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احتساب هرمون الميلاتونين في مصل مرضى احتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد == ESTIMATION OF SERUM MELATONIN HORMONE IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Author name: حيدر عامر توفيق
Supervisor name: اسراء فائق جعفر | معتز فوزي الحديثي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: هرمون الميلاتونين ، وهو منتج الغدد الصماء من الغدة الصنوبرية ، يفرز الهرمون تحت تاثير الساعة البيولوجية التي تنظم العديد من الوظائف الفسيولوجية والهرمونية العصبية . هورمون الميلاتونين له ادوار مهمة في مجموعة متنوعة من العمليات الفزيولوجية المرضية للقلب والاوعية الدموية مثل مضاد للالتهابات ، مضاد الاكسدة ، وظائفه الخافضة للضغط والمضادة للدهون .احتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد هو السبب الرئيسي للوفيات في جميع انحاء العالم . في حالة احتشاء عضلة القلب الحاد يزداد انتاج انواع الجذور الحرة مثل الفائق انيون الراديكالي ( O2 • - ) وبيروكسيد الهيدروجين ( H2O2 ) ويمكن ان يؤدي الى توليد تاكسد اكثر سمية مثل الهيدروكسيل ( OH • ) . الميلاتونين ومكوناته ومنتجاتها من الايض هي قادرة على الحد من التفاعلات المؤكسدة من خلال تنظيفها الجذور الحرة المباشرة وغير المباشرة وكذلك من خلال النشاط المضاد للاكسدة لذلك للهرمون دورا هاما في حماية القلب . تصلب الشرايين هو العامل المسبب الرئيسي لاحتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد ، حيث الاكسدة والالتهابات هي المكونات الرئيسية لتصلب الشرايين وان هورمون الميلاتونين من خلال وظيفة النشاط المضاد للالتهابات ومضادة للاكسدة فانه بمثابة عاملا مضادا للدهون . الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو : 1 - تقييم مستوى هرمون الميلاتونين في الدم في المرضى الذين يعانون من احتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد . 2 - مقارنة بين مستوى الميلاتونين في المجموعة الضابطة والمرضى. 3 - دراسة التغيرات في مستوى الميلاتونين في المرضى الذين يعانون من احتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد بعد خمسة ايام من الاصابة . 4 - تحديد العلاقة بين مستوى تحليل الدهون في الدم ومستوى الميلاتونين في المرضى والمجموعة الضابطة.وكان العدد الاجمالي المشمولة في الدراسة ( 80 ) من كلا الجنسين ، تتراوح اعمارهم من ( 40 - 60 ) سنة ، وتم تقسيمهم الى مجموعتين : 1 - اربعة واربعون المرضى الذين يعانون من احتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد مع متوسط عمر ( 51.2 ± 6.12 سنة ) مدة دخولهم في ,وحدة العناية القلبية اقل من 24 ساعة . 2 - ستة وثلاثون شخصا اصحاء بمتوسط عمر ( 46.94 ± 4.86 سنة ) . وقد تم اخذ التاريخ الطبي الكامل ، تخطيط القلب الكهربائي وقياس ضغط الدم لكل الاشخاص , كما تم جمع عينات من الدم لتقدير هرمون الميلاتونين وصورة لنسبة الدهون في الدم .نتائج هذه الدراسة اكدت وجود فرق كبير فيما يتعلق بالميلاتونين في الدم بين مجموعة المرضى والمجموعة الضابطة ( P < 0.0001 ) ، ومستوى الميلاتونين في المرضى هو( 5.15 ± 1.56 ) والاصحاء هو( 9.37 ± 2.76 ) .وفيما يتعلق بصورة الدهون في الدم ، كشفت هذه الدراسة مجموع الكولسترول في الدم اعلى بكثير في مجموعة المرضى ( 196,16 19.2 ± ) مقابل في المجموعة الضابطة هو ( 185.58 ± 21.88 ملغ / دل ) وP = 0.0262 وذو دلالة معنوية احصائية .و بالنسبة للدهون الثلاثية في مجموعة المرضى فكان المعدل ( 190.64 ± 53.19 ملغ / دل ) مقابل في المجموعة الضابطة هو ( 171.39 ± 31.96 ملغ / دل ) وP = 0.0493 .و اما الدهون عالية الكثافة فكان المعدل في مجموعة المرضى ( 35.91 ± 6.89 ملغ / دل ) مقابل في المجموعة الضابطة ( 45.58 ± 8.93 ملغ / دل ) وP < 0.0001 .و بالنسبة للدهون قليلة الكثافة فكان المعدل في مجموعة المرضى ( 122.12 ± 19.13 ملغ / دل ) مقابل في المجموعة الضابطة كانت ( 105.72 ± 21.01 ملغ / دل ) وP < 0.0006 .اما مؤشر تصلب الشرايين فكان في مجموعة المرضى هو ( 0.72 ± 0.17 ) مقابل في المجموعة الضابطة هو ( 0.58 ± 0.14 ) وP< 0.0001 . نتائج هذه الدراسة لم تكشف عن فروق معنوية بين مستوى الميلاتونين في يوم الدخول واليوم الخامس من الدخول الى المستشفى بالنسبة للمرضى المصابين باحتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد.نستنتج من هذه الدراسة وجود نقص واضح في مستوى هرمون الميلاتونين بالنسبة للمرضى المصابين باحتشاء العضلة القلبية الحاد مقارنة مع المجموعة الضابطة وان مستوى الكولستيرول , الدهون الثلاثية , الدهون قليلة الكثافة ومؤشر تصلب الشرايين اعلى منه في مجموعة المرضى مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطة ، في حين ان مستوى الدهون عالية الكثافة اقل منه في مجموعة المرضى مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطة . هذا الانخفاض في مستوى هرمون الميلاتونين يمكن تفسيره بان الميلاتونين تم استهلاكه للحد من الجذور الحرة التي تشكلت بعد نقص التروية القلبية | Melatonin hormone is an endocrine product of the pineal gland , it is released follow a circadian rhythm that regulates several physiological and neuroendocrine functions .Melatonin has an important roles in a variety of cardiovascular pathophysiologic processes like anti - inflammatory , antioxidant, antihypertensive and antilipidemic functions. Acute myocardial infarction ( AMI ) is the major cause of mortality worldwide . In acute myocardial infarction, excess production of active oxygen species such as superoxide anion radical ( O2• − ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can lead to the generation of more toxic oxidants such as the Hydroxyl radical ( •OH ) . Melatonin and it's precursors are able to reduce oxidative reactions by direct free radical scavenging and indirect antioxidant activity so it has an important role in cardioprotection . Atherosclerosis is the major causative factor of AMI , where oxidation and inflammation are key components of atherogenesis and melatonin by it's anti - inflammatory and antioxidant activity acts as antilipdemic factors. The aim of this study was to : 1 - Evaluate the level of serum melatonin hormone in patients with AMI . 2 - Compare melatonin level between normal control group and AMI patients. 3 - Study the changes in melatonin level in patients with AMI after 5 days of hospital admission. 4 - Correlate between lipid profile and melatonin level in AMI patients and in normal control subjects.Forty four Patients with AMI with a mean age of (51.2±6.12) of either sex and Thirty six age and sex matched healthy control subjects were enrolled in this study. Each patient and control subject was submitted to full medical history, ECG and blood pressure determination. Blood samples were collected for estimation of melatonin hormone and lipid profile expect that for patient group another blood sample was collected at day 5 for estimation of melatonin hormone .The results of this study revealed significant difference regarding serum melatonin between patient and control subject p > 0.0001, melatonin level in AMI patients was (5.15±1.56) and in control subjects was (9.37±2.76).Regarding lipid profile , this study revealed significantly higher total serum cholesterol in AMI patients ( 196.16± 19.2 mg / dl ) versus ( 185.58 ±21.88 mg / dl ) in control subjects , p = 0.0262 . S.TG in AMI patients was (190.64±53.19 mg / dl) versus (171.39±31.96 mg / dl) in control subjects , p = 0.0493 . S.HDL in AMI patients was (35.91±6.89 mg / dl) versus (45.58±8.93 mg / dl) in control subjects, p>0.0001. S.LDL in AMI patients was (122.12±19.13 mg / dl) versus (105.72±21.01 mg / dl) in control subjects, p> 0.0006. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in AMI patients was (0.72 ± 0.17) versus ( 0.58 ± 0.14 ) in control subjects , P > 0.0001 .The results of this study revealed no significant difference between melatonin level at day 0 and day 5 in AMI patients.From this study we can conclude that serum melatonin is obviously decreased in patient with AMI than control group .Lipid profile show higher level of total S.CH, S.TG, LDL and AIP in patients than control group, while HDL was lower in patient group. Melatonin level is decreased in day 5 but statistically it was not significant

دراسة مقارنة بين الرياضيين وكثيري الجلوس من ناحية وظائف الرئة وتشبع الاوكسجين وتركيز الشوارد في الدم == Comparative Study of Pulmonary Functions, Oxygen Saturation, and Electrolytes in Athletes and Sedentary Controls at Rest

Author name: زياد طارق عبد الرزاق
Supervisor name: زيد عبد المجيد المدفعي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: علم وظائف الاعضاء الرياضية هو دراسة الاثار طويلة المدى وقصيرة المدى للتدريب والظروف على الرياضيين، لمعرفة كيف يتفاعل رياضيا لانواع معينة من التمارين الرياضية.العضلات، والشوارد وتشبع الاكسجين تتاثر في الغالب في ممارسة. وفقا لنوع من الرياضة، ومدة التدريب والعضلات تتاثر في الغالب من قبل هذا التمرين، تتاثر قراءات الرئوية ايضا، وتميل الى ان تكون اعلى لدى الرياضيين من تلك التي من الناس المستقرة وبين المجموعات الرياضية انفسهم.1. هذه الدراسة وسط لتحديد احتراما في استجابة لاختبار وظائف الرئة، الشوارد وتشبع الاكسجين بين الرياضيين والمستقرة.2. التعرف على الفروق في استجابة لاختبار اداء الرئتين، وتشبع الاكسجين والشوارد بين الرياضيين من مختلف الرياضة الاكثر شعبية في العراق.اجريت قياس التنفس، ومستوى تشبع الاكسجين والدم الشوارد بما في ذلك الكالسيوم والمغنيسيوم والصوديوم والبوتاسيوم على 66 الرياضيين المستوى الوطني مختلفة تتراوح اعمارهم بين [24.36 ± 4.65 سنة]. وكان لاعب من خمس مجموعات رياضة مختلفة وكانوا جميعا من الذكور. للخروج منها، كان هناك 20 المصارعين، 15 لاعبي كرة القدم، 8 سباحين و8 عدائين و15 الكاراتيه مختلطة المقاتلين جميعهم رجال الرياضية المتخصصة، في حين كانت المستقرة 40 طلاب الطب، والذكور. وتبين هذه الدراسة ان الرياضيين لديها اعلى اختبارات وظائف الرئة من الجلوس في حين اظهر تشبع الاكسجين والشوارد في الدم في هذه الدراسة لا يوجد فرق كبير بين الرياضيين في الراحة وتلمس المستقرة | Sports physiology is the study of the long - and short - term effects of training and conditions on athletes, to learn how an athlete reacts to specific types of exercise.Muscles, electrolytes and oxygen saturation are mostly affected in exercise; and according to the type of sport, duration of training and muscles mostly affected by this workout, pulmonary readings are also affected and tend to be higher in athletes than those of sedentary people and between athletic groups themselves.1. This study is amid to Identify the deference in response of pulmonary function test, electrolytes and oxygen saturation between athletes and sedentary.2. Identify the differences in response of pulmonary function test, oxygen saturation and electrolytes between athletes of different most popular sport in Iraq.Spirometry, oxygen saturation level and serum electrolytes including calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were conducted on 66 different national level athletes aged [24.36 ± 4.65 years]. The athletes were from five different sport groups and were all males. Out of them, there were 20 wrestlers, 15 footballers, 8 swimmers, 8 runners and 15 karate mixed fighters all of them are specialized sports men, while sedentary were 40 medical students, males. This study shows that athletes have higher pulmonary function tests than sedentary while oxygen saturation and serum electrolytes in the present study showed

خلل الوظائف اللاارادية في مرضى الشلل الرعاشي == DYSAUTONOMIA IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE

Author name: اسماء خلف حمود
Supervisor name: اسراء فائق جعفر | فرقد بدر حمدان
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يؤثر على كبار السن بشكل اساسي، ولكن تتاثر الفئة العمرية الشابة ايضا. انه ينتج عن موت او تحلل الخلايا العصبية المنتجة للدوبامين بشكل رئيسي في المادة السوداء وقد يمتد الى اجزاء اخرى من الدماغ تحتوي على هذه الخلايا العصبية . ان السبب الرئيسي لهذا المرض لا يزال غير معروف، على الرغم من ان هناك العديد من العوامل التي تساهم في حدوثه.احد هذه العوامل هو الالتهاب، الاكسدة، واختلال عمل بيوت الطاقة (الميتوكوندريا) بالاضافة الى الاستعداد الوراثي للمريض المصاب بهذا المرض.ان الاعراض المرتبطة بمرض باركنسون هي الاعراض الحركية ، غير الحركية وغيرها من الاعراض بما في ذلك اعراض اختلال الجهاز العصبي اللاارادي.تربط هذه الدراسة بين اعتلال الجهاز العصبي اللاارادي من مرض باركنسون مع مواد استيل كولين، ومضادات الاكسدة، وعامل نخر الورم في ثلاث مجموعات دراسية التي هي مرضى باركنسون مع خلل الوظائف التلقائية (اللاارادية)، ومرضى باركنسون دون خلل الوظائف التلقائية ومجموعات الاشخاص الاصحاء.يتم ذلك من خلال دراسة الفحوصات اللاارادية بما في ذلك فحوصات القلب والاوعية الدموية اللاارادية (نسبة فالسالفا، ونسبة 30 : 15، والتغير في ضغط الدم عند الوقوف)، واستجابة الجلد السمبثاوي (SSR)، بالاضافة الى اختبار الكيمياء الحيوية من مستويات الاستيل كولين، ومضادات الاكسدة، وعامل نخر الورم.فيما يتعلق الاختبارات اللاارادية، اظهرت النتائج ان التغيرات في ضغط الدم عند الوقوف كان لها دلالة احصائية بالاضافة الى ذلك، نقص ضغط الدم الوضعي يمثل اهم اعراض خلل الوظائف التلقائية في مرض باركنسون.اما بالنسبة لمستوى الاستيل كولين فقد انخفض مع تطور مرض الشلل الرعاشي وذلك باصابة جهاز الوظائف التلقائية (اللاارادية). اضافة لذلك فان مستوى مضادات الاكسدة لم يظهر اي دلالة احصائية.من ناحية اخرى، نسبة عامل نخر الورم يزداد بتتفاقم المرض ليشمل خلل الوظائف التلقائية اللاارادية.بينت الدراسة ان عامل نخر الورم وعامل شدة الاكسدة يؤثران على تقدم مرض باركنسون ككل وخلل الوظائف الاارادية لهذا المرض بشكل خاص. | Parkinson disease is regarded as a common neurodegenerative disorder in the whole world that affects mainly elderly people, but young age group are also affected. It results from dopaminergic neuronal degeneration mainly in substantia nigra that may extend to other parts of the brain. The main cause of this disorder still unknown, although many factors that contributes in its pathogenesis. Of these factors, there are inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in addition to genetic predisposition.Symptoms related to Parkinson’s disease are motor, non - motor. The present study relates the autonomic dysfunction of Parkinson disease with the acetylcholine, antioxidants, and tumor necrosis factor in three study groups which are Parkinson patients with autonomic dysfunction, Parkinson patients without autonomic dysfunction and the control groups. The autonomic assessment is done by studying the autonomic tests including cardiovascular autonomic study (Valsalva ratio, 30 : 15 ratio, blood pressure change with posture), and sympathetic skin response, in addition to biochemical testing of acetylcholine, antioxidant, and Tumor necrosis factor levels. Regarding autonomic testing, the results difference that is statistically significant regarding changes of blood pressure in response to posture, in addition Parkinson disease. Acetylcholine level decrease as the disease progress from Parkinson patients without autonomic dysfunction to Parkinson patients with autonomic dysfunction. While antioxidant level was not significant difference between Parkinson patients with and without dysautonomia. On the other hand, tumor necrosis factor increases as the disease worsen to involve autonomic dysfunction. This study shows the effect of tumor necrosis factor and oxidative stress affecting the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease as a whole and autonomic dysfunction in specific

