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الدورة التكاثرية للروبيان النهري الشرقي Macrobrachium nipponenseو (De Haan, 1849 [In De Haan, 1833 - 1850]) ارتباطها ببعض العوامل البيئية في نهر المسحب جنوب شرق هور الحمار، البصرة، العراق == Reproductive cycle of Oriental River Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan, 1849 [ In De Haan, 1833 - 1850]) and its correlation with environmental factors in Al - Masshab River, Southern East of Al - Hammar Marsh, Basrah, Iraq

Author name: اشواق طالب عباس
Supervisor name: عبد الحسین حاتم غازي | عبد الحسین حاتم غازي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study, investigated the reproductive cycle of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense during period from December 2015 to November 2016 at Al - Masshab River, Southern of East Al - Hammar Marsh/ Basrah. The water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolve oxygen and turbidity were recorded, the maximum average for water temperature was 28 ºC recorded in July, while the minimum was 12 ºC in January. Water salinity was fluctuation between 0.8 - 2 ppt. in April and November respectively. pH values ware recorded between 7 - 7.6 during all study months. The minimum of oxygen concentration was 5.5 mg/ L in July and the maximum 8.29 mg/ L in the December. Also there are some changes in turbidity of water, the lower was 15.3 NTU in February and the highest was 40.1 NTU in the April. The results of length groups showed, occurrence of group between 44 - 35 mm for females and between 54 - 36 mm for males. The minimum length for females was 48.3 mm in November, and for males was 52.1 mm in November. While themaximum length for females and males were 69.1 mm and 74.7 mm in September and August respectively. The minimum average of weight was recorded in the November for females and males ( 1.6 and 2.0 ) gm respectively, while the maximum average was 4.3 gm for females in September and 4.5 gm for males in August. The total carapace length for females between ( 19.3 - 32.5 ) mm in November and September respectively , and for males was between 21.0 - 31.6 mm for the same period. Length - weight parameters (a and b) of the equation : W = aLb were estimated for M. nipponense , positive correlation ( r= 0.67) for females and ( r= 0.90 ) for males, while the relationship between carapace length and total length were (r = 74) for females and (r = 0.85) for males. Additional to relationship between carapace length and body weight were (r= 62) for females and (r = 0.75) for males. The highest Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) was 10.6 recorded in September, and the lower was 2.7 recorded in July. In this study we observed two peaks for reproductive, the first in Jun. and second in the August. The best percentage for ovigorous was recorded in August 98.7 % whereas, percentage of the non ovigorous in this month was 1.3 % .The condition factor for females was changed between 1.1 during November and 2.10 during September. While for males was between 1.3 to 2.9 during November and August respectively. The seasonal variations in the sex ratio of prawn was different according reproductive cycle, and there was more females than males during reproductive period. The minimum was 1 : 0.17 ( male / female) in February and the maximum percentage was 1 : 9.00 ( male / female) in the Jun. The overall fecundity of 307 ovigorous female of M. nipponense was calculated, the Absolute fecundity ranged from (799 - 2047) egg/ individual, while the relative fecundity between (208 - 578) egg/ gm. The correlations of fecundity with total length and fecundity with body weight were positive for both, it were r= 94 and r= 0.90 respectively. Additional, the eggs had been classified into four stages, based on the external morphological characters such as colour ,size and histological. Egg dimensions varied between 675 + 28 to 763 + 31 μm.

دور استحلاب المشتقات النفطية في بعض خصائص التربة الفيزيائية وكفاءة استعمال المياه لمحصول الذرة الصفراء Zea mays. L == Role of oil derivative Emulsification on some soil physical properties and water used efficiency of maize crop (Zea mays, L.)

Author name: يحيى جهاد شبيب
Supervisor name: علي حمضي ذياب المالكي | داخل راضي نديوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was conducted in Agriculture College farm / Basra University - Karmat Ali location, on alluvial silty clay soil (typic Torrifluvent) during autumnal season / 2014, to study the effect of three factors : the first factors; oil conditioners deliver type with three types ( fuel oil(FO), spent lubricated oil(SLO) and Bitumen(B) emulsion); the second factor : the level of addition within four levels (0 ,0.1,0.3 and 0.5% w/w to dry soil weight); and third factor, emulsification factor with two treatments(1st treatment, mixture of oil conditioner and water without emulsification process, and 2nd treatment the mixture of oil with water emulsification by addition artificial anionic emulsified agent (surfactant) with concentration 7 Mmol ,by using enough water quantity equal to soil saturation. Mechanical mixer was used to mixing and emulsification processes and to controlling the quantities of water, oil conditioner and surfactant by using accurate feeders and adjusted valve to suit required amount of each materials. The resultant mixture or emulsion is added to experimental units (plot with distance 10*2 m) by using a plastic pipe under pump pressure, the studied factors were combined in factorial experiment by using Randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replicates After the factorial completions were done soils in all plots were allowed to dissicated in order to evaporate most water from the mixture emulsion, then soil samples are collected from 0 - 20 ,20 - 40 cm depth to measure the quantities and penetration of oil compounds in soil profile.After that, the experimental units are planted with Corn seeds (zea mays) by paralled rows, Irrigation was doing periodically to compensate water content deficit to field capacity content with 20% leaching requirements.Also, Soil samples were collected at 0 - 20 cm and 20 - 40 cm depths at the beginning and end of growth season to measure bulk density, mean weight diameter (MWD). Also, some samples were collected at same depths after 48 hours of irrigation and prior to next irrigation in order to measure moisture content and saline distribution at the end of growth season, infiltration rate, soil moisture characteristic curve, frontal water movement of horizontal wetting advance and reduction in the ression of water from the soil surface. Moreover, the parameters of plant growth including plant length, dry weight, Corncobs weight and weight of 300 seeds of corn yield. The results reached can be summarized as follows : 1 - Addition of emulsion conditioners leads to the increase of penetration and distribution of oil compounds in soil depth compared with non - emulsionBconditioner, FO and SLO have greater impact in comparison with Bitumen Emulsion.2 - Mean weight diameter (MWD), and soil moisture content significantly increase wherever bulk density decreased due to the use of oil conditioners. That improvement is directly proportional with the level of conditioners up to 0.3%, with significant superiority for FO and SLO over the Bitumen .The emulsification oil by added emulsified agent has significant impact to improvement these soil physical properties comparison with non - emulsification oil treatment.3 - Results show a significant decrease of salt content with increasing the addition of oil conditioner up to 0.3%, with significant superiority of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion, with chiefly superiority emulsified conditioner over the non - emulsified conditioner.4 - Infiltration and infiltration rate increased in emulsified conditioners over non - emulsified conditioners depending on the variation of oil conditioner type, with prevalence of 0.3% level following by 0.5 %, Then 0.1% level. Highest values are achieved in FO and SLO comparison with the Bitumen Emulsion.5 - The results of soil moisture characteristic curve show the highest available water extracted from soil treated with oil conditioners emulsion under low tension, and this impact is significantly proportional with the increase of addition level from 0.1 - 0.5%, with significant superiority of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion6 - Emulsification of oil conditioners leads to increase the frontal water movement of horizontal wetting advance and reduction in the recession of water from the soil surface, and this impact is significantly proportional with the increase of addition level up to 0.3% limit with significant superiority of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion.7 - Results show significant increase of irrigation efficiency and water use efficiency for emulsified oil conditioners in comparison of non - emulsified conditioners. These efficiencies increases with addition level increase up to 0.3%, with significant exceedance of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion.8 - There is demonstrated significant increase of plants height, dry matter, Corn cobs weight and weight 300 seeds of Corn cobs for emulsified conditioners over non - emulsified conditioners, This effect is directly increase with increase of addition level up to 0.3 % , with a clear prevalence of FO and SLO over the Bitumen Emulsion.

تاثير مستويات النتروجين بواسطة منظومة الري بالتنقيط السطحي وتحت السطحي في حركة الامونيوم والنترات ونمو وانتاجية الطماطم Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. في تربة صحراوية == Influence of Nitrogen Levels Fertilizer Applied Through Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation on ? And + Movement in Soil, Growth and Yield of Tomato Plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Grown in Desert Soil.

Author name: يحيى هلال منسي
Supervisor name: عبد المهدي صالح حسين الانصاري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was carried out in Al - Berijessia district at Al - Zubair region, Government Basrah, south of Iraq, during growing season of 2013 - 2014. The objective of the study was to reveal the influence of N - Fertilizer applied through the drip irrigation system on 3− and ????????4+ vertical and horizontal movement in soil, N, P and K concentration in leaves, N uptake, and recovery in addition to total yield of tomato plants grown in sandy loam soil. Nitrogen as urea was applied at rate of 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha - 1 through surface and subsurface fertigation in six doses and started two weeks after transplanting. This was done along with phosphorus (100 kg ha - 1) as super phosphate and potassium (250 kg ha - 1) as potassium sulphate. All fertilizers were injected into irrigation water. Soil samples were collected from belw the drippers of depth 15 cm down 45 cm along with radical line originating at the dripper at distance of 15 cm up to 45 cm. Samples of soil and leaves of plants were collected at four growth stages (i.e. flowering, setting of fruit, maturity of first fruit and full maturity stage). ????????3− and ????????4+ concentration in soil collected samples were determined. Leaves samples were oven - dried at 70 C, grounded then N, P, K concentration were determined. Total dry weight of plant was obtained by harvesting whole plant and dried at 70 C. Nitrogen uptake and N recovery were calculated. Early and final yield were recorded. Results of the study showed : 1. ????????4+ and ????????3− concentration in soil increased significantly as N rate increased from 0 to 400 kg N ha - 1 , however ????????4+ concentration decreased, but ????????3− concentration increased as samples depth and vertical distance increased from 0 to 45 cm at both application method. Concentrations of ????????4+ and ????????3− in soil samples of sub - surface fertigation were higher than those of surface fertigation.2. N, P, &K - concentration, N - uptake, and total dry weight increased significantly as N rate increased at both application methods. However, values of plants fertigated through subsurface fertigation were higher than those fertigated through surface fertigation.3. Application of N fertilizer significantly increased early and total yield at both fertigation methods. However, yield of plants fertigated with subsurface system were (as average) higher than those irrigated with surface system. Maximum early and total yield was achieved at 100 & 300 kg N ha - 1 and were 19.39 ton h - 1 and 58.18 ton h - 1 respectively at subsurface fertigation

تاثير نظام الزراعة واضافة السماد Moench النتروجيني في نمو وحاصل محصولي الذرة البيضاء .Vigna radiata L والماش (.L) Sorghum bicolor == Effect of planting system and Nitrogen fertilizer application on growth and yield of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench) and Mungbean (Vigna radiate L.)

Author name: ياسين محسن غضيب البهادلي
Supervisor name: علي فرهود ناصر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment executed during 2015 season in farmers' fields in the AL - Maymonh district southwest of Missan province ( about 30 km from city center) in Silty loam soil. The objective of the study was to know the effect of intercropping system and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of Sorghum and Mungbean, The experiment executed in split - plot in (R.C.B.D) design with three replicates, main plot were include nitrogen fertilizer with four levels (F1=50 , F2=100, F3= 150, F4=200) Kg N ha - 1. While sub plot were include three planting systems (Sorghum only= S1, Mungbean only=S2, one line of Sorghum + one line of Mungbean= S3). Variety kafer of Sorghum and local variety of Mungbean was used. The experiment include 36 experimental units, area of each units (3and studying the following characteristics : Plant height(cm),the number of leaves ,leaf area(cm2),leaf area index for two crops, number of grain in panicle and 1000 grain weight(gm) of sorghum ,number of pod.plant - 1, number of seed.pod - 1 and 1000 seed weight (gm) of Mungbean ,biological yield (t ha - 1) ,total economic yield (t ha - 1),harvest index (%) ,protein percentage (%) for two crops. Results were analyses statistically and mean compared with LSD test, the result of the study showed the following : 1 - Single plant pattern caused significant increasing on plant height of Sorghum and Mungbean, number of leaves; leaf area; leaf area index; number of grain in panicle;number of pod in plant; number of seed in pod; weight of 1000 grain or seed for Sorghum and Mungbean; biological yield of Mungbean; seed yield of Mungbean 1.79 t ha - 1; highest protein percentage of Mungbean. Single planting pattern non - significant in Sorghum biological yield; harvest index of Mungbean. Intercropping pattern caused significant increase in protein percentage of Sorghum and non - significant increase grain yield of Sorghum that gave 4.58 t ha - 1 compared with single plant pattern that gave 4.57 t ha - 1.2 - Increasing N rate increased almost studied characteristics , level of 200 kg N ha - 1 gave highest average of plant height of Sorghum and Mungbean; number of Sorghum leaves; leaf area , leaf area index, biological yield of Sorghum and Mungbean; number of grain in panicle; number of seed in pod; number of pod in plant; highest grain yield of Sorghum 6.50 tha - 1; highest seed yield of Mungbean 2.60 th - 1 and highest harvest index for Sorghum and Mungbean, Application 150 kg N ha - 1 significantly increased protein percentage and gave highest average of Sorghum and Mungbean Application nitrogen fertilizer non - significant on, number of leaves of Mungbean and weight 1000 grain seed for two crops.3 - Results also showed a significant Interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and intercropping pattern ,the highest leaf area; leaf area index; number of seed in pod and biological yield of Mungbean, obtained at treatment (F4*S2),. Intercropping of Sorghum and Mungbean (1 : 1) with nitrogen 200 kg N ha - 1 gave 6.56 t ha - 1 grain yield of Sorghum .The interaction between two planting system non - significant on almost characteristics that mean both two system gave nearly results by effected addition nitrogen fertilizer

دراسة بيئية لحشرة البعوض Culex quinquefasciatusفي محافظة البصرة وامكانية مكافحتها احيائيا وكيميائيا == Study of Environmental of Culex quinquefasciuts and the possibility of biologically and chemically controlled

