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دور الادعاء العام في حماية حقوق الانسان : دراسة مقارنة == The Role of General Prosecution in the Protection of Human Rights (A comparative study)

اسم المؤلف: انتصار جعفر خضر الخفاجي
اسم المشرف: ناصر كريمش خضر الجوراني
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: اصول المحاكمات الجزائية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The General Prosecution is considered one of the judicial jurisdiction formations, a specialized authority of protecting human rights during the levels of the panel case, it totally concerned in the good management of law applying, whether it was for the sake of the accused or the victim, in which it does not take sides for each. It represents the common good and performs its roles objectively and equally.The Iraqi legislator authorized the general prosecution to do different roles during all procedures of the penal case, on the level of investigation and collecting of evidences, we find out that it takes charge of supervision and inspection over the members of the judicial checking up in order to see how committed they are in the standards of investigating crimes without making any violation or diverging in the investigation.When instituting the penal case , we find out that it is commencing its authority in evaluating the properness of instituting the case or in how not well the process is going , agreeing with the standards , which the legislator has guaranteed to the rights of the accused , its bearing the burden of proving the charge of guilty in all details , having worked it in justice seeking innocence of the accused . Whenever it is being forced by the necessitates of investigating the truth, it might have to violate the individual freedoms, for it is not seeking to violate any rights except when the legislator has provided it with guarantees. .In a narrowed standard of the crimes, it must not call for an arrest unless the accused has given enough guarantees to show up , as well as thegeneral Prosecution will take care of the victim rights via allowing the victim the right by applying a complaint in the penal case .As on the level of primary investigation, we find out that it is playing very significant roles , that contribute in providing the necessary guarantees for human rights of the accused , in this level by way of reporting the investigation judge , and by taking charge of the investigation duties in limited situations , and by having presented the special procedures of the primary investigation .We touch upon an extension in its role too , in the level of the trial , it is the perfect supervisor over what the legislations have provided of a fair trial as a guaranty , whenever the court has issued its decision , it has the right of appealing it , if the decision of the court was absolute , it will supervise the acting out of the decision within what the legislator has decided if a problem existed in the decision , stopping the decision will be ordered in response of what humanitarian necessities have presented

احكام استخدام الادارة للقوة في مواجهة الاضطرابات العامة حماية للنظام العام : دراسة مقارنة == The provisions of the administration's use of force in the face of Protection of public order public unrest (A comparative study)

اسم المؤلف: حيدر علي حسين علي العقابي
اسم المشرف: محمد علوم محمد علي المحمود
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Aims administration when used for measures to control administrative to protect public order from any threat to him and force fall within the scope of the measures used by the administration to address the public unrest and notes that force a general concept and wide and found a number of linguistic definitions and jurisprudence have the legal Chiad did not exist only a few definitions did not means the Iraqi legislature defining force in spite of frequent appearance in the different legal texts, divided the forceused by the administration to two or two - fold, namely physical force, which includes a firearm and beatings with hands, sticks and other species have, and the second type is the moral force that relies on intimidation and coercion Cglq websites or confiscation of inciting terrorism or declare curfews in a particular area and other images of this force newspapers As the administration the authority to use force, but exceptionally so multiple or departments High varied use of force which is divided into departments from AUTHENTIC its use of force authority is the core competence and To Administrations of Dolly the original departments and be authorized to use force and also its example form the popular crowd, and noted that some of these departments use force and exercise their duties without that there should be a law regulating it or no law, but it is old and brief a Madeana to search it and the enactment of these departments to the importance of that in the practical application, the function of the administration is to protect public order, traditional and nontraditional its various components.And that the administration the authority to use force based on the number of legal bases which confers the status of legitimacy on the use of force is the famous legal basis for the authority of the administration to use force, and the ramifications of this foundation to a national basis and an international basis, the national and the foundation is intended to constitutional provisions in constitutions and legal texts in texts of various laws, regulations and instructions in addition to the judicial foundation of any decisions and judgments issued by national courts of the states, and the international foundation stems from international treaties and conventions and international conventions and declarations on human rights as well as international organizations, decisions such as the UN security Council and the General Assembly of the United nations. It is noted that the administration has no right to the use of force is permissible and absolutely always but should have to abide by a number of principles on which authority control when the use of force in order to ensure they do not exceed or arbitrariness in the use of force and these principles are many and varied What matters within the scope of our research three principles, namely, (doctrine of necessity use of force and the principle of proportionality and the principle of gradient) . The restriction to these principles is when do or provide the cause of the reasons for the authority of the administration to use force, it is without a reason zero, the use of force the authority of these reasons is the engine or generator President the authority of the administration to use force, and this causes the demonstrations illegal graduated from the scope of the project within the scope of the act Muharram or criminal, and terrorist activities and actions that move and the duty of the administration to prevent and control as well as the attempted coup against the regime in the country or change its constitution or system of government in the state and riots and many other of these reasons, and thus should be noted that the use of force in the face of demonstrations is exceptional from the original Contrary to public acts and terrorist activities and the attempted coup or attempted where it is a major and direct reasons for the use of force on the one hand the administration .And abuse or exceed their men represented by the use of force administration moves responsibility towards the damage caused by the use of force and this damage may be human lives may be money movable or immovable This responsibility knows of responsibility based on the law So artena after this study to the division of this research to the door and every door divided by into two classes, where we have dedicated the first section of the statement of the concept of power and the basis of the authority of the administration for use in Iraq and comparative law, and in Part II of the statement of reasons for the administration's use of force and the principles of the ruling in the Iraqi law and Almqa

عقد تامين المشاريع النفطية : دراسة مقارنة == Insurance contract for oil projects Comparative study

اسم المؤلف: بشرى رضا محمد عبد الله
اسم المشرف: راقية عبد الجبار علي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The governmental institutions in charge of the management of oil operations in Iraq did not have the necessary interest in insurance on oil projects the last century, hence most oil contracts came void of texts binding the contractor that he must have an insurance coverage against risks accompanying the oil industry, especially when the highest risks are a feature inherent to this industry more than other industries. This is due to the nature of the circulating materials in it and their capability to quick burning and complicating the manufacturing operations which require caution when dealing with them at all stages starting from the upstream, i.e. the search stage, and drilling and then extracting oil until reaching the downstream stage and sending the product to the consumer.Despite the existence of legislative texts that oblige the contractor, who is responsible of the operations of executing governmental projects, to have an insurance coverage on the finances existent in Iraq against risks to which they may be exposed, these laws are only considered in construction contracts rather than drilling and extraction contracts. Yet, foreign companies working in the mentioned field were insuring their projects for they realize its importance to preserve the project capital and their adherence to their States' laws as well as the existence of widespread markets in this field.However, at the beginning of the present century the insurance movement became active after many governmental institutions saw the importance of insurance in the domain of oil industry, being the optimal manner to insure the project's execution course if the risk insured against occurred, and the caution of big loss to which the project may be exposed. The presence of insurance makes both parties of the contract and the other, who will be exposed to damage due to that industry, feel safe and secure.Insurance is not only confined to compensating the loss, but its field also extends to studying the risk causes, putting solutions, making procedures that prevent and limit the occurrence of the risk insured* ***********************************************************Abstract)B ( الصفحةagainst and the preclusion of its aggravation by risk management. Despite the citation of texts in the oil contracts on the necessity of covering the oil project, yet due to the weak staff specialized in insurance processes in the oil governmental institutions and the ignorance in legal texts organized to insurance works, the items in those contracts came with unclear features in that the beneficiary of compensation value is not defined and also the contractor's responsibility in this respect is not defined.Those projects are characterized by their high cost which as a result leads to high loss scale if the risk occurs, and in turn to high compensation amount of money. Thus, the foreign companies executing oil projects should search for means of protecting their capitals by having an insurance coverage against the risks possible to occur so as to secure the compensation for the losses that may occur due to accidents.Therefore, we preferred to search in the topic of the insurance contract of oil projects through shedding the light on the characteristics of this contract and the most important documents that cover the risks of oil projects, the means and ways of settling the demands and claims of compensation at the occurrence of loss as well as the ways to solve and settle disputes.

الدفع بوجود اتفاق التحكيم : دراسة مقارنة

اسم المؤلف: انوار محمد هادي
اسم المشرف: منقذ عبد الرضا علي الفزدان
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: قانون المرافعات المدنية
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Arbitration is a specific system of litigation under which two or more parties agree to settle their civil, commercial and executive disputes outside of court. Such an agreement has two main aspects; positive and negative. In the first, parties agree to settle their disputes by using arbitration, while in the second; the agreed parties shall not resort to ordinary courts for dispute settlement. Consequently, all conflicting parties and court shall adhere to such an agreement. For example, if either party violates this agreement and resorts to legal proceedings, the court shall reject his claim after having ascertained of a correct arbitration resolution attaining all requirements; yet the court does not refrain from looking the case freely. The beneficial party shall adhere to this arbitration agreement through defence called defence by arbitration agreement, as a technical method of taking effect the obligatory positive aspect agreed upon by laws, which recognize the system of arbitration, but it did not determine a precise concept of this kind of defence; however, this is not considered a deficiency in legalization because minutes and definitions are not set forth therein in the content of the law. It is a deficiency on the party of jurisprudence, which has not determined a certain concept of this defence. It is thought that it is attributable to the difference over the nature of this defence, which is not only limited to the jurisprudence, law but also to and jurisdiction. Laws in comparison differentiate about the nature of traditional defences provided in procedural laws and considering it a certain defence. Defence with arbitration resolution is considered an application of estoppels, which means in jurisprudence prevention of contradictions in acts and sayings. So, either party violating an arbitration agreement, shall be forbidden to take any measure that does

الحماية الجنائية لسلامة الملاحة البحرية للسفن : دراسة مقارنة == Criminal Protection For the safety of maritime navigation of ships

اسم المؤلف: رنا عبد الرحيم مردان
اسم المشرف: محمد علي عبد الرضا عفلوك السلمان
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Pat terrorism widespread phenomenon knew no boundaries can limit its scope, the transmission of the scourge of the land to the sea, to threaten the interests of the countries through compromise its security and safety as well as the threat of maritime trade, since compromising the integrity of the safe navigation of ships while sailing became obsessed with fear and anxiety threatens international trade in which the maritime constitute the bulk of national income economies, prompting the international community to stalking to suppress this phenomenon, the criminalization of all illegal acts that affect the safety of maritime navigation of ships planned serious criminal sanctions through legal provisions into national legislation That Iraq is one of those countries that keen on navigation safety of ships maritime terrorist acts threatened her, one of the parties was to ratify the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful threatened the Safety of Maritime Navigation of 1988, but the problem is sometimes that Iraq, despite its accession to the International Convention of the Organization of navigation marine (IMO), but he did not issue any special legal legislation the safety of maritime navigation after the ratification of the Convention for the criminalization of terrorist acts contained in the Convention and ratified by Iraq, and at other times we find that Iraq has so far lacked a maritime law regulating the rules and provisions of maritime navigation and everything related exploitation sea, in addition to the cancellation of the Iraqi government in the final phase of the days of the US occupation of a number of laws relating to maritime navigation as a law Maritime Authority, as well as inadequate prescribed nationally in pass criminal protection of the safety of maritime navigation of ships and integrated level required by the international Organization for the safety of Maritime navigation criminal legislation . In front of this importance was the motive in choosing the subject of criminal protection for the safety of maritime vessels and its search navigation following the curriculum induction and analysis of the legal texts with the help of the cited legal texts of other nations, and to find out the criminal protection of the safety of maritime ships navigation details will divide my research in accordance with the structure based on three chapters, the first of the concept the safety of maritime navigation of ships, which includes the first two sections allocated first to introduce the safety of maritime navigation of ships, The second was the legal framework for criminal protection of the safety of maritime ships navigation, and dealt with in the second chapter of criminal protection for the safety of maritime navigation of ships, divided separation models for the two sections is also the first annexation of offenses against the safety of the ship and marine facilities, while the second section was for crimes urgent safety of people and protecting the marine environment. The third chapter annexation of the legal implications for offenses against the safety of maritime navigation of ships, divided the class into two sections, the first dealt with the criminal responsibility for offenses against the safety of maritime ships navigation, while the second section has reviewed the international responsibility for offenses against the safety of maritime navigation and the sanctions resulting from it, then followed the conclusion I have reviewed them what our findings and recommendations on the subject of the study

فكرة التعويض العقابي واثرها في المسؤولية المدنية : دراسة مقارنة == The Idea Of Punitive Damages & Its Effect On Civil Liability (Compararative study)

اسم المؤلف: مها ناجي جاسم
اسم المشرف: ظافر حبيب جبارة
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون المدني
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Compensation shall always be proportionate to the damage caused by the defendant. Therefore, one of the conditions for compensation is to be equal to the damage. Punitive damages, on the other hand, does not consider the damage to the extent that it considers the mistake. Punitive damages is an exception of the principle of full compensation, for it aims to punish the perpetrator and deter others from doing the same thing. A punitive damages was created by British Common Law. It is described as one of the features of the British judiciary, for the British legislator realized that there are legal cases in which the compensation does not adress the justice. Therefore, the perpetrator deserved more than just a compensation for causing damage, but he must be getting a punitive damages. Meanwhile, this act did not reach the level of crime, which is punishable under the liability system in the criminal law; thus, it was necessary to invent a punitive damages system. Aware of the shortcomings of the civil liability system in some cases, this legislation has legitimized this type of compensation in order to impose it on any reckless behavior that conducted by the defendant, rather than to compensate the plaintiff. Courts believe that composing the plaintiff for the actual damage that he suffered of is insufficient and that the defendant must be punished financially as a result of his bad behavior, and deterring anyone who intends of committing similar behavior in the future. For the purpose of the subject , We divided our research into two sections, In the first chapter, we discussed the concept of punitive compensation and its distinctive characteristics. In the second chapter, the subject of punitive damages in English law and the problems raised by the subject of the research, and we devoted The second of the field of application of punitive compensation in Iraqi law divided into two chapters, we discussed the field of application compensation punitive in the Iraqi judiciary as the first chapter, and allocated the second chapter to the field of application of punitive compensation in Iraqi legislation.

المحاكم المختصـة في دعاوى الجنسيـة العراقيـة == The competent Courts in the disputes of Iraqi nationality

اسم المؤلف: وجود خلف لفتة الزيرجاوي
اسم المشرف: اياد مطشر صيهود
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الخاص
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: الملخصالجنسية الرابطة القانونية والسياسية بين الفرد والدولة، تنفرد الدولة بتنظيم احكامها، ولا سلطة عليها فيما تضعه من قواعد منظمة لهذه المفردة، ولاهميتها اختلفت الدول في اعطاء مرتبة القوة لاحكامها، فبعضها جعلها من اعمال السيادة، ومنع المحاكم من نظرها، في حين ذهب الاتجاه الاخر الى عدها من اعمال الادارة العادية الخاضعة لرقابة القضاء، وهذا الاخير عندما اخضعها للقضاء، ذهب في ذلك مذاهب مختلفة، فبعضها ذهب الى منح الاختصاص للقضاء الاداري، كما في مصر، وجعل كل منازعاتها خاضعة لهذا القضاء، بيد ان بعضها الاخر ذهب الى اختصاص القضاء العادي بها، كما في فرنسا، وهناك اتجاه اخر ذهب الى ان المختص بها هو هيئات او لجان مختصة غير تابعة للقضاء الاداري ولا حتى للقضاء العادي، كما في دولة الكويت وعمان .بعد التغييرات التي حصلت بالنظام في عام 2003، وجد المشرع العراقي نفسه امام قانون جائر للجنسية العراقية، نتج عن تطبيقه حرمان المئات من العراقيين من جنسياتهم بدون سبب، وفي عام 2005 بعد صدور الدستور العراقي، كان قد تضمن احكاما تتعلق بالجنسية العراقية، لم يكن تتضمنها التشريعات السابقة، وبه صدر قانون الجنسية العراقية النافذ لسنة 2006 الذي تضمن الاحكام التي جاء بها الدستور، والتي حرص المشرع فيها على الغاء الاحكام الجائرة الموجودة في القوانين السابقة، ومن ضمن هذه الاحكام نصه على التنظيم القضائي في دعاوى الجنسية العراقية.بيد ان الاتجاه المتبع في العراق غير واضح المعالم كما في تشريعات الدول، بل جاءت النصوص المنظمة لهذا الاختصاص بمصطلحات غير دقيقة، ومعنى غير رصين، لا يبين على وجه الدقة من هي الجهة صاحبة الاختصاص، لذا ثارت الخلافات بين اتجاهات الفقه العراقي، فبعضها ذهب الى ان القضاء الاداري هو المختص، وهو ما متسالم عليه تقريبا، بكون محكمة القضاء الاداري هي من تختص بهذه المنازعات، وبعضها الاخر ذهب الى ان محاكم القضاء العادي هي المختصة بهذه المنازعات، متمثلة بمحكمة البداءة؛ كونها خليفة المحاكم الادارية التي ذكرها المشرع بالنص، هذا من جهة النظر الابتدائي، اما من جهة الطعن في الاحكام الصادرة في دعاوى الجنسية ايضا كان الخلاف سائدا في تحديد الجهة المختصة، فبعضها ذهب على انها المحكمة الاتحادية العليا، وبعضها ذهب على انها محكمة التمييز الاتحادية. | Nationality is a legal relation between the individual and the state. The State has the right and authority to regulate the provisions of nationality and there is no authority over the State to regulate the rules of nationality. For the importance of regulating the provisions of nationality, states different in giving legal force to their provisions. Some countries have considered them from the acts of sovereignty, while others have regard them as normal acts of administration which must be subject to judicial oversight. The jurists have different on the determination of the judicious objection to resolve nationality disputes. Some jurists consider the administrative jurisdiction to be the solution to those disputes as in Egypt. Other jurists consider that the ordinary judiciary is as competent as in France. There is a new trend that assigns the task of resolving disputes to competent committees. These committees are not subject to either the ordinary judiciary or the administrative judicial, as in Kuwait and Oman. The Iraqi legislature has found that the old nationality law is an impartial law that has left many unfair applications. One of those applications, where hundreds of Iraqis are preempted from retaining their nationality for no apparent reason. In 2005, the new Iraqi constitution includes new provisions relating to the regulation of nationality, and accordingly to the Constitution, the Iraqi Nationality Law was issued in force in 2006. The new Iraqi nationality law contains provisions approving the articles of the constitution, in which the legislature is keen to repeal the old unfair verdicts found in previous laws. One of the most important provisions that the legislature referred to is the judicial organization of disputes in cases of nationality. The legal trend applied in Iraq is not clear other than the legislation of other countries. The provisions governing the jurisprudence of sexual disputes are inaccurate and imprecise. Correspondingly, there has been a doctrinal dispute in Iraq. Some jurists consider that the administrative jurisdiction is the judicial competent to resolve disputes, and the Administrative Court is the body authorized to resolve the disputes of nationality. Some of the jurists consider that the court of first instance is the competent court. As for the challenge of judicial decisions relating to the disputes of nationality, there was also a jurisprudential dispute about who is the competent court to receive appearances. Some jurists define the Federal Supreme Court, others choose the Federal Court of Cassation

قانون رعاية الاحداث العراقي ومعايير حقوق الطفل الدولية : دراسة تاصيلية تحليلية == Iraqi Juvenile Welfare Law and International Standards of the Child's Rights (Constitutive and Analytical Study

اسم المؤلف: احمد عبد السلام حسن سعيد
اسم المشرف: حسين عبد الصاحب عبد الكريم
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الانساني
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان قانون رعاية الاحداث العراقي رقم (76) لسنة 1983 النافذ بالاسس التي استند اليها، والنصوص التي جاء بها، والاهداف التي يسعى الى تحقيقها , وضع نظاما متكاملا لا يقتصر على اصلاح الحدث الجانح، وانما يسعى الى وقايته من الجنوح وشموله بالرعاية اللاحقة لمنعه من العود الى الجريمة، فقد تبين من هذه الدراسة ان قانون رعاية الاحداث يعد قانونا متطورا ومواكبا للسياسة الجنائية الحديثة سواء في مرحلة التحقيق الابتدائي او في مرحلة المحاكمة في سبيل مراعاة مصالح الطفل الفضلى، وقد تضمن هذا القانون نصوصا تقضي بسريان احكامه على الاحداث الجانحين والمشردين، واورد الحالات التي يعد فيها الحدث جانحا او مشردا، كما وقد بين مسؤولية الاحداث الذي اتموا التاسعة من العمر الى حين تمام سن الثامنة عشرة، وبين التدابير المفروضة عليهم في كل مرحلة. كما وان المشرع العراقي في القانون الحالي رفع سن الحدث الى تسع سنوات بعد ان كان محددا بسبع سنوات في القانون رقم (64) لسنة 1972 الملغى، وان هذا الاتجاه في تحديد سن المسؤولية الجنائية يتلاءم واعتبارات تتصل بعدم ادراك الحدث دون هذا السن الى طبيعة فعله المخالف للقانون وعدم القدرة على الاستبصار، وجاء قانون رعاية الاحداث العراقي بنص متطور يتمثل بالرعاية اللاحقة للحدث بعد انتهاء مدة ايداعه ، هذه الرعاية تمثل الوسيلة المتممة للعلاج وتحول من دون عودته للجنوح، وان ذلك يحقق المواءمة مع معايير حقوق الطفل الدولية. وعلى الصعيد الدولي فان هناك العديد من المواثيق الدولية التي تخص الاحداث او الاطفال وتحديدا اتفاقية حقوق الطفل الدولية عام 1989 ، هذه الاتفاقية شملت الحقوق الاساسية كافة للطفل فقد حددت الكثير من الامور المختلف عليها، ومن ضمنها تحديد سن الطفل لغاية الثامنة عشرة من العمر، وكذلك حماية الاطفال المعاقين، والضمانات القانونية لحماية حقوق الاحداث. ولما تقدم تناولنا المواءمة في البحث الموسوم ( قانون رعاية الاحداث العراقي ومعايير حقوق الطفل الدولية دراسة تاصيلية تحليلية) في ثلاثة فصول، ففي الفصل الاول تناولنا التاصيل التاريخي لحقوق الاحداث، اما الفصل الثاني فقد تناولنا فيه الحماية القانونية للاحداث، وقد خصصنا الفصل الثالث لبيان مدى المواءمة بين قانون رعاية الاحداث العراقي، واتفاقية حقوق الطفل الدولية عام 1989، وقد اختتمنا هذه الرسالة باهم الاستنتاجات والمقترحات، سائلين المولى عز وجل ان يوفقنا في ذلك. | The effective Juvenile Welfare Iraqi law (76) year 1983 with the foundations on which it was based , and the texts whom it brought , and the goals it attempt to reach , has formed a full system that does not only treat the juvenile delinquent but also attempt to protect juveniles from the delinquency and to be covered by subsequent care to prevent them from returning to the crime ,this study shows that the Juvenile Welfare law is a progressive and consistent law for modern criminal policy whether at the investigative stage or at the trial stage in order to take into account the best interests of the child. This law includes provisions to enforce its judgments on juveniles and displaced persons , and this law stated cases in which the juvenile is considered an offender or a homeless person , it also stated the responsibility of juveniles who have reached the age of nine to the age of 18 and the measures imposed on them at each stage . Also, the Iraqi legislator in the current law raised the age of the juvenile to nine years after it was specified by seven years in the canceled law (64) year 1972 , and that this approach in determining the age of criminal responsibility is compatible with considerations related to the unawareness of the juvenile under this age to the nature of his illegal action and inability to foresight. The Iraqi Juvenile Welfare Law also came in the form of an advanced text of post - care of the juvenile after the expiry of the period of his/her welfare. this care represents the complementary means of treatment and preventing from his/her returning to delinquency and this makes it in line with international standards of the child's rights . And at the international level, there are many international agreement concerning juveniles or children , specifically the Agreement of the Rights of the Child for the year 1989. this agreement covered all the basic rights of the child , It has identified many controversial issues, including determining the age of a child up to 18 years of age, protecting children with disabilities and legal guarantees to protect the rights of juveniles . For the above mentioned, we have dealt with harmonization in the research named ( Iraqi Juvenile Welfare Law and the International Standards of the Child's Rights/ a Constitutive and Analytical Study) identified in three chapters, In the first chapter we discussed the historical rooting of the rights of the juvenile , as for the second chapter, We dealt with the legal protection of juveniles , and we have devoted the third chapter to the extent of harmonization between the Iraqi Juvenile Welfare Law and the International Agreement of the Child 1989 , finally we have concluded this thesis with the most important conclusions and proposals, asking the Lord Almighty to help us

