to the extent that they can completely stop them. 5. Sea transport is one of the main components of the infrastructure and it is a basic element of Iraqi national economy

الصناعات الغذائية الكبيرة فـــــي العــــراق : دراسة في الجغرافية الصناعية == The Big Manufactures For Food In Iraq

Author name: فارس مهدي محمد
Supervisor name: عبد العزيز محمد حبيب العبادي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyse the establishing factors of the big feeding manufacture in Iraq and study its geographical cantext with an explantion and suitable resolution to its problems.The subject is chosen because there is no previous , independent and defailed , study in our country inspile of the fat that it is of high importance to us.The study falls into four chapters. the first is about the importance and the imporvement of the big feeding manufacture. The second is about the essence and the factores of the monufacturing establishment. The third is about the big feeding manufacture’s situation and its geographical distribution throughont our country ( 22 sectors of the big feeding manufacture are involved in the study ). The fourth explainsd the problems and provides the suitable solution to them. The study helps the researcher to arrive of furdamental conclusions. The following are the most important ones : 1. The big feeding manufacture has the great importance in Iraqi for it provides the individuals with the needed and basic materials. Such as to grind the seeds , Sugar , vegetable oil , and package.2. The big feeding manufacture has the greatest importance in comparision with the middle and smal feeding manufacture. This is because it provides the great amount of money.3. The big feeding manufacture has the greafast asnd the most important place within the others. That is , the number of the big feeding manufacture’s factories has increased to reach ( 192 ) up within the year ( 2000 ). These factopries are distributed throughout the ( 15th ) governments , including ( 20540 ) workers.4. The number of the special secfor factories has became ( 178 ) within the year ( 2000 ) including (8507 ) workers. While the number of the socialist secfor factories has became ( 13 ) , incl;uding ( 9543 ) workers. Finally the , the number of the mixed secfor factories has became ( 5 ) , including ( 2492 ) workers. 5. Throughout the study’s appliction during the year ( 2001 ) , it appears that the number of both factories and workers within the two sectors of the socialits and the mixed , is just the same of that of the Ministry of Planning manifestation , whereas the number of the special sector factories has became ( 328 ) - , including ( 21308 ) workers.6. Factors of astablishing manufacture have affected the industrial places , such as row materials , the government’s , politics , the location and other factors which have the great importancve in specifying the right industrial locations.7. The biog feeding manufature is focused within ther governments of Baghdad , Deyala m Wassit , Alnajaf , Kahrbalah , Meessan. Their percertages are ( 0.26 ; 0.03 ; 0.007 ; 0.003 ; 0.01 ; 0.02 ) perspectively , whereas there is no such focus within the governments of Basrah , Ninevah , Thiquari Babylon , AlQuadisea , Altaameem. Alanbar , Almuthena and Salahaddeen. Their pecenfages are ( - 0.09 ; - 0.0006 ; - 0.02 ; - 0.08 ; - 0.05 ; - 0.01 ) perspectively.8. The study reveals that there are manufactures that have strategic importance in Iraq , such as industrial oils , industrial sugar. Besides , these industries are in need for more improivement to get work again.9. There are industries that have a special importance within each government. such industries are considered the most needed manufactures for both socity and individuals , such manufactures are to grind the seeds , making ice , ete. 10. There are monufactures that are not found except within the government of wassil ( making the mite squeeze ) , or * making alcohol , local gum and cigar ) within the government of Baghdad. 11. Inspile of the fact , the time , that is allotted to the measuring of the complex growth of the big feeding manufacture , was very little , this little time has a chieved a considerable complex growth for both factories and workers.The complex growth percentage was ( % - 17.76 during the year of ( 1995 ) and it becames ( % 4.38 ) during the year of ( 2000 ) as for as factories are concerned , whereas for workers the percentage was ( % - 2.96 ) and becomes ( % 1.82 ). The same is true for the addition values ; production values and the needed materials for production.12. Many factories are chased because there are no row materials. Such factories are those which concerned with the vegetable oils and sugar. 13. The big feeding manufactures are suffering many problem especially those that are related to the row mateerials and their scarce , beside forcign compefition ; cutting electricity ; not many cool vehicles , ete.]]]

مشروع نهر العز : دراسة في جغرافية الموارد المائية == Al : Ezz Project River : A Study In Geography Of Water Resources

Author name: حسن خليل حسن المحمود
Supervisor name: حمدان باجي نوماس
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

مركزية موقع البصرة وهامشيته في صيرورة التاريخ : دراسة في الجغرافية التاريخية == Centralitv Of Basrah Location And Its Maruinalitv In Historv Process A Study Of Historical Geography

Author name: عبد الرحمن علي عبد الرحمن الجادر
Supervisor name: ماهر يعقوب موسى
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Basrah loc.ation has moved from one site to another. The movement of this location directed the course of the historical events because viewing the geographical location from different corners reveal various results which add to its dynamics. The flexibility of location helped in clarifying the geographical location and Its activity is one of the important factors in formulating the qualities and the morphology of the region and its effect on the human life and activities. These qualities and morphology emerges as results of its relations with the other geographical locations.The value of the geographical location may completely changes either towards improving or deteriorating which, in tum , means a maximum benefit or a maximum harm by the people.To achieve its aim, the study is divided into three chapters. The chapters are as follows : Chapter One tackles the concept of historical geography and it studies the geographical qualities of the city. The chapter concentrates on the location of Basrah and some of its natural qualities. Chapter Two deals with the historical events and their relation to the place in addition to the location response. Of the topics studied in this chapter aresequencing the historical events in the place and the way location of Basrah responded to the challenges of exploiting the historical events by the place throughout its history.Chapter Three discusses the spatial relations of the city of Basrah by studying the nature of these relations throughout the history of the city in addition to studying distribution of other centers that have spatial relations with the city of Basrah.

مدينة الفاو تطويرها الوظيفي وعلاقاتها الاقليمية == Fao City Its Functional Development A : Qd Regional Relatiollships

Author name: محمد عنون مويش عبد الله السوداني
Supervisor name: عبد الحسين جواد السريح
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aims to analyze the functional structure of Fao City in order to evaluate its functional efficiency as an appropriate environement for its people.Fao City is different from other cities of Iraq, as it had developed in usual! conditions up to 1980, and was suddenly occupied and destroyed during eight years ending in 1988. In 1989, a new planned city of Fao was built by great efforts of thestate, which achieved most of their goals in only 123 days. The study is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with the general geographical characteristics in two parts, firstly, the physical features of site and situation which includegeological structures, to pography, climate, water resources, and soils. Secondary, popullation characteristics of the city and its and its region, inculding population growth, and sex, age, and economic structures of population.The second chapter examines the old city of Fao in two parts, the first one deals with the historical development of the city, and the second with its functional structure, which consists of the commercial, industrial, residential and service functions,as well as the regional relationships of the city. The new city of Fao is discussed in chapter three, to study the master plan, functional structures, and regional relationships of the city, and evaluating its functional efficiency.The last part of the study is devoted to the conclusion and proposals to develope the city and its region.Finally, it can be said that the present study may contribute to the urban and rural planning for Fao City and the region.