تقييم كهروتشخيصي لمرضى اعتلال جذور الاعصاب العنقية == ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT IN PATIENTS WITH CERVICAL RADICULOPATHY

Author name: زينه سليم فخري
Supervisor name: نجيب محمد | احسان محمد
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Cervical radiculopathy can be defined as pain in a radicular pattern in one or both upper extremities related to compression and/or irritation of one or more cervical nerve roots. In the electrodiagnostic laboratory, various types of electrodiagnostic studies may be considered when evaluating a patient for cervical radiculopathy. Potential tests including (needle electromyography, motor and sensory nerve conduction studies, late responses, and somatosensory evoked potentials) serves to confirm the presence of radiculopathy, establish the involved nerve root level, determine if axon loss or conduction block is present, grade the severity of the process, estimate the age of the radiculopathy and exclude other peripheral nerve diseases that mimic radiculopathy.The aim of this study was to approve the usefulness of the electrodiagnostic studies (NCS, EMG and SSEP) in the diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy, asses the role and accuracy of the SSEP test (specifically spinal N13 component) in the diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy, identify the extent and distribution of cervical paraspinal muscles denervation in cervical radiculopathy and match the electrodiagnostic results with imaging data in the localization of the root lesion involved.This is case control study had been conducted during the period from April 2016 to October 2017. Ninety five (95) patients with cervical radiculopathy with a mean age of (48.4±11) years and twenty six (26) healthy control subjects with a mean age of (45.2±10.1) years involved in the study. Each subject submitted for medical history, clinical examination and electrophysiological study using Nicolete Viking Quest , EMG, NCS, EP measuring system.XIIFor SNCS, Onset latency, SNAP amplitude and conduction velocity, while for MNCS, distal motor latency, CMAP amplitude and conduction velocity, in addition to the minimal F wave latency (that assess the late response) of median and ulnar nerves are performed.Whereas for right and left sides median nerve SSEP test, the following peak and interpeak latencies (1) N9; (2) N13; (3) N20; (4) N9 - N20; (5) N9 - N13 ; (6) N13 - N20 are measured.Concerning the needle EMG, the following parameters; insertional activity, spontaneous activity and motor units action potential characteristics (duration and phases) of the right and left trapezius, rhomboids major, deltoid, biceps, triceps, extensor indicis and first dorsal interosseous muscles are considered and recorded. In addition to the assessment of the spontaneous activity of the cervical paraspinal muscles.The results of this study revealed that there are significant differences; higher values for the patients when compared with that of control groups regarding Rt and Lt sides N13 peak latency, N9 - N13 and N13 - N20 inter - peak latency. Moreover, the sensitivity of SSEP components in comparison with the MRI (as a gold standard) is the higher for that of spinal N13.From the EMG and MRI findings, C6 and C7 cervical roots are the most roots affected in respect to C5, C8 or C4 roots.Consequently, there are mismatching in the percentages of cervical radiculopathies when diagnosed by the MRI of the cervical spine, needle EMG of the upper limbs muscles and that of the cervical paraspinal muscles, in such a way that Rt C7 radiculopathy 71.6% by cervical spine MRI mismatched with that of upper limbs EMG (66.3%) and 5.3% by the cervical paraspinal muscles.However, the percentages of each level of cervical radiculopathy proved to be higher by the combination of the EMG abnormaities of the cervical paraspinalXIIImuscles with that of the upper limbs muscles than by using the EMG of the paraspinal muscles or upper limbs muscles in an isolation (for Rt C6 radiculopathy 4.2% by paraspinal muscles EMG, 66.3% by upper limb and 68.4% by combination.Furthermore, the sensitivity of the EMG in cervical radiculopathy (using the MRI as a gold standard) increases by the combination of the abnormalities of the cervical paraspinal muscles with that of the upper limbs muscles, for example the sensitivity of Lt C6 radiculopathies 89.9% by upper limbs EMG, 93.2% by the combination of the EMG of PSM with that of the upper limbs muscles.In conclusion, traditional electrodiagnostic tests (NCS, EMG and SSEP) proved to be useful and complementary to the clinical examination in the evaluation of patients with cervical radiculopathy. The benefit of SSEP test for the evaluation of radiculopathies is based on the fact that signs and symptoms in radiculopathies can usually be related to injury of the afferent fibers and the SSEP test can monitor injury to these fibers.In addition to, spinal N13 is a sensitive technique suitable for detecting early and mild symptomatic cervical nerve root lesion.Moreover, cervical paraspinal muscles EMG is complementary to the upper limbs muscles EMG since that significant percentages of cervical radiculopathy will be missed if the examination of PSM is not part of the electrodiagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected radiculopathy. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the needle EMG is increased by the combination of the EMG of the paraspinal muscles with that of the upper limbs muscles, without paraspinal muscles needle EMG the screen of cervical radiculopathy misses much of its sensitivity. Finally, EMG and MRI are valuable and complementary diagnostic tools in the localization and extent of the cervical roots lesion.

دراسة الجهد البدني - الحسي المثار في مرضى اعتلال النخاع الناتج عن داء الفقار الرقبية == Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Study in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Patients

Author name: رؤى محمد كريم
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is considered the most serious consequence of cervical spondylosis and accounts for the majority of non_traumatic paraparesis and/or quadriparesis. The electrical property of the spinal cord and its susceptibility to injuries renders electrophysiology relevant to the management of CSM. SEPs study is an objective assessment of the functional integrity of the neural pathway.With the introduction of MRI, increasing numbers of cases are identified where spondylotic changes and disc herniation reach and compress the cervical spinal cord; however, the significance of these radiological findings with respect to the development of myelopathy is unclear.It is recommended that preoperative sensory - evoked potentials may be considered for patients with CSM in whom clinical factors do not provide clear guidance and would potentially change therapeutic decisions.In this study 22 patients with CSM (11 male and 11 female) and matched with 25 subjects of the control group were enrolled. All subjects were tested with bilateral SNCV of median and sural nerves and with bilateral median and tibial SSEPs tests. Results of SSEPs studies show 19(86.36%) out of 22 patients had abnormal SSEPs study (either tibial or median or both tests abnormal), with 68.2% abnormal tibial and 63.6% abnormal median study. There was no difference between median and tibial SSEPs results in patients (P>0.05) and most of the abnormalities were bilateral and there was no difference between right and left side study of neither median nor tibial SSEPs studies (P>0.05).Median SSEPs showed that abnormality in cortical response N20 and cervical spinal potential N13 compared to control group were highly significant (P<0.0005). Also IPLs were significant regarding (N9 - N13), (N9 - N20), (P14 - N20) and (N13 - N20) with (N13 - N20) was the most significant with 63.6% right and 54.5% left side abnormality. Abnormal cortical response (P37) following tibial stimulation was highly significant compared to control group (P<0.0005) with 14 cases (63.6%) abnormal bilateral tibial SSEPs and 1 patient with unilateral right tibial SSEPs abnormality. Abnormal tibial SSEPs associated with slightly more frequent loss of components than delayed responses. IPL (LP - P37) was highly significant (P<0.0005) with 68.2% right and 63.6% left abnormal results. Patients were classified clinically according to Nurick grading system of cervical myelopathy. Four out of 8 cases with normal median SSEPs of the patients were grade - 1 Nurick, 5 out of 7 cases with normal tibial SSEPs of patients were grade - 1 and 3 out of total 22 patients had normal both median and tibial SSEPs were all grade - 1 and this suggests that normal SSEPs findings mostly correlate with mild and early myelopathy. Six out of 10 cases with abnormal both median and tibial SSEPs were grade - 1 and grade - 2(2 cases grade1 and 4cases grade - 2) and this suggests that abnormal SSEPs findings are useful in prediction the progression of myelopathy in patients with mild clinical neurological deficits in the early stages of the disease.This study concluded that both median and tibial SSEPs montages should be performed to evaluate patients with CSM as the progression of the cervical cord compression may take variable pathways. MRI and SEPs may evaluate different aspects of the disease process; therefore, SEPs study is a useful important objective assessment of the spinal cord function

