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دور المؤسسة الدينية في الثورة الدستورية الايرانية 1905 - 1911

اسم المؤلف: عبد الله لفتة حالف البديري
اسم المشرف: خضير مظلوم فرحان البديري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2005
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة واسط - كلية التربية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Constitutional Revolution In Iran (1905 - 1911) is a significant historical event whose influence has gone farther than the scope of Iran to the degree that it was regarded as the genuine starting point which marked the end of the Qajari regime of Iran , in addition to being a helping factor in the following revolutions which broke out in the neibouring countries which were suffering from opressive regimes. It is noteworthy that the role of religious institution in this revolution has bestowed it with a special feature which made it the principal dynamo for each and every political event on the Iranian scene. This religious feature has distinguished the revolution and made it cope to a great extent with the new Iranian liberal ideas and orientations , therefore , the Iranian Constitutional Revolution is but a landmark in the modern history of Iran , whether in its revolutionary style or in its results. Simultaneously,the significance and influence of the religious institution can not be separated in its leadership from following a pateriotic policy which has so long opposed intensively the deserted styles used by the Qajari regime. In this regard , it has achieved a number of victories which played a great role in restraining that regime and restricted its influence ,especially in handling Iranian internal affairs. Thus ,the council and the constitution imposed by the relligious institution together with the Iranian Pateriotic Movement was regarded one of the important gains at that time. Not only this , but also the religious institution has greately affected the development of internal events to the extent that over threw the head of the regime and instslled another. The constitution of the Constitutional Revolution ( 1905 - 1911 ) is a clear sign of the spirit of sacrifice adopted by the religious institution. Yet , the balance of power was not stable between the sides : the revolution and the enemies ; for the reactionary side was in a position through which it can destroy the revolution. Besides , the foreign interference in the beginning and the mid revolution reached to the extent of internal affairs. As for Russian and the British there , they supported the reactionary side , where they revealed their evil imperial intentions after the Partition Treaty of 1907. What is worse is the shortsightedness of some of the leaders of the revolution who changed their stance towards the revolution after they had gained what they aspired to. This helped in finding the seeds of disagreement among the leaders of the Pateriotic Movement , including the leaders of the religious institution. Needless to say in this regard the clear cut impact of Iranian Tribes in both the north and south in their quick response to the appeals of the leaders of the religious institution to support the revolution. But the disputes of the tribal leaders and their inability to reconciliate their personal interests with the intrests of the country , all that played a role in weakening their stance ; apoint even the leaders religious institution could not overcome.As an example , the Bakhtiari leaders supported the revolution in its early stages , then they changed their attitude after they had gained government posts. This in turn , weakened the religious institution which , as a result , could not stand firmly against foreign privilege in Iran though the country had witnessed in the early 1910 active movements to ban foreign goods. As a consequence to that , the two traditional opponents to Iran ; that is , British and Russia were not hesitant to take whatever steps necessary to support Qajari and reactionary forces. Finally , being close to the First World War and in the mid of international tension prevalent at that time , these two powers were more and more determinant to hit the religious institution and its supporters via military interference to put an end to the Constitutional Revolution at the end of 1911.
الملخص:
المصادر:

قبائل البختيارية ودورها السياسي في ايران (1896 - 1918) : دراسة تاريخية == Bakhtiari Tribes And Political Role In Iran (1896 - 1918) Historical Study

اسم المؤلف: عبد الله كريم كاظم الموسوي
اسم المشرف: حسين كامل جابر الشاهر
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة المثنى - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: المثنى
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Bakhtiari tribe of Iran's major tribes, which are endemic in the southwestern part of Iran, which is ruled by a group of tribal khans, and in spite of the multiplicity of theories about their origins, but they are indigenous Iranian descent back to the ancient Sasanian assets.This tribe has been characterized by a social and political distinguishes itself from the rest of the Iranian tribes, the tribe divided on two main branches (Haft Link) and (Chahar Link). There are many opinions about the reasons for this division and the reason for naming each section, but the nearest of these views to the truth is the opinion which explains why the division on the basis of the division of dues tax on each after the approval of the tax system in the Safavid period, so these terms are terms Dhara?baan survival of Safavid.Even after the Safavid and Alafshari and ulnar there are no unified leadership of the Bouktiarien were all from (Alhvt Link) and (Aljhar Link) and even denominations Bakhtiari sporadic Other all her leadership and leadership autonomous from the other, has been senior leaders Alboukttiar cheerleaders title (AQA) or (Beck) or (blades Sefid) white beard or (Amir) the use of the title (Khan) does not seem clear in the tribe Bakhtiari, it does not support the sources and historical documents and having the title of Khan at the Bakhtiari until the beginning of the ulnar, and it seems that the use of this title began during the rule of State ulnar and beyond.In the second half of the nineteenth century succeeded Alboukttiar in uniting the tribe and the creation of a united political system within the tribe Bakhtiari knew (the system Alaala) when it enables Hussein fried Khan from extending its authority and influence on all denominations Alboukttiar in practice and on the impact of this order was issued by Royal by Nasir al - Din Shah in 1867 his appointment and recognition (Aakhani) Per Alboukttiar and officially inaugurated by the central government, and from a political standpoint, the Alaakhan authority as commander in chief of Bakhtiar had begun with the reign of Hussein Khan fried. Under this new system has become the central reference Bakhtiar managed by an administrative body within the self of the men of the tribe. This can be considered the beginning of crystallization Testament system of social and political official Bakhtiari tribes.After the arrival of Hussein frying Khan to power in the ruling tribe Bakhtiari and Neil title Alaakhan in an official capacity of the government, he got to his brothers on the positions of government since he became his brother in front of frying Khan Aellbeca tribe Bakhtiari any assistant Aakhani and his brother, the second satisfaction frying Khan, governor of Chahar Mahal, and the government continued these brothers strong and united in the life of frying Hussain Khan.In 1883 the killing of Hussein frying Khan at the hands under the Sultan and the order of Nasir al - Din Shah, subsequently lived tribes Bakhtiari more internal conflicts about power and the sharing of property, especially that these brothers three excelled in abundance sons, there are now a number of personalities Bakhtiari eligible for leadership. Fastglet these conflicts by the royal court, which was seeking to fold the rising power of the tribes feared the risk of threat to the central government, Accordingly, the split of the ruling family Bakhtiari into three wings, wing family Alaakhan slain (Hussein frying Khan) became known pavilion Alaakhani, Suite family Alaakhan new (before frying Khan), where he went to the pilgrimage became known as a stand - Haj Aakhani, Suite family Alaellbec new (satisfaction frying Khan) became known to always stand Alaellbec.It was the geographical location of the tribes of the Bakhtiari in the middle of the south Iranian great importance as it brought her this site the attention of the major powers, especially Britain Her great influence in southern Iran, especially after obtaining the large concessions in the region, including the establishment by trade caravans that connects Ahvaz, Isfahan across the land Bakhtiari , which is an extension of the privilege of freedom of navigation on the River Karun, who got it from Britain, the Iranian government in 1888, as well as oil exploration concession obtained by Darcy in 1901, Has led for the UK on these privileges and the discovery of oil in Masjed Soleyman in 1908 to establish formal relations between Britain and Albouktiarien lasted until the late Prince Qajarite, was the conclusion of several economic agreements between the two sides, starting from the Convention on the caravan route business in 1898, which was held between the company (Brotherhood Laing) and the Bakhtiari Khans, The paved this agreement the way to get in contact and convergence between the two parties, which were not his precedent before, and despite the signing of this agreement was acause to strengthen convergence and relationships but still unofficial, that those relationships took shape official after the signing of the oil agreement between the two parties in 1905, since then has become an official full.Has helped these agreements Alboukttiar to achieve the wealth of great economic and political center influential, led them later to participate in national events, especially events of the Constitutional Movement and the consequent later events, although the tribe Bakhtiari was governed mainly by boxes known are mainly Bserthm authoritarian, but they sided with the constitutional and initiated into the uprising and turned to Tehran to participate in the control and dropping Mohammad Ali Shah, Hence the establishment of constitutional government on the ruins of the Shah's government authoritarian, and was doing this they had moved them from being the strength of local influential in their tribal and around the neighborhood that become a central force at the national level, have their primary role at the level of administration of the country and its government, which come before them a lot of opportunities to improve the economic and political fields.The total Alboukttiar of power and political influence so that they became governors of several states Iran's major and assumed several ministries, because since the formation of the first constitutional government took Sardar Asad as interior minister and defense minister, also arrived brother Smassam Sultanate to become prime minister (1911 - 1913).During this period carried Alboukttiar by virtue of their opposition to the political life of many of the tasks of national, because they had the greatest role in responding to the movement of Muhammad Ali antimatter in the attempt to restore the throne in 1911 and, as well as their role in eliminating the insurgency Salar state and gouge Chavth in 1913.When World War broke out the first (1914 - 1918) and the arrival of fire into Iranian territory, varied positions Khans Bakhtiari and was overwhelmed by a lot of ambiguity and duplication over the powers warring, Valkhanat young men who had the desire to achieve political ambitions and wide and stood to the side of Germany and its allies, while stopping Khans adults by virtue of their relationship with Britain to the old side of the Allies.It is worth mentioning that the center of political and power that possessed Alboukttiar after their participation in the constitutionalmovement continued until after the years of World War I until the arrival of Reza Shah to power, as it strengthened the central authority in his reign and follow the policy of weakening the clans and the reduction of the threat to the central government.
الملخص:
المصادر:

الموارنة واثرهم في التطورات السياسية الداخلية اللبنانية 1958 - 1989 == Maronites And Their Impact In The Internal Lebanese Political Developments 1958 - 1989