توجهات تركيا نحو اقطار الخليج العربي : دراسة في الجغرافية السياسية

Author name: عبد الزهرة شلش زامل علوان العتابي
Supervisor name: نصيف جاسم المطلبي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The geographical situation of Turkey and the Arab Gulf countries gives them a geographic - strategic importance that they attract the attention of the big forces of the world. Turkey is the ring that links Europe to Asia or the west to the East. The Arab countries have a. very vital position in the world. They extend to the r\rab Sea and the Indian Ocean. Moreover, this spot has the biggest reservior of oil and a huge abundance of capital.The study begins with a suppossition that bas the form of a question which is answered throughout the research. The question is : Do the Geof,rraphic factors have effects on the nature of Turkish appeals towards the Arab Gulf countries?The research uses the analytical and morphological methods, the historical incidents, the geogrr ~ckles the natureal components like the geographic. astronomical, continental and marine situation of Turkey and the six Arab Gulf countries (Sandia Arabia, United Arab Amarates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, m;, · ~ - T ' chapter studies also the surface of land, Geo1o,rraphica : f;[on'n.ate and water : resources of both regions. The second chapter deals wi~f;!.. •• components like the population, economy

سكان دول الساحل الغربي للخليج العربي : دراسة جغرافية ديموغرافية مقارنة == Population Of The West Coast States Of The Arabian Gulf A Geographical, Demographical Comparative Study

Author name: باسم عبد العزيز عمر العثمان
Supervisor name: رياض ابراهيم السعدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تجارة العراق الخارجية غير النفطية للفترة 1975 - 1985 : دراسة في جغرافية التجارة

Author name: كاظم عبادي حمادي الجاسم
Supervisor name: سرى محمود المدرس
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تاثير التلوث الصناعي في التوزيع الجغرافي لامراض الحساسية والربو في محافظة البصرة

Author name: عبد الرحمن جري مردان الحويدر
Supervisor name: كاظم عبد الوهاب حسن الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

الخدمات التجارية في مدينة الحلة == The University Of Basrah College Of Arts Department Of Geography

Author name: فؤاد عبد الله محمد
Supervisor name: مضر خليل العمر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Considerable interest was, and still is, given to the city by scholars of various sciences in general, and by geographers in particular, because of the great significance it has on people's life, evidenced in the functions and services it offers.In spite of the small space the commercial services occupy from the total area of the city, these services are deemed as one of the major pillars of the city. Also, the traditional function tbat is inherent in the primary evolution of large number of cities, besides seeking to meet the needs of people for commodities and services, particularly those used in final consumption, represents an important sophisticated aspect and economic support of the city. Being so, it would be natural for Hilla city to attract the attention of the scholars of geography due to its significance and particularity in this field that made it occupy and represent the centre of Middle Furat region.This Thesis is divided into Five Chapters : The first chapter discusses the historic background through three topics. The first topic deals with the location and its significance in giving the city special importance influencing its functional structure and thenature of the relations existing between it and the other places. The second issue tackles the historic evolution of the city in which light is shed on the historic stages through which the city of Hilla has passed and the tasks it fulfilled as a city of vital location. The third aspect looked into the historic development of the commercial function in the city across time stages and roles and discussed some factors that had a major contribution in the development of the commercial function. The second chapter dealt with the commercial services in the city, which formed an introduction to the subject of the thesis. In this chapter tradesmen were classified in the city, as well as classifying the wholesale trade to local and central categories. It also iscussed the fiscal services in the city and their influence on the maintenance of the commercial activity in particular, as well as studying the complementary services of commercial nature and their influence on maintaining the economic activity movement, in general, and the commercial activity, in particular.The third chapter dealt with tte usages of the C.B.D, in the city of Hilla through various topics. These topics included the definition of the central commercial area in accordance with known standards; the study of the commercial structure of the city; the emonstration of the hierarchical succession of marketing centres therein, whereafter the role and significance of each centre is illustrated in fulfilling the needs of the people; the of the city in which light is shed on the historic stages through which the city of Hilla has passed and the tasks it fulfilled as a city of vital location. The third aspect looked into the historic development of the commercial function in the city across time stages and roles and discussed some factors that had a major contribution in the development of the commercial function. The second chapter dealt with the commercial services in the city, which formed an introduction to the subject of the thesis. In this chapter tradesmen were classified in the city, as well as classifying the wholesale trade to local and central categories. It also discussed the fiscal services in the city and their influence on the maintenance of the commercial activity in particular, as well as studying the complementary services of commercial nature and their influence on maintaining the economic activity movement, in general, and the commercial activity, in particular. The third chapter dealt with tte usages of the C.B.D, in the city of Hilla through various topics. These topics included the definition of the central commercial area in accordance with known standards; the study of the commercial structure of the city; the demonstration of the hierarchical succession of marketing centres therein, whereafter the role and significance of each centre is illustrated in fulfilling the needs of the people; the study of the commercial usage in the basic designs of the city of Hilla and the comparison of such usage with the marketing facilities in a number of foreign (European) cities in order to realize the planning situation in Iraq and thereafter to bring about such facilities or marketing centres.Chapter four dealt with the geographical distribution patterns for four commercial categories. In this chapter grocery, ready made clothes, textiles and jewellery shops were chosen. By using quantitive techniques, distribution patterns for each category were arrived at, through which the significance of each category on the city life can be demonstrated and the places of their existence in accordance therewith. The chapter also compared a number of these categories with their counterparts in foreign cities, as well as intercomparing these categories with each other, so that the significance of individual category on the life of the city and people can be determined.The last chapter was dedioated to the method of shopping in the city. Quantitive techniques were used and the city was devided into statistical areas for the purpose of identifying the potentials of the shopping behaviour; to demonstrate the role and significance of each marketing centre in attracting people from the various parts of the city; to show the influence of a great number of variables and factors on the acquirement, by the city's dwellers, of a specific trend in shopping, whether from its main marketing centre or from its secondary marketing places. This work aims at reaching to a number of targets, These being : 1. To define the central commercial district of the city and the area of the commercial core therein in the light of a number of standards used in the urbanite studies such as the value of the land and the rates of rent.2. To reveal the state of things in the city, especially of its main commercial centre, and to follow up the movement of the commercial habilitation within the central commercial area and in the other sectors of the city.J. To dectate the shopping behaviour in the study area •

الكفاءة والوظيفية لمدينة العمارة == The Functional Efficiency Of Amara City

Author name: قاسم مهاوي خلاوي ناصح الزهيري
Supervisor name: عبد الحسين جواد السريح
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the functional efficiency of Amara city, to derennine the degree of efficiency of the functions performed by the city to its population according to the local and international criteria. The emphasis will be placed on the four main and vital functions, residential, commercial, social services, health, and education.The study area includes the build - up area of Amara by which is the primate city of its functional region, so Misan govemorate. The field - work is the main area to obtain data required by the study. A detailed questionaire was the most important procedure of that field - work, covering a sample of SoAI of the total population in the city, as well as interviewing many persons working in puplic and private establishments and other local people.The study is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with the general geographical characteristics, including physical ones of city site and situation, physical development, and population growth and structures.The second chapter studies the rendential function, including its development, classification of residential units, residential density, and the characteristics of residential structure.The third chapter is devoted to study the commercial function, including its development, commercial structure and the regional role of the function.The social services are considered inn chapter four, particulary education and health, including service development, thier geographical distribution, and the distribution of the persons working in the service establishment.Chapter five includes the study of the evalution efficiency of the previously mentioned functions.The study finally temllnates with a detailed conclusion followed proposals to develop the functional efficiency of Amara city.

