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الاحالة واثرها في تماسك النص احاديث الدعاء فــي الصحيحين انموذجا == And their impact on the coherence of the text The hadeeths of du'aa 'in the Sahihin are examples

اسم المؤلف: رند قيس هادي
اسم المشرف: هناء محمود اسماعيل
الموضوع العام: اللغة العربية وادابها
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, the house of the book with a clear Arabic tongue, and prayers and peace be upon the honorable messengers, Muhammad and his clean family, and his companions and the people who followed their guidance and followed them to the Day of Judgment.The language of the Holy Quran is preserved forever and ever. When our former scientists realized this close connection between the language and the true religion, they turned their attention to its collection, and its origins and elements were destroyed. They studied and categorized it based on the sources of this main language, namely : - The Holy Quran. - The Hadith. - And the words of the Arabs Alshasha (poetry and prose).However, the second source (the Hadith) did not enjoy what the other two sources (the Holy Quran and the Arabs) have received from research and study. Therefore, some researchers in modern times have directed their efforts towards the language of Hadith, The purpose of this thesis was to link the second source of the Arabic language (Hadith) with one aspect of modern text science, and to study a textual phenomenon in the hadeeth of the Prophetic Prophets.The study of text is a series of evolutionary and methodological developments in the study of language, a new form of dealing with the linguistic phenomenon, a modern vision of the human tongue, and a new approach that stands at the most important criteria of text formulation. It studies the language as a whole unit rather than successive sentences. To find rules and mechanisms in which the text of speech is proven, and its parts are connected to one another, using the contextual structure that guides these texts in some cases.As well as the reasons for the cohesion of this text or that, and coherence, and the tools and means that contributed to the achievement of this coherence.So I wanted to apply a phenomenon of the phenomena of this modern science, namely, "the phenomenon of referral" in the Prophet's Prophetic Traditions, the title of the message : (Referral and its impact on the cohesion of the text (Ahaadeeth du'aa

تحليل اسلوبي قائم على لسانيات المدونات اللغوية للخسارة المعجمية في ثلاث ترجمات انكليزية للقران باستخدام نوع الكلمة علامة الكلمة ومؤشر جايرود == A Corpus - Based Stylistic Analysis of Lexical Loss in Three English Quranic Translations Using Type/Token Ratio and Guiraud’s Index

اسم المؤلف: عبد الحق عبد الكريم عبد الله السهلاني
اسم المشرف: خالد شاكر حسين
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: With the aid of corpus linguistics and stylistics in respect to their meeting area corpus stylistics, the researcher measures the lexicons of the three English Quranic translations (those of Yusuf, Pickthall and Muhammad) which have shown different degrees of lexical loss in comparison with the original Arabic Quranic text. These degrees go hand in hand with the size of the linguistic repertoire each translator utilizes in his translation to such an extent that it sounds rather promising to regard lexical loss measure as a trustworthy stylistic marker. That is, each translator has his own distinctive rate of lexical loss that might be an idiosyncratic marker of his translational style.Though loss might not be limited only to one linguistic level (i.e., lexical level) at the expense of other levels, these translations have been characterized by various degrees in terms of the limits of the size of vocabulary each translation holds. However, three hypotheses have been included in this study. First, corpus stylistics is considered to be a reliable source in verifying the validity of controversial issues about lexical loss measurements. Second, the measures of Type/Token Ratio and Guiraud's index can quantify the size of lexical loss efficiently when any translator tries to translate Arabic into English. Thirdly, the lower the degree of lexical loss between the source text and the target text, the more accurate and reliable the translator.After an extensive verification of data reliability, both Arabic and English corpora are segmented into (123) samples. The whole Arabic corpus is distributed into (27) samples. As for the English corpus, it is totally tokenized into (96) samples : Yusufs translation is distributed into (34) samples, Pickthalls translation (31) and Muhammads translation (31). Each sample approximately holds around (5,000) tokens.XIIIAccordingly, the use of Farasa Tools, specifically segmentation module, helps in the morphological analysis of the Arabic corpus. It is so valuable to neutralize the morphological differences between Arabic (a synthetic language) and English (an analytical language). Hence, equalizing the two corpora can be done only by using Farasa tools, a matter that TTR (Type/Token Ratio) and GI (Guirauds Index) analyses can produce more reliable results than what can be produced without working on such tools. Besides, TTR analysis and GI analysis are verified quantitatively and qualitatively. The former is done by using the user - friendly software WordSmith Tools (4.0), specifically Wordlist tool. As for the latter, it is done by using Excel, specifically SQRT equation. To this end, the results taken from such programs are plotted graphically using Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets.The difference, as far as the lexical loss of the entire target texts is concerned, gives an actual indication of where lexical losses do occur among the three translations in comparison with their original Quranic text. Finally, an assessment of the most accurate and reliable English translation of the Glorious Quran can be attained depending on the difference between the size of the Arabic Quranic lexicon and those of the target texts. It is therefore found that : Yusuf's translation ranked in the first place due to the least degree of lexical loss it showed - this makes it relatively the most accurate and reliable translation to the Glorious Qur'an; Pickthall's centered in the second place in terms of lexical loss followed by Muhammad's, in the third place, which revealed the highest degree of lexical loss.

السمات اللغوية لكلام الشبكة العنكبوتية : الاختصارات, الرموز الاختصارية وعلامات التنقيط == Linguistic Features of Netspeak : Abbreviations, Acronyms and Punctuation Marks

اسم المؤلف: مهند جاسم داخل الغزي
اسم المشرف: كمال كاطع ناصر
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الدراسة الحالية هي دراسة لغوية وصفية لكلام الشبكة العنكبوتية. تركز هذه الدراسة على ثلاثة ملامح لغوية (الاختصارات, الرموز الاختصارية وعلامات التنقيط). الاختصارات والرموز الاختصارية عوملت شكليا كعمليات لتكوين الكلمات ودلاليا كمفردات باعطاء معانيها, بينما علامات التنقيط عوملت نحويا لانها تدخل ضمن ترتيب الجملة.تتكون هذه الدراسة من اربعة فصول وملاحق. الفصل الاول مقدمة تتضمن المشكلة, الاهداف, الفرضيات, الاجراءات, المحددات واهمية الدراسة. الفصل الثاني "مراجعة ادبية" ويتكون من اربعة مباحث. الفصل الثالث هو الفصل العملي ويتضمن جمع النماذج, صف النماذج, والتحليل. التحليل في هذا الفصل تم بتصنيف وتحليل ثلاث ملامح لغوية : الاختصارات, الرموز الاختصارية وعلامات التنقيط مع معانيها والامثلة. الفصل الرابع الاستنتاجات ويتضمن الاستنتاجات, والاقتراحات للدراسات المستقبلية. ولتجنب ترهل الاطروحه, طول الملاحق (200) صفحة, تم وضعه على قرص سي دي مع الاطروحه. ويمكن تلخيص الاستنتاجات الرئيسية بالنقاط التالية بينما بقية الاستنتاجات قد ذكرت في الفصل الرابع : 1 - تطور التكلنوجيا اثر على استخدام اللغة في كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية وقد انبثقت الكثير من الصفات اللغوية.2 - لدى المستخدمين لكلام الشبكة العنكبوتية "الدردشات الجماعية" ميل وابداع في استخدام الاختصارات والرموز الاختصارية القياسية وغير القياسية في تواصلهم لتسريع كتابة رسائلهم, وتوفير الوقت والجهد والطاقة, وكتعابير اقتصادية في تبادلهم للرسائل.3 - تعتبراختصارات كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية (الكنايات والتقليص) والرموز الاختصارية ابتكارات جديدة وغير مالوفة خارج كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية. تعتبر هذه الاختصارات والرموز الاختصارية الغير مالوفة سمة فريدة فقط في كلام الشبكة العنكبوتية ولا تستخدم في الكتابات والاماكن الرسمية الاخرى.4 - تعتبر علامات التنقيط قليلة واحيانا غائبة في معظم المحادثات المتزامنة لان المستخدمين للشبكة العنكبوتية يحاولون ان يكتبوا ما يقولون.5 - بعض المستخدمين يستخدمون مجموعة من علامات التنقيط او الوجوه المعبرة في نهاية محادثاتهم للتوكيد او كوجهة نظر لتعويض النقص في الاشارات اللغوية الموجودة في المحادثات وجهاﹰ لوجه. | The present study is a descriptive quantitative linguistic study of an informal online English in netspeak. It focuses on three linguistic features which are (abbreviations, acronyms and punctuation marks). Abbreviations and acronyms are dealt with morphologically as word - formation processes and semantically as vocabularies by giving their meanings, whereas punctuation marks are dealt with syntactically as appropriate to sentence order. This thesis consists of four chapters : the first chapter is an introduction that includes the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits and importance of the study. Chapter two is a literature review and consists of four sections. Chapter three is a practical one. The analysis in this chapter is carried out through categorizing and analyzing three linguistic features : abbreviations, acronyms together with their meanings and examples, and punctuation marks with examples. Chapter four includes conclusions and suggestions for further studies. To avoid the flabbiness of the thesis and the length of the appendices (200 pages), the thesis is accompanied with a CD holding the appendices. The main conclusions are summarized in the following points while other conclusions are mentioned in chapter four : 1 - The technological developement affects the language use in netspeak and many linguistic properties such as abbreviations, acronyms and punctuation marks have emerged. 2 - Participants in netspeak "chatgroups" have tendency and creativity to use standard and non - standard abbreviations and acronyms in their exchange to hurry their messages typing, save time, energy and effort, as economy expressions to flow the exchange of conversations. 3 - Netspeak abbreviations (rebuses and contractions) and acronyms are considered as new conventions because they are unfamiliar outside netspeak. They are considered as unique to netspeak only and are not used in offline writing or other formal situations.4 - Punctuation marks tend to be minimized and sometimes absent in most 'synchronous' conversations because participants try to write what they speak.5 - Some participants use a combination of punctuation marks or emoticons at the end of their conversations for emphasis and attitude or to compensate the lack of paralinguistic cues found in face - to - face conversations.

الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Ellipsis and Reiteration in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

اسم المؤلف: منتظر حسين حميد الفرطوسي
اسم المشرف: محمد جاسم السعيدي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد هذه الدراسة دراسة وصفيه مقارنه نحاول من خلالها ان نعطي شرحا كاملا ومفصلا للحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية لكي نتوصل الى التشابهات والاختلافات بينهم. وتهدف هذه الرساله الى مايلي : 1. وصف الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية.2. مقارنه ومقابله الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية من خلال تعاريفهم وتوضيح انواعهم ووظائفهم.3. بيان التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية في ما يخص الحذف والتكرار.وافترضت الدراسة ما يلي : 1.ان الحذف والتكرار هما ظاهرتان لغويتان موجودتان في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية.2. يتواجد الحذف والتكرار في القواعد والنص في اللغة الانكليزية بينما يتواجدان في النص فقط في اللغة العربية .3. تكون انواع الحذف في اللغة الانكليزية مختلفة عن انواع الحذف في اللغة العربية.4. هناك تشابهات واختلافات في ما يخص الحذف والتكرار بين اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية لكن الاختلافات تكون اكثر من التشابهات. تتالف هذه الدراسة من خمسه فصول وملحق حيث ان الفصل الاول هو مقدمه لهذه الدراسة ويتضمن المشكلة والاهداف والفرضيات بالاضافة الى حدود الدراسة واهميتها. ويعطي الفصل الثاني شرحا كاملا ومفصلا للحذف في اللغتين. اما الفصل الثالث يتكلم عن التكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية . الفصل الرابع يقدم مقارنة بين الحذف والتكرار في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية بينما يقدم الفصل الخامس الاستنتاجات من ناحية التشابهات والاختلافات والتوصيات والمقترحات للبحوث المستقبلية.وتوصلت هذه الدراسة الى استنتاجات عامة اهمها : ۱ - ان النحاة الانكليز يتعاملوا مع الحذف والتكرار كظواهر نحوية ووسائل لربط النص بينما يتعامل معهما العرب بصورة سطحية.۲ - توجد في اللغة الانكليزية ثلاثة انواع للحذف بينما يوجد خمسة انواع للحذف في اللغة العربية.۳ - التكرار في اللغة العربية يستخدم بصورة اوسع من استخدامه في اللغة الانكليزية. | The present study is a descriptive contrastive one because it tries to give a full explanation of ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic to arrive at the similarities and differences between them. The study aims at : 1. Describing ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic respectively.2. Comparing and contrasting ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic by defining them, showing their nature, mentioning and illustrating their types and functions. 3. Showing to what extent the two languages are similar or different from each other in terms of ellipsis and reiteration. To achieve the aims of the study, it is hypothesized that : 1. Ellipsis and reiteration as phenomena are found in both languages.2. In English they exist in grammar and text while in Arabic, they exist only in text. 3. The types of ellipsis in English are different from those of Arabic.4. There are similarities and differences between the two languages in terms of ellipsis and reioteration, but the area of differences is wider than that of similarities. The present study describes ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic depending on a syntactic model that is taken from all the references cited in the present study. The present study consists of five chapters and one appendix. Chapter One is an introduction that involves the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedure, limits and significance of the study. Chapter Two is about ellipsis in English and Arabic and includes definition, nature of ellipsis, cohesive ellipsis, types incohesive ellipsis and its types. Similarly, Chapter Three discuses reiteration in English and Arabic. Chapter Four discuses ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic. Chapter Five is a comparison between ellipsis and reiteration in English and Arabic and it arrives at some conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for further studies.The general conclusions reached in this study are : 1. English grammarians deal with ellipsis and reiteration as grammatical topics and as cohesive devices while Arabic grammarians deal with them superficially.2. English has three types of ellipsis : nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis while Arabic has five types : nominal, verbal, clausal, ellipsis of the letter, and ellipsis of the case vowel.3. Reiteration in Arabic is more widely used than in English (Kăroly, 2007 : 78).4. The reasons behind using ellipsis in Arabic are more than those in English

التلازم اللفظي في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Collocation in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

اسم المؤلف: حنان عبد الحسن كاظم
اسم المشرف: زينب كاظم عكاب الشيخ
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد هذه الدراسة دراسة وصفية ومقارنة وتحليلية لانها تهدف لوصف التلازم اللفظي من اجل ايجاد التشابه والاختلاف الموجود في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية فهي تصف التلازم اللفظي على انه ظاهرة لغوية تحمل جدلا في علم اللسانيات لعدة اسباب واولها ان التلازم اللفظي يمكن ان يدرس من وجهات نظر متعددة وهنالك اكثر من اسلوب لدراسة الظاهرة وثانيا, يمكن ان يوجد التلازم اللفظي بحقول مختلفة في علم اللغة لذا فالباحث اقتصر الدراسة على خصائص التلازم اللفظي في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية وثالثا ليس من السهل الفصل بين التلازم اللفظي والتعبيرات الثابتة الاخرى. لقد ركزت الدراسة بصورة رئيسية على الخصائص اللغوية للتلازم في اللغتين.تهدف الدراسة الى وصف التلازم اللفظي في الانكليزية والعربية على التوالي ومقارنة التلازم اللفظي بين العربية والانكليزية من خلال توضيح الصفات اللغوية كالصفات النحوية والدلالية والتداولية والنصية وكذلك توضيح التشابه والاختلاف بين اللغة الانكليزية والعربية فيما يخص التلازم او التلازم اللفظي.افترضت الدراسة ان التلازم اللفظي ظاهرة لغوية موجودة في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية ولقد تمت دراسة التلازم اللفظي نحويا ودلاليا وتداوليا ونصيا في اللغتين كما ان كلا اللغتين درستا التلازم اللفظي بشكل مختلف عن الاخر وكذلك فصلت اللغتين التلازم اللفظي عن التعبيرات الثابتة الاخرى. تتضمن الدراسة خمسة فصول وملحق واحد. يمثل الفصل الاول المقدمة التي تحتوي على مشكلة البحث واهدافه والفرضيات وخطوات العمل ومجال الدراسة. اما الفصل الثاني والثالث فانهما يتعاملان مع التلازم اللفظي في اللغة الانكليزية والعربية بالترتيب. الفصل الرابع يتضمن مقارنة التلازم اللفظي بين اللغتين والفصل الخامس يتضمن بعض النتائج والتوصيات وافتراضات لدراسات اخرى. استنتجت الدراسة بان التلازم اللفظي هو ظاهرة لغوية موجودة في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية وتمت دراسته من كافة المستويات اللغوية. قسم النحاة في اللغة الانكليزية التلازم اللفظي نحويا الى التلازم النحوي واللفظي فقط بينما قسمه النحاة العرب نحويا الى تقسيمات متشعبة. | The study is a descriptive, contrastive and analytic one because it describes collocation for the purpose of finding out the similarities and differences between English and Arabic. It describes collocation as a linguistic phenomenon that has a controversial issue in linguistics for more than one reason. Firstly, collocation can be studied from different viewpoints because there is more than one way or approach to it. Secondly, collocation can be found in different fields of linguistics, so the researcher has to limit the study to the basic linguistic aspects of collocation which are syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and textual. Thirdly, it is not easy to make a distinction between collocation and other types of fixed expressions. The study aims at describing collocation in English; describing collocation in Arabic; contrasting and comparing between English and Arabic in terms of collocation through showing the linguistic aspects of collocation which are syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and textual. It also aims at explaining the similarities and differences of collocation between English and Arabic. The study hypothesizes that collocation is a linguistic phenomenon that exists in English and Arabic and the two languages study collocation from all its linguistic aspects which are syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and textual. The two languages are different in the way of describing collocation linguistically and both distinguish between collocation and other types of fixed expressions. This study includes five chapters and an appendix. Chapter one is an introduction that consists of the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limits and significance of the study. The second and third chapters deal with collocation in English and Arabic respectively. Chapter four is a comparison of collocation between English and Arabic and chapter five includes the main conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for further studies. This study concludes that collocation exists in English and Arabic as a linguistic phenomenon and the two languages study the term from all its linguistic aspects. However, the way to describe collocation linguistically is different to some extent from one language into another. It also proves that English grammarians divide collocation only into lexical and grammatical while Arabic grammarians divide collocation syntactically into complex types.

تحليل النوع للمقالات البحثية الانجليزية للاكاديميين العراقيين والامريكيين : دراسة تقابلية == Genre Analysis of English Research Articles by Iraqi and American Academics : A Contrastive Study

اسم المؤلف: عزيز خلف عبد صالح
اسم المشرف: فراس عبد المنعم جواد
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان الدراسة الحالية تتعلق بتحليل النوع للمقالات البحثية حيث يتم تحليل "تكرار او تدوير الانتقالات" ونسبة تكرار الانتقالات والخطوات و"الانتقالات المركبة" المستخدمة في كتابة فصول الخلاصة والمقدمة والاستنتاج. تتركز مشكلة الدراسة الحالية حول حقيقة ان هنالك قصور في معرفة تنظيم النص لفصول الخلاصة والمقدمة والاستنتاج من قبل الكتاب الاكاديميين العرب العراقيين. ان الاكاديميين العراقيين هم بحاجة الى ان يتعرفوا على اسس كتابة تلك الفصول. ان القصور في معرفة تنظيم الكتابة في اللغة الانكليزية لدى الكتاب الاكاديميين العراقيين, خصوصا تنظيم فقرات النص يمكن ان يؤدي الى عدم التواصل الاكاديمي بالصورة المطلوبة. تفترض الدراسة الحالية ما يلي : 1. هنالك فرق بين الكتاب الامريكيين والعرب العراقيين في ما يسمى "بتكرار او تدوير الانتقالات" في كتابة فصول الخلاصة والمقدمة والاستنتاج.2. هنالك فرق بين العينتين فيما يخص نسبة تكرار الانتقالات والخطوات في تلك الفصول.3. فيما يخص فصل الخلاصة والمقدمة, هنالك تنوع في استخدام "الانتقالات المركبة" وطرق توثيق المصادر. للتحقق من صحة الفرضيات تم تحليل ستين مقالة, ثلاثون منها مكتوبة من قبل الكتاب الاكاديميين الامريكيين وثلاثون اخرى من قبل الكتاب الاكاديميين العرب العراقيين.ان الطرق المستخدمة في تحليل العينتين هو(1990 Swales (و (2003 )Yang and Allison .فيما يخص فصلي الخلاصة والمقدمة, لقد اثبتت النتائج مايلي : 1. هنالك تنوع باستخدام "تكرار او تدوير الانتقالات" من قبل الكتاب العرب العراقيين في كتابة فصول الخلاصة والمقدمة والاستنتاج.2. كما اثبتت الدراسة ان هنالك قصور من قبل الاكاديميين العراقيين فيما يخص استخدام الانتقالة 2 ( تحديد مشكلة البحث) في فصل الخلاصة والمقدمة والانتقالة الخامسة (اختصار الدراسة) والسادسة (تقييم الدراسة) في فصل الاستنتاج.3. فيما يخص فصل الخلاصة والمقدمة, هنالك تنوع في استخدام "الانتقالات المركبة" وطرق توثيق المصادر من قبل الاكاديميين العراقيين والتي والتي تم تمييزها بنسب منخفضة. اما بالنسبة لطرق توثيق المصادر, فان الطريقة التي يتم فيها ذكر اسم المؤلف بين قوسين غير مدعومة من قبل الاكاديميين العراقيين في فصل الخلاصة , ويمكن ملاحضتها بنسب منخفضة في فصل المقدمة. يتكون البحث من خمسة فصول, الاول يتعلق بمشكلة واهداف وفرضيات واجراءات وحدود وقيمة البحث. الفصل الثاني هو مسح نظري لدراسة النوع للمقالات البحثية واهم الطرق المتعلقة به. الفصل الثالث يعطي وصف كامل لاهم الطرق المستخدمة في تحليل العينة. الفصل الرابع يعطي النتائج التي تم التوصل اليها في ضوء العينة التي تم تحليلها. واخيرا الفصل الخامس يلخص الاستنتاجات التي تم الوصول اليها في ضوء البحث. | This study is concerned with genre analysis. The research article abstract, introduction and conclusion sections are analyzed in terms of their cyclicity (move structure), move - step analysis and embedded moves. The problem of the present study is that there is a gap in genre knowledge, especially in rhetorical organization (text organization) of research article abstract, introduction and conclusion sections written by the Iraqi Arab non - native speakers of English which may lead to misunderstanding in communication. The Iraqi Arab non - native academic researchers need to be familiar with writing research article abstract, introduction and conclusion sections when they write in English. It is hypothesized that : 1. There is a difference between the American native and Iraqi Arab academic researchers in English regarding the use of cyclicity (move structure) in research article abstract, introduction and conclusion sections.2. A difference can be noted between the two sets of data in the frequencies of the occurrence of moves and steps in the sections under study. 3. As to research article abstract and introductions, a variation can be noted in the use of embedded moves and the form of citation (integral and non - integral). In order to test these hypotheses, the analysis of move - step structure has been applied to the data of sixty research articles; where thirty of them are written by American native academics, and the rest are written by Iraqi Arab non - native academics. Swales' (1990) model is used to analyze the macro - structure of both sections of abstracts and introductions. Yang and Allison's (2003) model is used for the analysis of research article conclusion sections. The results of the analyses yield the following conclusions : 1. There is a variation in the use of cyclicity (move structure) of abstract, introduction and conclusion sections written by the American native and Iraqi Arab non - native speakers of English.2. As to move - step analysis, the Iraqi Arab non - native data show a shortage in the use of Move 2 Establishing a niche in the abstract and introduction sections and Move 5 : Summarizing the Study and Move 6 : Evaluating the Study in conclusion sections.3. The embedded moves in research article abstracts and introductions by the Iraqi Arab non - native speakers of English are recognized with low frequencies. As to the forms of citation, the non - integral citation is never supported in the Iraqi Arab abstracts, and is recognized with a low frequency in introduction sections. This study comprises five chapters, the first of which is devoted to the discussion of the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedures, limit and value of the study. Chapter two is a theoretical survey for the development of genre analysis, approaches to genre analysis, research genres in academic settings. Chapter three presents a full description for the formal models used for the analyses of the collected data. Chapter four outlines the results of the analyses applied for the collected data of the American native and Iraqi Arab research article abstracts, introductions and conclusion sections. Finally, chapter five summarizes the conclusions arrived at in this study.

