تصميم وتصنيع وتقييم الاداء الميكانيكي لالة زراعية من خلال وضع السماد العضوي في خنادق تحت سطح التربة وتاثيرها في بعض خصائصها ونمو وحاصل الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L == Designing , constructing and evaluating the mechanical performance for agricultural machine laying the manure under the soil surface and its effect on some of soil properties and growth and yield of corn ( Zea mays L.
Author name:
صادق جبار محسن
Supervisor name:
شاكر حنتوش عداي | محمد عبد الله عبد الكريم
General topic:
Agricultural sciences
Specific topic:
Soil and Water
Degree:
Doctorate
University:
University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language:
Arabic
University location:
Basrah
First pages:
31T1814 - p.pdf
Abstract:
ditch opener and manure laying machine was designed and manufactured in the agricultural machines and equipment dept., Agriculture college, Basrah university in 2015. This machine was evaluated to determine its mechanical performance and its ability in laying manure in ditches under the soil surface as well as the effect of the added manure on the soil physical and chemical properties, corn crop growth and production parameters.The machine consists of a frame, manure tank, chemical fertilizers tank, subsoiler for soil disturbance down to 80 cm, two boards for soil digging out to open the ditch , two boards to return the soil to ditch to bury the manure , manure and chemical fertilizers feeding mechanisms and blades for manure mixing with the soil. Also its provide with two pipes to transfer the chemical fertilizers to the soil and a petrol engine to operate the two feeding mechanism.The machine disturbed the soil by the subsoiler and digging different ditches of different depths by two boards . In additional to that it can lay the manure at different levels in the opened ditches using the feeding mechanism and thereafter buried the manure in the soil . The manure can be laid under the soil as separate layer or mixed with soil using the mixing blades.Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the machine performance. These experiments are : (1) - Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of the machine forward speeds (0.32, 0.46 and 0.63 m sec - 1), manure feeding mechanisms rotating speeds (360, 440, 560, 710 and 880 rpm) and two manure feeding openings areas (0.024 and 0.048 m2) as well as the interaction of the above parameters on the amount of the manure per hectare (ton ha - 1). These results were analyzed using CRD and the statistical program (Genstat). Mean results were compared using least significant difference (RLSD) at 0.05 level.The results showed the manure amount per hectare significantly increased as the rotating speeds of the feeding mechanism increased,Bthe forward speeds decreased and the feeding opening areas increased. The highest value was recorded for forward speed of 0.32 m sec - 1 , rotating speed of 880 rpm and feeding open area of 0.048 m2. These means are 64.17, 62.06 and 54.06 ton ha - 1 respectively. while the forward speed of 0.63 m sec - 1 , rotating speed of 360 rpm and the feeding open area of 0.024 m2 gave the lower values which they are 26.91, 30.04 and 33.75 ton ha - 1 respectively. Also, the forward speed of 0.32 m sec - 1 , the rotating speed of 880 rpm and the feeding area of 0.048 m2 recorded the highest amount of manure per hectare (110.00 ton) while the forward speed of 0.63 m sec - 1 , rotating speed of 360 rpm and manure feeding area of 0.024 m2 recorded the lowest value of manure per hectare (4.00 ton).(2) - A field experiment was conducted in silty loam soil in the agriculture college field at Garmit Ali location to study the effect of the implement operation depths (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm), the angle between the soil digging out boards (45⁰ and 60⁰) two soil types namely cultivated soil before one year and uncultivated soil and their interaction on the implement mechanical performance parameters . These parameters are the draft force, soil disturbed area and the energy utilization efficiency (EUE) as well as the draft force requirement of the implement units (subsoiler, ditch opening boards, soil returning boards and soil mixing blades). The results were analyzed using RCBD. The analyzing was carried out by the statistical program (Genstat). Mean results were compared using RLSD at probability level of 5% , and showed the followings : (2 - 1) - The draft force, the disturbed area and the energy utilization efficiency increased significantly when the operating depth increased from 10 to 50 cm. The amount of the increase is 26.66 kN , 0.4111 m2 and 7.67 m3 mJ - 1 respectively.(2 - 2) - The angle between the opening boards of 60⁰ significantly surpassed angle of 45⁰ in increasing the draft force, the disturbed area and EUE. The percentage of increase is 12.55 , 21.93 and 10.85 % respectively.C(2 - 3) - The draft force decreased while the disturbed area and EUE increased by 16.30, 14.91 and 20.72 % in the disturbed soil compared with undisturbed soil respectively.(2 - 4) - The draft force requirement of the subsoiler was higher than that for the other implement parts. The share of the draft force requirement of the subsoiler was 60 % out of the total draft force requirement of the implement while it was 26, 9 and 5 % for the ditch opening boards, the soil returning boards and soil mixing blades respectively.(2 - 5) - The draft force requirement of all implement units increased significantly with implement operating depths and the angle between the ditch opening boards and it was higher in the uncultivated soil compared with the cultivated soil. The draft force requirement of the soil returning boards and the soil mixing blades in both soil types was not significantly different.(3) - Another field experiment was conducted in the field of the agriculture college at Garmit Ali location in the season of 2015 in a cultivated soil of silty loam texture. The aims of the experiment were to study the effect of the added manure level (0, 20 and 40 ton ha - 1), the depths of added manure (10, 20 and 30 cm) and the methods of the addition (subsoil layer and mixing with soil) and their interaction on the soil properties and corn crop (Zea mays L.) growth parameters and yield at the end of the growth season.The soil was plowed and harrowed (soil clods breaking down). The manure was added thereafter by the implement in the soil according to the studied treatments. The corn seeds were sown in rows at 1/7/2015. The drip irrigation method was used to irrigate plants until the end of the experiment 10/10/2015. The other agricultural operations were conducted according to methods used in the around area.Soil and plants samples were collected for analysis and the corn seeds yield was calculated at the end of the growth season. The measurements included soil bulk density, soil moisture content, soilDsalinity, soil pH, the dry weight of the shoot, N, P, K uptake in shoot and the total seeds production.The split - split plot in RCBD design was used to analyze the means using Genstst program. Mean results were compared using RLSD at probability level of 5 %, and showed the followings : (3 - 1) - The manure level of 40 ton ha - 1 surpassed the other two levels (0 and 20 ton ha - 1) in giving higher values of soil moisture content, higher uptake of N, P, K, a greater amount of dry weight and total yield while it gave lower soil bulk density, soil salinity and soil pH.(3 - 2) - Increasing the depth of added manure from 10 to 30 cm with the mixing method lead to significant increase in the soil moisture content, uptake of N, P, K, the dry weight and the total yield production. Whereas the soil bulk density, soil salinity significantly reduced while the soil pH was not significantly affected.(3 - 3) - Mixing of 40 ton manure ha - 1 at depth of 30 cm gave the highest crop growth and yield production which they are 13.94 and 6.75 ton ha - 1, respectively.