اسم المؤلف: عبد السلام متعب عيدان الربيعي
اسم المشرف: موسى محمد ال طويرش
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Ccounted for the study of religious communities in modern history and contemporary to the attention of esearchers and scholars, especially in the Middle East region, which is the cradle of religions and religious sects.Because our study deals with the influence of the Christian Maronite community which expand and spread over a large area of Arab and foreign countries in which the followers of Christianity and based in Lebanon exists, a country that embraced after the saint (Saint Maroon) in the fourth century AD and his disciples after him to pursue a different approach to the Eastern Church which believes in the principle of one nature of Christ (p), and took his followers after him turning to link the Western Catholic Church in Rome and under the authority of the Pope, but they chose the difference; it was necessary for them to move from Syria, home to the Saint (Saint Maroon) to Lebanon Mountains and hills and plains to keep themselves from their opponents first, and try to maintain their approach is chosen, making them their own Church and Patriarch.Passed the Maronite community throughout history long Among the series of events and interact with each other and with others, and gradually evolved role with all over the Levant and Lebanon from the control and occupation of foreign and Islamic countries and ending with the control of France by 1920; hence emerged as the role of communities located therein, and the largest communities are Christian and Muslim, and the largest Christian denominations were Maronites; and this accounted for the lion's share in thegovernance of the country by assigning the position of head of state to them, and the protection of the Mandatory (France), political conflicts and differences between communities, especially among the Maronites and Druze arose, and between Sunnis and Shiites, The Greek Orthodox both his face look at the rule of Lebanon and linked thirdparty external likely.After Lebanon gained independence in 1943, approved a national charter an agreement to form co - existence among the different communities in the governance of Lebanon, and indeed all denominations worked on Charter formula that, so I took a Maronite President of the Republic of great powers, and the post of prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and the post of prime parliament a Shia Muslim, and as defense minister of the Druze... and so the case even bear the dispute between the sons of the Maronite community; and especially between President Bechara El Khoury and President Camille Chamoun, was about to another term of Bechara El Khoury and give some powers to the Muslims, and when Camille Chamoun defeated in battle Presidential 1952; taking the Maronite community to through international alliances more and link the Christian West and the Middle account, which belongs to Lebanon, did not satisfy the policy pursued by the rest of the communities, especially Muslim Sunni and Shiite, both, and even Orthodox Christians; Faqamt 1958 uprising that broke out in south to reach Blhebha to Beirut and the north and make all the sects of Lebanon in case of congestion and boiling on each other; because Shimon March the game of politics and religion, all of them in order to remain in office and extend a second presidential term, and also to be a bulwark to realize the dreams of Abdul Nasser, who set up a unity between Egypt and Syria, the first unit between the Arabs and the most recent. Then ended the role of Simeon after that try to Lebanon first bloody conflict between communities and between themselves and stepped outside powers to end the crisis, came the role of Fouad Chenab, who ruled since 1958 - 1964, taking an approach known as the (curriculum Shihabi) aiming at the abolition of political sectarianism in the administration and the rule of the country, for the first time Shia Muslims gets some rights in management, staffing and other, Lebanon became in this period, the development of economic excellent and the meeting of the Arab and Western criticism through the many financial banks located in it, thanks to the Gulf oil that is being invested and deposit revenues in banks. Shihabi approach in the reign of Charles Helou, whoruled from 1964 - 1970 continued, but two important things happened during his first term; bankruptcy Bank (INTRA), one of the major banks in Lebanon, and even the Lebanese state depend on it, and it is the second founding of the PLO in 1964 and the adoption of the Palestinian issue and defend the way to address the Zionist entity from the Lebanese territory, because they are the closest point to the north of occupied Palestine, Palestinians Who's bringing the Lebanese land military force trained strong training and semi - formal,which worried the Maronites in Lebanon and feared politicians prominent leaders and clerics on the growing presence inside Lebanon, and the escalation of power that are outside the framework of the rule of law into the Maronites ruling, and also the fear of the Maronites of growing Palestinian refugees in Lebanon to prepare a justification for that they - that continued to do so forth Vsasubhon minority within a few years, and especially that they are living in a sea of Arab and Islamic their surroundings, Fkaddoa first agreement among them as rulers and the Palestinians is (Cairo Agreement) in 1969, which defined their relationship with the Lebanese government and the method of confrontation with the Zionists from the inside and then followed it with an extension known as (queens) in 1974 during the reign of President Suleiman Franjieh, which lasted until 1976, but things did not subside and conflicts between communities existed, especially among the Druze and Maronites, and the hanger is the Palestinian presence and actions from within its territory and its impact on Lebanon's relationship with neighboring countries, especially Israel, from the standpoint of the Maronites, who purports to politicians and religious leaders to keep the state of the truce at the very least, including country and Israel, or until a peace agreement, but was the spark that ignited a bloody sectarian war between the Lebanese people components lasted for 15 years came on the green and crusty; where the Lebanese civil war began in 1975, for reasons simple and continued in the first phase for two years, then swept by Israeli forces in 1978 to Lebanon for visits First under the pretext of eliminating the Palestinian resistance which, here emerged the Syrian role clear, opponents of the Israeli invasion of support and even from some of the Maronite parties, which split into two teams : Team sees the establishment of a normal relationship with Israel, and the team believes that they - Like all Arabs remain supportive of the Palestinian cause and its defenders , the first team leader Falangist Bashir Gemayel, a Maronite who collaborated with the Israelis, helping them to invade Lebanon again in 1982 during the reign of President Elias Sarkis has been represented, and was able to reach the verdict after it, but he did not enjoying it for a long time; after 14 days of his election just assassinated at the headquarters of his party entered Lebanon and became the Maronites in fear and anxiety on their fate, but the external role, especially Syria and Saudi Arabia and the US was present manages to Lebanon, Maronite according to their own desires, Amin Gemayel Vantakb substitute for his brother in 1982 - 1988 and was the Maronites here have entered into a new phase entirely; when split team hardline them along the previous periods into two categories : category with Elie Hobeika, who nearly Syria held a tripartite agreement with them and the rest of the Lebanese communities, and the class with Samir Geagea, who has taken the position of President Amin Gemayel and the militant wing of the Maronites. After two categories conflict and coup and one on the other; the presidency of Amin Gemayel ended in 1988, but without agreement on a Maronite president succeeds, then the back of the role of General Michel Aoun - Aljeiccommander who led the liberation war as defined betweenhim and Prime Minister Salim Hoss backed by Syria and the Arab world, and led to the declaration of a military government from one party not recognized by the non - Maronite violators to Syria's presence in Lebanon, Fastart war between the Syrians and Michel Aoun, and then come all the Lebanese parties to an extended conference ending the civil war in the Conference Taif, Saudi Arabia in 1989 and elected Rene Mouawad as president of Lebanon, but did not last long; On 22 November 1989, was assassinated in front ofthe interim government palace. Maronites were able then, to choose a new president, a Maronite Elias Hrawi of the year 1989 - 1998 and his covenant, which ended the Lebanese civil war; that is the most destructive and bloody wars in the twentieth century
الملخص:
المصادر:

المرويات التاريخية لسبط ابن الجوزي ومنهجه في كتابه مراة الزمان في تواريخ الاعيان للمدة (590 - 654هـ/1193 - 1256م) == The Historical Narratives For Sebt Ibn Al Jawzy And His Approach In His Book Mera'At Al Zaman Fe Toearekh Alaian For Period (590 - 654 A.H / 1193 - 1256 A.D)

اسم المؤلف: عبد الرزاق عبد الرسول رشيد الخفاجي
اسم المشرف: علي حسن الغضبان
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Saw the seventh century A.H / thirteenth century A.D the emergence of a group of historians, eminent, who had a significant role in the field of historical notation, and perhaps the most important of these historians Sebt Ibn Al Jawzi , and who knew large in various fields of science for his contributions, including historical writing, it left us Legacy great in this area, and represents in his book (mera'at alzaman fe toearekh Alaian ) , as this book is one of the most important sources of Islamic history, especially Ayoubi, where increasing importance of this book in the period under study (590 - 654 A.H / 1193 - 1256 A.D), as well as it that Sebt Ibn Al Jawzi were age at that time, it was a companion to the kings built Ayoub, participated with them in some political events, and as a result he has left us a wealth of important historical novels about that era. In this sense, we have found that the character of Sebt Ibn Al Jawzi historical Narratives and systematize the study in his book mera'at al zaman for period (590 - 654 A.H / 1193 - 1256 A.D) extensive scientific study indispensable, because of its importance and the lack of studies on this subject; so we decided to respond to this topic To shed some light on the personality of Sebt Ibn Al Jawzi and his book mera'at al zaman. Necessities study has necessitated the division of this research into four chapters, preceded by an introduction and followed by a finale, where we dealt with in the first chapter biography of Sebt Ibn Al Jawzi and his time, as this chapter is divided into three sections, presented the first section of the biography of the life of sebt Ibn Al Jawzi personal, and either the second topic was eating sebt Ibn Al Jawzi era political and cultural terms, while we dealt with in the third section of the Sebt Ibn Al Jawzi of Scientific Biography. While we were in the second quarter to publicize the book mera'at alzaman fe toearekh Alaian and the methodology of sebt Ibn Al Jawzi the period (590 - 654 AH / 1193 - 1256 AD), this chapter is divided into two sections we discussed in the first section of it to publicize the book mera'at alzaman fe toearekh Alaian, while eating the second topic approach in which sebt Ibn Al Jawzi - period (590 - 654 AH / 1193 - 1256 AD). The third and fourth chapters, it has touched the two historical Narratives of Sebt Ibn Al Jawzi for period (590 - 654 A.H / 1193 - 1256A.D) we have in which to read the book mera'at al zaman , collecting Narratives pertaining period under study, and the extrapolation of other historical sources that dealt with this period, and compared with the report by Sebt Ibn Al Jawzi novels, and discussing the novels in which historians disagree, and install agreed novels. In the third chapter we dealt with the historical Narratives of sebt Ibn Al Jawzi from the Abbasid Caliphate other Narratives sporadic period (590 - 654 A.H / 1193 - 1256 A.D), this chapter is divided into two sections we dealt with in the first section Narratives Sebt Ibn Jawzi of the succession to Al Nasser ledin Allah , for the period (590 - 622 A.H / 1193 - 1225 A.D), while the second part, we have been in it to Narratives from the Abbasid Caliphate period (622 - 654 A.H / 1225 - 1256 A.D) Other Narratives scattered about the Almohad dynasty in Morocco and Andalusia, and the natural phenomena and facts bizarre period (590 - 654 A.H / 1193 - 1256 A.D). The fourth chapter discussed Sebt Ibn Al Jawzi Narratives from the Ayyubid and Mamluk period (590 - 654 A.H / 1193 - 1256 A.D), has been divided into three sections, we dealt with in the first section Narratives for the Ayyubid period (590 - 615 A.H / 1193 - 1218 A.D), and the section The second has been Narratives for the Ayyubid in the era the King Al Kamel Mohammed(615 - 635 A.H /1218 - 1237 A.D), while the third section addressed to Sebt Ibn Al Jawzi Narratives from the Ayyubid and Mamluk period(635 - 654 A.H /1237 - 1256 A.D). Have we faced during this study, many of the difficulties, and perhaps most notably the difficult security situation which is going through our beloved country, which negatively impacted us, this as well as the large number of scientific material and abundance, we have tried as much as possible to cover all aspects of the study, and other obstacles that we faced is the difficulty in obtaining some sources, we have been able, thanks to God Almighty to overcome most of these difficulties.
الملخص:
المصادر:

الموقف المصري من العلاقات اللبنانية - الفلسطينية 1965 - 1975 == The Egyptian Attitude Of Lebanese - Palestinian Relations During 1965 - 1975

اسم المؤلف: عباس احمد فرحان الشمري
اسم المشرف: صالح جعيول جويعد السراي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة ذي قار - كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: ذي قار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The Palestinian existence in their country adai threatening the sectarian balance being on the sake of Muelims. this leads to the civil was in Lebanon 1975 which segregating lebanor in to parts for fifteen years. Arabs attitudes are different toward Lebanese authority dealing with Palestinian ref the most prominent attitude is the Egyptian since Egypt at that time represent a heavy political weight also Its regarded the most prominent of Arab countries affected by the Palestinian issue. since it confronted Isreal and took the task of fighting Isreali occupation. My opinion of studying the Egyptian attitude of Lebanese Dalestini relations during 1965 - 1975 to focus the light on the attitude in an elaborated way. Also , the reason behind choosing this period of ti between 1965 - 1975. since in 1965 patestin started their arm operations against Isre the Palestinian issue has been regarded as adangero turning in the contemporary his tory. occupying Palestine by Isreal and the consequence of computsory immigration of thousands of palestir flee their homeland to the neighbouring conutri leading to a complicated problem facing those countrics and confusing the decision - makers states of the world up to now. this problem represents a big affect of any future solvin can be held between Palestine and Isreal. Therefore , the study of Palestinian refugees is sue from all its directions and details represent atopic of great importance , for example the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. this topic deserv. Objective research of deep academic level simply because Lebanon represents variety of sectarian - ethenic and its political system based on sectarianism. The Palestinian refuge in Lebanon have abig effect on the political stability. since the Christian in Lebanon found and the increasing of thase operations on the Lebanese lands. moreover , In 1975 the leban civil war started and the , Palestinian refugees were the main reason of its out the nature of the study has required adivisi in to four chapters and an end divided auording to succession of time in expose the events. The Arm operations of Palestinian and Egypt support for it has negative impact on the peaceful coexistenc amony Lebanese especially after trarsfering " Tahreer organi zation from Lebanon. Muslims , leftwing , Lebanese welcomed to the wave of immigrants and asted the Lebanese government to support the Palestinian fighters this outrage the Christian in Lebanon and they regarded it as inter fering of the leban internal affairs. to furthermore , the Palestinian camps become afortified caver for the fighters , and the lebunon government cannot enter to it , consequently the sectarian tension increased between the two sects and the extremist volunteers of both sides form an arm militant this leads to shaken up the balance amony Lebanese and permeate through the social , political , ideological construction and this was forming the deep reasons of the separation among Lebanese and paved the way to the civil war in Lebanon still the palest in ian existence in leban on increasing until the war in Lebanon in 1975. and it was assistanbt cause for its outbreatk leading to the clash between the sects.
الملخص:
المصادر:

الشيخ محمد مهدي الاصفي ودوره الفكري والسياسي في العراق (1937 - 2015) == Al - Sheikh Mohammad Mehdi Alasfi And Intellectual And Political Role In Iraq 1937 - 2015

اسم المؤلف: عامر صالح علي سعد العكيلي
اسم المشرف: علي محمد كريم المشهداني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Took a character study an important place in the field of historical studies, the fact that the person is a historic event maker, and understand the nature of his mission is to understand the course of events, composition and causes, so the historical studies of many influencing the course of events, personalities, and Sheikh Mohammad Mehdi Alasfi one of the personalities that have left have dealt clear imprint in the modern history of Iraq because of the products of intellectual Affersh contributed to a large extent in the development of many of the political, social, historical and cultural concepts, especially as he witnessed the difficult period of the history of modern Iraq. The reasons for choosing this topic back to the desire of a researcher at clarifying biography of Sheikh Mohammad Mehdi Alasfi and role of the intellectual, political, and which is one of the new themes, which encouraged the researcher on the roads this topic, as well as what ails our library of poverty in specialized in researching academic figures and religious bear to see academic studies Islamist contemporary to incorporate the needs of the community, not to mention the researcher's quest to highlight the role of Sheikh Alasfi in the Islamist movement's activities since the fifties of the twentieth century until his death in 2015. Either approach letter Fassar to conduct scientific research as much as possible and followed the style of the historical narrative sometimes, and analysis at other times, and compare the views and attitudes of Dialogic angle cash in some of the topics that require this style, necessitated the nature of the study of personality, Sheikh Mohammad Mehdi Alasfi and role of the intellectual and political to divide the message Introduction to three chapters and a conclusion included the main conclusions reached by the study. The first chapter was titled Sheikh Mohammad Mehdi Alasfi his scientific career and his life and his approach to writing, and touched the second quarter, which was titled intellectual productions of Sheikh Mohammed Mehdi Alasfi to intellectual aspects that distinguish them, while the third chapter, which was titled the political role of Sheikh Mohammed Mehdi Alasfi, activity political inside and outside Iraq. To accomplish our mission modest at best, I tried to use all the scientific material can be utilized within the time frame of our mission, Vofatt Unpublished of the Private Securities Sheikh Alasfi and family documents or security reporting system related to his activity and his important role in strengthening the message information, also contributed personal interviews Researcher prominent role in the addition of information while writing a message, I can not fail to point out the obvious importance of the Arab sources that had occupied the largest space from the margins of the message, and at the forefront of these books are works of Sheikh Mohammad Mehdi Alasfi in various religious, scientific, intellectual, political and social aspects. Reliance on Arab sources did not prevent the use of Persian sources, and do not forget to mention the importance of theses and Alatarih Rphit that the value of the message on the history of the religious establishment and its political role information. The researcher has faced several difficulties hardly uncommon in any scientific academy study that differed in the extent of the study and again. In conclusion, I hope through Trahi for this modest effort before a panel discussion to be tuned to Aptgat of clarifying the truth and the dissemination of science for the benefit.. as I hope to be my act fills a void in our library Islamist, as an added scientific We hope that achieve what we aspire to achieve, the missed Vhspa I'm still at the first step in the path of scientific research and the hard run, and I was Valvdil to the efforts and care for my teachers evacuation Aoun benevolent, they have the thanks and gratitude, as I find myself obliged to provide a multitude gratitude and thanks to the members of the discussion, my teachers Distinguished what Tjhmoh of the trouble in the correct letter order to realize Kamal them to the desired scientific interest, and perfect, but God alone that Mawla Yes and yes protagonist
الملخص:
المصادر:

الاوضاع العامة لليهود في دول حوض البحر المتوسط والمشرق الاسلامي من خلال رحـــلة بنيامين التطيلي == Public Affairs Of Jews In The State Of Mediterranean Basin And Islamic East Through Voyage Benjamin Alttili

اسم المؤلف: طاهر عبد الله حسن الملحمي
اسم المشرف: عبد الستار مطلك درويش
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2013
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة الانبار - كلية الاداب
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: الانبار
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Arab gave a special interest to the civilizational aspects and they used the writing process in so many perspectives in the earlier time before. Further, in an earlier time, so many scientific books of the historical aspects had appeared in both East and West. These books prepared great information about the cities that Arab scientists and researchers visited, such as Ibn Jubeer(614 AH.), in his scientific trip which is named (Ticket news for travel agreements),and Ibn Batota(779 AH.) in his scientific trip (Catching masterpiece in oddity Alomassar and the wonders of travel ). Some of the Arab researchers gave an interest during the study of these trips by which the importance of our subject which is the tripe of the Jew, Penjameen Al - tattily(561 - 569 AH./1165 - 1173 AD.) to be a study of a master degree because he is not Arabian and not Muslim. So it is an attempt to find out what he wrote and mentioned about the situations of Jews in the Mediterranean. Al - tattily set out from Andalusia to Zaragoza, and then he visited the countries of the Mediterranean such as France, Italy, and Byzantine Empire. Then, he reaches the Islamic countries in the East. He visited several cities and countries during the Abbasid Caliphate and the Fatimid Caliphate. Al - tattely was the considered as the envoy from Jews politicians in order to see the situations of Jews in all the countries that they live, and especially in the Islamic world. The Islamic countries was considered from Jews as the save zone for the Jews people. He gave a study for the trip of the Jews in the East and West, and he gave a statistical number for any city that they travelled from. The aim of his study was to hide the truth about Jews situations in East and West, and to make an analogy between the two sides in order to be sure of their good situations in the Eastern Islamic countries, as it was confirmed by Peniameen Al - tettely. The Jews was received a good treatment and an interest from Muslims in contrary of the miser level living and the bad treatment that they received from European and how they were castaway and hated in the European societies in specific and in the Western societies in general. Jews tried to distort the Islamic religion in their historical writings. From this study, It can be noticed the following : - It was recognized that the Islamic world and since, it was founded by the Prophet Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) had granted liberty to Dhimmis(people who are not Muslims such as Jews). Furthermore, according to what is named as( Dar al - Islam), Jews were given a great liberty in the Islamic countries. That is to say, Jews were interested in their religious worshipping and their work inside the Islamic society. But, in the West, Jews were given miser treatment when they were living during the middle ages in the European societies so they set out to the other countries and especially to the Islamic ones in order to live peacefully. - The trip of Peniameen Al - tattely has a special character which is characterized by its difficult style, and it is possible to name it as a semi - style. This semi - style is different from the other trips such as the Islamic trips and the trips coming from Europe the Torah. - The situations of Jews were differently recognized between East and West because of the different relationships between them, and for the different political governments between East and West. In the Islamic countries, Jews has all rights by which they were considered by the Muslim caliphs as dhimmis, and they were imposed to pay what is named in Islam as tribute. Additionally, Muslims caliphs appointed so many Jews in the administrative and the financial jobs. But in Europe, they suffered from persecution and the displace. This thesis is started with an introduction, the analysis of the references and the conclusions. Further, the thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is a study about tribes and globetrotters (people who did the tribes). These tribes are very important because they were considered as the resources that the researcher depends on. In this chapter, there is a recognize about the character who did the tribe, and the reasons behind his leaving the Western countries and going to Eastern cities, and why he then, came back to the Western ones. The second chapter is about the European Jews, and to shed light on the way of their live there. Also, in this chapter, the researcher speaks about the way of liberation of Andalusia and the stand of Jews from this liberation. It is worth mentioning that in this thesis, there is a reference to the situations of Jews before the liberation of Andalusia. It also sheds light on the political situations of the countries of the Mediterranean basin(France, Italy and the Byzantine Empire). Finally, this chapter shows the stand of Christians towards Jews. The third chapter is about the situations of Jews in Abbasid state, and the stand of Abbasid succession. This chapter is also to speak about the political and social situations of Jews that were so good under the rules of Muslims. Furthermore, there is a reference to Jews schools that have a prominent status in Islam, and to speak about Head Galot(Ra's aljalut) and its position, and the charm of the Christian, Dawood Bin Al - Rohy. The fourth chapter is a study about Fatimids entering to Egypt, and the situations of Jews under the Fatimids state and the stand of Fatimids from Jews. Also there is a reference to the jobs that Jews professed under the Fatimids rules. Then, this chapter shows how Jews built churches and houses, and what is the stand of Fatimids successors from these churches and houses. It is worth mentioning that the importance of this chapter comes from the fact that it shows us the living level of Jews from one hand. From the other hand, it shows us their freedom of practicing the religious rituals and other religious occasions and building churches, houses and also building other synagogues
الملخص:
المصادر:

المستشرق الاسباني ميغيل اسين بلاثيوس (1871 - 1944) وجهوده في التراث الاسلامي == Spanish Orientalist Miguel Asin Palacios' And His Efforts Of Islamic Heritage

اسم المؤلف: ضياء ماجد حسن العبودي
اسم المشرف: فلاح حسن الاسدي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية الاداب
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: A study of the orientalist's , Miguel As?n Palacios, efforts for Islamic heritage is of vital significance that needs a more investigative attention which can explore the privilege of this scholar in Islamic and Arabic studies. His theses and views, with reference to his presentation of Islamic outstanding scholars and their efficient role and contributions, his introduction of the active chemistry between Islam and Christianity, and his introduction of medieval Arabic and modern Spanish, are highly appreciated and influential. Chapter one, titled "The Inception of Spanish Orientalism untill Miguel As?n Palacios", is divided into two sections; section one introduces the early stages of Spanish orientalism and its peculiarities compared to European attempts, while section two is devoted to Miguel As?n Palacios with reference to his early life and study in Zaragoza, Arag?n, besides his professors; Francisco Codera and Juli?n Ribera. Chapter two, titled "Miguel As?n Palacios's Studies of Islamic Prominent Scholars and Scientists", is divided into two sections; section one introduces his studies of logic and Islamic theology highlighting the principles of Islamic doctrines in Al - Ghazali, Ibn Hazm and Ibn Tamlous's works.Whereas section two studies prominent Islamic philosophers like Ibn Bajah, Ibn AlUraif, and Ibn Asayed. Ibn Bajah, who is the forerunner among his contemporary philosophers, has been studied extensively by Palacios who has published Ibn Bajah's "Mahassen AlMajales". At the end of this chapter, Ibn Asayed is studied by Palacios who has published his book "AlHadaaiq". Chapter three, titled" The Beginning of Sufism in Andalusia", spotlights on what Palacios has written on Ibn Masarra of C?rdoba and his school shedding lights on Palacios' ideas and views. That is, Palacios' ideas and views of Ibn Masarra and his Sufism school as well as how Ibn Arabi's sufisim impacting greatly Palacios' thinking, are presented. Chapter four, titled "The Influence of Islam on Christianity for Palacios' Thinking", is divided into three sections. Section one examines the relationship between Sadilies Sufism and Spanish Christian Sufism. Section two studies the influence of Israa and Mirraaj story on Divine Comedy by Dante where Palacios has traced back the origin of this work to the Islamic heritage and culture. Section three investigates the impact of Ibn Rushd of C?rdoba on St. Thomas Aquinas. Palacios finds that the Islamic philosophy has an impact on the Dominican sect represented by Thomas Aquinas. Palacios has thoroughly studied the writings of both these philosophers finding that there is a great similarity between their views and theses, and Thomas Aquinas has been greatly affected by Ibn Rushd's views and methodology. In other words, Thomas Aquinas has adopted the Islamic theology originally proposed by Ibn Rushd after the adoption of the Islamic heritage and culture for Christian doctrine of Eastern Church; whereas Dante has not taken a lot from Islamic ideology in his Divine Comedy except for Ibn Arrabi who is considered a Christian orientalist in his views and ideas
الملخص:
المصادر:

فؤاد سراج الدين ودوره في السياسة المصرية حتى عام 1952 == Fouad Saraj Aldeen And His Role In The Egyptian Policy Until 1952 (A Historical Study)

اسم المؤلف: ضحى عادل سلمان
اسم المشرف: سميرة عبد الرزاق عبد الله العاني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of figures has obtained and still obtains an increasing importance by the researchers of modern and contemporary history. The history of Egypt is full of the examples of notable figures that has effected and left imprints in history. The purpose of this study is to know one of these historical figures by subjecting it to an objective study and historical investigation so that we know their effect, negative or positive, and we can then evaluate it. Also, the study aims to reveal the unknown facts about it and its relation to the relation to the development of the historical facts so that we can understand the course. The figure of Fouad Seraj Aldeen appealed to me for his aspiration and political wisdom and his assumption of many positions in early age. He is regarded the youngest minister in the modern history of Egypt. He became the secretary general of the Delegate Party and the controlling power after Al - Nahhas in taking decision. Seraj Aldeen was one of the most important Egyptian politicians in the last decade of the monarchy. Form that fact we set on to choose Fouad Seraj Aldeen and his role in Egyptian policy until 1952 an attempt to evaluate his role scientifically stressing the scientific neutrality.The historical events required to the division of the thesis into four chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by an introduction which includes the most important findings of the study. Chapter One is devoted to study the life of Fouad Seraj Aldeen including his birthdate in 1910, his social belonging to a landowner class and its relation to the royal family of King Fouad. Chapter Two tackles the political role of Fouad Seraj Aldeen since 1942 until 1944 for closeness of Al - Nahhas the role in convincing him to return to Cairo, and the formation of his fourth cabinet in February 1942 in which he occupied the ministry of agriculture.Chapter Three studies the political role since 1945 until the resignation of Hussein Seri in 1949 when the opposition media tried defamed and his attempt to approximate to Britain 1945 - 1946. Chapter Four tackles the activity of Fouad Seraj Aldeen in 1950 until the year 1952 and his role in the role in the triumph in the elections of 1950. The research ends up with a conclusion which includes the most important findings of the study which are : 1 - The year 1948 was a golden year for Fouad Seraj Aldeen as he managed to become the secretariat - general of the Wafid Party in spite of his young age. He endured great tasks at the same time this position found enemies for him inside the Wafid Party who accused him of corruption and the exploitation of his power. 2 - Fouad Seraj Aldeen is a distinguished member of the Senate when he was the cleverest and brilliant opponent Senates. He recorded noteworthy attitudes as he expressed the opinion of his party in the best manner possible due to his rigid attitudes.
الملخص:
المصادر:

الحزب الوطني الصيني ودوره السياسي في تاريخ الصين 1912 - 1949 == Chinese Nationalist Party And Its Political Role In The History Of China 1912 - 1949

اسم المؤلف: صلاح حسن ربيح الربيعي
اسم المشرف: نادية كاظم محمد العبودي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية الاساسية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Under the imperial regime that ruled China since the third century BC, and the proliferation of secret societies as a key tool in opposing the Government system, the concept of a stranger political parties remained about China's traditional political thought to the Republican system of Government in 9191, the founding of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang). The first glimmer of overt political activity on Western contexts. Hence the importance of this study is focused on the application of the first democratic experience in China and noted by the circumstances.The KMT is a product of Western influence on China, the first China animation Association nucleus (hisngh Jong Hui) which was formed as a reaction to humiliate China by Western countries. In the light of that uploaded the entire Manchu Assembly. Although the founders of this Association are Chinese intellectuals affected by Western culture and their aim is to establish a Republic on the Western theme, but they didn't they Slough radically from traditional style in politics within the framework of the traditional closed secret organization.And the evolution of the political activity of the ancestors of the Kuomintang through their quest to form an expanded political alliances against the Manchus in the context of the so - called Alliance Assembly (Eltingh Ming hui) which appeared to be abandoned in its political traditions and customs that prevailed in China for the Chinese society more concepts and political outlooks, especially the three principles which were the product ofthought San Yat - Sen. They changed the first of its kind in the modern history of China, which was termination of the bigotry of successive Governments to rule China and represent that the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty.Represented the period 9191 - 9191 transition is unstable in modern political history of China in General and the history of the KMT, while Western influences in the meantime to climax in a shift in the political organizations of its secret to the political public public parties especially the KMT, the Republic Government attempts to build a Western theme. Traditional powers emerged again to return to China to imperial and reflected clearly the constitutional institutions of governance and the Yuan Shi kai himself emperor, and the KMT, and his return to form a secret political organization (National Revolutionary Party). The news of the end of the Chinese experience based on the Western model.And resulted in the failure of the democratic experiment in9191 from the dominance of conventional principles of party ideology and its emphasis on the concept of trusteeship and the importance of loyalty to the leader.At the end of the first world war was the issue of the KMT's control of power and a constitutional Government is elusive, especially with the start of the rule of the warlords as proves the idea of forming a party of partisan coalitions in the political sphere as a result of an ideological disagreement. And the reputation of the party and advocated the principles of commitment to silence about the 19 demands made by Japan.I raised the issue of reorganizing the party of 9111 to the KMT and entered in countless problems, especially aftertaking the nucleus of a growing Communist Party within the Kuomintang itself. It has divisions in its ranks. As the latter failed to subjugate the Communists for his orders because they basically were associated with the implementation of the orders of the Comintern, especially within the context of unsettling the KMT and pounce on it.Resulted in the reorganization of the Party (the third phase) and accepted Soviet aid for putting it under supervision of the Soviet Union through a cadre of advisers in various disciplines and in all civil and military bodies, in preparation for submission to CPC.Despite the fact the party after the death of Sun Yat - Sen from internal conflicts but Jiang Kai - shek had resolved to strengthen his power by the Kuomintang military forces and paramilitary Fascist group known as the (blue shirts). Although the formal authority of the KMT Central Executive Committee and the Kuomintang but it seems in fact that Jiang Kai - shek hold absolute power over the party.Payment of Soviet and Japanese intervention in China, and in different contexts to the Kuomintang and Communist parties to enter into an Alliance. Let us resist the Japanese intervention in China a Comintern and the reality of Soviet interests in China, the Communist Alliance with Kuomintang in a United Front against Japan. Although this Alliance was fragile but he lasted the length of the Sino - Japanese war (9111 - 9191).Enjoy the KMT in the period 9111 - 9191 popular support, but lost this support and the Chinese Communists won due to the growing ranks of corruption and political repressionof students and intellectuals, not interested in issues of peasants.The spiral began economic and political failures appear prominently on the Kuomintang government in 9199 - 9191. Government institutions were not eligible for unemployment and high food prices. All this push to pull the rug from under the feet of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party's favor.United States diplomatic mediation failed, as well as important strategic aspect within the context of a stronger position of the Communist Party. Which is a lot of balance of power and resolve the consequences of the conflict for the Communist Party in the war.Both sides suffered heavy losses in lives and equipment, but the biggest loser was the Kuomintang decided at the end of 9191 under the leadership of Jiang Kai - shek to Taiwan island 911 miles from China's southeastern coast.
الملخص:
المصادر:

اقليم خراسان : دراسة في الجغرافية التاريخية من سنة 132هـ الى سنة 656هـ == Khurasaan Canton Study In Historical Geography From The Year 132 H To 656H

اسم المؤلف: صدام جاسم محمد البياتي
اسم المشرف: كاظم ستر خلف العلاق
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: No doubt that subject of historical geography from important subjects which need from researcher understanding action the geography surrounding in the historical events , if the understanding of history understanding rational need good knowledge in change of surrounding circumstances which located in frame it history events , but that such this knowledge necessity most of the time , to test truth of historical narration and stipulated from limit it truth , for the sake of securing this aim need knowledge farther to study historical geography.Now that this meaning was developed to pass historical ages and according to different point of view , where know its study of outward look change to surrounding , we refer to also it is the science which have explanation the geography action in historical events , by that historical geography underline about political changeable border to canton and what it relating in that from wars names and invasions which led to obtain canton or lose it , from that appears that historical geography not small branch from geography branches as economic geography and political geography but it group complementary geographies ,and through this preface to definition in term the historical geography we outs in glance about it , he is complement the geography in all branches especially the rights of natural and humanity to service the history events and advance it incidents.Perhaps choose khurasaan canton pivot to study because it was from important cantons added to Islamic Arab state , because of the geography locality who distinguished in it in the farther of northeast , then to the humanity fortune and natural which distinguished in I on all levels and sides from growing , industry , trade , building and mineral fortune.Therefore historian worthier large interest in news this canton and care mentioned it towns and villages and workers and scholars ,and may be reason in that return to this canton since Arab occupy it staying in it a lot of Arab tribes , until close to be part from Arab Islamic lands , also the mixture culture and customs and traditions of Arabic with customs and traditions of Persian overdo action even the Arabic language became the language of culture and political in khurasaan to late time.And no hidden on more that khurasaan canton active role in a lot of political events and specially Ala,Abassiya invitation who choice from it place for spreading it thoughts and declaration after that and dashing from it toward Iraq and toppling in The Umayyad Caliphs at year (123H).This Study includes : Prelude and five chapters , beside the conclusion and a list of sources and modulation and references. The first chapter have administrative geography to khurasaan , and clarifying the name and the location and the border and geography climate , then important administrative terms in khurasaan. The second chapter from study have the civilization outward to cities and building in khurasaan , from where mentioned important khurasaan cities such as Naesaboor , Marow , Huraat , and Balakh , and it civilization development and building. The third chapter we review the population setup to khurasaan social and action of natural disasters and diseases in it , and clarifying settling of population in khurasaan. The fourth chapter special to study economic geography to khurasaan canton , we try clear natural fortune and progress the economic trinity to canton from growing ,industry , and tradeThe five chapter special to study political history to khurasaan canton from the year (132 H to 656 H) , for the sake of clarifying political geography to canton and active the geography members in it. At last was The conclusion to explain the importance what was the research reach to from results about this study. At the end I want to show that I do my best in this research and if Successes in it that will be from God merciful. if it was the other side so that from myself that because I want to be most clear in my research and in God we trust.
الملخص:
المصادر:

حزب الاتحاد الاشتراكي للقوات الشعبية ودوره السياسي في المغرب (1975 - 1996) == Socialist Federation Party Of Public Forces And Political Role In Morocco (1975 - 1996)