اثر القانون الشخصي على قواعد تنازع الاحوال الشخصية == The impact of personal law on the conflict of the personal status rules

اسم المؤلف: نسرين حسن كوني
اسم المشرف: اياد مطشر صيهود
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الخاص
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Verily the particular relations amid individuals which are really admixed with foreign element, do need to a conflict rulein self concerning to identifythe required practicable law. It is also including the personal civil affairs which has been selected the personal law to be the required practicable law in it, due to its nature which is definitelycharacterized with stability.That law which has no longer been available after the change which has been carried out by Iraqi nationality law No 26 in 2006 which do ensure the individual right to change nationality. Thus it really imposes on in waytoreorganize the rules concerningthe personal status written down in Iraqi civil law No 40 in 1951 to be in harmony with what are prevailing now.According to that, we herby suggest presenting alternatives and bases dependable for the sake of coping with development and to make conflictrules which are entirely featured with reality and logics.In the past and still therules of conflict of personal statusconcerning marriage located with greatargument in jurisprudence whether between supporter and opponent for two reasons; First of all,that concerned of preferring the husband nationality law to wife's. Secondlyto hold on of the personal nationality law at the time of entering into marriage. Therefore,jurisprudence has suggested presenting alternative laws asfor, will law, and judge law,which a conflict ensued before him.In the same way for theadvantage which is granted by the national law maker to his law whether for the sake forindividuals oreconomy. That may which form a breach to conflict riles which are relied uponpreferring likely best law.Therefore, this is really considered unstable, as for various motives and pretexts behind its confirmation and not be violation in some cases of practicing such as in inheritance which obliged to shift the money of foreigner dead which are existed in a country to the same country incase of no inheritor for him due state is more rightful to any other country, as long as it does not form violation to stableinheritance rules

فكرة الاداء المميز واثرها في تحديد الاختصاص القضائي الدولي == The Idea of featured Performance and Its effect Upon Specifying The International Judiciary Specialization

اسم المؤلف: باسم مبروك عابر حسين الطائي
اسم المشرف: سليمان براك دايح الجميلي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الخاص
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: الانبار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: BSo long as the law in all its branches are placed by a human intellectuality , so , it does not stop at a specific level of development , the legal thoughts are get developed based on such intellectuality. The purpose of such development is to block the gap in the legislation and sometimes it addresses some defects that could be realized by a human later.Of the legal thoughts that have appeared for developing the special international law , is the distinguished performance though. The latter get appeared in the field of laws dispute and get spread in huge scale in the international agreements and national legislations . Shortly , the idea of distinguished performance has recently appeared in the judicial domain of special international relations when being included by Brussels tablet for the year 2001 , that concerns withorganizing the judicial specialization and carrying out the foreign rules in the commercial and civil relations in the European Union states. The same idea has been transferred to Brussels organization for the year 2012 that could replace the first tablet.The prominent performance's idea that determines the judicial specialization set off from one point indicating that the contract is a set of regulations that possibly could have been distributed on territories of different states . The attempt to gather the contract points could be achieved through concentrating on disputes before a definite court by searching the contracting relations effects for extracting the prominent commitment of the contract. That means , the commitment distinguishes the contract from others , on other word , the commitment gives the contract special aspects and by this, the commitment will be considered as an expressed one and will be acted on behalf of other commitments in respect to specify the judicial specialization before the court where this commitment should be carried out and implemented as to preserve the unity of the contract before courts of other states.Besides , achieving former acquaintance of contractors by enabling them to be acquainted with knowledge about the court specializing in the dispute concerning with their contract.

سلطة الادارة في مجال التخطيط العمراني في العراق : دراسة مقارنة == Administration Authority in the field of Urban planning Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: نور الهدى جميل خلف
اسم المشرف: عامر زغير محيسن
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of " Urban Planning" has a big importance in the law field that's because its role in the life of society. Although there are many texts law which sits for this topic but it's still poor because many of them doesn't apply in real life. So absence controlling constructional expansion will distorted the general form of cities and spread a random building and non permitted that resulted safety and effect people standard of living by pressing these services which belongs for specific area because unexpected increase we know that services in some cities is sit for, some numbers of person. So that surely will reflects on the general state and make problems. For this, the administration authority must interfere quickly to solve and oblige law authority. While any disregard from it will increase the problems. Each roles this administration does belong to its authority which it got from the Urban Planning and laws for different countries which used some ways and rules to oblige the respect of the legality of urban planning. That’s why we divided this research into introduction and two chapters.The first one consists what Urban Planning and the authority of the administration in sits, which is divided into two sections, The first one consists what Urban Planning, The second one consists to authority of the administration sits the Urban Planning.Chapter two consists the censorship of the administration authority for Urban Planning, that we also divided into two sections . In the first one we speak about how the administration authority sits a protective handling. The second one we consists to study the administration authority to oblige the legality recompense. Finally we finished our research with a conclusion consists results and the recommendations which we has got.

دور المحكمة الجنائية الدولية في تحديد اختصاصها واثره على مبدا التكامل == The Role of The International Criminal Court in Limit Its Specialization and Its Effect on The Integral principle

اسم المؤلف: مروة مكي مجيد
اسم المشرف: علي جبار كريدي القاضي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of the role of "The Role of The International Criminal Court in Limit Its Specialization and Its Effect on The Integral principle" that surround on the search of the type relations between the criminal court and national courts. The specialization of the international criminal court stand on the idea that it doesn't take the place of the nation courts in inquest, and trial while its specialization is to complete the specialization of this court. This idea had taken to get out from the objection of the state which saw that in the specialization of the criminal court there are some overrun on the specialization of national authority. While the idea of integral specialization of the international criminal court have some exceptions make state undesired and can't judge the international criminals committed. That make from the integral principle unstable and change according the law relation which sit for the international criminal court with the states. For that the role of the criminal court became as censorship on the national courts and that effect on national authority of the state.So this search had been divided into introduction and two chapters. The first chapter in titled of specialization of the international criminal courts and its relationship with the national courts that we also had divided into two parts, the first one consists specialization of reference of the international criminal court and the national courts ?. While the second one consists the study of the international criminal court relationship with notational courts. In the second chapter we talked about the disputed between the international criminal court and nationalcourts and we also had been divided into two parts. The first one speak about what the disputed specialization means?, and the second one consists the study of the tools that which solve the disputed between the international criminal court and the national courts.

التنظيم القانوني للرقابة المتبادلة بين مجلس المحافظة والمحافظ == The legal regulations Of The mutual control between the Provincial Council and Governor

اسم المؤلف: قائد سلمان حسن
اسم المشرف: جعفر عبد السادة بهير الدراجي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: There are two types of control over local authorities represented by the Provincial Council and Governorate. The first one is the control of the central authority represented by legislative, administrative and judicial control and control of independent bodies. The other type includes mutual control among local bodies specifically the Provincial Council and Governorate which enables each authority to monitor the other authority's work.The means of mutual control between the Provincial Council and Governor which is enacted by the Act of governorates not organized in a region and the Provincial Council's bylaws resembles largely means of mutual control between the legislative and executive authority that enacted by the bylaw of Iraqi Council of Representatives, with a relative divergence for both in the frame and effectiveness.Provincial Council is the legislative and regulatory authority that has the right to issue domestic legislation to allow it to manage its affairs in accordance with the principle of administrative decentralization, without violating the constitution and federal laws that fall within the exclusive powers of the federal authorities as stipulated by Article (2/First) of the applicable Act of Governorates not Organized in a Region. As to the governor who is elected by the Provincial Council is deemed the highest executive official in a governorate, and s/he is of a rank of deputy minister regarding rights and employment service as stipulated in the applicable Iraqi Constitution Article (122/Third) and the Act of Governorates not Organized in a Region, in force in Article (24).The mutual control between a Provincial Council and Governor has been stated by the legislator in different texts, of unspecified nature of control and without specifying control means used by each party. This led to resorting to bylaws of Provincial Councils to fill the gap and address legislative insufficiency. However, these regulations have raised the problem of lack of being consolidated in one bylaw which caused a problem of difference among these regulations in determining regulatory means and systems, thus we call on the legislator to amend the Act of Governorates no Organized in a Region, in the form that the supreme coordinating commission takes the initiative to prepare and circulate this system among Provincial Councils, and to grant such Councils the right to add some provisions relating to the nature of each governorate to this system on condition that such provisions do not interfere with the unified bylaw.The mutual control between the Governorate and Governor discloses the imbalance between parties of control. The Provincial Council has had many means towards the Governor including questioning, interrogation and investigation, and raise a general issue for discussion in addition to other indirect procedures, while the governor has only a means of objection on decisions made by the Council, and a means of requesting to resolve the Provincial Council which are considered as indirect means. The Supreme Federal Court has the right to decide on the objection made by the governor on a decision made by the Provincial Council, and a request to resolve the Council should be submitted to the House of Representatives which should gain an absolute majority of its members.But these two mechanisms contradict the Constitution that determines jurisdiction of the Supreme Federal Court and jurisdiction of the House of Representatives exclusively. Hence we recommend the administrative judiciary court is to be responsible for deciding on an objection made by the governor on Provincial Council's decision which is in line with the Constitution. Also, we recommend to a request of resolving the Provincial Council is to be submitted to the Council of Ministers, not to the House of Representatives, as it is consistent with the administrative decentralization.The effect of mutual control leads to the dismissal of the governor or dissolution of the Provincial Council. The dismissal is conducted when the exclusive reasons stipulated by law are available such as dishonesty, abuse of office, causing the waste of public fund, the loss of one of the requirements of membership and intentionalnegligence.

مسؤولية الشاحن البحري : دراسة مقارنة == Marine Shipper Liability Comparative study

اسم المؤلف: عمار مالك عبد الرضا المعمار
اسم المشرف: يوسف عودة غانم
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لقد ازداد الاهتمام بمسؤولية الشاحن البحري في العقود الاخيرة نتيجة تطور وسائل النقل البحري وتعقدهواازدهار التجارة البحرية، اذ اصبحت تمثل عصب الحياة التجارية على المستوى العالمي، وقد مهدت هذه الدراسة بالبحث في مفهوم الشاحن البحري والذي يراد به، كل شخص طبيعي او معنوي يلتزم بموجب عقد نقل بحري, بان يقدم للناقل بضاعة يملكها او يحوزها بعد اعدادها للنقل, وذلك لايصالها سالمة الى جهة الوصول لقاء اجر, على ان يكون له الحق باستلام سند شحن اصلي باسمه او لامره. وقد ظهر نوعين جديدين للشاحن البحري هما الشاحن المستندي والطرف المسيطر. ومن اهم خصائص الشاحن هو كونه طرف اساسي في عقد تجاري وعقد اذعان في الوقت ذاته نظرا لكون الشاحن طرف ضعيف في عقد النقل البحري. وثمة مراكز قانونية تتشابه مع المركز القانوني للشاحن البحري ولكن الاخير له ما يميزه عنها. ومن خلال الدراسة تبين ان هناك اكثر من اساس لمسؤولية الشاحن فهناك اساس مبني على الخطا الواجب الاثبات، في حين هناك اساس اخر مبني على المسؤولية الموضوعية, وفي حالة تحقق المسؤولية فان ثمة امكانية للاعفاء غير انه لواجود لتحديد مسؤولية الشاحن كما هو حال الناقل. وتتحقق مسؤولية الشاحن البحري نتيجة الاخلال بالتزامه بالتعريف بالبضاعة، وذلك من حيث عدم اعطاء بيانات صحيحة او عدم وضع العلامات او عدم اعطاء التعليمات اللازمة او عدم تزويد الناقل بالوثائق الضرورية الخاصة بالبضاعة، كما قد تتحقق مسؤولية الشاحن البحري نتيجة الاخلال بالتزامه بالشحن ودفع الاجرة، وقد اتضح تباين موقف القوانين من مسالة الزام الشاحن بالشحن، اذ الزمت بعضها الناقل دون الشاحن بالشحن. اضافة الى ان اطراف دعوى المسؤولية قد يكونوا مرتبطين بعقد النقل البحري وقد يكونوا من الغير. كما ان ثمة جهتين مختصتين بفض المنازعات وهما القضاء والتحكيم، وهناك من التشريعات من جعل مكان المحكمة القضائية او التحكيمية في اماكن محددة ونص على بطلان كل شرط قبل النزاع يهدف الى تغييرها، كما ان التشريعات الخاصة بعقد النقل البحري عدها هي الواجبة التطبيق ولا يجوز تجاوزها. وقد ظهر من خلال البحث ان للتقادم في مسؤولية الشاحن البحري قواعد خاصة تختلف عن القواعد العامة. على ان الملاحظ في كل ما تقدم هو اختلاف التشريعات الدولية والوطنية محل المقارنة فلا يكاد يوجد اتفاق بينها. وقد توصلت الدراسة الى ان هناك تطور واضح حاصل فيما يتعلق بتنظيم مسؤولية الشاحن البحري من الناحية القانونية، ولكنه لازال في بدايته لذا يحتاج الى تنظيم نصوص جديدة تاخذ بعين الاعتبار ضرورة توفير الحماية للشاحن البحري. | The liability of the shipper acquires an increasing importance in the last decades due to the development of marine transportation and the prospenty of marine trade. It becomes the heart of the commercial aspeet of life. This study starts with the concept of the shipper, who could be defined as every natural or moral person who oblige by carriage contract to provide the goods to the carrier as an owner or a holder of them on the condition that they should be ready for carriage to deliver them safe at arrival direction for cartain freight, also he has the right of delivering the shipping bill or for his order. Two types of shippers appeared : the documental shipper and the controller party. One of the most important features of the shipper is that he is a principal party in a commercial contract which is consideredas an ahdhesion contract due to the fact that the shipper is a weak party in carriage contract. There are also other legal positions similar to the legal position of the shipper but it is still different from them. The liability of the shipper takes place as a result of breaching his legal obligation in acknowledging the goods when he refuses to provide correct information when he doesn't signal or label the goods, when he doesn't give the correct instruction or when he doesn't provide the carrier with necessary documents. In addition to that, the shipper is liable when he breaches his obligation in shipping and paying the freight. It is shown through the study that not all rules oblige the shipper rather than some of them oblige the carrier to shipping. Moreover, It is shown that the base of the shipper liability is not specifically relied on provable fault rather there is another ground built on objective liability which when it is risen there is a capability to release. It is important to mention that there is no certain determination to shipper liability as the carrier, and the parties of action may be binded by carriage contract or may be from others. There are two ways to decide the disputes either judgement or arbitration, there are some acts state the locations of the judicial and arbitrary courts in certain places and consider any clause to change these location has no legal force and also consider the special legisations of carriage contract should be applied. The study concludes also that prescription has its influence on the liability of shipper in different way from this in general principle. It should be noted that the difference between international and locl rules is so far to a degree that they are rarely agreed on certain points. Moreaer the study is shown that there is a considerable progress concerning the liability of the shipper on the legal level, but it is in its first steps and need new provisions take in their consideration justice and the shipper protection

النظام القانوني للموت الدماغي : دراسة مقارنة بالفقه الاسلامي == THE LEGAL SYSTEM OF BRAIN DEATH Comparative study with Islamic jurisprudence

اسم المؤلف: عباس نعيم عبد الجليل الطعمة
اسم المشرف: عقيل فاضل حمد الدهان
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون المدني
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يعد مفهوم الموت الدماغي من اهم القضايا التي تشغل الساحة الطبية والقانونية والفقهية واكثرها تعقيدا وخلافا بين الفقهاء، حيث ان الاصل حدوث الموت بتوقف احد الاعضاء الرئيسة في جسم الانسان كالقلب او الجهاز التنفسي او الدماغ والذي يؤثر على بقية الاجهزة الاخرى، ويسبب توقفها عن وظيفتها، بسبب وجود الترابط والتناغم في عمل بعضها البعض وهو ما يسمى الموت التام او الموت التقليدي، ولكن مع تقدم تكنولوجيا الطب في ستينات القرن الماضي وتطور صناعة اجهزة الطبية ومنها جهاز الانعاش الاصطناعي ودورها في المحافظة على حياة الانسان وانقاذه من الموت، ادت الى ظهور حالة لم تكن معروفة في الاوساط الطبية والقانونية وحتى الفقهية وهي (الموت الدماغي) واصبح من الممكن الفصل بين موت القلب وموت الدماغ، وهذا التطور انعكس على عد توقف القلب والنفس غير كافيين لحدوث الموت، وقد ثار جدل حاد بين الاوساط الطبية والقانونية والفقهية نتج عنه انبثاق اتجاهين حول مدى عد موت الدماغ موتا حقيقيا تاما من عدمه، وما ينتج عن ذلك من اثار قانونية، وما يتفرع منها من مسائل خلافية اخرى مثل مدى جواز ايقاف اجهزة الانعاش الاصطناعي عن المريض الذي شخص الاطباء موته موتا دماغيا ويمكن تحديد اهمية البحث بالاتي : 1 - ان موضوع الموت الدماغي محل خلاف فقهي وطبي وقانوني منذ ظهور اجهزة الانعاش الاصطناعي ومازال هذا الخلاف مستمرا حتى وقتنا الحاضر، فضلا عن ندرة الدراسات القانونية في هذا الموضوع في ظل التقدم المستمر في صناعة الاجهزة الطبية والتي تسهم في ابقاء المريض على قيد الحياة وخاصة في العراق حيث تكاد تكون منعدمة فضلا عن قلتها بالوطن العربي وحاجة المحامي والقاضي والطبيب لمعرفة النظام القانوني للميت دماغيا 2 - القصور الواضح في القوانين، سواء في القانون العراقي ام في القانون المقارن، بصدد تحديد المعنى الحقيقي للموت، ولحظة حصوله وصلته بالموت الدماغي. 3 - البحث في تناقض التشريعات العراقية في المعنى الحقيقي لموت الدماغ، وهل يشمل موت الدماغ باكمله ام يقتصر الامر على موت جذع الدماغ، والوقوف على الواقع العملي الطبي في هذا الجانب، كذلك الوقوف عند عملية نقل الاعضاء وزرعها من الميت دماغيا الى الحي في ضوء القانون عمليات زرع الاعضاء البشرية ومنع الاتجار بهراقم (11) لسنة 2016 والقانون عمليات زرع الاعضاء البشرية رقم 85 لسنة 1986(الملغي) ، وما يشبهها في القوانين المقارنة ومسؤولية القائم عليها. وتكمن المشكلة الاساسية لموضوع البحث في عدم مواكبة التشريعات للتطور الطبي الحاصل في مجال المحافظة على حياة الانسان وبقائه حيا على الرغم من توقف بعض الاعضاء الرئيسة عن العمل، ومنها الدماغ. وقد توصلنا الى جملة من النتائج اهمها ضرورة تدخل المشرع العراقي ووضع تعريف يحدد معنى الموت اولواالموت الدماغي ثانيا لغرض وضع حد للجدل الطبي والقانوني والفقهي حول مسالة الموت الدماغي ومعيار الموت، فضلا عن ادخال تعديلات على النصوص القانونية ذات العلاقة لمواكبة التطور التقني والعلمي مع ترجيحنا بالاعتداد بمعيار الموت الجسدي بوصفه معيارا للموت والنتيجة المهمة الاخرى التي توصلنا اليها هو عدم اعتبار الموت الدماغي موتا حقيقيا بعد ترجيح احد الاتجاهين، وان الميت دماغيا هو شخص مريض من الناحية الطبية وحي من الناحية القانونية ومحتضر من ناحية الشريعة الاسلامية وحسب ما توصلنا اليه من ادلة علمية وعملية وبعد ان وضعنا تعريفا لحالة الموت الدماغي وتوصلنا الى ان الموت الدماغي هو تعطل في الدماغ يؤدي الى توقف انشطة الدماغ الحيوية بما فيها جذع الدماغ مع استمرار نبض قلب المريض وتنفسه باداء عملهما بفعل اجهزة الانعاش الاصطناعي وعدم جواز رفع هذه الاجهزة الا بعد توقف قلب وتنفس المصاب ليتحقق بعدها الموت الجسدي للانسان والذي يضع حدا لحياة الانسان القانونية بصدور شهادة الوفاة. في ضوء غياب النصوص القانونية المتعلقة بالموت ولكون الموت الدماغي من المواضيع المستجدة وان قانون زراعة الاعضاء البشرية رقم 85 لسنة 1986(الملغي) جعل مرضى الموت الدماغي مصدرا مهما من مصادر الحصول على الاعضاء وهذا ما سار علية قانون زراعة الاعضاء البشرية ومنع الاتجار بهراقم (11) لسنة 2016 دون اشارة صريحة حول عد الموت الدماغي موتا حقيقيا الامر الذي وضع الاطباء المعالجين بوضع محرج بين مطرقة زراعة الاعضاء وسندان المسؤولية القانونية، فضلا عن ضرورة عدم التهاون بموضوع امتناع الطبيب عن انعاش الميت دماغيا او ازالة اجهزة الانعاش عنه وترتب المسؤولية القانونية في حال قيامة بذلك استنادا الى حق الميت دماغيا بالحياة وكونه لا يزال يتمتع بالشخصية القانونية واهلية الوجوب رغم فقدانه لاهلية الاداء وتوصلنا الى ضرورة ان يجعل المشرع حالة الموت الدماغي من الحالات الخاصة التي تضاف الى عوارض الاهلية والوارد ذكرها على سبيل الحصر وحسب المواد 94و95 من القانون المدني العراقي رقم 40 لسنة 1951 . | The concept of brain death is one of the most important issues of concern to medical, legal and jurisprudential arena and of the most complex and controversial among scholars, since death was defined as the stopping of a vital organ in the human body such as the heart , lungs or brain, which affects the rest of the organs resulting in the stoppage of their functions because of a coherence and harmony in each other's work. But with the progress of artificial resuscitation devices in the sixties of the twentieth century and its role in the continuation of breathing and blood circulation process has led to the emergence of the case were not known in the medical and legal communities and even jurisprudence, namely, (brain death) and it became possible to separate cardiac death and the death of brain, the consequence of this development was that cardiac and breathing arrest are insufficient to the occurrence of death, it has been a sharp debate among medical and legal jurisprudence areas about the extent to which brain death revolted real death or not, and the consequent legal implications such as the ability to stop the artificial resuscitation devices from a patient with brain death. The study consists of three chapters : The first one discusses the definition of death, signs of death in both physicians and jurists conception. The second chapter includes the situation of brain death wither it’s a real death or no. The last chapter studies the legal position of dead brain patient and the medical responsibility of artificial resuscitation .After extrapolation of the views of jurists and physicians, the researcher found asset of results installed in the conclusion of this research

غش المستفيد واثره في التزام المصرف بدفع قيمة الاعتماد المستندي : دراسة مقارنة == The Beneficiary Cheating and its Effect on the Bank Obligation in Paying the Letter Of Credit Amount(A comparative study)

اسم المؤلف: سجى ماجد داود العزاوي
اسم المشرف: علاء عمر محمد
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Letter of Credit is a Legal institution of great significance for the International Trade, because it is the most common mean for money transfer among different countries and the settlement of the international transactions like, Sales contracts Importation & Exportation without Unimpeded. The reason is that signing these contracts among parties within different countries make their settlement difficult in terms of material delivery and Receipt of money. Therefore, the Letter of Credit is a secure mean required among those parties for these settlements due to the principles which distinguish this letter and give it its importance in the International Trade. The principle of opening Credit for each contact and its terms independently and the principle of Virtual Conformity for documents made the Letter of Credit used with most of the International Contracts.Despite of the above mentioned benefits, the Letter of Credit is susceptible to Fraud, Forgery & Scam due to the evolution of Machines & Instruments which make it easy for contracting people to practice fraud. The reason is that the Letter of Credit doesn’t give absolute protection when dealing with unknown group, therefore, the buyer should be careful and get enough info about the source which is going to deal with.Fraud Practices in the Letter of Credit may affect the whole process of contracting despite the fact that these letter are separate for each contract. What make things more complicated is that the Regulations & Principles of the Letter of Credit don’t consider the Fraud Practices as exception for the Bank commitment same as most of the National Legislation except the US trade Law which clearly consider Fraud Practices an exception for the Bank commitment of the Credit. This missing Legislation whether in the Principles & Regulations or in the National Legislation kept the door open for Jurisprudence, Judiciary for the determination in the Fraud Practices issues. However, main direction for Jurisprudence, Judiciary is that the Fraud Practices are considered as exception for the principle of independence of the Letter of Credit and this Principle will not be applicable and the bank will bear no responsibility during the documents checking and the payment process of the credit value. In this case, the bank is required for the Virtual Conformity only unless if the bank found out the fraud and paid despite that. As for the relationship between the seller and the buyer, it will be defined as per the contract between them and the buyer can request compensation from the seller in case the seller Breached the contract terms and didn’t fulfill his responsibilities.