Author name: وئام صباح تركي
Supervisor name: اياد عبد الوهاب عبد القادر | ليلى عبد الرحمن بيان
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aimed to a field survey of the insect mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus and study environmentally and control by isolating and diagnosing fungi associated with mosquitoes and The effect of sporoes suspense for isolated fungi on the larvae, and the use of bacteria B. thuringiensis in larval control in addition to the diagnosis of some predators with the larvae of the C. quinquefasciatus and calculate density and evaluate their efficiency against predatory larval phases of mosquitoes. As it has been the use of two types of pesticides that goes back to a group of Neonicotinoids Actara and Quickbayt . The results of the study of the field survey the spread of the insect in most of the province of Basra areas as record city center the highest density of mosquito larvae during the months of April and October amounting to 96.00 and 87.66 larvae / half liter of water, respectively, followed by the Shatt al - Arab area which recorded 89.00 and 88.00 larvae / pint water during the months of April and October, while Zubair recorded the lowest ratio of the density of larvae were 4.66 and 8.33 larva / half liter of water for two months. Where the insect has been present in different aquatic sites (water, sewer, water darker pools, Water drainage, wasted tap water) and record heavy sewage highest density in the presence of mosquito larvae. The results of the study showed that the insect C. quinquefasciatus present in most months of the year except August and January, and recorded her two climaxes peak spring (April and May) and autumn peak (October and November. The results also showed that the increase in killing thelarvae grow directly proportional to the increase commentator bacteria B. thuringiensis concentration as the ratio was at 85.00 and 48.33 for the two phases the second and fourth, respectively, when using focus commentator 910 × 3 spore / ml The lowest ratio was killed was at the focus 710 × 3 amounting to 58.34 and 33.34% for the two phases the second and fourth, respectively. The results also showed a non effect of pesticide Quick on the growth of bacteria while he found little effect of the Actara on the growth of bacteria. There are some predators also recorded along the months the year, such as predator Dineutes aereus and Cybister tripuncututus while the presence of the animal crustal Mycrocylops albidus record seasonally in spring and autumn and the results showed efficiency experience predatory predators mentioned above eccentric different larval insect mosquitoes increase in the rate of depreciation against instar first The second fell rate of depreciation against the larval delayed reconstruction (third and fourth). The results showed superiority of the pesticide Quickbayt for pesticide Actara in the proportion of killing the larvae of the second stage and fourth Mosquito as commensurate proportion of directly proportional murder with the increase of the pesticide and type of focus, as the percentage of murders in the pesticide Quickbayt focus 1 g / l to 100% of the two phases the second and fourth, respectively, and decreased the proportion of murders to reach the emphasis 0.25 g / liter 88.34 and 73.34% on the second and fourth phases respectively. while pesticide record Actara highest killed in a concentration 1 g / liter, amounting to 100 and 81.67% on the phases second and fourth in a row and scored concentration of 0.25 g / liter less proportion73.34 and 51.66% for the first larval phases was the second in a row. The integrated control results also showed that the treatment of the pesticide Quickbayt with bacteria Bti gave the highest percentage of killing larvae second phase and the fourth, reaching 93.89 and 77.22%, respectively, while came after the treatment of the pesticide Actara with bacteria Bti where the percentage of murders 77.78 and 60.00% on the second and fourth phases Respectively .

تاثير احلال الشعير المحسن باستخدام التخمير بسائل الكرش واضافة الانزيمات محل الذرة الصفراء في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والكيكروبية لفروج اللحم == The effect of bringing improved barley by fermentation rumen fluid and adding enzymes replace maize in some productive traits , physiological and microbial for broiler chickens

Author name: وليد هيلان سعدون راضي الموسوي
Supervisor name: عبد الله عبد المنعم محمد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study included two experiments, The labrotary experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of fermented barley with rumen liquor (10 , 20 ml / kg barley) at different inclusion periods (7 ,14 and 21 days) . The results of chemical analysis to crud protein , fat and ash percentage for fermented barley showed increased, and fiber percentage decreased on 10 and 20 ml rumen liquor at 14 days fermented period . The second experiment was included the effect of addition fermented barley by 20 ml rumen liquor for 14 days . A total of 360 unsexed one day old chicks were randomly distributed to eight treatments in three replicated ( 15 chicks/ replicate) . During the experimental period 35 days two diets were fed starter and grower .The treatments as follow : 1 - First treatment of control included 50% maize .2 - Second treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 25%. 3 - Three Treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 50%.4 - Fourth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 75%.5 - Fifth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 100%.6 - Sixth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 25%+1 g enzymes/ kg feed7 - Seventh treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 50% + 1 g enzymes/ kg feed .8 - Eighth treatment included the replacement of barley in the rate of 75%+ 1 g enzymes/ kg feed.The results of this studies indicated that : 1. A significant increase(P <0.05) of mean body weights and body weight gains in T2 as compared with the control treatment while T3 and T4 showed non significant differences as compared with control .2. A significant increase(P <0.05) of accumulative feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency of T5 and T8 but T2 and T3 were given a least significant differences compared with control.3. Non significant increase(P <0.05) of dressing percentage for T2 , T3 and T4 as compared with control treatment . b 4. Treatments T2,T3 , T4 and T5 showed a significant differences (P <0.05) in relative weight of gizzard and cecum compared with enzymes treatments.5. A significant differences of hemoglobin of all treatments as compared with control , while glucose levels were significantly(P <0.05) increased in control and treatments treated with rumen fuid compared with enzyme treatments . but T1 and T2 showed highly significant (P <0.05) in cholesterol levels as compared with others .6. There were significant differences (P <0.05) in logartmic numbers of total bacteria, lactobacillus and bacteria degrading cellulose in rumen fuid treatments as compared with others.7. T2 , T3 ,T4 showed significant differences (P <0.05) in intestinal length as compared with others, while T3,T4,T5,T6,T7 and T8 showed a significant (P <0.05) increase passage rate compared with T1 and T2 .8. T2 and T3 recorded less significantly differences (P <0.05) in viscosity intestinal contain as compared with other treatments . 9. Treatments treated by barley fermented with rumen fuid showed a highly significant (P <0.05) in tibia length , tibia ash percentage , tibia calcium and phosphorus contains as compared with control and treatment treated with enzymes .10. A significant differences (P <0.05) in villus length and the ratio between the length and depth in all treatments as compared with control .11. No significant differences in all treatments as compared with control in the carcass quality .12. The economical benefits of the study fed barley fermented rumen fuid T2,T3,T4 and control showed significant differences (P <0.05) in production index and production coefficient as compared with enzymes treatments.

فصل دهون صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام المحلي ودراسة محتواها الكيميائي وتاثير الخزن على صفاتها الفيزيائية والكيميائية == Separation of local Chicken, Duck, Gees and Ostrich Egg Yolk Fat and Study it’s Chemical Contents and effect of storage on physical , chemical properties

Author name: وفاء علي رحيم الشويلي
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت هذه الدراسة فصل دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام ودراسة ومحتواه من العناصر المعدنية والاحماض الدهنية المشبعة وغير المشبعة والكولسترول والبروتينات الدهنية (اللايبوبروتين) والدهون الفسفورية (الفوسفولبيدات) والكاروتينات والفيتامينات وصفاته الفيزيائية والكيميائية ومتابعة هذه الصفات بعد مدة خزن 30 و60 و90 يوما.وقد كانت النتائج مايلي.1 - اظهرت نتائج دراسة المحتوى الكيميائي لصفار البيض وجود فروق معنوية بين انواع المدروسة فتراوحت نسبة الرطوبة من 46.60% الى 49.34% في النعام والدجاج على التوالي، والدهن من 31.63% الى 34.65% في بيض الدجاج والوز على التوالي، والبروتين من 15.55% الى 16.75% في بيض الوز والنعام على التوالي، والرماد من 1.00% الى 1.33% في بيض الوز والنعام على التوالي، كان صفار بيض الوز الاعلى في نسبة الدهن.2 - اظهرت نتائج تحليل العناصر المعدنية في الصفار ودهن الصفار ان عنصر الحديد كان اعلى تركيز مقارنة بالعناصر الاخرى فتراوح تركيزه من 8.52 PPM الى 10.08 PPM في الصفار ومن 2.44 PPM الى 9.16 PPM في الدهن، اما العناصر الاخرى فتباينت تراكيزها حسب انواع البيض المدروسة اذ تراوح عنصر الرصاص من 2.48 PPM الى 4.58 PPM في الصفار ومن 2.05 PPM الى PPM 2.53 في الدهن وعنصر الزنك من 0.808 PPM الى 0.852 PPM في الصفار ومن 0.02 PPM الى 2.92 PPM في الدهن اما عنصر الكادميوم فتراوح من 0.117 PPM الى0.259 PPM في الصفار ومن 0.067 PPM الى 0.081 PPM في الدهن وعنصر النحاس من 0.01 PPM الى 0.215 PPM في الصفار ومن 0.05 PPM الى 0.74 PPM في الدهن.3 - قدرت الاحماض الدهنية الكلية في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام وشخصت كمية الاحماض الدهنية ونوعيتها بتقنية الكروموتوغرافيا الغاز المتصل بمطياف الكتلة Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry (GC - MS) واظهرت النتائج ان نسبة الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة وغير المشبعة في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج كانت 45.14% و54.66% على التوالي، وفي دهن صفار بيض البط 45.89% و54.11% على التوالي، اما دهن صفار بيض الوز فكانت نسبة الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة فيه 33.02% وغير المشبعة 65.61% وبلغت اعلى نسبة للاحماض الدهنية غير المشبعة في دهن صفار بيض النعام 82.36% اما الاحماض الدهنية المشبعة 17.11%.4 - قدر محتوى الكولسترول باستعمال الطريقة الكيميائية اذ بلغت اعلى نسبة له في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 13.56ملغم /غم ثم يليه دهن صفار بيض الوز بنسبة 11.02ملغم /غم، اما نسبته في دهن صفار بيض البط والنعام فقد كانت متقاربة وهي 10.70 و10.60ملغم /غم على التوالي.5 - قدرت تراكيز البروتين الدهني الواطئ الكثافةLow Density Lipoprotein (LDL) والبروتين الدهني العالي الكثافةHigh Density Lipoprotein (HDL) والبروتين الدهني واطئ الكثافة (vLDL)Density Lipoprotein Veryبجهاز Rflatron في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام وكانت تراكيز HDL في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام ( 50 و15و9 و93 ) mg/dl على التوالي، اما LDL فقد كانت ( 20 و21و 18 و33 ) mg/dl وvLDL بلغت ( 327 و253 و239 و250 ) mg/dl على التوالي.6 - قدرت نسبة الدهون الفسفورية في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام وبحسب انواعها Phosphatidyl choline (PC) وethanolamine (PE) Phosphatidyl وlinositol (PI) Phosphatidyl وكانت اعلى نسبة PC مقارنة بالفوسفولبيدات الاخرى لجميع انواع الدهن المدروسة حيث تراوحت قيم PC من 54.3 الى 83.7 في دهن صفار بيض الوز والدجاج على التوالي وPE من 4.7 الى 29.1 دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والوز على التوالي وPI من 2.2 الى 11.3 في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج والوز على التوالي.7 - بينت النتائج ان جميع انواع الدهون المدروسة احتوت على الفيتامينات A وD وE وK ولكن بنسب متفاوتة اذ تراوحت النسبة المئوية لها من 10.2 - 50.8 % لفيتامين A ومن 0.6 - 2.2 % لفيتامين D ومن 11.4 - 32.5 % لفيتامين E ومن 0.4 - 4.5 % لفيتامين K.8 - كان اعلى تركيز للكاروتينات في دهن صفار بيض الوز 192.29 ملغم/غم يليه دهن صفار النعام185.26 ملغم/غم ثم دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 136.83 ملغم/غم ودهن صفار بيض البط 109.56ملغم/غم.9 - الصفات الفيزيائية لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام : - - كانت قيم نقطة الانصهار في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 40 م° والبط 41 م° والوز 39م° والنعام 30 م° وقد لوحظ انخفاض تدريجي خلال مدة الخزن. - اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي ان قيمة اللزوجة تاثرت معنويا (P<0.05) بين جميع انواع الطيور حيث تراوحت من 10.22الى 16.36 سنتي بويز في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج ومن10.67 الى 17.13سنتي بويز في دهن صفار بيض البط اما في دهن صفار بيض الوز والنعام انخفضت اللزوجة من 15.13 الى 9.45 و13.29 الى 8.2 سنتي بويز على التوالي، وقد تاثرت معنويا بتقدم فترات الخزن. - بينت النتائج ان قيمة معامل الانكسار لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام كانت 1.4663 و1.4661 و1.4665 و1.4671 على التوالي، وانخفضت خلال مدة الخزن اذ اتضح من نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروقات معنوية بينها. - اما قيم الوزن النوعي فقد تاثرت معنويا (P<0.05) بمصدر الدهن وكانت اعلى قيمة للوزن النوعي في دهن صفار بيض النعام 0.9663 وادنى قيمة في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 0.9622 اما في دهن صفار بيض البط والوز فقد كانت قيمة 0.9632 و0.9650 على التوالي، وقد تاثرت معنويا بتقدم فترات الخزن.10 - اشارت الدراسة الى الصفات الكيميائية لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام اذ : - اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية (P<0.05) لتاثير مدة الخزن على قيم الرقم اليودي وتراوحت القيم لدهن الصفار بين اقل قيمة في دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 60 واعلى قيمة في دهن صفار بيض النعام 85، اما دهن صفار بيض البط والوز فكانت 67.33 و72.3 على التوالي، وقد انخفضت قيم الرقم اليودي باستمرار مدة الخزن. - اما قيم البيروكسيد فقد بلغت اقل قيمة لها في دهن صفار بيض الوز 0.18 مليمكافئ /كغم واعلى قيمة للبيروكسيد في دهن صفار بيض النعام 0.34 مليمكافئ /كغم ثم دهن صفار بيض البط 0.31 مليمكافئ /كغم واخيرا دهن صفار بيض الدجاج 0.22 مليمكافئ /كغم وقد ارتفعت قيمة البيروكسيد باستمرار فترة الخزن. - بلغت قيم التصبن لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام ( 175.2 و179.45 و190.2 و170.2 ) مليمكافئ /كغم على التوالي، وقد ارتفعت قيم التصبن باستمرار مدة الخزن. - كما اظهرت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود تاثر معنوي في قيم الحموضة لدهن صفار بيض الدجاج والبط والوز والنعام اذ كانت 0.28 و0.31 و0.56 و0.40 ملغم KOH /غم على التوالي، وقد لوحظ ارتفاع قيم الحموضة تدريجيا خلال مدة الخزن | The current Study including of separating chicken, duck, goose and ostrich egg yolk fat and studying its Content of the metallic elements Free fatty acid cholesterol , Lipoproteins , Phospholipids , Carotenes , Vitamins , and its Physical and Chemical properties and flowed after period of storage for 30, 60, 90, days. The results were as follow : 1 - The results of the study of the chemical contents showed significant differences among the sorts of the studied egg and the percentage of the moisture Varied from 46.60% to 49.34% the oil from 31.63% to 34.65% , the protein from 15.55% to 16.75% the ash from 1.00% to 1.33% and the yolk egg of the ducks got the highest percentage of oil . 2 - The results of the metallic elements analysis in the yolk and the oil of the yolk showed that the iron element was the highest in concentration in comparison with other elements . lt varies from 8.52 ppm to 10.08 in the yolk and from 2.44ppm to 9.16ppm in oil . As for the other elements its concentrations varied according to the types of the egg which was used in the study . According to the pb 2.48ppm to 4.58ppm in yolk and from 2.05 to 2.53ppm in the oil , and Zinc element from 0.808 to 0.852ppm in the yolk and form 0.02 ppm to 2.92ppm in the oil . As for the Cadmium element from 0.117 to 0.259ppm in yolk , and 0.067 to 0.081ppm in oil and the CU element varies from 0.01 to 0.215 ppm in yolk and from o.o5ppm to 0.74 ppm in the oil . 3 - The total free fatty acid to the oil of the yolk in the egg of chicken and ducks and ostrich was amounted and the quantity , and quality of the fatty acid was identified by the technique of gas chromatography by mass Spectrometry GC - MS .The results showed that the percent of saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid for the oil of the yolk in the egg of chicken was from 45.14% and 54.66% respectively and for the oil of the egg of the ducks was from 45.89 to 54.77%, while oil in the yolk of the Gooses egg was 33.02% saturated and 65.661% unsaturated . The highest percentage of the unsaturated fatty acid in the oilof ostriches egg which was 82.36% , while the saturated was 17.11%. 4 - The cholesterol was amounted by using the chemical method where the highest percentage in the yolk oil of the chicken eggs which was reached 13.56 mg/100g . and the duck. Comes then which reached to 11.02 ,while its percentage in the yolk oil of the ducks and ostrich's was approximately 10.70 and 10.60 respectively . 5 - The Concentrations of the Low Density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and the high density lipoprotein by the Rflatron in the yolk oil of the egg of chicken, ducks , Geese and Ostrich and the concentrations were 93,5,15and 50 respectively .while LDL was 33,18,21,20 and vLDL were reached 350, 239, 253 and 327 respectively. 6 - The amount of lipid phosphate in the yolk of the chicken, ducks, Geese, and ostriches egg according to its types (PC) phosphatidyl and ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl inositol (Pl) for all types of the studied yolk were varied from 54.3 to 83.7 for (PE) from 29.1 to 4.1 and (Pl) from 2.2 to 11 .7 - The percentage of vitamin were showed that all lipids studied contained deferent vitamins A, D, E, and K 10.2 - 50.8% for Vit, A , 0.6 - 2.2% for Vit. D, 11.4 - 32.5% for vit. E and 0.4 - 4.5% for vit. K . 8 - The Creations was amounted and the highest Concentration was noticed in the oil of yolk of the Geese mg/g and then the oil of the chicken egg, and the oil of the ducks egg. 9 - The physical properties of the oil in chicken ,ducks, Geese's , ostrich egg were as followed : - The amount of polting point in the oil of the yolk in the chickens egg 40C0 and 41C0 and Geese's 41C and ostriches 30m0 and it reached to alow point through the time of storage . - The result of the statistical analysis showed that the amomt 0f viscosity was influenced (P<0.05) among all types of birds where varied from 16.36 to 10.22 in the oil of the yolk of the chicken egg and from 10.67 to 17.13 in ducks while in Geese and ostrich was lowered from 15.13 to 9.45 and 13.29 to 8.2 respectively . - The results showed that refractive index for the oil in chicken was 1.4663 in ducks was 1.4661 in Geese was 1.4665 and in ostrich was 1.4671 and it was decreased during the period of storage and the statisticed analysis showed that there are significance differences among them. - As for the amomt of the weight it was inflamed by the source of the oil and the highest amount was for the oil in the yolk of ostrich egg 0.9663 and the lowest amomt in chicken 0.9622 while the ducks was 0.9632 , 0.9650 respectively . 10 - The chemical Properties for the yolk lipid of chicken , geese, duckes and ostrich were as follows : - The statistical analysis result showed that there were differences (P<0.05) in period of storage for the lodic number which was from the lowest amount in the chicken egg (60) and highest in lipid of the ostrich egg 85 , while the ducks and geese 67.33 and 72.3 respectively , and the lodin number amomts were decreased by the continuity of the peviod of storage. - The peroxide value reached smallest amount value in geese yolk egg 0.18 mq/kg and highest amount value in ostrich yolk egg oil 0.34 mq/kg then ducks yolk egg oil 0.31 mq/kg finally chicken yolk egg oil 0.22mq/kg and the peroxide value increased by the continuity of the storage period . - The saponification value of chicken egg yolk oil 175.2 mq/kg and ducks yolk egg oil 179.45 mq/kg geese yolk egg oil 190.2 mq/kg and ostrich yolk egg oil 170.2 mq/kg a high point by the continuity of the story period. - The statistical analysis result showed that there is an effect on the acid yolk oil it was 0.40,0.56,0.31, 0.28/KOH respectively and the amount of acid value were increased through the period of storing