اسم المؤلف: شيماء عبد الوهاب عبد الشمري
اسم المشرف: نغم سلام ابراهيم
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of political parties history in Morocco has been considered worthy to be researched in the modern and contemporary Arabic history. The independence of Morocco on 3r of March 1956 , has been regarded as a turning point for setting out the parties ' political work in the contemporary Morocco, that is linked to the virtual role of political parties and organizations in the resistance against the French occupation and in mobilizing the publics as to achieve its goals in freedom , independence and progression. But, the new political reality has found a state of struggle between ownership institutions from one side and political parties from another side, this resulted into having the latter divides into opposing and supporting the ownership institution. The socialist Federation Party of Public forces was one of these parties. , where stages of party's development have embodied as reflection on the development of political events in Morocco in the contemporary and modern history. The thesis aims at studying the historical roots of the socialist federation party of public forces as apposition party since its establishment in 1975 until the year 1996. The exceptional holding of the party in 1975 has been considered as a starting point for crystalizing the social, economic and political directions to continue to play its role and its virtual activity in Moroccan political domain. The thesis 's boundaries ceases at the announcement of constitution in 1996 that represented as a turning point toward democratic transition in the political process. The importance of research lies within studying the Socialist Federation Party of public forces since it is considered one of opposing political parties. The study of this party has been a transparent reflection on political parties development in Morocco since getting its independence in 1956, along with the issuance of law of multi - parties in 1959 that established legal bases of political life in Morocco and being considered as a starting point for setting out the regular political work. The activity and political practice of the party considered an important matter for being one of parties that represented parties opposition embedded with law. The study has been based on the historical context and analyzing descriptive method as to show most important developments Morocco has witnessed , along with the role of the socialist Federation party until 1996. In the light of the research's methodology , the thesis has divided into an introduction, preface , four chapters and conclusion. The preface comes with the title " Socialist Federation party of Public Forces and internal political developments in Morocco 1956 - 1975"in which I have explained the conditions that help contribute into dissenting the Socialist Federation party from the National federation of public forces in 1972 until the announcement of the party in 1974. The chapter one comes with the title " Socialist Federation party of public forces and holding exceptional conference , along with the political developments in Morocco (1975 - 1977). The study has focused on the most important events prior to the holding of exceptional conference of the party in 1975; besides , the organizational structure of the party together with its goals , and its role in the rural and provincial elections in 1976. It has been also explained the role of the party in the legislation election in 1977 and its stance in constituting the government and parliament. Ending with the matter of the dessert. The second chapter includes ( Fronts of political activity of the socialist federation party and its stance in respect to internal matters (1978 - 1983); this chapter has emphasized on its most important activities lying in the establishment of democratic co - federalism for occupying the laborers union of the party , the holding of 3rd conference of the party in 1978 and the party 's attitude toward unrests in 1979 - 1981. The chapter has also included the party's attitude toward the Nairobi conference decisions and toward the parliament in 1981. It has also explained its attitude toward Fas peak in 1982 , its role in the rural and provincial elections in 1983 and the government of Mohammed Kareem Al - Umrani in 1983. The chapter three discusses the internal developments of the socialist federation party and its attitude toward the national matters ( 1984 - 1989) ; it has exposed the party's attitude toward the Jewish sects conference in Marrakesh in 1984 and the holding of fourth national conference of the party. It deals with the establishment of Africa - Arab Federation and the party 's attitude thereof in 1984, along with its role in the legislation election in Morocco in 1984 and in forming the government in 1985. The chapter has also shown the party's objection to the meeting of Aifran in 1986 between the king Al - Hasan the second and Shimon Perez, it deals with the party's attitude toward Arab Morocco Federation in 1989 ( supported it); besides, referring to the fifth conference of the party held in April 1989 and the party's attitude toward the Arabic National matters ,Palestinian Liberation Organization , Lebanese matter and Iranian - Iraqi war. The chapter fourth comes with the title" the role of the party in boosting democracy and constitution amendment until year 1996. It exposes the party's attitude toward unrest happened in 1990 and government 's vote of confidence in 1990 , the announcement of forming democratic bloc in 1992. The chapter explains the party's stance in respect to death of AbdulRaheem Bu Ubaid in 1992 , the attitude of announcement of constitution in 1992 , along with the developments , role of the party in the massive elections in 1992, in addition, the party's attitude toward the legislative elections in 1993 and finally the announcement of new constitution in 1996 and its positive stance of it. The study has conclude with conclusions included the most important results which are : 1. The political domain has witnessed appearance of new political organizations after the issuance of law of parties that have aimed at preventing to establish Sole Party system and to place bases of multi - Party system. Thus the Monarchy institution got succeeded in its struggle with the independence party and began forming a government loyal to the monarchy institution. It is confirmed that the institution has lonely achieved its goals and confirmed its loyalty on Morocco's political life.2. The struggles have not only confined between the opposition and the monarchy institution , but rather have transferred unto the opposition parties. Thus , we have noticed that in 1972 it has happened disputes inside the National Federation of Public forces and led to dissention inside the party. The latter has got divided into two parts , one part ( Rabat) led by AbdulRaheem BuObaid and the other (Al - Dar Al - Baydha) led by Abdullah Ibrahim. The dissention led to freeze the national bloc and resulted into reflecting that on its role in the political life and establishing to have every party works independently. 3. The exceptional conference held in 1975 has been considered as a turning point for appearing the socialist Federation Party of Public Forces and specified its political , social and intellectual trends and directions in adopting the socialism and democracy as that confirmed by participating into legislation election in 1977 where the party has not wined as for there have been forgeries in the election. 4. Despite , the socialist federalism Party of public forces has been considered one of opposition parties , but it has tried in more than one occasion to adopt positive stances in respect to monarchy institution , especially , when the matter concerned with the national benefit of Morocco 's sovereignty , most outstandingly, is the matter of Morocco Desert where the party has played a grand role in defending it as to be part of morocco.5. The party has adopted virtual political stances and attitudes in praising the labor sector, as a result, it worked on establishing Democratic con - federalism as to activate the workers union , where the party has used it as to have its voice get to the parliament and monarchy institution by supporting the union.6. The party's activity along with its directions have virtually confirmed on principles of democracy which the party has called for since its establishment. The observer who followed up the activity of the party since 1975 until the year 1996 , has found that this party is opposition one as to reinforce and boost its methodology to practice democracy; besides , stressing its links with the Morocco republics and its adherence to the national benefit of the people and freedom from one side and Morocco unity quarantine from other side. Moreover, the positive sides of the party in respect to the Arab matters in contemporary and modern history. 7. The party's political directions and trends have been largely crystalized by calling for constitutional and political reforms. The 90s decade of 20th century has represented an essential phase for the party by emphasizing the party's role to call for reform and change. This represented by getting the King " Al - Hasan the second " accept suggestions of Democratic blocs that led to occurring positive change for the democratic process through
الملخص:
المصادر:

القصة التاريخية في الكتب السماوية التوراة - الانجيل - والقران الكريم : دراسة مقارنة == Historical Story In The Heavenly Books The Torah - The Bible And The Koran) A Comparative Study

اسم المؤلف: شيماء بدر عبد الله السراي
اسم المشرف: عطا سلمان جاسم
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة واسط - كلية التربية - قسم التاريخ
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: واسط
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: It included three monotheistic books the Torah and the Bible and the Koran a lot of stories that dealt with many topics, Kqss creation of the universe, and the creation of plants and animals, the story of the creation of man, and the stories of the Prophets and Messengers (peace be upon them), and many others. The variety of the heavenly books and the methodology of each of them in the revenue these stories techniques, also differed as well as degree of trust in which after the long hand of interpolating some of them specifically (the Torah and the Bible), The Koran Valemteman which sees a lot of stories contained therein on different themes, but that is noticeable the goal of these stories clearly see that it is not purely historical Despite being a historical stories, but that reflected the goal is that people familiar with the conditions to take a bite and a lesso. And the fact that the historical story stands out clearly in the heavenly books therefore we took this to be the subject of our research, which we called "the historical story in the heavenly books (the Torah, the Bible and the Koran) - A Comparative Study". The research has necessitated the need to split the four seasons, with an introduction exporter dealt with the idea of research and a presentation of the most important sources used in it, and we dealt with it in preparation, "the story and methodology in the heavenly books." We discussed in the first chapter and which Smonah as "the story of creation and training in the heavenly books," and we have the story of the creation of the heavens and the earth and the story of the creation of animals and plants and the story of human creation represented. by Adam and Eve, the father of mankind, and their children the story of Cain and Abel. The second chapter is marked as "the story of the Apostles (peace be upon them) in the heavenly books", we have studied the historical story contained in the stories of the prophets : Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Prophet Muhammad (blessings and peace be upon them all). In the third chapter, which we called "Stories of the Prophets (peace be upon them) contained in the holy books," it was dedicated to the study of historical story contained in the stories of the prophets : Idris and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and Joseph and Elias (peace be upon them all). As we discussed in the fourth quarter marked "Stories of the Prophets (peace be upon them) and the above - Nations," which has studied the historical story contained in the stories of the prophets : Lot and Shoaib and David and Solomon, and Job (peace be upon them all). Agafina thesis and conclusion dealt with a summary of the most important research and the conclusions we have reached). Find and necessitated the need to rely on a variety of sources, divided in terms of its article to the scientific, historical sources and sources of interpretation and the Hadith, as well as linguistic sources, and other sources. The study found after this effort to a set of conclusions are : - 1 - replete with holy books (the Torah, the Bible and the Koran) many of the stories and themes vary content of those measures, dealt with stories of creation and configuration and stories of the prophets and messengers and clans stories above and other stories. 2 - different divine books among them in the way revenue of these stories and the purpose of them, while they Torah supplied in a historic predominantly narrative and lengthening as well as the approach to the Bible, while the Koran presents those stories the character and preaching indicative, despite the fact that the stories provided with a historical character that is attached on the previous prophets and apostles and the UN, all historical stories, but it does not deal with it according to that, we do not see the historical dimension where beating the general approach of the story, but he was content with the placement of the Koran lesson from them. 3 - approach the Torah not to balance RPR in the stories and historical events that Ahtutea listed, sometimes be offered for a long story. As we see in other times it is limited to mention the story rapidly and stands for a lot of the details. 4 - Given that the Torah and the Bible may Donna after a relatively long period of Nzulhma on God's prophets Moses and Jesus (peace be upon them), it has extended to them by the distortion and manipulation of large manipulated them, while keeping the Koran did not misrepresented. 5 - abused Torah distorted much to the place of the Prophets (peace be upon them), including attributed to them from the abusive acts that can not accept it from ordinary human beings as well as the prophets. 6 - characterized as the Torah as well as its proximity to a lot of exaggerations and inaccuracies with respect to the stories that dealt with, and the events that I mentioned. This is due to the distortion of course, who have long been at the hands of her book.
الملخص:
المصادر:

ابرز احداث الحروب الصليبية بين مؤرخيها المعاصرين العرب واللاتين : دراسة نقدية مقارنة (489 - 895هـ/ 1095 - 1489م) == The Most Outstanding Events Of The Crusader Wars Between The Contemporary Arab And Latin Historians (A Comparative Critical Study 489 - 895 A.H./ 1095 - 1489Ac)

اسم المؤلف: شروق مجيد محيبس السراج
اسم المشرف: عباس عبد الستار عبد القادر الزهاوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This thesis deals with the most outstanding events of the crusader wars between the contemporary arable and Latin historians (a comparative critical study, an image that is governed in two opposite views, an Islamic view towards a Latin topic of the crusader wars, by all its events and consequences. These are the topics of our thesis from the beginning of the Crusades and the results it comes up with. The thesis concludes that in spite of the difference of the two views, there are many agreements and similarities that led to the signing of conventions and between the two parties, and also led to attitudes that were governed by tolerance like the attitude of Salah Alden Al - Ayubi towards the residents of Jerusalem when liberated it from the Crusader control, and how he treated the Crusader prince who were captured in Haotin Battle. Also, a notable example was how Al - Kamil Al - Ayubi, sultan of Egypt, treated the emperor Fredriech II. There was a friendly relationship at the hands of the Crusades. The thesis also concludes through some of the Latin historians that there were admiration and praise as a result of following the policy of tolerance and pardon as well as recognition of their knighthood and heroism like the case of EmadAldinZenki and his son Nor - Aldin Mahmoud and Salah Aldin. The research proves that failure which afflicted the mogul - Crusade against Muslims, especially in the Levant and Egypt, had reasons and consequences the most importance reason was the solidarity and coherence among the Muslim factions for the reason of evacuate the Holy Lands for any foreign existence. It shows that the divisions among the Crusaders princes, monarchs and knights, especially the English and the French, and the French and Germans, were not divisions because of competition and the capturing of authority, but mostly due to the feeling in Europe in general and in Papal feeling that those monarchs and princes do not serve the Crusader and the Cross cause, but they were out of the papal claim that they were out of law. Therefore, the Pope made a decree to excommunicate the German Emperor Friedrish II. Also, the weakness form which the crusaders suffer becomes clear when the sought support by the Moguls. But the Crusaders were not united in that alliance with the Moguls. Antakya allied with them and some refused the alliance as in Akka. The research concludes that the Muslim husotrianswere not neutral and objective in dealing with the Crusader leaders and they were described as ‘damned and outlaws’ and ‘heretics who worship the trinity.’ Many of the historians did not mention the name of the king but they only mention the title like ‘the Prince,’ ‘the King’ or the Emperor’ and the like. The study concludes that the mutual civilizational effects between the Muslim east and the Latin west were one - sided which resulted in the future European Renaissance that includes all the intellectual, military and social fields. The civilizational sharing which happened after warring and aggressing andhostility made the Europeans recognize not only their defeat but also they acknowledged the crimes which they had committed. Finally, this thesis is like a work that contributeswith other researches and studies about the Crusader movement as a suitable place, before the judges of history, for the disasters and pains it caused and has left behind.
الملخص:
المصادر:

بنجامين دزرائيلي ودوره في سياسة بريطانيا الخارجية (1804 - 1881) == Benjamin Disraeli And His Role In The Foreign Policy Of Great Britain (1804 - 1881)

اسم المؤلف: شاهه دحام عبد الله الجبوري
اسم المشرف: خالد حسن جمعة
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Personal Benjamin Disraeli importance distinct in the history of Britain in general and Britain's foreign policy for the period 1874 - 1881, especially These were important while receiving the premiership in 1868 for the first time and 1874 for the second time and the leadership of the Conservative Party, and his painting of the two policies both internal and external to Britain to suit the aspirations of the party as well as the policy of imperial expansion coupled with his name (a leading global imperialism) fired by historians in that historical period, and given the importance of the political developments and reform pursued by Disraeli which made him a universal feature of this character has been chosen to be the subject of Our thesis The researcher followed a historical description of the methodology and the policy of Disraeli's life as well as we used a method of analysis and extrapolation wherever the need arises for the use of one of these approaches to get to the truth of his foreign policy Was divided thesis on the four seasons, and came first chapter titled Benjamin Disraeli origination and composition perspective of political and contains three Topics, taking the first topic of his upbringing and his early life and change dogmatic from Jewish to Christian and how it contributed to the change of his political life, while the second topic has dealt with Multi - entry into the world of politics and the beginnings of political and conditions that serve to be a member of the British Parliament, while the third topic dealt with Disraeli thinker and political seer Meembody what he wrote novels on the ground that eat mostly what Candors in public life in a way criticism of reality, as it was characterized by pungent literary style in writing and in his speeches that he delivered in parliament. The second chapter (internal politics) have been divided on the three topics also touched on the first topic of his political life to the first (1832 - 1837) and the obstacles he faced during his candidacy to the parliament and the political perspective Disraeli The third chapter which dealt with (his foreign policy from 1874 to 1880) was divided on the three topics, too, addressed the First research the subject he came to power in 1874 and the circumstances that led him to power and how he led his party to success, and in the second topic we discussed its expansionist policy and highlight the role of Britain's international that period and international conferences in which he participated, while the fourth chapter talked about it to the wars fought by Britain in the era of Disraeli and that led to the overthrow of his ministry in 1880 and take over the Liberal Party power for the curtain falls on an important figure in the history of England in the nineteenth century, in the first topic war Anglo - afganah and the most important events that took place after the end of the war, while the second topic we researched it about war Zulu highlighted the importance of Africa for Britain and expansions of imperialism in the region, while the third topic British policy in some areas of Africa and the Arabian Gulf under his roles. Through our study to the subject we have realized that the British foreign policy has been the greatest by what Benjamin Disraeli had did. He was the prime Minister of Britain and the Chief of the conservatives' party, he is coming from Jewish backgrounds and took the Christianity in an early time of his life so this change in belief made him getting high political ranks and fame but he stayed praising the Jewish all his life and mentioning it in each event this did not banned him to be a trustful for Britain and for the Queen Victoria as well. Britain at that time was referred as the Remarkable for its becoming the supreme power in the region especially after his gaining, the second term of the prime - ministry (187 - 1880) , while the first term was short in 1768 but his Remarkable touche was clear in it thus he was the minister of finance for many times and was also the first minister for all positions, that all made him the mystery of his period. the six years he was the prime Minister and the Chief of the conservatives' party since 1874 have him had an expansionary policy that he led Britain Empire to reach the panama channel, and Fiji islands he also bought a share in the Suez Canal from AL - Khudewi Ismail to be a chain - point between the kingdom and its colonies at the east and to control the Mediterranean sea as well. in 1876n, he crowned the Queen with the badge of the Empire and named it as the Empire of India and the Queen of Britain , and in 1877 Cyprus had become a British protectorate after an agreement made with the Ottoman to save the British interests from the Russian intervention in the region. in 1878 Disraeli had the big part with the German prime Minister Bismarck in drawing the map of Europe when they hold Berlin conference then he took to his nation, and that's what made him" The peace with the honor
الملخص:
المصادر:

مرويات ال البيت (عليهم السلام) في مؤلفات السيد نعمة الله الجزائري (1050 - 1112هـ)

اسم المؤلف: سوزان ازاد نوري
اسم المشرف: بهجة علي محمد
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
الملخص:
المصادر:

اسرة ال اعين واثرهم في الاسلام == The Aain Family And Their Impact In Islam

اسم المؤلف: سهيل صالح جالي المالكي
اسم المشرف: صباح شاكر فليح الغراوي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: الجامعة المستنصرية - كلية التربية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: All pries is to do Allah and peace and blessing be upon Muhammed and his househeld. The Islamic message were not addressed to a particular nation or nationalism, but it was a message to all the nations of different religions and origins and nationalities, and that is absorbed by all these elements and was able to collect in Bodqp which all loyalties melted, and became the only loyalty to the religion and resulted in great human civilization which emerged humanitarian features and scientific, and study the history of families is one of the important studies in Islamic history, no doubt they dealt with the study of the lives of numerous characters and contain so many different roles carried out by those personalities emerge in stages. This was the nature of the research required to make it in the introduction, three chapters, that chapters was not equal; and according to the scientific article that are available for each chapter, and that has been reached and gathered from sources, began to head - in which showed the importance of the subject and the reason for choosing the subject, the contents of the chapters , and the methodology and the difficulties encountered and overview of sources and references,.. then fundamental conclusion we have drawn them to this thread points, and supplement, as well as proven sources and references. the first chapter title : ( definition of the family of Al Aain of the political, intellectual, and their era) in which we highlighted on (Sensn) family grandfather, and find out the origin of the family, then find out (the Aain) and the father of the family that his name, and how to enter in Islam and joining the tribe of Bani Shiban which We lived Kufa, and then we reviewed and audited in the some of his soons , and the different narrators in it, and the piography of each person of men Al Aain and their, soons who were linked to the Imams (peace be upon them), and then we talked about the home of the family, their mosque, and we ended to the Chapter to speak about the political their time and intellectual especially in the reigns of Imam Muhammad al - Baqir and Ja'far al - Sadiq (peace be upon them); Because of their close contact with them, and their commitment to the pace of the household (peace be upon them).The second chapter entitled (interpretative impact, and ethical impact, historical impact) talked about the importance of interpretation, and aware of the readings. One of the sons of the family the readings scientists, and looked at the impact of family men in interpretative area, as well as a review of some models of their novels in interpretation Quran and divided it into : what came in the prophets and their people, and the other in the Imams (peace be upon them) and the Shiites, then the moral impact, and a profile science ethics, their talks for Imams (peace be upon them) in the moral side, the choice of divided it into sections models, according to the alphabet, then historical events, it dealt with the display models of the age of the message events, and the Umayyad era, and in the novel Mahdism And singled out the third chapter and last title (verbal impact and impact idiosyncratic) which dealt with the impact of verbally family, and divided into three points : the first : for theology defined and its origins and its importance, and the second : Speakers of the Al Aain and their role in the debate the people of deviant beliefs, and. Ideological talks in (Theology), while the impact idiosyncratic talked about jurisprudence, and the history of jurisprudence, and scholars of the family, and especially the role of Ben Zuraarah in this area, and the rest of the men of the family, and in the jurisprudence(branches of religion). The curriculum in writing is to deal with the sources of cash closer reading and analysis of information on sources and compared with each other through information analysis and linked with each other and the information that conclusion describes the impact of the family, and especially in relation to novels.
الملخص:
المصادر:

الاسر العلمية في المغرب العربي واثرها في الحياة العامة من القرن الثالث الهجري حتى نهاية القرن الثامن الهجري == The Scientific Families In The Arab Maghreb And Their Impact On The Public Life From The Thirteen Century A.H. Until The End Of The Eighth Century A.H

اسم المؤلف: سندس غني عريبي الحديثي
اسم المشرف: سهيلة مزبان حسن
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تعتبر الاسرات العلمية من الظواهر البارزة في الثقافة العربية الاسلامية منذ العصور القديمة ولقد شجع الفتح الاسلامي في المغرب بعد انتشار الاسلام ورسوخ الحضارة والفكر الاسلامي في المغرب العربي على ظهور العديد من الاسر العلمية التي كان لهم الدور البارز والمميز | The scientific families are considered is one of the prominent manifestations of the Arabic Islamic culture since old times. The Islamic conquest encouraged the emergence of many scientific families after the spread of Islam in the Mghreb. They had an eminent role in the history of the Arab Maghreb states. The scholars and scientists have got the care and the interests through the different Islamic ages not only of the authority but also the social strata. They are, as the Holy Scripture stipulates, the inheritors of the prophets. That made their circle lofty. Each family of the scientific families has a tangible impact in that. Among them there were families who succeeded science and art and knowledge. They assumed the highest social statuses, and their role was not sufficed to the other fields like trade, judiciary and ministration. That is attributable to the emergence of the role of families as the nuclei of the Islamic society in which the individual is raised and are cultivated. Among the many reasons that led me up to choose that subject is the care of scholars in old and modern times, and the impact of that in the various aspects of life in general. However, no study has tackled scientific families comprehensively. I endeavored to explain the features of the scientific families from which many scholars and scientists descent, in every field. Each one followed the course of that who preceded him, and it was among the reasons is to reveal the role of scientific families which were spread in the Maghreb state. The nature of the study requires the division into an introduction, a preface, four main chapters and an introduction as well as abstracts in Arabic and English. The Introduction tackles the geographic position of the state of Maghreb, and the states which were established there starting of the Aghalibiya state and ending with the Hafsiya state. Chapter Two was devoted to the study of the role of scientific families and the most prominent sciences with which they mastered. Chapter Three was devoted to the study of the impact of scientific families in the administrative, political and military aspects.Chapter Four is devoted to the study of the role of scientific families in the social and economic life. The Conclusion includes the summary of the findings and then the references and sources.
الملخص:
المصادر:

انطون سعادة واثره في الحياة السياسية والثقافية في سوريا ولبنان (1904 - 1949) == Antoun Saadeh And His Effect On The Political And Cultural Life In Syria And Lebanon 1904 - 1949