استقلال القضاء الاداري في العراق : دراسة مقارنة == Independence of Administrative Judicial In Iraq (Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: حسيـــن جاسم شاتي
اسم المشرف: سليم نعيم الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: مما لاشك فيه ان استقلال القضاء لن يكون الا من خلال استقلال القضاة انفسهم والعكس صحيح، فاستقلال القضاء واستقلال القضاة امران مرتبطان ببعضهما البعض ولاغنى لاحدهما عن الاخر كما لا يمكن ان ينهض اي منهما بديلا عن الاخر، لذلك فان وجود قضاء اداري مستقل هو ضرورة حتمية لانه يعني وجود ضمانة قوية لسلامة تطبيق القانون في حيدة وموضوعية في مواجهة كل اطراف النزاع، خصوصا الادارة باعتبارها طرف قويا في هذه المنازعات، وهنا يبرز دور القضاء الاداري حيث يعد صاحب الاختصاص الاصيل في المنازعات الادارية. والقضاء الاداري تم انشاءه في العراق بموجب قانون رقم (106) لسنة 1989، قانون التعديل الثاني لقانون مجلس شورى الدولة رقم (65) لسنة1979، حيث استحدث بموجبه لاول مرة قضاء اداري في العراق الى جانب القضاء العادي، اذ انيطه به مهمة النظر في صحة القرارات والاوامر الادارية التي تصدر عن الموظفين والهيئات في الوزارات والجهات غير المرتبطة بوزارة هذا بالاضافة الى وظيفة مجلس الانضباط العام او محكمة قضاء الموظفين في الوقت الحاضر. لذا فالقضاء الاداري يمثل ركيزة اساسية وفعالة في حماية مبدا المشروعية وضمان احترام حقوق الافراد وحرياتهم، الا انه لا ضمان للقيام بهذا الدور الا اذا كان القضاء الاداري مستقلا عن باقي سلطات الدولة، وذلك بوجود نظام اداري ومالي مستقل يكفل له ولاعضائه الضمانات التي تجسد هذا الاستقلال وتحصنه من جميع الوسائل التي يمكن ان تسلط عليه او تستهدف تقويضه او تمنعه من اداء دوره في حماية مبدا المشروعية وضمان احترام حقوق الافراد وحرياتهم ازاء تصرفات الادارة، هذا من جانب ومن جانب اخر ضرورة ان يتمتع القضاء الاداري في العراق باستقلال وظيفي وذلك من خلال بسط ولاية هذا القضاء على كافة المنازعات الادارية واعتباره صاحب الولاية العامة على المنازعات الادارية، ولا يقتصر الامر على ذلك وانما يجب توفير حد ادنى من ضمانات التقاضي امام القضاء الاداري من حيث وجود اجراءات مستقلة للتقاضي امام هذا القضاء. ان دراسة موضوع ( استقلال القضاء الاداري في العراق) يثير العديد من التساؤلات منها كيفية اختيار اعضاء القضاء الاداري في العراق وما هو دور السلطة التنفيذية في ذلك، وماهي الضمانات التي منحها المشرع العراقي في اعيين اعضاء القضاء الاداري، وهل يتمتع هذا القضاء بموازنة مستقلة هذا فضلا عن الحقوق المالية الاخرى وهل يملك هذا القضاء الولاية العامة على كافة المنازعات الادارية، باعتبار ان الانتقاص او المصادرة لحق التقاضي يتعارض ومبدا استقلال القضاء. وتاسيسا على ما تقدم ومن اجل الاحاطة بكافة جوانب هذا الموضوع فقد اثرنا تقسيمه الى ثلاثة فصول تناولنا في الفصل الاول الاستقلال الاداري للقضاء الاداري من حيث اختيار اعضاء القضاء الاداري في مبحث اول وضمانات تنظيم شؤونهم في مبحث ثان. اما الفصل الثاني فقد خصصناه لدراسة الاستقلال المالي للقضاء الاداري وذلك في مبحثين، نبين في الاول منهما الحقوق المالية الاعضاء القضاء الاداري، وناقشنا في المبحث الثاني الموازنة المستقلة للقضاء الاداري ودستورية منحها . والفصل الثالث الذي حمل عنوان الاستقلال الوظيفي للقضاء الاداري فقد تطرقنا من خلاله لتشكيلات القضاء الاداري واختصاصاته في مبحث، واجراءات التقاضي امام هذا القضاء وسبل استقلالها في مبحث ثان. | Undoubtedly that independence of the judiciary and the independence of judges tow thing are linked to each other. it is dispensable on one another no does it promote any of them, a substitute for the other the existence of administrative it is inevitable because, it means there is strong need for a guarantee for the safety of law in a neutral and objective the administrative. And administrative Judicial, was set up in Iraq under law no, (106) for a year (1989) second amendment act the law of the state consultative council No (65), for a year (1979) where it was introduced for the first time under which administrative spend in Iraq, where he was on the validity of decisions and order issued by the pain. So the administrative judicial considered is an essential and effective component in the protection of the principle of legitimacy, so the right and freedoms of individuals. This is part of for the other hand the need for the administrative judicial in Iraq enjoyed functional independence and through the extension of the mandate of the judiciary, on all administrative disputes and considering his general jurisdiction over administrative disputes. Based on the above in order to surround all a aspects of this subject we opted to split it into three section, we dealt with in the first chapter of administrative independence of the administrative judicial, we discuss the selection of members of the elimination administrative and guarantees, the organization of their. The second chapter was dedicated to the study of financial independence for the elimination of administrative in tow section, the first is the rights of financial as for the second it has we discussed through the budget independence of the elimination of administrative. The third chapter where includes title functional independence to eliminate administrative, which is divided by tow section, which included the first formation of the judiciary and administrative competence, and procedures of litigation in front of the judiciary in second

الحماية الجـــزائية لـرئيس الجمهـــورية : دراسة مــقارنة == The Penal protection for the President (Acomparative study) By student Tabark Najim Abd

اسم المؤلف: تبارك نجــــــــــم عبــــــــــد
اسم المشرف: غازي حنون خلف الدراجي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The position of the republic president is one of the most significant positions in the state. The republic president is the sponsor of the independence, land safety, constitution and law, treaties of the state. He is the top official responsible for the application of the constitution and the existence of the state.The constitutional legislations shall contain legal articles ensuring legal protection for those who are in this position. One of these aspects of legal protection is the criminal protection which stands for two essential points. The first point is immunity. The republic state holds judicial immunity while practicing his tasks. In addition, he makes advantage of this kind of immunity even after the finishing of his tasks which he has conducted while he was in the office. The main purpose behind empowering this kind of immunity to the state president is to guarantee the republic president fulfills his tasks free. However, this immunity is not absolute as legislations put exceptions for some dangerous crimes. The second point is the enactment of legal articles condemning offending the republic president and proposing rigid punishment for such criminal behavior if it happens to the republic president in comparison to in ordinary individual. The position of the republic state in Arabic countries (including Iraq) is generally very important and critical. In spite of the change that happened after 2003, the collapse of the regime, the cancellation of 1970 interim constitution and the issuing of 2005 constitution that reduces the powers of the republic president, the person who occupies this position still holds large authorities as he is the president of the state and the protector of constitution. Thus, such position requires special criminal immunity characterizing him from other public officials. The problem statement The problem statement represents answering the following questions : Why most constitutions (including comparative ones) except Lebanese constitution don’t mention the objective or procedural immunity that the presidents of all states enjoy? The constitutional and international convention recognizes the principle of immunity for the presidents of all states, Why the law of judging the republic president designated by article (93/ sixth) of 2005 constitution in effect has not been issued yet?, Why the protection of the republic president is extremely exaggerated in disciplinary laws by tightening up punishment on those who offend the president?, Study plan The current study has been divided into introduction, preface section and two chapters as follows : Preface section entitled (the concept of the republic president) includes the definition of the concept of the republic president and his features, the authorities of the republic president and the period of his office. Chapter one entitled (what is the immunity of the republic president?) is divided into two sections : section one contains the concept of the republic president’s immunity locally; section two contains the concept of the republic president’s immunity internationally.Chapter two entitled (the criminal protection of the republic president) is divided into two sections : section one the protection of the republic president related to his body and life; section two the protection of the republic president related to his honor and status. The study has been ended up with conclusion,contain findings and recommendations

المسؤولية العقدية الناشئة عن الاستعمال غير المشروع لبطاقات الدفع الالكتروني : دراسة مقارنة == THE contractual responsibility arising from the illegal use of electronic payment cards (Comparative study)

اسم المؤلف: ايناس يوسف داخل الساعدي
اسم المشرف: رائد صيوان المالكي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون المدني
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تـعـد بـطاقات الــدفـع الالـكتـرونـي احــدى الابــتكارات المـهـمة التـي افـرزها التـطـور التـكنـولـوجـي فــي الـعـصـر الـحـديــث ، حـيــث اصـبحـت مـن اهــم الـوسائـل الـمسـتخدمـة للــدفـع في كافة انحاء العالم ، وهناك توقعات بان تصبح الوسيلة الاولى المستخدمة في الدفع في السنوات القليلة القادمة ، لانها اكثر الوسائل سهولة وامانا في التعامل نظرا لما توفره من مزايا لجميع اطرافها ، الا ان هذا الانتشار الواسع في الاستعمال لم يرافقه التنظيم التشريعي الذي يتناسب مع تلك الاهمية ، حيث يثير استخدام بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني في الدفع الكثير من المشاكل ، فعلى الرغم من ان الجهات العاملة في نطاق بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني عملت على تهيئة وتطوير وسائل الحماية والامان للتعامل بالبطاقات ، الا ان هناك العديد من المخاطر التي يتعرض لها مستخدمي بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني . ازاء هذه المخاطر كان لا بد من تقرير المسؤولية على مرتكبيها ، فيمكن ان تنتج المسؤولية عن الاطراف المتعاملة بالبطاقة على اساس انه يجمع بينها علاقات تعاقدية تحدد لكل طرف حقوقه والتزاماته ، وان اخلال اي طرف بالتزاماته يؤدي الى قيام مسؤوليته العقدية . نظرا لعدم وجود تشريع في العراق ينظم المسؤولية العقدية لاطراف بطاقة الدفع الالكتروني ، لهذا سوف تكون هذه الدراسة مخصصة لبحث هذه المسؤولية من خلال تطبيق القواعد العامة في التشريع المدني والتجاري ، وكذلك نماذج العقود التي يصدرها المصدر ، وايضا التشريعات التي تنظم التعامل الالكتروني بصورة عامة . وسوف يتم بحث هذه المسؤولية من خلال ثلاثة فصول يسبقها تمهيد يتم فيه بيان ماهية بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني وطبيعتها القانونية ، اما الفصل الاول يبحث في المسؤولية العقدية لحامل بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني ، بينما الفصل الثاني يبحث في المسؤولية العقدية لمصدر بطاقات الدفع الالكتروني ، ويكون الفصل الثالث مخصص لمسؤولية التاجر | Electronic payment cards is one of the important innovations spawned technological evolution in the modern era, becoming the most important means of payment throughout the world, and there are expectations by becoming the primary means used to pay in the next few years ; Because they are more easily and more secure means of dealing because they provide advantages to all her limbs, this widespread use has not accompanied by legislative regulation which is commensurate with the importance ، Where e - Credit Cards raises in pay lots of problems, although the actors within electronic payment cards worked on creating and developing means of protection and security to deal with the cards ,but there are many risks to users of electronic payment cards whether from Parties or others card About these risks were to be the responsibility of the perpetrators, it can produce responsible parties collaborating with the card on the basis that the combined contractual relationships determine each party's rights and obligations, and any party breach its obligations lead to contractual responsibility . Due to the lack of legislation in Iraq organizes the nodal responsibility for electronic payment card parties, that this study would be to discuss this responsibility by applying the General rules on Civil and commercial legislation, Also, legislation governing electronic transactions in General. This responsibility will be examined through a preliminary look is what electronic payment cards and legal nature, either the first Chapter looking at nodal responsibility for electronic payment card holder, while the second Chapter examines the nodal responsibility for electronic payment cards source, the third Chapter is dedicated to the responsibility of the trader

التنظيم القانوني لحق الحصول على المعلومات : دراسة مقارنة == The Legal Regulation Of The Right Of Getting To Information comparative study

اسم المؤلف: زينه صاحب كوزان عبد العباس
اسم المشرف: رافع خضر صالح شبر
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The right of information obtaining is in general a concept that is the right of information obtaining which held by public bodies, but now it has been recognized in a wide - range as it is a human right, as there is a large global trend towards legal recognition of this right, the various countries around the world which want democracy that we find it adopted laws for information obtaining or under development for it, and this is a big change since ten years ago when it was adopted less than half of information obtaining laws which is currently used. That important re enforcement for democracy has taken a long time to get a wide recognition as a right. the public authorities do not keep the information to themselves, but acts as a supervisor in the public interest, and on the basis of that information must be available to individuals in the absence of significant public interest and confidentiality, In this regard, the right of information obtaining laws reflect the basic assumption that the government should serve people by providing that information. The right of information obtaining is marginalized rights in most countries of world, whether at the official level, where most governments prefer to conduct a classified business, and considers that official information belongs to it and a monopoly for them, so they hold such information from individuals, or on the level of jurisprudence where we find most of the legal scholars and human rights. They do not give importance to this right. The importance of information obtaining right and circulate it is considered one of the most important mechanisms to promote and support the exercise of other rights of different types, it is a crucial factor to prepare a public context and public environment that respects and protects and perform rights, whether it was on ambitious individual level to be a perfect citizen without violence or discrimination or marginalization or at the level of ambitious community for the development of a true humanitarian and a climate in which the rights and freedoms are respected based on a democratic that respects standards of the transparency and a wise governance. Second : the research importance 1 - The Extrusive relationship between corruption and government secrecy becomes a very clear relationship, where it was noted that the governments which operate secretly be prone to the corruption more than governments that operate Publicly, so it was the right to obtain an important step to enable individuals to fight that corruption and get rid it. 2 - The right of information obtaining on represents one of successful means to strengthen the principle of popular democracy and ensuring popular participation in governance, and it also helps in making the local governments under public scrutiny, which make it avoids mistakes. 3 - Right to information obtaining help to remove un necessary secrecy for governmental decisions - making process, which helps to improve the quality of those decisions which taken at various levels, it also helps citizens to recognize the governmental decisions and the basis upon which, enabling them to practice a good governance on public policy and decision - making process. 4 - The governments are gaining information through by exercising the authority which granted to it by the people, so that information and documents are a property of people as Public ownership, it is also at the same time represent a mirror that reflects the success of those governments in achieving public interest, so individuals have the right to information obtaining and documents which are in the possession of governments. 5 - The right to information obtaining represent as oxygen of democracy, democratic governments are based on the confidence of the governed, which oblige it show as much as possible of its acts to its citizens to learn them about the policy, objectives and programs of those governments, and the secrecy in the government's performance lead to the promotion of corruption and repression, nepotism and abuse of power , so openness in the government's performance represents a crucial element in achieving democracy. So we can say that the role of the right of information obtaining in a democratic society does not stop at just achieving popular participation in government decision - making, but also falls under the balance of power between government and the people Third : the research problem Knowledge of the right of information obtaining and its quest to achieve a set goals of it, opening the closed doors of government and to ensure its submission for the laws, and also to increase public participation in government decision - making, and also ensure the accuracy of personal information, and its novelty. 1 - The concept of the right of information obtaining is not absolute concept. All right of information obtaining laws, granted the legal right of governmental information obtaining, with some exceptions to it, and here will create a problem between their declared goals in the opening - up policy, and between the traditional understanding of the importance of secrecy sometimes. 2 - This law its role creating a balance between the public interest in governmental information obtaining in exchange for an interest in protecting the secrecy of certain types of information, and only here may the true will reveal the legislator in its adoption for the law of right of information obtaining, if it is based on fully convinced of the benefits of openness or it happens as a result of international pressure which exercised by donors (international Bank, International Monetary Fund ) on countries to adopt transparency and anti - corruption laws, so the first result is toward the will of the legislature here is moving toward expanding the scope of this right always. The second result, it restricts this right as much as possible. 3 - The recognition of the right of information obtaining under the laws of information obtaining does not offer a lot to the community if it is not includes those laws the fundamental principles of information obtaining right, of which report the principle of maximum disclosure of information, oblige the governmental administrations to the duty of publication, report individuals' right to judicial appeal for the administration’s decisions which issued to reject the request of information obtaining, hence to evaluate any experience in the scope of information obtaining, requires subjecting the organization for international standards, regarding its content, scope, how to exercise it and its guarantees.