الصراع الصومالي الاثيوبي حول منطقة الاوجادين : دراسة في الجغرافية السياسية

Author name: باسم نايف داود السعدي
Supervisor name: عبد الحميد عبد المجيد القيسي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التغير المكاني للسكان في البحرين للفترة من 1971 - 1991 == The Spatial Change Of Population In Bahrain Betwee11 1971 - 1991

Author name: هدى داود نجم السعد
Supervisor name: مصطفى عبد الله محمد السويدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The importance of the population studies has become greater in geographical, soial and economic studies in very quickly time. Studying the geography and the cience of population has become one of the basic methods in geograpgy and socioloy sinces, it can solve the recent problems by realizing and analysing them aswell as inding the rriost suitable answers for them, which are presented by the results of the opulation studies and its possiblities of applications in developing, economic, social nd development plans in many states especially those which are under going a connuous and fast changes, just like Bahrain and the rest of the Gulf Oil states.Bahrain can be considered as an oil state which population are greatly controlled y the political, economic and social factors, since the discovery of oil has made radical change, It has transfered the economy of such state from a conventional one epending on agricultul - .e : , and fishing to amodren one depnding on oil incomes and vestments As aresult, aforign labour has brough u to manage the developing moveent as well as supporting the shortage in national labour and contributed grealtlydeveloping these states.The foreign labour has helped in achieving the developing plans, but, it has left s veral demographic, social, economic and political influences on the population of e region, and their growth, construction, distribution and their movement. By conSfdering what is said above, the aim of this research is studying the population in ahrain whether they are native or not and the role of the spatial and natural moveent of the people in showing the spatial changes in the compartive census periods 71, 1981 and 1991 then analysing and finding their causes and motives according the geography of population.This desertation consists of four chapters. The first one deals with the population ovements of the people and its effect inchanging the number of the population.oreover, this chapter is divided in to two sections, the first one deals with the patns and motives of the residential movement in atheoritical approach, while the s cond section concentrateji on the directions of the coming migration to Bahrain by studying its development and trends a~d - it~ pla~or.mqEr, - The second chapter discusses the populatipn growth ¥1d 1~ts effect on the change of the population bulk in Bahrain by studying the development of the populati6n 9~f!' : jt1~,jilld clearing the rule of the natural enlargment of every clase of the Bahrai - 7ty in the population growth of the state. 1~7.third chapter deals with the influence of the spatial change on the population 1dis - t~gutiqn in the ·state by studying the spatial change and population distribbution d~fi~rrding on the standareds of relative and density distribution and Knowing the rcoet : itre of population and density as well as the actual distribution of population. . Moreover, the fourth chapter, sums up the major factors affecting the distribu; tioni·~f population in Bahrain by discussing them into two groups in order to show tHt : nattiral and human factors in distribution, besides the problem of redistribution'of people - in the state and applying its effects. 'Finally; the researcher puts the conclusionss he has found throngh stuying this subject - the most outstanding one of them is that the coming migration plays a fundemental role in changing the population bulk and spatial diffrences through the diffrent census periods - at the encl of the desert ation.

التركيب الداخلي لمدينة سوق الشيوخ وعلاقتها الاقليمية : دراسة في جغرافية المدن

Author name: صلاح هاشم زغير الهاشم
Supervisor name: عبد الحسين جواد السريح
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aims to analyse the internal structure of Suq Al - Shiuikh City and its regional relationships.The study is divided into eight chapters, the first I one deals with site and situation of the City, to study the physical characteristics, including geological, natu - 1 ral vegetation and soil.The second chapter is devoted to study the historical development Of land USeB in the city, While the third one deals with the population characteristics of the city and its regionl including population grouth, population distribution and age, sex, and economic structures. The next chapters study the functional structure of the city. Commercial function in considered in the fourth chapter, industrial in the fifth, residential in the sixth and services function in the seventh one. In these four chapters activity and land u.se of each function are dealt with.

التباين المكاني للانتاج الزراعي في اقليم اعالي الفرات

Author name: كمال صالح كزكوز
Supervisor name: سالم سعدون المبادر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Second Chapter deals with the human factors related to workers, irrigation and the adopted means of it.The plants symbolized by big dams, drainage and the projects that deal with the agrarian refonns. It also deals with the ownership system and its affect on the agricultural product It has also some comments on the agricultural policy and the biological factors, transportation and marketing.As for the Third Chapter, which is regarded as the ma.in idea in this study, we see that it is specialized on studies of the agricultural product of the year 1988 to make it clear that the variance of places have something to do with the agricultural product, headed by classificqtion of the product and the scales adopted in some of the geographical studies.In this Chapter there are also studies on farming a and orchards as for their distribution on suberbs and the geographical factors behind that. At last this Chapter studies the agricultural changes between 1980 - 1988. This study aims to focus the place variance onagricultural production in Upper Euphrates region which consists the suberbs of Ramadi, Heat, Haditha, Aana and Al - Qaem.The region is situated in the western part of Iraq in Anbar Governarate which is about 29% of the survey of the whole Governarate. The survey of this region is regarded as 9.2% compared to the survey of Iraq.This region is suffering from a big problem which is the limited fertile land for agrivulture that does not exceed 1% from the whole survey of the land in the region.The study consists of.three Chapters. In the First Chapter, the researcher deals with the Natural factors affecting the variance of plance on agrilcultural products after flashing the light on studies concerning the place and the size of the region. The survey of the directorate and the important administrative development in the region In addition to the background on the surface, the climate, the soil and water resources that affect on the agricultural production.

