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الثنائيات الضدية فــي شعر المتنبي : دراسة في الموضوع والفن == Binary Oppositions In Poetry Al - Mutanabbi

Author name: مهدي مخيلف كاغد الصبيحاوي

Supervisor name: فالح حمد احمد الحمداني

General topic: Arabic Language and Literature

Specific topic: Literature

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Arabic Language

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

البنية الايقاعية في شعر احمد مطر == The Rhythmic Structure In Ahmed Mater'S Poetry

Author name: زهراء عبد الكاظم محمد المظفر

Supervisor name: عبد الواحد زيارة اسكندر المنصوري

General topic: Arabic Language and Literature

Specific topic: Language

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Arabic Language

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Ahmed Matar is known for his own peculiar style, in particular his Lafitat, i.e. ‘Banners’, that has made him a well - known poet in the Arab world filled with anger against their political systems and governments. His poems are characterized by a sarcastic style. Therefore, some like to call him ‘the king of poets’. His poems have studies from different perspectives by a number of researchers. While some researchers, such Ahmed Ghuneim who has dealt with the elements of creation in his poetry and Abulkareem Al - Saeedi who has focused on the poetic narration in his poetry, some others, such as Khalid Jaffal Lafta and Tahsin Hasan Jasim have studied the stylistic aspects of his poetry concentrated and the techniques of the poetic formation in his poetry respectively. However, none of them has spell out the rhythm in his poetry. After having consulted my supervisor, I have come up with this title : THE RHYTHMIC STRUCTURE IN AHMED MATER’S POETRY This study adopts two approaches, viz. historical and descriptive; it is divided into three main chapters preceded by a foreword and an introduction and followed by a conclusion. Chapter one which is titled ‘The Structure of the Prosodic Rhythm’ spells out the poetic meters along with their contexts and the types of rhymes in Ahmed Matar’s poems.Chapter two, for its turn, which is titled ‘The Structure of the Phonic Rhythm’ confines itself to different types of rhyme, such as that of lexical items, lines, texts, rhyme.As for the third chapter titled ‘The Structure of Musical Rhythm’, it focuses on the most important factors that contribute to enriching his poems’ rhythm, such as repetition, foregrounding, back grounding, paronomasia, antithesis, and so forth.The rhythmic structure in Ahmed Mater’s poetry has been studied by means of identifying the most important elements of such a structure and the main factors that influences and enriches the rhythm in Ahmed Mater’s full collocations of poems. Having carefully examined the poems, I have discovered that the Ramal Meter is the most dominant one in his poems, followed by the Rajis Meter, and then the rest of meters.In his poems, the rhyme has played a significant role in enriching the rhythmic structure of his text. The study shows that the poet, Ahmed Matar, banking on his linguistic and stylistic ability, has utilized a great number of stylistic features, such as repetition, foregrounding, back grounding, paronomasia, antithesis, and the like in an attempt to add artistic touches to his poems. To sum up, this study has focused on one of the most famous poets in the Arab world filled with anger against their political systems and governments. I hope that this study could provide the reader with an explanation to the most important elements of the rhythmic structure utilized successfully by the poet.

Author name: علي محمد عبد الرضا

Supervisor name: ضياء راضي محمد الثامري

General topic: Arabic Language and Literature

Specific topic: Literature

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Arabic Language

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

مناهـج المسـتشرقين في دراسـة اصـوات اللغـة العربيـة في ضـوء الكتب المترجمـة == Orientalists'' Approaches In Studying Arabic Sounds