الحماية الدولية للاستثمارات الاجنبية المباشرة اثناء النزاعات المسلحة == International Protection of Foreign Direct Investments in Armed Conflict

اسم المؤلف: يسار عطية تويه العقابي
اسم المشرف: طيبة جواد حمد المختار
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الانساني
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:

دور المنظمة الدولية للشرطة الجنائية في مكافحة الجرائم العابرة للحدود == Role of the International Criminal Police Organization in combating transnational crimes

اسم المؤلف: باقر موسى سعيد الخفاجي
اسم المشرف: حيدر كاظم عبد علي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الجنائي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:

دور القضاء الاداري الدولي في تسوية منازعات الموظفين الدوليين

اسم المؤلف: ايمان عبيد كريم
اسم المشرف: اسماعيل صعصاع غيدان البديري | حيدر كاظم عبد علي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The role of international administrative Ejication in settling disputes of international personnel.A very important topic for empinternational staff of international organizations dealing with the mechanism to protect them from the arbitrariness of their organizations when making administrative decisions relating to the terms of their service or appointment, their promotion and disciplinary matters.And they have to owned a legal and judicial guarantees to face those administrations. We have been dedicated study in the framework of the United Nations Organization developed a new system of internal justice for employees by created tribunals of the United Nations for Dispute and Appeal For the first time it is appealing the decision of an international tribunal after period of the end character inherent in international judgment. The international employee became appeal the verdict issued by the United Nations Dispute tribunal under certain conditions. And abolition the administration court because the United Nations became has an ineffective justice system and lacks independence, and must establish an internal efficiently, autonomy justice system and the resources to safeguard the rights of employees and ensure the effectiveness has accountability of managers and staff, and works on the basis of decentralization as the new system carry out its affairs by professionals and if there have resources will lead to the reduction of conflicts within the organization by increasing the effectiveness of resolving disputes informally, and to7 59ensure expedite the disposition of cases in the formal justice system.And also this system has a decentralization to ensure effective coverage of the internal justice system for all employees in field operations, who make up the majority of the staff, as it has been to strengthen the Ombudsman's Office and professional intermediaries working in it for the settlement of disputes, this was done to establish the Office for the administration of justice at the United Nations. We have referred to it in three chapters. The first to determine what international personnel disputes, define the concept of international employee and distinguish it what looked like and the nature of the employee's relationship with the organization as to whether the contractual relationship or regulatory or double, and a mechanism international staff appointment and their duties and rights, also reviewed the meaning of the dispute and to distinguish what is suspected, and the parties of the dispute, the reasons for such disputes arising between the employee and the organization. And identify types of international administrative decisions and elements of those decisions. The second chapter devoted to means of settling disputes of international personnel through informal means of personnel services and the Office of Internal Oversight Services, the Office of Legal Affairs and the bodies of the staff representatives, and the Ombudsman's Office and the Division of mediation, as for the formal means we must explain the importance and the main reasons for the adoption of methods, characteristics and its component, the Internal Justice Council, and the Office of Administration of Justice and the Court of the United Nations Dispute and Appeals. In the third chapter, we have explained the conclusions and recommendations necessary to complete the study of this topic

فكرة تحرير العقود الدولية من الخضوع للقوانين الوطنية : دراسة مــقارنة == Idea edit international contracts from undergo the national laws Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: حيــدر عــبد الـــحســــين حــســــن الجبوري
اسم المشرف: عبد الرسول عبد الرضا جابر الاسدي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الخاص
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Perhaps one of the reasons the idea of liberalization of international contracts from the yoke of national laws, is what is the inability of the latter laws for briefing condition solitary regulation of the relations of international trade, it is the laws have become incompatible with the requirements of international trade because it does not reflect reality, but rather reflect the needs of the internal community which differ inevitably what it takes trade and international business community, what is known about international trade contracts as contracts arising in the economic and political environment characterized as volatile, which requires a special law contributes to keep up with these recent changes, but stay away as much as possible from the dominance of national laws that have become it does not match the requirements of international trade, and the concomitant growth and prosperity at the present time, and this is what his body the parties to international trade through thahihm of subjecting international contracts legal rules of the national character, arguing that several considerations lead by not wanting to give priority to the interests of one party over another party, especially If the applicable law is the national law of the country of one of the parties to the conflict, as well as the parties to the international trade has always sought to avoid the complications that they contain Tgueninat national laws, rules of the latter laws were originally developed for the rule of links and relationships of internal trade, and then they do not chime mostly more general cases with the requirements of international trade, and if this is the case before the national courts, the other hand, we find that what is known to spend international commercial arbitration has struggled to take out what is known as international trade contracts from the scope of Sultan domestic laws of the states, and finally to subject them to objective rules originated in the Rehab community trade and business, a so - called rules of substantive law of international trade, which eliminate international commercial arbitration contributed role does not deny the created, with the creation of self - solutions that match it seeks international trade contracts, through the docking of certain customs and rules that have no counterpart in national systems, which through repetition of those solutions in exposing him of disputes, the substantive law of international trade has become a special law precedents that crystallized it appropriate to confront those disputes rules for what you cannot achieve national systems, making countries in front of one option does not second him, namely the recognition of the existence of an international private law, but seeking to live with the fact that self - safety imperatives of international trade imposed itself strongly, on the grounds that state authorities cannot be exercised in the international arena just as easily as on the domestic level, and thus is no longer difficult to say that some of the rules contained in national systems have become inappropriate for the settlement of disputes by the international raised the contracts in general, and decades of international trade in particular, especially in cases where the provisions of national rules incompatible with the rules of another type specially been prepared to govern disputes international contracts in the form of substantive rule

دور مجلس الدولة العراقي في تفسير المعاهدات الدولية : دراسة مقارنـــة == The role of the State Council of Iraq in the interpretation of international treaties A comparative study

اسم المؤلف: فاضل مسلم هطيل الطائي
اسم المشرف: صادق محمد علي الحسيني
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تاتي المعاهدة الدولية المكانة المتميزة ضمن القواعد القانونية على المستوين الدولي والوطني، بعدها الوسيلة التي تنظيم الحياة الدولية بين الدول , وقد تزايد دوها بشكل كبير خاصة بعد التحول في القانون الدولي العام ونتيجة تغير الافكار في المجتمع الدولي , وهذا ما ادى الى اخذها المكانة البارزة على المستوى الداخلي والدولي, اذ تعد مصدرا للشرعية الداخلية كونها تندمج ضمن القواعد القانونية على المستوى الوطني . فالمعاهدات الدولية وسيلة قانونية اساسية تعبر عن الارادة الوطنية في العلاقات الدولية والوسيلة السياسية التي تنظم صراع الارادات لحماية المصالح الوطنية ؛اذانها في القانون الوطني الداخلي تعكس اجراءات الالتزام النهائي بالمعاهدات الصراعات السياسية بين الفئات السياسية والمصالح الاقتصادية واثرها على حركة انتقال الاشخاص ورؤوس الاموال وحمايتها عبر الحدود الاقليمية للدول . اذان التفسير من قبل مجلس الدولة احد طرق تفسير المعاهدات الدولية عند غياب التفسير الحكومي وعلى الصعيدين الدولي والداخلي ؛ وبذلك تثار مشكلة على الصعيد الداخلي , اذ يخضع لقواعد قانونية معينة تتعلق في مسالة نفاذ المعاهدة الدولية في النظام القانوني الوطني , اذ ان القائم بالتفسير لا يمكنه تطبيق المعاهدة مالم يتم دمجها ضمن النظام القانوني الوطني , وهذا ما يجعل اختصاص مجلس الدولة بتفسير المعاهدات الدولية مسالة مهمة ودقيقة . وبحثنا المعاهدات الدولية كاحد مصادر القانون الدولي ، وبيان اهميتها في مجال العلاقات الدولية والضرورة للتعاون الدولي للتعايش السلمي, اذ تجلى ذلك عبر التطرق الى التعريف بالمعاهدة الدولية وانواعهوامراحل ابرامهواشروط صحتهواالى تفسيرهواالى دور مجلس الدولة العراقي في مجال المعاهدات الدولية، والى الطرق والمبادئ التي يتم التفسير بموجبها , والى القواعد التي يعتمد عليها بالتفسير للمعاهدات الدولية, وقد قسمنراسالتنا على ثلاثة فصول خصص الفصل الاول للبحث في ماهية تفسير المعاهدات الدولية , فيما خصص الفصل الثاني الى اختصاص مجلس الدولة في المعاهدات الدولية , وفي الفصل الثالث تطرقنا الى الاحكام والقواعد التي يتم التفسير بها, ولعل ما يميز دراستنا للموضوع انه لم يتم التطرق اليه من قبل , ونامل ان نكون وفقنوالو بالقدر السير لتغطية الموضوع، والله الموفق وعليه المستعان | The international treaty comes within the legal framework at the international and national levels, after which the means of regulating international life among nations has increased dramatically, especially after the transformation in international public law and the result of changing ideas in the international community. Internal and international, as it is a source of internal legitimacy as it is incorporated into the legal rules at the national level. International treaties are a basic legal instrument that reflects the national will in international relations and the political means governing the struggle of wills to protect national interests; as in domestic domestic law, the procedures for final commitment to treaties reflect political conflicts between political groups and economic interests and their impact on the movement of people and capital across borders Of States. The interpretation by the Council of State is one way of interpreting international treaties in the absence of governmental, international and domestic interpretation; thus, an internal problem arises, subject to certain legal rules relating to the question of the effectiveness of an international treaty in the national legal order, Unless it is incorporated into the national legal system, which makes the competence of the Council of State to interpret international treaties an important and precise matter. We discussed international treaties as one of the sources of international law, and their importance in the field of international relations and the necessity of international cooperation for peaceful co - existence. This was manifested through the definition of the international treaty, its types, stages of ratification, interpretation and the role of the Iraqi State Council in the field of international treaties. Interpretation and the rules upon which interpretation is based on international treaties have been divided into three chapters The first chapter deals with the interpretation of international treaties. The second chapter deals with the jurisdiction of the State Council in international treaties. In Chapter 3, we discussed the provisions and rules that are interpreted. Perhaps what distinguishes our study from the topic is that it has not been addressed before, Even if we go to cover the subject . And God is theconciliator and the user

تعدد الجناة واثره في السياسة الجنائية : دراسة مقارنة == The multiplicity of offenders and their impact on criminal policy A comparative study

اسم المؤلف: نافع تكليف مجيد دفار العماري
اسم المشرف: علي حمزة عسل الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يقصد بتعدد الجناة ارتكاب عدة اشخاص لجريمة ما بناء على اتفاق او مساهمة سابقة، والذي يتوافر في الجرائم سواء كانت جرائم الفاعل الوحيد التي ترتكب من جاني واحد وبمساهمة عدة جناة او كانت من جرائم الفاعل المتعدد التي يتطلب لتحقق الانموذج القانوني لنشاطها الاجرامي بارتكابها من جناة متعددين. وتتمثل عناصر تعدد الجناة باتفاق الجناة والنصاب العددي والغرض من الاتفاق والتعدد، اذ لا يمكن الحديث عن تعدد الجناة بدون وجود اتفاق من قبلهم على ارتكاب الجريمة، وان يحصل هذا الاتفاق بين عدد من الجناة المحدد بموجب النص القانوني والذي يجب ان لا يقل في جميع الاحوال عن شخصين وان يتمتع كل من الجناة بارادة معتد بها قانونا، ويجب ان يكون الغرض من الاتفاق والتعدد هو ارتكاب الجريمة. وان طبيعة مساهمة الجناة في ارتكاب الجريمة تختلف فيما اذا كانت مساهمتهم ضرورية ام مساهمة عرضية لارتكابها، اذ يعد في الاولى تعددا ضروريا اي ان طبيعة الركن المادي للجريمة تتطلب وجود نشاط اكثر من فاعل بحيث لا يمكن ان تتحقق الجريمة بنشاط الجاني بمفرده، اما في الثانية فانه يعد تعددا غير ضروري(عرضي) لتحقق الجريمة اي انه يعد ركنا بالمساهمة في الجريمة بحيث لا تقوم المساهمة في الجريمة. ولم يعد المشرع العراقي تعدد الجناة ظرفا مشددا عاما للعقاب الا انه انتقى بعض الجرائم بقدر تعدد جناتها من حيث خطورتها فعده ظرفا مشددا، كما هو الحال في جريمة السرقة وجريمة الاغتصاب، وتكمن الحكمة التشريعية من التشديد في ان التعدد يرغم المجني عليه على الاذعان خشية استعمال القوة عند الاقتضاء كما انه يقوي من عزيمة الجناة لارتكاب الجريمة ما يؤدي الى تسهيل ارتكاب الجريمة. ويظهر تاثير تعدد الجناة في تحريك الدعوى الجزائية في حالة تعدد مرتكبي الجريمة وكان من بينهم متهم لا يجوز تحريك الدعوى ضده الا بشكوى، وعليه فانه لا تحرك الدعوى اتجاه هذا المتهم الا بناء على شكوى من المجني عليه او من يقوم مقامه، كما يبرز تاثيره في قرارات قاضي التحقيق فعلى سبيل المثال لا يمكن لقاضي التحقيق ان يتخذ قراره بعرض العفو على المتهم الا اذا كان هناك تعدد الجناة في الجريمة موضوع التحقيق لكي يتسنى للقاضي الحصول على الادلة من اعتراف المتهم على بقية المتهمين الاخرين، وكذلك يؤدي التعدد الى اصدار المحكمة قرارها بالطلب من السلطات التحقيقية اتخاذ الاجراءات القانونية ضد المتهمين الاخرين او اعادة الدعوى كلها لغرض استكمال الاجراءات التحقيقية فيها عندما يجد القاضي في اثناء النظر في الدعوى الجزائية ان هناك اشخاصا اخرين لهم صلة بالجريمة المرتكبة ولم تتخذ الاجراءات القانونية ضدهم. وقد تناولنا موضوع الدراسة على ثلاثة فصول، ففي الفصل تطرقنا الى ماهية تعدد الجناة وفي الثاني استعرضنا اثره في السياسة الجنائية الموضوعية وفي الثالث تناولنا اثره في السياسة الجنائية الاجرائية، ولان موضوع الدراسة مقارن فقد تمت المقارنة بين التشريع العراقي والتشريعات الاخرى، ومن خلال ذلك تم التوصل الى جملة من النتائج والمقترحات اوردناها في الخاتمة ومن الله التوفيق. | There are many perpetrators in most crimes, whether the crimes of the sole perpetrator committed by one perpetrator and the participation of several perpetrators or the crimes of the multiple perpetrators that require the verification of the legal model of the criminal activity committed by multiple perpetrators, and the number of perpetrators of committing several people for the crime of a previous agreement or contribution. The elements of multiple perpetrators are the agreement of the perpetrators, the numerical quorum, the purpose of the agreement and the multiplicity, since it is impossible to talk about the multiplicity of perpetrators without an agreement by them to commit the crime, and that this agreement is by a number of perpetrators. Shall in no case be less than two persons and that each of the offenders shall have a legally recognized will, and the purpose of the agreement and pluralism shall be to commit the crime. And the nature of the contribution of the perpetrators in the commission of the crime is different whether the contribution necessary or accidental contribution to commit, which is the first necessary pluralism, that the nature of the physical element of the crime requires the existence of activity more than an actor so that can not be achieved alone and in other words that the substance of the crime requires a variety of activities In the second, it is considered unnecessary (accidental) any contribution to the crime, where the contribution to the crime is not only verified where it assumes a multiplicity in the perpetrators who committed the crime. The Iraqi legislator did not decide on a general basis, considering the multiplicity of perpetrators as a general aggravating circumstance, but he chose some crimes as many of their crimes in terms of seriousness, as in the case of theft and rape. The legislative wisdom is that polygamy obliges the victim to comply Where necessary, to facilitate the commission of the crime. The number of offenders has been shown to have an effect on the procedural law of the legislature, among them the criminal action in the case of multiple perpetrators, including a defendant who can not be brought against him except by a complaint and therefore does not move the case against this accused child on a complaint from the victim or his representative, For example, the investigating judge can not make his decision to offer an amnesty to the accused unless there are multiple perpetrators in the crime under investigation so that the judge can obtain evidence of the defendant's confession to the rest of the other defendants, B To request the investigative authorities to take legal action against the other defendants or to return all the proceedings for the purpose of completing the investigative procedures when the judge finds during the criminal proceedings that there are other persons related to the crime committed and have not been taken against them legal proceedings against them. Since the subject of the study was a comparative study, so there was a comparison between the Iraqi legislation and other legislation, and through this was reached a set of results and proposals that we mentioned in the conclusion

جب العقوبـــــة : دراسة مقارنة بين القانون والفقه الاسلامي == Combine Punishment a comparative study between positive law and Islamic Fiqh

اسم المؤلف: عدي جابر هادي العبيدي
اسم المشرف: علي حمزة عسل الخفاجي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لا شك ان الشرائع السماوية والقوانين الوضعية تحاول الحد من الجرائم بوسائل متعددة لعل من ابرزها العقوبات المفروضة على مرتكب الجرائم ، فكل من يرتكب فعل يعد جريمة في نظر الشريعة الاسلامية او القوانين الوضعية يستحق العقوبة المقررة في تلك الشريعة او القوانين ، ومتى ما تعددت جرائم الشخص تعددت عقوباته, لان كل جريمة تقابلها عقوبة ، والاخيرة تهدف بشكل رئيس الى اصلاح الجاني وارجاعه عضوا نافعا الى المجتمع ، وان القول بان هدف العقوبة هو الاصلاح من جهة وان لكل جريمة عقوبة من جهة اخرى قد يؤدي الى نوع من التناقض ، لان تعدد عقوبات الجاني قد يؤدي الى استحالة تنفيذ بعضها كما هو حال تعدد عقوبات الاعدام ، او يذهب بعمره من دون تحقيق هدف العقوبات كما هو حال تعدد العقوبات السالبة للحرية ، لذلك اوجد فقهاء الشريعة الاسلامية وواضعوا القوانين العقابية عددا من الحلول للتخلص من تراكم العقوبات التي تخرجها عن حد الاعتدال ، ومن هذه الحلول الاكتفاء بالعقوبة الاشد او وضع حد اقصى للعقوبات السالبة للحرية او الاخذ بجب العقوبات بعضها للبعض الاخر . ومن هنا انطلقت فكرة البحث في احد الحلول الموضوعة لتعدد العقوبات وهو( جب العقوبة ) ، وتظهر اهمية البحث في هذا الموضوع من خلال الثغرات القانونية الموجودة في المعالجات التشريعية من جهة وعدم اتفاق فقهاء الشريعة الاسلامية على مفاصل هذا الموضوع من جهة اخرى ، ويبدو ان النصوص المقتضبة التي اوردتها القوانين الوضعية لمعالجة موضوع جب العقوبة هي التي ولدت الثغرات المذكورة ، فلم يتم بيان السلطة المختصة بالجب وكذلك لم تتطرق اغلب القوانين الى نطاق الجب وهل يشمل عقوبة واحدة ام اكثر من ذلك ، ولم تبين بعض القوانين مصير عقوبة الاعدام فيما لو اجتمعت مع عقوبات سالبة للحرية ، وما اثر الانظمة التي تمنع تنفيذ العقوبة - مثل وقف تنفيذ احدى العقوبات - على الجب ، ولم توجد القوانين الوضعية كذلك معالجة لاثر الانظمة المانعة من اتمام تنفيذ العقوبة - مثل الصفح والافراج الشرطي - على الجب . وحتى نحيط بهذه الثغرات القانونية ونقترح الحلول اللازمة لها قسمنا هذه الاطروحة الى ثلاثة فصول تسبقها مقدمة ، تناولنا في الفصل الاول ماهية جب العقوبة وكان في مبحثين الاول لمفهوم جب العقوبة ، اما الثاني فتم تكريسه للاطار الفلسفي لجب العقوبة . اما الفصل الثاني فتناولنا فيه متطلبات جب العقوبة بين القوانين الوضعية والشريعة الاسلامية وكان على مبحثين الاول للمتطلبات المشتركة بين فقهاء الشريعة الاسلامية والقوانين الوضعية ، اما المبحث الثاني فعرجنا فيه على المتطلبات الخاصة بالقوانين الوضعية ، اما الفصل الثالث فتم تخصيصه للصعوبات الناجمة عن تطبيق الجب في القوانين الوضعية وكان في مبحثين ايضا الاول للصعوبات الموضوعية ، اما الثاني فكان تحت عنوان الصعوبات المتعلقة بالتنفيذ ، وختمت الاطروحة بخاتمة بينا فيها اهم الاستنتاجات والمقترحات التي توصلنا اليها خلال البحث . | Intercom divine positive legislation attempting to limit multiple means crimes perhaps most notably sanctions against offenders whoever commits an act or omission is an offence in of Islamic or secular legislation deserves punishment in that sharia law or legislation is when many crimes the person many deserts because all crime matched last penalty aimed mainly to reform the offender and returned a useful member of the society barn ., to say that penalty goal is reform on the one hand and that of every hand penalty offence may lead to a kind of contradiction because multiple offender penalties . Without achieving the goal of sanctions , especially in the lmight go for his ago case of multiple death of sanctions or penalties involving deprivation of liberty because it created the Islamic scholars and authors of legislation pose a number of solutions to get rid of the accumulation of penalties that a moderation and graduation of these solutions turn to introduce the most a crime penalty or limit penalties of freedom or have some other some penalties.Hence the idea of research began in a substantive solutions to the multiplicity of sanctions unless it (prohibit sentence), show the importance of research on this topic by the existing legal gapes in the legislative processors on one hand and Islamic scholars do not agree on the joints of the subject on the other hand , it seems that brief texts by ordinances to address the issue of severing the punishment is that generated these gaps are not competent authority statements prohibit as the legislation did not address mountain rang does include one or more of that, some laws did not indicate the fate of the death penalty in what if l met with penalties of deprivation of liberty , and what is the impact of regulations that prevent execution - such as a moratorium on sanctions - prohibit and no further ordinances addressing anticompetitive regulations impact complete sentences - such as forgiveness and conditional - prohibit .So take these legal gaps and propose solutions we divide these three chapters , preceded by an introduction in the first chapter of what we have and was in the first two sections to publicize the second sentence must have been devoted to the philosophical framework for severing the penalty chapter Ill where we need punishment requirements between positive law and Islamic law and was on the first two sections of the common requirements between scholars of Islamic law and positive law and the second topic which addressed the requirements of positive law , chapter Ill is allocated to the difficulties arising from the application of prohibit in positive law and in the first two sections also had substantive difficulties with the second was titled implementation difficulties and sealed these in the final where the most important conclusions and suggestion we show reached through research

تعاون الدول مع المحكمة الدولية الجنائية في اجراءات التحقيق والمقاضاة وفقا لنظام روما الاساسي == COOPERATIV STATES WITH THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT ON INVESTIGATIION AND PROSECUTION PROCEDURES IN ACCORDANCE WITH ROMAE STATUTE

اسم المؤلف: سعد عبيد حسين
اسم المشرف: صدام حسين وادي الفتلاوي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: كان لانشاء المحكمة الدولية الجنائية, اهداف كثيرة من اهمها قيام نظام قضائي دولي (دائم) يحاول تحقيق العدالة الدولية الجنائية, ووضع حد لافلات المجرمين تحت حجج شتى, اذ ان هذا الهدف يحتاج الى تعاضد جميع الجهود الدولية في سبيل تحقيقه, حينمواقف العالم بعد تاريخ الاول من تموز عام 2002 وهو اليوم الذي دخل فيه النظام الاساسي حيز التنفيذ الى يومنا هذا يستعرض فيها(15) عاما, اذ حدثت فيها انواع المشاكل والحروب, الا اننا لم نسمع سوى صوت خافت من تلك المحكمة لبعض القضايا التي خصت القارة الافريقية - ولعلها تمثل الحلقة الاضعف دوليا - وسعيا بطيئا لمحكمة اريد لها ان تكون املا وبابا للاسراع في محاسبة مرتكبي اشد الجرائم خطرا في نظامها الاساسي, ومع هذا فان ذلك ما كان ليحدث, لولا تعاون الدول مع المحكمة في سبيل تحقيق العدالة الجنائية, من هنا تم اختيار هذا الموضوع - تعاون الدول مع المحكمة الدولية الجنائية في اجراءات التحقيق والمقاضاة وفق نظام روما الاساسي - ليكون بابا لتقديم دراسة شاملة في سبيل تقويض جزء من المعوقات التي تقف حائلا ازاء المحكمة للقيام بعملها باتم وجه. ومن خلال تقسيم البحث الى ثلاثة فصول تناولنا في الفصل الاول, ماهية التعاون الدولي, والذي من خلاله تبين مفهوم التعاون, واهميته, والمعوقات, والاشكاليات التي تكتنف عملية التعاون, وفي الفصل الثاني خصص لتعاون الدول مع المحكمة في اجراءات التحقيق, عرضنا من خلاله مفهوم التحقيق واجراءاته, وكيفية تعاون الدول مع المحكمة في الممارسات العملية التي حدثت في القضايا المحالة على المحكمة, وفي الفصل الثالث تم تناول تعان الدول مع المحكمة في اجراءات المقاضاة ,اذ عرجنا من خلاله على مفهوم اجراءات المقاضاة, وعلى المبدا الذي يحكم تعاون الدول مع المحكمة في اجراءات المقاضاة, اذ حاولنا في كل ذلك استعراض دراسة شاملة لاجل تحقيق الهدف من تعاون الدول مع المحكمة بصورة قانونية سليمة بعيدة عن كل المعوقات التي تحول دون تحقيق قضاء عادل يحقق بعضما ترنو اليه. ساعين في كل ما تقدم رضا الله اولا واخيرا, وفي سبيل الوفاء ببعض ما قدمه لنا بلدنا المعطاء, ورفد مسيرة العلم والتعلم في بلدنا الحبيب

الاقصاء الـــوظيفــــــي في القانون العراقي : دراسة مقارنة == Career exclusion in Iraqi Law comparative study