تفاعل استراتيجيات الخطاب مع قيود التواصل السياسي : دراسة تداولية اجتماعيه == The Interaction of Discourse Strategies with the Constraints of Political Communication : A Sociopragmatic Study

اسم المؤلف: كاظم شاكر فشل
اسم المشرف: قاسم عبيس العزاوي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This work is concerned with a sociopragmatic study of the interaction of discourse strategies with constraints of political communication. This work has set itself to tackle this issue in situations taken from the American presidential interviews and presidential debates. The impetus behind the selection of this topic for study is because it has not been given its due attention in previous studies in the Iraqi academic circle. The current study aims at : 1 - Pinpointing the proposed stakes to group discourse strategies into categories as well as figuring out the discourse strategies in perspective of the field of socio - pragmatic .2 - Finding out the communicative constraints that influence the utilization of the propositional discourse strategies.3 - Identifying the role of the identity of the participants in determining the appropriate use of certain discourse strategies. 4 - Explicating the interaction between interlocutors and the third party in communication situations .5 - Developing a model for analyzing the interactions between discourse strategies and the constraints of political communication. According to the aforementioned aims, the following hypotheses are put forward as far as the interaction between discourse strategies and the constraints of 'political communication' is concerned : 1 - Legitimation ,credibility and captataion are stakes to determine the choice of any discourse strategy . 2 - Situational constraints are the most influential constraints in determining which discourse strategy must be adopted in certain communication situations . 3 - The prerogative of adopting an appropriate discourse strategy is in accordance with the identity of the participant ( his status. his social role and his place in the communicative relation ). 4 - In political communication, when an interlocutor adopts any discourse strategy the audience are taken into the account regardless of their existence physically. To fulfill the aims of this study and test the validity of its hypotheses, certain procedures are followed : 1. Providing a thorough background on discourse strategies theory and communicative constraints.2. Choosing certain situations from the political interviews and political debates under study to be the data of the work.3. Using the developed model to conduct a qualitative socio - pragmatic analysis of illustrative examples of the data under study.4. Employing certain reliable and valid statistical means for calculating the quantitative results of analysis.5. Discussing the findings that result from both of the analyses above. Based on the analysis of the data, the study finds out that strategies are multiple but they can be grouped into three categories based on three stakes. Moreover, as far as the strategy choice is concerned, the analysis above shows that the interlocutor takes into account his status, his social role and his place in the communicative relation. The analysis also denotes that most influence factors in strategy's choice is the situational constraint. Additionally, it is explicated through the above analysis that in political communication the discourse strategies are delivered to the third party. The findings of the analysis indicate that all the hypotheses have been confirmed. On the basis of the findings of the analysis, various conclusions can be introduced. In political communication, the impetus behind the participants adopting any discourse strategy is one of the following : (to legitimize,to show credibility And for sake of captation.). Most of politicians' discourse strategies are determined by one of the following factors : i - he place that the participants occupy and his identity in the interaction. ii - The aim's viewpoint. iii - The material circumstances and the content in which the discourse is performed. On the basis of the findings, this study has come up with a number of recommendations and suggestions for further studies . The study consists of five chapters . Chapter One is intended to present the outline of the study. It, in consequence, will introduce the problem around which the study revolves, the main objectives of the study, its hypotheses, the procedures followed to fulfill its objectives, in addition to the limitations this study will abide by and finally its significance. Chapter Two deals with the theoretical aspects related to the Sociopragmtics in which it presents its prominent definitions, principles, aims and approaches. It also is devoted to making a detailed theoretical overview of 'discourse strategies ' in relation to the studies that have been written with it. Additionally, it presents the concept of constraints of communication and other relative topics, in addition to the concept of political communication. Chapter Three presents the developed model which based on two approaches( kim's1994 and Charadeau’s 2002. Chapter Four represents the practical part of the current study where data are collected, described and analyzed by different methods of analysisChapter Five , it is drawn several conclusions. On the basis of.

الالصاق في اللغتين الانكليزية والعربية : دراسة مقارنة == Affixation in English and Arabic : A Contrastive Study

اسم المؤلف: اسراء علي كريم العايدي
اسم المشرف: زينب كاظم عكاب الشيخ
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:

دراسة جدلية - تداولية للمؤشرات الجدلية في مناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية == A Pragma - Dialectical Study of the Argumentative Indicators in American Electoral Campaign Debates

اسم المؤلف: امال عودة غضاب
اسم المشرف: محمد جاسم بطي السعيدي
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعنى هذه الدراسة بدراسة جدلية - تداولية للمؤشرات الجدلية في مناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية. وبقدر معرفة الباحث فان هذا الموضوع لم يتلق اهتماما كافيا من الباحثين. تهدف الدراسة الى ما يلي : (1) اكتشاف مؤشرات ترامب الجدلية ووظائفها في مناظرات حملته الانتخابية (2) اكتشاف مؤشرات كلينتون الجدلية ووظائفها في مناظرات حملتها الانتخابية (3) معرفة اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين ترامب وكلينتون في استخدام المؤشرات الجدلية ووظائفها. تفترض الدراسة انه لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين ترامب وكلينتون فيما يخص : 1 - استخدام مؤشرات مرحلة المواجهة فيما يتعلق بما يلي : (ا) مؤشرات موقف الاقتراح (ب) مؤشرات تعديل القوة (ج) مؤشرات الشك.2. استخدام مؤشرات مرحلة الجدال من : (ا) تبعية (ب) منسقة (ج) تراكمية (د) حجج متعددة.3. العدد الاجمالي لمؤشرات المراحل : (ا) المواجهة (ب) الافتتاحية (ج) الجدال (د) الختامية.4. استخدام وظائف المؤشرات الجدلية لمرحلة المواجهة فيما يتعلق بما يلي : (ا) تقديم وجهة النظر (ب) التعبير عن الراي (ج) اظهار الشك في راي المجادل الاخر. 5. وظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الافتتاحية على النحو التالي : (ا) تحدي الدفاع عن وجهة النظر (ب) الاتفاق على عبء الاثبات الاحادي الجانب من البرهان (ج) الحرمان من عبء الاثبات الاحادي الجانب من البرهان ( د) الاتفاق مع اقتراح المجادل الاخر.6. استخدام وظائف مؤشرات مرحلة الجدال على النحو التالي : (ا) تقديم سببين متسلسلين لدعم وجهة نظر (تبعية) (ب) الجمع بين حجتين لتكوين راي (منسق) (ج) تزويد المجادل بالمزيد من سببين هما اقل اهمية او اكثر اهمية (تراكمي) (د) استخدام اسباب منفصلة لدعم الراي (متعددة).7. وظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية وهي : (ا) عرض نتيجة المناقشة (ب) الاحتفاظ بالراي حتى نهاية المناقشة.8. اجمالي عدد وظائف مؤشرات المراحل : (ا) المواجهة (ب) الافتتاحية (ج) الجدال (د) الختامية. يشمل اجراء الدراسة ما يلي : (1) مراجعة الادبيات حول الدراسة الجدلية - التداولية بشكل عام واستخدامها في مناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية على وجه الخصوص (2) جمع ووصف البيانات (3) اختيار نموذج التحليل (4) تحديد المؤشرات الجدلية ووظائفها الموجودة في مناظرات ترامب وكلينتون (5) بيان اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين ترامب وكلينتون من حيث استخدام المؤشرات الجدلية ووظائفها باستخدام النسب المئوية ومربع كاي للتحليل البيانات كميا. قسمت هذه الدراسة الى خمسة فصول وملحقين. يعرض الفصل الاول مشكلة البحث واهدافه وفرضياته والاجراء والحدود واهمية الدراسة والطريقة الاحصائية للتحليل ويعرض الفصل الثاني الادبيات حول الدراسة الجدلية - التداولية والخطاب السياسي بشكل عام ومناظرات الحملة الانتخابية الامريكية. وقد خصص الفصل الثالث لنموذج التحليل بينما يقدم الفصل الرابع جمع البيانات ووصفها وتحليلها ومناقشتها. ويقدم الفصل الخامس بعض الاستنتاجات المتعلقة باختبار صحة الفرضيات ويظهر اوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين ترامب وكلينتون ويشمل ايضا توصيات واقتراحات لمزيد من الدراسات. ومن الاستنتاجات التي تم التوصل اليها هي : - 1. يستخدم كل من ترامب وكلينتون مؤشرات مرحلة المواجهة.2. تستخدم كلينتون مؤشرات الجدال التتابعية والتراكمية اكثر مما يفعل ترامب. وكلاهما يستخدمان مؤشرات الجدال التناسقي. ويستخدم ترامب مؤشرات الجدال المتعدد اكثر مما تفعله كلينتون.3. تستخدم كلينتون مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية اكثر من ترامب.4. يستخدم كل من ترامب وكلينتون مؤشرات مرحلة المواجهة.5. تستخدم كلينتون وظيفة مؤشرات المرحلة الافتتاحية وهي "الاتفاق مع اقتراح المرشح الاخر" ووظيفة مؤشرات الحجة التراكمية ووظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية واجمالي عدد وظائف مؤشرات المرحلة الختامية اكثر من ترامب | This study is concerned with a pragma - dialectical study of the argumentative indicators as used in American electoral campaign debates. The topic in question has not received sufficient attention by researchers. Hence, the study aims at the following : (1) investigating Trump's argumentative indicators and their functions in his electoral campaign debates, (2) investigating Clinton's argumentative indicators and their functions in her debates, (3) finding out the similarities and differences between Trump and Clinton in the use of argumentative indicators and their functions. The study hypothesizes that there are no significant differences between Trump and Clinton in : 1. The use of confrontation stage indicators regarding : (a) propositional attitude indicators, (b) force modifying indicators, and (c) dispute indicators. 2. The use of argumentation stage indicators of : (a) subordinative, (b) coordinative, (c) cumulative, and (d) multiple argumentations. 3. The total number of the indicators of : (a) confrontation, (b) opening, (c) argumentation, and (d) concluding stages. 4. The use of the functions of argumentative indicators of confrontation stage concerning : (a) present a standpoint, (b) express an opinion, and (c) show a suspicion of the other arguer's opinion. 5. The functions of opening stage indicators as : (a) a challenge to defend a standpoint, (b) an agreement of a one - sided burden of proof, (c) a denial of a one - sided burden of proof, and (d) an agreement with the other arguer's proposition. 6. The use of the functions of argumentation stage indicators as : (a) presenting two serial reasons to support a standpoint (subordinative), (b) combining two arguments to develop an opinion (coordinative), (c) providing the arguer with more than two reasons which are of less or great importance (cumulative), and (d) using separate reasons to support an opinion (multiple). 7. The functions of concluding stage indicators which are : (a) presenting the result of discussion, and (b) maintaining an opinion till the end of discussion. 8. The total number of functions of the indicators of : (a) confrontation, (b) opening, (c) argumentation, and (d) concluding stages. This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter One presents the problem, aims, hypotheses, procedure, limits, significance of the study, and the statistical method of analysis. Chapter Two views the literature review about pragma - dialectics, political discourse in general, and American electoral campaign debates as the genre of the study. Chapter Three is devoted to the model of analysis. Chapter Four introduces data collection, description, analysis, and discussion. Chapter Five sums up conclusions related to testing the validity of the hypotheses and shows the similarities and differences between Trump and Clinton. It also includes recommendations and suggestions for further studies