دراسة بعض التغيرات المرافقة لتلقيح وعقد ثمار النخيل Phoenix dactylifera L صنفي الحلاوي والساير == study of some accompanying changes to pollination and fruit set of date palm Phoenixe dactylifera L.CV. Hillawi and Sayer

Author name: وسن فوزي فاضل عباس الابریسم
Supervisor name: مؤید فاضل عباس | ابتھاج حنظل التمیمي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was carried out during the growing season of 2014 and 2015 in a private orchard in Shatt Al - Arab with the objective of knowing the effect of pollination 1, 2, 4 and 8 day from opening of female spathes, source of pollen (Ghannami Akhder and Smasmii) and by passing pollination process by spraying unpollinated flowers with the growth regulators and ethephon on certain aspects of the physiology and anatomy of date palm fruits cvs. Hillawi and Sayer. The results may be summarized as follows : 1 - The date pollination had no effect on fruit growth curve, but had a significant effect on length of the khalal stage which was 22, 18, 16 and 15 days for the cv. Hillawi and 24, 20, 18 and 17 days for the cv. Sayer, for the pollination dates 1, 2, 4, and 8 from opening of female spathes. The fruits of Hillawi and Sayer cultivars entered the tamr stage after 19 and 20 weeks from pollination respectively.2 - Fruits produced from flowers pollinated 8 days from opening during the khalal stage was superior in all physical characteristics of the fruit, with the exception of seed weight, which had its highest weight during the first date of pollination, however therewere no significant differences in fruit for both growing seasons, fruits of the cv.Hillawi had the highest values of physical characteristics in cooperation with those of Sayer cv.3 - As for Chemical characteristics of the fruits, the fourth pollination date (8 days from flower opening) gave a significantly highest value of total soluble solids, total sugars and dry matter. The highest values for reducing sugars was recorded during the second date of pollination( 2 days after female spathes opening), fruits of athe cv. Hillawi had the highest values for all those chemical constituents with its highest value with fruit of Sayer cv. 4 - These was significant difference of the unpollinated flowers in free amino acid and soluble proteins content, The second date of pollination gave the highest concentration of free amino acids 3.269mg.g - 1, whereas the fourth pollination date gave the highest1.856mg.gP - 1 P . As for the date of sampling , the fruits record during the third date ( 5 days after pollination) had the highest concentration of both free amino acids and soluble proteins, fruits of the cv. Hillawi had a significantly high concentration of both chemical constituents in comparison with fruits of the Sayer cv.5 - The results showed, that there were significant difference in the concentration of both auxin and cytokinins of the flowers ،422.5 271.5, where the second date of pollination gave the highest concentration of both hormones in the flowers, the date of sampling after pollination, had no effect on the concentration of auxins. however, the third sampling date( 5 days from pollination) had the highest of cytokinins in young fruits cv. Hillawi had the highest values with fruit of Sayer cv. .6 - The fourth date of pollination had the highest percentage ripening whereas the second date of pollination gave the highest fruit set percentage bunch weight during the rutab stage. Fruits of the cv. Hillawi was superior with respect to percentage fruit set, percentage fruit ripening, bunch weight as compared with fruits of the cv. Sayer. As for the effect of pollen source7 - The pollen source had no effect on fruit growth curve, but had a significant effect on the length of the khalal stage, the length of the klalal stage for fruit produced by the pollen Ghannami Akhdar wasb18 and 21 days for fruits of the cvs.Hillawi and Sayer respectively, whereas the length of the khalal stage for fruits produced the Smasmii pollen was 21 and 25 days for both cultivars respectively.8 - Fruit pollinated by Ghannami Akhdar had the highest values for the physical characteristics, as compared with fruits produced by the pollen Smasmii the pollen source Ghannami Akhdar recorded.9 - the highest values for total soluble solids and dry matter, whereas the pollen source Smasmii gave the highest value for the water content and total acidity. Fruit of the cv. Hillawi had the highest value for those chemical constituents as compared with fruits of the cv. Sayer.10 - As for sugars, the increase in reducing and total sugars was slow during early stage of fruit growth, thereafter, there was a rapid increase in sugars which reached its highest values during the 18 the week from pollination. For sucrose, its content in the fruit was at its highest during the 16 th week from pollination. Fruit produced by the pollen source Ghannami Akhdar had a significantly higher content of reducing and total sugars as well as sucrose. Fruits of the cv. Hillawi had a significantly higher sugars as compared with fruits of the Sayer cultivar.11 - As for changes in the activity of the enzymes invertase and cellulose the activity was low during early stage of fruit growth, and the highest level of activity was recorded during the 16 th week from pollination for both enzymes, for fruits of both cultivars. However, the activity of both invertase and cellulose was high for fruits of the Hillawi cv.2093, 787.7 As compared with fruits Sayer.12 - As for auxins, the concentration was in unpollinated female flowers. Fruits produced by the pollen Ghannami Akhdar had the highest concentration of auxins397.3 as compared with fruitscproduced by the pollen source Smasmii, the fifth sampling date( 7 days from pollination) gave the highest auxin concentration of young fruits. The unpollinated flowers of the cv. Hillawi had a significantly higher concentration of auxins as compared with those of the Sayer cv.13 - The study of embryogenesis of female flowers have shown that the process of fertilization took place after 2 days for flowers of Hillawi and Sayer pollinated by the pollen source Ghannami Akhdar, whereas fertilization took place after three days for flowers pollinated with pollen source Smasmii. However, the cv. Hillawi was superior in those characters as compared with the sayer cv.14 - The pollen source also, had a significant effect on percentage fruit set and fruit ripening, bunch weight as compared with fruits produced by the pollen Smasmii. However, fruits of the cv. Hillawi was a significantly superior, in those characteristics.15 - As for the by passing of the process of pollination by treating unpollinated flower with gibberellic acid and ethephon, such treatments had no effect on fruit growth curve, for both cultivars.16 - As for anatomical characteristic of parthenocarpic fruits not treated with gibberellic acid and ethephon(control), it gave the highest number of layers of exocarp, hypodermis and stone cells. The seeded fruits had the highest thickness of the inner mesocarp. Fruits of the cv. Sayer was superior with respect to thickness of the exocarp cells, hypodermis and stone cells, outer and inner mesocarp and tannin cells 259.6, 117.9, 117.8, 810.0, 3734, 773 μm Also, there were a change in the number as the Sayer cv 630.0mmPP. Had the highest number of cells as compared with fruits of the cv.Hillawi. The Hillawi showed the highest width of cells 72.5 μm, as compared with the cv. Sayer, but there were no difference in cell length. The control treatment gave the highest number of cells in pith tissues of parthenocarpic fruit, whereas the seeded fruit gave the highest length and width of cells.17 - treatment with gibberellic acid and ethephon had a significant effect on chemical characteristics of the parthenocarpic fruits treatment with 200mg.l - 1 +1000mg.l - 1 ethephon, caused a significant increase in total sugars and reducing, total soluble solids, and ripening percentage 56.09, 47.97, 59.09, 23.09% for parthenocarpic fruits of both cultivars Hillawi and Sayer. e

تاثير حامض الاسكوربيك وانزيم الكلوكوز اوكسيديز في الصفات النوعية والريولوجية لدقيق الحنطة المحلية ضعيفة الكلوتين == Effect of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase enzyme on the rheological properties and quality of the local wheat flour of weak gluten

Author name: وسام كريم عبيد الربيعي
Supervisor name: علي احمد الساهي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out as an attempt to improve rheological and chemical properties of local wheat flour of weak gluten, by the addition of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase enzyme as individuals and in synergy, to the flour.The chemical composition of local wheat flour and imported wheat was studied (Eba’e 99 , Rasheed , Bihooth , Australian) . Reduction of protein percentage was noticed of local wheat's varieties compared with protein percentage of imported wheat . The highest protien percentage was in imported wheat 13.55% and the lowest was in Eba’e 99 wheat 12.1% , at the same time ,the highest ash percentage was in Eba’e 99 wheat flour, 1.06%, whereas the highest percentage of fat was in Rasheed variety 1.8% . It was noticed the raise of dry and wet gluten in imported variety flour ,it reached 32.5 , 10.8% frequently. Whereas the results related to the tests of flour strength showed the surpass of imported class that the value of Pelshenke test 250 minutes, Zeleny test was 41 cm3, compared with local variety, Whereas Eba’e 99 variety showed the lowest values compared with studied classes, it reached the value of Pelshenke test 92 minutes, sedimentation test was 20 cm3.The flour used in the study was evaluated of rheological properties for Eba’e 99 wheat flour using farinograph and extensograph tests, to be not useful for bread making, It has Developing and stability times were low. It has a high degree of softening, farinograph quality number were low . Its extension resistance, extensibility and extensograph area were low as compared to those of normal bread flour.The flour (80% extraction) was treated by the addition of ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase as individuals and in synergy, in order to study their effects as improvers in the rheological properties of wheat flour dough. The results were as follows : 1. Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase possessed a positive effect on the rheological properties when it were added them as improvers to the wheat flour as individuals with Different concentrations. The concentration of 50 ppm and 20 ppm respectively, were the best among different concentrations according to farinograph and extensograph tests.2. Synergetic effect of Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase was observed highest readings of farinograph test, it reached the value of developing and stability times 5.0 , 4.3 minutes, respectively. It has low in degree of softening 63 FU, Whereas the farinograph quality number was raising to 59. Its extensograph readings were high, the recorded elastic recovery was 4.6, 4.0 and 4.2 at interval times (45, 90, 135) min, respectively.The results treatment of the flour with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase as individuals and in synergy showed significant and another non - significant increase in wet and dry gluten content and a significant increase in gluten index. The best results were obtained in the flour which had treated with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase as in synergy with concentrations of 40 ppm and 0.001%, respectively in which the gluten index reached 87.09%.A significant increase of disulfide concentration accompanied by a significant decrease in free sulfhydryl concentration were obtained by treating the flour with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase, especially with in synergy treatment by which disulfide concentration was significantly raised to 3.421× 10 - 4 mole/gm gluten as compared to control sample (3.101 mole/gm gluten). This effect caused improvement of dough properties especially in retaining of carbon dioxide gas in the gluten network. A significant decrease in loaf weight accompanied by a significant increase in both the volume and specific volume were obtained upon all treatments.The best result was obtained by treating the flour with Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase, as in synergy with concentrations of 40 ppm and 0.001% .Sensory evaluation of the produced loaf, which was conducted by proficient in cereal chemistry and technology, showed a significant improvement in all of its quality parameters in the treated flour. The effect of Ascorbic acid and glucose oxidase, as in synergy was very clear in improving all of sensory parameters as compared to the untreated flour sample.

