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توجهات جديدة في تدريس مهارة التكلم في المدارس الثانوية العراقية == teaching the speaking skill in iraqi secondary schools : a proposed method

Author name: كفاية حسين صالح
Supervisor name: علاء حسين عودة
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تحليل مشاكل تدريس مهارة المحادثة الانكليزية على مستوى الجامعة مع الاشارة الى جامعة البصرة == analysis of problems in teaching english conversational skill at the university level with reference to the university of basrah

Author name: فريق علي كاظم
Supervisor name: عبد الجبار محمد علي
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Translation
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

الترجمة كاسلوب استنباطي لتحليل الاخطاء == translate as an elicitation technique for erroe analysis

Author name: احمد عبد الفتاح عبود
Supervisor name: كاظم حسين باقر
General topic: Foreign Languages
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

الاخطاء في تلفظ تنغيم جمل الطلب الانكليزية عند المتعلمين الاجانب من العراقيين == Pronunciation Errors in the Intonation of English Imperatives by Iraqi Foreign Language Learners

Author name: الاء عبد الامام عبد الزهرة الرياحي
Supervisor name: غالب باقر محمد غالب
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تحليل المظاهر المصاحبة وشبه المصاحبة للغة في مسرحية جي. بي. شو الاسلحة والرجل == Paralinguistic and quasiparalinguistic Analysis of G.B. Shaw's "Arms and the Man"

Author name: اياد عبد الرزاق عبود
Supervisor name: مجيد حميد جاسم
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

جامعة البصرة : دراسة براغماتية للاوامر في مسرحية في انتظار غودف لصاموئيل بيكيت == a pragmatic study of directives in samuel beckett's waiting for godot

Author name: ضياء نجم عبد الله
Supervisor name: شهاب احمد الناصر
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التحليل التداولي للخطاب العراقي الاجتماعي من حيث قواعد غرايس للتخاطب == A Pragmatic Analysis of Iraqi Social Discourse in Terms of Grice’s Conversational Maxims

Author name: منى محمد علي وناس
Supervisor name: عادل مالك خنفر
General topic: Foreign Languages
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

نقد استجابة القاريء : بحث في استجابة القراء العرب للشعر الانكليزي الحديث في العراق == Reader-Response Criticism: An Investigation of Arab Readers' Response to Modern English poetry in Iraq

Author name: شهاب احمد الناصر
Supervisor name: عبد الستار جواد
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Literature
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دراسة لغوية اجتماعية لمشاكل ترجمة المصطلح الثقافي العربي الى الانكليزية بالاشارة الى ترجمة لي كاسك لرواية نجيب محفوظ الزقاق المدق

Author name: عباس ديكان درويش
Supervisor name: عبد الجبار محمد علي
General topic: Foreign Languages
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

التعرف على اصوات اللين في اللغة الانكليزية من قبل المتعلمين العراقيين في المراحل المتقدمة : دراسة سمعية

Author name: مهيار غالب باقر
Supervisor name: كاظم حسين باقر
General topic: Foreign Languages
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دراسة مقارنة لمجاميع السواكن في اللغة الانكليزية واللهجة العراقية

Author name: محمد احمد عبد الستار
Supervisor name: غالب باقر محمد غالب
General topic: Foreign Languages
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

بنية المقطع في لهجة الزبير ونظام تقطيعها : دراسة اجتماعية فونولوجية ذات منحى لا خطي

Author name: ماجد عبد اللطيف ابراهيم
Supervisor name: غالب باقر محمد غالب
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

انماط النبر في الكلمة الانكليزية : دراسة صوتية وظيفية

Author name: ماجد عبد اللطيف ابراهيم
Supervisor name: غالب باقر محمد غالب
General topic: Foreign Languages
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

صعوبات التلفظ في اللغة الانكليزية التي يواجهها المتعلمون الارمن العراقيين في المدارس الثانوية في محافظة البصرة == English Pronunciation Difficulties For The Iraqi Armenian Learners At Basrah Secondary Schools

Author name: سيزا ارام سركيس اسحق ساهاكيان
Supervisor name: غالب باقر محمد غالب
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

الخصائص الصوتية المميزة والتراكيب الصوتية للسواكن ومعادلات التشخيص الخاصة باللهجة العراقية : وجهة نظر توليدية

Author name: بلقيس عيسى كاطع راشد
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Doctorate
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تحليل فيزيائي لاصوات العلة الانجليزية البسيطة في الكلام المتاني وكلام المحادثة == Acoustic Analysis of English Pure Vowels in Clear and Conversational Speech

Author name: فراس فتحي علي الفاتح
Supervisor name: حميد مجيد الحمادي
General topic: Foreign Languages
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Recently, the number of researchers and the amount of work in acoustic phonetics have greatly increased. This is because of the great importance that acoustic phonetics has on real life applications. Acoustic phonetics deals with those topics in experimental phonetics that can logically be investigated by the analysis, synthesis, and manipulation of speech. Acoustic phonetics can also be used to bridge the gaps that seem to separate phonetics from linguistics. Despite much research and discussion, the relation betweenacoustic properties and linguistic units remains debatable. However, acoustic phonetics with the aid of sophisticated computer programmes and language laboratories, can provide scientific and reliable results. It is especially for this reason that further progress in acoustic phonetics and linguistic structures is hoped for.The present study aims at conducting an acoustic analysis of BBC English pure vowels in two speaking styles. It aims at examining the acoustic properties of English pure vowels produced by native and nonnative speakers in clear and conversational speech. The present study concentrates on the most important aspects of acoustic phonetic research, acoustic analysis, vowel intelligibility, sex - related differences, as well as comparing clear with conversational speech. It is hypothesized that the acoustic properties of English pure vowels in conversational speech are different from those in clear speech. Moreover, the strategies employed by non - native speakers, i.e., exhibiting the acoustic characteristics of the vowels involved in both speaking styles, are different from those of native speakers. Previous work has provided some important insights into the field of acoustic research, particularly on clear and conversational speech. The current study follows the precise procedures presented by many investigators, particularly those procedures and techniques followed by Ferguson and Port (2002) as far as the work on speech styles and vowel intelligibility is concerned. Two recording sessions are conducted for both groups of talkers•Individual files are made for each vowel produced by each talker in both speaking styles. For the present study, vowel duration and values of fundamental frequency (F , i.e., the native and the non - native speakers. The first recording session is devoted to conversational speech analysis. The researcher has invited each talker to listen to a dialogue and talk in a normal conversational mode. The researcher has made sure to ask some questions that naturally evoke some target words.In the second recording session, the researcher asked each talker to read the selected target words (the carriers of the vowels) in a clear speaking style. The individual recordings are saved in a computer to be analysed using Praat’ which is a software for doing phonetics by computer.• The term Talkers’ is used, as advised by Prof. Sarah Ferguson, to refer to the people who come in and speak materials into a microphone.) are measured. Moreover, following Ferguson and Port (2002), the first two formants of the vowels produced by the talkers are measured at 50% of the vowel duration. Also, values of pitch range (maximum F0 - minimum F0) are calculated. Finally, vowel space areas based on the first two formants derived from each vowel in both speaking styles, are analysed and used for comparison. The results of the experiment revealed that all talkers, for both long and short vowels, produced longer vowel durations, higher values of F0, greater values of pitch range, and larger vowel space areas in clear than in conversational speech. Nearly all female talkers in both groups produced higher values than male talkers as far as the four acoustic measures are concerned. Notably, the findings of this study have also shown that the strategies employed by non - native speakers in exhibiting the acoustic properties of English pure vowels, are different from those of native speakers. Moreover, according to the results, clear speech is more intelligible than conversational speech. In an attempt to make themselves, more intelligible or understandable, most talkers produced the vowels more slowly, more loudly, and in a very careful manner, regardless of their language background. In regard to recommendations and suggestions, the researcher has given some recommendations and has also suggested some important points for further research.