تحليل خطاب نقدي مقارن للدستور الاميركي وعهد الامام علي (عليه السلام) لمالك الاشتر == A Contrastive Critical Discourse Analysis of the American Constitution and Imam Ali's (p.b.u.h.) Epistle to Malik Al - Ashter

اسم المؤلف: سماح عبد الستار الكعبي
اسم المشرف: فراس عبد المنعم جواد
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد هذه الدراسة محاولة لاستخدام تحليل الخطاب النقدي لمعالجة نصين هما الدستور الامريكي وعهد الامام علي (عليه السلام) لمالك الاشتر. المهمة الرئيسية للدراسة هي تحليل النصين نقديا وتقابليا. يمكن لهذا التحليل ان يتم من خلال اجابة الاسئلة الاتية : 1) كيف ركب النصان لغويا؟ 2) ما النصوص الي التجا اليها النصان؟ وكيف؟ 3) كيف جسدت الايديولوجيات في النصين اعتمادا على التحليل اللغوي والتناصي؟ الاجراءات المتبعة لهذه الدراسة كالتالي : 1) تقديم وصف نظري عن تحليل الخطاب النقدي ووصف مختصر حول النصين. 2) تطوير نموذج تحليل انتقائي يعتمد على نموذج فانديك (1980) و(2013) وبزرمان (2014) وفيركلوف (1989). 3) تحليل النصين نوعيا وكميا في بعض الاحيان قدر الامكان. التحليل النحوي وجزء من تحليل المعنى ستؤدى باتباع طرق كمية ونوعية في حين ان الطريقة النوعية ستطبق وحدها في تحليل المعنى وتحليل المفردات.النتائج التي توصلت اليها الرسالة كالتالي : 1) لغويا, الدستور الامريكي وعهد الامام علي (عليه السلام) لمالك الاشتر يمتلكان تركيبين لغويين مختلفين واللذين ظهرا من خلال تحليل المعنى العام والدقيق.2) تناصيا,تاثر الدستور الامريكي وعهد الاشتر بنصوص مختلفة والتي ساعدت في كشف مختلف الايديولوجيات المضمنة في النصين.3) ايديولوجيا : الايديولوجيات التي بني عليها النصان تختلف بين الايديولوجية العلمانية والدينيةتباعا, بالاضافة الى ايديولوجيات اخرى كالايديولوجية الليبرالية وحقوق الانسان والديمقراطية والعنصرية والتميز على اساس الجنس ومكافحة العنصرية. وهذه الايديولوجيات المختلفة انعكست من خلال التركيب اللغويللنصين. | The present study is an attempt to apply Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth, CDA) to analyse two texts, namely, The American Constitution(henceforth, AC) and Imam Ali's (p.b.u.h.) Epistle to Malik Al - Ashter (henceforth, IAE). The main task of the present study is to analyse the two texts critically and contrastively. This analysis could be done by answering the following questions : (1)How are AC and IAE constructed linguistically? (2)What are the texts that AC and IAE draw on? And how? (3) How are ideologies expressed in AC and IAE depending on the linguistic and intertextual analyses? The procedures adopted in the present study are : (1) presenting a theoretical account of critical discourse analysis as well as a brief account of the two texts under study. (2) Developing an eclectic model of analysis based on Van Dijk (1980 and 2013), Bazerman (2004), and Fairclough (1989). (3) Analysing the two textsqualitatively and quantitatively when possible. The syntactic analysis and part of semantic analysis are carried out by followingquantitative as well as qualitative methods whereas a quantitative method only is applied for lexical analysis. The present study has concluded the following : (1) Linguistically, AC and IAE have different linguistic structures as shown by the analyses of the macro and micro structures. (2) Intertextually, AC and IAE have been influenced by different texts which help in revealing different ideologies embedded in the two texts. (3) Ideologically, ideologies upon which AC and IAE are built diverge between secular and religious respectively in addition to other ideologies such asliberalism, human rights, democracy, racism sexism, and anti - racism. These different ideologies are reflected linguistically in the construction of the two texts

التحليل النقدي للخطاب لاخبار الازمة السورية في قناتي (سي ان ان) و(ارتي) == A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE SYRIAN CRISIS NEWS IN CNN AND RT CHANNELS

اسم المؤلف: عمر علي والي عطاطفة
اسم المشرف: صالح مهدي عداي المعموري
الموضوع العام: اللغات الاجنبية
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الانكليزية - اللغة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تقدم هذه الاطروحة دراسة في التحليل النقدي للخطاب للاخبار التي تتناول الازمة السورية بقناتين، هما : (سي ان ان) الاميريكية و(ارتي) الروسية الناطقة بالانجليزية. تهدف الاطروحة الى ايجاد فيما اذا كانت القناتين المختارتين تتلاعب باللغة من اجل الحصول على منافع ايديولوجية، وكذلك كشف اثر التدخل العسكري الروسي في سورية على الخطاب الذي تقدم به القناتان الازمة في اخبارهما.ومن اجل تحقيق الاهداف، تعرض الاطروحة عدد من الفرضيات، منها : يتم التلاعب باللغة في القناتين من اجل الحصول على اهداف ايديولوجية، وكذلك تفترض الدراسة بان التدخل العسكري الروسي في سورية ادى بالقناتين الى تغيير خطابهما المتعلق باخبار الازمة السورية. كما وتقدم الاطروحة، بصورة تفصيلية، مفهوم التحليل النقدي للخطاب وعلاقته بالاعلام والدعاية. تتبنى الدراسة انموذجا انتقائيا يتكون من "المربع الايديولوجي" لفان دايك (1998) للتحليل الكلي، وكذلك "تحليل الخطاب الايديولوجي" لفان دايك (1995 ب) و"التحليل الانتقالي" لهاليدي (1994) للتحليل الدقيق. من خلال تحليل البيانات، تكشف الدراسة وجود تلاعب لغوي في التقارير الاخبارية للقناتين المختارتين للتحليل، كما وان التدخل العسكري الروسي في سورية ادى بالقناتين الى تحويل اهتمامهما الخطابي من اللاجئين واحتياجاتهم الانسانية الى خصوم القناتين السياسين في سورية. يخاطب البحث الاعلام بان يكون اكثر دقة وموضوعية فيما يتعلق بتقديم الاخبار. على ضوء هذه النتائج التي توصلت اليها الدراسة، وضعت بعض التوصيات والمقترحات لدراسات مستقبلية في نهاية الاطروحة. | This study conducts a critical discourse analysis of the news which tackles the Syrian crisis in two television channels, namely, the American CNN channel and the English - speaking Russian channel, RT. The study aims to find out whether the two selected channels manipulate language to gain ideological benefits, and explore how the Russian military intervention in Syria affected the discourse that presents the crisis in both channels. To achieve its aims, the study proposes a number of hypotheses; like, language is manipulated in the two channels for the purpose of ideological benefits, and the Russian military intervention in Syria caused the two channels to shift their Syrian crisis news discourse. The study also presents a detailed theoretical background to the concept of critical discourse analysis and its relation to media and propaganda. The study adopts an eclectic model for the analysis, consisting of van Dijk's Ideological Square (1998) for the macro - level analysis, as well as van Dijk's Ideological Discourse Analysis (1995b) and Halliday's Transitivity Analysis (1994) for the micro - level analysis. Based on the analysis of the data, the study finds out that language is manipulated in the reports of the two selected channels. The study also finds that, after the Russian military involvement in Syria, both channels shifted their discourse's attention from the refugees and their humanitarian needs to the acts of each channel's political opponent in Syria. The study addresses media to be more accurate and objective in presenting the news. On the basis of these findings, some recommendations and suggestions for further future studies are put forward at the end of this thesis.

الحجية القانونية للقرينة القضائية في الاثبات المدني : دراسة مقارنة == Legal evidence for judicial contexture in Civil prove (comparison study

اسم المؤلف: جعفر صادق هاشم فاضل
اسم المشرف: وسن قاسم الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: قانون المرافعات المدنية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Legal contexture is considered one of the evidences prove in civil case because it doesnt lead directly in its references on reality which it is wanted to prove but it is concluded by inspection then it leads to others reality which it connects with event which it is wanted to prove as firm connection the second event is considered as replaced event which it is provable for the first evidence. Judge is required to explain the references and he relies on regular context for occurrences or normal currencies for circumstances then he chooses from all the possible explanations for events or references in particular explanation and he decides on this Explanation and it is considered the real reference which develops the references therefore the judicial contexture is reproduced it related to judge work so it is free to follow or reject it therefore the legislator confesses with estimated authority for Judge to estimate the evidence in case the law doesnt published the truth of judicial contexture but it gives the Judge the authorization to direct the estimated authority toward it.

القانون الواجب التطبيق على عقد التامين البحري : دراسة مقارنة == The law applicable on the maritime s insurance contracts A comparative study

اسم المؤلف: امير اشكح عبد علي اشكح
اسم المشرف: فراس كريم شيعان
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يحظى عقد التامين البحري باهمية على المستوى الدولي كونه من عقود التجارة ذات البعد الدولي ومن العقود النموذجية,يربط مابين طرفين المؤمن والمؤمن له ويرتب التزامات متبادلة لكل منهما,ويثير هذا العقد اشكالية تتمثل بالقانون الواجب التطبيق عليه ومايعتري هذا التحديد من صعوبة خاصة اذا كان ضمنيا,فلا يثار اشكال اذا ما كان هذا التحديد صريحا كونه يمثل قانون الارادة,مع مراعاة القيود الخاصة بهذا الاختيار واهمها ان تكون صلة بين العقد والقانون المتفق عليه بين الاطراف,لكن الاشكالية غالبا ما ترافق التحديد الضمني للقانون الذي يحكم العقد مما يستدعي تدخل القضاء للبحث عن هذا القانون من خلال ظروف التعاقد وما يتمتع به القاضي من سلطة تقديرية , هذا من جهة ومدى تاتير صفة الاذعان على هذا التحديد كونها تؤثر بشكل او باخر على هذا التحديد وتتجلى هذه الصفه في البنود الخاصة بتحديد القانون الواجب التطبيق (تنازع القوانين) وتحديد المحكمة المختصة لنظر النزاعات المتعلقة بهذا العقد (تنازع الاختصاص القضائي) وبالتالي تلعب القواعد العامة الواردة في القانون الداخلي دورا في رفع الشروط التعسفية الواردة في هذا العقد او تعديلها بما يكفل رفع هذا التعسف وكون ان هذه القاعدة واردة في قانون داخلي الا ان لها قابلية على حل هذا التنازع الذي قد يظهر بالعقود الدولية بشكل عام وعقد التامين البحري بشكل خاص,كما يؤثر النظام العام على تحديد القانون الواجب التطبيق على العقد كون ان تاثيره مزدوج الجانب فهو يعمل على تعطيل القانون الواجب التطبيق كونه يتعارض مع النظام العام لدولة القاضي,وجلب الاختصاص لقانون اخر وغالبا مايكون هو قانون القاضي,اي تتعطل قاعدة الاسناد وتحل محلها قاعدة موضوعية في القانون المختص | The contract of maritime insurance is important at the international level as itis a trade contract with an international dimension and model contracts, linking between the insured and insured parties, no forms are raised if this limitation is specific with the meanings of the restrictions imposed on each of its cost to search for this law through Working conditions and litigation, And on the one hand, and the extent to which the degree of compliance with this limitation has been altered as it affects in one way or another limitation. This distinction is reflected in the provisions on determining the applicable law (conflict of laws) and the determination of the competent court to hear disputes related to this contract The provisions of the internal law shall play a role in lifting the arbitrary conditions contained in this contract or amending them in such a manner as to ensure that such arbitrariness is lifted and that this rule is contained in domestic law but that it is capable of resolving this conflict which may appear in international contracts in general and maritime insurance in particular. Impact General System to determine the applicable contract law, the fact that the double impact, It is working to disrupt the applicable law because it is contrary to the public order of the state of the judge, and bring jurisdiction to another law and often is the law of the judge, which invalidates the rule of attribution and replaced by an objective rule in the relevant law