التقييم الكهروفسلجي لالياف الاعصاب الصغيرة والكبيرة قبل وبعد الديلزة للمرضى المصابين بالعجز الكلوي المزمن == Electrophysiological Assessment of Small and Large Nerve Fibers Dysfunction Pre and Post Dialysis in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Author name: فارس كاظم خضير
Supervisor name: نجيب حسن محمد
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتم التشخيص لمرضى الكلى المزمنة وظيفيا وتتتميز بالانخفاض التتدريجي لراجعة فيه في معدل الترشيح الكبيبي . ومما يزيد من تعقيدها هو عدم القدرة على الحفاظ على مستويات طبيعية من منتجات الايض للبروتين (اليوريا والكرياتينين) وكذلك الحفاظ على مستوى ضغط الدم الطبيعي واختلال في انتاج كريات الدم الحمراء والهيموغلوبين واختلال في معدلات الصوديوم والماء والاملاح . يعتبر اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية من المضاعفات الشائعة للمرضى المصابين بالفشل الكلوي وهم معرضين اكثر من غيرهم للاصابة بالتهاب الاعصاب المحيطية المتعدد . الفحص الكهروفسلجي مهم اضافة الى الفحص السريري لاجل التشخيص المبكر لمثل هذه المضاعفات وكذلك للتمييز والتفريق بين الانواع المختلفة للاعتلال العصبي المحيطي. هدفت هذه الدراسة الى : (1) تقييم وظيفة الدراسة الكهروفسلجية في تشخيص الاعتلال العصبي للمرضى الذين يعانون من الفشل الكلوي المزمن .(2) معرفة القيم القياسية الاكثر ضرورية من دراسة توصيل العصب، ليتم تنفيذها كاختبار اولي في تشخيص الاعتلال العصبي الالياف الصغيرة.(3) الارتباط بين شدة الاعتلال العصبي المحيطي ومستوى الكرياتينين في الدم.ثلاث مجموعات من المواضيع المدرجة في هذه الدراسة : المرضى البالغين من مرض الكلى المزمن ليس على غسيل الكلى بعد، المرضى على غسيل الكلى ومراقبة الموضوعات.اجريت هذه الدراسة في وحدة الفسلجة العصبية في مستشفى اليرموك التعليمي، في الفترة من يونيو / حزيران 2016 الى سبتمبر / ايلول 2017.اجريت هذه الدراسة على ثلاثة مجاميع بكلا الجنسين تالفت المجموعة الضابطة من اثنان واربعين (42) متطوعا اصحاء (22 ذكور و20 اناث). تراوح عمر هذه الفئة بين 20 و75 سنة بمتوسط (52.48 ± 10.63) سنة. 22 - 75 سنة للذكور بمتوسط العمر (53.54 ± 14.57) سنة، و20 - 74 سنة للاناث بمتوسط العمر (51.42 ± 11.91) سنة. كان جميع الاشخاص الذين تم فحصهم من هذه المجموعة لا يعانوا من امراض مزمنة، مع عدم وجود تاريخ طبي من امراض الجهاز العصبي. لا يوجد تاريخ من تعاطي الكحول او تناول المخدرات. وقد كان اغلبهم من الاقارب العاديين، والعاملين الطبيين، والطلاب والعاملين . شملت الدراسة ثمانون مريضا يعانون من الفشل الكلوي المزمن. قسموا الى مجموعتين : ا - اربعون (40) مريضا مصابين بامراض الكلى المزمنة يراجعون عيادة امراض الكلية والغسيل الكلوي وهم غير خاضعين للعلاج بالديلزة ومعدل الكرياتنين في مصل الدم لديهم مرتفع بشكل مطرد اكبر من 2.5 ملغ / دلزمن كلا الجنسين (22 ذكور و18 اناث)، تراوحت اعمارهم بين( 35 و72 سنة) بمتوسط حسابي (55.35 ± 9.05) سنة.وتتراوحت مدة الاصابة بالاعتلال بين (2 - 10) سنوات، مع متوسط (8.72±3.65) سنواتب - اربعون (40) مريضا مصابين بامراض الكلى المزمنة خاضعين للعلاج بالديلزة الدموية من كلا الجنسين (21 ذكور و19 اناث)، تراوحj اعمارهم بين (43 - 70 سنة) بمتوسط (56.98 ± 7.40) سنة. تراوحت مدة الاعتلال بين (7 - 15) سنة بمتوسط (13.87 ± 5.41) سنة.تم تعريف جميع الاشخاص ال 122 (المرضى والسيطرة) في هذه الدراسة حول هدف وطبيعة الدراسة وتم استحصال موافقتهم على شمولهم بالدراسة. شملت الاستقصائات الكهروفسلجية تخطيط الاعصاب المحيطية الكهربائي وتخطيط العضلات الكهربائي،اذ شمل تخطيط الاعصاب المحيطية كفاءة الاعصاب الحسية بواسطة قياس الكمون الحسي، ارتفاع الجهد الحركي للاعصاب الحسية وسرعة التوصيل الحسي لكل من ( العصب الناصف"الوسطي"، العصب الزندي، والعصب الربلي)،اضافة الى دراسة وظائف الاعصاب الحركية من خلال دراسة الكمون الحركي القاصي ،سرعة التوصيل الحركي ،ارتفاع الجهد الحركي للاعصاب الحركية، قيمة الكمون الوسطى لموجة اف، التشتت الزمني وانعدام التوصيل الكهربائي لكل من الاعصاب التالية : - (العصب الناصف "الوسطي"، العصب الزندي ، العصب الشظوي المشترك والعصب الظنبوبي). في تخطيط العضلات الكهربائي تم فحص العضلات التالية : العضلة ذات الراسين والعضلة الاولى الظهرانية بين العظام للاطراف العليا اما بالنسبة للاطراف السفلى تم فحص العضلة المتسعة الانسية للفخذ ،العضلة الظنبوبية الامامية والعضلة الباسطة القصيرة للاصابع اذ تضمن الفحص استقصاء سعة الموجة، مدة كمون الفعل للوحدة الحركية والزيادة التدريجية في شدة المنعكس عند استمرار التنبيه. وكذلك تم فحص الاستجابة المتعاطفة للجلد للعصب الناصف "الوسطي"و العصب الشظوي المشترك الايمن. بينت الدراسة الكهروفسلجية لوظائف الاعصاب الحسية انخفاض ذو معنى في وظائف الاعصاب الحسية لدى المرضى الذين يعانون من الفشل الكلوي المزمن مقارنة بالاشخاص الاصحاء .اذ لوحظ زيادة في الكمون الحسي، انخفاض الجهد الحركي للعصب الحسي ونقصان في سرعة التوصيل الحسي . ولا يوجد فرق معنوي(p> 0.05) بين كلا النوعين من المرضى عدا فيما يتعلق بالكمون الحسي وسرعة التوصيل الحسي للعصب الناصف والزندي وكذلك العصب الربليز . اما فيما يخص تخطيط الاعصاب الحركية لكلا المجموعتين من المرضى بينت الدراسة انخفاضا ذو معنى لدى هؤلاء المرضى مقارنة بالاشخاص الاصحاء والتي شملت زيادة في الكمون الحركي القاصي وقيمة الكمون الوسطى لموجة اف ونقصان في سرعة التوصيل الحركي. اما الاستجابة المتعاطفة للجلد فقد اظهرت تدنيا معنويا(p< 0.05) لدى مرضى الفشل الكلوي المزمن في كلتا المجموعتين من المرضى عند مقارنتها مع الاشخاص الاصحاء . كما اظهرت الدراسة زيادة في التشتت الزمني في مرضى الفشل الكلوي في مجموعة قبل الديلزة وجدت في 39 عصب من اصل 204 عصب (19.3٪) وكانت اعلى نسبة في العصب الشظوي المشترك الايمن (28.57٪) ، في حين كانت اقل نسبة في العصب الزندي الايمن (12.5٪). وظهرت ايضزايادة التشتت الزمني في المرضى الخاضعين للديلزة وجد في 36 عصب من اصل 203 عصب (17.73٪) وكانت اعلى نسبة في العصب الشظوي المشترك الايمن(24.13٪)، في حين ان اقل نسبة مئوية في العصب المتوسط الايمن (12.5٪). كما اظهرت الدراسة ايضا وجود انعدام جزئي للتوصيل الكهربائي في المرضى الغير خاضعين للديلزة وكانت اعلى نسبة في العصب المتوسط الايمن (25٪)، في حين ان اقل نسبة شملت العصب الظنبوبي الايمن (11.11٪)، واظهرت الدراسة ان 38 عصب من اصل 204 عصب تم فحصها (18.62٪) تعاني من انعدام جزئي للتوصيل. اما المرضى الخاضعين للديلزة الغسيل الكلوي فقد كان هناك 34 عصب من اصل 203 عصب تم فحصها (16.74٪) يعاني من انعدام جزئي للتوصيل . وكانت اعلى نسبة هي في العصب المتوسط الايسر (25٪)، في حين ان النسبة المئوية الدنيا تشمل العصب الظنبوبي الايمن (7.69٪). نستخلص من هذه الدراسة ان تقييم الاعصاب الحسية اكثر اهمية من الحركية في تشخيص اعتلال الاعصاب الطرفية في وقت مبكر لدى مرضى الفشل الكلوي المزمن الغير خاضعين للديلزة كذلك الاستجابة المتعاطفة للجلد هي مفيدة جدا في الكشف عن اعتلال الالياف العصبية الصغيرة في المرضى المصابين بالاعتلال الكلوي المزمن ( قبل وبعد الغسيل الكلوي). وعلاوة على ذلك، فان مستوى الكرياتينين لديه علاقة عكسية واضحة مع كل معطيات دراسة توصيل العصب لدى المرضى الغيرخاضعين للديلزة (كلمزاادت نسبة الكرياتينين في مصل الدم يؤدي الى انخفاض قراات دراسة توصيل العصب). معظم مرضى الاعتلال الكلوي المزمن (الخاضعين وغير الخاضعين للديلزة) لديهم شذوذ في دراسة توصيل العصب في الاطراف، ولكن الاصابة في الاطراف السفلية هي اكثر من الاطراف العلوية.* اعتمد في تعريب المصطلحات العلمية على : 1. المعجم الطبي الموحد انكليزي عربي ،رئيس التجرير د.محمود الجليلي الطبعة الثانية،1978. 2. الموجز المصور لفحص الجهاز العصبي. ترجمة د.عبد الهادي الخليلي - بغداد - 1992 د.موريس فان الن. د.روبرت روزنسكي. | The Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a purposeful identification portrayed by an irretrievable and step by step advancing decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Furthermore, it is intricate by a rising incapability to preserve common stages of protein metabolism products (such as urea, creatinine, standard blood pressure, hematocrit, sodium, water, calcium phosphate homeostasis, potassium and acid base balance). A further frequent involvement is the Peripheral neuropathy of Chronic kidney disease. Nevertheless, patients who suffer CKD are further exposed to increase peripheral polyneuropathy. Neurological impediments that is subsidiary to the uremic status, participate fundamentally to the sickness and death to patients who suffer renal failure. The occurrence of peripheral neuropathy stays extreme in advanced renal dysfunction Electrophysiological study (nerve conduction study NCS and electromyography EMG) is useful adjunct test to the medical history and clinical examination in the diagnosis of such complication, early detection and differentiation from an axonal type of peripheral neuropathy. The aims of this study are designed to : (1) Evaluate the function of electrophysiological study (NCS and EMG) in diagnosing the neuropathy for patients who suffer CKD. (2) Decide and rule out the most necessary parameters of NCS and EMG, to be performed as preliminary test in the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy. (3) Correlation between the severity of the peripheral neuropathy and the level of serum creatinine.Three groups of subjects included in this study : Adult patients of chronic kidney disease not on dialysis yet, Patients on hemodialysis and control subjects. The present study was carried out at the neurophysiology unit in Al - Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, in the a period from June/2016 to September /2017.The control group consists of forty two (42) healthy volunteers (22 males and 20 females). The age of this group ranged between 20 to 75 years with a mean 52.48 ±10.63 years. Males are 22 - 75 years with a mean of age 53.54± 14.57 years, and 20 - 74 years for females with a mean of age 51.42±11.91 years. Eighty patients included in this study had chronic kidney disease. They consist of two groups : A - Forty (40) patients with chronic kidney disease on customary attend the Kidney and Dialysis clinic not on dialysis with steadily high serum creatinine (> 2.5 mg/dl of) either sex (22 males and 18 females), their ages ranging between 35 and 72 years with a mean 55.35 ± 9.05 years. The duration of CKD is ranged between 2 – 10 years, with mean 8.72 ± 3.65 yearsB - Forty (40) patients with chronic kidney disease on regular hemodialysis (21 males and 19 females), their ages ranging between 43 to 70 years with a mean 56.98 ±7.40 years. The duration of CKD is ranged between 7 - 20 years with mean 13.87 ± 5.41 years. All of 122 subjects (patients and control) that were included in this study were informed about the aim and technique of the study and their acceptance was taken.Each subject was submitted to medical history and electrophysiological tests (NCS and EMG) of the two limbs i.e. the upper and the lower. These tests include : 1 - Sensory nerve conducting study (SNCS) for Median, Ulnerand Sural nerves, in which, distal sensory latency, sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitude and sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) are performed. 2 - Motor nerve conducting study (MNCS) for Median, Ulnar, Fibular (Common peroneal), and tibial nerves , which includes measurement of distal motor latency (DML), compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude, Motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), Mean F - wave latency, Terminal latency index (TLI), Temporal dispersion (TD%) and Conduction block (CB%).3 - Sympathetic skin response (SSR) of right median and right fibular nerves. 4 - Needle EMG for proximal and distal muscles like : biceps, and 1st dorsal interosseous muscles for upper limb and vastusmedialus, tibialis anterior and Extensor digitorium brevis for lower limb, in which insertional activity, spontaneous activity, motor unit action potential (duration, amplitude and polyphasia%) and recruitment pattern are considered. The results of this study revealed that sensory NCS was considerably altered in all kinds of CKD patients as weigh against the healthy control subjects in the form of prolonged distal sensory latency, decreased SNAP amplitude and slowing of SNCV. However, there were not statistically significant differences (P>0.05) between pre dialysis and post dialysis Peripheral Neuropathy except in the SNAP amplitude of right and left median and right ulnar and sural sensory nerves whereas the differences are statistically significant (p<0.05).As for the study of motor nerve conduction, theprolonged DML, slowing of conduction velocity and prolonged mean F - wave latency are perceived in both groups of patients when compared with those of healthy control subjects. However, the differences are also statistically significant (P<0.01) in the TLI of right median and ulnar nerves, distal CMAP amplitude of the right ulnar nerve, distal motor latency (DML) of left median and right ulnar nerves, MNCV (m/sec.) of left median nerve and prolongation or mean F - wave latency of left median, common peroneal and right tibial nerves (P<0.05). Also Sympathetic Skin Response significantly (P<0.01) changed detected in both groups of patients when compared with those of healthy control.Moreover, in both patients groups, abnormal TD% are observed increased temporal dispersion in CKD pre dialysis patients is found in 39 out of 204 nerves (19.3%) However the higher percentage of abnormal TD% is in the right common peroneal nerve (28.57%), while the lower percentage is in the right ulnar nerve (12.5%).Increased temporal dispersion in CKD post dialysis patients is found in 36 out of 203 nerves (17.73%) However the higher percentage of abnormal TD% is in the right common peroneal nerve (24.13%), while the lower percentage is in the right median nerve (12.5%).In both patients groups, abnormal CB% are observed that the higher percentage of conduction block (CB%) in motor nerves of CKD pre dialysis patient involves right median nerve (25%), while the lower percentage involves right tibial nerve (11.11%).Whereas there are 38 out of 204 examined nerve with conduction block (18.62%).And also show that the higher percentage of conduction block (CB%) in motor nerves of CKD post dialysis patient involves left median nerve (25%), while the lower percentage involves right tibial nerve (7.69%). Whereas there are 34 out of 203 examined nerve with conduction block (16.74%).In conclusion, this study reveals Sensory NCS is more useful and helpful than the motor NCS in the diagnosis of early peripheral neuropathy in CKD pre dialysis also Sympathetic skin response (SSR) abnormality are very useful in the detection of small fiber neuropathy in CKD patients (pre and post dialysis).Moreover, the serum creatinine level have strong correlation with NCS parameters in CKD pre dialysis patients (when increase level of s.cr lead to decrease the NCS parameters).Most CKD patients had abnormal NCS parameters in both limbs, but the abnormalities in the lower limbs are more than the upper limbs