تاثير موعد الزراعة ومسافتها والمعاملة بالمحفز الحيوي Bio Health وتداخلاتها في نمو وحاصل الثمار والزيت الطيار لنبات الكراويه Carum carvi L. وفعالياته الكيمواحيائية

Author name: وداد علي عبد سلمان البهادلي
Supervisor name: سميرة عبد الكريم مطرود
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted during the growing season of 2013/2014 in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Field of the College of Agriculture / Basrah University, to study the effect of sowing date, plant spacing and plant treatment with Bio Health WSG and their interactions on growth and yield of Carum carvi L. plant and its biochemical activities.The study included 12 factorial treatments, which were the combinations of two sowing dates, i.e. 20/9, 10/10 ; three plant spacing , i.e. 20, 30 or 40 cm between plants and other and plant treatment with Bio Health WSG and without treatment. A Complete Randomized Block Design in a factorial experiment was used with three replicates. Treatment means were compared according to the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at probability level of 0.05%.The most important results may be summarized as follows : - 1 - Effect of sowing dates : Cultivated plants on 20/9 had a significant effect in plant height, number of main branches. plant - 1, number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, fresh and dry weights of shoot system. plant - 1, date to the appearance of the first inflorescence, the total number of inflorescences. plant - 1, total number of mini inflorescences. plant - 1, mean of the total number of florets. plant - 1 total sum of fruits. plant - 1 (25.83g), weight of 1000 fruits, the productivity of fruits hectare - 1 (2.695 tons), percentage of volatile oil (3.2%), oil yield .plant - 1 (0.82g), productivity of oil hectare - 1 (84.4g), refractive index of volatile oil, leaves content of total chlorophyll, fruits content of total solubleSummaryBcarbohydrates. Plant cultivated on 10 /10 had a significant effect in volatile oil density and its specific gravity, while there were no significant effects for cultivated date in total number of leaves. plant - 1, total number of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrate and total protein percentage in fruits.2 - Effect of plant spacing : Cultivated plants at 40 cm had a significant effects in fresh and dry weights of shoot system. plant - 1, total of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, total number of inflorescences.plant - 1, sum total of fruits .plant - 1 (21.10g). Cultivated plants distance at 30 cm had a significant effects in number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, percentage of volatile oil (3.1%), oil yield per plant (0.60g), productivity of oil per hectare (58.9kg), content of total soluble carbohydrate. Cultivated plants at distance of 20 cm had a significant effects in productivity fruits of per hectare (2.252 tons). On the other hand, there were no significant effects for cultivation distance in plant height, number of main branches. plant - 1, the date of the first appearance of inflorescence, mean of total number of florets . plant - 1, weight of 1000 fruits, volatile oil density, and its specific gravity, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrate and total protein percentage in fruits.3 - Effect of treatment with Bio Health WSGTreated plants with Bio Health WSG gave significant increases in the number of number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, percentage of volatile oil (2.7%), oil yield per plant (0.55g), productivity of oil per hectare (56.0kg), leaves content of total chlorophyll .While, treated plants withBio Health WSG had no significant effect on the other studied characteristics.SummaryC4 - Effect of the interactions : There were a significant effect on all the double and triple interactions in plant height , number of fruiting branches. plant - 1, dry weight of shoot system. plant - 1, total number of inflorescences. plant - 1, total of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, total sum of fruits. plant - 1, productivity of fruits per hectare, percentage of volatile oil, oil yield per plant, productivity of oil per hectare, volatile oil refractive index and its density, leaves content of total chlorophyll, leaves and fruits contents of total soluble carbohydrate. All double and triple interactions except for the interaction of the date of agriculture cultivation and bio Health WSG treatment significant effect in total number of leaves. plant - 1.Double and triple interactions except for the interaction between cultivation distance and bio Health WSG treatment had a significant effect in number of main branches. plant - 1, fresh weight of shoot system, date of the first appearance of inflorescence, rate of the total number of florets. plant - 1, weight of 1000 fruits, specific gravity of oil, leaves content of total soluble carbohydrate. The interference between the distance, cultivation date and bio Health WSG treatment only had significant effect in the total of number of mini inflorescences. inflorescence - 1, and the triple interaction had only significant effect in protein percentage in fruits.5. Chemical components of the volatile oil : A test done by Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry Shimadzu GC MS QP2010 Ultra has showed that the most important chemical volatile oil components were carvone and limonene, whose means were ranged 32.73 - 51 - 55% and 33.34 - 57.05%, respectively. They were differed in their content of these two components, cultivated plants on first date at a distance of 20 cm which treated with bio Health WSG produced theSummaryDcontent of carvone (51.55%), and plants cultivated in the second date at a distance of 40 cm not treated with bio Health WSG produced limonene at a percentage (57.05%).5. Effectiveness of aqueous and alcoholic extracts and oil of the plant against the two types of pathogenic bacteria to human : Test was bone to the effectiveness of four concentrations which were 50, 100, 200, 400 mg.ml - 1 of the aqueous extracts besides, methyl and ethylalcoholic extracts for fruits and roots of the plant at three concentrations which were 25, 50 and 100% of volatile oil of its fruit in vitro on the two types of bacteria tested, i.e. bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by using filter paper disc diffusion method . Each of the ethanolic extract of roots of concentration at 200 mg /ml - 1 and concentration 100% oil were effective of the growth of bacteria E. coli .They reached the diameter of inhibition 20 mm. Methanolic extract of the roots at concentration of 200 mg.ml - 1gater gave the highest inhibition of the growth of bacteria staph. aureus amount 25mm.

انتاج نشا مقاوم واستخدامه في التغليف الدقيق للبكتريا العلاجية == production of resistant starch used in Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria

Author name: هديل ناظم مراد
Supervisor name: نوفل عبد الامير حسين الحلفي | الاء غازي الهاشمي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The chemical composition was estimated for potatoes, sorghum and rice, and was noticed the difference in the chemical composition significantly for this sources. Increasing of moisture as compared with potatoes and rice which reached 76.3% , and sorghum significantly with high proportion of protein, fat and ash (13.80, 2.5 and 1.70)% respectively. The highest proportion of carbohydrate was found in rice as it reached 80.43% .Starch was extracted by the moist method and the chemical composition of starch was studied. The plant sources differed in chemical content, and was observed increasing in moisture significantly for potato starch (12.2%) as compared with sorghum and rice starch, while the superior content of the rice starch was in protein, fat and carbohydrates (1.45 and 0.33 and 90.87)% respectively, and the highest of ash was found in sorghum starch 0.52%.Then the extracted starch was modified from its primary sources physically by the moist thermal treatment and chemically by cross linkages. The physical characteristics of modified starch were studied, and the results were as the following : ● Each of the natural and modified starch from various sources in the physical properties, it was observed increasing in the solubility of the natural starch granules of potatoes, sorghum and rice from the modified starch granules. The solubility was increased gradually by increasing of the temperature, the highest solubility was found in the natural starch granules (6.2, 7.4 and 6.35) % respectively at temperature of 90 ̊C , and (6.14,6.87 and 6.13)% respectively in the modified starch granules by moist thermal method, and (5.4, 5.28 and 5.99)% respectively in the modified starch granules by cross linkages, while inceasing in the swelling of the natural starch granules to each of potatoes, sorghum and rice starch as compared with the modified starch granules and inceasing the swelling gradually by increasing the temperature. The highest swelling was found in the natural starch granules (10.35, 10.18 and 10.17) gram/gram respectively at temperature of 90 ̊C , while for modified starch samples by moist thermal method which reached (9.25, 9.22 and 9) gram/gram respectively and samples of the starch modified by cross linkages reached (8.97, 8.98 and 8.55) gram/gram respectively.●The percentage the percentage of phosphorus in the natural starch extracted from its primary sources was significantly at (P≤ 0.05) with the modified starch varied chemically by cross linkages as the superiority of the modified potato starch with highest which reached 0.39% .Active groups of chemically modified starch molecules have been identified diagnosed by FT - IR apparatus, as the presence of a band at wave length (998.411 ,99864 and 1020.64) cm - 1 respectively, which belongs to the elasticity vibrating for the bound C - O - P .The procedure of the Microencapsulation packaging for L.plantarum, L.caise and L.acidophilus was done by three different mixtures with concentrations ranged between (1 - 3)% each of sodium alginate, natural and resistant starch both individually, and found that the best mixture was when used a combination of sodium alginate and resistant starch at concentration 2% for each (mixture A), and used the starters Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus in the manufacture of the yoghurt and mixed with the starter of yoghurt, examined the change in the pH and titrating acidity for yoghurt product during different periods of storage at temperature of 4 ̊C and study the change in the logarithm of the live numbers during the storage period extended for 28 days.The effect of the packaging process on the survival, Bacteria was studied and the results were as showed the following : ●It was found that the resistance of coated bacteria using a combination of sodium alginate and starch resistant with concentration of 2% for each of them was the best of free bacteria resistance when exposed to low acidic conditions which reached 2.5, 2 and 1.5 , and particularly at the third hour of incubation as a percentage decline in live numbers logarithm / ml 34.76, 39.61 and 44.83% respectively, to L.plantarum bacteria and 36.25, 41.89 and 46.86% respectively, to L.caise bacteria and 35.35 , 41.84 and 45.78%, respectively, to L.acidophilus bacteria. As well as observed that the resistance of bacteria coated to different concentration of the yellow salts reached 0.1 , 0.2 and 0.3% was higher than the resistance of free bacteria after three hours of incubation as a percentage decline in live numbers logarithm / ml 2.54, 3.34 and 4.19% respectively to L.plantarum bacteria , and 2.87 ,3.78 and 4.60% respectively to L.caise bacteria , and 2.93,3.97 and 4.77% respectively to L.acidophilus bacteria .● coated bacteria showed better resistance during the process of freezdrying compared with free bacteria as a percentage decline in live numbers logarithm / ml 2.24, 3.01 and 4.16% respectively to L.plantarum bacteria , and 2.09, 3.34 and 4.47% respectively to L.caise bacteria , and 2.19,3.29 and 4.58% respectively to L.acidophilus bacteria .

دراسة التغيرات الكيميائية والميكروبية لجبن المونتيري المضاف اليه المعزز الحيوي == Study of chemical and microbial changes of Probiotic monterey cheese

Author name: هدى محمد عبد محمد السراي
Supervisor name: سرمد غازي محمد | حيدر ابراهيم علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Probiotics bacteria[[ which[ including Lactobacillus acidophilus ,Bifidobacterium longum were added (1011 cfu/ml) during Monterey cheese manufacturing after the reactivation and the results obtained were : 1 - Decreasing of moisture content for Monterey cheese manufactured by adding the mixed starter Probiotic after 42 days of ripening, reaching )38.96(% comparing with the other samples. 2 - Increasing of protein ratio while using the mixed starter in manufacturing of Monterey cheese comparing with control Monterey cheese and Monterey cheese manufactured by adding the single starter, reaching after 42 days of ripening to (23.41, 23.78 and 23.6 ( 4 % respectively, as well as increasing of soluble nitrogen ratio in Monterey cheese manufactured by adding the mixed starter comparing with the other cheeses during the progress of ripening period to reach )0.875( after 42 days. 3 - Fat ratio increased in cheese samples, the higher increase was at the end of ripening period after 42 days in Monterey cheeses manufactured by adding mixed starter reaching )30.45(% after comparing with )31.20 and 31.03(% for control and single starter manufactured cheeses respectively. 4 - Salt ratio of Monterey cheese manufactured by adding mixed starter was )1.55( after 42 days of ripening comparing with control cheese and Monterey cheeses manufactured by adding the single starter which were )1.45 and 1.53( respectively.5 - Increasing of ash ratio for Monterey cheese manufactured by adding mixed starter reaching after 42 days of ripening (4.27)% comparing with control cheese and Monterey cheese manufactured by adding the single starter which were (4.16 and 4.20) % respectively. 6 - Decreasing of the pH for the three Monterey cheese samples, the maximum decrease after 42 days of ripening was (5.20) when adding mixed starter, while for the control and single starter Monterey chesses the pH was (5.62 and 5.42) respectively. We notice increasing the titratable acidity of Monterey cheese manufactured by adding mixed starter reaching (0.92) comparing with control and single starter Monterey cheeses which reached (0.54 and 0.72) respectively after 42 days of ripening. 7 - Increasing the numbers of proteolytic and lipolytic bacteria in the progress of ripening period until 28 days then started to reduce for all cheese samples. 8 - Increasing the numbers of total bacteria for cheese samples during ripening period until 28 days then started to reduce tow logarithmic cycle during manufacturing period. 9 - The result of electrophoresis showed that the average of not proteolyses for cheese manufacture using mixed starter was higher compared to others. 10 - Monterey cheeses manufactured by adding mixed starter was best than control and single starter Monterey cheeses when conducting the organoleptic evaluation, especially for flavor

تاثير حقن بيض التفقيس ببعض المغذيات والتغذية المبكرة في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسيولوجية لفروج اللحم == The effect of in ovo - injection of Hatching Eggs with Some Nutrients and early Feeding on Productive Performance and Some Physiological Traits of Broiler Chicks