اتجاهات وسرع الرياح السطحية في العراق == Directions And Velocity Of Surface Wind In Iraq

Author name: عزيز كوطي حسين الحسيناوي
Supervisor name: عبد الامام نصار ديري ناصر المظفر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Among many other climatic elements, wind is the one of the most important ones for its an active role in specifying the nature of climatic features ; which consequently made it essential to study directions and velocity of wind both for meteorologists and climatologists as they cause a lot of weather changes such as those occurring to temperature, humidity and others. They - wind - lead, for instance, to rise temperature if they come from warm sides and decrease it in case they come from cold ones.If they were humid, they would cause rainfall over areas beneath and they also, in case of being speedy, cause dust storms of both kinds : sand and earthen ones.Wind affects many economical activities. They affect on determining the sites of industrial establishments and where its waste dumps should be located; on city construction and agriculture productivity along with exploiting wind in various fields such as using it in generating energy.The purpose of this research is to study directions and velocity of surface wind in Iraq as far as its differences in time and place between the southern, northern and middle zones, and the one zone stations are concerned.A 30 years climatic cycle (1961 - 1990) was chosen to the amount of 12 stations distributed in the country as follows : - Zakho , Kurkuk, Suliamaniya, and Mosel stations for northern region - Khnakeen, Ana , Alrutba and Baghdad stations for middle region. - Al - Hai , Al - Diwaniya, Al - Nassiriya and Basra stations for southern region.The research included three chapters. The first one dealt with affecting controls on directions and velocity of surface wind in Iraq. These controls were divided into stable ones : (locations as for latitude, topographic relief and water flats) and dynamic : (air pressure, air masses, weather fronts and weather highs and lows). The second chapter treated of wind ,directions in Iraq as to its differences in time and place according to circled - directions sectors. It was also possible to study the weather condition of the change of prevailing directions for chosen stations in the country. As for the third chapter, it was devoted to study the velocity of surface wind in Iraq and show its differences in time and place. It also studied the standard velocity registered in station during different years as well as the daily course of the velocity of surface wind in the stations of the study during January and July.In final, the research contained conclusions being reached through studying the subject of this research.

سكان محافظة القادسية : دراسة في جغرافية السكان == Al - Qadisiya Governorate Population A Study In Population Geography

Author name: باسم عبد العزيز عمر العثمان
Supervisor name: عبد مخور نجم الريحاني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

حوض وادي ورزان : دراسة في جغرفية الموارد المائية == Wadi W Arazan Basin A Study In The Geography Of Aquatic Resources

Author name: جلال عبده ابراهيم عثمان
Supervisor name: سعود عبد العزيز عبد المحسن الشعبان الفضلي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Natural Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study is aimed to assist. The aquatic resources in Wadi Warazan Basin in the Republic of Yemen in order to estimate the water balance with regard to the natural resources and the way of usage in the different fields of activities.The importance of this study depends on the fact that wadi Warazan Basin which is (412)Km2 is one of the most fertile a agricultural areas, moreover area it is regarded to be a tourism area. The second thing is that the basin is more close to Taiz city which suffers at the present from water shortage.The final results of the study show that : 1 - The most rainy seasons are spring and summer especially, in some few days during the rain season. The most rainy month is August (14.8%) of the total rain while December is regarded to be the lesser rainy month (0.7%). The rainfall estimations during (44) years is about (346 - 875.8)mm. 2 - The annual aquatic in Wadi Warazan Basin ts about (241 349 600)m33 - The ground water runoff increases during autumn, because it occurs after the rain season, where there are many quantities of the ram underground. In contrast, other months of the year has less drainage.4 - The armual drainage which is (3492)m3 per hour varies in (193.6%) because of it's close relation with rainfall. 5 - The (165.59)mm out of the total annual rainfall is found to a wasted aquatic quantities as a result of evaporation.6 - The Absence of specific channels, which leads to increase the evaporation rate in the valley. In addition the pools which fonned at the sides of the valley represented a suitable environments for transfer various diseases such as Schistosomiasis (Belhars) and Malaria diseases. 7 - The deviation factor of Wadi Warazan shows the variation in the compactness of their rocks, so the evaporation rate of ground water runoff produced as a result of the expansion of the area exposed to the sun light.Moreover barriers and folts at the long side are an important factors for ground water recharge.8 - The present consumption of the ground water appears to be in the higher rocky aquatic layer and the volcanic aquatic rocky layer third layer (Tawila Sandstone) seems to be unconsumed because it's (600)m deep.9 - The ground water is affected by the increasing number of wells.10 - The aquatic basin net work appear to be having a high density of valleys number about (1.05)/Km2 which affects the surface flow that makes floods danger is probable.11 - It seems that the aquatic basin resources may become unable to met the increasing demand of the area and Taiz city as regarded to be an alternative to solve the city water supply problem. Moreover, the rising of the population in the basin.

جوانب من النظام الحضري في محافظة ذي قار

Author name: ماهر يعقوب موسى
Supervisor name: مضر خليل العمر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تقييم دور نهر ام المعارك في تنمية الموارد المائية

Author name: صفاء عبد الامير رشم الاسدي
Supervisor name: حمدان باجي نوماس
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Water is considered as a strategic resource for economic development.Thus , Um Al - Maark possesses considerable development of water resources in the lower Euphrates basin. The river takes from the right bank of the Euphrates (10) kms downstream ofNasiriya with a total length of (108) kms. There are five canals branching from the right bank of the river each with a capacity of 25 cumers. The river controls 60 - 65 % (185) cumecs (5,82) bcm of the Euphrates discharge at Nasiriya ( 199) - 1998). Its water discharge is affected by seepage losses with (0.45 - 0.55 ) m3 I m1 I day and evaporation from the channel with (0.04) bcm, due to high average temperature (24.6) °C and very high soil permeability (15 - 43) m/d.Um Al - Maark plays a vital role in water resources conservation by controlling water distorted at the Marches and Arabian Gulf and directed to the western desert to irrigate (150000) ha. Furthermore, the river maintains the Euphrates and Shatt Al - Arab water quality by limiting the Marshes polluted wat : - r with an EC value (6) mmhos I cm which increased water 11 salinity of the river's at Qurna to ( 5.1) mmhos I cm during ( 1990 - 1992 ) COIDJ - 'dred to the previous salinity 0.96 ( 1967 - 1969). The water quality of the rivers has been decreased to (2.3) and (2.6) mmhos I cm ( 1995 - 2000) at Qurna and Maqil respectively, as a result of the implementation of Um Al - Maark, Saddam and Al - Ezz rivers.UM Al - Maark will be used as flood control system. It will be able to convert (508) cumecs from the flood water to the western desert as in 1988 and up to now to be used for irrigation and artificial groundwater recharge.These will maintain environment system. The ri·.'er promotes considerable economic and environmental developments forward by utilizing the desert virgin land with (150000) ha.The present irrigated land is (6250) ha, producing (3525) tons. This will L increase to (580800) tons/year with a net value of (77190) MIDS (38.6) M$Um Al - Maark is an important system for artificial groundwater rech?.rge in the Dibdibba area which has a rapid agriculture development affecting groundwater storage due to increasing demands and low natural recharge with (0.63) and (0.31) bcrn respectively. As a result the groundwater level decrease to (0.25) m I year and salinity increases to ( 0.28) mrnhos I cm I year. Therefore,Um Al - Maark is constructed to feed groundwater with (l.35) hem. This increases the groundwate r level and decreases salinity by (0.8) m/year and (0.4 )mrnhos /cm/ year respectively.Thus the river maintains water efficiency to cope with future development. Finally , to implement the river objectives the following measuresshould be considered : l. It is necessary to construct two regulators on Um Al - Maark and the Euphrates.2. An Authority should be established to be responsible for sand dunes control , lining canals,hydrological , geological , climate , soil and natural vegetation information.3. Effective irrigation methods should be applied. 4. High agriculture intensity should be used.5. Farm management practics regarding training , machinery , irriga.ion , ,drainage , fertilizer... etc should be enhanced.6. Water should be well distributed between the river canals and lining should be adopted7. Studies regarding water and land resources should be enlarged.8. Agricultural facilities such as roads , electricity , machinery , health centers and education should be considered.9. Vegetation cover should be improved.