المصلحة في عقد التامين البحري : دراسة مقارنة == Interest in the Marine Insurance Contract A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: ديار حطاب قاسم
اسم المشرف: علي عبد العالي خشان الاسدي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:

الحماية المؤقتة للعلامة التجارية : دارسة مقارنة == The Temporary protection for trademark A comparative study

اسم المؤلف: بان علاء عمر محمد
اسم المشرف: حسين عبد القادر معروف
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Temporary trademark protection is intended to preserve the right to a trademark when by it is concerned with the protection of trademark ownership when Paired with a certain period of time, which varies according to the circumstances in which such protection is legislated, or that may protect the trademark from any imminent attack Or maintained evidence from abuse or aggression when it's occurs, when it takes the form of procedure taken quickly. The importance of the research is that it discusses one of the subjects of intellectual right, which is a trademark that is especially important because of the diversity of these marks that distinguish products and services and gain specialty distinguish them from others, as the attack on the right of the trademark is of a special nature, As entail the damage is not limited to the owner's profits and sales, but may damage the value of the trademark and its moral reputation. The temporary protection of the trademark has it's own Provisions. It has not been directly covered by legislation. The Iraqi legislator has dealt with the provisions of temporary protection sporadically between the texts, making it difficult for us to establish a specific framework for such protection or to adopt a clear idea of it. The problem of research is to clarify the situation of Iraqi law on the establishment of this type of protection and it's domain in object and procedure, and the extent to which this protection coincides with developments at the legislative level in the developed countries that adopted this type of protection, And we will try to answer all these questions in the folds of this research. In the research methodology we will use the comparative analytical method. We will divide the research into two chapters, the first chapter of which isSummary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..bspecified to the study of the definition of temporary protection of the trademark. We divided it into two topics : The conception of temporary protection for the trademark (first topic)' types and conditions of temporary protections (second topic).The second chapter is specified to temporary protections means for the trademark which divided them into two topics, temporary substantive protections means of the trademark (first topic), temporary procedural protections means of the trademark (second topic). One of our most important findings and recommendations is that temporary trademark protection seeks to preserve the right to a trademark when it is concerned with the protection of trademark ownership when coupled with a certain period of time, which varies depending on the circumstances in which such protection is initiated, On the brand of any imminent attack or keep evidence of aggression when it occurs, when it takes the form of actions taken in a hurry. We recommend that the Iraqi legislator in the Law on Trademarks designate a temporary protection section for the trademark that includes the text of the forms, terms and means of such protection

المسؤولية الانضباطية لعضو مجلس المحافظة : دراسة مقارنة == isciplinary responsibility of member of local councils - comparative study

اسم المؤلف: احمد عبد الله خلف الكناني
اسم المشرف: وليد خشان زغير الموسوي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: That the provincial councils perform their functions requires a great deal of responsibility and awareness of members, which requires the activating the self - censorship of these councils over its members as the tool that expresses the will of the council. The disciplinary responsibility is one of the most important tools for activating the self - censorship of these councils. Membership, the member may commit administrative, civil or even criminal liability. Therefore, disciplinary accountability is one of the most important pillars of the service systems in the world, because it aims to maintain order within the Council and the impact on the functioning of the Council The local supervisory and legislative work of these councils, since the member's commitment to his duties and dedication to the public interest has become one of the objectives through which the Council can perform its functions and provide its services to the fullest.There were several reasons that led to the selection of this study, including the lack of studies in the disciplinary responsibility for members of the provincial councils, showing the face of inadequacies in the disciplinary system, so addressed the subject of disciplinary liability of a member of the provincial council in the light of each of the Iraqi discipline system contained in the law of provinces not organized in Region No. 21 of 2008 amended, and the Egyptian disciplinary system in the law of the local administration system No. 43 of 1979 amending.We divided the study section primer and three chapters, we dealt with Definition local council irregular in the province ,and dealt with irregularities disciplinary of the member of the provincial council in the first chapter, and dealt with the explanation of disciplinary punishments in Chapter II, Chapter III was allocated to discuss Disciplinary safeguards for faculty of the member of the provincial council.We concluded with a final result that weak legislative treatment of the issue of disciplinary responsibility and its ineffectiveness in the law of governorates that are not organized in the amended region No. 21 of 2008, or rather the lack of a complete disciplinary legislative system concerned with the statement of disciplinary penalties for violating the system of hearings and penalties for violating the rest The duties and prohibitions of membership, the procedures for imposing such penalties, and the provision of adequate guarantees of investigation, reasonableness and proportionality between the disciplinary penalty and the violation committed by the member and ending with the grievance and judicial appeal. Party consensus and its impact on activating disciplinary accountability. B As we have reached legislator Iraqi inter of recommendations the most important of which need to establish a disciplinary system for the members of the provincial councils instead of relying on the individual treatment of The internal regulations of the provincial councils and their deficient treatments, through which the investigation and investigative committees are used to prove the violation committed by the member when the subject of his dismissal from office Membership, rather than questioning, for several reasons including that the investigative committees are more specialized and deeper in verifying the availability of the reasons for the dismissal (dropping membership) or not, in addition the interrogation is carried out by the Council itself. Either the member belongs to the majority of particular party it takes them to be lenient with their colleague or if the member belongs to an opposition party the decision to drop membership in the hands of the ruling party is based on political considerations that are more consensual than the member committing a sin or a career fault. Thus denying justice and depriving the punishment of its intended purpose of assessment and deterrence.

الاليات الدولية لاسترداد الممتلكات الثقافية : دراسة تطبيقية على الممتلكات الثقافية العراقية == International mechanisms for the restoration cultural property an applied study on the Iraqi cultural property

اسم المؤلف: علي وطن عنيد عاتي
اسم المشرف: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الانساني
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study dealt with the definition of the concept of the recovery of cultural property, in accordance with a precise presentation of the most important international conventions that defined this concept. It then proceeded to put forward the principles governing restitution, especially the principle of international law, the principle of territoriality and their impact on the principle of restitution. In view of the existence of formal and objective conditions to complete the implementation of this principle, while acknowledging the existence of criticism of each of these conditions, which may lead to the release of the condition or the whole subject of its content, that the suspicion of Iraq from the illegal trading of cultural property and difficulties In restitution This shows the multiplicity and diversity of means of recovery, which shows the urgent need to indicate the way for governments, organizations and stakeholders to contribute to the recovery of Iraqi cultural property by determining the mechanisms that can be followed for the recovery of such property, in the chaos of legislation and the lack of knowledge of the mechanisms and means that Through which the Iraqi state can restore its lost heritage as the international legislations concerned have agreed on the right of Iraq to recover its cultural property through national and international means. The legal necessity is to activate the UN Security Council resolutions and regulations. Competent in order to prevent the trafficking of Iraqi cultural property and work to bring it back, and the conclusion of bilateral agreements in order to recover as much as possible from our property located abroad, because some states provide for the need for reciprocity, in order to overcome the obstacles facing the recovery process.

التنظيم القانوني لعقد الدلالة في التشريع العراقي : دراسة مقارنة في ضوء قرارات محكمة التمييز الاتحادية == Legal Regulation Of Brokerage Contract In Iraqi Legislation A Comparative Study In The Light Of Decisions Of The Federal Court Of Cassation

اسم المؤلف: احمد عكار نزال
اسم المشرف: ظافر حبيب جبارة
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون المدني
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Brokerage works have a distinct position in economic life, given the need of people, from traders and others, to who is looking for someone be a party to a particular contract, and he shall intervene, as appropriate, in the negotiations necessary for its conclusion, and this is the essence of a broker's work.The broker in this case is doing just a physical act, so he do not conclude the contract which he has mediated on behalf of his client, neither in his name, nor in the name of his client, which is a work exercised by the broker freely, and independently, for his own account, without being subordinate to his client. The Broker's undertaking to work on facilitating the conclusion of the transaction that the Client wishes to complete creates a legal relationship, regulated by a contract, called the brokering contract, it is one of the specific consensual bilateral contracts, which gained a commercial character and entered in to the scope of nominated contracts after the legislator assigned out to regulate its provisions in a special law, namely the Brokerage Act 1987.Although the general rule, is the liberty of will to conclude the contracts, but the Iraqi legislator, preferred to restriction this will to a large extent, whether in the liberty to choose the person who take over the task of mediation of, or in the liberty of arrangement of obligations arising from the contract, as the brokerage is not permissible for all those who wish to practice it, because the law restricts its practice to people of integrity from Iraqis, who have completed the twenty - fifth year of age, and must be fulltime to practice in a commercial place, after getting a commercial name, and obtaining a permit from the competent authority. These conditions of public order, violation of them shall result in invalidity of the contract, and depriving the party pledged in brokering of any right to commission or indemnity resulting from the impossibility of returning the situation to what it was as a result of nullity. In spite of the ordinary terms of brokerage contract which imposes parallel obligations on the contracting parties, the Iraqi legislator obliged the broker to perform the transaction faithfully, as well as the Iraqi legislator obliged him to keep maintain the documents relating to the transaction. The breach of theses duties involve the broker's criminal and civil responsibility.,On the other hand, the Iraqi legislator determined a fixed amount for the remuneration of broker, which the contracting parties can not be agree to the contrary, and he restricts its entitlement by two conditions : concluding of contract which mediated by the broker, and the existence of a link of causality between this conclusion and the broker's efforts, in which, without these efforts, the contract would not have been concluded. But the practical application of the rules governing the remuneration of broker, showed two problems, led to the prejudice towards broker, to the extent that his rights were wasted.The first problem, Relating to broker's remuneration in scope of formal contracts, however he deprive of his remuneration for just undoing completion the formality required by law by one of the parties, the Courts embed this prejudice, by depriving the broker of any compensation for his efforts to conclude the contract, without a legal justification.The second problem relates to the official tariff, which is no longer compatible with the value of transactions that broker mediates in their conclusion, due to the devaluation of the Iraqi currency, compared to its value at the time of the enactment of the law, who as appointed the ratios, on the basis of which the broker's remuneration, and must not exceed one thousand and five hundred dinars, exceeding the commission of the broker, the maximum limit of the remuneration, is considered a criminal offense and administrative, resulting in a fine and the withdrawalof this permit.However, the Iraqi judiciary has subjected the broker's remuneration to its discretionary power, based on a general principle that decides the possibility of changing the provisions, which based on custom or interest, if that custom or interest changes in view of the requirements and variables of life. Undoubtedly, the texts that organized the broker's remuneration, were put in the interest represented by, the reducing the overvaluation, this interest has changed by changing the value of the currency, thus, the Official tariff became an inappropriate standard to exaggeration, on the contrary, it has become a trivial amount, not commensurate with the transactions that are determined according to their value.