علاقة معامل ضغط الدم الشرياني للكاحل نسبة للعضد بعمل البطين الايسر للمصابين بمرض قصورالشرايين التاجية == RELATION OF ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX TO THE LEFT VENTRICULAR FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Author name: محاسن محمد عبد المجيد
Supervisor name: نجيب حسن محمد | هلال بهجت الصفار
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يعد تصلب الشرايين من اهم العوامل المتسببة في مرض الشرايين التاجية ويعد فحص قياس ضغط الدم الشرياني الانقباضي للكاحل نسبة للعضد من الفحوصات الامنة وطريقة اجراءه سهلة وبسيطة لتشخيص امراض الشرايين الطرفية .حيث استخدم في وقت لاحق كمؤشر على تصلب الشرايين في مواقع اخرى للاوعية الدموية. ويعد فحص صدى القلب ( الايكو) من الفحوصات الامنة واداة تشخيصية ويوفر امكانية لتقييم وظائف القلب.الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو : 1) تقييم فائدة ودقة فحص قياس ضغط الدم الشرياني للكاحل نسبة للعضد في تشخيص الخلل في عمل البطين الايسر. 2) تحديد نوع اختلال عمل البطين الايسر في المرضى الذين لديهم نتائج غير طبيعية في فحص قياس ضغط الدم الشرياني للكاحل نسبة للعضد سواء اكان الاختلال في عمل البطين الايسر انقباضي او انبساطي او كليهما. 3) ايجاد علاقة فحص قياس ضغط الدم الشرياني للكاحل نسبة للعضد بشدة وعدد الشرايين التاجية المصابة بالتضييق الشرياني لدى مرضى قصور الشرايين التاجية.ثمانون (80) شخصا مصابون بقصور الشرايين التاجية كما هو موثق عن طريق فحص تصوير الشرايين التاجية (قسطرة الشرايين التاجية) من كلا الجنسين شاركوا في هذه الدراسة للفترة من كانون الاول 2013 الى ايار عام 2014 حيث اجريت هذه الدراسة في المركز العراقي لامراض القلب / مستشفى غازي الحريرى التعليمي. تم اخذ عينة من المرضى المحالين الى المركز العراقي اما لغرض اجراء فحص تصوير الشرايين التاجية (قسطرة الشرايين التاجية) او لاجراء عملية التمييل للشريان التاجي ومن المرضى الراقدين في قسم جراحة القلب في المركز لاجراء عملية مجازة الشريان التاجي.المرضى خضعوا للفحص السريري , القياسات الفيزياوية للجسم (الطول والوزن ومعامل كتلة الجسم ومحيط الورك، ومحيط الخصر ونسبة الخصر الى الورك) وقياس ضغط الدم ثم فحص قياس ضغط الدم الشرياني للكاحل نسبة للعضد وتم حساب قيمة معامله بقسمة ادنى قيمة لضغط الدم الانقباضي للكاحل ( ضغط الانقباضي لشريان ظهر القدم اوشريان الظنبوب الخلفي ) على اعلى قيمة لضغط الدم الشرياني للعضد. وقد حسب المعامل لكل ساق على حدة، وادنى القيمتين استخدمت لتحديد قيمة معامل فحص قياس ضغط الدم الشرياني للكاحل نسبة للعضد للمريض باستخدام جهاز hand - held 8MHz Doppler كما واجري فحص تخطيط صدى القلب لكل مريض M - mode, Doppler , tissue Doppler ثم ارسل المرضى لاجراء فحص تصوير الشرايين التاجية ( القسطرة). صنف المرضى الى ثلاث مجموعات وفقا لنتائج فحص قياس ضغط الدم الشرياني للكاحل نسبة للعضد : المجموعة الاولى ذات النتائج الغير طبيعية المنخفضة ) 0.79±0.12) ؛ تتالف من تسعة وعشرين (29) من المرضى)20 رجلا و9 امراة بمتوسط عمر مقداره 58 ± 6 سنة) والمجموعة الثانية ذات النتائج الغير طبيعية العالية (1.43±0.05 )؛ تتالف من ثلاثة عشر (13) من المرضى(10 رجال و3 امراة بمتوسط عمر مقداره 56 ± 6 سنة والمجموعة الثالثة تمثلت بالمرضى اصحاب النتائج الطبيعية للفحص (1.03±0.10) والذي يمثل مجموعة السيطرة؛ تتالف من ثمانية وثلاثين (38) من المرضى (27 رجلا و11 امراة بمتوسط عمر مقداره 58 ± 7 سنة).كما واظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة بخصوص المقارنة بين الاختلال الوظيفي الانقباضي للبطين الايسر فقد سجلت نتائج نسبة الكسر القذفي (EF%) انخفاضا ملحوضا في المجموعتين الاولى والثانية مقارنة بالمجموعة الثالثة وكذلك اظهرت النتائج انخفاضا ملحوظا في التقصر التجزيئي FS٪ .بالاضافة الى ذلك تبين بان هنالك تباين ملحوظ في الاختلال الوظيفي الانبساطي للبطين الايسر عند المقارنة بين المجموعة الاولى والثانية مع المجموعة الثالثة حيث سجل تباطؤا ملحوظا في عامل الوقت التباطؤي (DT) مع زيادة ملحوظة في عامل E/Em في حين لم تظهر النتائج تباينا ملحوظا في عامل سرعة موجة E وEm ونسبة E/ A وIVRT.فيما يخص مؤشر معامل اداء عضلة القلب (MPI) بينت الدراسة زيادة كبيرة في المعامل لدى المجموعتين الاولى والثانية مقارنة بالمجموعة الثالثة كما واظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة ان الذكور اكثر عرضة للاصابة بقصور الشرايين التاجية من الاناث . وتبين من النتائج ان هنالك ازدياد في نسبة عدد الشرايين التاجية المصابة بالتضيق من شريان واحد الى شريانين الى ثلاثة شرايين في المجموعتين الاولى والثانية مقارنة بالمجموعة الثالثة خصوصا لدى المرضى المصابيين بداء السكري حيث تزداد نسبة الشرايين المصابة بالتضيق لديهم اكثر من باقي المرضى. واستنتجت هذه الدراسة ان فحص الضغط الشرياني للكاحل نسبة للعضد يكشف عن وجود علاقة ويعطي فكرة وانطباع عن وظائف البطين الايسر الانقباضي وعن عدد الشرايين التاجية المصابة بالتضييق الشرياني لدى المرضى المصابيين بقصور الشرايين التاجية. | Measurement of the ankle - brachial index (ABI) represents sensitive, specific, noninvasive, safe and simple objective way to diagnose peripheral arterial diseases. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is most commonly due to atherosclerotic occlusion of the coronary arteries. It was shown that the ABI is an indicator of coronary atherosclerosis in addition to other vascular sites and can serve as a prognostic marker and a predictor for cardiovascular events and functional impairment, even in the asymptomatic patients.The aim of this study is to : 1) Prove the usefulness and the accuracy of ABI in the assessment of left ventricular dysfunction. 2) Determine the type of left ventricular dysfunction whether systolic, diastolic or combined in patient with abnormal ABI. 3) Determine the relationship between ABI with the angiographic extent of coronary artery disease. Eighty (80) patients of either sex with coronary artery disease proved by coronary angiography included in this study. They are selected from those referred to the Iraqi Center for Heart Disease for either diagnostic coronary angiography or for percutaneous coronary intervention and from those admitted to the surgical department for coronary artery bypass graft. Each patient is submitted for Medical history and clinical examination, anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference to calculate body mass index and waist to hip ratio), systolic ankle - brachial index test and echocardiography examination in addition to coronary angiography. The systolic blood pressure (SBp) is measured at the right and left brachial, dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries using Doppler probe. The ABI for each leg was calculated by dividing the lowest value of either ankle SBP (dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial) by the highest value of either brachial SBP where the lower of the two values was considered to define the patient ABI. Then after that, Transthoracic M - mode, pulsed - wave Doppler and tissue Doppler echocardiography are performed for all participants to obtain measurements to assess left ventricular function and interpreted with the ABI results. This study was conducted from December 2013 till May 2014 at Iraqi Center for Heart Disease / Ghazi Al - Hariry Teaching Hospital.The patients are classified according to the normal cut off values of the ABI (0.9< ABI ≤1.30) : Group І with abnormally low ABI (0.79±0.12) including twenty nine (29) patients (20 men and 9 women with a mean age of 58 ± 6 years), Group ІІ with abnormally high ABI (1.43±0.05); composed of thirteen (13) patients (10 men and 3 women with a mean age of 56 ± 6 years) and Group ІІІ with normal ABI (1.03±0.10) which represents the control group; composed of thirty eight (38) patients (27 men and 11 women with a mean age of 58.93 ±7.85years).The results of this study reveal that male gender being involved by CAD more than females among the studied groups (69 %, 84 % and 71 % respectively with p < 0.05). Regarding left ventricular systolic function, the results account a statistically significant decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF %) among low and high ABI Groups when compared to that of normal ABI Group (53.4±14.7 and 42.6±10.4 vs. 63.1±8.9 respectively. Diastolic dysfunction when assessed by pulsed wave Doppler the results reveal a statistically significant comparison between abnormal ABI Groups (low and high ABI Group) and with those of normal ABI Group in the prolongation of the deceleration time (DT) (171 and 149vs.195) respectively, decreases in the Ea velocity(0.09 ± 0.03 and0.07 ± 0.02 vs. 0.10 ± 0.03) respectively and increasing E/Ea ratio (10.32 and 10.61 vs. 7.76 ) while there are no significant differences between abnormal ABI Groups (low and high ABI Groups) with those of normal ABI Group; regarding Peak E,A waves velocity, E/ A ratio and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT). Moreover myocardial performance index (MPI) there is statistically significant increase in the MPI in low and high ABI Groups when compared to normal ABI Group (0.64 and 0.64 vs. 0.40). Concerning the number of coronary arteries involved as obtained from coronary angiography, this study reports increasing frequency from single vessel, two vessels to three vessels involvement in the abnormal ABI groups when compared to the normal ABI Group particularly in those patients with diabetes mellitus, more coronary vessels are involved. In conclusion, apart from that an abnormal ABI (<0.9 and > 1.4) serves as an indicator and predictor for coronary artery disease, it is associated with left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction. In addition, ABI is a useful bedside predictor for the extent of coronary artery disease

علاقة هورمونات الغرلين, اللبتين, غلوكاغون والانسولين بمقاومة الانسولين بمرضى السمنة والناس الغير مصابين بالسمنة == Relationship between Ghrelin, Leptin, Glucagon and Insulin with Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients and Non - Obese Individuals

Author name: دعاء مهدي عمران
Supervisor name: علي حسين البياتي | سعد مرزة الاعرجي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تعتبرالسمنة وباءا عالميا حيث انها تؤثرفي حوالي اكثر من 2 مليار شخص حول العالم حتى عام2013, ان ارتفاع نسبة انتشار السمنة في كل من البلدان المتقدمة والنامية كانت نتيجة لعدد من الاسباب والتي تتمثل بالبيئة، الوراثة الطبية مثل اضطراب الغدد الصماء، والعلاج مثل العقاقير المضادة للذهان والمنشطات الستيرويدية, ان اغلب الناس البدينين يكونون عرضة للاخطار الكبيرة حيث تعرضهم للمضاعفات كداء السكري وارتفاع ضغط الدم وتصلب الشرايين، ومشاكل المفاصل، وامراض السرطان وخاصة السرطانات المحفزة بالهرمون، بالاضافة الى مشاكل في الجهاز التنفسي وغيرها من المضاعفات الاخرى, ان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو اظهار تاثير زيادة الوزن على تمثيل تاهورمونات التالية : الغرلين, اللبتين, الانسولين والغلوكاكون في المرضى المصابين بالسمنة مع او بدون مقاومة الانسولين ومقارنتهم بالناس الغير مصابين بالسمنة مع او بدون مقاومة الانسولين, تم اخذ 100 شخصا منهم 50 شخصا مصابين بالسمنة و50 شخصا غير مصابين للفترة بين شهر كانون الثاني 2015 وشهر حزيران 2016 بمعدل اعمار بلغ (34.00±9.43) بالنسبة لمرضى السمنة و(34.50±7.40) بالنسبة للاشخاص الغير مصابين بالسمنة, تم الاعتماد على معامل كتلة الجسم لتفريق المجموعتين وتم سؤال الجميع حول ان كانوا مصابين بامراض معينة او يتناولون ادوية معينة تؤثر في وزنهم, وتم مختبريا اجراء الفحوصات التالية : فحص نسبة السكر في الدم, هورمون الانسولين, هورمون الغلوكاكون, هورمون اللبتين, هورمون الغرلين وتم قياس مقاومة الانسولين حسب المعادلة بين الانسولين والسكرو اظهرت النتائج وجود فرق معنوي بين المجموعتين (p value ≤ 0.05) فيما يخص اختلاف الجنس والتعليم وكذلك اختلافا معنويا (p value ≤ 0.05) فيما يخص الفحوصات المختبرية لنسبة السكر في الدم, نسبة هورمون الانسولين, هورمون اللبتين ومقاومة الانسولين فيما لم تظهر فرقا فيما يخص هورموني الغرلين والكلوكاكون.اعتمد الباحث في تعريب المصطلحات العلمية على : المعجم الطبي الموحد - انكليزي - عربي. رئيس التحرير د. محمود الجليلي - الطبعة الرابعه 2009 م , مطبعة المجمع العلمي العراقي. | Obesity is representing a global epidemic that affecting more than 2 billion peoples around the world on 2013. The obesity prevalence has risen in both developed and developing countries. Many causes have been implicated for developing obesity such as : environmental, hereditary, medical disease like endocrine disorders furthermore, some medication like antipsychotic drugs and steroids. Obese people are at high risk to develop much complication such as diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, joints problems, cancers especially hormone dependent, respiratory problems and others. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of increase in weight on the clinical presentation of Ghrelin, Leptin, Insulin, and Glucagon in obese patients with or without Insulin resistance and compare it to that of non - obese individuals with or without Insulin resistance, one hundred people are included in this study attending Marjan medical city from December 2015 till June 2016, a fifty normal non - obese and fifty obese, the overall mean age of patients and controls were (34.00±9.43) and (34.50±7.40) years old, respectively, they are classified according to body mass index after measuring their weight, height, the mean BMI of case patients was (39.23±6.71 kg/m²) and (23.08±1.19 kg/m²) for the control individuals, a general questionnaire were done for all patients and control for diagnosis excluded disease and any treatment that effect on obesity, the investigations that were done include : fasting blood sugar with hormonal testing is performed by ELISA kits examining Serum Insulin, Glucagon, Leptin and Ghrelin and the results of this study showed a significantly higher difference in percentage (p value ≤ 0.05) between study and control groups concerning education and gender. Regarding investigation there is significantly higher difference in percentage (p value ≤ 0.05) between study and control groups in parameters of fasting blood sugar, HOMA IR, Leptin and Insulin, while no significant difference (p value ˃ 0.05) in percentage between study and control for Ghrelin hormone and Glucagon hormone, so the conclusion of the results of this study support the evidence that obesity associated with Insulin Resistance, high level of Insulin and Leptin hormones and low concentrations of Ghrelin hormone, while it did not found a link with Glucagon hormone

التشخيص الكهربائي المبكر لاعتلال الاعصاب القحفي غير السريري لدى مرضى السكري المصابين او غير المصابين باعتلال الاعصاب المحيطيه == Early Electrodiagnosis of Subclinical Cranial Neuropathy in Diabetic Patients with or without Peripheral Neuropathy

Author name: ولاء فاضل جلال الحسناوي
Supervisor name: سعد مرزة حسين الاعرجي | كريم مصحب التميمي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: داء السكري من النوع الثاني هو مشكلة صحية منتشرة على نطاق واسع ويمتاز بمضاعفات عديدة تصيب الاوعية الدموية مما يؤدي الى ارتفاع معدلات الاعتلال والوفيات. الاعتلال العصبي المحيطي السكري هو اكثر المضاعفات شيوعا لداء السكري من النوع الثاني ، وفي الغالب يكون بشكل اعتلال الاعصاب القاصي المتناظر والذي يكون على هيئة قفازات وجوارب. ارتفاع السكر في الدم هو العامل المسبب الرئيسي لاعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية لدى مرضى السكري. اعتلال الاعصاب القحفية عادة تظهر مع الاعتلال العصبي المحيطي السكري اما سريريا او في شكل تحت السريري. الهدف الرئيسي من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم لدور منعكس الطرفة في التشخيص المبكر لاعتلال الاعصاب القحفية لدى مرضى السكري من النوع الثاني مع او بدون اعتلال الاعصاب. الطرق والاساليب : اجريت الدراسة خلال الفترة من شهر كانون الثاني الى شهر اب 2014. شملت الدراسة 83 مريضا ممن يعانون من داء السكري النوع الثاني ضمن الفئة العمرية من 35 - 69 سنة. اعتبر المرضى الذين يعانون من الاعراض السريرية لضعف الاعصاب الطرفية والذين لديهم تخطيط الاعصاب الكهربائي غير طبيعي بانهم مرضى اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية السكري (61 مريضا)، في حين اعتبر المرضى الذين لايعانون من ضعف الاعصاب الطرفية وتخطيط الاعصاب الكهربائي لديهم كان طبيعيا بانهم لا يشكون من اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية السكري ( 22 مريضا). شملت الدراسة ايضا اشخاص لا يعانون من اي مرض تتناغم اعمارهم وجنسهم مع المرضى المشمولين بالدراسة سميت مجموعة السيطرة(60مريضا).وقد خضع المرضى ومجموعة السيطرة المشمولين بالدراسة الى التقييم الكامل الذي شمل : التقييم السريري (التاريخ والفحص)، وتقييم الكيمياء الحيوية (قياس سكر الدم بعد الصيام، الهيموجلوبين السكري، قياس نسبة دهون الدم) وتخطيط الاعصاب الكهربائي الذي يشمل دراسات التوصيل الحسية والعصبية الحركية NCS)) مع منعكس طرفة.النتائج : وجدت الدراسة ان مرضى السكري لديهم تاريخ عائلي ايجابي، انخفاض المستوى التعليمي وارتفاع مؤشر كتلة الجسم بالمقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة. مرضى السكري مع اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية لديهم رابطة كبيرة مع زيادة العمر (القيمة P <0.01) ، وكبيرة للغاية مع مدة المرض (0.007=P)، واهمية عالية مع الفرق في مؤشر كتلة الجسم (قيمة P <0.01) بالمقارنة مع مرضى السكري من دون اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية . وكان مرضى السكري المصابون باعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية علاوة على ذلك لديهم ضعف السيطرة على نسبة السكر في الدم التي تعكسها نسبة عالية لقياس سكر الدم بعد الصيام ونسبة الهيموكلوبين السكري, بينما اظهرت صورة الملف الشخصي لقياس دهون الدم قيمة غير مهمه. بينت دراسة التوصيل العصبي (الحسية والحركية) فرق كبير بين الكمون، والسعة، وسرعة التوصيل بين مرضى السكري مع اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية والذين لا يعانون من هذه الحالة. واظهرت نتائج منعكس الطرفة فرق هام للغاية (قيمة P <0.01) بين مرضى السكري ومجموعة السيطرة.مناقشة : اظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة ان اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية السكري يرتبط مع العديد من عوامل الخطورة مثل العمر, مدة المرض، مؤشر كتلة الجسم، وضعف السيطرة على نسبة السكر في الدم . وكشفت الدراسة ايضا ارتفاع معدل اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية السكري في المرضى قيد الدراسة (73.5٪). اعتلال الاعصاب القحفية تحت الاكلينيكي موجود ايضا في المجموعة قيد الدراسة بغض النظر عن وجود او عدم وجود اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية السكري. وقد تبين ذلك من خلال منعكس طرفة غير طبيعي في 44.6٪ من المرضى. كان معظم المرضى الذين يشكون من منعكس طرفة غير طبيعي يعانون ايضا من اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية السكري (89.2٪) . ووفقا لنتائج هذه الدراسة اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية السكري يزيد من فرصة وجود منعكس طرفة غير طبيعي بخمس مرات اكثر، وهو ينبئ باعتلال قحفي تحت الاكلينيكي لوجود نسبة غريبة بين اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية السكري ومنعكس طرفة شاذ لا ارادي هي 5.29.اعتمد الباحث في تعريب المصطلحات العلمية على : 1 - اطلس التشريح العصبي. الاستاذ الدكتور محمد توفيق الرخاوي. جمهورية مصر العربية - الطبعة الاولى 2000 م.2 - المعجم الطبي الموحد - انكليزي - عربي. رئيس التحرير د. محمود الجليلي - الطبعة الرابعه 2009 م , مطبعة المجمع العلمي العراقي.3 - الموجز المصور لفحص الجهاز العصبي. ترجمة د. عبد الهادي الخليلي - بغداد - 1992 م , د. موريس فان الن ود. روبرت روزنسكي. | Background : Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a widely spread health problem associated with countless micro - and macro - vascular complications leading to rise morbidity . Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus and it may presents as distal symmetrical polyneuropathy in which the body involved in gloves and stock pattern. Hyperglycemia is the main causative factor for peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. Cranial neuropathies is usually presenting as mononeuropathies coexist with DPN either presented clinically or in subclinical form. The aim of this study is to detect cranial neuropathy in diabetic patients also to evaluate the role of blink reflex for early diagnosis of cranial neuropathy in diabetic patients with or without polyneuropathy. Materials and methods : The study was conducted from January till August 2014. Eighty three patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus within age group of 30 - 69 years were included in the study. Patients who had clinical features of peripheral nerve dysfunction and recognized with abnormal electrophysiological findings of their peripheral nerves were regarded as patients with DPN (61 patients), while those who did not have complains of peripheral nerve dysfunction and with normal electrophysiological study of their peripheral nerves were considered as patients without DPN (22 patients). The study also involved normal healthy persons whose age and gender are harmonized with that of our patients that were deliberated as control group (60 persons). The patients and the controls joined in the study had undergone full evaluation that included : clinical assessment (history and examination), biochemical assessment (measurement of fasting blood sugar, glycosylated haemoglobin, lipid profile) and electrophysiological assessment that included sensory and motor nerve conduction studies (NCS) with blink reflex.Results : The study found that diabetic patients had positive family history, low educational level and high BMI when compared with control. Diabetic patients with DPN had significant (P value <0.01) difference in age(they were older), highly significant (P value =0.007)difference in the duration of the disease(they had longer disease duration), and highly significance (P value < 0.01) difference in BMI(they were obese ) when compared with diabetic patients without DPN.Furthermore diabetic patients with DPN had poor glycemic control reflected by high FBS and HbA1c, while lipid profile picture showed insignificance difference. Nerve conduction study (sensory and motor) showed a significant difference between latency, amplitude, and conduction velocity between diabetic patients with DPN and those without DPN. The results of blink reflex showed highly significant (p value < 0.01) difference between diabetic patients and controls.Discussion : The results of this study showed that diabetic peripheral neuropathy associated with many factors like age, duration of the disease, BMI, and poor glycemic control.The study also revealed a high prevalence of DPN among the studied group (73.5%). Subclinical cranial neuropathies also present in the studied group which was reflected by abnormal blink reflex found in 44.6% of the patients. Most of the patients with abnormal blink reflex had diabetic peripheral neuropathy (89.2%).According to the results of this study, DPN increases the chance of having abnormal blink reflex five times more, which means prophecy of underlying subclinical craniopathy, since the odd ratio between DPN and abnormal blink reflex is 5.29