تقويم مشاريع الخير الاروائية في محافظة البصرة == Evalution Of Al - Khair Irrigation Projects In Basroh Provi Nee

Author name: صلاح مهدي عريبي الزيادي
Supervisor name: حمدان باجي نوماس
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تحليل جغرافي للامكانات الزراعية في قضاء ابي الخصيب وافاقها المستقبلية == A Geographical Analysis To The Agrarian Possibilities In Abie Al - Khaseeb Town An Their Future Horizons

Author name: ابتسام كاطع خاجي اللامي
Supervisor name: بشرى رمضان ياسين الطه
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: 14.haseeb t plant greens since they herp in developing the farmer's ihcome.I The umber of palm4rees was (2911999) in 1978 but it beca1m - - - f 845000) 1995 because of the Iranian aggression. The agraian post /offices co perated with the farmers for the replantation to be (924327) palm.tree/ n 2000 which represents (31%) in comparison with 1979. Th study ex~~~ the farmers' io.t.erlgi(ng, in planting diffj~t th typaj oft ees which ~e a.bsent before the flood 1969 which causes~ of most fthem,' the fanners neglect such type~ because they j~ided oth~r economi fields like petrol - industry and general services because of thetJt! hi h ffrcomefi; fr; - .>T e study expressed several problems which ~t the agrariam produc on and the agrarian developmen)e~pecially in Al - Seebah,lhese prob le 0 1. The salty soil and the neglected '&ard - er~ which ha~o systematic# irri ation and drainage cbnals and they contain thick needs and other pla ts which became the main reason to~ the negative influences up n the exploited gardens. 2. Th reduction of Shatt - Al - Arab water helps the salty water of Arab G If to l progress to reach at this area and influences the lands n gativelly. 3. T ere are se".ei;al - types of the biological factors /affect the garden c ops like the l : iushes and the other diseases.4. The expensive workmen in the field of agriculture.The study shows that there are various possibilites that have not f \'.. Y;q,, exploited yet to develop the agricultural production. There is Oi possibility to the h<;>~~ontal exp.Qnsion (84o/o) from the lands that can J;>e exploited amfthe exploitation of the salty soils in AJSeebah and v.,~,,l. lages lik~ Al - Fyadh, Al - baljania, Kut Al - Zain, AI - Mutua' and others1Moreover4 tlte production ability of the really ,e~polited areas can be lifted up through the use of scientific devices and the logical exploitation of water. Al - Seebah also should be developed and the population should be encouraged to return back : ' uv - - · 'L ~.. r)c'1\N\<v\f rfK 1After : ~ le~vi~gl ~( : : - a~e Iranian agrrission 1980J Jhe • government adopted a pseful agrarian policy included several strattgies like the director granting which aims at providing the healty house, to the farmers and the achievements of croping, purification of iITigation and the compensaition of the dead palmtrees and the development of the animals wealth.

تحليل العلاقات المكانية لخصائص السكان في محافظة ذي قار

Author name: صادق جعفر ابراهيم
Supervisor name: علي حسن الخفاف
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study represents the first attempt for studying the population of Dhi Qar governorate. The study faced a nuznber of obstacles first of which was the administrative chaEges which this governorate has been witnessing.The following are the most important results we have arrived at in the study.1. Dhi Qar is one of the Iraqi governorates which has been characterised by population density during the period 1947 - 1977 where it has held either the fourth or sixth positive among Iraqi governorates.2. The poulation density of this governorate 1977 which was 45. 12.Pe ts on per kilometer was not distributed regularly to various parts of this place. This is due to the differences among the factors which affect the population distribution,whether they were natural or human factors •3. The dry climate in this governorate made the population depend in a limited manner on surface water and underground water. This distribution of the population was thus concentrated around the Euphrates and Al - Garaph rivers and also around the streams in addition to the dry edges of the marshes. 4. The rate of the population change in - this governorate was generally very limited throughout the years covered by the study. The highest rate which was 2.9%, occurred during the years 1947 - 1957. During 1965 - 1977 it decreased to become 1.9%.5. The results of this study indicated that the period 1978 - 1983 has shown a noticeable rise in the rate of natural increase. This goes in line with development of the medical or municipal services which have contributed a great deal in reducing the death rates.6. As for the structure of the popUlation, it is noticed that the geographical situation of this governorate in the sou thren part. of Iraq, away from the frontiers, has made all its population from the Arabs;only a limited number of other minorities is noticed here.7. The six rate in the governorate has increased for the behalf of the females. The number of in : nnigrants to the governorate during 1947 - 1977 should have been mainly from males who were after better chances for jobs.s. The community is Dhi Qar reflects the characteristics of youth. This would naturally affect any future positive changes such a phenomenon has been reflected in the population py : ramid where children and youth constituted 51,36% in 1977 and the rate of the disabled v1as 7 ,65% • 9. As for the distribution of the popUlation in the cities and the countryside the results of the four censuses done already showed a decrease in the number of people living in the cities during 1947 - 1977 although it has shown a noticeable rise during this period ra.Dging as follows : 15,65%, 18,65%, 27,62%, 39,71% respectively.10. The rural n<ture in this governorate has led to increase the rate of illiteracy which was 66,24% while it comes down to 53% in the other parts of the country.11. All the population of this governorate are Moslems.Since Islam encourages people to get married and bring children, the increasing number of people is expected. 12~ The results of the four censuses have shown that the circumstances of this governora.te make people leave for other parts of the country.13~ The countryside areas suffer from migration. The number of people registered in the four census shows no change or increase'.' 14. To take up its people in the future, this governora te should continue in growing its potentialities by reclaiming more lands, supporting agriculture developing new irrigation networks, and caring much for the animal resources. Winter tourism need to be backed up also.