استراتيجيات التهذيب في الحــوار القصصــي لوليام غولدنـــــغ في روايــة "اميــــر الذباب" وفـق نظريــة الحديــث المهـــذب لبــراون وليفنســــون : دراسة اســــلوبيــة تداوليـــــة == Facework in the Fictional Dialogue of Golding's 'Lord of the Flies' in Terms of Brown and Levinson's Politeness Theory : A Pragma - Stylistic Study

Author name: علـــي عفـراوي فهـــد الغـــزي
Supervisor name: انتصار عدنان عبد القادر
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تركز هذه الدراسة على مفاهيم (ماء الوجه)، (استراتيجيات التهذيب) و(التهذيب) حسب نظرية الكلام المهذب لبراون ولفنسون (1978، 1987). يستكشف الباحث درجة التهذيب الموجودة في الحوار القصصي في رواية وليام غولدنج المعروفة باسم (امير الذباب). تركز الدراسة على تصنيف استراتيجيات التهذيب وتحليلها عند نطق الافعال الكلامية المهددة لماء الوجه وذلك في الحوار القصصي للشخصيات الرئيسة الثلاث في الرواية لاستكشاف قابلية تطبيق هذه النظرية على النصوص الادبية والخروج بتاويلات جديدة للرواية. تسلط الدراسة الضوء ايضا على العلاقة بين علم الاسلوبيات والتداولية واستخدامها في تاويل النصوص الادبية وعلى انبثاق ما يعرف بعلم الاسلوبيات التداولية المتخصص بهذا المجال. كما تشير ببعض الاسهاب الى نظرية الفعل الكلامي وظاهرة الحديث المهذب.يتناول الجزء الرابع من الدراسة الجانب العملي حيث ينقسم الى اربع وحدات، تحمل الثلاث الاولى منها اسماء ابطال الرواية لانها تنطوي على تحليل الفاظ كل منهم على حده ودراسة استراتيجيات الحديث المهذب والاستراتيجيات الفرعية لها التي وظفها في حواره مع ابطال الرواية الاخرين. وخصصت الوحدة الرابعة لمناقشة النتائج، ناهيك عن مناقشة فرضيتي الدراسة واثبات صحتهما. وبلغ عدد الالفاظ التي جرى تحليلها 883 لفظة لابطال الرواية الثلاثة.بينما سلط الجزء الخامس منها الضوء على ما تمخضت عنه هذه الدراسة من استنتاجات.تنتهي الدراسة بقائمة المراجع التي اعتمدت عليها هذه الرسالة. | This study examines the notions of face, facework and politeness according to Brown & Levinson’s (1978, 1987) Politeness theory. The study explores politeness as presented in the fictional dialogue of Golding’s novel “Lord of the Flies”. The novel was first published in 1954. It dealt with complex issues of morality and philosophy done in the manner of boys' adventure story."Lord of the flies" is a novel about a group of English schoolboys who have been evacuated by a plane from the perils of nuclear war. The boys are faced with the problem of survival on the tropical island while they attempt to attract the attention of passing ships and planes. A rivalry develops between two ideologies; one aimed at being rescued and the other aimed at turning into savagery and blood - shed. The conflict reaches its climax in killing the sow, and more brutal, in killing their friends (human beings) : Simon and Piggy. Just before the actual rescue at the end of the novel, the boys (savages) are hunting down Ralph who still has the courage and resistance to remember what the rest are determined to forget (Coles, 1982 : 9). William Golding creates the novel out of an understanding of juvenile psychology. The best way to describe the theme of this novel is through Golding's words himself imparted by A. N. Jeffares (2002 : xi);Man is a fallen being. He is gripped by original sin. His nature is sinful and his state is perilous... I am a son, brother and father. I have lived for many years with small boys, and understand and know them with awful precision. I decided to take the literary convention of boys on an island only make them real boys instead of paper cutouts with no life in them and try to show how the shape of the society they evolved would be conditioned by their diseased, their fallen nature.The research falls into two parts; theoretical and practical. The theoretical side is devoted, in part of it, to clarify the relation between stylistics and pragmatics with a focus on the fictional dialogue. On the other part, the theoretical background explains the notions of face, facework and politeness along with Brown & Levinson's Politeness theory. The steps of the scholar Susanne E. Hoebe in her paper entitled "Predicting politeness strategies in English conversation" (2001) in which she determines the variables of Brown & Levinson’s equation, would be followed to identify, classify and analyze the politeness strategies for doing face threatening acts, henceforth (FTAs), in the fictional dialogue amongst the three main characters in the novel. The study will examine every single utterance produced by the three influential characters during their dialogues to discover if Brown & Levinson’s Politeness theory is applicable to the fictional dialogue in literary works and to come out with new interpretations to the novel through the exploration of the features of the characters extracted from their utterances.The analysis would be character - based. So, if we take one character, let us say; Ralph’, all his utterances in his dialogues with Piggy would be analyzed separately from those with Jack, for us to be able to know the politeness strategies used by each of them, to grasp the nature of the relationship between each character and the other and to determine the main variables of Brown & Levinson’s equation in their politeness theory. This is Brown & Levinson's equation : Wx= D (S, H) + P (H, S) + Rx(W) stands for Weightiness and (x) for the face threatening act; so (Wx) means the weightiness of the face threatening act or politeness. (D) stands for Distance; (P) for Power; (R) for Ranking of imposition; (Rx) for ranking of imposition of the face threatening act; (S) for speaker and (H) for hearer (Brown & Levinson, 1987 : 76).