قياس تركيز الحديد والفرتين والارثروبويتين وفيتامين ب وحامض الفولك والبيروكسايديز الدرقي في مصل مرضى تضخم الغدة الدرقية حديثي التشخيص في محافظة بابل == Serum Iron,Ferritin,Thyroid Peroxidase ,B12,Erythropoietin And Folate Concentrations In Patients With Newly Diagnosed Hyperthyroidism In Babylon Province

Author name: سالينا عبد العباس ناصر الشمري
Supervisor name: محمد عبيد المحمدي | علاء صادق العواد
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: فرط نشاط الغده الدرقيه : هو مرض يصيب الغده الدرقيه وذلك نظرا لارتفاع هرمون تي ثلاثه وتي اربعه وهما هرمونات الدرقيه ولوحظ ان هذا المرض يصيب النساء بنسبه اعلى من الرجال بسبب التاثير الهرموني للاناث مما يجعلها الاكثر عرضه لهذا المرض,من علامات هذا المرض هي زيا | Background : Hyperthyroidism is endocrine disease that occur due to high levels of thyroid gland hormones and this disease affected female more than male due to hormonal effect, the female is more susceptible to this disease.Sign of disease including increase in metabolic rate of patient,sweating,increase pulse,enlargement of thyroid gland(goiter) which by this sign can diagnosis the patient.Objective : Evaluate serum erythropoietin and its relation with increase metabolic rate as well as hemopoiesis,evaluate serum folic acid and vitamin B12 and its role in hyperthyroidism ,evaluate the correlation of thyroid peroxidase with thyroid hormones and evaluate serum iron and ferritin.Materials and methods : This study was done from October/2015 till July/2016.The total number of patients group in this study was seventy man and women.their age ranged 26 - 65 years,58 women and 12 men who was in patients group and 35 female and 5 male in control group.Patients data in this study was history of hypertension ,parity ,age and sex. The difficulty in my research was in collection of spa icemen from patients.Result : The result which obtained from this study found that high significant increase in ferritin,thyroid peroxidase,folate and erythropoietin (p?0.01) in patients as compare to control group.High significant decrease in iron and B12(p?0.01) in patients group compare to control group. in case of the age found the 30 - 39 years more effected age among patients group and the female more effected with disease than male.Conclusion : From this study we conclude that thehyperthyroidism in female more than male due to hormonal effect. Reduce in iron due to high metabolic rate lead to decrease absorption of iron and B12 which lead to anemia.increase thyroid peroxidase which play a role in T3 and T4 synthesis.

التغيرات الحاصلة في نسب الانسولين والاحماض الصفراء والكوليسترول 7 الفا هيدروكسليز وفوق الاكسيد الفائق في مصل مرضى حصى المراره == Serum Insulin, Bile Acid, Cholesterol 7 - Alpha Hydroxylase And Superoxide Dismutase Changes In Patients With Gallstone

Author name: سماح سجاد كاظم الشمري
Supervisor name: محمد عبيد المحمدي | علي خير الله الشاعلي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: يعتبر مرض حصى المرارةمن اكثر امراض الجهاز الهضمي شيوعا، ووتشكل عبئا كبيرا على انظمة الرعاية الصحية. معظم الناس (حوالي 80 ?) مع حصى المرارة ليس لديهم اعراض. وتشمل مضاعفات حصى المرارة التهاب المرارة والبنكرياس.الهدف من الدراسة : 1 - للتحقيق في العلاقة بين | A gallstone is a stone formed within the gallbladder out of bile components. Cholelithiasis or Gallstone disease (GD) is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal diseases, with a substantial burden to health care systems. Most people (about 80%) with gallstones are asymptomatic. Complications of gallstones include inflammation of the gallbladder, pancreas. Objective 1. To investigate the association between serum level bile acid and cholesterol 7 - alpha hydroxylase and the development of gallstone disease. 2. To Evaluate the change serum level insulin changes and its effect on gallstone formation. 3. The determination of serum superoxide dismutase changes in patients with gallstone. Material and Methods In this study, one hundred sixty (160) patients with gallstone aged (20 - 70) years and one hundred sixty (160) age and sex match subject (control group) had involved in this study. The patients were intended to undergo surgical removal of gallbladder in Al - Hilla general teaching hospital during the period from November (2015) to May (2016). Blood samples were obtained from all patients prior to surgical treatment. Serum was obtained by usual methods and analyzed for insulin, insulin resistance Cholesterol 7 - alpha hydroxylase, Superoxide Dismutase, Bile acid (Deoxycholic acid and Chenodeoxycholic acid) and lipid profile {total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein - cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol}. And qualitative analysis of gallstone (Cholesterol stone, mixed stone, pigment stone), then these parameters compared with those of control groups. In addition, a demographic comparison regarding to the age, sex and body mass index between the patients and control groups was carried. Results The results of this study show higher significant percentage of gall stone in female (81%) than male (19%) in the patient group. There was an insignificant difference between male and female patients, according to age group (P<0.05). There is a higher significant (p>0.05) family history in the patients with gallstone compared with control subjects. Additionally, There is highly significant percent of female using oral contraception in pateints than control group (p > 0.01). Similarly, smoking, parity,Type 2 diabetes mellitus and Body Mass Index are found to be significantly higher inpatient group (p>0.01). This study demonstrate that insulin and insulin resistance are significant higher in sera of patients with gallstone as compared with the control group. (p>0.01) Regarding the cholesterol 7 - alpha hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase and Bile acids are found to be significantlylower in sera of patients with gallstone as compared with the control group, p< 0.01). It has also found that there are a higher significant difference in gallstone patients than control regarding total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein - cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly higher than that of control group (p>0.01). Meanwhile, all these parameters in the study are variated according to gender. However The qualitative analysis of stone that show cholesterol stone is more common than other types.Conclusions In this study the most studied parameters including of Insulin and insulin resistance, cholesterol 7 - alpha hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase and Bile acids, cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein - cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol are significantly different in gallstone patients compared to control subjects and such differences are demographically affected depending on the age, sex, BMI, parity, contraceptive and smoking.

التقييم الفسلجي للاعتلال العصبي الذاتي لمرضى داء السكري

Author name: نسرين قادر كامل
Supervisor name: محمد شريف عبد الله | موسى محمود مربط
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • Autouomic neuropaty
  • diabetics mellitus
  • heart rate
  • blood pressure
  • E C G
  • cardiovascular reflex
First pages:
Abstract: (Diabetes Mellitus) D.M : - is the most common endocrine disease, characterized by abnormalities of glucose, protein and lipid metabolism. Diabetic neuropathy is one of the long term chronic complications, which contributes to increase the morbidity & mortality rate in diabetes. One of the earliest manifestations of diabetic autonomic neuropathy is denervation of the cardiovascular system, assessment of cardiovascular reflexes affords a satisfactory evaluation. Along duration time.A battery of bedside clinical tests was used to assess the autonomic function of the heart. This is the response of blood pressure to sustained handgrip and standing - up. The R - R interval change and Q - T interval change in the E, C G in response to standing - up, deep breathing and valsalva maneuver. Number of the patients was 40 diabetic subject and 22 age and sex matched healthy controls. Insulin dependent diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) was 25(62.50%) of cases, non insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) was 15(37.5%) of cases, autonomic neuropathy was detected in 23 patients (57.5%), Orthostatic hypertension in 19 cases (47.5 %), abnormal blood pressure response to sustained hand grip in 20 (50%), abnormal valsalva ratio in 10 (25%), abnormal heart rate response to deep breathing in 11 cases (27.2%).Among the 13 patients with cardiac diabetic autonomic neuropathy, had a Q - Tc interval of > 440 ms ( p < 0.05 ). Compared to the remaining 4 patients had normal Q - Tc interval of 399.5 ± 37.49ms.Cardiovascular tests for cardiac autonomic neuropathy showed increase prevalence with increase in the duration of Diabetes Mellitus above 15 years.This study showed that diabetics had significantly impaired cardio - autonomic reflexes compared to non diabetics. Also, other group of diabetics who have apparently normal cardio - autonomic reflexes were found to have significantly different values compared to the control group, (heart rate variations with deep breathing and valsalva maneuver had a negative correlation with age)

نمط اصابات الاعصاب المحيطية بين الجنود العراقيين في الحرب باستعمال فحص تخطيط الاعصاب والعضلات == The Pattern Of Peripheral Nerve Injuries In The War Among Iraqi Soldiers By Using Electromyography

Author name: قيصر عبد الرزاق عطيه
Supervisor name: صفاء حسين علي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

تقييم المؤشرات السريرية وبعض الدلائل الحيوية في مرض دواعم الاسنان == Evaluation Of Clinical Parameters And Some Biomarkers In Periodontal Disease

Author name: امل عليوي حسن
Supervisor name: سعد مرزة حسين الاعرجي | وسام وهاب الحمادي
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: امراض دواعم الاسنان هي مجموعة من امراض الالتهابات التي تصيب التجويف الفموي وتعرض الهياكل الداعمة للاسنان للخطر. تحدث هذه الامراض بسبب عدم التوازن بين الجراثيم المحيطة بالاسنان واستجابة المضيف. يعتبر مرض التهاب اللثة ومرض النساغ المزمن هي من الاقسام الرئيس | Periodontal diseases are a group of inflammatory diseases that affect the oral cavity and jeopardize the supporting structures of teeth. They are caused by an imbalance between periodontal pathogens and host responses. Gingivitis and chronic periodontitis are the major categories of these diseases. The study sample consisted of 80 individual of both genders, their age ranged from 30 to 50 years, and they are divided into three main groups according to the clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing index, probing pocket depth index and clinical attachment level index). Group ? comprised from 24 (15 female and 9 male) healthy gingival volunteers as a control, group ?? comprised from of 29 (12 female and 17 male) patients with gingivitis, lastly group ??? comprised from 27 (11 female and 16 male) patients with chronic periodontitis. Unstimulated whole saliva samples are collected to determine the levels of Prostaglandin E2, Matrix Metalloprotinase - 8 and Alkaline Phosphatase. Clinical periodontal parameters are recorded at four sites per tooth. The results of present study revealed a highly significant difference (P - value < 0.01) in the mean ± SD for all of clinical periodontal parameters and for the levels of salivary biomarkers (Prostaglandin E2, Matrix Metalloproteinasee - 8 and Alkaline Phosphatase) among chronic periodontitis, gingivitis and control groups. The chronic periodontitis group revealed the higher mean value followed by the gingivitis group and the control group presented the least value. Regarding the correlation between the salivary biomarkers levels and clinical periodontal parameters, the present study showed a significant positive correlation (P< 0.05) and a highly significant positive correlation (P - value < 0.01) between each of salivary biomarker levels and all of clinical periodontal parameters. In addition, this study showed a highly significant positive correlation (P - value < 0.01) between Prostaglandin E2 and Matrix Metalloproteinasee - 8 and a significant positive correlation (P< 0.05) between Prostaglandin E2 and Alkaline Phosphatase and between Matrix Metalloproteinasee - 8 and Alkaline Phosphatase for gingivitis and chronic periodontitis groups. The present study re - emphasized the importance of whole saliva as sampling method in relations of immunological purposes in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis and proposed that the elevated levels of Prostaglandin E2, Matrix Metalloproteinasee - 8 and Alkaline Phosphatase may be one of the host - response mechanisms connect with the clinical appearances of periodontal diseases. Salivary Prostaglandin E2, Matrix Metalloproteinasee - 8 and Alkaline Phosphatase levels may reflected the severity of disease, thus help in the early detection of the disease.