المنطقة التجارية المركزية لمدينة الصدر : دراسة في جغرافية المدن

Author name: اسامة حميد مجيد هاشم السلطان
Supervisor name: صلاح هاشم الهاشم
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التغيرات المناخية واثرها في تغير التركيب المحصولي في العراق == Climate Change And Its Impact On Crop Structure In Iraq

Author name: فهد احمد فرحان العامود
Supervisor name: كاظم عبد الوهاب حسن الاسدي | بشرى رمضان ياسين الطه
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

صناعة تنقية وتحلية المياه في محافظة البصرة وافاقها المستقبلية == Indastry Of Purification And Desalination Of Water In Province Of Basrah And It'S Future Prospects

Author name: رند عدنان ديوان السعيدان
Supervisor name: فارس مهدي محمد
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تبين من خلال الدراسة ان صناعة مياه الشرب احد اهم الصناعات التحويلية وذلك لكونها تخضع لكل متطلبات الصناعة التحويلية حيث تبرز فيها كافة مقومات الانتاج الصناعي من اختيار الموقع الى احتساب الكلفة وتوافر المواد الاولية والايدي العاملة والعمليات الصناعية في مصا | The study shows that water drink production is one of the most important transformational industries since it yields all the requirements of the transformational industry that all constituents of the industrial production emerge beginning from the choosing of the site , the calculation of the cost , the availability of the raw material and workmen and industrial process that take place in the independent factories up to the emergence of the extrinsic or incidental productions and so on. Therefore this study which consiss of five chapters concerns this kind of industry. Chapter One tackles the following : on the introduction to the definition of water and water cycle in nature , the sources of water and water drink qualities and characteristics , the importance of water for humans , the pollution of water drink , and the seasonal and locational discrepancy of the pollution on water drink in the Governorat of Basrah and the impact of this pollution of the public health. Chapter Two is divided into two sections : section one deas with the historical development of the technicality water drink in the Governorat of Basrah while section two deals with the historical development of water drink desalination in the Governorat Chapter Three : Discusses that factors that establish the water drink industry in the Governorat and the imporatance of each factor and its impact. Chapter Four : Demonstrates the geographical distribution of the water drink industry in the Governorat of Basrah. It includes two sections , the first one deals with the geographical distribution of water drink in a province while the second section tackles the geographical distribution of water drink in asector. Chapter Five consist of two sections : The first one surveys the problems concerning the water drink industry in the Governorat while the secand tackles the future prospective of the water drink industry in the Governorat of Basrah. The study has arrived at the following results. The production of water in the Governorat of Basrah in simple traditional ways or methods are the accumulation and precipitation , filteration , sterilization by liquid and powder and chlorine while the desalination stations produce water through reverse ozoination. Water is being refined by ozonization and ultraviolet rays. The natural colonization factors especially that of weather , earth and geological structure , the increase and economic factors especially labourers , raw material , marketing , transportation , government policy and personal or individual desire have affected on limiting , the industrial site. Thus , there is a discrepancy between the geographical distribution of water refinery projects and desalination stations in the Governorat of Basrah. So , there are (132 ) projects for refinement , (12 ) of them are in Basrah district , i.e ; (9.09 % ) , (11) projects are in Abu - Al - Khaseeb district , i.e ; (8.33 % ) , (3) projects in Al - Fao district , i.e ; (2.27 % ) , (4 ) projects are in Al - Zubair district , i.e ; (3.03 %) , (39 ) projects are in Shatt - Al - Arab , i.e ; (12.12 %) projects some of them are in Al - Medyna district , i.e ; (29.54 %) , and ( 47 ) projects are in Al - Qurna district I.e ; (35.62 % ). As regards the private ( domestic ) desalination station their their number in the Governorat is (88) some of them are in Al - Basrah district , i.e ; about (20.45 %) , (8) are in Abi - Al - Khaseeb district , i.e ; about (9.09%) , (1) station is in Al - Fao district , i.e ; about (1.15 %) , (41) stations are in Al - Zubair district , I.e ; (46.59 %) , (2) statios are in Shatt - Al - Arab , i.e; about (2.27%) , (8) stations , same of them are in Al - Mudianya district , about (9.09%) , and (10) stations are in Al - Qurna district , i.e ; about (11.30). Regarding those of the government , their number in the government is (50) desalination stations , (7) of them are in Al - Basrah district , i.e ; about (14%) (2) stations are in Abi - Al - Khaseeb district i.e; about (4%) , (9) stations are in Al - Fao district , i.e ; about (18%) , (6) stations in Al - Zubair district i.e; about (12%) , (8) stations are in Shatt Al - Arab district , i.e; about (16%) , (11) stations are in Al - Mudianyia district , i.e ; about (22%) , and (7) stations are in Al - Qurna district , i.e; about (14%). The number of employees in the refinement projects is ( 1263 ) and the number of those in the desalination stations is ( 406 ). The area of the projects of the water drink refinement is ( 242466) millions square meter in the Governorat of Basrah while the area of desalination stations in the Governorat is (65353) thousands square meters. The production of water refinement projects is ( 735619.625 ) cubic meter /hour. The Basrah district takes over the first rank for the production whil is ( 313433.75 ) cubic meter/ hour ,i.e; (42.65%) of the sum total production in the Governorat of Basrah. Al - Qurna district takes over the second rank for the production whial is (118780.25 ) cubic meter/hour , i.e ; about (16.14%) of the sum total production of the Basrah Governorat while Al - Mudianya district takes over the third rank for the production whial is (96674.375 ) cubic meter , i.e ; (13.14 %) of the sum total production of the Basrah Governorat. Abu - Al - Khaseeb district takes over the fourth rank for the production whial is ( 64875) cube meter/hour , i.e ; ( 8.83%) of the sum total of the production in the Governorat of Basrah while Al - Zubair district takes over the fifth rank for the production whial is (61437.5 ) cube meter / hour , i.e ; (8.35 %) of the sum total production of the Basrah Governorat. Shatt Al - Arab district takes over the sixth rank for the production whial is ( 54768.75 ) cube meter / hour. i.e; ( 7.44%) of the sum total production of the Basrah Governorat. While Al - Fao district takes over the seventh rank for the production whial is (25650) cube meter , i.e; ( 3.49 %) of the sum total The production of the desalination stations is ( 27585) tons/day. Al - Mudianya district takes over the first rank for the production is (8900) tons / day , i.e ; ( 32.25 %) of the sum total production of the Basrah Governorat. Al - Zubair district takes over the second rank for the production whial is (7349) tons / day , i.e ;(26.64 %) of the sum total of the production while Al - Basrah district takes over the third rank for the production whial is ( 4492 ) tons / day , i.e ; ( 16.28 %)of the sum total of the production. Al - Qurna district takes over the fourth rank for the production (4440 ) tons / day , i.e ; (16.09 %) of the sum total of the production while Abi - Al - Khaseeb district takes over the fifth rank for the production whial is ( 1684) tons / day , i.e ; (6.14 %) of the sum total of the production. Al - Fao district takes over the sixth rank for the production whial is (420 ) tons / day , i.e ; ( 1.52 %) of the sum total of the production while Al - Fao district takes over the seventh rank for the production whial is (300) tons/day , i.e ; ( 1.08 %) of the sum total of the production in the Governorat of Basrah. It appears that there have been a number of problems some of which concern the transportation degree (network ) and others concern the quality of water , the invested money , and the employees ( labourers ) , and some others concern the nature of production , the decrease of water levels , the increase of salt.The most important of these problems is the increase of salts for in (2012 ) it reaches the highest in Tigris , i.e ; (1239) milimose /cm on August. And it reaches in the Euphrates (2426 ) milimose / cm during March while salt reaches in Shatt Al - Arab ( the center ) to ( 3561 ) Milimose / cm on October ; it reaches in Shatt Al - Arab ( sehaan ) to (7246 ) milisome / cm during August while it reaches in Shatt Al - Arab ( Al - Lebani ) to ( 4253 ) mi;isome / cm during August. The problem of the decrease of the water level is an effective factor on the process of water drink production that the river water decrease inside the Governorat due to multiplicity of banks and tanks established by the neighbouring countries. This leads to the decrease of water in the Iraqi rivers in a general and in the Governorat in particular. This causes the water to be salty and impure. This decrease also affects on the level of plunger or diver for many water pulling pipes of many refinement projects and consequently the refinement and pumping processes stop at these projects. Moreover , it appears that the problems of networks are considered as a main problem in the pollution of water drink in the Governorat of Basrah being old in age and undergoes constant breakdowns whial lead water greatly to be impure and polluted. Due to these results the individuals share of water in the Governorat of Basrah reaches (275 ) litre / day. These differed among districts that in Basrah district it reaches (239) litre / day , in Abi - Al - Khaseeb it reaches (317 ) litre/ day , in Al - Fao district it reaches (662) litre / day in Al - Zubair district it reaches (130 ) litre / day , in Shatt Al - Arab reaches (341) litre / day , in Al - Qurna district it reaches ( 445 ) litre / day , and in Al - Mudianya district it reaches ( 438 ) litre / day of the collected produced water in the Governorat