التحقيق في العلاقة بين الجنس واستيعاب القراءة على مستوى الكلية == Investigating the Relationship between Gender and Reading Comprehension at College Level

Author name: محسن رميلي عبد الكاظم حسون
Supervisor name: علاء حسين عودة
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Language
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: هذه الدراسة تختص بالتحقيق في العلاقة بين عامل الجنس واربعة مستويات من الاستيعاب ( الحرفي والاستنتاجي والنقدي والتقييمي ) على مستوى الكليه . الدراسة تتكون من خمسة فصول والمشاركون في اختبار الدراسة هم 154 طالبا (ذكورا واناثا ) ،واختبار الدراسة تطلب من المشاركين الاجابة على عشرين سؤالا عن القطعة الانشائية للاختبار . تحليل البيانات تم باستعمال برنامج (اس بي اس اس ) وعلى وفق معادله اختبار (تي) واختبار مربع( كاي). الفصل الاول من الدراسة يتضمن المقدمة حول هذه الدراسة، حيث هذا الفصل يقدم لنا مشكلة الدراسة وفرضياتها واهدافها ومحدداتها اما الفصل الثاني فانة يقدم لنا موضوع الاختلافات الفردية بين المتعلمين للغة وهي تمثل مجموعة من العوامل التي توثر في تعلم اللغة بصورة عامة وفي مهارة القراءة بصوره خاصه وفي نهاية هذه القائمة من الاختلافات الفردية يكون التركيز في هذا الفصل اكثر على عامل الجنس بوصفة واحد من هذه الاختلافات بين المتعلمين وهو محط تركيز هذه الدراسة في الاساس. اما الفصل الثالث يقدم لنا فكرة عن استيعاب القراءة واهميتها وكذلك يبين لنا انواع استراتيجيات القراءة بالاضافة الى توضيح المستويات الاستيعاب الاربعة (على وفق نظرية باريت )،واخيرا هذا الفصل ينتهي بتوضيح مجموعة من العوامل المؤثرة في مهارة القراءة. اما الفصل الرابع يقدم لنا منهجية اختبار الدراسة وطريقة تحليل البيانات التي حصلنا عليها من الاختبار اما الفصل الخامس وهو الفصل الاخير فانه يقدم لنا نتائج الدراسة والتوصيات حيث تظهر لنا نتائج الدراسة انه ليس هنالك اختلاف هام احصائيا في اداء الاستيعاب بين الذكور والاناث ما عدا المستوى الاستنتاجي في المرحلة الثالثة من قسم اللغة الانكليزية الدراسة تقترح بان الدراسات المستقبلية يجب ان تركز اكثر على دراسة العلاقة بين الجنس واستيعاب القراءة لكن مع عينة اكبر وفي اكثر من سياق بالاضافة الى استعمال طرائق مختلفة في اداء اختبار الاستيعاب. | The present study is an investigation about the relationship between variable gender and four levels of reading comprehension achievement at college level. The participants are 154 second and third - year students (males and females). The participants have to answer twenty open - ended questions about one - page long passage. Data analysis is done by SPSS software according to t - test formula and Chi Square Test. Chapter one presents an introduction to the study. It is a call for the reader to look at the problem of deciding the relationship between gender and reading comprehension as well as the nature of this relationship, especially when reading comprehension treated as consisting of several sub levels instead of considering it as a unified ability. This chapter states clearly the hypotheses, the aims of the study, limits, and an outline of the study. Chapter two deals with the subject of learners’ differences in which we lists the individual differences that could affect reading comprehension and gives general explanation for each individual difference in general and the variable gender in more detail. It ends with a section devoted to explain the relationship between gender and learning in general, learning L2, and reading comprehension in particular. The end of this chapter contains some of the previous studies about the relationship between gender and reading comprehension. Chapter three introduces the meaning of reading comprehension, the importance of reading comprehension, and then lists comprehension strategies. This chapter is also devoted shed light on reading comprehension levels in which each level is defined by different researchers. Then the chapter ends with explaining the factors that affect reading comprehension as represented by the reader, text, activity, and context variables of reading. Chapter four presents the methodology of the study, Data analysis of each level result according to T - test analysis and Chi Square analysis. Chapter five also presents conclusions and recommendations of the study. It shows then what the study has come up with. The result of the study comes up with the findings that there is no significant difference in reading comprehension achievement between males and females according to the context of the study except for the critical level for the second year and inferential level for third year. The study suggests the need for future studies about the relationship between gender and reading comprehension but with larger samples and wider context (more than one context) as well as different methodology, especially different test forms.