تاثير احمرار الدم الثانوي الدم على وظيفة بطانة الاوعية الدموية الجهازية في محافظة بابل == Effect Of Secondary Polycythemia On Systemic Endothelial Function In Babylon Province

Author name: احمد محي الدين سهراب
Supervisor name: غافل صيهود حسن الشجيري | عامر صاحب المؤمن
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تغير قطر الشريان العضدي كاستجابة الى الاحتقان , يستعمل بصورة واسعة لتقيم وظيفة بطانة الاوعية الدموية الجهازية بواسطة تسجيل التغير كاستجابة للاحتقان. ضعف او قلة التوسع يلاحظ بصورة واضحة لدى المرضى المصابون باحمرار الدم الثانوي.التوسع المحدث بالمد يقاس كن | Brachial artery diameter variations in response to hyperemia were widely used for the assess endothelial function by recording variations in response to hyperemia. Vasodilation was markedly impaired in polycythemic patients.Flow mediated dilatation (FMD) was measured as the percentage increase in brachial artery diameter at diastole after 5 minute of ischemia.Objectives : Material and MethodsThe present study was conducted at Echo - Doppler department in Marjan medical city / Hilla , in cooperation with the department of physiology of College of medicine / University of Babylon, from November 2015 to April 2016. A history, physical examination, blood pressure, and laboratory were performed on all subjects (patients with secondary polycythemia, and control groups). Seventy subjects were included in the present study. Their ages was ranged between 40 - 60 years. They were divided into two groups. Group 1 : Included 30 healthy subjects without polycythemia, all men, their mean age was 47.20 ± 7.3 years and they served as control group.Group 2 : Included 40 patients, all men, with secondary polycythemia, their mean age 46.90 ± 7.3 years.Method : Measurement of flow - mediated and nitroglycerin - induced dilatation of the brachial artery.Measuring blood pressure, auscultatory method.Assessment of BMI.Laboratory analyses : Serum urea test.Serum creatinin test.White blood cells (WBCs) count : Platelets count.Estimation of packed cell volume (PCV %).Red blood cells (RBCs) count. Hb. level test.Cholesterol test.Triglyceride test.Urea test.Creatinine test.Results : The mean flow mediated dilatation (FMD) on two groups was significantly (p value < 0.01) decreased (16%) in patients group (8%) comparison to control group (24%). The mean Hb concentration was significantly (P value < 0.01) increased in patients group compared to control group.The mean packed cell volume (PCV) was significantly (P vale < 0.01) increased in patients group compared to control group.The mean FMD was found to be significantly (16%) decreased in smoker patients group (8%) compared to nonsmoker control group (24 %).The mean red blood cells count was significantly (P value < 0.01) increased in patients group compared to control group.It was found that triglyceride level significantly increased (P value < 0.01) in patients group compared to control group.There was negative correlation between triglyceride and FMD in patients group. Their are No correlation between age and FMD in patients group.The mean serum cholesterol level was not significantly ( p value < 0.07) increased in patients group compared to control group , while serum triglyceride level, serum creatinin, serum urea were significantly ( p value < 0.01) increased respect in patients comparison to control. Mean glucose, Platelets and red blood cells counts were significantly (P value < 0.01) increased in patients group (polycythemic group) respectively compare to control group respectively.Mean body mass index (BMI) and packed cell volume (PCV) were significant (P value < 0.01) increased respectively in patients group compared to control group. Ages of patients group was non - significantly (P value = 0.89) decreased (46.90 ± 7.00 years) in patients group compare to control group.Conclusions : 1 - The mean flow mediated dilatation (FMD) was significantly decreased (16%) in patients group compared to control group. 2 - The mean Hb concentration , mean packed cell volume (PCV) , red blood cells count, platelets , and body mass index count was significantly increased in patients group compared to control group.3 - Polycythemia as with endothelial dysfunctions that may perform in diagnosis of arterial disease. That used to estimate whereas endothelial dysfunctions result from problem in the cardiovascular system with problem in the prothrombin time.4 - Polycythemia can result in raises causes of thrombosis.Through increase platelet dysfunctions, increase ; white blood cell counts, Hb count, homocystein and cholesterol level as with endothelial dysfunctions.

تاثير معايير النطف ونضوج مادة الصبغين على نتائج عملية الحقن المجهري == Impact of Sperm Parameters And Sperm Chromatin Maturity On Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Outcome

Author name: هند عبد الكاظم
Supervisor name: يحيى كاظم السلطاني
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: يعتبر العقم من المشاكل المتعلقة بصحة الانسان ويؤثرعلى سدس الازواج في عمر الانجاب تقريبا. يعد الذكر مسؤلا عن خمسين بالمئه من مجموع الحالات.الوظيفه الرئيسيه لتقنيات الانجاب المعان هي علاج العقم بما فيها حالات العقم الذكري وزيادة فرص الحمل من خلال التغلب عل | Infertility is a health concern affecting nearly 17% of young couples in their reproductive age. Male factor infertility accounts for 50% of all cases. The key responsibility of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) is the management of male infertility by bypassing seminal fluid disorders. Defective Sperm parameters were responsible for deciding the fertility potential and related to pregnancy rate in vivo as well as in vitro.Today, the classic seminal fluid analysis is found to be of limited importance in describing a couple’s fertility status. There is now clinical evidence to show that damage to human sperm DNA may adversely affect reproductive outcomes and the spermatozoa of infertile men possess substantially more DNA damage than do spermatozoa of fertile men and there appears to be a threshold of sperm DNA damage beyond which embryo development and pregnancy are impaired.In view of that, the aims of the present study were : Evaluation of the influence of defective sperm parameters including concentration, morphology and motility on intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcome represented by fertilization rate, cleavage rate, embryo quality and pregnancy rate. Assessment of the sperm chromatin maturity in infertile men using acidic aniline blue stain and compare it with that of men with normal spermiogram. Discovering the relationship between sperm chromatin status and the semen parameters in infertile males. Finding the relationship between sperm chromatin status and ICSI outcome.This study included 60 infertile couples complaining from either primary or secondary infertility attended the clinics of infertility treatment center and underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection.They were classified according to their spermiogram to normozoospermic group (N), whose female partner had bilateral tubal block, oligoasthenoteratozoospermic group (OAT) and finally, asthenoteratozoospermic group (AT). The female partners of the last two groups had normal reproductive function according to gynecological examination and laboratory investigations. All female partners included in this study were less than 35 years old to minimize the influence of advanced maternal age on ICSI outcome. Seminal fluid analysis were done for all and aniline blue stain was used in this study to evaluate sperm chromatin integrity. The main results of this study showed that infertile couples with impaired sperm parameters show high percentage of positive aniline blue stain i.e., sperm chromatin maturity defect and it is significantly higher than that in couples with normal spermiogram. The best cut off point of positive chromatin percentage associated with pregnancy was 40% i.e., when sperm chromatin abnormality exceeds 40% as detected by aniline blue staining method; the pregnancy rate start to regress. No significant differences in fertilization rate, cleavage rate, embryo quality and pregnancy rate were found among studied groups.No significant difference in ICSI outcome including pregnancy rate between couples with high percentage of sperm chromatin damage ?30% and those with low percentage of sperm chromatin damage < 30% were found. So the main conclusions are : Defective sperm parameters and chromatin immaturity are significantly associated with each other.Forty percent is the threshold of sperm chromatin immaturity after which ICSI outcome deteriorate and depending 30% as a threshold in this study revealed no significant difference in ICSI outcome among studied groups. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection has corrective and therapeutic role for defective sperm parameters and shows a unique capability to treat the most difficult cases of male infertility.

تقييم جهاز كتلة غاز الزفير كوسيلة لفحص وظائف الرئتين عند العراقيين الاصحاء == Evaluation of Expiratory Gas Mass Device As A Measure of Lung Function Test In Healthy Iraqi Subjects

Author name: نبراس حسين عبد الساده الحسناوي
Supervisor name: يسار محمد حسن الشماع | باسم متعب هادي زوين
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: تعد فحوصات وظائف الرئتين من الوسائل المفيدة جدا لاغراض التشخيص والمتابعة والبحث العلمي للاصحاء ومرضى الجهاز التنفسي. وابسط تلك الفحوصات واكثرها معلومة هو الفحص السبايرومتري الذي يتضمن قياس السعة الحيوية القسرية (FVC) , وحجم الزفير القسري في الثانية الا | Lung function tests are very useful diagnostic, follow up and research measures for healthy and respiratory compromised subjects. The simplest, yet the most informative, lung function tests are the spirometric tests.They involve the forced vital capacity (FVC), the forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) and the forced expiratory volume ratio (FEV%). Several types of devices are used to perform spirometric tests based on the measurement of lung volumes and their subdivisions. Lung volumes, hence, are represented by the volume of expired air. There was a controversy about the difference between body and ambient temperatures which may extremely affect gas volume , but this is thought to be solved by temperature correction. Temperature correction, however, may not be the precise solution in extremely fluctuating environmental temperatures. A fixed amount of expired gas has a constant mass despite the changes in pressure or volume as is implied by the law of conservation of mass in a closed system by Antoine Lavoisier. The aim of this study is to construct and evaluate a simple device called expiratory gas mass device as a reliable, reproducible, accurate and convenient tool to substitute Vitalograph spirometer as a measure of lung function in healthy Iraqi subjects and testing the hypothesis that expired gas mass could significantly and acceptably alternate or conjugate its volume as measures of lung function. The design of the study is a cross sectional study. The statistically required number of participants was decided by a professional statistician to be 70 healthy subjects. However, 300 healthy subjects are included in the present research to cover the need for subgrouping (146 male and 154 female) aged 20 - 50 years (31.84 ± 9.28 years). The male and female were classified into three age groups for each one, ten years interval was considered to be suitable for classifying subjects.Subjects with abnormal lung function such as smokers were excluded. A uniform case sheet was assigned for every participant in the study which includes, name, gender, age, weight, height, smoking habits, residence, cultural status, socioeconomic status, present and past medical history, family history of respiratory illnesses. They were asked to perform the forced expiratory maneuver through the standardized spirometer and then through the newly constructed gas mass device.The accuracy (systematic error) and reproducibility (random error) were tested for the constructed gas mass device.A comparison between forced vital capacity (FVC) and adjusted gas mass (AGM) was made on two main groups , the male group and female group, both of them were subdivided to three age groups.The results revealed that there were no significant differences in values of FVC and AGM measured by standard Vitalograph spirometer and gas mass device respectively. Regression lines indicated that there were strong positive correlations between gas mass (GM) and FVC in male and female. Separate data for male and female are processed and the results indicated that FVC values and GM (or AGM) values are significantly higher in male than in female , P?0.05. Regression lines indicated that there was a negative correlation between age and both of FVC and GM, a positive correlation between height and both of FVC and GM and a weak positive correlation between weight and both of FVC and GM. From the present study, it can concluded that gas mass device is simple, portable and easily handled device. It is also reproducible and accurate device for the measurement of GM in normal subjects.

تاثير العلاج بعقار الميثوتركسيت على عامل النمو البطاني الوعائي، والعوامل الدموية ومضادات الاكسدة في الصدفية == Effects of Methotrexate Therapy On Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Hematological And Antioxidants Parameters In Psoriasis

Author name: شكرية حاتم علوان
Supervisor name: محمد عبيد المحمدي | محمد كاظم الحطاب
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: مبدا الدراسة : الصدفية مرض جلدي شائع ذو علامات جلدية ظاهرة، يتميز بالتهاب مزمن للجلد مع اختلاف في نضوج الخلايا الكيراتينية، التي تزيد من سمك الجلد. عملية تكوين الاوعية الدموية (Angiogenesis) هي المسؤول بالدرجة الاساس عن تطور افة الصدفية، واحد اهم عوامل تكو | Background : Psoriasis is a common skin disease with extra - cutaneous manifestations. It characterized by chronic inflammation of the skin with changes in the maturation of keratinocytes, which manifested by the hyperproliferation of the epidermis. Angiogenesis process is a central regulator of development psoriasis lesion and one of the important angiogenesis factor is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).A major site of oxidative stress occurs in the skin due to reactive oxygen species, which play an important role in inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis. Objectives : The aim of this presented study is to evaluating the effect of MTX drug on psoriatic lesions by calculating psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) for three months. In addition, investigate the changes of the level of serum VEGF, antioxidants (GSH and SOD) and lipid profile, which include (TC, TG, HDL, LDL and VLDL). As well as, hematological assessment such as (RBCs, Hb, PCV, RBCs indices, ESR and WBCs) in patients with psoriasis before and after (one and three months) from treatment with oral methotrexate therapy in comparison to their levels in healthy control persons. Materials and Methods : This study was a cohort study in which a total of 80 subjects, half of them(40) with psoriasis (25 male and 15 female) had selected randomly from Marjan Medical City in AL - Hilla city and the other half (40)as healthy controls (21 male and 19 female). These subjects collected during the period from 28th/ October /2014 until 15th/ August/ 2015. Physical examination (body mass index) done to each subject that enrolled in the study. A clinical assessment of psoriasis disease activity in psoriasis patients and methotrexate efficacy was done with the Disease Activity Index (DAI) represented by PASI score. Blood collection was obtained from all psoriatic patients and control to use in determine the level of all biochemical parameter such as VEGF, GSH SOD and lipid profile , as well as hematological investigation which include RBCs, Hb, PCV, RBCs indices, ESR and WBCs. Result : The results of this work showed, The effect of systemic methotrexate therapy on psoriasis lesion by significant reduction of PASI levels after treatment and by a significant mean difference in psoriasis area severity index before and after (one and three months) from treatment in psoriatic lesions (P?0.05). Also, no significant differences (p> 0.05) between the mean of age for psoriatic patients group (male and female) and healthy control group (males and females). The body mass index shows significant increase (P?0.05) in psoriasis patients than control group. The serum of VEGF level was significant increase in patients with psoriasis when compare with control through study periods, and there was significant reduction in the level of VEGF in psoriasis patients as compared its level before and after treatment with MTX for one and three months (P?0.05). While, the level of GSH and SOD significant decrease in patients than control ,during the treatment with MTX ,there was significant difference increase in the level of GSH of patients as compare with baseline level (before treatment) (P?0.05). In addition, the level of SOD of patients appear there was no statically difference before treatment and after treatment with MTX. The results of the present study also show a significant increase (P?0.05) in total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG), low density lipoprotein - cholesterol (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein - cholesterol(VLDL) concentration, while found a significant decrease (P?0.05) in level of HDL in serum of psoriasis group compared with those of the healthy control group. When compare between patients during follow up periods, found there was no significant different of level of TC, TG, LDL and VLDL between psoriasis patients in period before treatment when compared with after one months from treatment with MTX (P>0.05). While there is a significant increase between patients before treatment compare with after three months, and after one month from treatment compare with after three months from treatment with MTX (P? 0.05). The level of HDL in psoriatic patients was significant increase at (P? 0.05) before treatment as comparing with after (one month and three months) from treatment with MTX, but there is no significant difference between patients after one from treatment as compared to with after three month from treatment with methotrexate (P> 0.05). The result of hematological for the results of study showed , there is a significant decrease (P? 0.05) in RBCs counts, Hb, PCV and RBCs indices compared with healthy control. While significant increase in total WBCs counts and ESR in psoriatic patients in all periods of follow up periods as compare with control. When compare the RBCs, Hb, PCV, RBCs indices of patients in all periods before and after (one and three months) from treatment with MTX, found there is no significant difference among them at (P> 0.05). While the result of WBCs count show significant decrease (P?0.05) between patient before treatment and after three months from treatment with MTX , and between after one month from treatment with MTX as compare with after three month from treatment , but there is no significant difference between before treatment compare to after one month from treated with MTX. The results of ESR of psoriasis patient show significant decrease (P? 0.05) between before treatment as compare with after three months from treatment with MTX , and after one month from treatment compare to after three month from treatment.While there is no any significant difference between patient before treatment compare with after one month from treatment with methotrexate (P>0.05). Conclusion : The vascular endothelial growth factor have play important role in the evaluation of psoriasis severity, oral methotrexate therapy have efficacy upon serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. Efficacy of oral methotrexate therapy on psoriatic patient’s treatment, have there was faster remission of psoriatic lesions and this reflect the immune - modulatory anti - inflammatory role of The MTX in psoriasis patient.

