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الكشف عن بكتريا E.coli O157 : H7 في لحوم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة ودراسة تاثير بعض مواد الحفظ الحيوية على عيوشيتها بظروف الخزن بالتبريد == Detection of E.coli O157 : H7 in ground beef meat and study the antimicrobial effect of some bio Protection materials on bacterial survival during cooling storage

Author name: سحر صبيح جورج
Supervisor name: نوفل عبد الامير حسين الحلفي | صباح مالك حبيب الشطي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجري الكشف عن تواجد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7 في عينات لحم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة لخمس مناطق مختلفة في محافظة البصرة شملت (الجزائر وابي الخصيب والزبير والبصرة القديمة وكرمة علي) خلال الفصول الاربعة على مدار اشهر سنة 2013، وقد وجد ان هناك تفاوتا كبيرا في تواجد هذه البكتريا المرضية المصلية، اذ بلغ اعلى مستوى تلوث للحم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة لمنطقة البصرة القديمة تليها مناطق الزبير وكرمة علي والجزائر بينما لم يلاحظ اي تلوث لعينات لحم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة لمنطقة ابي الخصيب، وقد لوحظ تواجد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7 خلال اشهر (شباط، اذار، نيسان، تموز، تشرين الاول وتشرين الثاني) التي امتازت باعتدال درجات الحرارة والرطوبة النسبية .تم الحصول على 27 عزلة موجبة لبكتريا E.coli O157 : H7 من اصل 540 عينة لحم بقر طازج مفروم وبنسبة 5% شهريا على مدار سنة كاملة وشخصت اعتمادا على استخدام الاوساط الانتقائية الخاصة Sorbitol MacConkey Agar المدعم بالسفكسيم تولريت واجراء الفحوصات المظهرية والمجهرية والكيموحيوية باستخدام نظام API20E واجراء فحص التلازن باستخدام اشرطة اللاتكس للتشخيص الدقيق، كما استخدمت التقنية الحديثة وهي شرائح البتري فلم petrifilm لعد بكتريا القولون الكلية وE. coli شهريا على مدار السنة، اذ بلغت اعلى متوسطات لوغاريتم اعداد بكتريا القولون الكلية (6.15 ، 6.22 و6.43)cfu/g وللاشهر (ايلول، تشرين الاول وتشرين الثاني)على التوالي لمنطقة البصرة القديمة والتي كانت الاكثر تلوثا مقارنة مع بقية المناطق المشمولة بالدراسة وكذلك الحال بالنسبة لبكتريا E. coli بينما سجلت منطقة ابي الخصيب اقل مستويات لتلوث اللحوم الطازجة المفرومة اذ بلغ المتوسط اللوغارتمي لاعداد بكتريا القولون الكلية وE. coli ( 1.52 و1.53) cfu/g خلال شهري (شباط وايار) على التوالي.استعمل الكيتوسان المحضر بطرق الاستخلاص الكيميائية التقليدية من قشور الروبيان والحوامض العضوية(الخليك واللاكتيك) ونواتج ايض بكتريا حامض اللاكتيك كمواد حافظة طبيعية ضد النشاط البكتيري لاطالة العمر الخزني للحوم المفرومة والبيركر المصنع من اللحم البقري المفروم ومستخلص ماء اللحم المعقم وغير المعقم لمدة 12 يوم من الخزن بالتبريد بالثلاجة عند درجة حرارة 4 م وباستخدام ثلاث تراكيز مختلفة .اظهرت نتائج الدراسة تاثير اضافة الكيتوسان بانواعه (Kp الكيتوسا القياسي وK3 الكيتوسان المؤستل بالاوتوكليف لمدة ساعة وK2 الكيتوسان المؤستل بالاوتوكليف لمدة نصف ساعة وk1 الكيتوسان المؤستل بالظروف الجوية لمدة ساعة) وبتراكيز (0.75 و1 و1.5 )% خلال الخزن بالتبريد على متوسطات لوغارتيم اعداد بكتريا (E. coli O157 : H7 وcoliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria ) اذ لوحظ اعلى تثبيط عند تركيز 1.5% لمعاملة Kp لجميع انواع البكتريا اعلاه تواليا لعينات لحم البقر الطازج المفروم والبيركر ومستخلص ماء اللحم المعقم وغير المعقم والتداخل بينهم وقد بينت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية (p<0.05) لتاثير التركيز ومدة الخزن بالتبريد ونوع البكتريا للمعاملات اعلاه، وقد وجد هناك انخفاض معنوي (p<0.05) للوغاريتم اعداد بكتريا E.colio157 : H7) وcoliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria ) عند درجة حرارة 4 م لمعاملات الحوامض العضوية (الخليك، اللاكتيك والخليط الحامضي ) بتقدم مدة الخزن بالتبريد مقارنة مع السيطرة الموجبة وللتراكيز (0.75 و1و1.5)% وقد حددت المعاملة الافضل في التثبيط البكتيري وهي حامض الخليك اذ بلغت ادنى متوسطات لاعداد البكتريا عند تركيز 1.5% في نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد، كما لوحظ انخفاض معنوي (p<0.05) لمتوسطات لوغارتيم اعداد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7) وcoliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria ) عند درجة حرارة 4 م اذ بدات بالانخفاض التدريجي بتقدم مدة الخزن بالتبريد مقارنة مع معاملات السيطرة للتراكيز (0.75 و1 و1.5) %اذ بلغ ادنى متوسط لوغارتمي لاعداد البكتريا اعلاه عند تركيز 1.5 % عند نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد .وقد اشارت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي الى وجود فروق معنوية (p<0.05) لكل من التركيز ونوع المعاملة ومدة الخزن بالتبريد، وقد بينت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية (p<0.05) لتاثير اضافة نواتج ايض بكتريا حامض اللاكتيك (L.p, L.c وL.p+L.c)على متوسطات لوغاريتم اعداد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7)و coliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria) اذ اظهرت معاملة LP افضل نتائـــج تثبيط بالمقارنة مع معاملتي ( LCو LP+ LC )عند تركير 1.5 % وعند نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد ولجميع انواع البكتريا اعلاه على التوالي. | The presence of E. coli O157 : H7 bacteria I fresh ground beef samples about five different areas in Basra included (Al - jazaaer - Abu alkhaseab - Zubair - Basra al kadema and Karmat Ali) durig the foure seasons over all months In (2013), a large contamination was found in the presence of these pathogenic bacteria serological E. coli O157 : H7 ,the highes serologically of fresh ground beef from Basra al kadema then ALzubair, Karmat Ali and Aljazaaer, while no any contamination notice fresh ground beef samples from Abu alkhaseab. The presence of E.colio157 : H7 bacteria during (February - March - April - Juli - October and Novenber) in this year. Which was characterized by moderate temperatures.27 E.colio157 : H7 straing were isolated from 540 samples of fresh ground beef by 5% per at all months in the year.Then characterize by using the selective culture media Sorbitol MacCokey Agar (SMA) compatible with Cefixime tellurite and phenotypic test and microscopic - biochemical test using API20E system and latex agglutination from exact diagnosis .Technology which is petrifilm to enrcumation coliform and E.coli bacteria through this study. The highest logarithm number of preparation of total coliform bacteria (6.15, 6.22 and 6.43) cfu/g in (September - October and Novenber) from Basra al kadema, which was the most contaminated compared with other areas included in this study, as well as from E.coli bacteria while Abu al khaseab area recorded the lowest levels of coliform and E.coli bacteria (1.52 and 1.53 ) cfu/g durig (February and May) respectively.Chitosan was used record by chemicals extraction methods, organic acid and free cell supernatant of metabolism of lactic acid as material natural preservative agents to that decrease the life storage time of fresh ground beef - burger - extract sterile and non serial water meat for 12 day by storage at 4C refrigerator and using three different concentrations.Studied the effect of adding the chitosan (KP, K3, K2 and K1) in (0.75, 1 and 1.5)% concentrations during the cooling storage ,the bacteria prepared are (E.colio157 : H7, coliform bacteria , E.coli and total count bacteria ) showed greater inhibitions at concentration 1.5% from KP treatment for all specie of bacteria are above.At these results of the statistical analysis show significant differences at (p<0.05) for effects of period of storage, type of bacteria among fresh ground beef - burger - extract serial and non serial water meat . There is no significant differences (p<0.05) in a (E.colio157 : H7, coliform bacteria, E.coli and total count bacteria ) at 4c then it declines gradually in progress from cooling storage compared with control coefficients of concentration (0.75, 1 and of 1.5)% as the lowest log number these bacteria at 1.5% concentration in the end of period cooling storage. This results indicated statically analysis and significant differences (p<0.05) for each type of bacteria, concentration, treatment and period cooling storage. The present studied lowest significant (p<0.05) for log number in (E.colio157 : H7, coliform bacteria , E. coli and total count bacteria ) at 4c organic acid (acidic acid, lactic acid and the mixed of there tow organic acid )in cooling period storage compares with positive control of (0.75, 1 and of 1.5)% concentration. The best treatment in these results was acidic acid then the lowest log number of bacteria recorded at 1.5% concentration in the end period cooling storage . statically analysis showed significant differences(p<0.05) for effect of adding the free cell supernatant of metabolism of lactic acid bacteria (LP, LC and LP+LC) then the best treatment in these results were LP that inhibitions compeers with (LC and LP+LC) at 1.5%concentration in the end of the cooling storage period for (E.coliO157 : H7, coliform bacteria, E. coli and total count bacteria )

دراسة بيئية مقارنة لتاثير الحاجز المائي في قضاء المدينة عند اسفل نهر الفرات == A comparative ecological study to the impact of Mudayna district barrier at the lower reaches of Euphrates River

Author name: سجاد عبد الغني عبد الله
Supervisor name: صادق علي حسين | عبد العزيز محمود عبد الله
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: An Ecological study was conducted, on monthly basis, for the period from November 2013 to October 2014, on the Lower reaches of the Euphrates River covering a location at northwest of Basrah province within the area between Al - Chebaysh district of Thi Qar province, and Mudayna district of the city of Basrah. The study area covered a distance of 16 kms lies between latitudes 47˚00 ' 18.81 " and 47˚09 '55.46" E and latitudes 30˚57' 41.53" and 30˚57'7.38" N. On 2010 the Ministry of Water Resources constructed an obstruction on the Euphrates River, 11 km west of Mudayna of a width 760 m. It’s aims is to raise water levels in the western side of the river for water to flow to Hor Al - Chebaych. Three stations were selected to execute the study. The former was situated in front of the Chebaish district and with a distance of nine kilometers east where station 2 was located. However, to the east of the constructed embankment and just three kms apart station 3 was chosen. The study revealed that air temperature ranged from 11 - 45°C and water from 10.5 - 37°C, light penetration from 15 to 210 cm. Turbidity from 0.66 NTU in October at station3 and 40.8 NTU in September at station1. Current speed ranged between 0.01 m/s to 0.41 m/s.The lowest value of Electric conductivity (2.4μS/cm) recorded in November at station 3 and the highest (5.74μS/cm) in March at station 1. Total dissolved solids between 1788 mg/ L to 3832 mg/L. the lowest value of pH (7.4) measured in August at station 2 and the highest (8.7) in February at Station 3. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 5.5 to 10.1 mg/L. BOD5 ranged from 0.19 to 3 mg/L. The lowest value of salinity (1.3 g/L) recorded in June and July from Station 2 and the highest (2.9 g/L) was encountered in February at station 3. Total hardness the lowest (880 mg/L) encountered in July at station2 and the highest (1350 mg/L) in February at station3. Total alkalinity ranged from 84 to 182 mg/L. Reactive nitrate ranged from 0.6 to 37.7μg at. N/L. Reactive phosphate ranged from 0.023 to 1.857μg at. P/L. Concentrations of some heavy metals were also studied. Copper was impalpable in November and December in stations2 and 3, but the highest (1.90 μg/L) was in August at station2. Intangible value was also recorded for Lead in November at station3 and the highest (0.1 μg/L) in July of the same station. Non - tangible value encountered for cadmium in November and December at stations 2 and 3 but the highest (12.73 μg/L) in July for station1. The study took in consideration application of the general index to the quality of water (CCME) as seasonal readings were calculated depending on river maintenance system for the year 1967 and amended in 1980. Throughout the study period values ranged between marginal (56.3) and FairB(69). Values were obtained depending on the previous studies, as were between marginal (47) and Fair( 65). Fish community structure was described. A total of 11851 specimens were collected included 28 species and 25 genera belonging to 12 families all belong to class bony fishes Osteichthyes. Cyprinidae came first concerning the number of species (13) and genera (11) and composing 37.44 %, these are Hamri (Barbus luteus), Prussian carp (Carassius auratus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), (Acanthobrama marmid), (Alburnus mossulensis), Shillug (Aspius vorax), bunni (Barbus sharpeyi), gattan (Barbus xanthopterus), Hemicultuer leucisculus), small mouth benine (Cyprinon kais), big mouth benine (Cyprinon macrostomum), (Garra rufa) the mullet family Mugilidae formed 35.50 % and consist two species , namely, Liza abu green and Liza subviridis. Tilapia Cichlid family was represented by 21.84 % and two species, namely Tilapia zilli and Oreochromis aureus. Gumbusia (Pociliidae) formed 2.70% and represented by two species , namely (Gambusia holbrooki) and Poecillia latipinna, Clupeids family accounted for 0.025% and represented by two species, namely Tenualosa ilsha) and Nematalsoa nasus. However one species of seven families included Siluridae (Silurus triostegus) 0.58%, Sparidae Acanthopagrus latus (arabicus) 0.57%, Mastacembelidae (Mastacembelus mastacembelus) 0.28% , Hemiramphidae Hyporhampus limbatus)) 0.23% and minnows Engraulidae (Thryssa whiteheadi) rate of 0.345 % and Gobiidae (Bathygobius fuscus) was collected for the first time in the study area and in station 3 at 0.050 % and Heteropneustidae (Heteropneustes foosilis) formed the lowest contribution. The study also was taken in consideration the diversity indices in the Euphrates. The lowest value (1.04) of Shannon diversity index (H) was recorded in May from station1 and the highest (2.70) in the same month from station3, and was the lowest value for the evenness index (J) (0.476) in May was recorded for the station1 and the highest (0.933) in January. The lowest value of richness index (D) (0.868) was obtained in December from station1 and the highest (3.285) in May from station3. The lowest value for Jaccared similarity index (13.25 %) was in October between stations1 and 2 and the highest (100 %) in November and January between stations 1 and 2. Multivariate analysis (CCA) was applied to clarify the relationship between abiotic environmental characteristics and fish distribution in the aquatic environment.