اثر الموارد المائية في انتاجية بعض الاراضي الزراعية في قضاء السلمان (محافظة المثنى - العراق) == The Effect Of Water Resources On Productivity Of Some Agricultural Lands In The District Of Al - Salman, Al - Muthanna Province ـــ Iraq

Author name: محـمد فلـيح عـواد الجنابي
Supervisor name: صفاء عبد الامير رشم الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aim to explain the role of water resources on the production of agricultural soils. This was done through examining the effect of groundwater on the chemiccal properties of agricultural the soils and the role of rainfall the chemeical properties of soils in the center of Salman district, during the period of year 2013 to 2014.. Salman district is loacated in Muthanna province, west of Iraq. It forms about 43.2% of the total area of the province. The geological formations in the study area are different from the third and fourth gelogical ages, with a dmoninating rocks of dolomite, lime, marl and sand rocks. There are many differences in the surface of the study area, where the topographic elevation ranges between 400 m above sea level in the south to 50 m in the north and east north. There are four soil groups recognized in the study area : desert soil, lime rocks, dune and Alluvial soils.These soils are very poor from organic materials and new formed.. The groundwater of the study area is contained from several aquifers especially Dammam and Um - Radhuma formations. Its storage is about 5.341 - 23.918 billion m3, and depended on the infiltration from rainfall on the area and its sourounding lands. The quality of groundwater included testing parameters of total dissolved solid (TDS), electric conductivity (EC) and major dominates the cations and Sulphat (SO4 - ) domnates the anions. The cultivated area of the Salman district about 21103 heactares during the years 2013 to 2014, with domining cereal crops, of 91.92% from the total cultivated area. The groundwater is the main source of irregation, and the amount of water demand for the total area is about 247.093 billion m3 per year. The groundwater contribute for increasing the (TDS) in the soils from 1140 mg/l in the plants soil, while the surface water of rainfall reduces the (TDS) in the soils to 1658 mg/l.

الزحف العمراني لمدينة شط العرب على الاراضي الزراعية باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية : دراسة في جغرافية المدن == The Urban Sprawl Of Shatt Al Arab City On The Agricultural Lands Appling Geographical Information System

Author name: مرتضى مظفر سهر الكعبي
Supervisor name: عباس عبد الحسن كاظم العيداني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: ترمي هذه الدراسة الى الكشف عن التغييرات التي طرات على تقلص الاراضي الزراعية لمدينة شط العرب على اثر الزحف العمراني عليها. حيث تمت مراقبة توسع المدينة على اراضيها الزراعية منذ النشاة وحتى الوقت الحاضر من اجل استنتاج الدوافع والمؤثرات التي ادت الى ان تزحف ا | The aim of this study to detect the changes accord on the reduction of agricultural land of the Shatt al - Arab District as a result of Urban sprawlererSo that it was monitored the sprawler of the city towards its agricultural lands since its commencement till yet to conclude the emotion and effect led to the Urban sprawler towards different direction during the stage of its Urban development or studying the limitation either natural or made by man opponent such this sprawler benefitting from the facilities provided by the GIS systems software. Studying the effects of natural characteristics and changes made by man in its effect or influence on attracting people to the city and there need for residential units for accommodation and then corrosion the agricultural lands which is deemed the basket of city food in addition to its importance pertaining the climate , beatification and environment. Identifying the trends of sprawler of the city so that this study impotence I merged from the importance of the city with the rerate of the studies argue this matter never focus on the Urban sprawler inspire of the change city is witnessed pertaining its population and Urban growth. This study depends upon the historical curricula in appointing the stages of Urban development of the city and the trends of Urban sprawler on the comparative analytical curricula in studying natural specifications and human variables also it accredited the functional curricular in analyzing land usage in regards to its Urban aspects and its functional proficiency by accrediting some plan standards. This study is divided into four chapters proceeded by introduction and followed by conclusion and abstract in English language including tables , maps , figures , whereas the structure and its implication is as follows. First chapter argue the application in studying Urban development of 9 the city , while the second chapter argue the natural features and human variables : Geographical location , its topography soil , water resources and climate. In addition ,the population growth and the geographical distribution. In the third chapter it is argued the land usage in the Shatt Al Arab district included : Residential commercial ,industrial and service usages with the possibility with comparing it with the local standards to identify its functional performance. Fourth chapter discussed the factor of Urban sprawler and then its limitation given entire overview the blank fact of the district represented by basic plans from 1962 till 2004 showing the effect of reduction the agricultural lands as a result of Urban sprawler with identifying the future trends of Urban expansion of the districts. This study concluded group of findings the most important one of which are as follows : 1. The district is expanded during the Urban development stage as it is registered are totaled 14.5 ha since the first construction of the city from 1600 to 1913 , as the district are was increased for the second stage of its Urban expansion to be 45.1 ha ( 1914 to 1957) while third stage had the great rule in expansion the area of the district to be 193.7 ha ( from 1958 - 2002 ) while the last stage upon the economical and social improvement beyond 2003 it is expanded to be 761,3 ha ( from 2003 to 2013)2. As a result of intensive Urban sprawler the area of agricultural farms is decreased as a result of growing population increment from 6285 in 1947 to be 50750 in 2009 agricultural lands is reduced during the term ( 1962 to 1979 ) 556.2 ha to be 346.2 ha during the planning period ( 1980 to 1993) and to be 55.8 for the planning period ( from 1994 to 2004 ) until the during of study.3. The study discovered that 1960 's and 1990 's and 2013 are of the most important points of Urban sprawler on the agricultural lands in Shatt Al Arab district. That’s represented by agricultural lands are done including the location of Basra University , resolution number 18 of 1970 , resolution number 117 of 2000 providing the relevant base of overlapping on agricultural lands in the district and upon the sabotage beyond 2003 it I contributed in merging random construction on the agricultural lands illegally reducing the greenish yard of the district.4. The study shows that there are basis plans of the district proceeded by an attempt to describe the real situation of the district by drawing cad straw maps but all design were prepared for the district are overlapped on by people or the concerned destination to comprehend the population increasing growth or migration movement to the district which is interpreted the failure of the basic plans upon a time of its execution