Author name: هدى فالح سعد الساعدي
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى | طارق فرج شوكت
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was undertaken at the poultry field of Animal ResourceDepartment \college of Agriculture \University of Basra in Jan.,28th toMar.,3th,2013 and in Oct.,28th to December,23th 2013 for the first and secondexperimentrespectively . The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectof hatching eggs injection with the some nutritious (Folic acid vitamins,Pyridoxine, Threonine amino acid) for the first experiment and choosing besttreatment from first experiment and injection with Arginine amino acid ,folicacid as well as the effect of feeding time on the performance and somephysiological traits of broiler chicks .In the first experiment ,825 hatching eggsof Ross 308 broiler were received from the hatchery .At 14th day of incubationstage ,eggs were tested and unfertile eggs were discarded ,the remainder eggswere divided into seven treatments and injected with 0.1 ml of solution in airsac position of the egg as follows : 1. First treatment : injection 100 eggs with 0.1ml of threonine solution (30μgconcentration per an egg).2. Second treatment : injection 100 eggs with 0.1 ml of b6 vitamin solution(100μg concentration per an egg)3. Thirdtreatment : injection 100 eggs with 0.1 ml of mix from L - threonine aminoacid plus b6 vitamin (30μgand 100μg) per an egg.4. Fourthtreatment : injection 100 eggs with 0.1 ml of Folic acid vitamin solution(250g) per of an egg.5. Fifthtreatment : injection 100 eggs with 0.1 ml of mix solution from Lthreonineamino acid plus Folic acid vitamin (30μg and 250 g) per an egg.6. Sixthtreatment : positiveControl : injection100 eggs with 0.1 mlSterile distilledwaterper egg.7. Seventhtreatment : negativeControl : 155 eggs were left withoutinjection.Hatching chicks of each treatment were distributed in to three replicate (15 Chicksfor each replicate) .Birds were reared up to five weeks of age.The results of first experiment painted out to : 1. There was significantly (P<0.05) proceeding for the treatment of egg injectionwith some nutrients on hatching percentage ,hatching chick weight ,bodyBweight ,body weight gain and weekly and Cumulative feed conversion ratio.whereas, this treatment showed less embryonic mortality percentage incomparison with other experimental treatments and There was significantly(P<0.05) increase in weekly and Cumulative feed intake of birds that werehatched from injected eggs with ( folic acid ,threonine amino acid) during thesecond ,fourth and fifth week were as ,the treatment of pyridoxine injectionshowed less mortality percentage compared to other experimental treatments .2. Treatment of folic acid and threonine and pyridoxine injection showedsignificant (P<0.05) increases in the dressingpercentage, weights of breast,thigh and edible viscera comparison with other treatments.3. There was significantly(P<0.05) increase in red blood cells number,hemoglobinconcentration package cells volume of broilers that were hatchedfrom egg injection with (folic acid plus threonine) at 3 and 5 weeks of agecompared to other treatment While , Treatment of Pyridoxine eggs injectionshowed highest mean of white blood cells at 3 weeks of age, whereas,treatment of Pyridoxine and folic acid eggs injection proceeding otherexperimental treatment in highest mean of white blood cells at 5 weeks of age .4. There was significantly(P<0.05) increase in total protein concentration,glucose ,Globulins, and less uric acid concentration and cholesterol in chicksblood serum of folic acid and threonine egg injection treatment at 3 and 5weeks of age in comparison with other treatment. Whereas, there were nosignificant effect of egg injection on triglycerides concentration and on T3 andT4 hormone in broiler blood serum.5. There was no significantly effect of egg injection with nutritive on low densityfatty proteins concentration whereas,the negativecontrol treatment showedhighest concentration of low and high proteins at 3 and 5 weeks of agecompared to other experimental treatments.6. T4 hormone concentration in hatchingbroiler blood serum of threonineinjection treatment increased significant (P<0.05) at 3 weeks of age ,whereas,T4 hormones concentration was higher respecting treatment of folic acid andthreonine injection at 5 weeks of age in comparison with other treatment.7. There was significantly (P<0.05) increase in phosphorus ,calcium and ferricconcentrations in blood serum of the hatchingbroilers of folic acid andthreonine egg injection treatment at 3 and 5 weeks of age in comparison withother treatments.C8. There was significantly (P<0.05) increase in the villus lengths cryptsdepth ofjejunum of the boilers Caracasrespecting Folicacid and Threonine injectiontreatment in comparison with other treatment.According to the firstexperiment results and choosing the best treatment of egginjection with nutritive, the second experiment was carried out .the treatmentof this experiment whereas follows : 1. Firsttreatment : hatching eggs injection with (30μg of threonine, 250g of folicacid) per an egg.2. Secondtreatment : hatching eggs injection with (5 μg of arginine) per an egg.3. Thirdtreatment : hatching eggs injection with (5 μg of arginine plus 250 goffolic acid) per an egg.4. Fourth treatment : the control treatment (withoutinjection).Hatching chicks of each treatment were divided in to groups each of threereplicates ( 12 Chicks for each replicates ) .firstgroups chicks were fed at thehatchery ,whereas,second groupschicks were fed after 24 hours at field. Chickswere reared from 1 day after hatching up to 5 weeks of age .the results of thesecond experiment pointed out to : 1. Treatments of injection with arginine and Folic acid and threonine plus folicacid proceeding significantly (P<0.05) in hatching percentage andhatchingchicksweight, whereas, This treatment showed less percentage of lateembryonic mortality in comparison with other treatments. Also, Broiler birdsof Arginine and Folic acid injection treatment showed significantly (P˂0.05)increase in body weight, weekly body again, weekly and Cumulativefeedintake,weekly and Cumulative feed conversion ratio and dressing percentage.Whereas, treatment with arginine and folic acid injection showed less totalmortality mean compared to other treatments. Also, there was significantly(P˂0.05) effect of feeding time on some productive traits. Treatments offeeding at the hatchery showed significant increase in body weight, bodyweight gain, feed intake, better feed conversion ratio and dressing percentagein comparison with treatments of feeding at field after 24 hours.2 - There was a significantly (P˂0.05) effect of interaction between eggs injectionwith nutritious and feeding time on body weight, body weight gain and feedconversion ratio. Treatment of folic acid arginine (hatchery feeding) showedDhighest body weight, body weight gain, better feed conversion ratio incomparison with the control treatment (Field Feeding after 24 hours).Treatment of arginine injection (HatcheryFeeding) was highest dressingpercentage, whereas there was no significant effect of interaction on feedintake and total mortality.3 - Treatment of threonine and folic acid injection showed a significantly (P˂0.05)increase in bird’s body fullness, gizzard weight and Fabricia gland. Whereas,treatment of arginine and folic acid injection showed a significantly (P˂0.05)increase in breast fullness liver and heart weight in comparison with othertreatments.4 - Feeding time affected significantly (P˂0.05) on some carcasses traits. Carcassesof feeding at hatchery treatment were better significantly in body fullness,breastfullness, and heart, liver, gizzard, and Fabricia gland and pancreasweights. Whereas, carcasses of feeding at field treatment were of high pad fatweight. There was no significant effect of interaction between injection andfeeding time on carcasses traits.5 - There was a significant (P˂0.05) increase in red and white blood cells numbers 3days and 5 weeks of age and in hemoglobin concentration at 5 weeks of agerespecting the treatment of arginine and folic acid in comparison with othertreatments. Control treatment exceeded in Heterophil cells\ lymphocyte cellspercentage at 3 and 5 weeks of age compared to treatments.6 - There was a significantly (P˂0.05) effect of feeding time on some cellular bloodcharacteristics. Treatment of the field feeding exceeded in red blood cellsnumbers, hemoglobin concentration and Heterophil cells\lymphocyte cellspercentage at 3 days and 5 weeks of age. Whereas, treatment of the hatcheryfeeding exceeded in white blood cells numbers compared to treatment of thefield feeding after 24 hours.There was no significantly (P˂0.05) effect ofinteraction between injection and feeding time on the cellular bloodcharacteristics at 3days of age, whereas this interaction affected significantly(P˂0.05) on the white blood numbers and Heterophil cells\lymphocyte cellspercentage at 5weeks of age.E7 - Treatment of arginine and folic acid injection exceeded significantly (P˂0.05)in serum total protein concentration at 3 days and in total proteinconcentration, uric acid and GPT, GOT enzymes in blood plasma at 5 weeksof age. Treatment of threonine and folic acid in comparison with othertreatments.8 - Feeding time affected significantly (P˂0.05) on biochemical bloodcharacteristics. Treatment of the hatchery feeding exceeded in glucoseconcentration and total protein at 3 days of age and in total protein concentration and uric acid at 5 weeks of age. Treatment of the field feeding exceeded in blood serum cholesterol concentration in comparison with thetreatment of hatchery feeding. There was no significant (P˂0.05) effect ofinteraction between injection and feeding time on the biochemical bloodcharacteristics at 5 weeks of age. 9 - There was a significant (P˂0.05) increase in villus Length and crypts Depth of the intestinal jejunum of comparison with of threonine and folic acid injection treatment in comparison with other treatments. Treatment of the hatchery feeding exceeded (P˂0.05) respecting those traits compared to the field eeding treatment. There was a significantly (P˂0.05) effect of interaction (TheHatchery Feeding) and feeding time villus, length and crypts Depths werehighest at 1 and 5 weeks of age.

تاثير التلقيح ببعض الفطريات المعزولة من الترب الزراعية في المعالجة الحيوية للترب الملوثة بالمخلفات النفطية في محافظة البصرة == Effect of inoculation by some fungi isolated from agricultural soils in the bioremediation of contaminated soils with oil waste in Basrah

Author name: هدى حاكم سعدون الاسدي
Supervisor name: ميعاد مهدي الجابري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: For the purpose of identifying the efficiency of inoculation different genus of fungi isolated from agricultural areas in the bioremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon nearby regions from some the oil fields in the province of Basrah, southern Iraq, and the impact on plant growth as has been selected sites west of Qurna fields and North Rumaila fields, mixed with non - contaminated soil from the same areas at rates of 100% and 75% and 50% to reduce the pollution of oil hydrocarbons ratio.Isolation and purification of two species from fungus Aspergillus (A. niger and A. versicolor), Trichoderma viride and Penicillium citrinum from Five of agricultural areas (Shatt Al - Arab, Garma Ali, Al - Zubair, Al - deer and Abu Al - khaseeb) and studied the possibility of its adaptation and its growth in nutritional media contaminated with the quality of the two regions of oil each separately and inoculated the soil treatments that represent percentages above and inoculated at a temperature of 25 ᵒC to study the total numbers of bacteria and fungi and CO2 amount from Activity microbial in soil and estimated the amount of hydrocarbons broken by the inoculation process fungal soil every 10 days for 60 days of incubation.Agricultural experiment carried out by tested the most efficient of the two fungi in degraded hydrocarbons for each soil and for each contamination level in addition the treatment of a mixture of the most efficient of the two fungi and control treatment (without pollination), left after the treatments for two months with maintaining the humidity at around 75% of field capacity in a way to compensate the weight loss and planted them maize seeds Zea mays L. class Bhooth 106 and after 45 days of germination was estimated proportion of hydrocarbons broken and some parameter of plant growth as a rate of plant length, dry weight of the shoot and the quantity N, P and K absorbed in plant. Were obtained the following results : 1. increase the number of the total fungi and bacteria with time in soils inoculated with isolated fungi to Limit 60 days compared to the control treatment in which the increase lasted only 40 days in the pollution levels of 75% and 100%, while the increase continued to 60 days at the level of 50% of all pollination treatments, including the control treatment.2. increase the amount of CO2 liberated from Bioactivity with time in soil inoculated fungal treatment compared with control treatment and fungal isolates varied in their efficiency to stimulate biological activity, and mitigate pollution of soils to the extent of 50% contributed to the increase in the vital activity of soils represented an increase of the amount of the liberated CO2 .3. inoculation contaminated soils fungal isolates led to increase petroleum hydrocarbon ratio analysis with time and varied fungal isolates in their ability to biodegraded hydrocarbon wholly followed the following sequence : Aspergillus niger > Penicillium citrinum > Trichoderma - viride > Aspergillus versicolor in the soil of North Rumaila and sequence : Penicillium citrinum < Trichoderma viride < Aspergillus niger <Aspergillus versicolor in soils west of Qurna fields and gave the pollution level 50% higher analysis of petroleum hydrocarbon ratio compared to levels of 75% and 100%.4. Inoculate all levels of contamination by fungal isolates most efficient led to increasing lengths and dry weight of the plant maize and increase the quantity absorbed N, P and K by the plant and were observed increase in the proportion of hydrocarbons degraded at the end of the agricultural experiment.5. Soil North Rumaila showed a response to the inoculation of fungi in all levels of contamination of soil over Western Qurna fields in terms of the total numbers of fungi and bacteria and amount of the liberated CO2 and hydrocarbon ratio degradation as well as an increase in parameters of all the maize plant growth.6. The fungus Penicillium citrinum and Trichoderma viride Showed more efficient in increasing the activity and bioremediation in soil Western Qurna fields, while the fungus Aspergillus niger is the most efficient in the soil of the North Rumaila

تاثير التسميد الفوسفاتي والعضوي في صور فسفور التربة وعلاقتها بجاهزية لمحصول الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L في بعض الترب الكلسية == Effect of Phosphate and Organic Fertilization on Soil Phosphorus Forms and its Relationships With its Availability to Corn Crop (Zea mays L.) in Some Calcareous Soils