تاثير توزيع النباتات بالحقل في نمو وحاصل الباقلاء Vicia faba L

Author name: سارة علي طالب
Supervisor name: هيثم عبد السلام علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Field Crops
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment was conducted during the winter season 2014 - 2015 in one of the agricultural fields in Sarraji area south of Basra province, just 2 km from the center of the province (soil Texture loamy clay), to determine the best combination of distribution of plants among between Rows and hills, to get the best seed yield, Carried out the experiment design (R.C.B.D) with four replication, two factors the first factor four distances between the Rows (30, 40, 50 and 60 cm) and the second factor three spaces between the hills(10, 15 and 20 cm), the factorial experiment is used with 48 experimental units. Results show moral superiority in most of the traits excelled as distance 30 cm between the Rows at all the distances used to achieve the highest seed yield amounted to 3463.94 kg ha - 1 as this distance hasworked to increase the plant significantly increased since given rise the highest rate of highest plants 122.50 cm and also excelled in the 100 - seed weight at a rate 140.20g, while surpassed the distance of 60 cm in leaf area was at a rate of 0.29 m2 and the highest rate of number pods at plant reached 15.48 pod/ plant and the number of seeds pod - 1 average of 4.37 seeds pod - 1 and high Protein content average of 28.51%. As shown by the results moral superiority of 10 cm seed yield3817.85 kg ha - 1 in 93.73 plant height cm and outperformed the distanceof 20 cm in the number of pods plant - 1 13.43 pod plant and the number of seeds/ pod 3.80 seed pod - 1 in 0.22 m2 leaf area and in protein content in seeds 29.36%, while surpassed the distance of 15 cm in 100seed weight was 98.02g The results showed that there is an interaction between the distance of Rows and the hills are significant in most of the traits and the effect of the interaction is similar to the effect of the main factors as excelled combination 30*10 cm in the sum total of seeds yield to 4067.22 kg ha - 1 as well as excelled in plant height was 131.45 cm and also surpassed 100 seed weight with a means 156.64 g, while the combination 60*20 cm in a number pods of 18.8 pod plant - 1 and the number of seeds/ pod of 5.18 seed pod - 1 and leaf area of the plant 0.35 m2 and in Protein content average of 33.11%.

استخلاص وتوصيف صبغة Astaxanthin من مخلفات الروبيان واختبار فعاليتها المضادة للاكسدة واستعمالها في بعض الانظمة الغذائية == Extraction and Characterization of Astaxanthin Pigment from Shrimp Waste and Tested it as Antioxidant Activity and Using in Some Food System

Author name: زينة طارق نعمة الكنعان
Supervisor name: منير عبود جاسم الطائي | روضة محمود علي العلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study aimed to exploit the peels of shrimp in extracting dye, the following results were obtained : shrimp peels contained 1.29% moisture, 1.83% protein, 18.56% fat and 77.82 ash. The astaxanthin dye was extracted and its amount and activity were determined. Five solvents were used to choose the best one in extraction the dye from fresh, dried, boiled and freezed peel. Among all solvents hexane gave less content and activity. Fresh peels gave high content and activity 60.71μg/g and 45.92 % respectively. Mixtures of isopropanol : ether and hexane : acetone also gave high extraction. 90 % acetone showed high extraction of astaxanthin, 79.61μg/g and 98.26% respectively for the activity and content, while results were converged for acetone 90%. Antioxidant activity was measured after 24 hours of incubation, it was increased proportionally with dye concentration and ranged between 83.47 - 98.7% and 2 - 20 mg/ml, respectively. Astaxanthin activity was the best in comparison with standard astaxanthin, BHT, and α - tocopherol, which were 93.76%, 96.75% and 94.50%, respectively at higher concentration. Astaxanthin showed significant antioxidant activity in comparison with standard astaxanthin, BHT, and α - tocopherol, during three months of storage. During the storage period, from the first day to thirteenth antioxidant activity was fixed and ranged between 80.83 - 96.57% at 20 mg/g, while BHT and α - tocopherol activity was between 73.44% - 95.31% and 49.44% - 93.42% respectively at same conditions. Astaxanthin showed high reduction strenth 275%, which was closed to ascorbic acid 278%, while each of BHT, α - tocopherol and citric acid gave reduction force less than the extracted dye, 200 and 190 and 225%, respectively. The pigment gave good ability to chelate Fe (II) at concentration of 89% which was higher than BHT and α - tocopherol, 44.6% and 45.1% respectively, while EDTA, ascorbic acid and citric acid were excellent in chelating Fe (II), 97.7%, 96.9% and 94%, respectively. The capacity of astaxanthin to scavenge hydroxyl radicle was 84.79% which was close to the ascorbic acid and citric acid, 85.45% and 87.39%, respectively, while it was higher than that of BHT and α - tocopherol which have values of 57.45% and 58.13 respectively. The dye showed a clear ability to scavenge the hydrogen peroxide, 83.03% - 89.67%, from a concentration of 12 - 20 mg/ml, which was higher than BHT, α - tocopherol and ascorbic acid at concentration 74.05%, 86.41% and 86.92%, respectively, while it was less than the ability of citric acid to scavenge the radical of hydrogen peroxide that was 92.29%. Astaxanthin was the best in ability to scavenge the radical of the active oxygen in comparison with standard BHT, α - tocopherolSummary الخلاصة - bandascorbic acid, which recorded values of 87%, 71% and 85%, respectively, while it was slightly less than that of citric acid which was 88%. The dye was characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC), which compared with β - carotene and standard astaxanthin dye and showed three spots closed in their rate of flowing with the standard astaxanthin, and the fourth spot of β - carotene. The values of flowing were 0.35 and 0.55 and 0.73 and 0.97 respectively. The dye was characterized by the infrared spectrum (FTIR), which showed the most important peeks and bands of active functional groups for each of extracted and standard astaxanthin, and it was concluded that they were the same for two dyes. The thermal gravimetric analysis curve (TGA) showed that the extracted dye passed through two stages, the first stage began from evaporate of the water and weight loss at a temperature of 128.17Co, while at the second stage the dye disintegrated at a temperature of 399.29 Co and 85% loss in comparision with standard astaxanthin that needed one stage, 454.37Co and the loss of 84% to reach the disintegration and stabilization phase. The extracted dye was diagnosed by using UV and visible spectrum and compared with the standard astaxanthin, and both of them gave a higher absorbence at wavelength of 565 nm. The determinnation of the cellular toxicity of dye on human solution blood detected that there are no changes in the shape and appearance of blood, this confirmed safety of astaxanthin against decomposition and precipitation of blood. Astaxanthin was used to preserve crude sesame oil that put in two types of containers, dark and transparent, for three months. The peroxide value, value of alansidin, thiobarbituric acid, the value of total oxidation (Totox), conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated trines (CT), and antioxidant activity were estimated. All measures showed significant results for the oil in dark containers in comparesion with oil in transparent. Beef burger was prepared and submitted to sensory evaluation after adding antioxidant to it, stored for 15 days at 4 - 8°C, during this period, peroxide value and TBA value were measured. Cake was prepared and the sensory evaluation was done, then stored for 35 days, also, peroxide value, TBA and acid value were estimated. The concentration of 300 ppm recorded significant results for all treatments and samples that treated with BHT and the blank. So, it was concluded that astaxanthin dye could be used as a natural antioxidants in food preservation to avoid lipid oxidation, and to improve the quality and safety as food supplement with a healthy and beneficial effects.

تاثير فترة الخزن بالتجميد في بعض الصفات النوعية لقطعتي الصدر والفخذ لطائر السمان الياباني == Impact of Freezing Storage Period on some Characteristics Quality of Breact and Thigh Meat of Japanese Quail

Author name: زينب علي كاظم شاهر السعيدي
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى | ماجد حسن عبد الرضا
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted at the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture / University of Basrah. The aim was to determine the effect of freezing storage period at ( - 18)ºc for the periods of (0,30,60,90) days on physical , chemical and sensory changes of breact and thigh meat of Japanese quails of both sexes at the age of (42) days . Chemical tests ware moisture % , protein % and ash % as well as the concentrations of free fatty acid and cholesterol concentration . Physical tests included pH, total dissolved nitrogen % , protein and non - protein tryptophan , thyrosin / tryptophan coefficient and loss percent at cooking . Sensory tests were color , flaver , tenderness , juiciness and total acceptance . The results can be summarized as follow : 1 - A significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in moisture % and protein %, and increase (p≤ 0.05) in fat % and ash % of breact and thigh of both sexes as storage period advanced .2 - There was a higher loss in moisture % of breact cut of male carcasses as storage period advanced in comparison with breact cut of female carcass . However percentage of losing in female thigh was higher than that of male thigh .3 - Decreasing percent of protein in preceding storage period of breact and thigh cuts of male carcasses were higher than that of female abreact and thigh cuts .4 - An increase in fat % of female breact with preceding storage period was higher than that of males in contrast with thigh of male and female .5 - Breact and thigh cut of male carcasses recorded higher ash% in storage advances .6 - The was a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in essential and non - essential amino acids concentration of breact and thigh as in flounced by storage period in comparison with fresh carcasses .7 - There was a significant (p≤ 0.05) increase in percentage of saturated fatty acid ( palmatic and stearic ) and a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in non - saturated fatty acid ( palmatic , oleic and lionelic ) of breact and thigh cuts of males and females in proceeding of storage period .8 - Essential amino acids ( methonin , isolucein , phynel alinane and valin ) and non - essential ( alnine , argnin , ceren , prolin , thyrosin and glysin ) losing rate of breact and thigh cuts of male carcasses were higher in storage advance in comparison with those of females.9 - Peroxide and free fatty acid and cholesterol concentration of abreact and thigh cuts of both sexes showed significant (p≤ 0.05) increase with preceding period of storage .10 - There were significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in pH and increase in total dissolved nitrogen , protein and non - protein tryptophan ,tyrosine / tryptophan coefficient and loss% during cooking of abreact and thigh cuts of carcasses of both sexes in advanced storage period .11 - There was a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in sensory characteristics ( color , flavor , juice mess , tenderness and total acceptance of abreact and thigh cuts of both sexes in advance storage period .