مسؤولية المورد المدينة عن مخاطر نقل التكنولوجيا == Civil Liability For Risks of Technology Transfer

اسم المؤلف: عبد الحسين لوكي زاجي
اسم المشرف: طارق كاظم عجيل
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In the technological world we live in, transfer of technology is of great importance. Technologies transferred all over; from an advanced and industrialized country to a poorer developing country, from a developed country to another developed country and among firms in a developed market. The primary means of technology transfer is by imitating and making copies, which are sold on to purchasers. However, there are cases, as I will discuss further, where copying is impossible, or other cases where copying is prohibited. In those cases, technology transfer involves contracting. Agreements of technology transfer may have several methods. For example, license agreement, supply agreement for products protected by intellectual property rights, technical assistance agreement relating to the training needed to use a specified technology and acquisition of a technology based firm.One of the most new dilemma in the 21th century is the rising of technologies, and these type of modern human innovation have a complex side at its invisible hazardous, by its waste or the products that made by using of technology.That mad there is Avery important challenge in some new technologies as well as the flowing : - 1 - Biotechnology, refer to classic bio technology, and nanobiotechnology2 - Nanotechnology, means the nanorobots technology and nanomaterial technology, that deal with atoms and all tiny thing, Nanotechnology has marked its presence in various fields of science and technology. After the first and second generation nanotechnology applications it has open up the door for the possibility of applying in almost any sector of science and technology. Thus with its progress into diverse sectors, it's uses and applications are also diverse, serving a wide range of purposes like food, health and fitness, electronics, medical. Nanotechnologies refer to “technologies of the tiny”. They span domains as diverse as computing, material science, medicine, energy production and storage, etc., bring together fields as varied as physics, chemistry, genetics, information and communication technologies, and cognitive sciences, and should become virtually ubiquitous before long.Nanotechnologies are with us already. Indeed, consumers are already being offered products manufactured with nanotechnologies including cosmetics, clothing, and sporting goods. But, while technology and market analysts alike expect the very small to become very big, nanotechnologies are still emerging.3 - Informationtechnology, the important of this technology is appear at individual actives but it our info at a general web, for that reason it must be regulated in Iraq, By regulation of transfer of technology. As follow : - Bi - Simply put, technology transfer is the process by which a technology, expertise, knowhow or facilities developed by one individual, enterprise or organization is transferred to another individual, enterprise or organization. Effective technology transfer results in of a new product or service or in the improvement of an existing product or process.Depending on the nature of technology and the capacity of the recipient, the process of technology transfer may be simple and straightforward but usually is iterative, collaborative, and fairly complex. In the latter case, it may require the users to acquire new information and skills and change old habits and ways of doing things.ii - It may even require changes in the technology being transferred, to improve the chances of “fit” and optimal performance in the new situation. Technology transfer may happen from country to country, from industry to industry, or from research laboratory to an existing or new business. It may be facilitated by financial or other types of assistance and support that may be provided by government or other agencies at national, regional, local or institutional levels. This article deals with issues such as how is technology transferred; what are the main types of legal contracts for the transfer of technology and what will determine the type of agreement that is entered into by the two parties involved in the technology transfer.The creation or absorption of new technology has become a vital component for companies to improve or maintain their competitive position in the market place. Companies operating in sectors where competition takes place on the basis of price alone, such as the extraction or commercialization of raw materials, may rely on new technologies to improve their efficiency in the extraction of raw materials by improving their productive processes or acquiring new machinery and equipment. They may also use new technology to better commercialize their products or to improve their management structure, control and communication.In other sectors, where the market evolves incessantly as new products with new functions or designs appear on a regular basis, companies are forced to innovate by acquiring or developing new technologies. Technological innovation is therefore a crucial element ofiii - the competitive strategy of any enterprise, big or small, high - tech or low - tech. The ongoing integration of domestic and international markets through continuing deregulation and liberalization of markets has enhanced competitive pressure for all firms, and especially increased the technological needs of small enterprises worldwide while also improving their access to new technologies and capital goods.iv - technology in - house or to obtain it from others. While investing in technology creation may be expensive and risky, as there are many uncertainties linked to the innovation process, it has the advantage ofCpreventing technological dependence on other companies and enables the company to enhance its technological capability and to innovate according to its own specific needs.IN briefly and a finally viewing A technology transfer is any transaction which involves the acquisition of, or the right to lawfully use, specified intellectual property assets developed, owned, and/or controlled by another. Depending on the circumstances, such a transaction will involve not only the intangible legal rights associated with the specific assets, but also will require a transfer of the relatively tangible technology and other confidential information necessary for the legal rights to be properly used and exploited. Simply put, technology transfer is the process by which a technology, expertise, knowhow or facilities developed by one individual, enterprise or organization is transferred to another individual, enterprise or organization. Effective technology transfer results in commercialization of a new product or service or in the improvement of an existing product or process.Depending on the nature of technology and the capacity of the recipient, the process of technology transfer may be simple and straightforward but usually is iterative, collaborative, and comple

ضمانات محاكمـة المتهم فـي القضاء العسكري العراقي : دراسة مقارنة == Guarantees of the Hearing of the Accutane in the Iraqi A Military Judiciary A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: قاسـم ناظـم سلمان الجنابـي
اسم المشرف: عماد فاضل ركاب المالكي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: اصبحت المحافظة على حق الانسان في حماية قانونية لحقوقه اثناء المحاكمة من اهم المبادئ التي تشغل المجتمع الدولي والداخلي, الا ان هذا الحق يحتاج الى وسيلة لفاعليته خصوصا في النظام العسكري, من هنا يظهر موضوع ضمانات محاكمة المتهم في مرحلة المحاكمة الجزائية, اذ تتجلى اهمية تلك الضمانات في ان الاطار العام يقتضي المساس بحقوق المتهم وحرياته من خلال المحاكمة الجنائية, مما قد يعرضه لمخاطر التجريم والعقاب ثم ما يصيبه من اجراءات تنفيذ ذلك العقاب, ومتى ما تم مراعاتها يمكن تفادي تلك المخاطر او التقليل منها على اقل تقدير, لذلك لجات الدول الى تبني قضاء خاص بها واسند اليه مهمة النظر في القضايا المتعلقة بالقوات المسلحة وافرادها, او قد تمتد في حالات استثنائية معينة الى المدنيين, حيث يقوم القانون الاجرائي العسكري بتنظيم هذه النوع من القضاء, وبيان اجراءات التقاضي امامه مراعيا في كل ذلك تحقيق التوازن بين مصلحتين, مصلحة القوات المسلحة عموما التي وجد لحمايتها بما تتضمنه من المحافظة على الاسرار العسكرية, وسرعة تنفيذ الاوامر من جهة, والحفاظ على القدر اللازم من الضمانات التي يجب ان يتمتع بها المتهم امامه من جهة اخرى.وتطبيقا لما تقدم جاء الدستور العراقي لسنة 2005 في المادة (99) منه بان( ينظم بقانون, القضاء العسكري, ويحدد اختصاص المحاكم العسكرية التي تقتصر على الجرائم ذات الطابع العسكري, والتي تقع من افراد القوات المسلحة وقوى الامن...) وقد ارتئينا ان نسلط الضوء على موضوع ضمانات محاكمة المتهم في القضاء العسكري العراقي من خلال تقسيمه الى ثلاثة فصول, حيث تناولنا في الفصل الاول التعريف بالمتهم في القضاء العسكري, اما الفصل الثاني فقد عني بضمانات المتهم العامة في القضاء العسكري, وفي الفصل الثالث تطرقنا الى ضمانات المتهم الخاصة في القضاء العسكري, وانتهينا بخاتمة تتضمن اهم ما توصلنا اليه من نتائج ومقترحات. | The Juridical Fiqh and bodies concerned with human rights, whether nationally or globally, have paid much attention to guarantees of the accused during the criminal court. This matter has received a huge amount of attention of those who call for human rights, as it maintains dignity and humanity of an individual. The significance of guarantees lies in the fact that the general framework allows prejudicing the accusant's rights and freedom by a criminal hearing. The accused could be vulnerable to risks of conviction and punishment and consequences of executing this punishment. Therefore, States have resorted to adopting their own jurisdiction, which is responsible for considering cases related to the armed forces and their personnel, or may extend, in certain exceptional cases, to civilians, where the military procedural law regulates this type of judiciary. Also, this jurisdiction works on disclosing litigation procedures taking into accounts achieving balance between two interests : the interest of the armed forces, which is generally found to protect it, including the preservation of military secrets, the rapid execution of orders on the one hand, and the preservation of the necessary guarantees that the accused must enjoy, on the other hand. In accordance with the above - mentioned, the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 states in Article (99) that " The martial justice shall be regulated by law, and should determine the jurisdiction of military courts whose function is limited to crimes of a military nature, committed by the personnel of the armed forces and the security forces." The researcher has decided to highlight the subject of " Guarantees of the Hearing of the Accused in the Iraqi Martial Justice" through partitioning it into two chapters, preceded by an introduction. The first chapter has dealt with the general guarantees of the accused in the military judiciary. In the second chapter, the special guarantees of the accusant in the military judiciary have been discussed. The stud has closed up with a conclusion containing important findings and proposals.

استبعاد الادلة الجنائية غير المشروعة : دراسة مقارنة == Exclusion of illegal Criminal Evidence (A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: عبد الحسن دويج خفيف
اسم المشرف: ناصر كريمش خضر الجوراني
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The leading legal idea in the legislation of criminal procedural laws, is in the balance between the interest of society in the fight against crime, represented by the right of the state to punishment, and the interests of individuals in protecting their rights and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution, these laws take multiple ways to achieve that budget, all of which stem from the principle of criminal legality, that principle that delineates the process of criminal prosecution, which would determine what constitutes acceptable behavior to the parties to the criminal dispute and what is not, and ensure respect for what is imposed by this principle, We have asset of sanctions, come in the forefront of them, exclusion of illegal criminal evidence, through the waste of work contrary to that principle, in terms of its legal effects, and to exclude any potential benefit from that action, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence in fact is a link between the theory of invalidity on the one hand and the theory of criminal evidence on the other, that is, what is derived from what is contrary to the theory of invalidity can not be accepted in the rules of criminal evidence.The importance of excluding illegal criminal evidence is highlighted by the paucity of the legislative rules governing it, and that they involve as well as substantive a delicate philosophical aspect, the subject of the study is related to many of the principles established in procedural criminal law, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence is widely applied in the field, the rules of legality of criminal procedure are broad and numerous, and the possibility of violating them is natural and imagined in many cases, it is therefore important to protect the(B(right and freedoms of individuals from the abuse of power, so the subject of the study will be based primarily on what that idea is, through the definition and statement of nature and rationale and legislative status and the most famous discussions on the usefulness and rules and exceptions, this is done by comparing the position of Iraqi law on the one hand, and the United States of America and Egypt on the other.The study concluded that the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence is the basis of the constitution, although not in the explicit texts, as the spirit of the constitution leads to it, because it inters the field of right and freedoms which is the core competence of the constitution, but is the basic goes with it a presence and nothing, when a constitutional legislator establishes a right, the right holder must have access to it, otherwise his words will become, hollow and pointless, it is an increase, the constitutions are distinct from the increase, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence was the effective means by which the right holder could be entitled to redress, this is based on the fact that the ordinary legislator complies with this basis and ensures that his texts are useful, the study also concluded, that the exclusion of illegal evidence is a means of judicial control, including the penalty imposed on the wrongful procedure and the resulting evidence by stripping it of its legal value, and destroy any effect that results from it, the realization of exclusion also enhances the confidence of individuals in the state, because it ensure that illegal evidence is not accepted, to accepting the defective means before the judiciary to obtain evidence.