دور تخطيط العضلات احادي الليف على مرضى اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية السكري وعلاقته بمؤشرات الاكسدة == The Role of Single Fiber Electromyography In Patients With Diabetic Neuropathy And Its Relation To Oxidative Stress Parameters

Author name: زاهد محمد علي كاظم
Supervisor name: احسان محمد عبود عجينة
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: الخلفية : يعتبر اعتلال الاعصاب المحيطية السكري من اكثر مضاعفات داء السكري شيوعا التي تؤثر على الاوعية الدموية الدقيقة. سريريا يؤثر المرض اولا على الاطراف القصيه مؤديا الى فقدان الاحساس في تلك الاطراف على نمط الجورب والقفاز. يؤثر المرض على كل من الالياف ال | Background : diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Clinically, it affects the most distal extremities first resulting in a stock and glove pattern of sensory loss. It affects both small fibers (myelinated and un - myelinated) as well as the large myelinated nerve fibers. However, the earliest manifestations might be due to small fiber dysfunction. Hyperglycaemia and subsequent metabolic derangement is the main pathogenitic factor of DPN. However, oxidative stress, deficiency of neuroprotective factors and neurovascular insufficiency might play a role.AIMS : This study aims to : 1. Test the value of applying SFEMG in the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. 2. Determine the usefulness of SFEMG, compared to the standard NCS, in the early diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. 3. Evaluate the correlation of the antioxidant/oxidant status in patients with and without diabetic peripheral neuropathy.Materials and methods : The study was conducted in the period from Nov. 2012 till Apr. 2014 and included 188 patients with type 2 DM that fall within age group of 45 - 65 years. Diabetics that suffer from clinical features of peripheral nerve dysfunction documented with abnormal electrophysiological findings were considered as patients with DPN (138 patients) and those who had no complaint of peripheral nerve dysfunction with normal electrophysiological study were considered as patients without DPN (50 patients). The study also included normal healthy persons who their age and gender matched that patients and considered as control subjects (50 persons). The patients and control enrolled in the study had undergone comprehensive assessment that included : clinical assessment (history and full examination), biochemical assessment (measurement of fasting blood sugar, glycated haemoglobin, total antioxidant capacity and advanced glycation end products) and electrophysiological assessment that included sensory and motor nerve conduction studies (NCS) with single fiber electromyography (SFEMG).Results : The study found that patients with DPN in comparison to patients without DPN and control subjects are older (p?0.05), had longer duration of DM (p?0.01), poorer glycemic control reflected by fasting blood sugar (p?0.01) and glycated haemoglobin (p?0.01), lower level of total antioxidant capacity (p?0.01) and higher advanced glycation end products level (p?0.01). Also, the study showed that the level of total antioxidant capacity and advanced glycation end products on one hand were correlated with the duration of the diabetes (p?0.01) and not correlated with glycated haemoglobin level on the other hand.The electrophysiological findings showed that patients with DPN had significant differences in NCS parameters when compared to patients without DPN and to control subjects in the form of axonal degeneration and demyelination with abnormal single fiber jitter and fiber density which were correlated with the duration of diabetes (p?0.01) but not correlated with glycemic control. Also the study demonstrated that SFEMG findings were correlated with NCS parameters (namely sural nerve) in patients with DPN. This study had concluded that the duration of diabetes, age, glycemic control and oxidative stress are important risk factors of DPN. Routine NCS is important mean for diagnosing DPN but it has limited sensitivity in the diagnosis of early stages of the disease and in assessing nerve degeneration and regeneration. Sensory nerves of lower limbs are helpful in discovering early stages of DPN when other tested nerves are normal. SFEMG examination in diabetic patients is important in showing the degree of re - innervation and nerve regeneration and in identification of subclinical nerve dysfunction.

دراسة العلاقة النسبية بين جريان الدم المخي - المشيمي والرحمي - المشيمي بالدوبلر للنساء الحوامل المصابات بداء السكري == A Study of Cerebro - Placental And Utero - Placental Ratio Doppler Velocimetry In Diabetic Pregnant Women

Author name: رياض وحيد العيساوي
Supervisor name: عقيل عبد المنعم حسن زوين
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: يعتبر داء السكري المصاحب للحمل هو احد مضاعفات الحمل الاكثر شيوعا والتي ترتبط بمعدلات هامة من الاعتلال والوفاة ما حول الولادة , ان العلاج الفعال لداء السكري ما قبل الحمل ولداء السكر المصاحب للحمل قد تبين تحسين النتائج والحد من وفيات ما حول الولادة بالمقارن | Diabetes mellitus complicating pregnancy is one of the most common antenatal complications that are associated with significant perinatal mortality and morbidity(Magee et al., 1993, Schmidt et al., 2001and Platt et al., 2002). Effective treatment of pre - existing as well as gestational diabetes mellitus was shown to improve outcome and reduce perinatal mortality, as compared to untreated patients (Lao TT, et al., 2001and Langer , et al., 2005). Doppler studies have conventionally been utilized for fetal surveillance. The use maternal uterine artery Doppler as a screening tool to predict subsequent development of pre - eclampsia and fetal growth restriction in later gestation have gained acceptance in recent years. Umbilical artery Doppler, middle cerebral artery Doppler have been widely used for the assessment of growth restricted fetuses. The role of Doppler study in diabetic pregnancies has not been unequivocally evaluated. An atherogenic factor, that promotes vascular endothelial growth, insulin - like growth factor - 1 has been implicated with micro vascular complication during pregnancy (Kathryn 2000). Presently, short - term beneficial metabolic effects of recombinant human insulin - like growth nfactor - 1 (rhIGF) - 1 therapy have been demonstrated in numerous diabetic conditions, including type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus. Until recently, insulin - like growth factor - 1, based upon its endothelial growth promotion, was considered a mediator of vascular disease( Bayes - genis et al., 2001a; 2001b). Conversely, increasing evidence indicate the protective mechanism of insulin - like growth factor - 1 against vascular derangements, relating to its ability of nitric oxide production (Okura et al., 2001). We sought to investigate the impact of insulin - like growth factor - 1 levels on maternal/fetal blood flow in diabetic non - hypertensive pregnant women; an avenue of research that has yet to be fully explored. Taken together, this information will materialize the intervention needed to prevent or at least ameliorate diabetes maternal and fetal outcomes. OBJECTIVES1 - To evaluate effect of diabetes mellitus on utero - and cerebro - placental Doppler velocimetry in pregnant women, such as resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), Systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D)2 - To find whether a meaningful correlation exists between the above mentioned parameters and the levels of HBA1c and maternal IGF - 1.3 - To predict the most sensitive parameter detecting complications of diabetes mellitus on fetal outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHOD In this prospective cohort study a total of 190 pregnant women with single viable fetus, cephalic presentation, were enrolled after having their verbal and written consent and approval of the ethical committee at Faculty of Medicine. They were divided into two Groups : group (Ia) women with gestational diabetes mellitus (n=70), group ( Ib ) women with pre - gestational diabetes mellitus (n=64) and the remaining (n=56) participants (group II) were free from diabetes and hypertension and served as a control group. The study performed at Al Ameer Diagnostic Center in Al Najaf, between March, 2013 and August, 2014.Examination of the participants done twice, in the second and third trimesters. In each time, history and clinical examinations performed with Doppler ultrasonography of the pregnant women including interrogations of bilateral maternal uterine arteries, fetal umbilical and middle cerebral arteries in addition to measurement of IGF - 1 and HbA1c concentrations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 1 - IGF - 1 mean± SD in second trimester was 582.61± 183.7 ng/ml in group Ia, 429.5± 231.3 ng/ml in group 1b and 278.6 ± 60.8 ng/ml in the group II with significant difference among the groups (P=0.0001) In the third trimester the mean± SD was 653.69 ±197.6 ng/ml in group Ia, 487.5± 242.4 ng/ml in group Ib and 316.6 ± 60.9 ng/ml in group II with significant difference among the groups (P=0.0001).2 - HbA1c mean± SD in second trimester was 6.59± 0.89 % in group Ia, 6.42 ± 0.9% in group Ib and 5.35 ± 0.56 % in group II with significant difference between group Ia and group II, as well as between Ib and group II, but no significant difference between Ia and Ib groups.Third trimester HbA1c mean value was 6.29 ± 0.78 % in group Ia , in group Ib 6.27 ± 0.87 % and 5.08 ± 0.57% in group II.There was no significant difference between group Ia and Ib (P=0.843) , while there was a significant difference between group Ia and group II as well as between group Ib and group II(P=0.0001).3 - Uterine artery Doppler velocimetry was considered more sensitive predictor than other arteries in evaluation of fetal outcomes and its sensitivity in the total studied population (190) was 44.3%, in gestational diabetic pregnancy group was 58.3%, in pregestational diabetic pregnancy 34.3% and in control was 29.4%.4 - Multiple maternal and fetal arterial Doppler studies at same time yield high predictive values in evaluation of fetal outcomes with general sensitivity in the total studied population was 63.6%, specificity 79.4%79, PPV 72.2% and NPV 71.7%. In gestational diabetic pregnancy the sensitivity was 94.4%, specificity was 61.8%, PPV was 72.3%, NPV was 91.3%. In pregestational diabetic pregnancy sensitivity was 88.6%, specificity was 86.2 %, PPV was 88.6 %, NPV was 86.2%. In control healthy pregnancies the sensitivity was 70.6 %, specificity was 71.8%, PPV was 52.2%, NPV was 84.8 %.

العلاقة بين اصناف الدم المختلفة وعوامل الخطورة الرئيسية لامراض الشرايين التاجية == The Relationship Between Blood Groups And Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors of Coronary Artery Diseases

Author name: رواء هادي شريف
Supervisor name: سامي رحيم الكاتب | احمد نعمة رجيب
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: امراض الشرايين التاجية السبب الرئيسي لمعظم حالات العجز والوفاة في الدول المتقدمة. العمر, الجنس, السمنة, اختلال مستويات الدهون, التدخين, ارتفاع ضغط الدم, مرض السكر, الالتهابات, والاكسدة الضارة من اهم عوامل الخطورة الرئيسية للمرض. مجموعة من الدراسات اوحت ب | Coronary artery diseases are the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in many developing countries. Age, gender, obesity , lipid disturbance, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, inflammations and oxidative stress are considered as major risk factors of disease. Many of studies suggest that there is association between blood groups and risk factors of coronary artery diseases.Objective : The aims of study are to find if there is an association between blood groups and CADs and to study some of the causes that may be lead to this association. Also, it aims to determine the type of relation between some important factors such as, C - reactive protein (CRP), advanced glycation end products(AGEPs), and glutathione peroxidase - 3 (GPX - 3) with blood groups and coronary artery diseases. Materials & Methods : Ninety persons included in the study (60 as patients and 30 as healthy controls). Where the patients suffering from CAD, the controls are free from this diseases. Their ages ranged between 25 - 70 years old and they were divided into four groups according to the blood groups (A, B, AB, and O). This study is based on case control study done in Al - Sadder Teaching hospital (Cardiac Center) in Al - Najaf Al - Ashraf city from December 2012 - to October 2013. Some information were taken from each person in the study like, name, age, sex, address, weight and height. Finally and after getting permissions, the blood group was analyzed for each person in the study, then the sera were collected from those 90 persons and analyzed by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for CRP, AGEPs, and GPX - 3, meanwhile for lipids assay we used spectrophotometer. Results : The results of the study show that the blood group O( 33.7%) predominates in both studied groups (Patients and controls) followed by A (29.6%), B (27.4%), and AB (9%). There is no significant differences in the percentage of blood groups between patients and controls groups (P >0.05). Also, the results of the study show that the incidence of disease increase with age increases and in male (80%) more than female (20%). Also, the results show that only patients group has obese individuals and most obese were from blood group B(80%), followed by A(66.6%), O(60.8%), and AB(50%). The statistical analysis of the study shows that blood group AB among patients and blood group B among controls have a significant increasing (P<0.05) in the serum level of total cholesterol, and C - reactive protein (CRP). While, the results show that blood groups (B&AB) of patients have a significant increasing in the serum level of triglycerides. The blood group A among patients and blood group B among control show a significant increasing in the LDL cholesterol serum level, while blood groups (A& B) of patients have a significant reduction in the serum level of HDL cholesterol. Also, the study shows that blood group A of both patients and controls has a significant increasing in the serum level of advanced glycation end products (AGEPs), while the blood groups (A& B) of patients have a significant decreasing in the serum level of glutathione peroxidase - 3 (GPX3). Finally, the results of the study show a negative correlation (R= - ) between AGEPs and GPX3 in blood groups ( B&O) of both patients and controls group.Conclusions : Results of the present study show that the blood group O predominates in the studied groups in Al - Najaf Al - Ashraf city followed by A, B, and the last is AB. The incidence of CAD 2 to 4 time more common in male than female and incidence of CAD increase with age increases in both sex. The incidence of CAD 2 to 4 time more common in male than female and incidence of CAD increase with age increases in both sex. Also, There is a high percentage of subjects from blood groups (A, B, and AB) suffering from disturbance in the serum level of lipids and high level of CRP, which they were associated with atherosclerosis disease that was considered one of the most important leading cause of CAD.