تقييم كفاءة مستحضر احيائي للفطر Trichoderma viride والاسمدة العضوية في مكافحة مرضي الذبول الفيوزارمي وتبقع الاوراق في الطماطا

Author name: زهراء عبد اللطيف جاسم العقبي
Supervisor name: ضياء سالم علي الوائلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة في قسم وقاية النبات - كلية الزراعة - جامعة البصرة وقد هدفت الدراسة الى تقييم كفاءة المستحضر الاحيائي للفطر Trichoderma viride والاسمدة العضوية في مكافحة مرض الذبول الفيوزارمي المتسبب عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici ومرض تبقع الاوراق المتسبب عن الفطر Alternaria alternata اللذين يصيبان نبات الطماطا ، والكشف عن بعض المركبات الفعالة التي ينتجها المعاملات المختلفة باستخدام جهاز GC - mass . اوضحت نتائج اختبار كفاءة المستحضر الاحيائي للفطر T.viride ضد الفطرين الممرضين F.o.f.sp. lycopersici وA.alternata في المختبر ان نسبة التثبيط 53.01 قد بلغت 62.65 و65.47 % على التوالي . بينت نتائج تطبيق المستحضر الاحيائيT.viride والاسمدة العضوية في مكافحة الفطر F.o. f.sp. lycopersici في الاصص ان اقل شدة اصابة كانت في المعاملة المستحضر الاحيائي وسماد الابقار المخمر M1Tv اذ بلغت 0% مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 80.33 % , وكان اعلى ارتفاع للنباتات في المعاملة M1Tv اذ بلغ 77 سم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 47.33 سم وكذلك سجلت المعاملة ذاتها اعلى وزن طري للمجموع الخضري اذ بلغت 67 غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 28.50غم ، وسجلت اعلى انتاجية للنبات اذ بلغ معدل الانتاج فيها 160.25غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 34.14غم . اظهرت نتائج التجربة الحقلية ان اقل شدة اصابة بالفطرين F.o.fsp lycopersici وA.alternata كانت في المعاملة M1Tv اذ بلغت 6.25 و9.33 % مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 85.71 و51.67 % على التوالي . وكان اعلى ارتفاع للنبات في المعاملة M1Tv واذ بلغ 89.84 سم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 58.67 سم . سجلت المعاملة M1Tv اعلى وزن طري للمجموع الخضري 212.17 غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة 53.67 غم وكذلك سجلت اعلى معدل انتاجية اذ بلغ 592.63 غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة 211.37 غم . تم استخدام تقنية GC - mass للكشف عن المركبات في المعاملات المستخدمة في التجربة وقد وجد ان المعاملة M1Tv انفردت باحتواءها على المادة 4 - Cloro - 3 - hexyltrahydro - 2H - pyran في حين وجدت المادتين 1,5,9 - Cyclododecanetriol وpropanol 1 2 - Cyclohexyl - في كل من المعاملة M1Tv ومعاملة المستحضر الاحيائي فقط Tv . ويعتقد ان لهذه المواد دور فعال في تقليل نسبة الاصابة وتحسين مؤشرات النمو والانتاجية لنبات الطماطا

استخدام جين الميتوكوندريا COI في تمييز انواع لحوم مختلفة من الحيوانات اعتمادا على تقانة PCR - RFLP == The use of mitochondrial gene COI in Identifying different animal types of meat based on PCR - RFLP technique

Author name: زهراء رياض محمود الموسوي
Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Animal Production
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في مختبر د. طالب احمد جايد للوراثة الجزيئية في قسم الانتاج الحيواني التابع لكلية الزراعة في جامعة البصرة. اذ جمعت عينات اللحوم الطازجة والمعلبة من الابقار والجاموس والاغنام والماعز والدجاج والديك الرومي، بشكل عشوائي، من مناطق مختلفة في محافظة البصرة بالاضافة الى عينات من دم الجمال. واجريت هذه الدارسة للتعرف على لحوم الانواع الحيوانية المختلفة (عدا الجمال) ومن هنا تاتي اهمية الاعتماد على كشف الانواع من خلال استهداف الحامض النووي الرايبوزي منقوص الاوكسجين DNA عبر تطبيق تقانة PCR - RFLP. تم استخلاص الحامض النووي منقوص الاوكسجين DNA من نسيج اللحوم 0.2) غم) والدم باستعمال عدة استخلاص الدنا (Invitrogen). اما فيما يتعلق بنقاوة عينات DNA المستعملة في الدراسة فقد قيست اعتمادا على الطول الموجي 260 - 280، حيث تركيز DNA 1.8 - 2.0 نانوغرام.استخدم تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي PCRلتضخيم جزء من المورثة الميتوكونديرية mt COI DNA باستعمال بادئ عام، ولتحديد هوية الانواع استخدمت تقانة التمييز على اساس تعدد طرز اطوال قطع التقييد PCR - RFLP من خلال استخدام اربعة انزيمات قطع محددة( Hpa II وAva II وRsa Iو Taq I ) والتي تقطع وفقا لتتالي تسلسل DNA الخاص بكل نوع.  ويمكن تلخيص نتائج هذه الدراسة بما ياتي : 1 - اعطى منتج التضخيم لجين COI الحزمة 710 زوجا قاعديا ولجميع الانواع كونه بادئ عام.2 - ميز انزيم TaqIالماعز حيث انتج الحزمة 650زوجا قاعديا كذلك الجمال اذ انتج حزمتين بحجم 303و 403ازواج قاعدي بينما لم يميز بين لحوم الجاموس والابقار والدجاج والديك الرومي بسبب حصولهما على الحزمة 637 زوجا قاعديا عند الهضم في حين لم يتم الحصول على حزم من لحوم الاغنام. 3 - تمكن انزيم HpaII من توليد ملف تعريفي خاص لتمييز انواع اللحوم جميعا على حدة اذ انتج الحزمة 480في الابقار و520 في الجاموس و372 - 336في الاغنام و300 - 410 في الماعز و333 - 234 في الدجاج و533 - 177 في الديك الرومي و130 246 - 213 - زوجا قاعديا في الجمال.4 - انتج انزيم Rsa I انماطا مميزة لجميع الانواع عدا الماعز والدجاج، اذ انتج منتج هضم كل من الاغنام 300 - 350والجمال130 - 580والابقار153 - 193 - 337 والجاموس600 والديك الرومي 214 - 481زوجا قاعديا.5 - انتج انزيم Ava II حزمتين للجمال 224 - 485وحزمة واحدة للاغنام بحجم650 وحزمة بحجم 600 زوجا قاعديا للجاموس. | This study was conducted in the Laboratory of Dr.Talib Ahmed Jaayid Molecular Genetics, Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Basra. Cow, buffalo, sheep, goat ,chicken, turkey meat (fresh or canned) & camels blood samples are randomly collected from different areas of Basra province. The aim of this study is to identify the animal species from their meat except camels by targeting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) through PCR - RFLP technique. DNA is extracted from the tissue of meat (0.2)g and blood using kit (invitrogen). With regard to the purity of DNA sample used in this study it has been measured depending on wave length of 260 - 280 and 1.8 - 2.0 ng DNA concentration.Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the part of the mitochondrial gene (mt COI DNA) by universal primers and to identify the species origin PCR - RFLP technique applied through the use of four restriction enzymes (Ava II, Rsa I, Taq I, Hpa II) that cut according to the following bases of each type of DNA. The results of the current study can be summarize as follows : 1 - PCR product gives the fragment 710 bp in all species for being a universal primers.2 - TaqI enzyme distinguish goats with a fragment of (650) bp, (303 - 403) bp in camels. While it doesn’t distinguish between buffaloes , cow, chicken , turkey meat. As they obtain the same fragment (637) bp when digestion. Whereas, no fragments are obtained from Sheep meat.3 - The enzyme HpaII enables to generate a special file definitions to distinguish all types of meat separately if they yield the fragment of (480) bp in cow, (520) bp in buffaloes, (300 - 410) bp in sheep, (336 - 372) bp in goats, (234 - 333)bp in chicken, (533 - 177) bp in Turkey and (130 - 213 - 246) bp in camels. 4 - Rsa I enzyme generates patterns characteristic for all species except goats and chickens. Whereas, fragments are obtained in sheep (300 - 350) bp, cow (135 - 193 - 337) bp, buffaloes (600) bp, turkey (214 - 481) bp & (130 - 580) bp in camels.5 - AvaII enzyme generates two fragments in buffaloes (600) bp, (224 - 485) bp in camels and (650) bp in Sheep meat

تاثير الرش بالحديد والتسميد الارضي بالبوتاسيوم في نمو وحاصل حنطة الخبز Triticum aestivum L == Effect of Iron foliar applications and Potassium ground Fertilizer on Growth and Yields of bread Wheat Triticum aestivum L.)

Author name: رونق منصور جازع العلوي
Supervisor name: كريم حنون محسن | بهاء الدين محمد محسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during The winter season of 2015 at farmer in Al - Dear district, Alshenana (65 km north of Basra) in a loamy clay soil in order to study the effect of foliar nutrition by iron and potassium fertilization on growth and yield quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) The treatment were the spray of iron in three concentrations (0,40,80 mg Fe L - 1) which were (Fe0, Fe1, Fe2) and four levels of potassium fertilizer (0, 20, 40,60 kg K ha - 1) which were (K0, K1, K2, K3). The statistical system was split plot design in randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) in three replications the main plot was Fe and the sub plot was potassium. The cultivar that was used Bohooth 22 and the total experimental units were 36.The result showed the Increase Fe concentrations caused increased period from culture to 75% flowering, plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area and length of spike. Also, crop content increased and the increase of bio yield and biological yield where the high concentration of Fe produced grain yield 5.86 tons/ha.Potassium fertilizer increased plant height, number of the tillers, flag leaf area and spike length. The high levels of potassium increased yield content which intern increased bio and biological yield. The high level of potassium increased grain yields to 7.01 tons /ha. The interaction between the high Fe and potassium level gave significant effect on most characteristic, the (Fe2k3) caused high grain yield, biological yield content which were 7.17 tons /ha, 13.70 tons /ha.

تقييم المضافات الغذائية في بعض المنتجات الغذائية المحلية ودراسة تاثيراتها الكيميائية والفسلجية والنسيجية في الفئران المختبرية == Evaluation of food additives in some local food products and study their chemical, physiological and histological effects in laboratory mice

Author name: رنا داود سلمان الكامل
Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي | قاسم فوزي عبد الكريم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Due to the progressive expansion in the use of chemical additives in food processing associated with absence of quality control and loss of proper application of the international standards of food additives, making human beings exposed to high risks from ingestion of these foods which might be so mild in cases like simple poisoning and more complex like cancers, the present study was performed, which includes four axes : The First Axis : 1 - A questionnaire study of food additives : the results of which indicated that 55.42% of consumers eat packed food continuously, and most of them(61.44%) have no interest in reading the labels on the outside cover of the packaging , despite the fact that 49.39% of them consume it daily.Whereas 51.80% of consumers had no specific knowledge or familiarity about food additives, 54.14% of them do not possess any knowledge about their side effects and 77.10% of them did not know the symbols listed out.2 - A survey of some food products that used sodium benzoate as a preservative in their manufacture. The results indicated that 163 types of food samples contain sodium benzoate, including different products such as soft drinks, canned juices, sherbet, jams, tomato sauce, pickles, ketchup and ambah.3 - A survey of some food products in which sugar enters in their composition, These include 231 products which mentioned the word sugar or artificial sugar within labels on the outside without mentioning its kind .These products include : imported ice cream, jams, candies, soft drinks and diet drinks, cake, sherbet , fruit preserved in sugar solution and biscuits. 4 - A questionnaire study of the market sales of locally made pickles. The results indicated that : 71.79% of consumers frequently ate pickles in large quantities despite the fact that 48.71% of them does not have any information about sodium benzoate preservatives added to some of its , whereas 64.10% of them have no information about its side effects that result from the ingestion of these products beyond the allowable limits. 5 - A questionnaire study for the market sales of locally made ice cream.The results showed that : 77.77% of consumers ingested ice cream in large quantities despite the fact that 63.88% of them did not have any information on the sweetener saccharin added to some of its. While 62.50% of consumers possess no information about the side effects resulting from consumption of products that contain artificial sweeteners used in food processing especially when there is more than the allowablelimit.