Author name: سهير كاظم حسن العصفور

Supervisor name: حامد ناصر عبود الظالمي

General topic: Arabic Language and Literature

Specific topic: Language

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of Arabic Language

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Science of sounds is regarded as one of those sciences that the study of which is significantly developed after is witnessed a long period of stagnation. This science has become to represent the developed manifestation of Modern Linguistics more than any other branch thereof. This development is reflected through it various methodologies of research, different devices and advanced equipment's that assisted in the field of linguistic sounds. Orientalist's endeavors have been directed to study Arabic language at all phonetic, morphological, grammatical and denotative levels. Using Arabic language by orientalists as a means to understand the Hebrew of Torah in the 16th century and the beginning of 17th century helped to elevate Arabic language to move ahead. In the 17th and 18th centuries, European Linguists were concerned with the language international structure hierarchically and this in fact influenced their orientations to study Arabic and some other Semitic languages such as Hebrew. They focused on the study of those two languages which belong to the ancient centuries. There was a drastic development in the field of linguistic studies in Europe in the 17th century, specifically in the field of Indo - European languages when Franz Bob made a comparison among the morphological systems of verbs in Sanskrit, Persian, Germanic and Greek languages. Accordingly ,this has made its own influence in the context of Semitic Languages Study by Orientalists especially after the discovery of many Assyrian.Aramaic and old Southern Arabic transcripts.This discovery widened the historical depth of comparison. Researchers concerned with the study of standard language by itself and they considered accents branching from the standard language as erroneous types but in the 19th century, after scientists discovered that rural accents contain the forms of structure in the standard language. Orientalists spent massive efforts to record the various accents of Arabic language. The initiative of studying Arabic sounds appeared in 19th century by some of the Western and Orientalists.Research has been widely developed in the respect alongside with the development of life and various types of science. Orientalists ,researches of Arabic sounds were brought up varied in compliance with the variation of both ,their studies on one hand and methodologies of research adopted by them in these studies on the other. Science of sounds is a branch of linguistic, and it is divided into two branches.First, Phonetics which deals with the linguistic sounds in isolation of the context. Second, Phonology which deals with sounds when forming speech sequence, phonetic rules governing such context and various linguistic phenomena such substitution , Diphthong , Al Emalah (pending) , Kl Tafkheem (Amplification ), Glotallization and other phonological issues. In the light of translated books , the research sought to introduce the methodologies adopted by Orientalists in studying the sounds of Arabic language. They involved Modern Linguistic Approaches in their study : - Historical approach - Comparative Historical Approach - Descriptive Approach - The Approach of linguistic Geography which is regarded as one of the applied linguistic approaches. The researcher noticed that Orientalists disagree over the number of the places of articulation.Brokelman arranged them into five places of articulations while Kanito did so into nine ones, flish in six ones.Billa , into eleven ones and he joined the features with the articulations. Moskati did so into seven places of articulation. Furthermore, Orientalists disagree over the arrangement of some places of sounds articulation that some of the arrange such places of articulation initially while others delay them compared to that arrangement adopted by Arabs such as(? ), and (?).Some Orientalists state that these articulations of( Arabic Kaf), that is , they are velar but others regard them as being pharyngeal articulated from(?) , and (?). Moreover, Orientalists disagree over the description of some places of articulation such as the articulation of (Arabic lam sound) that some of them regarded it as being lingual.Others regarded it as a palatal sound , others regarded it side - dental. Orientalists conducted deep researchers to study the sounds of Arabic Language and they read the books of early grammarians and the books of readings. They promoted wide range research concerning phonetic phenomena. Despite their being significantly accurate in describing the phonetic phenomenon, yet they wouldn't pay enough attention to some phenomena that they didn't explain thereof clearly enough nor they analyze such phenomenon sufficiently such as Emalat (bending) of (Ha'a), Al waqf and glottalization phenomenon. They mentioned only specific sides of such phenomena. Some Orientalists such as Kanito and Brajbishrasar cited Quran verses during their research to substitute some of language sounds or make them diphthong. Kantino was not precise in translating some of verses or the numbers thereof. Irrespective of the reason that motivate Orientalists to study Arabic language so their studies were highly helpful and even though the phonetic research was emerged out of the works of the works of Arabic linguists long ago yet, its development is accomplished at present by Orientalists.

Author name: سعد عزيز القطراني

Supervisor name: عبد الواحد زيارة اسكندر المنصوري

General topic: Arabic Language and Literature

Specific topic: Language

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Arabic Language

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

التمثيل السردي في روايات عالية ممدوح == The Narrative Representation In Alia Mamdouh’S Novels