الاعتلالات اللفظية الفونولوجية في لغة اطفال التوحد في العراق : دراسة توليدية == Phonological Disorders In The Speech OF Iraqi Children With Autism : A Generative Case Study

Author name: سارة فالح حسن الدبوني
Supervisor name: محمد احمد عبد الستار السامر
General topic: Foreign Languages
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: As the title of the thesis indicates, this study intends to investigate the phonological disorders elicited in the speech samples of eight Iraqi children diagnosed with autistic disorders.The purpose of the work is to tackle the field of autism in Iraq by virtue of the shortage of studies in this area, especially in the speech disorders of Iraqi autistic children. The work also aims to contribute to the field of autism within the field of phonology in Iraqi Arabic autistic samples for the first time. The third aim to achieve in this thesis is to capture the most common phonological processes that are noted in the speech samples of the participants using two models. The first model is Clark, Yallop and Fletchers (2007) generative phonological rules, in which an attempt is made to apply the phonological rules to the speech of the autistic. Optimality - theoretical model is also approached to form specific constraint restrictions to allow certain unified representations.Phonemic substitution, elision and assimilation are the most prevalent phonological processes that are observed in the speech of the participants, and they are discussed with their results and conclusions according to both models in the study.The present thesis is comprised of five chapters. The First Chapter displays the preliminaries of the study with the methodology of the experimental design and information about the eight participants as well as how the data is collected and recordings are conducted for them . Chapter Two, then, introduces the literature review of Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) with their symptoms, causes, diagnosis and the most relative cognitive theories. Phonology of Iraqi Arabic (IA) and the most common developmental phonological processes are also matters of concern.All recordings are transcribed using phonemic transcription and disorders are categorized according to the most common ones that are elicited in the speech samples. The work, then, describes and analyzes the three elicited phonological processes using both generative phonological rules and optimality theoretical model in Chapter three and Four. Finally, the general conclusions of the overall work with some recommendations and suggestions for certain needed studies to confirm these findings are presented in Chapter five.ivThe most prominent outcomes of this study are the following : 1 - The linguistic performance of the autistic subjects is phonologically impaired.2 - The most dominant developmental phonological processes elicited in the speech of the subjects are phonemic substitution(60.226%), elision (21.392%) and assimilation (18.380%).3 - Processes that are related to phonemic substitution and elision cover both vocalic and consonantal segments.4 - All consonants are confronted to assimilation, and they are all exhibited either to regressive or progressive assimilation.5 - The data that is collected for this study fits both the generative models that are implemented, i.e. the generative phonological rules and the OT candidate screening model.6 - Concerning the analysis of phonemic substitution and elision via OT model, it is found that a competition occurs between certain faithfulness constraints with regard to both vowels and consonants. Specific faithfulness constraints are also elicited within the OT analysis for assimilation.

ترجمة عامل الافتراض في الدعابة من الانكليزية الى العربية في رواية مارك توين مغامرات توم سوير من منظور تداولي == Translating Presupposition in Humour from English into Arabic with a Special Reference to Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer : A Pragmatic Study

Author name: نورا عزيز تركي
Supervisor name: فاطمة حسين عزيز
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Translation
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The translation of humour is not an easy task to handle. It requires the translator to choose from many standards in order to successfully translate the humour from one language into another. In general, humour is of two kinds : referential (universal humour) and verbal (culture/language - bound humour).Referential humour is that humour which can be understood by all humans, no matter what culture they belong to. Verbal humour (cultural and language - bound humour), constitutes a difficult mission for translators. For instance, translating a non - humourous cultural expression usually relies upon an explanation of it within the text itself or through footnotes. This solution often does not work with the translation of humour because humour relies on the element of surprise, subtle nuance, and/or the use of language - bound puns in order to deliver laughter - inducing effect. In short, over - explanation ultimately kills the joke.Is it possible to translate humour? What difficulties does a translator encounter? This study explores the possibility of translating humour while taking into account the pragmatic factor and its effect upon the successful transference of it. The Arabic translation of Mark Twain's English novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer has been analyzed herein. In practicum, the English and Arabic versions of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer are juxtaposed and analyzed according to the model of Reiss (2000). Havingaccomplished the analysis of data, many kinds of humour have been identified; including the most difficult ones. The present study comprises five chapters. Chapter One is devoted to the preliminaries of the study, i.e. the problem, the aim, the scope, the hypothesis, and the procedures followed in this study. Chapter Two provides the readers with the theoretical background of humour and humour's relation to translation. Chapter Three examines the relation between humour and pragmatics. Chapter Four is devoted to the data of the study which examines Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its Arabic translation مغامرات توم سوير . Chapter Five is theconcluding remarks that the researcher has arrived at.

دراسة ترجمة النصوص الصحفية السياسية الانكليزية الى العربية وفق ايدولوجية الهابيتوس المتاصلة المدفوعة في صنع القرار == A Study of Interpreting English Journalistic Political Texts into Arabic in Terms of Pierre Bourdieu’s Habitus - Motivated/ Oriented Decision Ideology