تاثير اضافة الموننسين في معامل الهضم ومعايير الكرش والصفات الانتاجية للحملان العرابية == Effect of Adding Monensin on Digestion coefficient , Rumen Parameters and Productive Traits and of Arabi Lambs

Author name: رشيد حميد عبد الله العايدي
Supervisor name: عماد فلاح حسن الجاسم | هناء علي جبار الغالبي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was undertaken in the Field of Animal of the Faculty of Agriculture in Basra University for the period from 1/11/2015 to 10/2/2016. The study included the growth and digestion experiments. The digestion trail included 12 Arabi lambs ranging in age between 5 - 6 months with a mean weight 21 kg were randomly divided into three groups of four animals for each treatment. Ration submitted on the basis of the 3% of body weight, their quantities to be modified on the basis of the new weight of each group every two weeks. .Ration was provided twice daily, in the morning at 8 a.m. and in the evening at 4 pm. Amount of feed and the remaining was calculated daily for the purpose of calculating the amount of feed consumption. At the beginning of the experiment lambs were introduced for adaptation period of 10 days and then weighed, the registration of primary weight as initial weight. The first studied ration was considered as control (without any addition). The second ration was control added to monensin by 100 mg/kg. The third ration was control added to monensin by 200 mg/kg. The results obtained can be summarized as follows : 1 - Final weight was significantly affected by adding monensin with the superiority of the second treatment when adding monensin at a level of 100 mg/kg dry material which were recorded a 33.36 kg, while those of the first and the third groups, which registered 28.61 and 29.20 kg respectively. As for the overall growth rate second treatment exceeded (11.33 kg) significantly (P<0.05) first and third groups (4.75 and 6.01 Kg respectively).2 - The largest amount of feed consumption on the basis of dry matter was shown by second group (65.24 kg), followed by the control,Bwhich reached 60.37 kg. Feed consumption declined (P<0.05) with anincrease in the proportion of monensin until it reached a value of 56.25 kg showed by third treatment, which differed significantly (P<0.05) from the first treatment (control) and second treatment.3 - The best feed conversion efficiency of the diet recorded by the lambs of second treatment (6.97 kg dry matter consumed/ kg weight gain) which was mathematically less than that of control group (12.71 kg dry matter consumed/ kg weight gain), while it differed significantly from that of the third treatment (9.36 kg dry matter consumed/ kg weight gain).4 - The superiority (P<0.05) of the digestion rate of dry matter of the third treatment lambs (66.25 %) in comparison with those of second and first groups (58.52 and 57.02% respectively). While there was a significant fall (P<0.05) in protein digestibility (32.59%) of the third treatment in comparison with 51.27 and 56.15% of the first and second group respectively. There were no significant differences in the average digestibility of fat fibers of the three treatments.5 - A significant fall (P<0.05) in the value of the pH of rumen fluid of lambs received 200 mg monensin/kg dry matter which stood at 6.15 compared with the control group and the second group which reached 6.46 and 6.50 respectively.6 - The lack of significant differences in the number of total bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria of lambs in all treatments regardless of the level of the monensin.7 - Significant decrease in methane and ammonia concentrations in rumen fluid due to adding 100 and 200 mg of monensin (15.19, 14.86 and 12.19 l methane/day and 103.30, 92.75 and 89.45 mg ammonia/l for control, 100 and 200 mg monensin respectively).8 - The lack of significant differences in the mean value of blood glucose, total protein, cholesterol and triglycerides of different treatments.9 - The existence of significant differences (P<0.05) between the second treatment and the others in the average hot carcass weight (17.26 kg) in comparison with 13.12 and 15.29 kg of the first and third treatment respectively.10 - The superiority of thigh and loin cuts weight (P<0.05) of the 2nd treatment (5800, 2136.6 gm) over the mean of control and 3rd treatment (4550.0 and 4630 gm of thigh and 1476.6 and 1735.0 gm of loin respectively).11 - There were no significant differences in the mean of internal organs weight and heart, kidney, pelvic and abdominal fat weights among all treatments, 12 - Significant differences were exist in the mean of carcass length and chest depth of lambs of 3rd treatment (73.0 cm and 26.33 cm) in comparison with those of second and control group (66.33, 61.33 cm carcass length and 25.75, 21.00 cm chest depth).

اثر اضافة الكبريت الزراعي واليوريا والسوبر فوسفات في نشاط انزيمي اليوريز والفوسفاتيز وحاصل الذرة البيضاء Sorghum bicolor L. == Effect of Agricultural Sulfur , Urea and TSP application on the activity Of Urease phosphatase and yield of (Sorghum bicolor L. )

Author name: رشاد عادل عمران الزبيدي
Supervisor name: هيفاء جاسم حسين التميمي | عبد الزهرة طه ظاهر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water - Fertility
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تقييم مستوى التلوث العضوي وتاثيره في تنوع الطحالب الخيطية القاعية واصابة الاسماك بمجذافية الاقدام في ثلاث محطات في محافظة البصرة، العراق == Evaluation of organic pollution level and its effect on diversity of the filamentous benthic algae and fishes infected with copepods from three stations in Basrah province, Iraq

Author name: رشاد عبد الزهرة احمد
Supervisor name: ازهار علي عبد الله الصابونجي | خالدة سالم النعيم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Three Stations were selected based on its pollution level, first station was (Ashar chanel N : 30 º 31 13.31, E : 47º 50 13.63) the second station was (Shatt Al Arab N : 30 º 30 0. 29, E : 47º 51 36.31) and the third station was (Qurna N : 31 º 0 12. 79, E : 47º 26 37.11). Samples of waters, fish and sediments were collected monthly, collection of these samples started from Nov. 2013 till Oct. 2014 during the ebb time, group of physical and chemical variables had been measured like air and water, temperature, salinity, electrical conductivity, light penetration, pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, Total alkalinity (TA), Total hardness (TH), reactive nitrite, nitrate and phosphate, chlorophyll a in water, total organic carbon (TOC) in sediments, Soil texture was identified for each station through knowing the ratios of its components. Also, through the current study banthic algae were identified in areas of intertidal area, the parasitic copepod on fish also identified as biological indicator for the pollution at the selected stations.The study revealed that the air temperature varied between (17.5 - 43.2)Co while water temperature varied between (12 - 31) Co, the salinity varied between (0.57 - 4.16) ‰, while the electrical conductivity ranged between (0.9 - 6.5) mellisemince/ cm, while light penetration values were varied between (17 - 90) cm, pH values varied between (7.2 - 8.5), dissolved oxygen values were ranged between (3.5 - 11.2) mg/ l, while the biological oxygen demand varied between (1.2 - 9) mg/ l, value of TA and TH were varied between (81 - 190) mg/ l and (822 - 2123) mg/ l, respectively. The current study also recorded the concentrations of nutrients, that the values of nitrates and reactive nitrites ranged between (0.1 - 2.71) μg N - NO2/ l, (12.11 - 42.1) μg N - NO3/ l, respectively, while the reactive phosphate valuesbwere ranged between (1.31 - 9.98) μg P - PO4/ l, on the other hand the value of chlorophyll a were from (8.12 - 20.13) mg/ l.It was recorded in the current study a recognizable raise in values of total organic carbon (TOC) in the first station due to its highly exposed to the organic pollutants in comparison with the second and the third station, the values of (TOC) varied between (15.33 - 45.63)%, (4.4 - 22)%, (9.02 - 44.6)% for the three stations respectively.The current study demonstrated that the prevalence of green algae, all over study time in the second and the third station like (Cladophora fract, C. glomerata, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Schizomeris liblenii) also it was nocied that the Rhizoclonium crassipellitum was available more in the second station than the first and the third station, due to that the second station was featured with less contamination with organic materials. Some of the blue - green algae like (Lyngbya Birgei, L. major, Oscillatoria, amoena O. tenuis) showed prevealance in the first station because of the abundance of the organic pollutants, the red algae Compsopogon coeruleus, was recorded at three stations, the highest percentage was in the third station, the lowest percentage was recorded in the first station. It was also found in current study based on using algae as biological indicator for pollution, which prepared by Palmer. The first station was highly polluted with organic matter in comparison with other two stations, due to abundant of species which used as organic indicator of pollution. Results reavaled monthly variations in total number of benthic filamentous algea, which increased during two periods (Bimodel). Values of diversity ranged from 0.626 in station two to 2.15 in station two.The monthly variations in Organic Pollution Index (OPI) were different between three stations and ranged (25.54 - 48.72), (4.52 - 38.9), (15.14 - c28.69), in three stations respectively. The highest value 48.72 (Poor) was recorded in Ashar chanal at August and the lowest value 4.52 (Good) in Shatt Al - Arab river at December.Aquatic systems are affected by a variety of anthropogenic activities that decrease water quality through the introduction of organic pollutants. To investigate the relationship between fish parasite communities and water quality, copepods parasites were examined in 856 specimens of the fishes (Acanthobrama marmid, Acanthopagrus arabicus, Alburnus mossulensis, Carasobarbus luteus, Carassius auratus, Chelon subviridis, Coptodon zillii, Cyprinus carpio, Garra variabilis, Gambusia halbrooki, Leuciscus vorax, Liza abu, Luciobarbus subquincunciatus, Luciobarbus xanthopteru, Nematalosa nasus, Oreochromis aureus, Poecilia latipinna, Silurus triostegus, Tenualosa ilisha), sampled in three sites in the Basrah Province, Quran site (unpolluted), the Shatt Al - Arab (moderately polluted) and Al - Asher canal site (polluted). Six species of copepods, Ergasilus rostralis, E. mosulensis, E. ogawai, Ergasilus sp, Lernaea cyprinacea and Mugilicola kabatai were found in unpolluted site, and four species of copepods, E. rostralis, E. mosulensis and Lernaea cyprinacea were found in moderately polluted site, but the distribution of copepods was limited to the polluted site (Ergasilus rostralis, E. mosulensis and Lernaea cyprinacea). The variability of the calculated infection indices (prevalence and mean intensity) are affected by the pollution levels of the water. The unpolluted site had the highest species and the highest overall parasite abundance values.

دراسة استعمال الكايتوسان المستخلص من قشور الروبيان كمادة لازالة بعض الملوثات من محلولها المائي == Studying using extracted chitosan from shrimp shell is excellent as for removing the pollutants from the water their solutions

Author name: رسول عقيل عبد العظيم الخاقاني
Supervisor name: منير عبود جاسم الطائي | علي حسين عبد الكريم العامري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study aimed to find simple, cheap and successful methods to remove copper (II), lead (II) iron (II) and zinc (II) from their solutions by using chitosan prepared from shrimp shell (Penaeus semisulcatus) via deacetylation of chitin during four hours with sodium hydroxide solution. The yield of chitosan was about 16.4%. Chitosan contained 6.7% moisture, 0.75 ash and 2.84 protein. Deacetylation degree for chitosan recorded (74,88%)Values of viscosity, density, molecular weight, refractive index and wave length of chitosan where(86.22 centipoise, 0.98 g/cm3, 852 k Da, 1.332 and 320 nm), respectively. Functional properties, fat binding and water holding, for the mentioned compound were estimated by using ten categories of commercial oils (sun flower, thyme, olive, almond, fenugreek, pumpkin, flax, parsley, saffron and sesame). High binding was recorded with pumpkin oil, 618% and low binding was with sesame oil 437.84%Capacity of chitosan to absorbe water was 628.96% After measuring the deflection of X - rays, three peaks were recorded, angles of incidence for two of them were at (2ɵ=10)°,(2ɵ=23)° and Sharp peak at (2ɵ=20 Diagram of thermogravimetric analysis of chitosan showed presence of three phases of pyrolysis, first at 300°C, second stage starts directly at 360°C. Optimum conditions of chitosan for adsorption and its ability for adsorption to remove Pb (II), Fe (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions from water solutions were studied. Good results recorded at pH=7, while Fe (II) was adsorbed at pH=4, ability of adsorption increased with weight of adsorbent, also temperature influenced the adsorption process, good results recorded at 50°C. while zinc was at 40°C. Also found that time required to reach equilibrium was 30 min, except iron was 40 min agitation speed was 200 rpm /min, best concentration for adsorb studied metals was 1000 ppm. Destaning of methylene blue from its water solution was studied, and it was found thatIIadsorption influenced by several conditions. Results showed that best contact time, pH, concentration, temperature, and agitation speed was 30 min, 8, 100 ppm, 50°C, and 200 rpm/min, respectively. It was noticed that adsorption capacity increased with increasing the adsorbent material, so, the adsorption capacity and its percentage were 4.772 ppm and 95.458%, respectively. In addition, an experiment was carried out to treat tap water with chitosan, about 0.4 g, to remove heavy metals. Results showed that lead represented the highest efficient adsorption, 81.176%, while less adsorption was found for iron,16.326%. In the other side, when 0.6 g of chitosan was used, lead represented the highest adsorption percentage, 90.588% and the lowest percentage of adsorption found in iron 20.408% at pH=7.62. Also chitosan was added with amount 0.6 g at pH=6, as a result the percentage of the adsorption was (95.94, 91.30, 75.82 and 25.51) %, respectively for lead, copper, zinc and iron, respectively, and this indicates the possibility of using chitosan to removecontaminant metals.