اسم المؤلف: خضير عباس حمزة الكاسمي
اسم المشرف: اسماعيل صعصاع غيدان البديري
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تكتسب الوظيفة العامة اهمية بالغة في حياة الدول فمن خلالها تستطيع الدولة تلبية الحاجات العامة ، وتوفير فرص عمل للمؤهلين ومكافحة البطالة ومن خلال الوظيفة العامة ، وبالاعتماد على الموظفين تستطيع الدولة تحقيق التنمية في البلاد من خلال وضع الخطط اللازمة في هذا الشان ، ولهذا لا تستطيع الدولة القيام بواجباتها من غير الاعتماد على شبكة واسعة من الموظفين الاكفاء الذين تتوفر فيهم الشروط التي وضعها المشرع لاشغال الوظيفة العامة ؛ لاهميتهوامساسها بحياة الجمهور وحاجاتهم . وعلى هذا الاساس جعل المشرع من الاخلال بتلك الشروط كلا او قسما منها سببا موجبا للاقصاء من الوظيفة العامة ؛ لذا سنبحث الاقصاء الوظيفي في القانون العراقي في دراسة مقارنة مع ما اشار له المشرع في دولة الامارات العربية وكذلك المشرع في جمهورية مصر ؛ اذ سنتناول شروط التوظيف التي اشار لها المشرع العراقي وسيكون بحث الموضوع في فصلين ، يكون عنوان الفصل الاول ماهية الاقصاء الوظيفي ، وسنقسم هذا الفصل على مبحثين : يكون عنوان الاول مفهوم الاقصاء الوظيفي وسنقسمه على ثلاثة مطالب نبحث في الاول تعريف الاقصاء في اللغة والاصطلاح وفي الثاني خصائص الاقصاء كونه قرارا اداريواذا مدلول ايجابي . ويكون مؤقتا في ما نبحث في الثالث تمييز الاقصاء عن المفاهيم المشابهة كالفصل ، والعزل ونتناول في المبحث الثاني في الاسباب الموجبة للاقصاء في مطلبين يكون الاول الاسباب الشخصية والثاني للاسباب الموضوعية . اما الفصل الثاني سيكون بعنوان الرقابة الادارية على قرار الاقصاء من الوظيفة العامة . وسنقسمه على مبحثين : نخصص الاول لقواعد الاقصاء من الوظيفة العامة في ثلاثة مطالب ، نكرس الاول للرقابة الادارية على صحة القرار الصادر في الاقصاء والثاني للسلطة المختصة في التحقيق والثالث لضمانات الموظف . وفي المبحث الثاني الذي يحمل عنوان الرقابة القضائية على مشروعية القرار الصادر بالاقصاء في مطلبين : الاول يخصص للجهة المختصة في الرقابة في الدول المقارنة والعراق، وفي الثاني نبحث حدود الرقابة القضائية على القرار الصادر بالاقصاء والاثار المترتبة عليه . وقد خلصنا الى ضرورة التفات المشرع الى ركن الاختصاص للجهة الادارية المسؤولة على قرار الاقصاء ووضعها في شكلية مناسبة تتفق واهمية الاجراء المتخذ، باعتبارها الاداة القانونية التي تكسب الاجراء الاداري الصفة الشرعية ، ووجدنا من خلال استقراء قرارات مجلس الدولة وبالاطلاع على اجراءات الادارة في الاقصاء نجدها تعتمد الالية التي حددها قانون انضباط موظفي الدولة والقطاع العام رقم (14) لسنة 1991 المعدل . وهذا الامر يختلف عن الاقصاء من حيث نوع الاسباب التي تؤدي الى اتخاذ الادارة لهذا الاجراء مما يقتضي من المشرع الالتفات الى هذه الثغرة اما باعتماد الالية نفسها المتبعة او وضع الية تتناسب والاقصاء كاجراء اداري . كما نلاحظ ان المشرع لم يشر الى التحقيق الاداري الذي تجريه الادارة مع الموظف المقصي والى طبيعة الجهة التي تقوم به ، لذا نرى من المستحسن ان يلتفت المشرع الى هذا الامر . كما لاحظنا من خلال الاطلاع على قرارات وفتاوى مجلس الدولة الصادرة بخصوص الاقصاء ان هناك تناقضا في الفتاوى والاحكام فبعضها قضت بوجوب استرداد جميع الفروقات والرواتب من الموظف المقصي ، في حين اشار مجلس الشورى في احدى قراراته الى ( عدم جواز استرداد المخصصات التي تسلمها الموظف المقصي واعتبرها اجرا مقابل العمل الذي اداه .... ) . وفي قرارات اخرى اشار الى انه ( تحتسب خدمة الموظف الصحيحة السابقة عن خدماته التي اقصي عنها للاغراض كافة ) . لذا نهيب بالمشرع الالتفات الى هذا الامر وتنظيمه لرفع الارباك في دوائر الخدمة المدنية والقطاع العام . وكذلك يقتضي وجود الضمانات اللازمة للموظف خشية تعسف الادارة في استعمال سلطتهواحفاظا على استمرار عمل المرافق العامة وتقديم خدماتها للجمهور. | Public service is of paramount importance in the life of nations, it is during the state can meet public needs and provide job opportunities for qualified and combating unemployment and through public service and relying on staff the state can achieve development in the country through the development of the necessary plans in this regard and this state can not carry out their duties without rely on an extensive network of qualified staff who meet the conditions set by the legislator to occupy public office for their importance and Msasha the lives of the public and their needs and on this basis to make the legislator of prejudice to those conditions exclusion from public office, so we will look at the career of exclusion in Iraqi legislation in a comparative study with pointed him legislator in the United Arab Emirates as well as the legislature of the Republic of Egypt; as we will discuss conditions of employment to which he has Iraqi legislature and will discuss the matter in two chapters will be the first chapter title what career exclusion and we will divide this chapter, the two sections will be the first title of the concept of career exclusion and Snksmh on three demands we are looking at the first definition of exclusion in the language and terminology in the second exclusion characteristics of being an administrative decision and has a negative connotation and positive. And be a permanent or temporary basis in what we are looking at the third discrimination exclusion from similar concepts such as separation and isolation and be described in the second section in the positive reasons for the exclusion in the first two demands have personal reasons for the second substantive reasons. The second chapter will be titled provisions career exclusion and Snksmh on two sections; it consists of three demands of looking at the first administrative control in the second competent authority in the investigation and in the third employee safeguards In the second section, which holds judicial control address on the legality of the decision of exclusion in the two demands first be allocated to the hand the competent authorities in control in Iraq, and the comparison countries in the second look the limits of judicial control over the decision of exclusion and its implications. We have come to the need to heed the legislator to the corner competent administrative authority in charge of the decision of exclusion and put it in a formal occasion consistent with the importance of the action taken on the mind legal instrument gain administrative procedure legalization procedure, and we found through extrapolation of the State Consultative Council resolutions and the access to the management procedures in the exclusion found depends the mechanism established by the discipline of state employees and the public sector that Law No. (14) for the year 1991 average. This is different from the type of exclusion in terms of the causes that lead to take the management of this procedure, which requires the legislature to pay attention to this gap either by adopting the same mechanism used or mechanism suit and exclusion as a measure of administrative status. We also note that the legislature did not refer to the administrative investigation by the administration with the employee Almgosai and to the nature of the party that is doing so deem it necessary to pay attention to this matter by the legislator. As noted by looking at the decisions and opinions of the State Consultative Council issued regarding the exclusion there is a contradiction in opinions, judgments, some ruled the necessity to recover all the differences and salary of the employee Almgosai while we went to some of the other decisions (not permissible to recover allowances received by the employee Almgosai and considered payment for work done ....) . In other decisions, pointed out that he (calculated prior correct service employee for services that the maximum reported for all purposes ) . We therefore call upon delegated to pay attention to this matter and organization to raise confusion in the public sector and civil service departments . And also requires the presence of the necessary guarantees for the employee for fear of arbitrariness in the administration to use its authority and to preserve the continuation of the work of public facilities and provide services to the public.

اختصام الغير في الدعوى المدنية : دراسة مقارنة == mise en canse in the civil lawsuit A Comparative study -

اسم المؤلف: امير فرحان حسن العابدي
اسم المشرف: منصور حاتم محسن الفتلاوي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون المدني
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تحكم الدعوى المدنية مبادئ متعددة , ومنها مبدا ثبات النزاع القضائي , ويقصد بهذا المبدا هو عندما يعرض المدعي طلباته على المحكمة المختصة فانه يبقى مقيدا بحدود هذه الطلبات ولا يجوز له تعديل نطاقها , وبناء على ذلك فقد منعت قوانين المرافعات القديمة تقديم الطلبات العارضة , بما فيها طلبات اختصام الغير ؛ لان هذه الطالبات تشكل بنظر مشرعي هذه القوانين انتهاكا وخرقا لمبدا ثبات النزاع القضائي , وقد ايد بعض الفقهاء موقف القوانين التي منعت تقديم طلبات عارضة , وقدموا تبريرات تؤيد وجهة نظرهم , ولكن مع مرور الزمن وتطور القوانين وحماية للخصوم وللغير ايضا فقد دعى بعض الفقهاء المؤيدين لفكرة الطلبات العارضة الى وجوب الاخذ بهذه النظرية , وردوا على كل اعتراضات الفقهاء الاخرين على هذه النظرية , وبناء على ذلك فقد ظهر استثناء على مبدا ثبات النزاع , وسمح المشرع الاجرائي بتعديل نطاق الدعوى من حيث الموضوع او الاشخاص . ويعد اختصام الغير من صور الدعوى الحادثة التي ترفع بمناسبة دعوى اصلية قائمة امام المحكمة , والذي يقصد به اجبار شخص اجنبي عن الدعوى بالدخول فيها دون ارادته بناء على طلب احد الخصوم او بناء على امر المحكمة , ويشترط لكي يكون طلب الاختصام صحيحا ومقبولا من قبل المحكمة ان تتوفر فيه جميع الشروط التي تطلب المشرع توافرها في الطلب الاصلي . وتنظر المحكمة الطلبين الاصلي والعارض معا وتصدر فيهما حكما واحد كلما كان ذلك ممكنا , والا اجلت نظر الدعوى الاصلية اذا كان الفصل فيها يتطلب الفصل في طلب الاختصام , او تؤجل الفصل في طلب الاختصام اذراات ان الفصل فيه يرتب تاخير حسم الدعوى الاصلية . ويترتب على قبول طلب اختصام الغير اثار متعددة , ومن اهم الاثار التي تترتب عليه وهو امكانية اكتساب الغير المختصم لصفة الخصم في الدعوى الاصلية , ومن ثم يتمتع هذا المختصم بجميع حقوق الخصم ويتحمل جميع التزامات واعباء الخصم . | Civil lawsuit controls several principles, including the principle of the stability of the judicial dispute. The intent of this principle is when the plaintiff presents his requests on the court, he remains restricted by the limits of such requests and therefore he cannot edit the scope of those requests consequently , the codes of old pleads prevented the presentation of incidental demands including the litigation of the third party . because these requests from the point of view of legislators from a violation and breach of the principle of the stability of the judicial dispute, some jurists supported the lows that prevented presenting incidental requests As time passed. With the development of laws and as a protection for the opponents and the third party , some of the pro - incidental demands jurists called for the implementation of this theory and responded to objections of other jurists on this theory, and as a result an exception had been set on the principle of stability of dispute , and the executive legislator allowed to edit the case scope . Litigation of the third party considered as an example of the cases which is filed on the occasion of an original case already filed on comply a foreigner to file a case reluctantly at the request of one of the litigants or by the order of the court . To be legitimate and accepted by the court , the request of the litigation should be within the conditions as requested by the legislator the consent to the request of litigation has multiple effects , and one of the most important effects involved is the possibility of acquiring the hallmark of litigation by someone who is not in the original case and then the litigant enjoys all his her own commitments and burdens . The Court views both the original and incidental requests altogether and render a single verdict whenever possible , otherwise the original case is postponed if the adjudication in the original case requires adjudication in the request of litigation . Or the adjudication in the request of litigation might be postponed if the adjudication requires deferment in setting the original case

خلو منصب رئيس الدولة في الانظمة الدستورية المعاصرة == The Vacancy of President of State Position in Contemporary Constitutional Regimes

اسم المؤلف: حيدر غالب حسين المرشدي
اسم المشرف: رافع خضر صالح شبر
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يعتبر موضوع بحثنا ( خلو منصب رئيس الدولة في الانظمة الدستورية المعاصرة ) من اهم المواضيع في مجال الدراسات القانونية بصورة عامة وفي مجال القانون الدستوري بصورة خاصة ، وتاتي هذه الاهمية كونها تتناول خلو اهم منصب في الدولة الواهو منصب رئيس الدولة، وسواء كان رئيس الدولة ملكا في النظام الملكي ، او رئيسا للدولة في النظام الجمهوري . لقد حرصت الانظمة الدستورية على تنظيم حالة خلو منصب رئيس الدولة منذ حركة تدوين الدساتير ونصت عليها في صلب وثيقة الدستور، الا انها اختلفت في الاجراءات والمعالجات والحلول المناسبة في حالة تحققها بحسب اختلاف فلسفة الحكم في كل نظام في العالم .وحتى نحيط بالموضوع من كل جوانبه فقد قسمناه الى مقدمة وثلاثة فصول ومن ثم خاتمة، اذ تم اختيار التعريف بخلو منصب رئيس الدولة عنوانا للفصل الاول من موضوع الدراسة، وتطرقنا فيه الى اهم المصطلحات التي تدور معانيها في بيان وتوضيح حالة خلو منصب رئيس الدولة وانواعها، اذ تم تعريف موضوع الدراسة من حيث اللغة والاصطلاح ، ومن ثم بينا الاساس الدستوري له، ومن ثم تم التعريج على نشاة وتطور هذه الحالة وحرصنا ان نعتمد في ذلك اولى الدول التي تم كتابة دساتيرها منذ بداية حركة تدوين الدساتير وهي الولايات المتحدة الامريكية وفرنسا، اضافة الى دساتير محل الدراسة المتمثلة بالمانيواالهند والامارات العربية المتحدة وبلدي العراق . اما الفصل الثاني فقد خصصناه في بحث اسباب خلو منصب رئيس الدولة ،اذ تبين لنا من خلال بحثنا، ان اسباب خلو منصب رئيس الدولة تنقسم الى نوعين من الاسباب، النوع الاول هي الاسباب الارادية وبدورها تنقسم الى اسباب ارادية مؤدية الى الخلو المؤقت ، واسباب ارادية مؤدية الى الخلو الدائم لمنصب رئيس الدولة، اما النوع الثاني هي الاسباب اللاارادية اذ تنقسم مثل سابقتها من حيث تاقيت الخلو، واختلفت هذه الاسباب من حيث الاثر المترتب عليها في منصب رئيس الدولة وبحسب اختلاف الموانع والاسباب المؤدية الى كل نوع من انواع الخلو. وعند اتمامنا الفصلين السابقين بقي لدينا معالجة حالة خلو منصب رئيس الدولة فكان هذا العنوان هو عنوان الفصل الثالث حيث بينا فيه الجهة التي تتولى مهام الرئاسة المؤقتة ،من حيث اختيارها، ومركزها الدستوري ومن حيث مسؤولية واختصاصات تلك الجهة ، والتدابير الدستورية التي تضمن عدم تحقق فراغ في سدة الرئاسة، ، ثم عرجنا على الاساليب والشروط التي يتم من خلالها تولية الجهة التي تمارس مهام الرئاسة المؤقتة ، ومدة ولايتهوامن ثم انتهاء تلك المدة وبالتالي انتهاء حالة خلو منصب رئيس الدولة ، وانهينا الدراسة بخاتمة تطرقنا فيها الى اهم ما توصلنا اليه من نتائج ومقترحات قدمناها بيد المشرع الكريم، عساها ان يهتدي بهواتكون له عونا للتوصل الى نصوص دستورية تعالج موضوع خلو منصب رئيس الدولة بشكل يضمن عدم تحقق فراغ في السلطة وضمان استمراريتها بشكل لا يتناقض مع القواعد الدستورية الاخرى. | The topic of our research (The vacancy of the president of state position in the contemporary constitutional regimes) is one of the important, critical and highly sensitive topics since it tackles the vacancy of the most important position in the country, which is the president position whether is under the monarchy or in the republican regime. Contemporary constitutional regimes sought to organize the vacancy of the president position since the movement of codifying the constitutions and stipulated this organization in the heart of constitution document, but these constitutions were different in terms of procedures, addressing issues and finding the right solutions in accordance with the difference in the governance philosophy in every regime in the world. In order to cover the whole subject, we divided it into an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion then we chose the definition of the vacancy of the president of state position as the title of the first chapter of study subject where we discussed the most important terminologies stating the condition and types of the vacant position of the president wherein the study subject was defined in terms of language and terminology and demonstrated the constitutional basis, origination and development regarding this vacancy. In order to achieve the previous mentioned steps, we stressed on depending on first nations which their constitutions were codified at the beginning of the constitutions codifying movement like : United States of America and France, in addition to constitutions under consideration such as Germany, India, United Arab Emirates and Iraq. The second chapter is allocated for the causes of the vacancy which are : voluntary causes and involuntary causes. These causes are different in terms of their effectiveness on the president position as some of them lead to temporary vacancy while some lead to permanent vacancy in this position, and according to different obstacles and reasons lead to each type of vacancy. After concluding the two previous chapters, we chose the addressing of vacancy of president position issue as the title of the third chapter where we demonstrated the presidency pro tempore tasks in terms of choosing them, its constitutional position, responsibilities and specialties, constitutional measures taken to avoid the presidency gap; methods and stipulations through which the presidency pro tempore is assigned to exercise its tasks, the start and expiration of its term, accordingly, the end of the vacancy condition. In the conclusion of the study we discussed the most important findings and recommendations which we delivered to the legislator to come to constitutional provisions that address the issue of the vacancy of the president of state in a manner prevents the occurrence of a gap in the authority .

تفعيل الدول لالتزاماتها الدولية : دراسة في ضوء القانون الدولي الانساني == States Activation to their International Obligations (Study according to the international humanitarian law

اسم المؤلف: امجد حاكم محمد
اسم المشرف: حيدر كاظم عبد علي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي الانساني
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لقدتناولت الدراسة وبشكل خاص بحث كيفية تفعيل تطبيق القانون الدولي الانساني داخل الدول ، على اعتبار ان القانون الدولي الانساني هو مجمل القواعد القانونية التي تكون الدولة ملزمة باحترامهواتطبيقها , والتي تستهدف توفير الحماية لضحايا النزاعات المسلحة الدولية وغير الدولية .عليه لتنفيذ هذا القانون لابد من بذل جميع الجهود على المستوى الوطني ، من خلال اتخاذ العديد من التدابير القانونية والعملية اللازمة سواء في وقت السلم او اثناء النزاع المسلح لغرض الامتثال الكامل لهذا القانون، وقد تم التطرق بداية الى الالتزامات العامة للدول لتنفيذ القانون الدولي الانساني ، حيث ياتي الالتزام باحترام القانون الدولي الانساني وحمل الاخرين على احترامه في مقدمة هذه الالتزامات ، وهي قاعدة اساسية تنص عليها المادة الاولى المشتركة من اتفاقيات جنيف الاربع لعام 1949 والبروتوكول الاضافي الاول لعام 1977 ، وهي صيغة عامة لاتشمل الاطراف المتعاقدة فحسب وانما اطراف النزاع ايضا نظرا للصفة العرفية لمبدا الاحترام ، عليه ووفقا لهذا المبدا الاخير يحق لكل طرف متعاقد مطالبة منتهكي هذا القانون مؤسسات وافراد بالكف عن الانتهاكات اذ ثبت وقوعها, كما يفرض القانون الدولي الانساني بموجب هذا الالتزام ، على عاتق الدول المتعاقدة اتخاذ الاجراءات الرامية للتوعية باحكام هذا القانون من خلال نشره وتدريسه وتحقيق العلم به على المستويين المدني والعسكري ، سواء في وقت السلم او اثناء النزاع المسلح ، علاوة على ذلك تتجسد فاعلية تنفيذ القانون الدولي الانساني ليس بوضع اليات تضمن قمع الانتهاكات الجسيمة عند حدوثهواقت النزاع المسلح فحسب، بل باتخاذ السلطات اجراءات وقائية مناسبة وقت السلم كفيلة بالمساهمة الفعالة باحترام التعهدات الدولية اثناء النزاع المسلح .واستعرضنا في الفصل الثاني الاجراءات التشريعية اللازمة لتنفيذ القانون الدولي الانساني على المستوى الوطني ، حيث الزمت اتفاقيات هذا القانون وبالاخص اتفاقيات جنيف الاربع لعام 1949والبروتوكول الاضافي الاول لعام1977، الدول الاطراف ان تتخذ هذه الاجراءات لتتمكن بموجب تشريعاتها الوطنية من العقاب على اي انتهاك لاحكام هذه الاتفاقيات، كون بغير هذا التدخل التشريعي تصبح احكام هذه الاتفاقيات مجرد حبر على ورق وفارغة من مضمونهوالاتؤدي هذه الوظيفة المرجو منها ، اذ انها اوردت على سبيل الحصر مايمثل انتهاكات جسيمة لاحكامهواتركت لكل مشرع على الصعيد الوطني مهمة دمجها في تشريعاتها العقابية لمواءمتها مع احكام القانون الدولي الانساني، حيث اتبعت الدول اساليب مختلفة لتجريم الانتهاكات الجسيمة المنصوص عليها في هذه الاتفاقيات ، ويعود ذلك لاختلاف الانظمة الداخلية لكل منها، كما اعتمدت الدول الاختصاص الجنائي العالمي كاجراء استثنائي مهم للمواءمة التشريعية ، فهويمنح الدول سلطة محاكمة مرتكبي الانتهاكات الجسيمة بغض النظر عن مكان ارتكابها او جنسية المتهمين او المجنى عليهم، او حتى ولولم يكن للدولة اية صلة بالمتهمين او الافعال التي ارتكبوها .كمابحثنا في الفصل الثالث من هذه الدراسة الاجراءات المؤسسية ، ومنها اللجان الوطنية لتنفيذ القانون الدولي الانساني، كونها من الاليات الوقائية الهامة لتفعيل هذا القانون على المستوى الوطني، حيث ضمت ممثلين من مختلف الوزارات والهيئات والمؤسسات والجهات ذات العلاقة، والتي لها اختصاص في مختلف المواد التي يشملها مجال تطبيق هذا القانون ، وغالبا مااثبتت مثل هذه الاجهزة انهواسائل قيمة وبالغة الفعالية لما لها من اختصاصات وسلطات مهمة في هذا المجال، على الرغم من عدم وجود الزامي قانوني بتشكيلهواانما يعود ذلك الى رغبة وحاجة الدول اليها .كما تناولنا اللجنة الوطنية الدائمة للقانون الدولي الانساني والمشكلة حديثا من قبل الامانة العامة لمجلس الوزراء بموجب الامر الديواني رقم 10 لسنة 2015، حيث تم تسليط الضوء على هذا الامر وتم تحديد بعض السلبيات والايجابيات التي اعترى تشكيل هذه اللجنة، كما تناولنا ايضا التاصيل القانوني لتشكيل الهلال الاحمر العراقي واعمالها باعتباره من المؤسسات الوطنية الهامة والتي اثبتت جدارتهوانشاطها في المجال الانساني وبالاخص الاغاثي.واخيرا خلصنا ، ان تفعيل تطبيق القانون الدولي الانساني على المستوى الوطني ، ليس باعتماد صكوك دولية جديدة في مجال القانون الدولي الانساني ، وانما بادخال ماهو قائم بالفعل حيز التنفيذ الفعلي ، وتحويل نصوص الاتفاقيات الدولية الى واقع ملموس داخل المنظومة التشريعية والمؤسساتية وكذلك الممارسات القضائية للدول ممايتيح كفالة احترام ضحايا النزاعات المسلحة، عليه اصبح اليوم تفعيل هذه الاجراءات ضرورة ملحة اكثر من اي وقت مضى ، وذلك نظرا للانتهاكات الجسيمة التي تلحقها النزاعات المسلحة الحديثه، الامر الذي يدعو الجميع الى التكاتف من اجل تخفيض تلك الاضرار والانتهاكات بشتى الوسائل والسبل | In this study, we especially discuss a research to how to activate the implementation of humanitarian international law inside states, when consider that the humanitarian international law is the overall legality rules that the state must regard and applied it, which aim for providing protection to victims of international and non - international armed conflicts. To carrying out this law, all efforts must be made at the national level through the adoption of many necessary legal and practical measures, both in times of peace and during armed conflict, for the purpose of full compliance with this law. At the beginning of this study, we discussed the general obligations of states to apply international humanitarian law. The obligation to respect international humanitarian law and to respect others is put in the head of this obligations, it is a basic rule provided in the first common article of Fourth Geneva Conventions in 1949 and the first Additional Protocol in 1977 , Which is a general formulation that includes not only the contracting parties but also the parties to the dispute because of the customary character of the respect principle, In accordance with this latter principle, each Contracting Party is entitled to demand the violators of such law (Institutions and individuals) by stopping the violations as they have been proven, Under this obligation, international humanitarian law obligates Contracting parties to take the measures which aim for awareness of the provisions of this law through Publishing, teaching and attaining the knowledge with it at the civilian and military levels, whether in time of peace or during armed conflict, Moreover, the effective implementation of international humanitarian law is not only incarnate by the establishment of mechanisms to ensure the suppression of grave violations at the time of armed conflict, but also by taking government the appropriate preventive measures in peacetime so as to make an effective contribution to respect the international commitment during armed conflict