Author name: هبة كلف رزاق القريشي
Supervisor name: هيفاء جاسم حسين التميمي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: For the purpose of phosphorus forms Knowledge in Basra Province Soils, and effect of phosphate Fertilization with Concentrated Super phosphate and Organic Fertilization with cow manure on Phosphorus Forms ,the study was carried out with in three sectors : - First : Field study : Soil samples were taken from tweleven location in Basra province, 1/Gurna,2/Medayna,3/Diar,4/Hartha,5/Garmat Ali,6/Garmat Ali - Basra University,7/Brahdia,8/Tanoma,9/Abul - Khaseeb - Hamdan,10/ Abul - Khaseeb - Center,11 /Seeba ,and 12/ Fao. Soil properties wer determined and different forms of soil phosphorus were extracted Which were soluble phosphorus ,phosphorus associated with Calcium (Ca - P),Phosphorus associated with aluminium (Al - P) ,Phosphorus associated with iron (Fe - P), available phosphate (Av - P), Mineral phosphate(M - P) ,organic phosphate (O - P), residual phosphate (R - P), and total phosphate (T - P) .Second : Effect of phosphate and organic Fertilization on phosphorus forms : - Laboratory experiment was conducted by using two levels of phosphate fertilizer (0,0.65gmPkg - 1 soil) as concentrated super phosphate and two levels of cow manure (0,2.5%) for all studied soils. Soils wer inculcated at 30ºc for one month . Soil phosphorus forms were extracted and determined .Third : Effect of phosphorus forms on Maize growth parameters : - Biological experiment was conducted by using maize crop (Zea mays L.) according to factorial experiment with complete design including the following factors [soil*(phosphate fertilizer, cowmanure, * phosphate fertilizer cowmanure with control) *replicates](10*2*2*3) summing to 120 experimental units, after exclusion Seeba and Fao soils because of their high Salinity .Two levels of phosphate fertilizer were used (0,100kg P ha - 1) as concentrated super phosphate , and two levels of organic fertilizer (0,30ton ha - 1)as cow manure mixing with Soils. Nitrogen was added at rate of 320 kg N ha - 1 as urea with two doses For all soils , first dose at planting (15/3/2015) mixing with soil and the second dose after one month of planting with irrigation water .Potassium was added with rate of 120kg K ha - 1 as potassium sulfate mixing with soils at planting .Plants were harvested after 60 days and shoots were dried at 65ºc inIIoven and dry matter was recorded. Dry Shoots were digested and phosphorus concentration was determined , and phosphorus uptake was Calculated.The results of the study showed the following : - 1 - Soluble phosphorus concentration values ranged between (0.27 to 1.85) mg L - 1 with a mean value of 0.99 mg L - 1, phosphorus associated with Calcium between (104.40 to 226.10) mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 169.16 mg kg - 1 , phosphorus associated with aluminium between (0.42 to 0.99) mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 0.70 mg kg - 1 , phosphorus associated with iron between (0.09 to 0.76) mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 0.38 mg kg - 1 , Available phosphorus between (10.10 to 25.65) mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 18.11 mg kg - 1 , mineral phosphorus between (139.57 to 250.40 ) mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 198.27 mg kg - 1 ,organic phosphorus between (50.12 to 89.70)mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 77.62 mg kg - 1 , residual phosphorus between (6.00 to 12.00)mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 8.91 mg kg - 1 and total phosphorus between (229.27 to 306.88) mg kg - 1 with a mean value of 275.88 mg kg - 1 .2 - Result of simple correlation coefficient (r) Showed that soil salinity had significant effect in phosphorus associated with Calcium (r=0.589*), and negative correlation with available phosphorus (r= - 0.641*). Calcium Carbonate content had a high significant effect on phosphorus associated with Calcium (r=0.992**), mineral phosphorus (r=0.899**), and total phosphorus (r=0.880**),and high negative correlation with available phosphorus (r= - 0.965++) and organic phosphorus (r= - 0.774++) . Organic matter had a significant effect on available phosphorus (r= 0.837++) , organic phosphorus (r=0.924++) , and total phosphorus (r=0.773++) , and negative significant effect with phosphorus associated with calcium (r= - 0.887++) , and mineral phosphorus (r= - 0.895++) . Soil pH ,CEC , Sand , Silt , and clay showed no significant effects on Soil phosphorus forms.3 - Laboratory experiment results showed that soils and fertilizing treatments (phosphoric , organic , and their interactions) had significant effect on phosphorus forms in studied soil . Effect of fertilizing treatments was followed the following : - Phosphate and organic fertilization > organic fertilization > phosphate fertilization .III4 - Soil and fertilizing treatments (phosphoric, organic, and their interactions) had significant effect on dry matter of shoot of corn crop, phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus uptake. Fertilizing treatments were taken the same manor in increasing of dry matter , phosphorus con centration, and phosphorus uptake as following : - Phosphate and organic fertilization > organic fertilization > phosphate fertilizationphosphorus uptake was taken the following arrangement in the studied soils : - Diar > Medayna > Brahdia > Tanoma > Hartha > Gurna > Garmat Ali - Basra University > Abul - Khaseeb - Hamdan > Abul - Khaseeb - center> Garmat Ali.5 - Result of statistical analysis of simple correlation coefficient (r)showed that phosphorus forms had no significant effect on dry matter of corn shoot and phosphorus concentration ,While phosphorus uptake gave high significant correlation with available phosphorus (r=0.959**) and organic phosphorus (r=0.954**).

دراسة تصنيفية وبيئية للحشراث القشرية Hemiptera : Sternorrhyncha : Coccoidea مع الاشارة الى بعض مفترساتها في محافظة البصرة == TAXONOMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF SCALE INSECTS ( HEMIPTERA : STERNORRHYNCHA : COCCOIDEA ) WITH REFERENCE TO SOME PREDATORS IN BASRAH PROVINCE

Author name: هاشم مهاوي طعمة العبادي
Supervisor name: علاء صبيح جبار | اياد عبد الوهاب عبد القادر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A taxonomic and ecological study to scale insects was conducted with reference to predatory efficiency for four types of predators in the eight areas in Basra province it is( AL - Mdayna , AL - Hoer , Al - Qurna , AL - Deer , AL - Hartha , AL - Garma , Shat AL - Arab , Abu AL - Khseb ) during the period from October 2014 to September 2015 and show that there is a five types of scale insects belong to three families : Order : Hemiptera Suborder : Sternorrhyncha Superfamily : Coccoidea 1 - Family : Diaspididae Genus : Parlatoria Parlatoria blanchardi white scale insect on the palm Parlatoria crypta brown scale insect on the oleander Genus : Duplachionaspis Duplachionaspis graminella scale insect on the reeds Family : Phoenicococcidae - 2Pheonicococcus marlatti red scale insect on the palmFamily : Asterolecaniidae - 3Palmaspis Phoenicis green scale insect on the Palm Taxonomic study showed that there is difference diagnostic a clear between the species , genus and families found during the survey . The results pointed clearly of ecological study that the types of scale insects are located throughout the year on their hosts plant in Basra province .The highest density of numerical insects was recorded in month of June and it reached about 300.0 adult and 93.6 nymph per inch2 on variety khathraoe in the Al - Madayna area of scale insect Parlatoria blanchardi and 91.6 adult /inch2 , 25.0 nymph/inch2on variety khathraoe in the AL - Qurna area of scale insectbPalmaspis phoenicis , 11.6 adult/leaf , 6.0 nymph /leaf on Oleander plant in the Al - Qurna area of scale insect Parltoria crypta , 63.0 adult /inch2 , 5.3 nymph/inch2 on reed plant in November in the Al - Mdayna area of scale insect Duplachionaspis graminella . The less intensity of numerical insect recorded in February .It was 130.3adult/inch2 and 20.3 nymph /inch2 on variety khathraoe in the Al - Mdayna area of scale insect Parlatoria blanchardi , 42.6 adult /inch2 , 6.6 nymph/inch2 on variety khathraoe in the Al - Qurna area at scale insect Palmaspis phoenicis , 5.3 adult /leaf , 0.0 nymph /leaf on Oleander plant in the Al - Qurna , 26.6 adult /inch2 and 0.3 nymph /inch2 on reed plant in Al - Mdayna area . The study was in clued the efficiency of predatorys as following : Coccinella septempunctata which appeared during the months March , April , May and June. Pharoscymnus setulosus and Cybocephalus rufifrons which appeared during the months May, June , Jule , August , September, October and November . The predatory efficiency of first predator was 16.6 insect/day ,to the second 16.0 insect /day and the third 13.0 insect /day on white scale insect then , 17.3 , 17.0 and 13.3 insect /day respectively on green scale insect . And the predatory efficiency to Tenebrio molitor was 3.3 insect /day on red scale insect .

اختبار التاثير التثبيطي لبروتين المناعة IgG لحليب الابل ضد السم العصبي A المفصول من عزنة محلية لبكتريا Clostridium botulinum == Testing the inhibitory effect of immunoglobulin IgG for camel?s milk against the neurotoxin type A separated from a local Isolate of Clostridium botulinum

Author name: نورس محمد حسن عبد الصمد التميمي
Supervisor name: امال كاظم غضبان الاسدي | حيدر ابراهيم علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Sixteen local isolates of Clostridium were isolated from sources : soil , meat and honey .Those sources were obtained from different districte in Basrah government.Characterization of isolates were made after purification by using morphological and biochemical tests which revealed that the isolates were Clostridium botulinum.The microscopic test appeared that all isolates are bacilli Gram positive, obligate , anaerobic ,forming spores and motile. There are colonies had wide spread form with ir regular border when grown of blood agar and egg yolk agar and looked transparent to gray. The biochemical tests revealed that the isolates are β - heamolysis, lipid hydrolyzed, produced H2S, most of them were negative in indole production, nitrate reduction, starch hydrolysis and catalase production. They were grown in pH(4 - 6),temperature(10,30,42) °C and NaCl (4 - 10)% . They not fermented lactose, galactose, amygdalin, Ribose, Inositol, Manose, Melibiose, Sorbitol, Salcin, Rafinose, Xaylose and Rhamnose. But they were fermentated Glucose, Maltose and Cellubiose. They were sensitive for some antibiotics like Erethromycin, Refampin, Metronidazol, Clindamicin, Tetracyclin, Penicillin and Chloramphnichol , but they were resistant for Gentamycin , Nalidixic acid and Trimethoprim.Used for Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the bacterial isolates by extraction of DNA and electrophoresis by using agarose, seven isolates of Clostridium botulinum were elected because they appeared difine band of DNA. After that the gene wich responsible on neurotoxin A was detacted by using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis using agarose, the isolate Cl.5 of Clostridium botulinum wich was isolated from the soil of Agriculture College field, was elected because of its clear band which was (101) bp with the band of the primer of the gene of neurotoxin A.Neurotoxin A was produced by the isolate Cl.5 using the inoculums medum : (casein hydrolysis, yeast extract, glucose ,dis. water) and production medium; (casein hydrolysis, yeast extract, dis. water) with cold glucose solution 10% and using anaerobic conditions with 37°C for 4 days. The protein of extracted neurotoxin was (0.14 - 0.93) , then the extract was precipitated by ammonium sulphate %60 and the protein was (0.18 - 0.22) ,finally the neurotoxin was purified by ion exchange using DEAE Sephadex A - 50 only one protein peak wasappeared in the void volume , the protein was(0.27) . The activity of the three samples of neurotoxin A the crude ,precipitated and purified was assayed by bioassay using mouse , all the samples revaled high activity by appearing of of intoxication then death . But the purified neurotoxin appeared the highest activity because the mouse died after 3 hr . while the precipitated toxin after 8 hr using and after 10 hr using the crud toxin Stadying minimal leathal dose (MLD) by using concentrations of purified toxin , the concentration 0.1 revealed minimal activity because the mouse died after 3.41 hr .Finally the inhibitory effect of immunoglobulins of camel milk against neurotoxin A was studied by using passive haemagglotination and bioassay , immunoglobulin had agreat activity to inhibite the neurotoxin A.

دراسة تاثير المخلفات النباتية والحيوانية والفطر الاحيائي Trichoderma viride في مكافحة مرض تعفن جذور الباميا المتسبب عن الفطر Macrophomina phaseolina == A study of effect of plant and animal residues and the bioagent Trichoderma viride in controlling okra root rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina

Author name: نور مهدي صالح المالكي
Supervisor name: ضياء سالم علي الوائلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aimed to use plant and animal residues and bioagent Trichoderma viride against pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina which caused okra root rot disease in pots and field and to detect the active compounds in okra leaves by GCMS technique.Three pathogenic fungi were isolated from infected plants, they were M.phaseolina , Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani .The fungus M.phaseolina gave the highest percentage of occurance and freguencywhich were 55 and 66.67% .The pathogenicity test showed that M.phaseolina led to decrease germination pereen and increase damping - off up to 20 and 26.67% respectively, compared to control treatment which was 80 and 0% respectively.The results explained that the animal manure (F) , rice (R) and wheat (w) led to increase the germination percent up to 66.67% , 60 and 53.3% respectively compared to control treatment which was 40% , the fresh weight also increased in the same treatments up to 1.36 , 1.25 and 1.28 gm respectively compared to control which was 0.64 gm .It was founed the less infection intensity with M.phaseolina in pots was noticed in the treatment RTv (bioagent +rice) and FTv (bioagent+animal manure), it was 0% compared to control treatment which was 90%, which the highest shoot weight and plant height were noticed in the treatment FTv which were 6.22 gm and 32.03 cmrespectively compared to control which were 1.33 gm and 22.55 cm. The field experiment results revealed that the less infection intensity was observed in the treatment FTv which was 0% compared to control which was 62.22% .The treatment RTv gave a high shoot weight which was 156.11 gm compared to control which was 46.39 gm, while the high plant height was obsrved in the treatments RTv and FTv which were 73.9 and 71.98 gm respectively compared to control which was 40.33 gm. It was also founed that the high plant production was noticed in the treatment RTv and FTv which were 64.53 and 63.10 gm respectively compared to contorl which was 1.44 gm.From the other hand ,the total chlorophyl was noticed in the treatment RTv ,R,FTv,wTv and F which were 1728,224 ,1629.96,1454.442,1377.884 and 1281.168 mgm/100gm fresh weight respectively compared to 359.9 mgm/100gm fresh weight. The results of phenotic compouneds detection in the plant leaves by using GCMS technique revealed a presence of some compouneds such as Pentanol, 1,2,4 Triazole and Cyclohexanol with the treatments RTv,FTv and wTv ,these compouneds were not been recorded in the other treatments.