تقييم حالة الحديد، فيتامين ج والهرمونات في انخفاض الخصوبة لدى النساء == Assessment of Iron Status, Vitamin C And Hormones In Subfertile Women

Author name: ميسم محمد حسين الكعبي
Supervisor name: سامي رحيم الكاتب
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: انخفاض الخصوبة مشكلة شائعة ولكن علاجها في بعض الاحيان غير كافي لعدم تشخيص الاسباب بالكامل. الحديد عنصر ناقل للاوكسجين ولذلك فهو محفز لحيوية كل الخلايا والانسجة في الجسم. نقص الحديد من اكثر مشاكل نقص الغذاء الشائعة في العالم. لذلك ربط الحديد مع الخصوبة يح | Subfertility is a common problem, but the treatment is sometimes inadequate because the causes are not fully diagnosed. Iron is essential for oxygen transport and therefore promotes health of all cells and tissues. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world. Therefore, the connection between iron and fertility need more explanation. Some researchers have suggested that iron may be important for ovulation as the egg has an increased demand for iron while it matures and women who do not get sufficient amounts of iron may suffer anovulation and possibly poor egg health, which can inhibit pregnancy at a rate 60% higher than those with sufficient iron stores in their blood. However women planning to become pregnant should test for serum ferritin level and accordingly if low they can use iron supplements because they may help them to prevent iron deficiency and also improve fertility. Vitamin C is essential for the uptake and absorption of iron. The objective of this study was to assess the iron status, vitamin C and some hormone levels in subfertile women. The sample of study consists of 106 women subdivided into two groups : first consist of 76 subfertile women were taken from the outpatient to fertility center in the gynecological and obstetrical teaching hospital in Kerbala city and from multiple gynecology/obstetrics privet clinics. Second consist of 30 fertile women (control and comparative) who obtained from outpatients and some relatives. The subfertile women subdivided into two subgroups according to the cause of subfertility in presented study : first group : ovarian dysfunction (OD) either due to polycystic ovary syndrom (PCOS) or due to other cause (OC) like anovulation, hyperprolactenemia, premature ovarian failure. Second group : unexplained (idiopathic). Also the subfertile women subdivided into two subgroups according to the type of subfertility : primary and secondary. All of them were at reproductive age (16 - 45) years and there BMI ranged between (20 - 45 kg/m2). The study was achieved throughout a period which extends from July 2012 - October 2013. The protocol of study summarized as following : At day 3±1of menstrual cycle (menstrual phase), all women underwent the measurement of concentrations for multiple hormones in the blood like luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiole, prolactine and Testosterone. In addition to iron status (serum iron, serum ferrtin and total iron binding capacity) and vitamin C also assessed. And at day 13 of menstrual cycle (near time of ovulation), all women underwent two investigations : first : the measurement of concentrations of luteinizing hormone, serum Leptin and antioxidants as vitamin C and glutathione. In addition to Iron status (serum iron, serum ferrtin and total iron binding capacity) and hemoglobin concentration also estimated. Second : estimation the size and the number of dominant follicles in both ovaries by ultrasonograghy. While at day 23±1 of menstrual cycle (secretary phase), all women underwent two investigations : first : estimation the concentration of serum progesterone to detect ovulation. Second : estimation the endometrial thickness by ultrasonograghy. The results of study shows : • A significant increase (P<0.05) in number of subfertile women with age group (16 - 25) years and there were highly significant decreases (P<0.001) in number of women with age 36 - 45 years for both primary and secondary subfertility. While no significant difference (p>0.05) in age group (26 - 35) years.• A significant increases (P<0.05) in body mass index for subfertile women due to polycystic ovary syndrome. Also a significant increase (P<0.05) in serum leptin for women with overweight and obese as compared with normal weight.• A significant increase (P<0.05) in serum ferritin level for polycystic ovary syndrome at day 13 of menstrual cycle. Also, a significant decreases (P<0.05) in number of polycystic ovary syndrome in those having serum ferritin lower than normal at day 13 of menstrual cycle.• A significant increase (P<0.05) in the number of subfertile women due to ovarian dysfunction other than polycystic ovary syndrome who having a lower serum level of vitamin C at day 3 of menstrual cycle. • A significant increase (P<0.05) in serum testosterone level in polycystic ovary syndrome group at day 3 of menstrual cycle. • A significant increase (P<0.05) in serum prolactine level in group of ovarian dysfunction due to other cause at day 3 of menstrual cycle. when serum ferritin level lower than or within normal value. • A significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum level of luteinizing hormone for group of ovarian dysfunction due to other cause at day 13 of menstrual cycle when serum ferritin less than normal but no significant differences (P>0.05) in serum luteinizing hormone when serum ferritin within normal value. • A significant decrease (P<0.05) in serum luteinizing hormone for group of ovarian dysfunction due to O.C when vitamin C within normal value at day 13 of menstrual cycle.• A highly significant decrease (p<0.001) in endometrial thickness for all subfertile group at day 23 of menstrual cycle.• No significant difference (P>0.05) in serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone, estradiole and glutathione as compared with other parameters in fertile and subfertile women.It was concluded that the decrease in serum ferritin and vitamin C levels in the blood may be associated directly or indirectly with subfertility caused by ovarian dysfunction.

تغيرات الرسم الكهربائي للدماغ عند الحوامل في مرحلة ما قبل التشنج الحملي وعلاقتها ببعض المؤشرات الحيوية الالتهابية == Electroencephalographic Changes In Preeclamptic Females And Their Relation With Some Inflammatory Biomarkers

Author name: مهند يحيى ادريس المحنه
Supervisor name: احسان محمد عبود عجينة
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: يسجل الرسم الكهربائي للدماغ الفعالية الكهربائية الذاتية المتولدة في قشرة الدماغ. اشارة الرسم الكهربائي للدماغ هي قياس للتيارات المتحركة في قشرة الدماغ. عندما تحفز خلايا الدماغ (العصيبات), يتم توليد التيار الارتباطي في التشجرات العصبية للخلايا. يولد هذا ال | Electroencephalography (EEG) records the spontaneous electrical activity generated in the cerebral cortex. When brain cells (neurons) are active, synaptic currents are produced within their dendrites and this current generates an electrical field over the scalp. The EEG waves measure this current that flow during synaptic excitations of pyramidal neurons' dendrites. Preeclampsia is a disease of pregnancy characterized by a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or more on two separate occasions after the 20th gestational week in a previously normotensive woman. This is accompanied by significant proteinuria (>300 mg in 24 hours) and is associated with endothelial cell damage. The markers of endothelial activation or inflammation have been blamed to play an active role in preeclampsia (Sibai et al., 2005). This study included 97 pregnant with a confirmed diagnosis of preeclampsia as a patient group with a gestational age ranging between 20 - 38 weeks. They are divided into three subgroups according to their gestational age (20 - 26 wk, 27 - 32 wk and 33 - 38 wk) and the mean of their age was 29.34±4.82, 30.14±5.33 and 32.54±6.22 years respectively. In addition, 72 women with normal pregnancy have been included as control group. These were also subdivided into three subgroups just like that of the patients and their age matches them too. Participants belong to both patient and control groups had underwent same procedure, examinations and tests like EEG and serological tests for Intracellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM I), interleukin - 6 (IL6) and C - reactive protein (CRP), in parallel. Results showed that there were statistically significant increased levels (P < 0.05) of ICAMI, IL - 6 and CRP values between patient and control groups and between the patient with mild and those with severe preeclampsia in all tested gestational age subgroups. This supports the hypothesis stating a role of cytokines and inflammatory biomarkers in the mechanism underlying preeclampsia. Moreover, and at all gestational age subgroups, the ICAMI, CRP and IL - 6 values were higher in patients with severe disease when compared with those having milkd disease. This strengthens more the relation of these biomarkers with the progression of preeclampsia. There were abnormal EEG changes in about 52 % of the patients with preeclampsia and these changes were reported in all gestational age subgroups and were in the form of spikes, polyspikes, slow sharp waves. This shows that preeclamptic females are prone to some excessive brain activities that may put them in danger of abnormal brain function. Furthermore, these EEG abnormalities were related to the severity of the preeclampsia as they were recorded in severe cases more and at all gestational age subgroups. Also there were statistically significant elevation regarding ICAMI (at the second and third gestational age subgroups), IL - 6 values (at the second gestational age subgroup) and CRP (at all gestational age subgroups) among patients with and without abnormal EEG changes. This suggests a strong relation between these inflammatory biomarkers with the occurrence of abnormal EEG changes in preeclamptic females. In conclusion, an inflammatory process is blamed to be the underlying mechanism of preeclampsia as proved by the elevated levels biomarkers in these patients. Both the abnormally elevated biomarkers and the abnormal EEG changes occur in preeclamptic patient in different gestational ages above 20 weeks and occur in different disease severity.

تاثير التعويض الجزئي والكلي للاسنان على فحوصات كفاءة الرئتين عند مرضى السكري نوع - 2 == Effect of Partial And Complete Denture Treatment On Spirometric Tests In Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Author name: حسين مهدي حسين الخفاجي
Supervisor name: يسار محمد حسن الشماع
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: في هذه الدراسة العرضية, تم اختيار 140 شخصا بصورة عشوائية, من بينهم 90 كان مصابا بالسكري والباقون كانوا سليمين ,لدراسة تاثير ارتداء طقم الاسنان الكلي والجزئي من قبل مرضى السكري على فحوصات كفاءة الرئتين وبالتحديد, , السعة الحيوية القسرية (FVC)و الحجم الزفير | In this cross sectional study, a total number of 140 subjects selected randomly, 90 of them were diabetic and the remaining were normal, to study the effect of complete and partial dentures wearing by diabetic patients on pulmonary function test particularly peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume ratio (FEV1/FVC) ratio (FEV1%), forced vital capacity (FVC), and also the retropharyngeal space (RPS), the level of Endothelial selectin (E - selectin) and the level of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule - 1(VCAM - 1)was also compared, in this study, between the diabetic and the normal subjects.The results indicate that the spirolab III was accurate and reproducible and can be used in all related studies.The effect of wearing of complete and partial dentures by diabetic patients on FVC, FEV1, PEFR and also the degree of alteration of the RPS were measured.1) The results of the study shows a significant increase in values of FEV1, FEV1%, PEFR and retropharyngeal space (RPS) (p<0.05), while there was no significant change in the value of FVC after the replacement of complete denture.2) No statistically significant differences in the values of FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, PEFR and retropharyngeal space (RPS) was observed after replacement of partial denture without free end extension3) There was a significant increase in values of FEV1, FEV1%, PEFR and retropharyngeal space (RPS) (p<0.05), never the less there was no significant change in the value of FVC after the replacement partial denture with unilateral free end extension.4) There was a significant increase in values of FEV1, FEV1%, PEFR and retropharyngeal space (RPS) (p<0.05), However there was no significant change in the value of FVC after the replacement partial denture with bilateral free end extension5) The results showed that in poor and good control diabetic patients there was a significant decrease in the values of FEV1, PEFR, FEV1%and RPS after the removal of all types of dentures(p<0.05), while no significant change in FVC.6) Statistical significant increase in Serum E - selectin and VCAM - 1 level was found in diabetic patients when compared to that of the normal subjects (p<0.05).7) No statistical significant difference between serum E - selectin and VCAM - 1 level in diabetic patients after and before denture placement (p>0.05). The cause of the significant change in the values of FEV1, FEV1%, PEFR and retropharyngeal space (RPS) in case of complete and partial denture with free end extension replacement may be due to pressing of the retropharyngeal space bilaterally and unilaterally by the complete and partial denture and the FVC was not significantly changed because it may not be affected by denture support, while the elevated Serum E - selectin and VCAM - 1 level might indicate endothelial activation and inflammation.In conclusion we can conclude that 1. The spirolabIII used in this study is an accurate and reproducible device and can be used in the assessment of lung function test.2. Values of FEV1, FEV1%, PEFR and retropharyngeal space (RPS) where significantly higher after the replacement of complete denture and partial denture with bilateral and unilateral free end extension in diabetic patients (p<0.05), while there was no significant change in the value of FVC.3. No statistically significant differences in the values of FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, PEFR and retropharyngeal space (RPS) was observed after partial denture without free end extension has been replaced in diabetic patients.6. In poor and good control diabetic patients there was no significant change in the value of FVC, while the values of FEV1, PEFR, FEV1%and RPS where significantly decrease after the removal of all types of dentures.8. Statistical significant increase in Serum E - selectin and VCAM - 1 level was found in diabetic patients when compared to that of the normal subjects.9. The results for serum level of E - selectin and VCAM - 1 shows no significant difference diabetic patients after the placement of all types of dentures (p>0.05).

العلاقة بين اعتلال الجهاز العصبي اللاارادي الناتج عن السكري مع مستوى اللبتين وامراض القلب حسب فحص ايكو القلب وفحص اجهاد القلب == Relation of Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy With Leptin And Cardiac Disease Assessed By Echo And Treadmill Test

Author name: زينب فلاح حسن
Supervisor name: احسان محمد عبود عجينة | علاء حسين عباس
General topic: Medicine
Specific topic: Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: الخلفية : الاعتلال العصبي اللاارادي القلبي له تاثير سلبي على الحياة ونوعيتها للاشخاص المصابين بالسكري. الاعتلال العصبي اللاارادي القلبي يعتبر نوع فرعي من الاعتلال العصبي السكري. هذا النوع من الاعتلال هو الاكثر بروزا لتهديده للحياة وبسبب توفر الفحص القلبي | Background : Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) has a negative effect on survival and quality of life in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) and is regarded as a subtype of the diabetic autonomic neuropathy. This type of neuropathy is the most prominent focusing because of its life threatening and the availability of the cardiovascular tests that can diagnose it. It has been thought that many factors in DM like leptin causing increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Researches about the relation of leptin with CAN and cardiovascular disease are yet limited.Aim of study : This study aims to determine the prevalence of CAN in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, evaluate the association between CAN the presence of left ventricular dysfunction in these patients, test the association between CAN and ischemic heart disease and assess the relationship between the presence and severity of CAN with fasting serum leptin in these patients.Patients, materials and methods : This cross sectional study included 103 (56 males and 47 females) diabetic patients without hypertension or pre - diagnosis of ischemia. They had attended to the diabetic center in Marjan Medical City in Hilla from March 2013 to February 2014. The patients had undergone thorough assessments that included clinical (history and full examination) and biochemical assessments (measurement of fasting plasma sugar, glycated haemoglobin, lipid profile, blood urea, serum creatinine and serum leptin level). Cardiac autonomic reflex tests were also assessed along with echocardiography and treadmill test. Cardiac autonomic reflex tests included the five tests of Ewing protocol. Patients who had two or more abnormal tests were considered as having CAN (75 patients) and those with less than two abnormal tests were considered as patients without CAN (28 patients). Results : The study found that most diabetic patients (84%) were obese (BMI?25 kg/m2) and most of the diabetic patients presented with CAN (72.8%). Fasting serum leptin level was higher in female than in male in both study groups (with and without CAN). Patients with CAN were older when compared to patients without CAN (p?0.01) and had longer duration of DM (p?0.01) with significantly higher fasting serum leptin levels. The leptin level showed a tendency to increase as the score of CAN increased. However, these changes were not significant (P>0.05). The most abnormal sympathetic response was diastolic blood pressure response to hand grip while the most abnormal parasympathetic response was heart rate response to breathing. On contrary, the lowest abnormal response was found in postural blood pressure test. Echocardiography showed that most of the diabetic patients (89.8%) had a left ventricular hypertrophy by measuring the left ventricular mass index. However, there were no significant changes in echocardiographic results between patients with CAN and those without.Conclusions : This study concludes that CAN is a common complication of type 2 diabetes that affected a large percentage of diabetic patients. The duration of the diabetes and the age of patients are important non modifiable risk factors for the development of CAN. Additionally, heart rate variability is considered as an important test for early detection of CAN. On the other hand, CAN has no impact on the occurrence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Leptin level was high in diabetic patients and even higher in those with CAN and its levels related positively with the severity of CAN. Also, there were high leptin levels in diabetic patients with positive treadmill test results, although these changes were not significant (P>0.05).
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