Author name: نور حميد مزيعل
Supervisor name: زينب سامي حول
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Literature
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تتمتع القنوات التلفزيونية الاخبارية بتقاليد صارمة وتتطلب من العاملين لديها العمل وفقا لهذه التقاليد. يواجه المترجمون الفوريون في القنوات الاخبارية ضغطا مضاعفا, فمن جانب, هم مطالبون باتباع قواعد القناة للحفاظ على وظائفهم ومن جانب اخر يسعون الى احترام مبدا الحيادية الاساسي في حقل الترجمة. وما يزيد الموقف صعوبة ان الترجمة\الترجمة الفورية نشاط معقد ولا تقتصر على جانب واحد من جوانب السلوك الاجتماعي. فالترجمة تتم بعمليات معقدة ومختلفة سواء كانت عقلية او اجتماعية. يصر العديد من الباحثين على ان الحيادية متطلب اساسي في الترجمة لكنها مع هذا صعبة التحقيق. ولغرض ايضاح سبب هذه الصعوبة, تتبنى هذه الدراسة نظرية عالم الاجتماع الفرنسي بيير بورديو. يشرح بورديو السلوك الانساني من خلال استحضار ثلاثة مفاهيم : الحقل وراس المال والهابيتوس. تعمل هذه المفاهيم الثلاثة كاسس لتفسير النشاط الانساني. وسيتم تطبق النظرية المذكورة على نماذج للترجمة الفورية اخذت من قنوات تلفزيونية مختلفة لدراسة السلوك الاجتماعي لهؤلاء المترجمين الفوريين في تلك القنوات. ستعامل القنوات التلفزيونية معاملة الحقول الاجتماعية اذ يمارس المترجمون الفوريون نشاطهم, كما ستستخدم لتفحص الاعراف التي تتحكم بهذا الحقل وما هو تاثيرها على المترجمين الفوريين. وتركز هذه الدراسة بشكل اساسي على تاثير هذه العوامل على هابيتوس المترجمين الفوريين وكيف يتفاعل المترجمون للعمل وفقا لما هو مفروض عليهم. تتالف هذه الدراسة من خمسة فصول : الفصل الاول مكرس لمقدمات الدراسة التي تتضمن مشكلة الدراسة والهدف منها والمجال الذي تركز عليه والفرضية التي تتبناها والاجراءات المتبعة فيها. ويركز الفصل الثاني على دراسة الجانب النظري حيث يتم النظر في ما كتب عن تطبيق نظرية بيير بورديو في دراسات الترجمة. كما يشرح مفهوم الهابيتوس المدفوع والهابيتوس المتاصل ويطلع على الدراسات التي تناولته. اما الفصل الثالث فهو دراسة الخطاب السياسي في القنوات التلفزيونية والمعايير المطبقة لانتاج هذا الخطاب. كما يلقي هذا الفصل الضوء على اهمية الترجمة الفورية للخطاب السياسي ودور المترجم الفوري في هذه العملية. الفصل الرابع يتضمن البيانات المستخدمة في الدراسة وهي فيديوهات لمؤتمرات ونقاشات وجلسات وخطب سياسية مترجمة فوريا ماخوذة من قنوات تلفزيونية مختلفة. وقد تم تحليل المواد في الفديوهات المذكورة اعتمادا على نظرية النشاط الاجتماعي لبورديو لتسليط الضوء على مواقف المترجمين الفوريين المختلفة من المادة الواحدة. الفصل الخامس فيشمل النتائج التي توصلت لها الباحثة وعدد من الاقتراحات للمترجمين الفوريين خصوصا اولئك العاملين على النصوص الصحفية السياسية. | News channels have strong and fixed standards. They expect their employees to follow these standards and work accordingly. Interpreters in these channels face a multiple pressure. On the one hand, they are required to follow these rules to keep their jobs, and on the other hand, they seek to respect neutrality as it is a basic ethic in the field. What makes it harder is that translation/interpretation as a process is a complex activity. It is not limited to a single aspect of human behavior. Rather, it entails different and complicated processes whether they are mental or social. Although many scholars argue that neutrality is an essential requirement of translation; however, it is nearly impossible to obtain. In order to explain the reasons behind this difficulty, this study adopts the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s theory in which he explains the human action by bringing the concepts field, capital, and habitus. These three concepts work as pillars to analyze humans' actions. The theory is applied to samples of interpreted extracts taken from different news channels to study the sociological behavior of the interpreters in these channels. The news channels will be treated as the field where interpreters practice their social activity. It will also be used to see which conventions control this field and what affects the exercises of the interpreters. The main focus of this study is on the influence of these factors on the interpreters' habitus and how they interact to work in accordance with what is imposed upon them. This study comprises five chapters. Chapter One is devoted to surveying the preliminaries of the study, i.e. the problem, the aim, the scope, the significance, the hypothesis and the procedure. Chapter Two provides the theoretical background of the study. In this chapter, the researcher surveys a literature review of how the Pierre Bourdieu's sociology was introduced into translation studies. It also introduces the notion of habitus - motivated/oriented decision making and the studies set by those who treated it. Chapter Three is devoted to exploring the political discourse in news channels and the criteria applied to produce such a discourse. It also sheds light on the significance of interpreting the political discourse and the interpreter's role in the process. Chapter Four introduces the data of the study which are videos of interpreted political conferences, discussion sessions, and speeches taken from different news channels. The materials of the videos are analyzed according to Pierre Bourdieu's theory of the social practice to highlight the different attitudes the interpreters hold towards the same material. Chapter Five is the concluding remarks that the researcher has arrived at and a number of suggestions for the interpreters - especially those who are concerned with journalistic texts - that can be put forward on the basis of these remarks

تقييم ثلاث ترجمات لرواية ناثانيال هوثورن الموسومة الحرف القرمزي الى اللغة العربية مقاربة تداولية == Evaluating Three Translations of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Novel The Scarlet Letter into Arabic : A Pragmatic Approach

Author name: منتهى علي عبد
Supervisor name: هاشم كاطع لازم
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Translation
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Translation can be studied with relation to pragmatics since they are both concerned with meaning. On the one hand, pragmatics seeks to identify and disambiguate the implicit meanings in a certain discourse. On the other, the process of translation also requires explicating what is implicit in order to produce a correct and accurate translation. Moreover, pragmatics makes it easy to differentiate between meaning and use. The purpose of this study is to show the usefulness of pragmatics in translation studies and how translators can use the different aspects of pragmatics as tools which assist to analyze a certain discourse appropriately by comparing the ST and TTs and evaluating them. This study sheds light on speech acts, cooperative principle, implicature, politeness,presupposition and deixis only which are considered to be the main aspects of pragmatics which are almost used in our daily conversations whether written or spoken. Models adopted in this study are Mona baker's (1992, 2011) pragmatic equivalence for analyzing STs and TTs in order to compare them and find appropriate solutions for the translators and Newmark's five - part model of evaluation (1988) to evaluate the TTs. Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter and three of its translations are adopted in order to be analyzed and compared to illustrate how translators deal with the various aspects of pragmatics during the process of translation. The main aims of this study are to detect how pragmatic analysis can be of use to address the pitfalls and weaknesses in the translations and why such pitfalls and weaknesses are caused and to evaluate the translation of the selected sample from a pragmatic perspective. The study concludes that some translators face problems in translating pragmatic aspects because of their lack of pragmatic knowledge. Some other translators make it easy to capture the meaning of these aspects by providing correct pragmatic equivalences in their translation. Thus, it is recommended for the translators to have enough knowledge about this field of study.