الجرائم الماسة بالطرق العامة : دراسة مقارنـــة == Crimes against public roads Comparative study

اسم المؤلف: صفاء سالم عناد الخزعلي
اسم المشرف: محمد اسماعيل ابراهيم المعموري
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد الطرق العامة مرفقا هاما للدولة ، ويشكل الاعتداء عليها جريمة تضر المجتمع والدولة ، اذ اولى المشرع اهتماما خاصا بها من خلال النص على العديد من الجزاءات التي تفرض على مرتكبي هذه الاعتداءات، الا انه لم يرد تعريف للجريمة في اغلب تشريعات الدول وانما اكتفت بتحديد الافعال التي تعد جرائم وبيان العقوبات المخصصة لها ، وكذلك حددت انواع هذه الجرائم الماسة بهذه الطرق من حيث الجسامة الى جناية وجنحه ومخالفة ، وحدد المشرع العراقي في قانون العقوبات رقم (111) لسنة 1969 المعدل ، والقوانين الخاصة الافعال التي تقع على الطرق العامة وتعتبر جرائم ، اذ نجده يعرف الطرق العامة بانها الممر المبلط او غير المبلط المخصص لمرور المركبات ويلاحظ ان قانون الطرق العامة العراقي يشمل الطرق العامة الرئيسة بين المدن والجسور على اختلاف انواعها الواقعة داخل حدود امانة بغداد والبلديات وخارجها ، ويتكون الطريق العام وفقا للقانون العراقي من عدة انواع منها الطريق السريع والطريق الرئيس والطريق الثانوي وغيرها، ولا تاتي الجرائم الماسة بالطرق العامة من حيث الجسامة على وتيرة واحدة فهي تاتي بوصفها من الجنايات او من الجنح او من المخالفات، وقد تناولنا عدة تطبيقات على الجرائم الماسة بالطرق العامة في التشريعات الجنائية ، وهي جريمة تخريب الطرق العامة والتي تنجم عنها اثار خطيرة اذ من شانها شل عمل الدولة ، وقد يكون الهدف من جريمة الطرق العامة ارهابيا او سياسيا او اقتصاديا مما يزيد الخطر على الطرق العامة ، فذهب المشرع الجنائي الى توفير الحماية لها بوصفها مصلحة جديرة بالحماية، وتناولنا جريمة سرقة مستلزمات الطرق العامة التي تكمن اهمية دراستها في مدى ماتمثله الطرق العامة من اهمية بالنسبة للدولة بشكل عام وللمجتمع بشكل خاص ، فتهتم الدولة بانشاء الطرق العامة وتمدها بكافة المستلزمات الضرورية للاستفادة من الطرق العامة ، وكذلك تناولنا بعض الجرائم الماسة بالطرق العامة في التشريعات الجزائية الخاصة ، وهي جريمة التجاوز بالبناء على محرمات الطرق العامة وجريمة الاضرار بالطرق العامة، وقد توصلنا في نهاية الدراسة الى جملة من الاستنتاجات والمقترحات ،فوضعنا تعريف للجرائم الماسة بالطرق العامة بانها الافعال التي تمس بالطرق المملوكة للدولة والمخصصة للمنفعة العامة والتي جرمها القانون ووضع لها عقابا، وجريمة تخريب الطرق العامة تتحقق بالفعل الذي يسبب الدمار الكلي او الجزئي الذي يلحق بالطرق العامة باستعمال المتفجرات او القنابل اليدوية او باي طريقة اخرى تؤدي الى اتلاف الطريق او تعطيله او الحاق القدر البليغ به سواء شمل الدمار الطريق العام بصورة كلية او جزئية، واقترحنا تعديل نص المادة (11) من قانون الطرق العامة لتكون بالشكل الاتي : ( يعاقب...اولا - الحق ضررا بالطرق العامة من شانه عرقلة السير والمرور ، ثانيا - ارتكب اي فعل يشكل خطورة على مستعمل الطريق | The public roads are an important annex to the state. The attack is a crime that harms society and the state. The legislator has paid special attention to them by stipulating many of the penalties imposed on the perpetrators. However, The Penal Code No. (111) for the year 1969 amending the Penal Code, and the special laws that are applicable to public roads and are considered crimes, as we find it, Know the ways It is noted that the Iraqi Highway Law includes the main public roads between the cities and bridges of different types located within the borders of the Municipality of Baghdad and the municipalities and beyond. The general road is formed according to the Iraqi law of several types including the highway, the main road and the road Secondary and other, and crimes are not serious in general ways in terms of gravity at a single pace they come as a crime or delicts or irregularities, and we have dealt with several applications on crimes harmful to public methods in criminal legislation, The public roads, which have serious effects, can paralyze the work of the state. The crime of public roads may be terrorist, political or economic. This would increase the danger to public roads. The criminal law is intended to protect it as a worthy interest. The public roads that are important to study in the extent of public roads are of importance to the state in general and to society in particular. The state commits itself to the construction of public roads and supplies them with all the necessary necessities to benefit from public roads. And we have reached a conclusion of the study to a number of conclusions and proposals. We have defined the crimes that are harmful to the public roads as acts that affect the state - owned and public - interest methods that have been criminalized by law and punishable, And the crime of vandalism of public roads is actually achieved, which causes the total or partial destruction of public roads by means of explosives, grenades or in any other manner that leads to the destruction of the road, its disruption or the apprehension thereof, Or in whole or in part, and we proposed to amend the text of Article (11) of the General Roads Law to be as follows : (((Punishable ... First - damage to public roads would obstruct traffic and traffic, and II - committed any act that is dangerous to the user of the road

الرقابة الادارية على المنظمات غير الحكومية في القانون العراقي : دراسة مقارنة == The Administrative Control over Nongovernmental Organizations in the Iraqi Legislation : Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: احمد مجيد شويع
اسم المشرف: رفاه كريم رزوقي كربل
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد المنظمات غير الحكومية المظهر الاهم الذي يوضح رسوخ مباديء الديمقراطية وانفتاح الدولة وبالذات الادارة منها الى افكار الافراد والتطلع لتحقيق انشطتهم وبذلك تكون قد سعت لتحقيق ذلك بتشريعات تحد من تعسف الادارة في الانتقاص من ذلك الحق او الحد من التمتع به, لكنه مع ذلك فقد اوجد حالة من التوازن تمثلت باعطاء الادارة وسائل من شانها المراقبة والمتابعة لتفعيل ذلك الحق, وذلك بسبب ان تلك المنظمات قد توسعت وتطورت هيكليتها الادارية وازدادت وظائفها المناطة بهواالذي اوجب كنتيجة منطقية لذلك تنظيما تشريعيا وافيا ياخذ على عاتقه الية تاسيسها بما في ذلك الشروط والشكليات الواجب اتباعها لغرض التاسيس مرورا بنوع الانشطة المسموح بها لغرض الممارسة فيما لو اجيز نشاطهواقبل تاسيسها, مع بيان مصير المنظمة فيما لو انحرفت عن اهدافها او ما اوجبه المشرع لها ان تتجه على وفقه. واذا كان الامر بهذا الشكل فلم يغفل المشرع في مد رقابته على هذا الشخص المعنوي الخاص نظرا لسعة الوظائف التي يؤديهوااتصالها بمسائل ذات طبيعة اجتماعية يتصل بنشاط الدولة اساسا كمسائل حقوق الانسان والديمقراطية فنظم بشكل صريح الرقابة عليها بما في ذلك نطاق الرقابة وحدودها مع بيان احكامها بما في ذلك الجهات التي تتولى الرقابة ووسائلها في ذلك . كما اوضح المشرع مال المنظمة ومصيرها في حال اكتشفت الادارة ان انتهاكا خطيرا قد اقترفته المنظمة يجعلها في مركز لايمكن معها الاستمرار في نشاطها, وهذا الامر هو يمثل السير الطبيعي للامور اذ لايمكن الاعتراض عليه نظرا لان الرقابة بهذا الشكل تشكل اداة مهمة تحول دون تحول تلك المنظمات الى عبء يضاف الى الدولة كما لايشكل تدخلا في استقلالها اذ انهراقابة ذات طابع اشرافي في الغالب لايصل الى مستوى التدخل الفعلي في الصلاحيات . كل هذه المسوغات والعوامل دفعت الى وجود الرقابة الادارية وتبعا لذلك فان بحثنا يعد من البحوث المهمة من الناحية النظرية نظرا لان الدراسات القانونية قد اعرضت عن بيان الرقابة الادارية وعرض احكامها بشكل مفصل اذ اقتصر الحال على بيان التنظيم القانوني للمنظمات غير الحكومية دون الخوض بتفاصيل تتعلق بالرقابة الادارية على تلك المنظمات لذلك فقد جاء البحث كمحاولة لملء الفراغ الفقهي في هذا الجانب, اذ تتجه تلك الاهمية لتعالج العديد من المشاكل التشريعية ومنها الغموض الوارد في النصوص وكذلك تنظيم الجهة المختصة بالرقابة بما يكفي لتلافي تعدد الجهات المختصة وتداخل صلاحياتها الامر الذي ادى الى بروز مشكلة تدخل الحكومات غير المنتظمة في اقليم في شؤون المنظمات غير الحكومية من خلال الادعاء بوجود حق لها في الرقابة عليها. ونتيجة لغياب نصوص صريحة تجيز ذلك فقد اصبحنا امام ضرورة وجود تدخل تشريعي يحدد هذه السلطة في الرقابة بشكل يضمن الحفاظ على استقلال المنظمات غير الحكومية, وتبعا لذلك سينتظم البحث على فصلين تسبقه مقدمة سيخصص الفصل الاول منه لماهية الرقابة الادارية وذلك في مبحثين يكرس المبحث الاول للتعريف بالرقابة الادارية على المنظمات غير الحكومية اما المبحث الثاني فيخصص لنطاق الرقابة الادارية على المنظمات غير الحكومية في حين اتجه الفصل الثاني لبيان احكام الرقابة الادارية على المنظمات غير الحكومية وذلك بمبحثين خصص المبحث الاول منه لبيان جهات الرقابة الادارية ووسائلها اما المبحث الثاني فكرس للجزاءات المفروضة على المنظمات غير الحكومية وضمانات مشروعيتهواانتهى البحث بخاتمة تضمنت بين طياتها اهم النتائج التي توصلنا اليها خلال البحث كما تضمنت مقترحات وتوصيات تساهم في تطوير الموضوع محل البحث . | The nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are the most important aspect that demonstrates the principles of democracy and openness of the government, particularly its management to the individuals’ ideas and looking to make their activities, that it has sought to achieve by legislation that limiting the arbitrariness of administration in the diminution of that right or limit its enjoyment, but nonetheless created a situation of balance through giving the administration means of controlling and following up to activate it right because those organizations have expanded, developed its administrative structure and its functions has increased, which required ,as a logical consequence of that, a full legislation regulation for organizing its foundation including the conditions and the formalities to be followed for the purpose of foundation through the type of permitted activities that the NGO can practice, indicating the fate of the organization if it deviated from its goals or violated the legislations. Referring to what have been mentioned above, why the legislature neglect extending his controlling for this special corporate body as this body has lots of functions which related to social issues that basically connected with the activity of the government , like the human rights and the democracy. So, the legislature should clearly organize the controlling for the NGOs including the limit of the controlling, its rules, the authorities of the controlling and its means. Also the legislature should explain the organization's fate and doomed if the management discovered a grave violation has done by the organization makes it in the situation that cannot continue its activity. This is normal as we can't challenge it because the controlling in this form is an important tool to prevent those organizations to be a burden to the government as it is not an interference in the independence of the organizations, as the controlling is having a supervisory nature that mostly doesn't extend to the level of actual intervention in terms of authorities. All these justifications and factors are pushed for having the controlling administration, thus accordingly this research is important theoretically because legal studies has turned from a statement of controlling administration and display detailed provisions as merely a statement of case with legal regulation of non - governmental organizations without going into details concerning administrative control over these organizations. So it came as an attempt to fill the jurisprudential vacuum; in this doctrinal aspect, since moving that importance to address many legislative problems including the mystery contained in the texts as well as organize competent enough controlling to avoid a multiplicity of overlapping powers of competent authorities which led to the problem of interfering the irregular territory government in the NGOs affairs through alleging of having a right in the controlling as a result of the absence of explicit texts that allows that. However, we need for legislative intervention identifies this authority in order to preserve the independence of non - governmental organizations. Accordingly, this research consists of two chapters that have proceeded by an introduction. Chapter one is devoted to introducing management controlling in two sections, the first section is devoted to publicizing administrative controlling over non - governmental organizations either the second section is devoted to the scope of administrative controlling over non - governmental organizations. The second chapter is devoted for stating the provisions of the administrative controlling over NGOs in two sections, the first section is devoted to stating the administrative controlling authorities and its means, either second section devoted to levied sanctions against non - governmental organizations and guarantees of its legitimacy. The search ended by a conclusion included the major findings through research as well as suggestions and recommendations will contribute to the development of subject matter

دور المجني عليه في المسؤولية الجنائية : دراسة مقارنة == The Role of The Victim in The Criminal Responsibility : Comparison Study

اسم المؤلف: صادق يوسف خلف الياسري
اسم المشرف: عمار تركي عطية الحسيني
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: It became clear to us through this study to understand the phenomenon of criminal and stand on the causes, not only on the study of the behavior of the offender and his willingness innate social composition of the commission of the crime stop, but one must look at the victim and the extent of his role in the crime committed against him, as the study showed that the victim it contributes in some way to the creation of the idea of the crime or facilitate the offender, for example, we noticed that in the case of legitimate defense contributes to the victim in the emergence of the danger spot illegal toward the defender (attacker), forcing the latter to repel that threat and thus a crime, and we also find in the case of a serious provocation to the offender and caused by the victim, as is the case in a crime caught in the act of adultery, as it leads to a state of anger and intense emotion to the offender stricture freedom of choice leading to the commission of the crime, and there are quite a fraction of the crimes contributes to the victim in the occurrence, has part of it was clarified in this study.The study of the role of the victim in the criminal responsibility was not limited to the area of criminality, but also included the role of the victim in the estimation of the sentence, through a more severe punishment on the offender for some reason the availability recipe especially the victim, or the existence of a relationship linking the perpetrator to the victim, the legislator believes is inappropriate to turn a blind eye about it, because it discloses (shows) the gravity of the crime and the seriousness of the offender and the victim at other times reduces punishment for the perpetrator or stop into force, the desire of the Criminal legislator to maintain and strengthen the family's interest.And also in the field estimate punishment, this study provides a list of criminal legislator of victim Ctmaliyn who are more likely than others to fall victim to a crime, and therefore the legislature to intervene to protect them and provide them with protection criminal.In the end of this study, we had many recommendations and results .One of these results is that the victim plays a role in allowancing some of the criminal acts in the case of legitimate Right, The danger posed by the victim is described as current and illegal in addition of the inability of the defender to take over the public authority to repel that danger then the defender's action is necessary and therefore the right of legitimate is being available here. But the act of the defender must be commensurate with the act of aggression; otherwise, it would become a transgressor of the right. By the way, one of our recommendations in this study, we suggest that the Iraqi legislature make the review on the Article 422of the Iraqi Penal Code,by using the term (Child) instead of juvenile, Even children under the nine age

الحماية الدولية للعاملين في اجهزة العدالة == International protection for workers in the justice agencies

اسم المؤلف: علي كاظم عبد جاسم الغزي
اسم المشرف: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي العام
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تنطوي مهمة اقامة العدل على مخاطر جمة ايسرها التزام الحياد, وامضاها مواجهة السلطة . بينما تنصرف الحماية الدولية الى تحديد نوع الخطر وجهته الذي يهدد العاملين في اجهزة العدالة وتقرير ما يمكن للوقاية منه او تقليل خطورته . ان مفهوم الاستقلال, يختلف من المحامي الى القضاة الى الادعاء العام, فالاول يمكن ان يكون واجبات والتزامات . وفي الثاني يمكن ان يكون توفير كل ما من شانه ان يجعل من القضاء سلطة بموازاة السلطات الاخرى, وضمان عدم التدخل والتاثير في قرارات واحكام القضاة . اما الادعاء العام, فان مفهوم الاستقلال يكون بتحديد علاقته بجميع الاطراف التي يتعامل معها, من قضاة ومحامين واطراف الدعوى الاخرين . وعليه فان الموضوع وان يتناول مفردة بهذا المعنى, الا انها تختلف من حيث المضمون . كذلك فان هذا الامر ينطبق على صور الحماية الاخرى, من تنظيم الخدمة, الى ضمان الحريات الاساسية, جميع هذه الامور وان يشترك بها جميع العاملين في اجهزة العدالة, الا ان لكل منها معنا خاصا بها مع عدم اغفال ان هناك مشتركات كثيرة, بين مفاهيم البحث يجعل من الربط بينها اظهار ان العدالة, وحدة واحدة تتكامل بتكامل عناصرها . وهكذا مثلا لا تجد, دولة ليس فيها نقابة محامين, بغض النظر عن تبعية هذه النقابة, الا انه في الوقت نفسه, تجد كثير من البلدان ليس فيها تجمع مهني للقضاة والادعاء العام . لذا تجد ان البحث حاول بيان هذه المفاهيم, واعطاء خصوصية لكل مفردة . وبعد ان تناول البحث الصكوك الدولية والاقليمية الخاصة بالموضوع, بالتحليل والشرح وبيان ما هو الاقرب منها لموضوع الحماية وما هو الانسب, استعاض البحث عن القرارات القضائية بما اورده المقرر الخاص, من رسائل ونداءات عاجلة في كل ما يخص الموضوع, والتي تعتبر دراسة معمقة لاحوال الدول القانونية . وحاول البحث التطرق للتشريعات العراقية الخاصة بالموضوع, ليبين مدى مطابقة هذه التشريعات مع المعايير والمبادئ الدولية, ليعطي للمشرع العراقي ومن يشملهم البحث رؤية واضحة عن مدى ملائمة هذه التشريعات مع القانون الدولي, الذي نامل ان ياخذ بها المعنيون . | Involve significant administration of justice on the enormous risks easiest commitment to neutrality, and he spent the face of power. While goes international protection to determine the type of danger that threatens his part and Justice Foundation and determine what can to prevent it or minimize the seriousness . Judges, lawyers, public prosecutors, with the same rights enjoyed by any other human being, but it must ensure in particular to protect them, because they are guarantors for the enjoyment of others of these rights, it is not available to workers in the justice systems, independence and impartiality of the judicial system becomes arbitrary and become a tool in the hands of other powers, especially the executive branch, and we will see that the concept of independence, differs from the lawyer, the judges, the public prosecutor, in first, it could be the duties and obligations. In the second, it can be, providing everything you would, that makes the judiciary authority in parallel with other authorities, and to ensure non - interference and influence in the decisions, and the provisions of the judges. The latter, we mean the public prosecution, the concept of independence, the Select relationship, all parties with which it deals, judges, lawyers, and other parties to the suit. Accordingly, the subject, and that deals with a single, in the same sense, but they differ in terms of content. Also, this thing applies to other forms of protection, of the service organization, to ensure basic freedoms, such as the right to freedom of expression, professional and assembly, to immunity, and accountability, all of these things, though shared by all employees of the justice agencies, but each her own sense of them, not forgetting, if there are many participants, between the concepts of research, makes the link between them, to show that justice, and a single unit, the integration of complementary elements. Thus, for example, you do not find, that is not a country where union lawyers, regardless of the subordination of this union, but at the same time, you find a lot of countries, which is not a professional association of judges, and public prosecutors. So you find that search, try to explain these concepts, giving the privacy of each individual . international and regional instruments on the subject, analysis, annotation, and a statement that is closest to them, the subject matter of protection, and what is the most appropriate, replaced the search for judicial decisions, including the report by the Special Rapporteur of the letters and urgent appeals, both in terms of subject, which is an in - depth study of the legal conditions of countries. And tried to search, Iraqi legislation addressed, the Iraqi constitutions, to the ordinary laws, to show the compatibility of such legislation, standards, and international principles, to give the Iraqi lawmaker, is covered by the search, a clear vision, how much appropriate legislation, with international law, which we hope will take them involved. The division of this research, into three chapters, the first chapter deals with, international protection for lawyers. And Chapter II international protection for judges. Chapter III international protection for the prosecution. Finally, this study is over, a conclusion include several conclusions, reached by the search, and several recommendations, can enhance international protection for workers in the justice agencies.