تاثير نظم الحراثة في نمو وحاصل الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L المزروعة بطريقتي المروز والسطور . == Effect of Tillage system on the growth and production of corn (Zea mays L. ) that cultivation by ridge and seed drilling

Author name: نور صالح عبد الجليل حسون الحميداوي
Supervisor name: شاكر حنتوش عداي | وليد عبد الرضا جبيل
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: field experiments was conducted in Almdiana district in autumn season 2014 - 2015 in ALmalha Irrigation project , to study effect the tillage system in the growth and yield of ( Zea mays L. ) that cultivated by ridge and seed drilling .The tillage system represent the main plots while the planting methods represent the sub - plots .The tillage system includes four plows namely, subsoiler , combined subsoiler , moldboard plow , harrowing chisel and zero tillage. The methods of planting include idge and seed drilling , The results were analyzed using complete randomize design within split - plots.The results showed that the tillage and planting methods them significantly effected on soil physical properties ( soil bulk density , penetration resistance , Ec and pH ) but the interaction was not significant .The highest soil bulk density was recorded for zero tillage and for the three periods of sample collection . the values of the soil bulk densities are 1.399 Mg.m - 3 while the lowest values were record for the combined subsoiler plow , the values are 1.254 Mg.m - 3 . For the other tillage being medium the values for the subsoiler plow are 1.346 Mg.m - 3 , they are harrowing chisel 1.336 Mg.m - 3, and moldboard plow are 1.316 Mg.m - 3 .For soil penetration resistance, the results showed that the combined subsoiler surpassed the other tillage in reducing soil penetration resistance , the values are 360.370 KN/m2 for the three periods respectively . while zero tillage treatment gave the highest values which they are 502.407 KN/m2 for the three periods respectively .The combined subsoiler plow also surpassed the other plow types in reducing Ec and pH . the lowest values were recorded for combined subsoiler , while the heights values were recorded for zero tillage.The results also showed that the tillage and planting methods significantly Effected the plant growth and production parameters , while the interaction was not significant in its effect on the studied parameters. The combined subsoiler surpassed the other plowing methods in all plant parameters studied which they are plant height , leaf area , ear length , number of ears per plant , seed production , biological production , number of seeds per row

تاثير الرش بحامض الجبرليك وكلوريد الكالسيوم في الحاصل والصفات النوعية والقابلية الخزنية لثمار السدر صنف تفاحي Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. cv. Tufahi == Effect of Sprying Gibberellic Acid and Calcium Chloride on Yield, Qualitative Characteristics and Storage Ability of Jujube Fruits Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. cv. Tufahi

Author name: نضال ريسان حريز سحالة
Supervisor name: ضياء احمد طعين | ماجد عبد الحميد ابراهيم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted on 12 - years old jujube trees "Ziziphus mauritiana Lam." , cv. Tufahi which were grown in a private orchard situated at AL - Sedea District , Basrah Governorate during the growing season 2013 - 2014. The aim of the study will to investigate effects of spraying gibberellic acid at the concentrations of 25 mg/l , 50 mg/l and calcium chloride at the concentrations of 1% , 2% and their combinations on yield and some vegetative , physical , chemical , physiological characteristics and the storage ability of fruits.Results could be summarized as follow : - A - Field experiment1. The results of study showed significant effect of spraying gibberellic acid on all the studied parameters with the treatment of 50 mg/l gibberellic acid recording the highest significant increase in leaf area , leaf water content ,leaf fresh and dry weights, total carbohydrates and the length , diameter , fresh weight , volume of fruits in addition to the water content, sucrose of fruits and the amount of yield.2. Treatment of 2% calcium chloride gave the highest significant increase in vitamin C concentration, total carbohydrates of leaf and calcium and chloride concentrations in fruit.3. Control treatment recorded the highest significant increase in dry mater , total soluble solids , total and reducing sugars, respiration rate and invertase and cellulase activities and carotene concentration in fruit skin .4. The period after full bloom factor had a significant effect on the studied vegetative parameters with the period of 10/2/2014 recording the highest significant increase in fresh weight of leaf, leaf area, carbohydrates content.The period of 10/12/2013 had a significant increase in water content per leaf.5. The combination treatment of 50 mg/l gibberellic acid and the period of 10/2/2014 recording the highest significant increase in leaf area and leaf water content. The combination treatment of 2% calcium chloride and the period of 10/2/2014 was superior in carbohydrates content while the combination treatment of untreated fruits and the period of 3/2/2014 gave the highest activity of cellulase.B - storage experiment1. Controle treatment recorded the the highest significant increase in total soluble solids , total and reducing sugars , loss in weghit of fruits , the percentage of ripening progress and it was the highest deteriorated treatment.2. Treatment of 2% calcium chloride gave the lowest significant increase in Physiological disorders, fungal decay and loss inweight of fruits.while fruit treated with 50 mg/l gibberellic acid retained the highest percentage of water content.3. The combination treatment of untreated fruits and storage period gave the highest significant increase in the percentage of physiological disorders and fungal decay, loss in weghit of fruits , the percentage of ripening progress and the lowest percentage of water

دراسة محتوى الاحماض الدهنية في زيوت بعض الاسماك في بيئتين مختلفتين في مدينة البصرة، العراق == Study of Fatty acid content in oils for some fishes from different environments in Basrah, Iraq

Author name: ندى رافد عثمان
Supervisor name: امجد كاظم رسن | ضياء فالح الفكيكي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study was conducted during the period from October 2013 until September 2014 to estimate the fatty acids for three types of marine fish Acanthopagrus arabicus, Chelon subviridis and Cynoglossus arel also three types of river fish, Leuciscu svorax, Coptodon zillii and Carassius auratus.The results analyzed statistically using statistical program SPSS and using the complete randomized design CRD with three replicates and studied factors tested using the rate least significant difference test R.L.S.D at the level of probability (0.05) where indicated the results of statistical analysis that the presence of difference (P <0.05) in fat content between the species studied except A. arabicus with C. subviridis and A. arabicus with L. svorax and C. subviridis with L. svorax and C. arel with C. zillii as there are no significant differences (P <0.05), the highest percentage of fat in A. arabicus for spring (4.23%) while the lowest rate in C. arel for summer (1.75%), while the humidity was between statistical analysis to the absence of significant differences (P> 0.05) between the fish species except L. svorax with the rest of the species, where they found significant differences (P <0.05) between them, with the highest percentage of moisture in C. arel in summer as it stood at 79.14% and the lowest percentage of moisture in A. arabicus in spring (70.8%), as the results indicated an inverse relationship between humidity and fat by the differences of the seasons and for the most of the species studied. Characterized C. arel for autumn by higher contents of ash (8.1%) and achieved significant differences(P<0.05) between the species except C. subviridis with C. zillii and C. auratus with L. svorax as there were no significant differences (P> 0.05), while the lowest percentage was in L. svorax for winter (1.24%), while, the results of protein content showed no significant difference (P>0.05) except L. svorax with A. arabicus, C. subviridis and C.Barel, C. auratus and C. zillii, as well as C. arel and C. zillii, because there were no significant differences among them, A. arabicus achieved the highest value in spring (20.12%) and the lowest rate it was for C. arel in summer (14.18%).The oil extracted by organic solvent, and the fatty acids estimated using the gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (calculated on the total amount of the fatty acids), the content and the percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) during winter, spring, summer and autumn 25 - 45%, 23 - 40%, 15 - 45%, 40 - 30% respectively, and the proportion of unilateral unsaturated fatty acids double bond MUSA 40 - 15%, 40 - 22%, 18 - 45% and 46 - 27%, respectively, and the proportion of fatty acids multi - unsaturated double bond 35 - 10%, 45 - 13%,17 - 44% and 42 - 20%, respectively .the palmitic acid C16 : 0 occupied the highest proportion among the fatty acids during the seasons of the year except autumn, where was the palmitoleic acid the highest one among the acids.The uncommon fatty acids studied also during the four seasons and8 - Octadecenoic acid has won the highest one among all the fatty acids in the seasons except winter, which saw Heptadecanoic acid has the highest rate.The types of omega - 3 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6 n - 3) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20 : 5 n - 3) examined also for the studied fish types during the four seasons where the proportion of EPA high in winter (68.73%), followed by summer as it was 50.59%, while the second type of omega - 3 DHA was the rate of increase convergent during the four seasons, which saw summer the highest rate (49.27%) and the lowest rate was in autumn (40.15%).

تاثير الرش بالسليكون في تحسين التحمل الملحي لصنفين من الطماطة Lycopersicon esculentum Mill المحدودة النمو == Effect of spray silicon on salinity tolerance improvment of two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars growth limited

Author name: ناصر جبير راضي حسين الحسناوي
Supervisor name: مؤيد فاضل عباس | عواطف نعمة جري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This experiment was conducted during two growing season (2015 and 2016) in private farm in Kufa - Najaf, with the objective of improving salinity tolerance of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with application of silicon. The study included 40 treatments, while were four levels of irrigation water salinity (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 dS.m - 1) , two tomato cultivars (Aulla and Majid) and five concentration of silicon (0 , 50 , 100 , 150 , and 200 mg l - 1). A split - split plot design was used in a factorial experiment with three factors and three replicates. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance and treatment means were compared using the least significant differences (LSD) at 0.05.The effect of the above treatment were studied on vegetative growth parameters, chemical constituents of leaves, flowering parameters ,yield and yield components, as well as fruit chemical parameters. The results may be summarized as follows : 1 - vegetative growth parameters : Irrigation water salinity at 5, 7.5 and 10.0 dSm - 1 caused a significant decrease in plant length ,number of side branches, leaf number, leaf area as well as fresh and dry weights of the shoot system, for both growing seasons. Treatment with silicon caused a significant increase in all vegetative growth parameters, for both growing seasons. As for the effect of cultivars, the cultivar Majid was superior in all vegetative growth parameters, as compared with cv. Aulla, for both growing seasons. As for interactions among treatments, they were significant in their effects on vegetative growth parameters and for both seasons.2 - chemical constituents of leaves : Irrigation water salinity treatments at 7.5 and 10.0 dS m - 1 caused a significant increase in the concentration of sodium and chloride ions, proline, as well as the plant hormone ABA and potassium ion leakage. However, such treatments caused a significant decrease in K+, Ca++and Si ions total solute carbohydrates and total chlorophylls, and the concentration of both auxins and gibberellins and K+ : Na+ ratio.As for treatment with silicon, at 200 mg l - 1 caused a significant increase in total soluble carbohydrates, total chlorophylls, auxins , gibberellins as well as K+,Na+ and Si ions and for both growing seasons. However, the sane treatment led to a significant decreased in the concentration of Na+ and Cl - ions as well asbfree proline concentration, and ABA levels. Treatment with silicon al so caused a significant increase in K+ : Na+ ratio, but decreased potassium ion leakage. As for the effect of cultivar plants of the cv. Majid had a significantly higher levels of most chemical constituents as compared with plants of the cv. Aulla, with the exception of the concentration of Na+, Cl - , ABA and gibberellins wheres plants of the cv. Majid had the higher levels. As for interactions among treatments, they were significant as there was an increase in the concentration of K+, Si , total soluble carbohydrates, total chlorophylls, auxins , gibberellins and K+ : Na+ ratio for both growing seasons.3 - flowering parameters, yield and yield components : Irrigation water salinity at 7.5 and 10.0 dS.m - 1 a significantly reduced the number of inflorescence, total number of flowers per inflorescence as well as percentage fruit set. This treatments also caused a significant reduction in yield components, represented by number of fruit, mean fruit weight, yield per plant and total yield for both growing seasons. Silcon treatment at 50 ,100,150,200 mg L - 1 significantly increased total marketable yield as much as (18.16, 25.12, 37.18 , 35.82) for first season and (19.26, 30.05, 35.83, 29.09) as compared with untreated treatment for second season, respectively. For cultivars, the cultivar Majid was significantly superior in total marketable yield as much as (19.65, 20.66 and %), as compared with cv. Aulla for both growing seasons respectively. The interactions among treatments, were significant in increasing flowering growth parameters, as well as yield and its components.4 - fruit chemical parameters : Irrigation water salinity at 7.5 and 10.0 dS.m - 1, caused a significant reduction in ascorbic acid concentration and concentration of β - Carotene and Lycopene, it caused a significant increase in total soluble solids, titratable acidity and, percentage dry matter, as well as the. As for application of silicon, it caused a significant increase in all chemical parameters. The cultivar Majid had a significantly higher chemical constituents as compared with the cultivar, Aulla. The interactions among treatments, were significant in increasing the chemical constituents of the fruits.

عزل وتشخيص البكتريا المرافقة لبعض الاصابات المرضية في بعض الاسماك في محافظة البصرة، العراق == Isolation and diagnosis of bacteria associated with some disease infections in some fishes in Basrah Governorate, Iraq

Author name: نادية علي حسين الشمري
Supervisor name: نجم رجب خمیس | اسعد محمد رضا الطائي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The aim of this study was to isolate and identifying the pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria from infected fish, healthy fish and water. One hundred andfifty three healthy and infected fish were collected during the period from October2015 till April 2016, which included seven species viz. : (6) Acanthopogrusarabicus Iwatsuki, 2013; (65) Cyprinus carpio L., 1758; (14) Coptodon zillii(Gervais, 1848); (15) Hypophthalmichys molitrix (Val., 1844); (23) Planilizasubviridis (Val., 1836); (15) Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1758) and (15) Poecilialatipinna (Lesueur, 1821).The samples of water and fishes were collected from seven different stations inBasrah governorate as, Hartha station (Floating cages), Al - Mashab river station,Basrah University station (Terrestrial ponds), Al - Seeba station (Terrestrial ponds),Al - Marbad station (Concrete ponds), Mehaijran station (Terrestrial ponds) andShatt Al - Basrah canal.The environmental properties of water have studied such as pH, the lower valuewas 6.9 in Al - Mashab river station, while the maximum was 8.4 in Al - Seebastation, meanwhile the maximum average was 7.8 in the Shatt Al - Basrah canal. For salinity the range was recorded from 1.5 ppt at Al - Mashab river station and 45.6 ppt at Shatt Al - Basrah canal. Otherwise the maximum value was 35.2 ppt in the same station.The values of temperature were fluctuated from 12 ᵒC in Al - Marbad station to 31.2 ᵒC in the Shatt Al - Basrah canal.The results of the present study appeared that, the fish was infected with different diseases, including : Spring Viraemia of Carp Virus, Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Bacterial Gill disease, Fin rot, Vibriosis, Dropsy, red mouth and Pox disease.The bacteria were identified in the present study using Vitek II system, API kits and biochemical tests. The accurate identification of Vitek II was between 85 - 99% for most bacterial genera, while failing to identify the species of Vibrio.Many bacterial species were identified from infected fish, from Spring Viraemia of Carp Virus disease, five species were identified as Staphylococcus lentus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumoniae and Burkholderia pseudomallei. From Vibrosis disease, seven species were identified as Staphylococcus haemolyticus, V. cholerae, V. alginolyticus, V. costicola, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. From Dropsy disease only one species was identified as Raoultella ornithinolytica. From red mouth disease, three species were identified as Enterobacter cloacae complex, Shigella group and V. cholerae. From Fin rot disease, two species were identified as Aeromonas hydrophila and Aer. sobria. From Diplostomatosis, also two species were identified as V. diazotrophicus and Aer. hydrophila, while from Pox disease, only two species were identified as V. furnissii and Globicatella sanguinis. Finally from Ascocotyle only E. coli was identified.On the other hand, the bacteria were isolated from the water of studying stations and identified as : Staph. lentus, Aer. hydrophila, R. ornithinolytica, V. Alginolyticus, V. furnissii, E.coli, V. costicola , V. gazogenes , B. pseudomallei, V. cholerae , Ent. cloacae¤Aer.sobria, K. pneumniae pneumniae, G. sanguins, E. areogenes, P. aeruginosa.Meanwhile, the bacteria also isolated from healthy fishes and identified as : Aer.hydrophila, E. coli, V. alginolylius, B. pseudomallei, V. gazogenes, P. aeruginosa,Ent. cloacae, K. pneumniae pneumniae and Proteus vulgaris.