تقييم الاداء الانتاجي والفسلجي لطيور السمان الياباني المغذاة على مستويات مختلفة من زيت وبذور وثمار الحنظل المحلي == Evaluation of Productive ,Performance Physiological of Japanese Quail Fed Different Levels of Oil, Seeds and Fruits of Local Bitter Melon ( Citrullus Colocynthis

Author name: رسول عبد علي عباس الصبيحاوي
Supervisor name: ربيعة جدوع عباس
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Tow experiment were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with different levels of seed, fruits meal, oil and their combination of bitter melon(Citrullus Colocynthis) on productive, physiological and immunological peformance of Japanese quail. The first experiment was carried out at the Quail farm, College of Agriculture, University of Basra from 1/11/2015 to 26/12/2015. A total of 288 unsexed one day old quail chicks were used in this study from private hatchery which located on the Omara City Road . The rate of weight was 8g / chick.At14 days were randomly distributed on 24 cages (12 chick/cage) ,with three replicate for each treatment in a Complete Randomized Design(CRD) and the treatments were as follows : T1 Basal diet without any addition(Control). T2, T3 : Basal diet supplemented with%1.5,%3 bitter melon seed powder. T4, T5 : Basal diet supplemented with %1.5,%3 bitter melon seed oil. T6, T7 : Basal diet supplemented with %1.5,%3 bitter melon fruit powder. T8 : Basal diet supplemented a mixture of seeds, fruit and oil at level of %1 each.The results showed : 1. The chemical analysis of bitter melon composition reveled that fruit containing the highest percentage of protein (%29.87) ,fat (%6.33),ash (%12.08)and crude fiber (%16.06) as compared to seeds which higher inavailable carbohydrate (%62.35) and metabolisable energy value(3243.58Kcal/Kg).2. Significant differences (P≤0.05) between the experimental treatments in average final body weight (8wks) and weight gains at 5 - 6 and 2 - 8weeks of Japanese quail.3. No significant differences were revealed in the amount of feed consumption at 5 - 6 weeks of age, whereas there were significant differences(P≤0.05) at the other remaining experimental periods.4. No significant differences were observed in feed conversion ratio during the period 4 - 5 weeks of age, whereas there were significant differences(p≤0.05) at 3 - 2,3 - 4,5 - 6,6 - 7,7 - 8 and 2 - 8 weeks of age .5. There was significant increase (p≤0.05) in carcass weight, dressing percentage, relative Wight of thigh in T4 and T5 which recorded theSummary الخلاصةhighest percent as compared to control. There was no significant differences observed in relative weight of gizzard and heart, while there was significant decrease in relative weight of liver in T4,T5,T6,T7 and T8 and in amount of abominate fat in all supplemented diet as compared to control.6. No significant differences on relative weight and length of ileum relative weight of duodenum and jejunum, while there was significant differences(p≤0.05) on relative weight and length of duodenum, jejunum and in the gastrointitian at tract.7. There was no any case of mortality recorded between the experimental treatment at all time of study.8. There was significant increase (p≤0.05) in proactive, economic index and in protein efficiency ratio in all supplemented treatment as compared with control.9. No significant effects in bursa of fabricius gland index while there was significant differences in the relative weight of spleen.10. There was significant decrease (p≤0.05) in total bacteria and E.coli bacteria count, while there was significant improvement (p≤0.05) in the number of lactic acid bacteria in the treatment T5,T4,T3 and T8 as compared to control.11. There was significant increase (P ≤0.05) in the number of RBC and WBC cells in T5,while there was significant differences in RBC number in treatment T2,T3,T6,T7 and T8 also in WBC number in T6,T7 and T8 and in PCV in T2,T3,T6,T7 and whereas T6,T7 andT8 recorded the lowest Hb concentration as compared to decrease in H/L ratio as compared to control.12. Significant improvement (P≤0.05) concerning in the serum biochemical parameter , which included glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride, while there was significant decreased in total protein concentration as compared to control.Summary الخلاصةThe second experiment was carried out at the Quail Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Basra from 2/1/2016 to 30/1/2016 . A total of 168 laying quail, average weight185.33 (g), were randomly distributed on 24 cages(7 hens/cage)with three replicates for each treatment in a Complete Random Design ( CRD) .Hens in each treatments received the same experimental diets as described in first experiment .The results showed the following : 1. There was no significant differences in the amount of feed consumption in treatment T2and T3 ,where as ,there was significant decrees (P ≤0.05) in feed intake in all the period in comparison with control.2. There was significant improvement (P ≤0.05) in the feed conversion ratio in treatment which contain seed, fruit, oil and their combnation as compared to control.3. significant differences(P ≤0.05)were revealed in egg production %, egg mass at 0 - 1,1 - 2 and 1 - 4 weeks, as well as in the relative weight of egg shell, yolk, albumen and yolk to albumen ratio and in shell thickness4. There was significant improvement in egg weight at 0 - 4 weeks in supplemented treatment as compared to control.5. No significant differences were observed among treatment in egg width ,yolk index and egg shape index ,while there was significant differences(P≤0.05)in egg length, yolk diameter and height, and in albumen diameter and height .

تاثير التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية لطائر السمان الياباني (Coturnix japonica) == The effect of early quantitative feed restiction on Some Productive and Physiological Traits of Japanese Quail(Coturnix japonica)

Author name: رسول حسن خلاطي السراي
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Management
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة في حقل السمان/كلية الزراعة/جامعة البصرة للمدة من 1/11/2015 لغاية 12/1/2016 وذلك لمعرفة تاثير التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر(28 - 7) يوما في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية لطائر السمان وخلال مدتين، المدة الاولى الممتدة من عمر (7 - 42) يوما استخدم فيها (300) فرخ بعمر يوم واحد وزعت عشوائيا على خمسة معاملات وبواقع ثلاث مكررات(20) فرخا لكل مكرر . اما المدة الثانية (المدة الانتاجية) استمرت (30) يوما بعد عمر البلوغ الجنسي ، استخدم فيها(180) طائر لكل معاملة (36) طائر وبواقع (8 اناث + 4 ذكور) لكل مكرر ، وعلى النحو التالي : .1المعاملة الاولى : السيطرة (تغذيه حره) .2. المعاملة الثانية : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 10% من التغذية الحرة ..3 المعاملة الثالثة : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 20% من التغذية الحرة . .4المعاملة الرابعة : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 30% من التغذية الحرة ..5 المعاملة الخامسة : تقنين غذائي بنسبه 40% من التغذية الحرة .اشارت نتائج الدراسة الى ما يلي : .1وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤ 0.05) للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في بعض الصفات الانتاجية حيث تفوقت معاملة التغذية الحرة في معدلات وزن الجسم لغاية عمر (5)اسابيع والزيادة الوزنية لغاية الفترة (4 - 3)اسبوع وفي كمية العلف المستهلكة لغاية عمر (6)اسابيع وكمية العلف المستهلكة التراكمية. .2وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤ 0.05) للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في معامل التحويل الغذائي للطيور حيث ظهر تحسن معنوي في هذه الصفة في المعاملة التي قدم لها العلف المقنن بنسبة (40)%من التغذية الحرة مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى لغاية الاسبوع الرابع ، بينما سجلت معاملة التقنين الغذائي (20)% من التغذية الحرة افضل كفاءة تحويل للاسبوع ( 5،6 ) وفي كفاءة التحويل التراكمية وفي مقياس دليل الاداء . .3وجود تاثير معنوي للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر في ذبائح الطيور فقد سجلت معاملة التغذية الحرة وفي كلا الجنسين اعلى فرق معنوي في نسبة التصافي والاوزان النسبية لقطعية الصدر والكبد ، بينما لم يكن هناك فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في الاوزان النسبية للفخذ , القلب , القانصة وفي كلا الجنسين ونسبة الهلاكات الكلية . .4وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤ 0.05) لنظام التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر على صفات الدم الخلوية للطيور عند عمر (42) يوما حيث سجل اعلى معدل لخلايا الدم الحمر, تركيز الهيموغلوبين وحجم خلايا الدم المرصوصة في دم الطيور المرباة تحت تاثير نظام التغذية الحرة مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى ولكلا الجنسين ، بينما لم يتاثر عدد كريات الدم البيض ونسبة الخلايا المتغايرة الى اللمفية بتاثير نظام التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر وفي كلا الجنسين . .5 سجلت معاملة التغذية الحرة اعلى فرق معنوي في تركيز البروتين الكلي والالبومين والكلوبيولين في مصل دم ذكور واناث السمان مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى ، بينما لم يتاثر تركيز الكلوكوز والكولستيرول وحامض اليوريك في مصل دم الطيور باستخدام التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ولكلا الجنسين وعند عمر (42)يوما . .6عدم وجود فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في تركيز البروتينات الدهنية العالية الكثافة , البروتينات الدهنية واطئة الكثافة , الكلسيريدات الثلاثية في مصل دم الطيور ولكلا الجنسين وعند عمر (42)يوما. .7وجود تاثير معنوي (p≤0.05) للتقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر على العمر والوزن عند البلوغ الجنسي للذكور ، حيث سجلت معاملة التغذية الحرة بلوغ جنسي مبكر ، اما معاملة الطيور المقنن غذائها بنسبة (40)% من التغذية الحرة قد سجلت اقل معدل وزن الجسم عند البلوغ الجنسي في الذكور ، بينما لم يكن هناك فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في العمر والوزن عند البلوغ الجنسي للاناث . .8عدم وجود فروق معنوية بين معاملات التقنين الغذائي الكمي المبكر ومعاملة السيطرة في كمية العلف المستهلكة التراكمي ومعدل وزن البيض التراكمي ومعدل وزن اول بيضة خلال الفترة الانتاجية(30)يوما. .9وجود تحسن معنوي (p≤ 0.05) في كفاءة التحويل الغذائي لمعاملة الطيور المقنن غذائها بنسبة (20)% من التغذية الحرة مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى ..10 سجلت معاملة الطيور المقنن غذائها بنسبة (20)%من التغذية الحرة تفوقا معنويا (p≤ 0.05) في عدد البيض التراكمي ونسبة انتاج البيض التراكمي وكتلة البيض التراكمي خلال الفترة الانتاجية(30)يوما مقارنة بالمعاملات التجريبية الاخرى . | This study was conducted at quail Farm / Agriculture Collage/ University of Basra from 1/11/2015 to 12/1/2016. The aim of study was to investigated the effect of early quantitative feed restriction (7 - 28)days at the some production and physiological traits of quail during two periods the first from (7 - 42) day used (300) one day old chicks, were randomly disterbuted to five treatments , three replicates (20 chicks for each replicate). Second period (30) days after sexual maturity treatment (180) chicks were used (36) chicks for each treatment (8 female + 4 male) From each replicate follows : 1. First treatment : Control adlibitum feeding .2. second treatment : Restriction feeding 10% from control .3. Third treatment : Restriction feeding 20% from control .4. Fourth treatment : Restriction feeding 30% from control .5. Fivth treatment : Restriction feeding 40% from control .The results of study as follow : 1. There was significantly (p≤0.05) proceeding for the early quantitative feed restriction of some productive traits, adlibtum feeding treatment have better live body weight until (5) weeks age , weekly body weight gain until (4 - 3) week age , feed intake and cumulative feed intake compared with feed restrction treatments . 2. There was a significantly (P≤0.05) effect of early quantitative restriction feeding on feed conversion ratio , significant improvement showed in treatment reared under (40)% restriction feed from control until (4)weeks age compared with other experimental treatments , while treatment reared under (20)% restriction feed from control recorded best feed conversion ratio on (5 , 6)weeks age and cumulative feed conversion ratio and performance Index .3. Significantly increase (P≤0.05) on carcasse of male and femal on dressing percentage and the relative weight of breast and liver for both sexes , while no significant difference between the early quantitative restriction feed treatment and the control in relative weight of thigh , heart , gizzard and mortality . 4. There was significant (P≤0.05) effect at early quantitative restriction feed on cellular blood characteristics, adlibitum feeding treatment have better RBC, Hb, PCV% compared with other experimental treatments , for both sexes while the WBC, H/L ratio don’t effected with early quantitative restriction feed for both sexes . 5. significant increase (P≤0.05) in total protein albumin and globulin concentration in the blood serum of both sexes quail reared under adlibitum feeding system compared with other expermantal treatments while glucose , cholesterol and uric acid concentration in blood serum for both sexes no affected by feeding system at (42)day age . 6. No significant difference between early quantitative feed restriction and control treatment on HDL , LDL and Triglyceridc concentration in blood serum for both sexes at (42) day age .7. There was significant (P≤0.05) effect for early quantitative feed restriction in age and weight at sexual maturity for male , adlibitum feeding treatment recorded early sexual maturity age, while restriction feed (40)%from control recorded better body weight at sexual maturity, there for no significant difference between early quantitative restriction feed treatments and control in age and weight of femal at sexual maturity . 8. No significant difference between early quantitative restriction feed treatment and control in cumulative feed intake , cumulative egg weight rate and first egg weight during production period (30) days .9. significant (P≤0.05) improvement in feed conversion showed on (20)% early restriction feed from adlibitum feeding compared with other expermintal treatments during production period (30) days . 10. significant(p ≤0.05) improvement in cumulative number of egg , cumulative egg production rate and cumulative egg mass recorded in (20)% restriction feed from control compared with other expermintal treatments during production period (30) days