التنظيم القانوني للمصنفات المعمارية : دراسة قانونية مقارنة == The LEGAL REGULATION OF ARCHITECTURAL CATEGORIES : A COMPARATIVE LEGAL STUDY

اسم المؤلف: وداد وهيب لهمود
اسم المشرف: طارق كاظم عجيل
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون المدني
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In an age when developments began to witness a steadfast growth in all fields, including the urban one, due to information and technology revolution; when the right to a decent life also became a matter of humane demand that is comprehensively and imperatively applicable ، The results and reflections of such as the above have led legislations, including the Iraqi legislation, to add a sort of regulations to the architectural designs, for the latter constitutes the highest image of property - a highness which stems from its connection to that which humans hold most high, namely ،in its creative and intellectual manifestations. Furthermore, the rights stipulated have become a weapon and competitive tool to protect the intellectual rights of architect, which is to encourage innovation and creativity - a goal that requires the presence of legal entity that manages to identify and protect these rights.That said, this research has been devoted to a substantive and significant matter, which is the legal regulation of the architectural designs and its designers, given that it is an essential safeguard for these designs and designers. The importance of this right is increasingly growing in the international conventions, yet the decisions of the Iraqi legislature stipulated in the Copyright Protection Law No. 3 of 1971, along with its amendments afterwards, remains just ideas and simple signals without careful regulations that commensurate with the significance of the architectural designs - which is something that should be taken seriously especially when taking into account that the issues associated with the right of the architect did not take its share so far in the legal sources. What is more, the scarcity of these legal sources did not create possibilities that would lead to evidence substantiation with other researchers’ findings.One might ask, what is the legal regulation of the architectural categories? And, what is the adequacy of such regulation of these designs?Our answer is divided into three chapters, each contains two sections. First, we have established the legal origin of these designs and designers through outlining their definitions and identifying their legal terms. They are, pursuant to the Iraqi legislation, are arts and architectural designs. In Paragraph(4) of Article (2), the Iraqi legislator counted Arts among architectural categories while categorizing architectural designs as written works in Paragraph (10) of Article (2), even though it was also considered artistic categories. However, the Iraqi legislator was no longer considering construction as an architect category worthy of protection. Although a design might be modeled in construction, leading, in this case, to the derogation of an architect’s right due to the lack of an effective protection from such an abuse as when others try, unjustly, to implement a design that is identical to the architect’s, or when a construction containing an architectural design is similar to that set forth by the architect. Hence, we call on the Iraqi legislature to take the position of the US Law to the Architectural Work Copyright Protection Act (AWCPA) No. (650 - 101), for a building containing an architectural design should be considered architectural category worthy of legal protection. We have also investigated the ethical and financial rights ،the ethical side would represent the attitudes and the depths of human soul to whom they are spiritually attached in a manner which is unbreakable and inseparable to the architect. In this sense, the property rights does not allow transferability of a property right into others even though the architect waives his/her rights to others or s/he wills to do so. The financial side, on the other hand, constitutes the financial value of the architectural design through which the architectural designer manages to exploit it, either directly or when s/he uses it as something based on a contract or work. In both cases of property rights, the law works, in most cases, to achieve a fair balance between the rights of the designer and that of others related to his/hers. Hence, the legal protection of both the architectural production and its architect is intended to stop abuse and reduce the aggravation of the damage caused by that abuse. Since these means won’t stop the infringement, the legislation would provide other means aimed at reforming the situation, bringing it back to what it is, or giving a fair compensation.We have finished our study with a conclusion stating the findings and recommendations that we have reached.come to conclude that legal alternatives shall be taken; effective protection means for architectural categories and its designers shall be provided, to which we have seen no attention been given - an attention that we are hoping we find soon.

المسؤولية الجزائية عن الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة : دراسة مقارنة == The Criminal Responsibility for The False Commercial Advertisements comparable study

اسم المؤلف: امنة كاظم سعدون
اسم المشرف: عقيل عزيز عودة
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: العراق هو احد دول الاقتصاد الحر الذي يقوم على المنافسة الحرة في اسواق الانتاج والخدمات ، واذا كان السوق في المفهوم الاقتصادي ، لقاء العرض بالطلب فان الدعاية التجارية هي التي تخلق السوق ، ومن باب اولى توسع دائرة السوق نفسهوالا سوق بلا دعاية ، والاخيرة يعنى بها عبارة عن مجموعة من الاجراءات الفنية التي تقوم بها مؤسسة ما ببثها من اجل الحصول على الزبائن ، او زيادة عددهم ، او الحفاظ عليهم وبذلك فان للدعاية التجارية غرضين هما تحفيز المستهلك للاقبال على شراء السلع والخدمات والثاني هو خلق منافسة بين السلع والخدمات المشابهة . وبذلك فان الدعاية التجارية وفق المفهوم المتقدم لا تشكل خطورة على الواقع الاقتصادي وعلى العكس من ذلك فهي تتبوا مكانة هامة في تسويق المنتجات مما يعود بالنفع على المنتجين والموزعين وبالتالي تساعدهم في تحقيق الارباح ومن جانب اخر فانها تساعد المستهلك للتعرف على المنتجات في ظل تعدد وتنوع تلك المنتجات ، ولكن اساليب المنافسة التجارية المستخدمة من قبل منتجي السلعة الواحدة تدفع البعض منهم الى اللجوء لشتى الوسائل قد تكون مشروعة او غير مشروعة وذلك من اجل زيادة عملية الشراء من قبل مستهلكي السلع التي ينتجوها بحيث ضاع مفهوم الكسب المشروع والتعاون على ماينفع الناس وطغت الاهواء الجامحة والسعي الى الربح السريع وغير المشروع اضرارا بجمهور المستهلكين ، مما يستدعي وضع ضوابط قانونية محكمة لمنع تزايد هذه الظاهرة ، ولكن يجب الملاحظة بان الدعاية حتى وان تضمنت معلومات هدفها التاثير النفسي والتهويل والاثارة والمبالغة فانها برمتها لاترقى الى مستوى عدم المشروعية من الناحية القانونية ، لان ابراز محاسن المنتجات ومزاياها دون التطرق الى السلبيات والتشويق النفسي المخالف للحقيقة والواقع ، هو امر طبيعي طالما ان الهدف من الاعلان التجاري هو ترغيب المستهلك ودفعه لشراء المواد المعلن عنها ، وان البطاقة الاعلامية وجدت اصلا لبيان المخاطر التي تنتج عن هذه السلع ، ولكن اذا تضمنت تلك الدعاية من المعلومات المضللة والكاذبة او غير الواضحة عن حقيقية السلعة فان مثل هذه الظروف تدفع المستهلك الوقوع في غلط الذي يلحق به ضررا كبيرا . ولما كان التشريع يعكس واقع المجتمع الاقتصادي والاجتماعي والمفروض انه يواكب التطورات التي تطرا على المجتمع ، لذلك برزت الحاجة الملحة الى وجود قانون يوفر الحماية اللازمة للمستهلك من الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة ، وتجسيدا لذلك صدر قانون حماية المستهلك 2العراقي رقم (1) لسنة 2010 ولكن مع هذا فانه تبين لنا مدى قصوره في معالجة جريمة الدعاية الكاذبة حيث ان النصوص القانونية الواردة في هذا القانون لم تكن كافية لمعالجة التجاوزات والمخالفات العديدة التي ترتكب في يومنا هذا ، من خلال اساليب الخداع المتطورة التي تمارس فيها الدعاية فاننا نلاحظ اهمية وجود نص قانوني موحد وشامل ينظم ويعالج الدعاية التجارية ويحدد الجرائم التي يمكن ان ترتكب من خلالها . وفي ضوء ماتقدم فقد تم تقسيم هذه الرسالة والموسومة بـ ( المسؤولية الجزائية عن الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة ) الى ثلاثة فصول : تناولنا في الفصل الاول دراسة الاطار النظري للدعاية التجارية الكاذبة في مبحثين وبينا فيه مفهوم الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة وتعريفهواخلصنا الى انها مجموعة من الادعاءات والبيانات المخالفة للحقيقة التي تقوم بها بعض الشركات المنتجة وغير المنتجة ببثها او كتابتها سواء تم ذلك بالاعلان التجاري او بالبطاقة الاعلامية .كما عرضنا لاطار القانوني لجريمة الدعاية الكاذبة من حيث الاساس القانوني لتجريمهواتمييزها عما يشابهها .وتكلمنا في الفصل الثاني عن الاحكام الموضوعية والاجرائية التي تحكم جريمة الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة ، وبحثنا فيها الركن المادي والمعنوي للجريمة ثم تطرقنا الى الشروع والمساهمة فيها ، ثم عرضنا الى اهم الاحكام الاجرائية التي تتميز بها هذه الجريمة .واستعرضنا في الفصل الثالث اهم الاثار لهذه المسؤولية من حيث نطاقها من حيث الاشخاص والجزاء المترتب عليها ، وذلك على مبحثين ، فتطرقنا في المبحث الاول حدود هذه المسؤولية من حيث الاشخاص التي تشمل ( المعلن ، المنتج ، المحترف ، الناقل ) وكذلك تناولنا موضوع المسؤولية الجنائية عن فعل الغير في جريمة الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة وامكانية مسائلة الشخص المعنوي عنها . ثم انتقلنا الى اهم اثر يترتب على هذه المسؤولية وهو الجزاء وقسمنا الجزاء الى العقوبات والتدابير الاحترازية ، بحيث تشمل العقوبات الاصلية والتكميلية اما التدابير فتناولنا منها ماهو متعلق بهذه الجريمة .اخيرا بخاتمة هذه الرسالة ضمناها اهم الاستنتاجات التي توصلنا اليها ، وخلصنا الى المقترحات التي يمكن الاخذ بها في هذا المجال لاسيما دعوتنا للمشرع العراقي الى ان يخصص فصل مستقل لجريمة الدعاية التجارية الكاذبة يتناولها من حيث صورهواعناصرهوااركانهواالجزاءات المترتبة عليها . | As a matter of fact, Iraq is really considered as one of the free economic countries which relied upon the free competition in the markets of production and services. If we may pin down markets in the economic conception, as the meeting of supply and demand, therefore, the commercial advertisement will be the cause that creates markets. So it is best to enlarge the market circle itself, as there is no market without advertisement. And advertisement now means as a bunch of the technical procedures in which a corporation may spread on for having customers or increasing their numbers or keeping them up . Therefore, a commercial advertisement has two purposes; firstly, to motivate consumers to buy merchandises and services, and secondly to create competition amid merchandises and similar services. Thus, commercial advertisement, according to the recent conception , it does not represent a risk on the economical reality. And contrarily , it does have an important position in marketing productive merchandise. And that will bring about and advantage to the makers and distributors. And will help them to achieve profits in one hand. And on another hand it will help consumer to recognize the productions under various number and type of these productions. Probably sometimes, the ways of the commercial competition used by the makers of one stuff may impel some to use various kinds of ways whether it is be legal or illegal. In order to increase the purchase operation by merchandise consumers which they do produce. So, in this way that may cause to lose the concept of the legal trading and cooperation for what benefits people, and the extreme desires are overwhelmed and the seeking for fast and illegal profit do harm customers. Thus, it demands to put the finger of arbitrary legal regulations to hold back increasing such phenomena. There has to be in mind that advertisement , even it includes information of the psychological effect, intimidation and exaggeration and suspension, it does not reach an illegal level at the law side. Because showing the productions, advantages and traits, without touching upon the disadvantages and psychological suspension will not be fit properly with facts and reality. It is really a natural matter as long as the reason for commercial advertisement is headed to motivate consumers and egg them on to buy the merchandise advertised about. The informative card is already created for defining the risks that may be produced by this merchandise . but if it includes untrue and deceivable or unclear information about the merchandise reality, so in such circumstances may let fall in mistake which do extreme harm. As the legalization does reflect the economical and social society state. And it is supposedly to catch up with the development which took place to society, so indeed the constant necessity to be such a law will provide the required protection to consumers against untrue commercial advertisement. For embodiment such a law, it has been issued for Iraqi consumer protection, No 1 in 2010. But despite that, it is really be noticed by us its inability in healing the crime of untrue advertisements. As the legal texts mentioned in this law, were not fit enough to fix up the various misbehaviors and misconducts which have been committed in our present time. That done through the developed deceiving ways which have been practicing such advertisements . Thus, we notice the importance of presenting a comprehensive and unified legal text which organizes and healing the commercial advertisement ,as well as identifies the crimes that may be committed .In reverence to what has been mentioned, this thesis titled(The Criminal Responsibility for The False Commercial Advertisements) has been divided we highlight the concept of the untrue commercial advertisement and identifies and concludes that it is a bunch of claims and unreal data to reality in which some of producing or non - companies do spread or writes down what is done via the commercial advertisement or informative into three chapters : in the first chapter we dealt with studying the theoretical framework to the untrue commercial advertisements in two researches. In it card. A well as, we did refer to a legal framework against the untrue advertisement crime according to the legal foundation to incriminate and distinguish it from what is similar to. In the second chapter we talked about the punitive and objective regulations which dominate the untrue advertisement crimes. And in it, we searched the immaterial and material pillar for crime, then we touch upon to attempt and taking part in it . later we worded up to the most important punitive rules which are distinguished by this crime. In the third chapter we took up the most important tracks of this responsibility according to its scope to individuals and the required punition for it. That done in two researches; in the first research we touched upon the limits of this responsibility, according to individuals who are included ( advertiser, producer, professional, transfer). Then we dealt with the punitive responsibility subject on indirect person action in the crime of untrue commercial advertisement and the possibility of holding to account the artificial personality . Later we shifted into the most important track which may impose over such responsibility ,i.e. punition. Then we divided punition into preventive penalties and due process, including complementary and original penalties. As for due process we dealt with what belonged to this crime.Lastly at the end of this thesis ,we include in it, the most conclusions we reach to, and resulted to the suggestions that may be taken in this field. Specifically out calling upon for the Iraqi project to keep an independent chapter for the untrue commercial crime that is dealt with according to its pictures, elements, pillars and punitive that caused by

استقلال القضاء الدستوري واثره في الرقابة على دستورية القوانين : دراسة مقارنة == The independence of the constitutional judiciary and its impact in controlling the constitutionality of laws : Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: حیدر علي ضایف خطار الموزاني
اسم المشرف: ولید خشان زغیر الموسوي
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدستوري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Many states with different constitutional systems insist on the provident of legal guarantees which ensure the independence of the judiciary in to tally, because it is the apparatus which is responsible for the applying the laws andmaintaining the legal rights and freedoms, but this assistance of the independence of judiciary appears in large in the constitutional judiciary. Whether it is practicing by special courts, or by other kind or types of courts.Because the most important tasks of the constitutional judiciary is maintaining legacy and constitutional freedoms and rights. So, all constitutions in all different countries, which practice judiciary censorship on constitutionality of laws, concerning to establish the independence constitutional judiciary on rigid basis, and ensure the objectivity of constitutional agents to enable the judiciary to practice its roles correctly. The Constitutional Court is mandated to prevent the authorities from violating the provisions of the Constitution, to prevent the legislative authority from issuing laws that violate the provisions of the Constitution and to prevent the executive authority from issuing regulations and regulations that violate the Constitution. This role is exercised through constitutional supervision, It is imperative that the constitutional judiciary grant the independence necessary to exercise this role vis - a - vis the rest of the authorities. The legislative and executive authorities may try to influence the independence of the constitutional judiciary by limiting its role in monitoring through its intervention in its organization or its activities, Whist; therefore the constitutional independence ofthe judiciary is of no choice of it

البيع بشرط تصريف البضاعة il contratto estimatorio : دراسة تحليلية مقارنة == THE CONDITIONAL SALE CONSIGNMENT OF GOODS AN ANALYTIC & COMPARATIVE STUDY

اسم المؤلف: احمد عبد السلام كاظم
اسم المشرف: عماد حسن سلمان
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون التجاري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Iraqi legislator did not define the consignment contract; nor did he regulate its provisions, although it has been frequently circulated in people transactions. The Civil Italian Law No. 262 for the year 1942 regulated its provisions in Articles (1556, 1557, 1558). So it did the Amended Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) of 1952, Section (2/326). It was also stipulated by UK Sale of Goods Act of 1979, Paragraph (4), and Section (18) that dealt with (the sale or return.) The consignment contract is a special in - kind contract under which wholesaler would deliver goods to retailer for sale within an agreed - upon time period, whereby the former retains ownership of the goods until the price be paid, while the latter shall take the risk of loss of the goods and be obliged to pay for whatever be sold with the right to return that which is unsold. The object of contract would only include the movables without real estates. It does not take place by means of mutual consent. Rather it must be concluded whenever a wholesaler hands over the goods to retailer. Besides, it is a netting contract binding on the parties, on each party a host of commitments shall be placed. It is an immediate contract whereby time is not considered an essential element in spite of a delay of payment.The consignment contract, although it is more like a sale contact, is not a sale contract. For the sale contract is a consensual contract governed just by a mutual consent of its two parties, while the contract in question is an in - kind contract concluded by no means but delivery. Neither is it a deposit contract, nor agency contract, nor commission contract, nor company contract and nor sale with the retention of ownership. Rather, it is a special contract, new in its legal drafting, and one of the contracts that might be treated rightfully and legally, for it is in conformity with public order and morals.Furthermore, the contract in question is devoid of ambiguity and ignorance. For the wholesaler, who wants to sell out the largest possible number of his goods, would decide to distribute these goods to retailers, determining the price of the goods and the time of sale. The retailer does not afford the price of the goods, would receive the goods from the wholesaler and bear the risk of its loss so that he can sell them out. The price gain is the difference between the price determined by the wholesaler and the price at which the retailer sell.Under the contract, the retailer is committed to sell out the goods in accordance with the principle of good faith, i.e. the retailer must make every effort to show the goods in question and encourage customers to buy. Any violation of above would entail that the retailer is acting on bad faith, that is when he decides to store in the goods rather than having them offered to the public. In such a case, the wholesaler is entitled to terminate the contract because the retailer breached its obligations to sell out the goods in good faith. The retailer shall adhere as well to a key commitment that he should pay for the goods that have been sold, as well as his commitment - which is at the same time his right - to return the goods that have not been sold during the agreed - upon period. The wholesaler shall in return be committed to deliver the goods subject of the contract.The consignment contract is an in - kind contract; it is originally not to be concluded nor does it exist without delivery of goods. It also entails that the wholesaler is committed not to have access to the goods while in the possession of the retailer, whatever that might be, whether mortgaging or selling of the goods. The wholesaler as well shall not claim a refund of the goods within the specified period of the sale. Under the contract, the liability for the loss of the goods shall be placed on the retailer upon delivery; he holds responsible for the cause of the loss, even if it was a foreign cause of which he does not have a choice. Nevertheless, the retailer shall not be liable for any loss in case of old goods. Creditors of the retailer may not hold on the goods so long as the retailer did not pay for the goods. Besides, the wholesaler shall retains ownership of the goods until the retailer pays for the goods. The creditors of the wholesaler may not seize the goods under contract. This ruling is derived from the text of Article (1376) of the Iraqi Civil Law which acts as an exception to the privilege of movable seller.The consignment contract ends upon the sale of the goods, which is the subject of contract, or by the end of the specified period of sale. Moreover, the contract in question is one of the contracts that is governed by personal considerations so that the death of the retailer might be one reason among many that leads to terminate the contract especially in case that a wholesaler is not convinced with the efficiency and integrity of the retailers heirs. The contract also deemed terminated if one of the parties is considered in breach of a commitment determined by the contract in question.

النموذج القانوني للقاعدة الاجرائية الجزائية == The Legal base for the Penalty Procedural Rule

اسم المؤلف: شاكر نوري اسماعيل
اسم المشرف: كاظم عبد الله حسين الشمري
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الجنائي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The rules of criminal law have been found as to protect the rights and benefits as needed by any society and the violation of such rights considered the violation of the society security and its stability. This could be done through the rules of criminalization and punishment that could specifies the project through banned behaviors that should be taken into consideration by the society. This could be known as a tasking within these rules and specifying the part that should be applied against the person who violates that behavior. This part is considered as an essential element by which the rules are completed . The state should not apply such element , even though he acknowledges the crime , it ( the state ) should do that through the lawsuit that could be determined by the specialized authority until the issuance of a judgment and that is organized by the penalties procedural rules through which it could search for the availability of terms of such tasking in rules of criminalization and punishment and to show to what extent it could apply the penalty . It is the means by which the rules are to be applied . The rules of law and punishment remain still without the interference of the penalties procedural rules , its goal is to get to the truth for the state 's requirements in the punishment without violating the rights of individuals and their freedoms . It aims to fulfill the balance between the two oppositions, the first one is for the benefit of the society to know the reality and to punish the one who violates the security by committing the crime and the other one is for the benefit of the individuals in their freedoms . This could be carried out by specifying guarantees imposed on the state ; If the punishment be applied on an innocent person , then the effect will be larger on the society than the felon person . The violation of the penalties procedural rules is considered as a violation for the principle of the procedural rules.The law includes rules of penalty procedural bases , these rules are of different types, some of them are specified by the boards and devicesBundertaking the practicing of activities that control the crimes and the devices practicing the activities undertake the formation of these boards and to determine its specializations, this could be called as " Judicial organization" . Of these rules , are means that control the work of the boards and having the authority to take procedures and to show the main elements as to take permitted procedures, taking into consideration the search for the criminals and to collect evidences to investigate with the accused. This could be known as strict penalty procedural rules.As a result of the strict penalty procedural rules included by the law of penalty trials rules , the rules have been known in the light of its goals and they are considered as rules that place sufficient procedures to uncover the reality , to fulfill the criminal justice and to determine the judicial bodies specializing into applying these rules .The procedural rules are to organize the means of the social reaction before the crime and its committers through a set of procedures carried out by the specialized bodies . The rules are to follow up the crime committing and continuing until the issuance of judgment for that. Despite that, the criminal procedures start before the crime take place and they ( procedures) are surrounded with legal guarantees owing to the discovery of crime evidences and to place the person under accusation and permitted to take investigation procedures to confront him ( the accused).Thus , this subject has been taken into consideration for uncovering the philosophical bases of penalty procedural bases and to indicate its rules for securing these different benefits. This could be one by shedding the light on the procedural legal texts concerning with this subject and to indicate to the weak and strong points , then to explain things that impede these texts , entailing the Iraqi judiciary stance and jurisprudence opinions over unsettled matters with scientific legal method within the law of Iraqi penalty trails rules , No. 23 for the year 1971 and comparative procedural laws.Despite of what has been written about the penalty procedural rules , but they ( the rules ) have not sufficiently taken into consideration by the jurisprudence , legislation and judiciary in Iraq. .CFor these reasons, I have found myself to be motivated to write about this subject and I wish that this study will brings benefit to all.By analyzing the texts of penalty trails rules law , we have found that there are many defects in the procedural rules , thus it is necessitated to analyze the procedural rules and its bases and it should address the defects through indicating to the bases that should be taken into consideration within these rules .In our research , we focus on the general philosophical bases of penalty procedural rules and to know the total rules without discussing in details its subject matter , its procedural rules . In have depended on the comparative method for explaining the legal connection with the procedural rules. This could be carried out by comparing of what has been mentioned in the laws and jurisprudent writings , along with the stance of Iraqi judiciary from that ,as to indicate to the weak and strong points in the law of Iraqi penalty procedural rules , using analytical method in the legal texts and judiciary decisions.I have found that to get all sides of this subject , it should divide this research into two researches , the first one is about the penalty procedural rules that includes two chapters , the first one carries the title ( what is the penalty procedural rules ? and the second chapter will be under the title " The analysis of penalty procedural rules", while the second research comes with the title " The legal construction of penalty procedural base" that includes two chapters , the first one is under the title " The reverent benefit in the penalty procedural base, while the second chapter is about " the legal formation for the penalty procedural Rule"

التنظيم الدولي لشرط التسليم او المحاكمة واثره في النظام القانوني العراقي == International REGULation of the CoNDITION OF extradiTION or TRIAL AND ITS IMPACT ON the Iraqi legal system

اسم المؤلف: مهند هادي عبد الحسين
اسم المشرف: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الدولي العام
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The condition of Extradition or trial is a new and old condition, adopted by the " Grocius " 400 years ago, on day at which the international law as whole was undergoing a jelly - like period. It is now dealt with by the International Law Commission after the International law appears to be broad enough to suffer fragmentation.On the one hand, it links the requirement of condition of extradition or trial between international and criminal law, but this does not impair its international character , it is reflected positively on the international instruments that codified the international endeavor to prevent crimes known as transnational crimes, that have generated other close concepts to it such as inclusive jurisdiction and principle of integration .On the other hand, this international organization was revealed to be of three levels. First, the organization dealt the condition that research included the sources of its conditions and obstacles to effective application . The second level tackles the organization of international agreements to this condition, which take this condition out of its political nature to give it a purely legal character for the purpose of dealing with organized international crimes. This organization had a clear impact in the scope of energy transfer, technology, cybercrime and extradition conventions. The third level discusses the judicial regulation of the condition of extradition or trial, which is added up to this condition through the guarantees established by the judiciary so that to guarantee human rights and to violate his freedom . Finally, we come upon the impact of this condition in Iraqi legal system represented by the agreements that Iraq ratified and joined as well as its impact on criminal legislation, whether criminal or substantive. The study as well dealt with the point of condition in the special criminal laws .The requirement of extradition or prosecution is meant to pursue offenders and act upon prosecuting them in any place or to bring them to a party whom it wishes to put them into in order not to provide him with a safe haven. It is also clear that the Iraqi criminal legislation is free of any text that would include this requirement .