الثنائيات المتضادة في نص غاياتري جاكرافورتي سبيفاك "هل يستطيع المهمش ان يتكلم ترجمة، وتعريف / وتعقيب == POSTCOLONIAL BINARY OPPOSITIONS IN GAYATRI CHAKRAVORTY SPIVAK’S “CAN THE SUBALTERN SPEAK” : TRANSLATION, ANNOTATION/COMMENTARY

Author name: تمارا حسين العطية
Supervisor name: هناء البياتي
General topic: Foreign Languages
Specific topic: English - Translation
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: "ما بعد الاستعمارية" مصطلح اطلق على مجموعة من دراسات وجدت في العديد من المجالات وتتناول اثر الاستعمار، وعلى راسها الاستعمار الاوروبي، في الثقافات والمجتمعات تحت الاستعمار. انها دراسات معقدة ومتنوعة من البحث اذ يقوم العلماء خلالها بدراسة فترات ما قبل الاستعمارية، والاستعمارية وما بعد الاستعمارية. وانها تدرس ما يسمى بـفترة الاستعمارية الجديدة، وهي فترة الاستعمارية في شكلها الجديد. كما انها ترتبط بمجموعة واسعة من التخصصات والمجالات بشكل مباشر او غير مباشر، كالفلسفة والتحليل النفسي وعلم الاجتماع والادب والثقافة والسياسة والترجمة. يعتبر مصطلح المهمش، الذي يظهر في مقالة سبيفاك " هل يستطيع المهمش ان يتكلم؟" هو الموضوع الاساسي لهذا البحث والذي يرتبط بمفهوم الترجمة والمستعمرات والمراة، فيصنف ضمن الثانوي ( الاضعف) الذي تسيطر عليها القوة المتفوقة. يقدم العمل في البداية فصلا عن اساسيات الاطروحة. ويقدم بعدها الخلفية النظرية التي يناقش خلالها نظريات ترجمة ذو علاقة وتعاريف الترجمة النعقيبية/ التعريفية. تقدم استراتيجية الثنائيات المتضادة بعد ذلك، والتي هي عبارة عن قائمة تعاريف مصطلح ما بعد الاستعمارية والمفاهيم التي لها علاقة بالمصطلح العام في ما بعد الاستعمارية. وهي كما يلي : ما بعد الاستعمارية Xما بعد الاستعمارية الجديدة، الامبريالية Xالامبريالية الجديدة، الراسمالية Xالاشتراكية، البنيوية (الدال والمدلول) X ما بعد البنيوية، التفكيكية (الكلام والكتابة)، الاستغراب Xالاستشراق، السلالة النقية X التهجين، البابويةX النسوية، الترجمة (اللغة المصدر X اللغة الهدف) . تناقش بعد ذلك الصعوبات التي واجهها المترجم خلال ترجمة مقال سبيفاك نتيجة لاختلاف نظم الفهم الفلسفي بين اللغتين العربية والانكليزية. حيث يتناول هذا الفصل اشكالية المصطلحات المتكررة في مقالة سبيفاك وتراجمها ، امثال : الذاتية Xالموضوعية، الهيمنة X التهميش، الوكالة، التمثيل. تقدم بعد ذلك السيرة الذاتية لغاياتري سبيفاك. ويختتم العمل بالتحدث عن نتائج البحث التي تركز على حقيقة ان هنالك حاجة لترجمة الاعمال الاساسية في نظرية ما بعد الاستعمارية في سبيل تعزيز الصوت لدى الباحث العربي. وهذا الامر مذكور ايضا مع مجموعة من التوصيات التي تطلق نداءا الى المختصين من العرب بالاهتمام بهذا الحقل المعرفي الكبير، حقل دراسات ما بعد الاستعمارية وعلاقته بدراسات الترجمة. يتبع العمل بملحق يحتوي على الترجمة العربية لنص سبيفاك مع النص الاصلي. | Postcolonialism is the set of studies found in several areas that study the effects of Colonialism, mainly the European Colonialism, on the cultures and societies of the colonies. It is also connected, directly or indirectly, to a wide range of disciplines and areas, like philosophy, psychoanalysis, sociology, literature, culture, politics and translation. The term “Subaltern” is the key word in the title of Spivak's work, as a concept to which translations, colonies, women are all linked and classified in the secondary sense (the inferior) controlled by a superior power, is the core of this study. The work gives at the beginning a preliminary chapter on the basics of the thesis. Then, the theoretical background, in which related translation theories are discussed, and definitions of the terms translation annotation and translation commentary are defined and compared. The postcolonial binary oppositions in Spivak's "Can the Subaltern Speak?" are discussed afterward. The discussion presents a list of definitions of the umbrella term of postcolonialism and other ambivalent key terms and concepts, like colonialism Vs neocolonialism, imperialism Vs neoimperialism, capitalism Vs socialism, structuralism (signifier Vs signified) Vs post - structuralism, deconstruction (speech Vs writing), occidentalism Vs orientalism, pure preed Vs hybridity, patriarchy Vs feminism, and translation (SL Vs TL). The process of translation Spivak’s text has encountered many difficulties due to the differences in the philosophical comprehensive meanings between Arabic and English. The main problematic and frequent terms in the Arabic translation like, subjectivity Vs objectivity, hegemony Vs subalternity, agency and representation are presented and studied. The work also gives a simple biography of Spivak and a summary of the main aspects of her essay. A final conclusion is made to confirm the necessity of having an Arabic translation for one of the founding texts of postcolonialism to enhance the postcolonial voice in the Arabic academic circle. That is added also within a recommendations list which calls the Arab specialists for paying special attention to these two wide fields of knowledge : postcolonial studies and translation studies. The work is followed by an appendix with the Arabic translation of Spivak's work and the original text

بلاغة الخطاب : تحليل نقدي لخطابات توني بلير حيال الحرب ضد العراق عام 2003 == Rhetoric of Discourse : A Critical Discourse Analysis of Tony Blair’s Speeches of Iraq War 2003