تحضير بعض المستخلصات النباتية وتشخيص مركباتها الفعالة ودراسة تاثيرها على الصفات النوعية لاقراص اللحم البقري المخزنة بالتبريد والتجميد == Preparation of Some Plant Extracts and Identification of it¸s Active Compounds and Study the Effect on Quality Characteristics of Beef Patties During Refrigerated and Frozen Storage

Author name: رسل علي عدنان العذاري
Supervisor name: البشر حميد جابر الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة تحضير مستخلصات مائية وكحولية لكل من الزنجبيل Zingiber officinale والفلفل الاسود Piper nigrum والقرفة Cinnamomum verum والقرنفل Eugenia caryophyllata والكركم Curcuma longa ثم تم دراسة فعاليتها المضادة للاكسدة والقوة الاختزالية واقتناص بيروكسيد الهيدروجين وقابليتها على ربط ايون الحديدوز، اذ اعطت المستخلصات المائية فعالية مضادة للاكسدة اعلى مقارنة من المستخلصات الكحولية عدا القرنفل لذلك تم تشخيص المركبات الفعالة في هذه المستخلصات بواسطة جهاز كروماتوغرافيا الغاز المتصل بمطياف الكتلة ((GC - MS Sepctrometry Mass/ Gas Chromatography ادخلت المستخلصات المائية بتراكيز 0.05% و0.1% و0.15% في اقراص اللحم البقري وخزنت بالتبريد ( 4±1) م لمدة 12 يوما تم خلالها متابعة الصفات الكيميائية التي شملت قيمة البيروكسيد وحامض الثايوباربتيورك ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة والصفات الفيزيائية التي شملت قابلية حمل الماء والرقم الهيدروجيني، ونسب صبغة المايوغلوبين والاوكسي مايوغلوبين والميتامايوغلوبين للمدد 0 و4 و8 و12 يوما وقد اعطى تركيز 0.15% افضل النتائج لذلك تم ادخاله في اقراص اللحم المفروم وخزنت بالتجميد لمدة 100 يوم وثم متابعة التغيرات الكيميائية والفيزيائية المذكورة اعلاه للمدد 1 و10 و40 و60 و80 و100 يوم وقد كانت نتائج الدراسة كالاتي : 1 - احتوت المستخلصات المحضرة على عدد من المركبات الفعالة التي تفاوتت نسبها بحسب نوع المستخلص، فقد احتوى مستخلص الزنجبيل على مركب Gingerol بنسبة 60.47% وـمـــــــــــــــــــــركب Piperine بنسبة 57.25% في الفلفل الاسود ومركب Cinnamic acid بنسبة54.54% في القرفة ومركب Caryophllene بنسبة 25.81% في القرنفل ومركب 3 - Decen - 5 - one بنسبة 14.50% في الكركم.2 - اعطت مستخلصات الزنجبيل والفلفل الاسود والقرفة والقرنفل والكركم فعالية مضادة للاكسدة بلغت 84.24% و56.0% للزنجبيل و83.2% و57.6% للفلفل الاسود و85.3% و59.6% للقرفة و63.2% و88.4% للقرنفل و72.9% و48.0% للكركم والقوة الاختزالية بلغت 88.6% و102.64% للزنجبيل و88.18% و109.77% للفلفل الاسود و113.4% و113.39% للقرفة و81.05% و114.09% للقرنفل و83.7% و102.29% للكركم وربط ايون الحديدوز بلغت 88.5% و71.37% للزنجبيل و93.41% و61.37% للفلفل الاسود و89.65% و63.7% للقرفة و70.8% و94.22% للقرنفل و79.91% و55.3% للكركم واقتناص جذر بيروكسيد الهيدروجين بلغت 88.73% و65.33% للزنجبيل و86.22% و69.76% للفلفل الاسود و90.5% و63.86% للقرفة و56.44% و89.0% للقرنفل و74.81% و52.7% للكركم للمستخلصات المائية والكحولية على التوالي.3 - انخفضت قيم كل من قيمة البيروكسيد(PV) Peroxide Value وحامض الثايوباربتيورك Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة (FFA) Free Fatty Acids معنويا(P<0.01) في اقراص اللحم المفروم المعامل بالمستخلصات النباتية المحضرة مقارنة بعينة السيطرة وكانت اقل قيم لهذه المؤشرات عند معاملة اقراص اللحم البقري بمستخلص القرفة، اذ بلغت 42.0 ملي مكافئ/كغم و35.0 ملغم مالون الديهايد/كغم و26.0% ثم مستخلص الزنجبيل 47.0 و38.0 و29.0 ثم مستخلص الفلفل الاسود 56.0 و41.0 و30.0 ثم مستخلص الكركم 57.0 و41.0 و32.0 واخيرا مستخلص القرنفل 59.0 و0.46 و37.0 اما في عينة السيطرة فقد بلغت 61.0 و51.0 و41.0 لكل من رقم البيروكسيد وحامض الثايوباربتيورك ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة على التوالي كما تاثرت هذه المؤشرات معنويا(P<0.01) عند الخزن سواء بالتبريد او التجميد، اذ ارتفعت قيم كل من رقم البيروكسيد وحامض الثايوباربيتيورك ونسبة الاحماض الدهنية الحرة بتقدم مدة الخزن ولكن هذا الارتفاع كان اقل مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة.4 - لوحظ انخفاض معنوي (P<0.01) في قيم الرقم الهيدروجيني لاقراص اللحم البقري المعاملة بالمستخلصات مقارنة بعينة السيطرة ولكنها ارتفعت بتقدم مدة الخزن سواء بالتبريد او التجميد كما لوحظ ارتفاعا معنويا (P<0.01) في قابلية حمل الماء (WHC) Water Holding Capacity لاقراص اللحم المعاملة بالمستخلصات مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة اذ بلغت اعلى WHC عند المعاملة بمستخلص القرفة للتركيز 0.15% 15.1 مل في نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد والتجميد. 5 - لوحظ انخفاض معنوي((P<0.01 في تكوين صبغة الميتامايوغلوبين في اقراص اللحم المعاملة بالمستخلصات النباتية مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة وازدادت نسبة الصبغة معنويا(P<0.01) بتقدم مدة الخزن سواء بالتبريد او التجميد ولكن هذه الزيادة كانت واضحة جدا في عينة السيطرة، اذ وصلت بعد 12 يوما من الخزن بالتبريد الى 68.35% و33.%65 بعد 100 يوم من التجميد اما بالنسبة لصبغة المايوغلوبين والاوكسي مايوغلوبين فقد لوحظ ان الانخفاض فيها نسبتيهما كان اقل مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة خلال مدة الخزن بالتبريد والتجميد.6 - اظهرت النتائج ان هناك انخفاضا معنويا(P<0.01) في نسبة الفقد بالوزن اثناء التذويب ونسبة الفقد بالوزن اثناء الطبخ ونسبة الانكماش في اقراص اللحم المعاملة بالمستخلصات النباتية مقارنة مع معاملة السيطرة ولكنها ارتفعت معنويا ((p<0.01 باستمرار مدة الخزن بالتجميد وكان الارتفاع عند المعاملة بالمستخلصات اقل بالمقارنة مع عينة السيطرة كما لوحظ ارتفاع معنوي (P<0.01) في نسبة حاصل الطبخ لاقراص اللحم البقري المعاملة بالمستخلصات مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة وانخفضت تدريجيا بتقدم مدة الخزن بالتجميد.7 - اظهرت النتائج ان اضافة المستخلصات الى اقراص اللحم البقري ادت الى تحسين صفاتها الحسية التي شملت اللون والنكهة والطراوة والعصيرية والقبول العام مقارنة مع عينة السيطرة ، وقد تفوق مستخلص القرفة في الحفاظ على الصفات الحسية لاقراص اللحم لغاية انتهاء مدة الخزن بالتجميد البالغة 100 يوم. | The study included preparation of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of plants included Zingiber officinale , Piper nigrum ,Cinnamomum verum , Eugenia caryophyllata and Curcuma longa. Antoxidant activity, reducing power chelating ions and scavening hydrogen proxide were assessed. Aqueous extracts were the highest antioxidant activiy comparing with alcoholic extracts except clove. Bioactive compounds of these extracts were identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Sepectrometer GC/MS. Aqueous extracts were used in three concentration 0.05% , 0.1% and 0.15% in beef patties and stored under(4±1)Cº for 12 days and thiobarbituric acid and free fatty acid, Physical properties included water holding capacity, pH , hmyoglobin, oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin pigments were assessed. Concentration 0.15% was the best their for it used in beef patties and stored in freezing for 100 days during this period the chemical indicators and physical properties were studied. The resultus showed : 1 - All extracts containing many bioactive compounds differented in their percentage. Ginger contained Gingerol , %60.47 Black piper contained Piperine 57.25% , Cinnamon contained Cinnamic acid 54.54% ,Clove contained Caryophllene 25.81% and Turmeric contained 3 - Decen - 5 - one .%14.50 2 - All aqueous and alcoholic extracts exhibited antioxidant activity as following ginger 84.24% , 56.0% , Black piper 83.2% , 57.6% , Cinnamon 85.3% ,59.6%, Clove 63.2% , 88.4% and Turmeric 72.9% , 48.0% , Reducing Power as following ginger 88.6%, 102.64%, Black piper 88.81%, 109.77%, Cinnamon 113.4%, 113.39% , Clove 81.05%, 114.09% , Turmeric 83.7%, 102.29% , Chelating ferrous Ion as following ginger 88.5%, 71.37%, Black piper 93.41%, 61.37%, Cinnamon 89.65%, 63.7%, Clove 70.8% , 94.22%, Turmeric 79.91%, 55.3%, Hydrogen Peroxid Scavenging as folloing ginger 88.73% , 65.33%, Black piper 86.22%, 69.76%, Cinnamon 90.5%, 63.86% , Clove 56.44% , 89.0%, Turmeric 74.81% , 52.70% respectively.3 - Significant decrease (P<0.01) in peroxide value , thiobarbituric acid and free fatty acid percentage in beef patties treated with plant extracts compared with control the results showed that the lowest value was in Cinnamon extract 0.42, 0.35, 0.26% then Ginger extract 0.47 , 0.38 , 0.29 , Black piper 0.56 , 0.47 , 0.30 , Turmeric 0.57 , 0.41 , 0.32% , Clove 0.59 , 0.46 , 0.36% and this indicators increased during refrigerated and frozen storage but this increase was lowest in beef patties treated with plant extract compared with control.4 - Values of pH were significantly (P<0.01) decresed in all treated beef patties compared with control but it incrcased duning the storage periode. The result showed that their is significantly (P<0.01) increased in WHC, cinnamon extract exhibit the highest value in the end of freezing storage. 5 - There is significant decrease (P<0.01) in metmyoglobin formation in beef patties treated with plant extracts compared with control and also noticed thein is decrease in percentage of myoglobin and oxymyoglobin was lower that control during storage.6 - There is asignificant decrese (P<0.01) in pecentages of thawing loss , Cooking loss and shrinkage in treated beef patties compared with control but these percentages increased during storage period in control highest treated patties. Significant increased (P<0.01) in cooking yield for treated beef patties compared with control but decresed during frozen storage.7 - The results showed that addition of plant extracts to the beef patties improved sensory characteristics (Color , Flavor, Tendernees , Juicness and overal acceptability) compared with control and the highest significant effect in improving patties characteristics to the end of frozen storage 100 days was to cinnamon extracts