Author name: امجد محمد رضا عودة

Supervisor name: عقيل عبد الحسين خلف

General topic: Arabic Language and Literature

Specific topic: Language

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Arabic Language

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The first chapter explored how actions are represented in Alia Mamdouh’s novels and consists of three sections. The first section examined transferring of real action (non - fiction) into words by containing real dates and events. The second sections explored biographies which is an account of someone’s life. The third section explores fiction which is nonrealistic events and actions.The second chapter investigates description. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section studies description of reality. It focuses on the external (physical) description of people and places. The second section looks at character (person) description. The final section explores the description of imaginary characters and events which do not exist in the real world. The third chapter focuses on focalization. The first section of this chapter is internal focalization which is based the narrator. While the second section discuses external focalization which is divided into Palpable and abstract.This thesis is accompanied with a conclusion that summarizes the results of the research. As well as, an appendix which gives an introduction of the novelist (Alia Mamdouh) including her biography and major works that are used in this thesis. It also contains a table listing all the actions, description and focalization within these works. The narrative representation in its different shapes, forms, and patterns is widely present in people’s lives. Thus, it is open to the different requirements of writing and rhetoric through which thoughts and beliefs are conveyed to the reader. It highlights the diverse concepts which shape the way a narrative is written. One of the most prominent concepts that is taken into consideration is The Narrative Representation and how to embody it in novels. Since it is contains the problem, similarity, visualization, conversation, impersonation and embodiment of what is present in the human mind into a narrative format. In other words, how to transform what can be imagined into live words in the form of narrative. This thesis will discuss the narrative in Alia Mamdouh’s novels and is divided into an introduction, three different chapters and an appendix. Each of the first and second chapter contains three sections while the third chapter contains two only. The introduction discusses what representation is in terms of definition and its different concepts. Then it moves on to reveal its origin starting with Plato then Aristotle and ending with the Arab philosophers such as Ibn Rushd, Ibn Sina and al - Farabi. Representation is then discussed by the view of scholars of Arab Rhetoric such as al - Jurani, Al - sakkaki and Hazim Al - Qartajanni. Then it is investigated in the Orientalism study. There is a discussion of the relationship between representation and narrative and finally the development of the narrative representation.

Author name: بسام علي حسين العميري

Supervisor name: قاسم خلف مشاري السكيني

General topic: Arabic Language and Literature

Specific topic: Language

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Arabic Language

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Actually, researchers give a great concern to the field of Text Investigation. Therefore, numerous articles and books come into existence about this considerable field of study. Such contributions identify its characteristics as well as initiate its rules and roots by which investigators attempt to set a remarkable touch that can take role in the characterization of ancient Arabic heritage. However, text investigators should have a great amount of knowledge about approaches of scientific investigation. Their task demands to be patient via working with manuscripts, to be professional about collecting lost poetry of a certain poet. This is so because the ultimate end of investigation is to follow accuracy and objectivity to reflect the poet's book or collection of poems as the poet intends.Concerning this area of investigation, a variety of researchers do their best to study old - fashioned texts. Throughout their investigations, they introduce their attempts as well as sufferings in this field. Their efforts reveal different capacities and distinctive scientific abilities. As a result of this serious work in the field, an apparent role has been observed upon the difference among their approaches of investigation although they agree on introducing texts in the correct way according to the scientific rules with a high degree of correctness and documentation. Their work follows a number of acceptable scientific and procedural bases.As a practical area of these investigations is those periodicals whose specialization is to re - exist the Arabic heritage such as the journal of Al - Mawrid. This journal is a quarterly old - fashioned and it is one of the most important periodicals in Iraq particularly and in the Arabic homeland in general. It is published by the ministry of Culture and Arts - Dar Al - Jahdh. The 1970s and its subsequent years represent its heyday since this period witnesses a great concern of investigations and literary manuscripts. All these achievements led to its publication in 1971. Due to the availability of the textual data of literary investigations in this decade, this dissertation comes entitled "The Approaches of Investigating Literary Texts in the Journal of Al - Mawrid in the decade of Seventies : an Analytical Study".This work involves an introduction, three chapters and conclusions. Accordingly, the introduction gives a preliminary overview about the journal under study including its foundation and historical development in the 1970s. As regards the chapters, the first two deal with the approaches of literary investigations of books and collections of poems which are investigated depending on handwriting manuscripts or printed manuscripts (the second novel). Chapter Three concerns the approaches of criticizing literary investigation in the journal of Al - Mawrid in the 1970s. The study has come with some conclusions. It reveals the amount of the investigated literary heritage including books and collections of poems in the 1970s by this journal. In additions, it shows the difference among investigators' approaches. One group follows the methodological rules of scientific investigation whereas another one ignores such rules through their investigations. Such ignorance is represented by lacking the premises of investigation, neglecting the set - up of the investigated text, the author's name, the title of the book, the identification of the book, documenting well - known scholars, quranic verses, poetic quotations, formatting lists of references and printing reproduction.Finally, the researcher does not claim perfection of this study which is indeed the result of hard work. Thus, in case it reaches the desired end, it is that duty to which Allah conducts me. Therefore, I have no superiority. On the other hand, wherever there is some weaknesses throughout this work, it is of course because of human beings' imperfection. What I do not regret on is that I have followed thinking, purified my intent, looked for truth and reliability. Hence, I hope to obtain retribution as a reward ofthese efforts. Almighty Allah I request to accept my good deeds since he is the Omnipotent.