التركيب المحصولي في محافظة المثنى == Crops In Muthana Governorate

Author name: سعاد عبد الله فضيح
Supervisor name: محمد رمضان محمد
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Muthana Governorate has got so many agricultural potentials that it can be an area of crops that match with the geographical features on the one hand and respond to an integral part of the local market needs with reference to foods and ingredients on the other. This study aims at shedding some light on the geographical potentials the governorate, in question, has with reference to crops; identifying the features of each crop, and showing the value of the crops as far as Iraq is concerned. This study is also heading to trace the changes the crops undergo across the special shifts or trends.To fulfill the aims mentioned above, the research worker divides her study into four chapters as well as an introduction and a conclusion. Chapter One is on the characteristics of the crops grown in the Governorate of Muthana. Chapter Two deals with the natural and human resources of the crops. Chapter Three focuses on the geographical crops and Chapter Four sheds the light on productive potentials of each crop.The production of the crops of the years 2003 - 4 through 2010 - 11 was of relative stability. For example, the groups of crops were 5 - 6 in number. These groups included (29) grains that covered the greatest part of the cultivated fields ( 86.89 %) whereas fruits and dates ranked the second ( 6.62 %). The rest of rates were represented by three groups ( 3.69% , 2.5 , and 0.31 ). The winter crops were almost dominating ( 90/31 % - 82.7 % ) with reference to the cultivated areas. The crops that people fed on directly were given a high percentage ( 58.6 %). The forage is given the complementing percentage (51.62 %). The season in question was lacking the crops that could be used as raw material in certain national industries.The crops have witnessed several changes or shifts during the last decades due to the changing circumstances the governorate went through. The shifts in production were of various spatial indexes. These crops could fall into two varieties the first of which included ( 9 )crops that proved to be of a positive index of values between ( 19.970 - 399.266% ) whereas he second variety included ( 3 )crops but of a negative index of values between ( - 1302.297 - 33.257 ).

الجزيـــرة الحراريــة والراحة البايومناخية لمدينـة السماوة == Heat Island And Bioclamitic Comfort The City Of Samawah

Author name: فاطمة راضي ساجت الجابري
Supervisor name: عبد الامام نصار ديري ناصر المظفر
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تهدف الدراسة الى التعرف على الخصائص المناخية في مدينة السماوة , خاصة درجات الحرارة والرطوبة وسرعة الرياح للكشف عن وجود جزر حرارية, كذلك دراسة العوامل المؤثرة عليها واثرها في راحة الانسان , وبالتالي تسهم الدراسة في التنمية والتخطيط المستقبلي للمدينة.عتمد | This study aims to define the effect of the climatic characteristics in the Samawa city, especially the temperature , humidity, wind speed and to discover the islands heat to enable. Also this study aim to stop the effect of pollution on human comfort. us to make use from the results in planning side for future to Samawa city This study come according to the field work which divides the samawa city to eight axes covered the whole city. and ensure that each axis number of monitoring points and the ( Intersection of the Court) of the city center. cruising him by team coach ,and has operations field monitoring by measuring devices (Digital)to measure the temperature and relative humidity for all the seasons of the year. July represents summer season. October represents autumn season. January represents winter season. April represents spring season. The study contains four chapter the first chapter the relationship of heats island with climates elements that affects on the elements.The second chapter included affected factors on the city temperatures It resulted from factors converging natural and human factors the most important factors are the natural bodies of water that divides the city into two parts, in addition to the impact of climate characteristics in the city, but the most important human population density and height of buildings and paved streets and green spaces in the city and traffic density, all these factors have significant impact degrees the temperature and relative humidity and wind speed. The third chapter included the thermal characteristics of the is ands This has resulted through afield study in addition to thermal Island Islands secondary Islands it was the highest thermal difference between the city center and the adjacent countryside through observations as it amounted to (5,9) in the (Al - Taha) the direction of the axis of orchards Eastern neighborhood, The highest difference between the center and the weather station in the city as it was (3,3m), The fourth chapter comfort Albaeumanak hih and guarantees the heat island in the city of Samwah And through the use of the presumption of cooling wind and figure to (Oligay), The study rest and in the autumn season (October).and In the spring season (April) while in summer (July) it not record the comfort area in Samawa city as a result of high temperature. There isnt any record in winter season (January) so the comfort area never record because of low temperature. Both need two months to some of the requirements of stirring antenna or moisturizing antenna or solar radiation.

التحليل المكاني للوفيات المسجلة في محافظة البصرة للمدة (1997 - 2009) == Spatial Analysis Of Recorded Mortality In The Governorate Of Basrah From 1997 To 2009

Author name: اسامة حميد مجيد السلطان
Supervisor name: صادق جعفر ابراهيم
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تعد الوفيات الضلع الثاني المكمل لمثلث التغير السكاني كما تعد من اهم المؤشرات التي تعكس الاوضاع الاقتصادية والاجتماعية في اي مجتمع كان ومدى صحة ووعي سكانه ورفاهيتهم وهو ما يكسب الدراسة اهميتها. ان الهدف من الدراسة هو بحث ظاهرة الوفيات في محافظة البصرة للم | Mortality is just one side of the triangle of demographic variation. Moreover it is considered as one of the main effects that reflect the social and economic situations in any society in addition to the hygiene awareness and prosperity of the population. This is actually a good reason why this study is significant. The study aims at investigating the phenomenon of mortalities in the Province of Basrah from 1997 to 2009. Spatial - temporal variation is also covered in relation to districts and remote areas. The study relies on some measures of mortality to reveal this variation in relation to quality and age of the deceased people and the reasons behind death in relation to environment. The researcher made use of the bio - statistics records obtained from mortality registration department - Basrah health directorate. In addition, the researcher conducted field work to cover any shortage in the data. The study arrives at the conclusion that the number mortality cases is 104312 during the period of the study with a crude mortality average of 3.9 per 1000 with no regular temporal direction. The number of mortalities varies according to months of the year and seasons. The highest rate is in August and December whereas summer witnessed the highest rate of mortality. The mortality of males overwhelmed those of females with a rate of 57.7% for males and 42.3% for females. Age category of 65 and more registered the highest level of mortality with 33.3% followed by infants with 20% of the total mortality rate. There are 90138 mortality cases due to illness which represents 86.4% of the total number of mortalities. Circularity system diseases and blood diseases in addition to other diseases represent reason number one behind mortality with 31.1% followed by perinatal diseases that represent 18.1% of the total number. Accidents represent 13.6% whereas gun shots accidents represent 58.8% of the total number of accidents. The geographic distribution shows that Az - Zubair, Abu Al - Khaseeb and Shatt Al - Arab registered the highest rate of mortality. Climate - as represented by temperature degrees - is found to be as a main factor of mortality in the area of the study in comparison with other natural factors. Still, there are other factors that play a vital role in mortality like the level of education, vocation, income, marital status, residence, accommodation and health services presented.
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