Author name: رهيـــــد حـســــن عـــداي
Supervisor name: مجيد حميد جاسم
General topic: Foreign Languages
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تعرض هذه الدراسة تحليلا نقديا لخطابات رئيس الوزراء البريطاني السابق توني بلير بشان حرب العراق عام 2003 وبخاصة اعطاء اهتمام كبير للجدال (الحجاج) او (التفسير المنطقي) حيث "الخطابة" في هذا المفهوم تعني ايجاد الحجج المقنعة.لايعني فن الخطابة مجرد كيفية طرح الافكار المقنعة انما يدعو للبحث بصورة جدية في دراسة طرق التاثير التي يهدف منها الخطاب. كذلك فان الاشكال الخطابية تدخل في تشكيل الحقائق مثلما حدث في خطابات بلير في الحرب ضد العراق, حيث انها كانت احدى المحركات الاساسية في انجاح تلك الحرب. يصب اهتمام الدراسات في الاونة الاخيرة على دراسة العلاقة بين اللغة والسياسة, بمعنى اخر دراسة الطريقة التي تطرح فيها الافكار السياسية من الشخصيات في تلك المواقع والطرق في استخدام اللغة لاقناع المستمعين بالخطط الحالية والمستقبلية. فضلا عن ذلك، ينظر الى السياسة على انها صراع على السلطة لاقامة الافكار السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية مجتمعة, وذلك مايجعلها ارضا خصبة للدراسة. ويقال ان الخطب في البرلمان لا يجب ان تحدد فقط من حيث الخصائص النصية، ولكن ايضا من حيث التحليل السياقي لاهميتها في اظهار هيمنة السلطة وتغيير المواقف كما هو الحال في خطابات توني بلير وتاثيرها في الراي العام. وبهذا, فان دراسة لغة السياسة والسياسيين مثيرة للجدل لما تكشفه من اتجاهات ايدولوجية. تبحث هذه الدراسة ايضا في دراسة الخطاب السياسي من وجهة نظر جدلية فضلا عن دراسة الخصائص اللغوية. تعنئ الدراسة كذلك باضافة عنصر جديد عبر تحليل الخطاب السياسي عن طريق الجمع بين تحليل الخطاب النقدي والجدلية (المنطق العملي). تهتم الدراسة بايجاد اوجه التشابه والاختلاف اللغوية والبلاغية التي استخدمها بلير فهو في الاخير لم يكن يبحث عن الدعم الكامل لتلك الحرب انما مجرد القبول بها ونتيجة لذلك واجه التحقيق في 2011. تم العمل من خلال هذه الاطروحة على انشاء تحليل موحد للخطاب السياسي من خلال اعتبار الاهداف في الخطاب على انها امور اساسية ممثلة في اماكن العمل الظرفية مخطط لها من المبادئ الاساسية لذلك الخطاب. هناك هدفان رئيسان لهذه الدراسة : اولا : ايجاد معرفة افضل لمفهوم الخطاب السياسي, خطابات بلير من وجهة نظر جدلية كمثال على ذلك. وثانيا : للتاكيد ومن خلال دراسة (الانماط) بان رئيس الوزراء البريطاني السابق توني بلير اعتزم ايجاد الوسائل الجدلية لاقناع المجتمع الدولي بغزو العراق. وعلى الرغم من ان حرب العراق او كما تدعئ بحرب الخليج الثانية قد حدثت منذ 13 عاما الا انها تعد الحدث الاكثر اثارة للجدل في التاريخ الحديث لما لها من تاثيرات عميقة. عدت تلك الحرب ذات اثار اساسية لما يجري الان في العراق والشرق الاوسط على حد سواء. وقد شملت العينة خطابين وثلاثة بيانات خلال عامي 2002 و2003 حول العراق واسلحة الدمار الشامل ونزع تلك الاسلحة بالقوة. تم الحصول على تلك العينة من الانترنت, من صحيفة الغارديان على وجه الخصوص لما لها من باع طويل واتجاه محايد. وتضمنت الدراسة ايضا بعض ردود الافعال حول قرار بلير بخوض الحرب ضد العراق من المصدر نفسه. ان هذه الدراسة لاتقدم التكهنات السياسية لنوايا بلير حول حرب العراق عام 2003 بدلا عن ذلك يتم عرض الطريقة التي دعم فيها بلير تلك الحرب بشكل خاص تلك الخصائص الاساسية للكلمات والتعبيرات الخطابية. وتسعى هذه الدراسة الى تقديم تحليل شامل لخطابات وبيانات توني بلير في اطار (فيركلاف وفيركلاف 2012). تهتم هذه الدراسة بتحليل الخطاب السياسي من وجه نظر نقدية ومنطقية على حد سواء اذ تتبع نهج جديد لتحليل الخطاب مبني على الجدلية والتداولية. لتحقيق هذه الاهداف, تم الافتراض بان : (1) الخطاب السياسي يهتم اساسا في الاجابة على سؤال (ماالذي يجب عمله؟) في اتخاذ القرارات. لذلك، فمن الافضل لتحليل الخطاب السياسي باعتباره جدلي, (2) تحليل الخطاب النقدي هو بالاساس شكل من اشكال الحجج المنطقية, (3)يحدث تحليل الخطاب النقدي بشكل افضل من خلال اخذ الاعتبار في فهم تاكيدات المباني في الحجج للعمل, (4) كذلك فان تقييم الحجج يعتبر جسر لربط الاهتمامات المعيارية لنظرية الحجاج من جهة واهتمامات تحليل الخطاب النقدي للنقد المعياري والنقد التوضيحي من جهة اخرى. تقع الرسالة في خمسة فصول. يقدم الفصل الاول تمهيدات الرسالة, ويعنى الفصل الثاني بتقديم خلفية الفرضيات لكل من تحليل الخطاب النقدي والبلاغة. ويعرض الفصل الثالث منهجية البحث التي تتضمن جمع الخطابات والية التحليل للنموذج المختار. بينما يسلط الضوء على تحليل الخطابات المختارة في الفصل الرابع, يعرض الفصل الخامس نتائج الدراسة. ومن خلال النتائج يمكن الاستنتاج بان خطب بليرتحتوي كلا من المنطق النظري والمنطق العملي. حيث ان المنطق النظري تمركز في رسم صورة سلبية لما سيحدث اذا فشلت الامم المتحدة في نزع اسلحة الدمار الشامل من العراق وازالة صدام. استخدم بلير افعال مساعدة بصورة سلبية لوصف مثل تلك الحجج المضادة. بينما المنطق العملي الذي يهتم بما يجب فعله في مواجهة هذه الازمة, قام بلير برسم صورة ايجابية عما سيحدث اذا تم نزع اسلحة العراق وازاحة صدام هو الخيار الوحيد والافضل الذي وضعه بلير امام الامم المتحدة والمستمعين. ان الخطاب السياسي هو خطاب جدلي في المقام الاول اذ ينطوي على حجج عملية مع او ضد عمل معين للرد على المشاكل السياسية. علاوة على ذلك فان بلير ركز على الاستقطاب الايدولوجي الايجابي اذا صور المجتمع الدولي كمجتمع ديمقراطي وسلمي بينما صور صدام بصورة سلبية كدكتاتور ومشابه للارهابيين بحيازته اسحلة دمار شامل ليقنع الجمهور بحربه ضد العراق. | This thesis presents Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to investigate the discourses of the British ex - prime minister, Tony Blair about Iraq War 2003 with special attention toArgumentation (practical reasoning). Rhetorical forms are relatively deeply and unavoidably involved in shaping the realities as the way they did with Blair’s discourses which helped in breaking the war against Iraq.Nowadays, the relationship between language and politics is the main focus of scholars in the sense that politicians exploit language to persuade their audience of their present or future plans. Further, politics is seen as a struggle for power to set up certainpolitical, economic and social ideas. It is argued that speeches in parliament should not only be defined in terms of their textual properties, but also in terms of a contextual analysis for its importance in showing power dominance and changing the situations. Thus,studying the language of politics and politicians is interesting for revealing the ideological trends. It adds a new orientation by focusing on CDA and argumentation (practical reasoning). The study investigated what makes a politician persuasive by examining thesimilarities and differences found in the linguistic choices and rhetorical devices used by Tony Blair. In many ways, Blair was not looking for overwhelming support for his actions, but rather mere acceptance. As a result, he reached a point where he was inquiringabout his decision of Iraq War 2003 and this point was the evaluation of his decisions. Throughout this thesis, the work is done to establish a unified analysis of the political discourse through taking goals to be imagined as states of affairs represented in circumstantial premises striped by value premise. Although, Iraq war, invasion of Iraq oras it is called the Second Gulf War happened 13 years ago, it is the most controversial event in recent history for its profound effects. It has the basic effects of what is going on now both in Iraq and the Middle East.The data were obtained from the internet, via the Guardian, with special evaluation from the same newspaper as a reaction against Blair’s decision. The study will not present the political speculations of Blair’s intentions of Iraq War 2003 rather how his speechessupport the War against Iraq especially the basic properties of the speeches that are the discursive expressions of his public reasons. The study seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of Blair’s political speeches within the framework of Fairclough & Fairclough2012 in their book, Political Discourse Analysis : A Method for Advanced Students. It is the first time a political discourse is studied from the perspective of both CDA and practical reasoning. The study aims at investigating Blair’s speeches about the Iraq War 2003 with critical and argumentative tools using a new approach to analyze politicaldiscourse, based upon a view of political discourse as primarily argumentative and deliberative. To fulfill the aims of this study, it is hypothesized that : (i) political discourse is mainly interested in answering the question of (what to do?) in taking decisions. So, it isbetter to analyse the political discourse as an argumentative, (ii) CDA is a form of practical argumentation which critiques practical (political) argumentation, (iii) it is only by understanding representations as premises in arguments for action that CDA canprovide an adequate understanding of the relations between structures of every discourse, (iv) evaluation of argumentation is seen as a convenient basis or as a bridge between the normative concerns of argumentation theory and concerns of CDA for normative critique and explanatory critique.The thesis is divided into five chapters. While Chapter One introduces the preliminaries of the study, Chapter two presents the theoretical background of both CDA and Rhetoric. Chapter Three is the methodology of the study. Chapter Four, the analyticalchapter, offers an integrated analysis of the practical reasoning of Blair’s discourse regarding the current data. Finally, Chapter Five presents the conclusion, recommendations and suggestions. Based on the results, it can be concluded that theBlair’s statements and speeches have both theoretical and practical reasoning. In which the theoretical reasoning had the negative attitude of what will happen if the UN fail to disarm Iraq of its WMD and remove Saddam. Blair used negative modal verbs to describe this counter - argument. On the other hand, the practical reasoning which is interested with what ought to be done in response to such crisis is lightning with positive attitude that disarming Iraq and removing Saddam is the only and the best choice put in front of the UN. In practical reasoning, he used imaginaries full the modal verb will’ to persuade the audience with his future states of affairs that he has a comprehensive plan. Political discourse is primarily argumentative discourse which mainly involves practicalargumentation for or against lines of action in response to political problems. Moreover, he focuses on the ideological polarized structures of positive self - presentation of ῾us’ (democratic and peaceful); and negative other - presentation of ῾them’ (dictator andterrorists) as means to persuade the audience.