فسخ الزواج بخيار البلوغ واحكامه في الفقه الاسلامي والقانون الوضعي == Marriage Revocation With the Choice Of Growing Up And Its Rules In The Islamic Jurisprudence And The Positive Law

اسم المؤلف: سهير قيصر فارس
اسم المشرف: حسام عبد الواحد كاظم
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: قانون الاحوال الشخصية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Islamic Shari'a (Law) has paid great attention to marriage bondage as one of the most important and most influential certificate in the life of the individual. In addition, it incurs a lot of terms and conditions due to what is legally permissible and impermissible. Among these terms is eligibility. In order to be a valid and effective certificate, it should be issued by an eligible authority as a general rule, though this rule is violated under certain circumstances as to marrying minors by their parents' consent. Such marriages certainly cause harm to minors. In order to achieve the desired goal of marriage, which is affection and compassion and consummation, which cannot be achieved unless the contract is done through a formal proposal of marriage (ijab) and acceptance of the proposal (qabul) of the two parties as chaste and sane adults, having the ability to sign the contract with their free will. When the minors or one of them are unable to set up the contract by themselves but through their guardians(Walis), the contract, despite being correct, is not considered obligatory for lacking the term of the proposal of offer and acceptance of the minor who may have an opinion after passing puberty. Therefore minors under a certain trend of Islamic jurisprudence are entitled to give their opinion of the contract after reaching puberty, either to stay or terminate it. This right is called the "right of puberty".

المسؤولية الجنائية الناشئة عن التظاهرات : دراسة مقارنة == The Criminal Responsibulity Created by Demonstration A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: ازهار عويني عبد الرضا الحمداني
اسم المشرف: عقيل عزيز عودة
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يتلخص بحثنا الموسوم (المسؤولية الجنائية الناشئة عن التظاهرات - دراسة مقارنة) بان الافراد في المجتمع مهما تنوعت فئاتهم ومستوياتهم انما يجمعهم المصير المشترك والمصلحة العامة ، وهم بحاجة الى التعبير عن رايهم والتصريح بمطالبهم ، فكان الخروج الى الطريق العام في شكل تظاهرات هو احدى طرق التعبير عن الراي, وقد يكون مصحوبا بالهتاف ورفع اللافتات والشعارات كوسيلة للضغط على السلطة الدولة بهدف تحقيق مصالحهم المشتركة , الا ان بعض مظاهر التعبير عن الراي في التظاهرات تشكل جرائم يعاقب عليها لما تتضمنه من تهديد لامن الدولة او قذف او اهانة , او اعاقة المرور , الا ان المشرع قد يبيح بعض هذه الافعال في اثناء التظاهرات وفق ضوابط يضعها ، وبموجبها يتم تحديد متى تتوافر الاباحة، فاذا خالفت تلك الافعال ضوابطها تلك تكون قد جاوزت حدود الاباحة , واكتسب الفعل فورا" صفة عدم المشروعية مما يرتب المسؤولية الجنائية . هذا مما يدفع السلطة العامة الى فض التظاهرات وتفريقها بالقوة وفق ضوابط ومعايير قانونية ، مما قد يتسبب فى وقوع اصابات وقتل وفي المقابل قد تثور مسؤوليتهم في حالة تجاوز الحدود المقررة لاستخدام القوة .ومن هنا تبرز اهمية هذه الحرية في المجال الجنائي , فلا تعد ممارسة حرية التظاهر جريمة ، لان القاعدة وفقا لمبدا الشرعية ان لا جريمة ولا عقوبة الا بنص ، الا ان ما يترتب على الخروج عن الضوابط التظاهرات سواء من قبل الافراد العاديين ام افراد السلطة العامة ، تتمثل بافعال وسلوكيات غير مشروعة ومحظورة يعاقب عليها القانون .وتكمن مشكلة الدراسة في ان التظاهرات وان كانت شكلا من اشكال التعبير فان ذلك قد لايجعل من هذه الالية حقا مشروعا للافراد يتيح لهم التعبير عن مواقفهم وارائهم بكل حرية حيث انه بالمقابل نجد حق الدولة في فرض نظامها وبسط امنها على كافة مواطنيها بواسطة القوانين التي تقنن هذه الحرية وتضع حدا لها, وتتجلى مشكلة البحث في ان هل وجود هذه النصوص كاف لممارستها من قبل الافراد، ام ان هناك واجبا يتمثل بالانصياع الى التشريعات الاخرى ذات الصلة بحرية التظاهر لتحديد مسؤولية من يسئ استخدامها ، وهل كان المشرع موفقا في وضع مثل هذه الخطوات الواجب اتباعها عند ممارسته هذه الحرية .وقد تم تقسيم هذه الدراسة على مبحث تمهيدي وثلاثة فصول , خصص المبحث التمهيدي للبحث في الاساس القانوني للتظاهرات , ومن ثم تناول الفصل الاول ماهية التظاهرات من خلال تعريفها وضوابطها العامة المادية والغائية . اما الفصل الثاني فقد بحثنا فيه المسؤولية الجنائية للمتظاهرين من خلال بيان حدود الاباحة والتجريم في التظاهرات والتطبيقات مسؤولية المتظاهرين. اما الفصل الثالث فقد تناولنا فيه المسؤولية الجنائية لافراد السلطة العامة من خلال بيان استخدام افراد السلطة العامة للقوة في حدود الاباحة والتجريم والتطبيقات المسؤولية افراد السلطة العامة . واخيرا فقد اختتمنا الرسالة بخاتمة اشتملت على اهم النتائج والتوصيات التي رايناها ضرورية لاخذها بالاعتبار عند النظر بمشروع قانون التظاهر في العراق .وقد تم التوصل الى عدة نتائج منها , ان التظاهرات تجمع ثابت او متحرك للافراد في الطرق والاماكن العامة , وان لها طبيعة خاصة تنعكس على التنظيم القانوني , وان التظاهر وفق القانون العراقي لايتم الا بتصريح من الادارة , وان التشريع النافذ في العراق لم ينظم المسؤولية الجنائية للمتظاهرين بشكل واضح ودقيق , ولم يتناول مسؤولية الشرطة بشكل مطلق . اما اهم التوصيات, فتتمثل في تاييد الباحث لنظام الاخطار من دون الترخيص, واللجوء الى جهة محايدة كالقضاء لتقدير خطرها على النظام العام ومنعها , والدعوة الى عدم اقرار مشروع القانون لانه يمس جوهر الحرية ويقيدها , وضرورة اعادة صياغته بالتنسيق مع منظمات المجتمع المدني, بالشكل الذي تحدد فيه مسؤولية المتظاهرين بشكل دقيق , وتنظيم مسؤولية الشرطة والنص على اصدار تعليمات واظحة ومحددة بشان استخدام القوة في التظاهرات .واخيرا ادعو الله تعالى ان اكون قد وفقت في اعطاء موضوع البحث حقه، فان فعلت فنعمة من الله تعالى ، وان لم افعل فبشر يخطئ اكثر مما يصيب , والله ولي التوفيق | Our thesise entitled (The Criminal Responsibulity Create by Demostration - A Comparative Study) Summarized in , The individuals in the society, regardless of their different categories and levels, are united by common destiny and the public interest. They need to express their views and make their decisions. Going out to the public road in the form of demonstrations is one of the most important ways to express of opinion, and may be accompanied by cheering and raising signs and slogans , as a means of exerting pressure on State to achieve your common interests. However, some manifestations of opinion in the demonstrations constitute crimes punishable by the threats it poses to the security of the state or the flagellation or insult, or obstruction of traffic, but the legislator may allow some of these actions during the demonstrations according to the regulations put them. Under which it is determined when the availability is available, and if the violation of those acts its controls that have exceeded the limits of permissibility.And the act immediately gained the status of illegality, which placed criminal responsibility, which forces the public authority to disperse and disperse the demonstrations by force according to legal controls and legal standards. Which could cause injuries and murder and in return may be their responsibility in case of exceeding the limits set for the use of force. Hence, the importance of this freedom in the field of criminalization would not consider the exercise of freedom of demonstration is a crime, because the rule according to the principle of legality that the crime and punishment are only by text. However, the consequences of breaking out of the control of demonstrations, whether by ordinary individuals or members of the public authority, represented by illegal acts and behaviors are punishable by law. - The problem of this study is that the misuse of freedom of protest, which is one of the most dangerous methods used by those who tamper with it, is manifested in how to distinguish between peaceful demonstration as a freedom aimed at improving the situation and demonstrating as a means of demolishing society and opposing any decision or action. To the Constitution and the Law. This study was divided into introductory and three chapters. The introductory course was devoted to research on the legal basis for demonstrations. The first topic studies the core of administration , its definition and its material and non - material general controls. The second chapter, in which we discussed the criminal responsibility of the demonstrators through showing the limits of permissibility and criminalization in the demonstrations, and we devoted to the applications of the responsibility of the demonstrators . Chapter three dealt with the criminal responsibility of the police, through showing the use of force by the police force to the limits of permissibility and criminalization , and the applications of police responsibility.Finally, we concluded the thesis with a conclusion that included the most important conclusions and recommendations that we considered necessary to take into account when considering the draft law of demonstration in Iraq. It has been connected to several results, including that the demonstrations a fixed gathering or a mass of people in the roads and public places, and have a special nature reflected on the legal organization, and that the demonstration under Iraqi law is carried out but by authorization by the administration. And that the in force legislation does not regulate the criminal responsibility of demonstrators as clearly and accurately, and does not address the responsibility of the police absolutely. As for the most important recommendations, is the researc support to the system of notification without authorization, and recourse to a neutral body such as the judiciary to assess the danger to public order and to prevent it. And calling for not to adopt the draft law because it touches the essence of freedom and restrict it, and there is a need to reformulate it in coordination with civil society organizations, in a manner that determines the responsibility of the demonstrators accurately, and regulate the responsibility of the police and the provision of instructions on the use of force in demonstrations.

المركز القانوني للممثل الخاص للامين العام للامم المتحدة : دراسة تطبيقية على ممثل الامين العام للامم المتحدة في العراق == Legal Status Of The Special Representative For The Secretary - General Of The United Nations

اسم المؤلف: نجدي محي دهيمي
اسم المشرف: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي العام
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Special Representative will lead the UN Secretary General functions mostly as President of integrated mission, to support him through several agencies, programmes and funds belong to The United Nations in order to achieve goals and objectives determined on which the nature of the mission described as civilian or military nature, noting the evolution and multiple functions and tasks according to the need for them as the international situation, the situation might be related to situations of armed conflict, have regard Promoting peace and support development programs.This was a result of the guide the thinking of the international community to establish better system and effective to substitute what existed before. The most popular mechanism to achieve it was the UN mission and special representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations upon decision of the Security Council as an international officer declares to according to the legal system of the world Organization. Resulting in international mechanism prospered in conjunction with the ongoing transformation of the international system. The International Labor Association, which is a special representation of the Secretary - General of the United Nations as one of its important applications in international events, has many implications and consequences, such as that of the rights and powers of the Special Representative and the obligations and obligations imposed on him. These rights and duties are either determined by the Charter establishing the United Nations and the domestic legislation and regulations of its departments, in particular those relating to personnel matters. Or include the headquarters agreements, declarations and international resolutions commensurate with what distinguishes the Special Representative as an international official with certain characteristics. Thus, these rights and duties are divided into those of an international official who is governed by the provisions of internationalAbstract .......................................................................................... Blaw in view of his or her international character, as well as the nature of the title he holds as an officer performing his functions for the benefit of the United Nations. These rights and duties are varied on the basis of multitasking Which are essentially the same as the obligation of neutrality and impartiality, as well as the mandate of the World Organization.Iraq has been - and still is - one of the Special Representative's most famous fields of work, and has witnessed the relationship Between Iraq and the United Nations has developed significantly in the years following the events of August 1990, after the relations between Iraq and the international community had been generally spoiled during the last three decades preceded 2003, Because of the foreign policies of the Iraqi political system at the internal and external levels, which led to Iraq being subject to dozens of resolutions issued under Chapter VII of the Charter, including comprehensive economic sanctions that resulted in economic and financial burdens, as well as prejudice to the sovereignty of Iraq. However, these decisions took on another dimension after 2003, starting with Resolution No. 1476 of 2003, which included the mandate of the Secretary - General of the United Nations, Mr. Kofi Annan, to administer the oilfor - food program, and Resolution No. 1483 of 2003 to lift the sanctions imposed on Iraq and authorize the Coalition authority to run the political process. Then to the resolution No. (1500) for the year 2003 concerning the establishment of the United Nations Mission and the appointment of a special envoy to the Secretary - General of the United Nations for its administration. These resolutions have mandated the UN to intervene in the various political, economic and administrative fields in the light of some of the mechanisms adopted by the Organization in accordance with international resolutions and covenants. These resolutions ,and covenants made clear the rights and powers of the Special Representative in Iraq, as well as his duties.