العلاقة بين بعض العناصر الثقيلة وانتاجية الهائمات النباتية والكتلة الحية لبعض النباتات المائية السائدة في مناطق مختارة من شط العرب / جنوب العراق == Impact Of Some Heavy Metals On Qualitative And Quantitative Of Producer Organisms In Shatt Al - Arab River

Author name: رجاء عبد الكاظم حنف
Supervisor name: عبد العزيز محمود عبد الله | صالح عبد القادر العيسى
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة اثر بعض العناصر الثقيلة ( النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت ) على انتاجية الهائمات النباتية وبعض النباتات المائية فضلا عن قياس تراكيز تلك العناصر في المياه والرواسب في شط العرب للفترة الممتدة من كانون الثاني 2014 لغاية كانون الثاني 2015 . تم انتخاب اربع محطات ، تقع المحطة الاولى في منطقة الشرش والثانية في السندباد والثالثة في الصالحية والرابعة في منطقة العامية بالقرب من ميناء ابي فلوس في محافظة البصرة . اختيرت ثلاثة انواع من النباتات المائية السائدة في تلك المحطات الشمبلان Ceratophullum demersum والقصب Phragmites australis ونبات بربين الماء Bacopa moniera وحددت الكتلة الحية الهوائية لتلك الانواع . كما درست الهائمات النباتية كموانوعا ، وتم قياس دليل التنوع ودليل سمبسون (السيادة) ودليل التشابه للهائمات النباتية والنباتات المائية . كما قيست بعض العوامل الفيزيائية والكيميائية لمحطات الدراسة المختارة .تراوحت درجة حرارة الماء بين 10.1 و33.9 ºم، وانحصرت قيم الاس الهيدروجيني بين 7.6 و8.6 ، وتراوحت قيم الملوحة بين 0.9 و7.8 جزء بالالف ، وتراوحت قيم الاوكسجين الذائب بين 5.9 و16.9 ملغم/لتر، بلغت قيم المواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية بين714 الى 4282.8 ملغم/لتر ،وتراوحت قيم القاعدية الكلية بين 87 - 391 ملغم كاربونات الكالسيوم /لتر، وقد سجلت العسرة الكلية قيم تراوحت بين 214 و596 ملغم كاربونات الكالسيوم /لتر. سجلت تراكيز النتريت والنترات قيم تراوحت بين 0.07 - 1.01 و5.64 - 19.63 مايكغم ذرة نيتروجين/لتر على التوالي ، وبلغت قيم الفوسفات بين 0.17 - 3.72 مايكغم ذرة فسفور/لتر كان تركيز النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت الكلي في الماء 3.22 - 53.99 و7.11 - 120.06 و3.09 - 49.05 و23.24 - 1130.35 و42.54 - 257.00 مايكغم/لتر على التوالي .تراوحت قيم المادة العضوية المتمثلة بالكاربون العضوي الكلي بين 27.8 - 119.2 و28.2 - 128.04 و28.4 - 176.9 و26.3 - 127.14 ملغم/غم وزن جاف لمحطات الشرش والسندباد والصالحية والعامية على التوالي . بلغ تركيز عناصر النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت في الرواسب بين 7.02 - 55.16 و18.16 - 165.11 و101.40 - 616.16 و19.34 - 469.12 و98.19 - 463.76 مايكغم/غم وزن جاف على التوالي ، وقيم دليل التجمع الجيولوجي بحدود (1.11 - - 0.62) و(1.17 - 1.56 ) و( - 2.10 - - 1.65) و(0.35 - 0.54 ) و( 2.56 - 2.87) للعناصر السابقة على التوالي ، مما يشير الى ان رواسب محطات الدراسة غير ملوثة بالنحاس والمنغنيز وغير ملوثة الى متوسطة التلوث بالرصاص والخارصين ومتوسطة الى شديدة التلوث بالكوبلت . اظهرت نتائج الدراسة الحالية سيادة انواع الهائمات النباتية التي تعود لصنف الطحالب الدايتومية (العصوية) Bacillariophyceae، تلتها الطحالب الخضر - المزرقة Cyanophyceae ، ثم الطحالب الخضر Chlorophyceae واخيرا الطحالب اليوغلينية Euglenophyceae في محطات الدراسة كافة ولجميع الاشهر . سجلت محطة الشرش 36 نوع تعود الى 31 جنس، وسجلت محطة السندباد 46 نوع تعود الى 38 جنس،بينما سجلت محطة الصالحية 48 نوع تعود الى 39 جنس ، اما محطة العامية فقد سجلت 30 نوع تعود الى 26 جنس .سجل تركيز الكلوروفيل في محطات الدراسة الشرش والسندباد والصالحية والعامية 0.12 - 2.65 و0.21 - 3.10 و0.31 - 3.89 و0.11 - 2.10 ملغم/لتر على التوالي ، اما تركيز العناصر الثقيلة (النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت) في الهائمات النباتية فقد كان11.55 - 48.26 و18.84 - 97.22 و139.80 - 659.01 و77.14 - 477.36 و43.55 - 216.02 مايكغم /غم وزن جاف على التوالي.تراوحت قيم الكتلة الحية الهوائية للنباتات المائية المدروسة بين 5.34 - 199.52 و34.45 - 465.77 و22.90 - 98.23 غم/م2 لنباتات الشمبلان C. demersum والقصب P. australis وبربين الماء B. monniera على التوالي ، وبلغ مدى تركيز العناصر الثقيلة (النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت) في نبات الشمبلان 1.04 - 88.53 و2.14 - 66.36 و36.05 - 1466.04 و56.56 - 197.14 و23.07 - 216.75 مايكغم/غم وزن جاف للعناصر على التوالي . وفي نبات القصب تراوحت تراكيز العناصر الثقيلة بين 6.17 - 66.34 و1.19 - 66.50 و32.76 - 467.02 و23.78 - 176.32 و7.11 - 98.11 مايكغم/غم وزن جاف على التوالي ، اما في نبات بربين الماء فقد كانت التراكيز 0.44 - 56.15 و0.81 - 67.04 و12.56 - 99.15 و33.34 - 116.55 و0.14 - 10.44 مايكغم /غم وزن جاف على التوالي . بلغت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي لمحطة الشرش في نبات الشمبلان 2.03 و1.22 و35.00 و1.25 و0.72 لعناصر النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت على التوالي ، بينما في نبات القصب كانت المعدلات 1.60 و1.05 و14.36 و0.83 و0.36 لنفس العناصر على التوالي . اما نبات بربين الماء فقد كانت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي تبلغ 0.57 و0.92 و4.47 و0.71 و0.01 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي ، وقد بلغت المعدلات في الهائمات النباتية 3.08 و2.58 و79.51 و1.29 و0.57 لنفس العناصر على التوالي ولنفس المحطة . بينما بلغت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي في محطة السندباد لعناصر النحاس والرصاص والمنغنيز والخارصين والكوبلت لنبات الشمبلان 3.01 و1.19 و39.16 و1.61 و0.90 على التوالي ، ولنبات القصب 2.02 و0.89 و12.99 و0.94 و0.36 ولنبات بربين الماء 0.94 و0.80 و4.00 و0.85 و0.02 لنفس العناصر على التوالي ، اما في الهائمات النباتية في نفس المحطة فقد كانت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي 2.93 و2.65 و67.13 و1.64 و0.58 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي . وفي محطة الصالحية سجلت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي لتلك العناصر في نبات الشمبلات 2.27 و1.23 و46.11 و1.31 و0.92 على التوالي ، وفي نبات القصب 1.97 و0.96 و15.76 و0.87 و0.41 على التوالي ، اما في نبات بربين الماء فقد كانت المعدلات 0.85 و0.95 و4.61 و0.69 و0.64 للعناصر على التوالي ، وقد كانت في الهائمات النباتية لنفس المحطة 2.07 و2.64 و63.71 و1.24 و0.72 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي . اما في محطة العامية فقد كانت معدلات معامل التركيز الحيوي للعناصر الثقيلة المدروسة في نبات الشمبلان 2.11 و1.34 و25.67 و1.08 و0.70 على التوالي ، ولنبات القصب 1.91 و1.20 و16.21 و0.86 و0.43 على التوالي ، وفي نبات بربين الماء 0.95 و0.85 و7.34 و0.78 و0.03 على التوالي ، اما في الهائمات النباتية فقد كانت 2.98 و1.77 و117.96 و1.26 و0.92 للعناصر المدروسة على التوالي . بينت النتائج ان نبات الشمبلان هو الاكثر تركيز للعناصر وان عنصر المنغنيز هو العنصر المتميز بمعدل التراكم الاعلى ، كما بينت ان الهائمات النباتية اكثر مراكمة للعناصر الثقيلة من النباتات المائية . | The study was conducted to determind the effect of some heavy metals (Cu , Pb , Mn , Zu and Co) on productivity of phytoplankton and aquatic plants , as well as measurred their concentrations in water and sediments of Shatt Al - Arab river for a period from January 2014 to January 2015 . Four stautas were sellected from Shatt Al - Arab river , Frist (Al - Sharresh) , Second (Al - Sendibad Island) ,Third (Al - Salehia) , and Forth (Al - Ameia Region) near Abu - Floos port. Three types of dominanted aquatic plants were selected from these stations, Ceratophyllum demersum, Phragmites australis and Bacoba monniera .The areial biomass of aquatic plants and the quantitative , qualtitative and chlorophyl a of phytoplankton were determind . some of diversity indices for phytoplankton and aquatic plants were measured . Also some physical and chemical properties were measured for selected study stations .Water temperature was ranged between 10.1 - 33.9 Cº, pH 7.6 - 8.6 , salinity 0.9 - 7.8 ppt , DO ranged between 5.9 - 16.9 ml/L , TDS ranged between 714 - 4282.8 ml/L . The alkalinity showed values ranged between 87 - 391 ml CaCO3/L . The total hardness was record values between 214 - 596 ml CaCO3/L .. The investigated study showed nitrite and Nitrate values 0.07 - 1.01 and 5.64 - 19. 63 µg n/L respectively , phosphorus concentration ranged from 0.08 - 4.59 µg P - PO4 - 3/L . The concentration of Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co in water ranged between 3.22 - 53.99 , 7.11 - 120.06 , 3.09 - 49.05 , 23.24 - 1130.35 and 42.54 - 257.00 µg/L respectively.TOC values in sediments were ranged 27.8 - 119.2 , 28.2 - 128.08 , 28.4 - 176.9 and 26.3 - 127.14 µg/gm dry wet for four station respectively . The concentrations of heavy metals Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co in sedements ranged 7.02 - 55.16 , 18.16 - 165.11 , 101.40 - 616.16 , 19.34 - 469.12 and 98.19 - 463.76 µg/gm dry wet respectively .The values of Igeo index were ranged between - 0.26_ - 0.62 , - 1.17_ 1.56 , - 2.10_ - 1.65 , 0.35_ 0.54 , 2.56_ 2.87 for the heavy metals respectively.The present study was showed that the dominant types of phytoplankton belong to class Bacillariophyceae , followed Cyanophyceae , then Chlorophyceae and last Euglenophyceae to all station and through all monthes . Al - Sharresh station was recored 44 species belong to 28 genus , and Al - Sendibad Island was recorded 54 species belong to 35 genus , while Al - Salehia station recorded 60 species belong to 37 genus , and Al - Ameia station was rcorded 35 species belong to 24 genus . The concentration of chlorophyll values were recorded in the four stations 0.12 - 2.65 , 0.21 - 3.10 , 0.31 - 3.89 , 0.11 - 10.2 ml/L. respectively, and the concentraions of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn and Co) in phytoplankton were ranged betwen 11.55 - 48.26 , 18.84 - 97.22 , 139.80 - 659.01 , 77.14 - 477.36 and 43.55 - 216.02 µg/gm dry wet respectively. The biomass of aquatic plants were ranged between 5.35 - 199.52 , 34.45 - 465.77 , 22.90 - 98.23 gm/m2 for C. demersum , P. australis and B. monniera respectively. The concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn, Zn and Co) in C. demersum were 1.04 - 88.53 , 2.14 - 66.36 , 36.05 - 1466.04 , 56.56 - 197.14 and 23.07 - 216.75 µg/gm dry wet for the Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co respectively, and in P. australis were 6.17 - 66.34 , 1.19 - 66.50 , 32.76 - 467.02 , 23.78 - 176.32 and 7.11 - 98.11 µg/gm dry wet respectively , while in B. monniera were 0.44 - 56.15 , 0.81 - 67.04 , 12.56 - 99.15 , 33.34 - 116.55 and 0.04 - 10.44 µg/gm dry wet respectively. Averges of BCF in the C. demersum were 2.03 , 1.22 , 35.00 , 1.25 and 0.72 for Cu, Pb , Mn, Zn and Co respectively , while in P. australis were 1.60 , 1.05 , 14.36 , 0.83 and 0.36 respectively , and in B. monniera were 0.57 , 0.92 , 4.47 , 0.71 and 0.01 for heavy metals respectively , and in the phytoplankton the ranges were 3.08 , 2.58 , 79.51 , 1.29 , 0.57 respectively. The results showed that the aquatic plant C. demersum was most concentration for heavy metals and Mn was more accumulation , and showed that phytoplankton was more accumulation to heavy metals than aquatic plants.