التحول الاشاري والتبئير في رواية (محبوبة) لتوني موريسون : دراسة اسلوبية ادراكية == Deictic Shifting and Focalization in Morrison's Beloved : A Cognitive Stylistic Study

Author name: اسلام عادل جبار
Supervisor name: عادل مالك خنفر
General topic: Foreign Languages
Degree: Master
Language: English
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Narrative texts create imaginative worlds that resemble the real world in its components. Deixis assist the reader to enter the fictional world and to follow up its happenings, time, space, contradictions, modifications and opinions as if he were really experiencing them in the real world. In addition, deixis are important because they bring forward the contextual information which is crucial for understanding the narrative. They are essential to shift the Deictic Centre in order to follow the progression of persons, places, times, and to shift the focalization level in the story.Deictic expressions are significant in making it easy to comprehend the contextual information of incidents, characters' traits and to understand the temporal and spatial dimensions in the text. This study attempts at discovering how it is possible to recognize shifting in focalization level by pinpointing the shifting of the Deictic Centre in narrative texts. Therefore, it considers three types of deictic expressions : person, time and place.These three types of deictic expressions are related to deictic operations which work on introducing, maintaining and shifting the Deictic Centre. In narrative, all the deictic expressions are tied to those operations. The main focus of the study is to investigate the relationship between the shifting operation of the Deictic Centre in Morrison's Beloved and its effect on the focalization level which is either internal or external. In addition, the researcher studies how DC shifting affects shifting the focalizer and the focalized by shifting theperson deixis. Primarily, the researcher combining two theories to cover both the deictic shifting operation and the focalization. The first is the focalization theory proposed by Mieke Bal (2004) to detect the shifting in focalization level by linguistically tracking the shifting of the DC in Beloved and the second is the Deictic Shifting Theory proposed by David Zubin and Lynne Hewitt (1995).The current study aims to prove the possibility of combining both theories and applying it to Beloved which is a postmodernist novel written with an intense use of deictic expressions, constant shifting of focalization and flashbacks; therefore, the novel is appropriate to the examination of the combination of the two theories.
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