Author name:
كريم عبيس ابو حليل
Supervisor name:
فاضل عبد الزهرة مزعل
Abstract:
اسم البحث : - اثر برنامج تدريبي في تنمية مهارات الخرائط الجغرافية في التحصيل والاستبقاء والاتجاه لدى طلبة اقسام الجغرافية في الجامعات العراقية في مادة الخرائط الجغرافية مشكلة البحث : - نتيجة للتطور العلمي الحاصل في جميع مجالات الحياة اصبح علم الجغرافية يحو | Dissertation title : The Effect of a Training Program of Developing Skills in Geographical Maps in the Achievement, Retention, and Attitude of the Students of Geography Departments in the Iraqi Universities in the Subject of Geographical MapsThe problem As a result of the scientific evolution in all the aspects of life, geographical science has become containing tremendous amount of information that go into teaching the syllabus of geographical maps which is considered as a suitable tool to identify the shapes, locations, and directions of geographical phenomena both : natural and humanistic with linking the place of incidence of these phenomena with their time of incidence. Thus, the possibility of reaching the skills of drawing, reading, and interpreting the geographical maps which is highlighted since it represents the language of this science and its key. In spite of the importance of geographical maps, the complaining about the weakness of owning it still continued. This was what asserted by several studies (e.g. Al - Sa’idy 2008, Al - khakany 2006, And Aubeis 1998).also, it is surprising that the less effective teaching method is the most commonly used one in all the aspects of teaching. This method based on dumping and teaching the information and facts. It is not very useful and do not add something new to the ideology of the students, since it leads to the students’ failure in accessing the right way to achieve the target educational objectives which aims to be armed by the skills of knowing how to deal with the geographical maps. Thus, the present study which aim to know “the effect of a training program of developing skills in geographical maps in the achievement, retention, and attitude of the students of geography departments in the Iraqi Universities in the subject of geographical maps” hoping to participate in solving this problem.The significance of the study Geography considered as one of the important human sciences which participated in developing most of the nations in both past and present. Also, there is no science fulfil the human needs and aspiration more than geography, since it interested in studying all the natural and humanistic phenomena on Earth. Moreover, it uses the geographical maps to solve the problem of surveying the information, since it plays an important role in understanding the meanings and information as well as putting it in its proper place of knowledge which increases the achievement of the learners. Since that, the education in the modern age directed towards emphasizing the use of educational methods, techniques, models, and programs which rise the thinking for the purpose of solving educational problems of the students. The objectives of the studyThe present study aims at knowing the effect of a training program of developing skills in geographical maps in the achievement, retention, and attitude of the students of geography departments in the Iraqi Universities in the subject of geographical mapsHypotheses The present studies hypothesize the following : 1. There is no statistical significant differences at (0,05) between the average of the scores of the experimental group which study the geographical maps subject according to the strategies of the training program , and the average of the scores of the controlling group which study the same subject according to the normal strategy in achieving the skills of geographical maps by the students of Geography Department / fourth grade/ Colleges of education in the Iraqi Universities 2. There is no statistical significant differences at (0,05) between the average of the scores of the experimental group which study the geographical maps subject according to the strategies of the training program , and the average of the scores of the controlling group which study the same subject according to the normal strategy in the retention of the skills of geographical maps by the students of Geography Department / fourth grade/ Colleges of Education in the Iraqi Universities 3. There is no statistical significant differences at (0,05) between the average of the scores of the experimental group which study the geographical maps subject according to the strategies of the training program , and the average of the scores of the controlling group which study the same subject according to the normal strategy in the Attitude of the students of Geography Department / fourth grade/ Colleges of Education in the Iraqi Universities Limitations of the studies The present study is limited for : 1. The student of the fourth grade /Departments of Geography, Colleges of Education / Middle Al - furat Universities. 2. The lectures of geographical maps subjects (the study of the items of geographical maps subject in Flijah & others’ 1985 “ The science of maps and survey studies” 3. The second semester of the academic year 2013 - 2014 ADResearch methodology In order to achieve the aim of the study, the researcher has chosen an experimental design with partial control of two equal groups. One of them is the experimental group which studied according to training program. The other one is the control group which studied according to the traditional method. After identifying the population of the study, the researcher chose a random sample. The sample composed of the fourth grade students /department of geography / College of Education for Humanities/ University of Al - Muthanna. The department includes two sections which might be an arena to apply the experiment. Section “A” was chosen to be the experimental group, and section “B” to be the control group. The main sample composed of 80 students, i.e. 40 students for each group. The researcher equalized both of the groups through using “T - test” and “Chi - square (ca )2 in chronological age which counted by months and the achievement, as well as the profession of the parents. Also, there was a pretest to measure the attitudes, the previous information about the geographical maps, and the achievement as well as applying Rofan’s test of cleverness. In all the variables, there was no statistical significant differences at (0, 05)After identifying the subjects of the experiments, the researcher designated the behavioral objectives for the identified subjects. There were 100 behavioral objectives in their final form after presenting them on a group of experienced referees in methods of teaching, educational psychology, and geography in order to test their validity. The researcher studied with the lecturer of geographical maps subject in the department with both of the sample groups of the study during 10 weeks. Research instruments The researcher designated an achievement test according to the steps of the experimental map to identify number of behavioral aims that are needed to design the required items of the test in order to measure them. It composed of 50 multiple choice items and the performative items. The items distributed on the light of the experimental maps according to Bloom’s classification which composed of six levels of knowledge domain. The items of the test were designated to measure the attitudes of the students towards this subject. The items of this test were 34 items. The truth of the tools The items of the achievement test and Attitude measurement were presented on a group of experienced referees in Methods of teaching, Educational Psychology, and Geography to get advantage of their valuable insights and experiences. After that, there was an adjustment on some of the Items of the test. The test was approved by the experts by more than 85%. Test Analysis The test and the standard were applied on exploratory sample consisting of 100 students of the population of the study. After arranging the scores of the students in a descending order, and dividing them into two groups (upper and lower), and taking 27% from each group. Then, the difficulty coefficieny of the items, the power of their distinction, and stability coefficieny through the partial division which was calculated through using Pearson’s correlation coefficieny. After correcting its correlation coefficieny through Spearman Brown’s correlation coefficieny, it is found that the stability was (0,85). Also, it was characterized that the false alternatives attract the attention of the students. The standard to measure the attitude was (0, 76). After completing the period of the experiment, the researcher has applied an achievement post - test on the two groups.Research results The study concluded the following : The preponderance of the experimental group, which studied through using the experimental program, on the control group which studied through using the traditional method. The difference between their results was statistically significant at (0,05) in on the achievement and the retention in the light of the results of the study. The researcher concluded that the usage of this program is suitable to develop the skills of the students in geographical maps, as well as retention them. As a result, this will lead to raise the students’ motivation towards this subject.The researcher recommended the adoption of this program. Also, in order to complete this study, the researcher suggests to conduct a similar study on samples of students from other grades as well as other Universities and in other subjects. Statistical means The researcher used the following statistical means : T - test, Chi - square, Pearson’s correlation cofficiency, the equation of Spearman - Brown, cofficiency of the discrimination of an item , cofficiency of difficulty , the equation of the effectiveness of false alternatives, and other statistical tools.