الضوابط الدستورية لسياسة التجريم : دراسة مقارنة == Constitutional criterias on the policy of criminalization : Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: محمد عبد الحسين شنان الموسوي
اسم المشرف: عمار تركي عطية الحسيني
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لكل دولة نظامها الدستوري الخاص بها, الذي يجب ان يتضمن المبادئ العامة لنظام الحكم, ويبين السلطات في الدولة ويحدد اختصاصاتها, ويحمي الحقوق والحريات, ويعمل الدستور على تحديد الضوابط التي يتعين على السلطات العامة الالتزام بها عند ممارستها لاختصاصاتها الدستورية. وقد ارست الدساتير في الكثير من دول العالم, ضوابط يتحتم على المشرع الجنائي التقيد بها عند ممارسته لسلطته في التجريم, وهذه الضوابط منها مايرد بشكل صريح في صلب الوثيقة الدستورية كمبدا (لا جريمة ولا عقوبة الا بنص), ومبدا (عدم رجعية القانون الجنائي على الماضي), ومنها ما يرد بصورة ضمنية تستشف من خلال الاطار الدستوري العام للحقوق والحريات, كضابط (الضرورة والتناسب في التجريم). ولهذه الضوابط اهمية بالغة في اطار سياسة التجريم, كون ان هذه السياسة تنال من حقوق وحريات الافراد بشكل كبير, وان من شان عدم وجود ضوابط دستورية يتقيد بها المشرع ان تتعرض تلك الحقوق والحريات الى المساس اما بمصادرتها او التقليل من فاعليتها, كما ان الدول, ولاسيما العراق, تشهد حاليا نهضة تشريعية في مجالات عديدة, ولضمان سلامة هذه التشريعات, يجب ان تكون الاخيرة متفقة مع الضوابط والمبادئ الدستورية, ولاسيما ان قانون العقوبات العراقي صدر في عام 1969, واصبحت الحاجة ملحة لتعديل العديد من احكامه بما يتفق والدستور الدائم الصادر سنة 2005. واذا كانت سلطة المشرع الجنائي, تتسم بالتقدير؛ فان سلطته في هذا المجال مقيدة بوجوب الالتزام بمبادئ الدستور الخاصة بالتجريم, ومن هنا تظهر مشكلة الدراسة, اذ قد تتجاوز السلطة التشريعية او التنفيذية حدود اختصاصها, وتحاول المساس بالقيمة الدستورية لحقوق الانسان وحرياته عن طريق التجريم, معتمدة في ذلك على السلطات المخولة لها, هذا من جانب, ومن جانب اخر ان السلطة المكلفة بعملية التجريم قد تمد نطاق التجريم ليشمل افعالا ليست بتلك الخطورة التي تهدد امن المجتمع وسلامته, الامر الذي يدفعنا الى التساؤل عن ماهية الضوابط الدستورية التي يستند اليها المشرع الجنائي في صياغة نص التجريم ؟ وهل واكب الدستور العراقي لسنة 2005 التطورات التي لحقت بسياسة التجريم, او انه بقي على الحال الذي كانت عليه دساتير ما قبل عام 2003؟ وما دور القضاء الدستوري تجاه الضوابط الدستورية لسياسة التجريم, ولاسيما القضاء الدستوري العراقي؟ وقد تناولنا هذه الدراسة من خلال ثلاثة فصول, تطرقنا في الفصل الاول الى اهم المبادئ الدستورية لنص التجريم, والتي يجب على المشرع الجنائي ان لا يحيد عنها في كل الاحوال, واهمها مبدا شرعية الجرائم والعقوبات, تكلمنا عنه في المبحث الاول, ومبدا عدم رجعية قانون العقوبات على الماضي, وذلك في المبحث الثاني , وفي نطاق الفصل الثاني بحثنا الضرورة والتناسب في سياسة التجريم, حيث ان المشرع الجنائي يرتكز على ضابط الضرورة والتناسب وهو بصدد احداث التوازن بين حماية الحقوق والحريات من جهة وحماية المصلحة العامة من جهة اخرى, وقد درسنا في المبحث الاول ماهية الضرورة التناسب في سياسة التجريم, وفي اطار المبحث الثاني تناولنا اثر غاية التجريم ومعياره على الضرورة والتناسب, وبحثنا في اطار الفصل الثالث والاخير ضمانات التزام سياسة التجريم بالضوابط الدستورية, حيث ان ترك تحديد الجرائم والعقوبات لاختصاص السلطة التشريعية لا يعني ان هذه السلطة لها حرية مطلقة في هذا المجال, وانما هي مقيدة بالحدود التي رسمتها المبادئ الواردة في الدساتير, ومن اجل ضمان التقيد بتلك المبادئ, فان الرقابة على دستورية نصوص التجريم تؤدي دورا بارزا في هذا المضمار, وعلى هذا الاساس تناولنا في المبحث الاول حدود سلطة المشرع الجنائي تجاه الحقوق والحريات, وفي نطاق المبحث الثاني, درسنا الرقابة على دستورية نصوص التجريم. وفي نهاية المطاف توصلنا من خلال هذه الدراسة, الى جملة استنتاجات من اهمها : ان المشرع العراقي قد سمح بفكرة التفويض التشريعي في مجال التجريم, في الدستور وقانون العقوبات على حد سواء, كذلك توصلنا الى ان الضرورة في التجريم يراد بها الاسباب او المبررات التي تدور في ذهن المشرع, والتي تدفعه الى تجريم اشكال معينة من سلوكيات الانسان, بهدف حماية المصالح الاجتماعية الجديرة بالاعتبار. اما التناسب في التجريم, فهو العلاقة بين ضرورة التجريم (الهدف من التجريم), والعقوبة المقررة للجريمة (اثر التجريم), بحيث تكون العقوبة ضرورية لمواجهة الجريمة؛ لتحقيق اهدافها المتمثلة بالردع العام والردع الخاص وتحقيق العدالة. وقد اقترحنا في هذه الدراسة على المشرع العراقي ان يتبنى نظام ( ازدواج قانون العقوبات), بدلا من نظام (وحدة قانون العقوبات), اذ يقتصر قانون العقوبات على ذكر الجنايات والجنح, بينما تكون فئة المخالفات في اطار مجموعة مستقلة يمكن ان نسميها بقانون العقوبات الاداري, وكذلك وصينا المشرع الجنائي بان يضع نصوصا جنائية تملك من الكفاية والفاعلية ما يمكنها من مواجهة فاعلية التطور الاجرامي واساليب ارتكابه في ظل الاجرام المستحدث | Each State shall have its own constitutional system, which shall include the general principles of the system of government. It shall set out the powers of the State and determine its competencies. It shall protect the rights and freedoms. The Constitution shall specify the regulations to be complied with by the public authorities in the exercise of their constitutional powers. In many countries of the world, constitutions have established controls that the criminal legislator must adhere to when exercising his authority to criminalize them. Such controls are explicitly included in the constitutional document as a principle (nullum crimen sine lege) and the principle of " ), Including implicitly revealed through the general constitutional framework of rights and freedoms, as an officer (necessity and proportionality in criminalization). These restrictions are of great importance in the context of the criminalization policy, since this policy severely infringes upon the rights and freedoms of individuals. The absence of constitutional regulations that the legislator complies with can undermine or diminish the effectiveness of these rights and freedoms. Iraq is witnessing a legislative renaissance in many areas. In order to ensure the safety of these legislations, the latter must be in conformity with the constitutional rules and principles. In particular, the Iraqi Penal Code was promulgated in 1969 and many of its provisions have been amended to comply with the permanent constitution of 2005. While the authority of the criminal legislator is appreciated, its authority in this area is constrained by the obligation to abide by the principles of the Constitution on criminalization. Hence, the problem of the study is that the legislative or executive branch may go beyond its jurisdiction and attempt to violate the constitutional value of human rights and freedoms through criminalization, On the one hand, and on the other, that the authority in charge of the criminalization process may extend the scope of criminalization to include acts that are not such a threat to the security and safety of society, which leads us to ask what the constitutional controls on which the legislator Jinn In drafting the text of the criminalization? Did the 2005 Iraqi constitution comply with developments in the criminalization policy, or did it remain the same as the pre - 2003 constitutions? What is the role of the constitutional judiciary towards the constitutional controls of the criminalization policy, especially the Iraqi constitutional judiciary? We discussed this study in three chapters. In Chapter 1, we discussed the most important constitutional principles of the criminalization text, which the criminal legislator must not derogate from in all cases, the most important of which is the principle of the legality of crimes and punishments. In the second section, and in the second chapter we discussed the necessity and proportionality in the policy of criminalization, since the criminal legislator based on the officer of necessity and proportionality and is in the balance between the protection of rights and freedoms on the one hand and the protection of public interest on the other, What is the necessity of rotation In Chapter II, we discussed the effect of criminalization on the necessity and proportionality. In the third and final chapter, we examined the guarantees of the policy of criminalization of constitutional restrictions, since leaving the definition of crimes and penalties to the jurisdiction of the legislative authority does not mean that this authority has absolute freedom in this In order to ensure adherence to these principles, the control over the constitutionality of criminalization provisions plays a prominent role in this regard. On this basis, we discussed in the first part the limits of the authority of the criminal legislator towards rights and Reat, and in the scope of the second topic, we studied control over the constitutionality of the provisions of criminalization. In the end, we reached, through this study, a number of conclusions, the most important of which : The Iraqi legislator has allowed the idea of legislative authority in the field of criminalization, both in the Constitution and the Penal Code, and we have concluded that the necessity of criminalization intended for reasons or The mind of the legislator, which leads to the criminalization of certain forms of human behavior, in order to protect the social interests worthy of consideration. The proportionality of criminalization is the relationship between the need for criminalization (the purpose of criminalization) and the penalty prescribed for the offense (the effect of criminalization), so that the punishment is necessary to confront the crime; to achieve its objectives of public deterrence and deterrence. In this study, we have proposed that the Iraqi legislature adopt a system of double criminality instead of the Penal Code. The Penal Code is limited to mentioning crimes and misdemeanors, while the category of offenses within an independent group can be called the Administrative Penal Code. We have also instructed the criminal legislator to put in place sufficient and effective criminal texts to enable it to deal with the effectiveness of criminal development and the methods of committing it under the new criminality.
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