المسؤولية الدولية لرئيس الدولة عن جرائم النزاعات المسلحة غير الدولية == The International Responsibility of State's President For Crimes of Non - International Aramed Conflicts

Author name: وهج خضير عباس
Supervisor name: ساجد احميد عبل حمد الركابي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: International Criminal Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تتجلى الحياة الدولية بمظاھر عده, تتراوح بين السلم والاستقراراالدوليين, وبين حالات من العنف العام والشامل المتمثل بالحرب, وتعيش الدول ومواطنيھا بين ھذين الوضعين حالات اخرى من العنف كالاضطرابات, الارھاب, والنزاعات الداخلية وصولا الى الحرب الاھلية.اتسمت | The International life is merged by severa aspects ranged from peace and war so that these states and its citizens live between these two situations another status of offenses such as riots, terrorism, internal disputes till the civic war so that these wa

الاتجاهات الدستورية الحديثة لحقوق المراة في دستور جمهورية العراق لسنة 2005 == Modern Constitutional Trends Towards Woman Rights In 2005 Republic of Iraq Constitution

Author name: سلى ظاهر حبيب الحسيني
Supervisor name: جعفر عبد السادة بهير الدراجي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Constitutional Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Recently, the role of Woman in the Arab world has been expanding as a result of the changes which the Arab community, especially Iraq, has witnessed involving major developments in technology and science. Such a role has taken further domains and various

النظام القانوني للمعلومات غير المفصح عنها : دراسة مقارنة

Author name: اخلاص لطيف محمد
Supervisor name: غني ريسان جادر الساعدي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Commercial Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Unexpressed information whether commercial or industrial isdistinguished by the feature of security. Thus, it is named insome legal systems as commercial secrets, and then thespecialized rules are applied in this respect to protectcommercial secrets.S

استقلال جهاز الادعاء العام في ضوء احكام نظام روما الاساسي == The Independence of General Prosecution The Light of Provisions of Rome Statute

Author name: باسم محمد عبد الامام
Supervisor name: علي جبار كريدي القاضي | عماد فاضل ركاب
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Public International Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: لقد انشئت منذ عام 1919عدة محاكم دولية, مرورا بمحاكم نورمبرغ وطوكيو ويوغسلافيا السابقة, وحتى انشاء المحكمة الجنائية الدولية لرواندا عام 1994. الا ان البناء القانوني والشرعي لم يكن مكتمل الاركان. كما ان الاساس الذي استندت اليه ما كان معبرا عن | Prosecution is considered as the second wing or the second pillar of criminal law since prosecution is raised, the need is raised to the guarantees of independence that guarantees its success to conduct its dangerous and important mission.Any defect in

شكل الدولة وفقا للدستور العراقي الدائم : دراسة مقارنة == The State Form Accordi The Ng To Permaent Iraq Constitution : Comparative Study

Author name: سهى زكي نوري عياش
Supervisor name: عقيل محمد عبد جاسم البهادلي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Constitutional Law
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Law And Politics
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: he divergence and numerous of geographical, historical, economical, environmental and security factors has important role towards electing the federal state as a form of state so that federal state or confederal is a federation among territories or state

المنهج الاختباري في نهج البلاغة

Author name: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي
Supervisor name: رباب جبار طاهر السوداني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Nehig Al - Balagah is abook Which has been Coolected and Written by Al - Sharif Al - Redi.This book contains the addresses , ulessages , prayers , orders and short address belongs to Imam Ali Abn Abi Talib (peace be upon him). The time has failed to abrade the speech and science of Imam Ali. Nehig Al - Balagah contains various kinds of science. Ther fore , many studies have been made about it. un fortunately thes studies are concentrated on the religions , social , poletical sides , and left the scientific side. If we examine Nehig Al - Balagah very weel we can noticethat there is scientific sense has not been understood by the scientists in that time , inspite of the explaination of Imam Ali for the scientestts , but now in this time with this scientific revelution , the meaning of thes sentes becom clear.The companions of the prophet and the followers don’t under stand what Imam Ali has from knowledge and science. They think that the scientific informeation in the holy Quran is just for the coheranee and grammatical matter. This means that there is nefther astudy for the scientific laws in the book nor astudy for the natural faets that have been mentioned by Imam Ali (pase be upon him). Taceuranee of the natural phenomenans is regular , sowe can discover these natural events by sense we mean that ther is static laws in the nature these laws are responssible of shaping the life in the nature. From this introduction we want to reach to very important point this point is that the scientificmind of Imam Ali in Nehig Al - Balagah. There are many scientific laws in the nature that have been mentioned by Imam Ali specily when he speaks about natural phenomenen , Man , Animals , and plant. The main aim of this study is to show the accurate note for Imam Ali (pease bewpon him) and his scientific information about this note. Inorder to make astudy for Nehig Al - Balagah , we divide our study to an prefase and three chapters , the prefase deals with the origin of Imam Ali thoughts. It contains the sources and science of Imam Ali (pease bewpon him). It also deals with the verious scieutific knowledge for Imam Ali. Also in the introduction we have made Nehig Al - Balagah as a tipical example for science. Also It deals with its subjects and attribution of the book. The first chapter deals with the scieutific theories and discoveries. In the book there are many of scieutific theories these theories are concerned with , space , Geography , physics theories , also there are many scieutific discoveries these discoveries different according to different fields. As far as the second chapter is concerned , This chapter is under the title on the laboratory study and test field. It is full of subjects. The laboratory study is divided in to three topics. The first theme is about Human body. It deals with phases of creation of the fetus , Anatomy of human body and the job of some origens , like , the eyes the ears , origens of breathing and origens of speech , heart and bones. The second them is about Animal laboratory. It deals with insects and birds laboratory. also it deals with the ways of proliferate of some Animals. The third theme is about plant laboratory. It deals with plant Anatomy and the types of the plant according to according to its ability. In addtion for these three themes in this chapter we have studed different science. As far as the third chapter is concerned , this chapter deals with Nehig Al - Balagah scieutific reports.these reports are spread in the whole book , if we collect and write these reports we can get one united report. also these reports are fully constracted and united and about one subject. There are many reports in the book , there fore , we have divide it in to three themes. The first theme is geographical report , it deals with the wind , geographical sitnition of the place and its effects. The second them is the medical report. It deals with many parts like , diagnosis and causes of the desease , indication of the desease , and the treatment for these deseases. The third theme is about Animals report , It deals with the places , way of living , hapits and deseases of Animals. Also there are many parts about these themes , that we try to explaine it with move details inorder to be very clear to the mind.
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المواقف السياسية للائمة الاثنى عشر

Author name: نغم حسن عبد النبي الكنعاني
Supervisor name: رباب جبار طاهر السوداني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Summary:
References:

الجزائر في الصراع الاسباني العثماني 1518 - 1587 م : دراسة تاريخية == Algeria In Conflict Of Spainsh Ottoman 1518 - 1587 History Study

Author name: ضمير عودة عبد علي زويد
Supervisor name: يوسف عبد الكريم طه مكي الرديني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Interest in studying the history of Algeria during the Ottoman era ( 1518 - 1587 ) is due to its important role that can not be over looked. Algeria led the resistance against the Spaniards. It did not only resist the European a ggression against the area but also continuously helped the Modscians who suffered a lot of the Spanish oppressim. Besides , annexing Algeria to the Ottoman state paved the way to unify the Arabic west under the Ottoman rule. Western Tripoli and Tunisia were annexed. but Morocco remained independent. The annexed areas became important centers for the Ottoman state. They provided sea bases for the Ottoman Fleets which were fighting in Europe and thus enabled them to achieve some victory. The reason behind choosing the specific period of the study is that it represented a complete historical era , i.e the rule of Sea Reis ( chiefs ) ( Beclerbecs ) that started with Kheir - Al - deen Barbarose in 1518 , when Algeria became a satellite of the Ottoman state , and ended in 1587 which was , in turn , the end of the rule of the Beclerbecs when the Ottoman state started reevaluating its administration in Algeria and that represented a new page in the history of Algeria. This study is made of four chapters. Chapter one deals with the Spanish intervention in Algeria ( 1492 - 1518 ). This chapter is the introduction of the study because the Spanish intervention was the important reason that led to including Algeria in the Ottoman possession. Chapter two is about the Ottoman control during the rule of Kheir - AL - deen Barbarosa ( 1518 - 1546 ). Chapter three is entitled " Ottoman Administration During the Rule of the Descendants of Kheir - AL - Deen Barbarosa ( 1546 - 1587 ) ".Chapter four tackled the administrative , economic , social and intellectual aspects during the period 1518 - 1587. The study revealed that Algeria witnessed , during this era , many positive achievements. For example , the sea Reis sustained the unity of the Algerian territory , stopped the Spanish ambitions and formed an Algerian sea force that protected Algeria from the foreign dangers. This force played an obvious role in the Mediterranean. Also , we can mention the historical position of the Algerian rulers in welcoming , helping , and searing the settling of their Muslim Brothers of Andulsia.There were , as well , some negative effects of the rule of the sea Reis in Algeria. Firstly , the rulers neglected the administrative , economic and social aspects of life and they did not develop the ruling systems in Algeria. Socially , they did not approach or mix with the Algeria people. Also , They were attentive to satisfy the needs , aims and interests of the Ottoman occupiers even at the expense of the people of the country. For that sake , they made full use of all the resources of Algeria to serve the Ottoman state regardless of the suffering of the people of Algeria. The reason could be that those rulers , themselves , were not of Algeria origin
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