تاثير هيومات البوتاسيوم والكبريت في صفات التربة والنمو والحاصل وخزن الطماطة المزروعة تحت الانفاق البالستيكية في المنطقة الصحراوية == EFFECT OF POTASSIUM HUMATE AND SULPHUR ON CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL , GROWTH, YIELD AND STORABILITY OF TOMATO (Lycopirscon esculentum MILL.) CUITURED UNDER PLASTIC IN DESERT REGION OUTHERN IRAQ

Author name: ميسون موسى كاظم محمد الساعدي
Supervisor name: عبد الله عبد العزيز عبد الله
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present experiment was carried out during two winter grawing seasons (2013 - 2014 and 2014 - 2015) in one of the dry land farms,khor AL - Zubiar Basrah with the objective of studying.The response of the Hybrid tomato (Lycoperiscon esculentum mill.) CV.Hitouf grown under plast poly ethyien to varins fertilizer treatment of organic fertilizer pow humus and inorganic fertilizer Agriculture sulphur .to study of the effect of the fertilizer treatment was on soil physical characteristics,vegetative growth characteristics,flowering and leaf chemical constituents wells quantitative and and quantitative yield ,and storability of behavior of the fruit at room temperature or cold storage .The experiment included nine treatments in afactorial mannes which were the combination of three levels of potassium humate (0 ,255 ,510 kg K.haˉˡ) and three levels of Agricultural sulfur (0 ,205 ,510 kg S. .haˉˡ) the experiment was performeal as factorial with completely randomized block design (CRBD)with three replicater Mean treatment value ware compared using least significant L.S.D at 0.05 level.The results may be sumuarized as follows : 1 - phsical and chemical soil characteristics .The addition of potassium humate at 255 and 510 kg K.hˉˡ caused significant increase in soil water content as compared with control treatment during the second growing season ,wheres the level of 255 kg k.ˉˡ caused asignificant decrease in soil pH as compared with control treatment as well as the level 510 kg K.haˉˡ humate during the first growing season caused asignificant decrease in soil pH,and Ec soil electrical conductivity for both growing seasons,and asignificant in lreane in soil moisture contant the yield growing season .For sulphur treatment ,it was fourd that the addition of Agricultural sulphur at 205 and410 kg S.haˉˡ caused asignificant decrease in soil pH for both growing seasons and a significant increase in soil moisture contant for both seasons as compared with control treatment.However ,sulphur at 500However,sulphur at 410 kg S.haˉˡ caused asignificant decrease in soil Ec during the secand growing.The time period caused asignificant decrease in soil pH and Ec soil during both seasons wheres soil moisture contant increased significant as the time period increased ,2 - Vegetative growth characteristics The addition of K humate at 255 and 510 kg K.haˉˡ caused a significant increase in plant length and number of side shoots during both growing seasons ,as compared with control treatment . Those two levels of K humate also caused asignificant increase in stem diameter ,total leaf number and both fresh and dry weight of the plant during the secand of growing season.However ,K - humate at 72 kg .haˉˡ caused asginificant increase in leaf area during both growing season ,where the increase in total leaf number and fresh weight of the plant was for the first growing season only.Sulphur at 205 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ caused a significant increase in plant length ,leaf area and plant dry weight during both growing season whereas the levels of Khumate had a significant effect with respect to plant from weight during the first growing season ,and total leaf number during the secand growing season.However ,the addition of Khumate at 410 kg S.haˉˡ induced asignificant increase in leaf number of side shoots during the first growing seaeon as compared with the level 205 kg S.haˉˡ and control treatment .The level 410kg S.haˉˡ caused asignificant increase in plant fresh weightduring the second growing season as compared with the level 205 kg S.haˉˡ .3 - flowering characteristics.The addition of K - humate of 255 and 510 kg K.haˉˡ caused a significant increase in number of inflorescens ,number of flowers per inflorescens during both growing season compared with control treatments .However ,both levels reducal the percentage of flower abortion during the first growing season .At 510 kg K.haˉˡ percentage flower decreased as compared with 36 kg K.haˉˡ and control treatment. Sulphur treatment at 205 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ reduced the percentage of flower aboration significant as compared with control treatment during the first growing season.At 410 kg S.haˉˡ ,sulphur ,that was a significant increase in number of inflorescane as compared with contror during the first growing season .cowever ,sulphur had no significant effect on number of flowers per inflorescence during both growing seasons .The interaction treatments had no significant effects ,with the exception of percentage flower aboration during the first growing season.K humate at 510 kg K.haˉˡ caused asignificant decrese in percentage flower abortion as compared with K humate at 255 kg K .haˉˡ during the secand growing season.The addition of sulphur at 205 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ reduced the percentage of flower abortion significantly as compared with control treatment during the first growing season.However, sulphur at 410 kg S.haˉˡ increased significantly the number of inflorescence as compared with control duringthe first growing season .Sulphur had no significant effect on flower number prr inflorescence for both seasons.4 - Leaf chemical constituents.The addition of K humate at both levels(255 and 510 kg K.haˉˡ ) caused a significant increase in total soluble carbohydrates,K+/ Na+ ratio and a significant decrease in chloride ion during both growing season.There was also a significant in total chlorophylls, proline, and percentage of N,P,K,S,Mg and Ca during the first growing season only.There was a significant increase the percentage of K+ and adecrease in Na+ ion during the second growing season .K humate at 510 kg K.haˉˡ caused asignificant increase in total chlorophylls and proline and percentage of S and Ca during second growing season.Plantfertilized with sulphur at 205 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ had asignificantly higher concentrations of total soluble carbohydrates ,total chlorophylls and percentage of N,P,S,Mg during both growing seasons as compared with control plants such treatments also caused a significant increase in percentage K+ ion,K+/Na+ ratio during the first growing season.However ,proline content,Ca++ ion was significantly increased, wheras chloride ion (CLˉ) was significantly decreased due to sulphur fertilization,during the second growing season .Sulphur at 410 kg S.hˉˡ caused a significant increase in percentage of Ca++ during the first growing season,and K+ ion during both growing season in comparison with 250 kg S.hˉˡand control treatment.5 - Quantitative yield.Plant fertilized with K humate at 255 and 510 kg S.haˉˡ had a significantly higher average fruit weight during both growing seasons ,fruit number and plant yield and total yield during the first growing season and early yield during the second growing season however supplying K humate at 510 kg K.haˉˡ had a significantly higher early yield during the first growing season and in fruit number ,plant yield and total yield during the second growing season.As for fertilization with agricultural sulphur, plant fertilized with 250 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ had a significant higher fruit weight as compared with control treatment during both season fruit number ,plant yield during the first growing season and early yield during the second growing season .Sulphur fertilizer at 410 kg S.haˉˡ had a significantly higher fruit number,plant yield and early and total yield during the second growing season compared with control treatment.There was a significant interaction between studied factors in certain characteristics and both growing seasons.6 - Qualitative yield.Tomato plants fertilized with K humate at 255kg K.haˉˡ had a significantly higher total titratable acidity percentage during both growing seasons ,vitamin C contant during the first growing season ,and percentage dry matter during the second growing season in comparion with control treatment.Plants fertilized with 510 kg S.haˉˡ had a significantly higher total soluble solids content during both growing season and in percentage dry matter during the first growing season and vitamin Ccontent during the second growing season.Plant fertilized with agricultural sulphur at both levels (205 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ )had asignificantly highr total titratable acidity during both season asecompared with control treatment, and percentage matter during the second growing season.Plants fertilized with sulphur at 410 kg S.haˉˡ had a significantly higher percentage dry matter and vitamin C content during second growing season.7 - Storage behavior.A - Storage at room temperature 25±1c .Storage at room temperature percentage fruit decay and loss in weight decreased significantly for fruit fertilized with K humate at levels of 36 and 510 kg K.haˉˡ ,and there was an increase in total soluble solids.Also,fruit decay percentage significantly decreased and total soluble solids increased in fruits of plants fertilized with sulphur at 205 and 410 kg S.haˉˡ during both growing seasons,and adecrease in weight loss during second growing season ,however,sulphur at 410kgS.haˉˡ caused a significant decrease in percentage season.Percentage fruit decay ,weight loss and total soluble solids increased ,with increasing storage period during both growing season .However vitamin C content decreased with increasing storage period .B - The cold storage 5±1 c.Both percentage fruit decay and percentage loss in weight decreased whereas total soluble content increased in fruit of plants fertilized with potassium humate at the levels of 255and 510 kg K.haˉˡ significantly as compared with fruit of control plants and for both growing seasons .Also,the percentage loss in weight for fruits of plants fertilized with agricultural sulphur at 205 and 410 kg K.haˉˡ ,decreased significantly for both growing seasons.Percentage fruit decay decreased significantly during the first growing season as well as an increase in total soluble solids during the first growing season.However sulphur at 410 kg S.haˉˡ caused asignificant decrease in fruit decay percentage during the second growing season and an increase in total soluble solids during the first growing season.Decay percentage,percent of weight loss, and total soluble solids and titratable acidity increased with increasing storage period .There was also adecrease in vitamin C contant with increasing the storage period for both growing seasons.The method of storage had a significant effect on studied characteristics,as cold storage caused a significant decrease in percentage fruit decay during both seasons and weight loss during the first growing season ,as compared with storage at room temperature.However,storage at room temperature caused asignificant increase in ascorbic acid content ,and total titratable acidity of the fruit as compared with cold storage and for both growing season .The total soluble content of the fruits increased for there stored at room temperature as compared to cold storage during the first growing season only.

انتاج اغشية قابلة للاكل من بروتينات فول الصويا المركز ولبيدات الذرة البيضاء والكلوكوز واستعمالها في الانظمة الغذائية == Production of Edible Film from Soybean Protein Concentrates with Sorghum Lipids and Glucose and using in Food System

Author name: ميادة عدنان فالح الشبلي
Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Research efforts were directed to the production of - environment - friendly and edible - biological materials to be used in food packaging from protein soybeans. The research also included the impact of oil and wax sorghum extracted as by - product of sorghum grain and sugar glucose on the films properties. This study included three points of discussion.First, Concentrated soy protein was extracted from soybean grains in the form of a yellow fine powder. Its chemical composition was studied and found to contain : protein and fat and ash and moisture and carbohydrates respectively (71.5 , 0.78 , 4.9 , 8.4 , 14.4)% . Also, oil and wax sorghum has been extracted from sorghum grain.Second, concentrated soy protein and glycerol were used as major raw materials in addition to other materials like sorghum wax and oil and glucose were used in the preparation of the edible films in the form of thin layers. The physical, mechanical and thermal properties of this edible film were studied and the results were as follows : 1. The simple soy protein films - without plasticizer - were fragile and difficult to handle. On the other hand, the soy protein films with 4%, 5% and 6% concentrations with 40% from protein weigh glycerol as plasticizer were easy to remove from the plates. Particularly, 5% and 6% concentrations were easier to remove from plates than 4% concentration which was difficult to handle. In general, films were shiny, flexible, transparent, smooth yellowish, has no taste or odor and the presence of free bubbles was noted. It was also noticed that with increased protein concentration from 4% to 6%, the film thickness increased from 0.08 to 0.098 mm, the tensile strength increased from 2.15 to 3.3 MPa, the elongation percentage decreased from 140.0 to 81.7%, the water solubility ranged from 45.9 to 35.0% and water vapor permeability values rose from 8.8 to 9.6 g. mm / m².hr.KPa with a higher concentration of soy protein from 4 to 6%.The first stage from Thermal disintegration begins at a temperature of 116 ºC due to the loss of moisture. The second stage of disintegration starts at temperatures of 190 ºC and attributed to the disintegration of glycerol when the maximum temperature is 289 ºC. While the third stage of disintegration starts overlapping with thedisintegration of the glycerol at a maximum temperature of 385 ºC and attributed to the disintegration of soy protein.2. The complex 5% soy protein films with 2% glycerol plasticizer and sorghum oil or wax concentrations of 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% (weigh/ volume) was found to be characterized by flexibility, smoothness, and easily removed from plates. In addition, it was less transparent and acquired the color of lipid and increased thickness with high wax or sorghum oil concentration. It was also noticed that water solubility has ranged from 38.2 to 32.4% and tensile strength has decreased from 2.5 to 1.1 MPa and elongation percentage has increased from 125% to 138% and water vapor permeability has decreased from 8.9 to 8.6 g.mm / m².hr.KPa with increasing concentration of sorghum oil. On the other hand, it was observed that water vapor permeability has decreased from 8.1 to 6.9 g.mm / m².hr.KPa and water solubility has decreased from 37.2 to 35.2% but the tensile strength has increased from 2.42 to 2.52 MPa and elongation percentage has decreased from 115 to 95% with a increasing concentration of sorghum wax. There are no differences in the thermal decomposition of the films protein complex with oil and wax sorghum compared to simple films protein from soybeans.3. The complex 5% soy protein films with 2% glycerol plasticizer and different concentrations of glucose; 1% and 1.5% and 2%(weigh/ volume) was characterized with sheen, smooth and polished surface with acceptable flavor and brown color. It was also easy to remove from plates but less flexible that simple soy proteins. It was also observed that the thickness of the films was increased from 0.088 to 0.091 mm and water solubility was decreased from 41.2 to 40% and the water vapor permeability was decreased from 8.98 to 8.77 g. mm / m².hr.KPa while the elongation percentage has reached 90%, 92% and 115% and the tensile strength has decreased from 2.7 and 2.3 MPa with increasing glucose concentration. It was also noted that the thermal decomposition this complex is more stable compared with simple films from soy proteins.Third, concentrated The application of the obtained biofilm in Food system : 1. Practical applications were conducted by using solvents of simple and complex soy protein films compound with sorghum oil in covering pear fruit for protection. As a result, the fruit was characterized by glossy, transparent colorless polished smooth and softer texture. The fruits covered withcomplex membranes have the same characteristics but less glossy. This method has extended the shelf life for the fruit by 15 days because of the limited moisture loss change in acidity level (pH) compared to not covered fruits at a temperature (4 - 6ºC) The fruits covered and stored at room temperature are more acceptable compared to non - covered fruits.2. Another application is to use soy protein films - simple and complex - with glucose in the coating of the fish pieces and when stored for a week at refrigerator temperature, the results were higher values of peroxide number for un - coated fish reached 6.2 milli - equivalent / kg compared with the coated pieces with simple membranes reaching 4.8 milli - equivalent / kg and for coated with composite film with glucose peroxide number value reached4.3milli - equivalent/kg. .
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