الرقابة القضائية على تقدير العقوبة الانضباطية : دراسة مقارنة == The Judicial control over the assessment of disciplinary punishment A comparative study

اسم المؤلف: اسد موفق جلاب
اسم المشرف: نجيب خلف احمد الجبوري
الموضوع العام: القانون
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: القانون الاداري
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعد سلطة تقدير العقوبة الانضباطية احدى السلطات التي تباشرها الادارة في مجال الوظيفة العامة ، وهي تعني منح الادارة حرية في اختيار العقوبة التي تتناسب مع المخالفة المرتكبة من الموظف نتيجة اخلاله بواجباته الوظيفية ، وتختلف السلطات الانضباطية التي تتولى توقيع العقوبة في الدول المقارنة حسب النظام الوظيفي لكل دولة ، فمنها من اخذ بالنظام الرئاسي ومن اخذ بالنظام القضائي ، وان منح الادارة حرية التقدير للعقوبة يستند الى تخويل المشرع لهذه السلطة على وفق رؤيته بان الادارة هي الاقدر على ممارسة هذه السلطة في مواجهة ظروف العمل الاداري ومستجداته ، وكذلك هي الاقدر على تحديد الاخطاء التي تشكل مخالفة في مجال الوظيفة العامة ، وفي مقابل منح الادارة سلطة التقدير للعقوبة فان المشرع احاطها بضمانات لا بد من مراعاتها عند ممارستها لسلطة التقدير ، منها مراعاة مبدا شرعية العقوبة ، حيث ان المشرع اورد العقوبات على سبيل الحصر ويجب ان تكون العقوبة الموقعة من ضمن العقوبات التي حددها المشرع ، وكذلك لا بد من مراعاتها لمبدا التناسب الذي بموجبه يقتضي ضرورة توقيع عقوبة تتناسب مع المخالفة المرتكبة ، وياتي دور القضاء الاداري لاستكمال دور المشرع في ضرورة تحقيق هذه الضمانات من خلال رقابته على الوجود المادي للواقعة ومراقبته للتكييف القانوني من خلال صحة الوصف القانوني للواقعة وكذلك مراقبته اهمية الواقعة ، فاذا ما خرجت سلطة الادارة عن مسارها الذي وضعه المشرع لها فان القضاء يواجهها من خلال السلطات التي يمتلكها ، فيعمل على الغاء العقوبة اذواقعت على الموظف وكانت مشوبة بعيب من عيوب القرار الاداري التي تجعله محلا للالغاء ، او يخفض العقوبة اذا كانت لا تتناسب مع حجم المخالفة ، او يصادق على العقوبة او يحكم بالتعويض ان كان له مقتضى . | The discretionary punitive authority is one of the powers exercised by the public administration in the public service. It grants the administration the freedom to choose the right penalty that suit the violation committed by the employee as a result of breach his or her duties, the disciplinary authorities that impose sanctions in other comparative countries are differ according to the government employment system of each country. Some of them use the presidential system and other countries uses the judicial system. Granting the power of discretion authority to the administration by the legislator is based on an authorization by the legislator to the administration according to his vision that the administration will do its best to serve the public interest and it will be able to exercise this authority in the best interest of the institution. The administration is also knows how to find and deduct its mistakes when they happen based on their discretionary power, including the principle of the legality of the sentence, since the legislator listed the penalties exclusively, also the penalty imposed shall be one of the penalties specified by the legislator, and the proportionality principle must be taken into consideration. It is necessary to impose a penalty that suit the violation. The judiciary role of the administrative is to complete the legislator's role in the necessity of achieving these guarantees, And monitoring the legal adaptation through the validity of the legal description of the incident as well as its role of controlling the important incidents. If the administrative authority departs from the path that has been set by the legislator, the judiciary faces it by its authorities. The administrative court can abolish the penalty if it does not suit the violation committed by the employee, endorses the penalty or award compensation to one of the parties if needed.

البيوتيقا : دراسة في الاخلاقيات المعاصرة لعلوم الحياة

اسم المؤلف: ولاء جبار شنين
اسم المشرف: هبة عادل ابراهيم العزاوي
الموضوع العام: الفلسفة
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفلسفة الحديثة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

مفهوم الحضارة في الفكر الغربي المعاصر : هربرت ماركيوز، كولن ولسن، الفن توفلر نماذج منتخبة == The concept of Civilization in the Contemporary Western thought.. Herbert marcuse , colin wilson , Alvin Toffler : specific aspects

اسم المؤلف: ماجد حميد راضي
اسم المشرف: محمد عبد الله جرو الخالدي
الموضوع العام: الفلسفة
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفلسفة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

الخطاب السياسي عند ادوارد سعيد == The political discours of EDWARD SAID

اسم المؤلف: عدي حسن مزعل
اسم المشرف: فيصل غازي مجهول
الموضوع العام: الفلسفة
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفلسفة
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The present study analytically and critically discusses the political discourse of the American - Palestinian critic Edward Said (1936 - 2003). Edward Said wrote in many fields such as history, anthropology, the role of intellect, exile, the domination of media, cultural pluralism, religion, war, music, identity, Palestinian Issue for which he devoted many works, and literary critics, his field of specialization for which he assigned some works such as his dissertation for doctorate which was entitled "Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of autobiography" as well as "Beginnings : Intention and Method" and "The World, the Text and the Critic". However, the main domain that represents his project and expresses the essence of his ideas is the one which deals with the relationship between culture and colonialism, which is revealed in his products "Orientalism", and "Culture and Imperialism", and then, to a lesser degree "The Question of Palestine" and "Covering Islam".Edward Said was one of those who had experienced closely the effects of colonialism in dispersing, exiling and distorting the other whom the colonial culture ranked in the lower grade. This experience had a great influence on Said's intellectual engagements; rather it became a main source for reading western culture and its relation with imperialism. That culture arose in the age of enlightenment and lasted for long periods to be subject to an epistemic pattern which was resulted in what would be later known as "Western - Centrism". Such a centrism lasted for a long time without any radical critical revision to its construction and was embodied in epistemic systems like those that were resulted by Orientalism, the epistemic field whose ascension and spread synchronized with the expansion of great European powers, such as Britain and France, and later the United States of America, which, as a great post - world war power, inherited the traditions of Orientalism from Europe. Edward Said was among the most prominent critics who contributed in revising that culture, the revision upon which a new field was founded and was later known as post - colonialism studies. All that would not have happened without Said's strong and sedate arguments which came in accompaniment of his method; a pure western method borrowed from the most influential thinkers in western culture, especially Antonio Gramsci and Michel Foucault. This is an essential point which interprets the strength and importance of his works. Moreover, he treated areas which seemed, in essence, stable and beyond dispute. This was apparent in his two basic works "Orientalism" and "Culture and Imperialism

المنجز الفكري لعبد الوهاب المسيري == Abdul Wahab Al - Misseeri’s ALmunjaz Alfikri

اسم المؤلف: جوان خليل عزاوي
اسم المشرف: علي جبار عناد الجوراني
الموضوع العام: الفلسفة
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفلسفة الحديثة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

الدين والاخلاق عند جوزيراويس == RELIGION AND ETHICS AT JOSIAH ROYCE

اسم المؤلف: اية جمعة حبيب الطائي
اسم المشرف: اكرم مطلك محمد
الموضوع العام: الفلسفة
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفلسفة الحديثة
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The beginning of what we see in our present time we are large and in dire need of human mentality and culture building in all its aspects as much as we need to Urban Construction and technological development, but we found in our societies decline if the individual in some aspects of life, and some believe that this decline caused by the estrangement of the individual from religion and ethics, and in this thesis we will discuss the philosophical views on religion and ethics at the contemporary American ideal philosopher (Josiah Royce), who coined the idealistic philosophy in the period may be receded where such philosophies versus scientific development, Royce presenting his ideas philosophical watered the roots of idealist philosophy and revived again. That is our thesis titled (Religion and Ethics at Josiah Royce). Dependent in her study on the analytical approach to understanding the texts Royce or wrote about the studies and research. The thesis is divided into sections arranged as follows : included three chapters : the first chapter titled (general introductions) and the statement of the essential pillars upon which this thesis, which is divided into three sections, the first section titled (the concept of the language of religion, and idiomatically and philosophy ), while the second section of this chapter is entitled (the language of the concept of morality and idiomatically and philosophy), while the third section entitled (who is Josiah Royce?). The second chapter is entitled (religion at Josiah Royce) This chapter is divided into three sections; first topic entitled (religious insight and models for their sources at Royce), while the second part, titled (reconcile religion and philosophy through absolute concept when Royce) The third section is entitled (religious congregation and the church invisible).The third chapter of the thesis was devoted to the philosophy of ethics at (Royce), entitled (ethics at Josiah Royce) and is divided in to three sections; Section One provision of the moral principle of most popular at (Royce) came this topic entitled (Loyalty), and the second topic entitled ( the problem of evil and reconcile between Good ness and evil), and the third section is entitled (moral liberty). The knowledge at (Royce) is an offshoot of the doubt know, as(Royce) Make doubt the first steps of the theory of knowledge, and the certainty that we get it a1er the suspicion stage represents the fact certainties, and philosophy (Royce) religious were identical with the stream reconcile religion and philosophy it aims to achieve unity between them, also it aims to achieve social unity, and control of individual selfish tendency, not an entity of the individual without the community. lastly, I extend my heartfelt thanks to Dr. Akram Mutlaq supervising this thesis for its substantial cooperation had a significant impact on the completion of this thesis

السياسة الخارجية التركية اتجاه منطقة القوقاز بعد الحرب الباردة == Turkish Foreign Policy Towards Caucasia Region after the Cold War

اسم المؤلف: صبا سليم محمد علي الجبوري
اسم المشرف: مصطفى جاسم حسين البهادلي
الموضوع العام: العلوم السياسية
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: بعد انتهاء الحرب الباردة وتفكك الاتحاد السوفييتي عام 1991 واستقلال دول القوقاز عنه، افضت تلك التحولات التي تبلور مجموعة من المتغيرات والقضايا التي اثرت في العلاقات التركية مع دول جنوب القوقاز، فشهدت السياسة الخارجية التركية مع هذه الدول الثلاث ارمينيا واذربيجان وجورجيا، حقبة من التفاهمات والاستقطابات بسبب هذه العوامل والمتغيرات الداخلية والاقليمية والدولية. وقد احتوت الرسالة المعنونة (( السياسة الخارجية التركية اتجاه القوقاز بعد الحرب الباردة )) على مقدمة وخاتمة وملخص باللغة العربية والانكليزية واربعة فصول . ونظرا لما تتمتع به منطقة جنوب القوقاز من اهمية سياسية واقتصادية وجغرافية، فقد اصبحت محط اهتمام العديد من الدول الاقليمية والقوى الكبرى وساحة للتنافس الاقليمي والدولي. اذ يبحث الفصل الاول عن الاهمية الاستراتيجية لدول اقليم القوقاز الجنوبي الثلاثة (اذربيجان وجورجيا وارمينيا )من خلال اربعة فصول رئيسة ،المبحث الاول يتناول الاهمية الجغرافية والجيوبوليتيكية لمنطقة دول اقليم القوقازالجنوبي ،والمبحث الثاني يتناول الاهمية الاقتصادية ،والمبحث الثالث يتاول الحالة الاجتماعية والديوغرافية ،والمبحث الرابع تناول القدرات العسكرية والامنية .اما الفصل الثاني فقد تطرق الى اهداف ووسائل تنفيذ السياسة الخارجية التركية اتجاه دول اقليم القوقاز الجنوبي ،وذلك من ثلاثة مباحث رئيسة ،فالمبحث الاول تناول عملية صنع القرارفي السياسة الخارجية التركية ،والمبحث الالثاني تناول الاهداف الرئسية للتوجه التركي لمنطقة اقليم القوقاز ،والمبحث الثالث تناول اهم الوسائل لتنفيذ السياسة الخارجية التركية تجاه المنطقة .اما الفصل الثالث ،فقد تطرق الى الادوار الاقليمية والدولية في منطقة اقليم القوقاز الجنوبي ،وذلك من خلال مبحثين ،المبحث الاول تناول الدور الاقليمي المتمثل بروسيا الاتحادية والجمهورية الاسلامية الايرانية ،والمبحث الثاني تناول الدور الدولي المتمثل بالولايات المتحدة الامريكية و(اسرائيل )والاتحاد الاوروبي .والفصل الرابع فقد تطرق الى مستقبل التوجه التركي لدول منطقة اقليم القوقاز الجنوبي ،وذلك من خلال ثلاثة مباحث رئيسة ،المبحث الاول تناول مشهد استمرارية التعاون مع هذه الدول ،والمبحث الثاني تناول مشهدالتراجع ،والمبحث الثالث تناول مشهد المؤامة . وبعد صعود حزب العدالة والتنمية، وتطبيق الحزب لرؤية جديدة خاصة بالسياسة الخارجية تقوم على توظيف مباديء جديدة تهدف لتحويل تركيا من دولة جسر لدولة مركزية في دول جنوب القوقاز الذي يمثل واحد من الاقاليم المهمة للسياسة التركية، وذلك لما يتيحه من فرص للسياسة الخارجية التركية في بناء علاقات متوازنة وبراغماتية مبنية على التعاون والتنافس وما يفرضه من مخاطر قد تهدد الامن القومي التركي. | After the end of the Cold War and collapse of Soviet Union 1991 and the independence of Caucasian States many changes and issues appears which effect the relations of Turkey and the states of south Caucasia .Turkish foreign relations with these states, Armenia ,Azerbaijan and Georgia witnesses period of understanding and polarize due to theses internal ,regional and international factors and changes This theses titled (Turkish Foreign Policy Towards Caucasia after the Cold War ) includes an introduction ,four chapters , conclusion and abstract . As south Caucasia enjoys political , economic and geographic it becomes the focus of the interests of regional states , great powers and the field of regional and international competition . The first chapter discusses the strategic importance of the three states of south Caucasia region (Armenia ,Azerbaijan and Georgia ) .It includes three enquiries .First enquiry discusses the geographic and geopolitical importance of south Caucasia region states .The second enquiry discusses the economic importance .The third enquiry discusses the social and demographic situation .The fourth enquiry discusses the military and security abilities .The second chapter discusses the 0bjectives and the methods of implementing Turkish foreign policy towards south Caucasia region .It includes three enquiries .The first enquiry includes the decision making in Turkish foreign policy .The second enquiry discusses the main objectives of Turkish policy for Caucasia region .The third enquiry discusses the most important methods to implement Turkish foreign policy towards this region . The third chapter discusses the regional and international roles in two enquiries .The first enquiry discusses the regional role represented in Russia federation and Iran Islamic Republic .The second enquiry discusses the international role represented in United States of America , (Israel ) and Europe union .The fourth chapter discusses the future of the Turkish policy for south Caucasia region in three enquiries .The first enquiry discusses the continuous cooperation with these states .The second enquiry discusses the withdraw. The third enquiry discusses the conspiracy. After the ascension of Justice and Progress Party, and the application of the new perspectives concerning the based on the employment of these new principles aiming at changing Turkey from a bridge state into a central power in the south Caucasus region, which is one of the important regions as far as the Turkish policies are concerned. Because the opportunities it provides opportunities for the building of a balanced and pragmatic relations based on the cooperation and competition, as imposed by forces that threaten the Turkish security

اثر استخدام الفعاليات الدرامية على تحسين اداء طلاب الصف الخامس الاعدادي في مهارة الفهم القرائي == The Effect of Using Dramatic Activities on Enhancing Reading Comprehension for 5th Preparatory Iraqi Students

اسم المؤلف: زيد حسين عبد السادة الحسناوي
اسم المشرف: عبد علي نايف حسن | منى محمد عباس
الموضوع العام: العلوم التربوية
السنة: 2017
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بابل
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: مهارة القراءة هي عملية يقوم القارء من خلالها ببناء المعنى عن طريق النص. خلال ال25 سنة الماضية تغيرت عملية الفهم, التحليل الابتدائي كان ينص على ان القراءة هي عبارة عن عملية خطية ميكانيكية. هي ايضا عملية مجهولة. بعد التحويل او الترجمة , القراءة السريعة تؤدي الى الفهم من قبل القارئ. كانت هي الفرضية التي ادت الى تركيز المعلمين بصورة رئيسية على ترجمة الكلمات والاصوات. القراءة هي عملية متعددة الاوجه تحتوي على اكثر من ترجمة الكلمات. عند تدريس مهارة القراءة يتوجب على المعلمين تجسيد بعض الطرق والفعاليات التي تساعد في تحسين مهارة القراءة. واحدة من هذه الطرق هي استخدام فعاليات الدراما لتحسين مهارة الطلاب في القراءة.فعاليات الدراما هي تقنية اكثر فعالية من الطريقة المعتادة في المدارس لرفع مستوى القراءة وتحسينها لطلاب الصف الخامس الاعدادي عن طريق استخدام هذه الفعاليات مع التمثيل. ولطلاب الذين يشاركون في فعاليات كهذه يتعلمون تجربة واقعية يتمكنون من استخدامها في حياتهم كاستراتيجية اتخاذ القرارات او تقدير المقابل, او حل المشاكل الاجتماعية وكذلك خلق محادثة, كلها تؤدي الى نوع من التعلم الاستكشافي.تهدف الدراسة الحالية الى البحث في اثر استخدام الفعاليات الدرامية لتعزيز مهارة القراءة لطلاب الصف الخامس الاعدادي في العراق. لتحقيق هذا الهدف قام الباحث باستخدام هذه الفعاليات (المسرحية, لعب الادوار, التظاهر او المحاكاة) لتدريس القراءة. ايضا, قام الباحث باستخدام فرضية تنص على انه لا يوجد فرق ذي دلالة احصائية بين متوسط درجات الطلاب للمجموعة التجريبية التي تم التدريس فيها على اساس الفعاليات الدرامية والمجموعة الضابطة التي تم التدريس فيها على اساس الطريقة المعتادة.تم تطبيق هذه التجربة في مدة زمنية قدرها تسعة اسابيع التي تضمنت مجموعتين تجريبية وضابطه تم اختيارهما بصورة عشوائية من المدرسة الاعدادية يوم الغدير في قضاء العباسية من محافظة النجف الاشرف. عدد الطلاب في كل مجموعة يتالف من ثلاثة واربعون طالب بعد عملية الاستبعاد. بعد القيام بالاختبارين القبلي والبعدي ومعاملة النتائج احصائيا عن طريق الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين, اظهرت النتائج ان المجموعة التجريبية حصلت على درجات اعلى من المجموعة الضابطة. وفي ضوء هذه النتائج قام الباحث بعدة استنتاجات وتوصيات وايضا اقتراحات لدراسات قادمة | Reading comprehension is the process by which the reader constructs meaning with the interaction of texts. Over the past 25 years understanding the process of comprehension has changed, the initial analysis was that reading was a linear mechanical process. It is also a passive process. After decoding, reading quickly led to comprehension from the reader. This was the premise that led teachers for many years to focus mainly on decoding words and phonics. Reading is a multi - faceted process that includes more than just decoding words. When teaching reading, classroom teachers must incorporate a series of methods and activities that will promote reading comprehension. One of these technique is using the dramatic activities to improve reading the students reading comprehension. Dramatic activities are a more effective instructional technique than traditional reading instruction for enhancing reading comprehension skills of fifth graders as they use reading comprehension strategies while acting. Those who take part in a dramatic activities have true to - life experiences by making use of strategies such as decision - making, weighing alternatives, working out social problems, and creating dialogue, all of which lead to a kind of exploratory learning The present study aims at investigating the effect of using dramatic activities on enhancing reading comprehension for 5th preparatory Iraqi students. To achieve this aim the researcher used dramatic activities such as (Scripted play, Role play and Simulation) to teach reading comprehension. To accomplish this aim ,it is hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores obtained by the students of the experimental group(those who study with the use of dramatic activities technique) and the achievement of the control group (those who study using prescribed method ). A nine week experiment has been implemented into which two groups were randomly selected from Yaum Al - Ghadeer preparatory school. There are 34 students within each group after excluding. After administering the tests and treating the collected data statistically by the use of t - test formula for two independent samples, the results show that the scores of the experimental group are higher than those of the controlled one which proves that the hypothesis is accepted. In the light of these results a number of recommendations, conclusions and suggestions were stated
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