اسم المؤلف: سندس عبد الله عيسى
اسم المشرف: احمد عبد الواحد عبد النبي الحلفي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The study of characters has always assumed growing significance for researchers in modern and contemporary history. The history of Lebanon is rich in characters that have influenced the political and cultural lives in Syria and Lebanon. One of most notable of these characters is Antoun Saadeh, who was an outstanding, influential character. The circumstances surrounding his activity led to crystalizing the dimensions of his political and cultural character. He was coeval with the First World War and the negative results ensuing from it. Such results left a conspicuous mark in his intellectual production and political activity in both his homeland and the diaspora. Furthermore, he was the founder of the Syrian Social National Party to oppose the French Mandate and to raise the Syrian Nation and save it from the state of chaos and confusion it was living.The studies that have dealt with the Syrian Social National Party have referred to Antoun Saadeh, but they have never covered his intellectual and cultural activity, whether in Lebanon or in the diaspora, in a comprehensive, deep manner. The idea of the current study stemmed from this fact.When Saadeh's character is studied, a number of questions might be raised : - Did his travel to the United States of America then to Brazil has an effect on the emergence of his intellectual and political activity? - Did his intellectual production contribute to finding a solution for the Syrian nation's issues and to enriching the culture at his home nation and the diaspora? - Why did he found the Syrian Social National Party? - How did the internal developments in Lebanon affect his return to his home nation in 1947? - What were the reasons behind the 1949 coup attempt and how did it end? - What were the circumstances of his arrest and trial?The study tries to answer these questions and sheds the light on important aspects of Antoun Saadeh's life and his intellectual and political activity since his travel to USA and Brazil till the failed upheaval trial in 1949. The study is divided into a preface, an introduction, three chapters and appendices and ends with a conclusion including a collective of conclusions. The preface focuses on the cultural and political conditions in Syria, especially in Jabal Lubnan during the Ottoman era till the time of Antoun Saadeh's birth. As to the first chapter (Antoun Saadeh, his lineage, bringing up, intellectual and political activity 1904 - 1930), it addresses his lineage, family and bringing up, and then his travel to USA and Brazil later on. It also sheds the light on his father's intellectual and cultural influence, his work in the press field, and shows his political activity through his affiliation to the associations and the establishment of parties until his return to Lebanon in 1930. The second chapter is dedicated to the study of his intellectual and political activity (1930 - 1938) and sheds the light on his literary and political activity. It is also specified to the study of the reasons and motives of his establishment of the Syrian National Party, it refers to its structure and principles, it also mentions his three imprisonments and states the attitude of the Lebanese authorities towards him and their impact on his departure from Lebanon in 1938. The third and last chapter sheds the light on his intellectual and political activity (1938 - 1949) dealing with his travel to Brazil then to Argentina and his intellectual and political activity, it also treats the internal developments in Lebanon and its impact on his return to Lebanon in 1947, and it sheds the light on the failed upheaval trial in 1949 and his imprisonment circumstances. The chapter ends up with his trial and execution. The researcher faced many difficulties, like lack of books touching on Saadeh in our academic institutions. This led her to travel to Lebanon to obtain the required sources and get in touch with Lebanese characters that had lived the events covered by the study.In conclusion, I place this study before my revered professors, Discussion Committee President and members, who will definitely enrich it with their accurate academic notes. From Allah success comes.
الملخص:
المصادر:

المرويات التاريخية في كتابات الشيخ المفيد (ت336 - 413هـ/ 947 - 1022م) == The Historical Narrations In The Books Of Al Sheikh Al Mofeed 336 - 413 AH / 947 - 1022Ah

اسم المؤلف: سندس زيدان خلف الشجيري
اسم المشرف: جاسم صكبان علي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: It's well - recognized for all , that History is considered a record for time and civilizations as well as a measuring system for State' Conditions and the great men who were mentioned by the History either because of their own genius in sciences , fighting or in Policy. Arab & Islamic Homeland had presentedgreat numbers of Historians and Scientists who were greatly mentioned in History. Amongst them was Al Sheikh Al Mofeed(336 - 413 / 947 - 1022) who was characterized with originality and pedigree in ideology as well as with the penetrating mind in comprehension the Islamic Sciences , and , learning , and all these characteristics were reflected into his many books in the fields of Islamic Law "Al - Fak'h" , Exegeses , Tradition "Hadith" , History , Philosophy and Dialectic. So , he was considered as Encyclopedia Of His Time in the space of Islamic Sharia and other fields. His own thoughts were regarded as expanding books and summarized messages in various Human Sciences up to our time as delightful and fruitful lessons to understand the facts which are accompanied with evidences such as The Holly Quran and Sunna and else which are emerged first.For the importance of studying History , we must depend on great accuracy in transforming History with examining and full study in order not to be used by enemy who intend to destroy our Civilized and Dogmatically Libraries. In other hand , we must , as well , to study Our History in full examining and understanding and screening it from any smears , and to purify it so as to appear in very clear and pure form to be benefit for others.Al Sheikh Al Mofeed had paid great interests for the historical books while his books were estimated about 200 Books , just 46 one wen did receive as Volume , books or Letters. He was characterized with the new method as he had a critical sense and great ability of analyzing to study the event and to submit it in an easy method far from ambiguous and free of equivocation as it was represented by Arabic ciceronian Style with boldness and easiness of words , besides discussing the points of view in calm and frank style depending on the mental evidences. Since the studies that had dealt with Al Sheikh Al Mofeed ' books were very few , additionally , that this Study will give the reader a general idea about his own books which had included intimations and news about The Prophet Mohammed (Almighty Allah peace upon him) and other prophets , therefore we have selected The Historical Narrations in the Books of Al Sheikh Al Mofeed. Thesis is subdivided into two sections : - The First One : ? First Chapter has included the general countenances for The Era ofAl Sheikh Al Mofeed , and it is divided , as well , into four topics , the first one is the political Countenances , the second one is about Economic Countenances , the third one is about the Social Countenances while the fourth one is concentrated on The Cultural Countenances in Baghdad.? Second Chapter has included the Personal & the Scientific Biography of Al Sheikh Al Mofeed. It's , also , subdivided into three topics , the first one His own Personal Biography such as His Full Name and surname , his birth , his life in very details , his personality , his death and , last , his tomb. While the second topic has included his scientific biography with mentioning to several number of instructors who had appreticed with , then some of his practical life. The third topic it is concerned with his own scientific position among the instructors , then an aspect of his practical life is mentioned to. The third topic , the last one , has referred to his scientific position among other thinkers and scientists of that period with mentioning for several of his students.? Last but not latest , Chapter three which has included the approach of Al Sheikh Al Mofeedin writing his books , it's subdivided into three topics as well, the first topic is ti submit all his books with classifying them according to their subjects with rapid presenting for the titles of his own books which couldn't find yet , while the second topic has dealt with the historical approach in writing his books which has distributed in ten points , first of all is his using Reference in his writings as well as depending on brief and details and his mentioning to Quantities , Countries and Names for the persons and their surnames and ancestries accompanied with dates in writings ,as well as , setting introductions for each subject , in addition to refer to some explanations for some leggings and measurements , last he depended on using the repetition. The third topic had dealt with his quotes and references which are divided into four groups : such as Verses Of Holy Quran , Hadith Of The Prophet and the written or the audible references and the documents. - The Second One : ? Chapter One of Thesis which includes The Historical Narrations in the Books of Al Sheikh Al Mofeed , as a result of the embranchment of these Narrations' subjects besides their shortness and disability of classifying them , sometimes , in a chief axis , therefore the scientific necessity was demanded dividing them not on the base of their subjects but they are divided into divisions according to the political , ideological , economic or social purposes , they are as following below : Chapter One has dealt with the political field in five topics , the first topic has studied the narrations at The Prophet Mohammed (Peace upon him) and it was described due to their events such as BADR BATTLE , OHOD BATTLE ,when The Prophet had replaced some companionate to be deputized instead of him in Fighting or praying affairs. The second topic has dealt with the narrations at the era of ABO BAKER (Allah Bless him)and his reign Islamic Caliphate , while the third topic has dealt with the era of OTHMAN BIN AFFAN (Allah Bless him)and his reign Islamic Caliphate and the narration of his assassination , and the fourth topic has dealt with the narrations of IMMAM ALI BIN ABI TALEB as well as mentioning to GHADEER KHOM And AL JAMMAL BATTLE as well as to mention his assassination and his Holly Shrine , the fifth topic , the last one , has dealt with the narrations of IMMAM HUSSIEN ( Peace on him ) As well as has dealt with AL TAFF BATTLE and the effects of this Battle and how it had happened.? Chapter Two has been represented with the Conceptual Field , and to submit the most important narrations which Al Mofeed had referred to , was the narrations of the Historical criticism.The second topic Al Sheikh Al Mofeedhad referred to several divisions and had divided them into two parts , the first one the Islamic group like Shiite , Al Imamia, Al Kesania , Al Nawoosea , Al Mu'atazala , Al Zaidiya , Al Karamita , Al Isma'eeliya , Al Shamtiya and others. As well as mentioning to the meaning of Exaggeration " AL GHOLO ". Secondly dealing with The Non - Islamic Groups , while the third topic has referred to the case of Disappearance (Al Ghayba) and the narrations of AL MEHDI UBIITY (peace on him) and mention also , first , to The Holy Scriptures , secondly , has pointed to different events , and the fourth topic has dealt with the real fact of The Black Stone and the reasons behind its existence and its creation. While the fifth topic has described several concepts Al Mofeed had referred to like the concept of speech ,the concept of Reviviscence (Al Raja'a) in Holy Quran , the concept of Fatality. The sixth topic has dealt with The month Of Ramadhan and all the related matters with. The Last topic was the seventh which has dealt with the position of AHL AL BAIT in the Islamic Intellect.? Chapter three has studied the economic aspect which includes many topics , the first one is Inheritance , the second topic is about Fadak and the related facts , the third topic is about Al - Zakat and its meaning and its values , the fourth has dealt with (Al Khoums )and describing the payees and the items that must be paid for, the fifth topic has dealt with (Al Anfaal) , while the sixth topic has studied (AL Jezziya) its meaning and its values and the narrations which are related to, the last topic is the seventh one which has dealt with various economic narrations.? Chapter Four which is studied the social aspect , it is in many topics , the first one has dealt with the prophet's Life his birth , his Biography , his wives , Husbands of his daughters , his death , his shrouding and his Burial.The second topic has studied the Life Of FATMAT AL ZAHRA'A her birth , her marriage and her death , the third topic has dealt with AbeTaleb , his Islam , mentioning to his wife Fatima Bint Assad , while the fourth topic has studied the life of ALI BIN ABI TALEB his birth , his ethics , his position towards the prophet , the marriage of his daughters his shrouding and his Burial , the fifth topic has studied (Hadith AhlElKessa'a),the sixth topic has dealt the( Al Rashiddon Caliphs) , Islam Of Omar Bin El Khataab , Assassination of Othman Bin Affan , at last the seventh topic which is about narrations that are related to Marriage or Divorce.Then it is ended by conclusion for the most important results that I have reached to
الملخص:
المصادر:

الحركة الفكرية في همذان من القرن الثالث الهجري الى نهايـة القرن السادس الهجـري

اسم المؤلف: سمية خالد بريسم الربيعي
اسم المشرف: خاشع عيادة المعاضيدي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2004
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لقد انتظمت الدراسة في اربعة فصول تضمن الفصل الاول نبذة تاريخية عامة عن همذان، وقد اشتمل على ثلاثة مباحث، الاول عن اصل تسمية همذان، والثاني عن مدن وقرى همذان، لان تحديدها مهم جدا لبيان نشات الاعلام في همذان، وكان المبحث الثالث والاخير عن فتح همذان وما تلا | This study deals with thinking and scientific activities in easter Islamic cities which is Hamdan. most of historical studies since 156 s dedicated specially to study political history for - nations , histories of Islamic cities ,reasons of its evolution , careers of men and administrative , economical , social , literature subjects men while concern was less for thinking and scientific studies although it a acquires great impotent because it deal with most famous Arabic Islamic activities.The Period research study was four centuries started from 3 rd century to 9 th century.This century represented important stage in life of Arabic Islamic State.It was full of Luxury activation and civilized promotion.Also this century witness flourishing of translation from old languages which help to transform most of Greec writings which was written in different subjects and Arab scientist enrich them.Many clerks and science as tellers , historian , a astronomers and others.Islamic raose potential economies for all Islamic states.Study depended on firm curriculum in study of Al - Hamadany. He lived and study in Hamadan and take knowledge from its shieks and science.The study explain and researches of Hamadan science in either transformational and intellectual studies.The study reference to many resources to make benefit from information’s which explain contribution of Hamadan thinkers and science in developments of intellectual sciences.It includes general translations , religious science , decedents book. geographical , historical books and minor references.The study includes four chapters : First chapter is a brief hisrtory of Hamadan which contain three studies , first one or origin of Hamadans name the second is about Hamadan cities and villages because determining it is very important to explain the lifes of scientist in Hamadan. Last study was of Hamadan conquest and what followers it of events till third century for Hijral ninth century A.C.Second chapter is about religious science and famous clerks of Hamadan people in it and most famous readers.Second study was about Hadith , the most famous writings and tellers of Hadith.Third study is a bout religious interpretation its origin and famous interprets.Third chapter is about Arabic language and literature.It includes two studies , first study is about language and study Arabic Moslems maintain Arabic language because it is language of Holly Quran. Second study is about humanitarian science and pure science sufism and most famous sufies and their books. Second was about geography and history.
الملخص:
المصادر:

المكانة التجارية لمدينة دمشق من القرن الثاني حتى نهاية القرن الرابع الهجري == Commercial Rank Of Damascus City From The Second Century Until The End Of The Fourth Century AH

اسم المؤلف: سلسبيل جابر عناد المياحي
اسم المشرف: وئام عدنان عباس النعيمي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: After endingour study of commercialrank of Damascus city from the second century to the end of the fourth century,it is preferable to refer to the most important findings of the study : • Through the study, it has shown that Damascus had enjoyed a unique geographical location , as there were many factors that made its feature including its proximity to the Arabian Peninsula and its openness from the east on the plains leading to the Euphrates and Iraq and from west by the presence of the mountainous areas which seized on the trade route leading to the Mediterranean coast which then contacts Europein addition to the access road north to Halab and Asia Minor making it an important trading center for receiving goods and exported.Damascus, and since ancient times specifically in Aramean age, focused on trade.Armeniansunderstood as the first who make Halab the capital and commercial center, as their trade linked with the different cities, in addition to its land,fertile soiland flowing waters which made it produced various types of agricultural crops.• The effect of the political events in Damascusdid not disruptits Commercial activity.And if there was any impact for the eventsso it was due to the timeof its happening and then quickly Damascusregainedits commercial activitiesin timethat its commercial ties remained effectively working inside and outside.• Damascus had seen progress in various economic aspects.It hadbeen knowing in its various agricultural crops and its export types to different regions inside and outside Belad Al - Sham. The availability of natural and human conditions helped itin this respect. In Damascus, agriculture was the vital tributaries that flowed into the internal and external trade. In addition,Tradein Damascus had characterized by its high quality and plentifulwhich included various kinds of industries and what made in Damascus of any kind of these small or large industries weremuch more than what was made anywhere else in the world and perhaps this distinction was due to the availability of theexpertise, as they have skilled makers succeed in more than one art and throughout the ages as well as the abundance of raw materials in Damascus and its suburbs.• Through the study, it hasbecome clear to us that Damascus had enjoyed asolidcommercial connections with various Arab and non - Arab countries, dating back to before the advent of Islam , and since the dawn of history , and had enjoyed this status even after losing its centeredness as the capital of the Islamic State of Arabic, as that Damascus export to other cities was more than its import, and this was as indication of the agricultural and industrial ability of the city.During the era of the study,Damascus marketshad flourished.Although of all the crises, the trade balance continued for the benefit of Damascus with evidence that exports were more than imports.• The trade routes had an important role in linking Damascus with various countries of the world as theinterest and development of commercial roadshad been belonging to ancient centuriesand continuing until the Islamic era. Damascus had been associated with the world with two types of land routes and overseas transportation , and as a result of the importance of these routes in the trade promotion,Islamic State had worked to secure and interest in them and provide them with all the supplies that would facilitate everything related to business process , and we do not forget the role of traders who aimed at securing roads in times of disrupted the country's efforts in this aspect through alliances with the Bedouin tribes who were living in trade caravans passing zones.• Damascus continued to hadits trade rankwhich enjoyed since before Islam even later ages due to itslocation for the Al - Sham on the one hand and other areas on the other hand,moreover, Damascus was the center of an important source of production, industrial and agriculturalwealth sources and a commercial center and great market for many of the coastal cities that were based on the their market that contain all kinds of goods that allcities need. Every city ofDamascus cities represented the commercial center received many trades and from different countries of the world as and as we saw that. What Helped it in this respect was theavailability ofnumerous transportation which was land and sea.• Money was the main pillar of the trade process, the localization and changes that took place on the money throughout the ages had an essential and important role in the advancement of the state and not to succumb to the foreign domination. Securities represented by the instruments , the Bills and banking had theirimportance as they had facilitated the process of trade exchange, and there had a role for the weights and pecks in the business process which linked very closely to the market and in the buying and selling operations.The various conditions like strife and tribulations Damascus experienced influenced directlyon prices. As a result, there was the appearance of phenomenon of rising prices , but we can say thatits impact was chronic.It became clear through the study, people in Damascus including traders had the ability toovercome the crises and advancement economic reality, but even though, poor people were the most affected class of Damascus'ssuffering , as the economic shocks had a negative impact on their level of living.• Arab Islamic state had given attention and special care to merchantslayer to provide them the means of doingtheir economic work, and aspects of care were providingthem with buildings for harboring passenger shelters and storetheir goods. Examples of these buildings includefields , hotels and agencies and the store. The breadth of the business exchangebetween the various countries of the Muslim world led to the diversity of merchants types and trade firms, among them there werethe treasurer andthe equipped.
الملخص:
المصادر:

لواء ديالى 1958 - 1968 : دراسة تاريخية == Dyala Brigade 1958 - 1968 Historial Study

اسم المؤلف: سعد محمد علي حسين
اسم المشرف: علي محمد كريم المشهداني
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الحديث والمعاصر
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The studying of the domestic coevally history in Iraq , it is a very important subject m it have an important turn on detection of the different events evolution of it , what its formless make important park and Biotic in studding of the history of new Iraqian sort. Dyala Brigade from the important Brigades what need to much historial study , we will follow the development and events that certifies the Brigade especially in the time of the Republican Governorship (1958 - 1968) , and this Brigade had came to signifies the events and the managerial development and the Economic development and the social development in Dyala Brigade for this time. The scientific item had been doled for the treatise of proem and three chapters and Epilog , after the proem there is the name of Dyala and the Geographic description from the last Ottoman Epoch until 1958. Chapter one talked about Managerial development in Dyala Brigade from 14 July 1958 to 17 July 1968. Chapter two talked about Economic development in Dyala Brigade from 1958 to 1968. Chapter three talked about Social development in Dyala Brigade from 1958 to 1968. The Quipster appear that the Managerial Appliance (domestic) for Dyala Brigade had sufficiency and had Managerial impartial personalities and the have a good prestige mirrored on the work of the staffing to creation the domestic Foundation Management , the ministry of many of unities management in Dyala Brigade through studying , domestic management in the Brigade introduced from (1958 - 1968) much services to the Brigade parents for example advertence on Educational sector and founding many new schools in Brigade Arcadia , and building hospitals. In Agricultural sector it Supported from the domestic government in the Brigade for example Reissue the Farmlands and deployments poultry fields and carnages. And the management interested in the water sector so they completed building Darpandecan prevail in 1961 , and they finished the project of Khanaken canal in 1963 , for the Industrial sector , Industrial projects were Just nineteen project in the Brigade , the biggest activity in the dustry was acting in Oil industries in Khanaken. They discover many Archaeological areas after Excavating processes what happened in Baquba and Al - Meqdadea and Al - Khales from 1965 to 1966 , this reflects civilization advance to the Brigade and making great old civilization. Brigade of Dyala testified sport movement through of sport Unions in the Brigade like the football Union and Basketball Union , and Volleyball Union , and from the important sport events that testified it the Brigade in 10960 it is the meeting between the scholastically team in Dyala Brigade with a team from united states and there was inaugurating the first Swimming pool in Dyala Brigade in 1964. Brigade of Dyala begot many social personalities that make asocial and reformist activity , like mister Abd Al - Karem Al - Madani who adopt unific attitude between the creeds and the nationalisms and religions , for that Mr Abd Al - Karem communicate Dyala citizens of all their activities , like mirths and dolors and he helped the widows and the orphans , and he was give very much money to the poor people and communicate with the poor people who want to marriage , and he was applicator from the God to heals the sick people , so his acts was the power Brace of cohere Dyala people
الملخص:
المصادر:

الجوانب الاقتصادية في المغرب والاندلس من خلال كتاب مسالك الابصار في ممالك الامصار لابن فضل الله العمري المتوفى سنة (749 هـ / 1348م) == The Economical Sides In Morocco And Andalus Through The Book Of Msalik Al - Absar In Momalik Al - Amsar For Ibn Fdhl Allah Al - Omari Died In 749A.H. / 1348 A.D

اسم المؤلف: سعد قاسم علي السويعدي
اسم المشرف: محمود تركي فارس اللهيبي
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Ibn Fadl Allah Al - Omari is consider bright scholar in the horizon of writing and creating and the best scientist who left his finger prints in the different areas on the politic sociology, economy and intellectual fields.The study of the economical sides are not less important of studying the political and social sides, where studying the economical sides which are represented by agriculture, industry, and commeres in consider important in that they reflect the range of progress and prosperity which the countries have reached wether in morocco or andalus.The study was divided into four chapters, where chapter one was the maine gate to enter to the dissertation where tackle the writers life history (his name, surname, his instructors, his age, his occupations, other scientists's opinion on him, and his books which reached twenty books, the most important was msolik Al - Absar in mamalik Al - Amsar.As for chapter two we tackled the agricultural side in morocco and andalus, mentioning the most important tools used in orgicultur, the types of farming lands, the water sources of rains and springs, the most important crops eg. Serials, fruits and the fruitful and non fruitful trees, in addition to the fortune of animals in morocco and Andalus and their place of existence. Ending the chapter with the most important factors that effecting the agricultural production.And in the third chapter we tackled the industrial side starting with the metals like gold, silver, copper and non metallic metals like mercury, vermilion, crystals and rare stones like Rubies, agate, der and the most important industries like food staff, iron industries, lechear industries, paper industry, pottery, ships, and fobric industries conclusing the chapter with the most important were the security deterioration and the political instability.And in chapter four we tackled the commercial side starting with the markets in their two types the perminant and the temporary and the most importants weight and pecks which were used in morocco and Andalus and the types of currency and mony, the most important hotels, the prices which were almost effected by the public situations in the country in addition to the most important commercial roots wither in land or in marine, and the most important materials which were exported between maroccan cities from one side and between The different countries like morocco, sudon, The East, and Europe and The most important imports of Andalus from then from Rhe other side concluding The chapter with The most important factors effecting commerce like politics and fraud and also The Natural factors represented by The storms and Their effect in ships drawing.
الملخص:
المصادر:

قطلونية : دراسة في احوالها العامة من الفتح الى سنة 422هـ/1030م == Catalonia Study On Its General Conditions From Victory Until 422 AH /1030 AD

اسم المؤلف: سعاد بدير هاشم البهادلي
اسم المشرف: عبد الكريم خيطان حسن الياسري
الموضوع العام: التاريخ
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: التاريخ الاسلامي
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة بغداد - كلية التربية ابن رشد للعلوم الانسانية
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This thesis included four chapters preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion with a group of supplements that included tables, maps, and photographs of the region of Catalonia the first chapter deal with (Catalonia : a study in their geographical situations) has included this chapter titled vocabulary : Definition of the Iberian peninsula, the site of Catalonia, naming Catalonia, cities and town and acts of Catalonia, the nature of the surface of Catalonia, the climate of Catalonia, Catalonia plans and highlighted the landmarks.This research focused in the second chapter on conquest and stability in the Arab - Muslim Catalonia during the era of conquest and governors (92 - 138 A.H. / 710 - 755melada), and during the era of the emirate and caliphate (138 - 422 A.H. / 755 - 1030 A.D.) under the title of political activity and the military rulers of the Andalusians on Catalonia , and this chapter included several points such as : Conquest and stability of the Arab - Muslim in Catalonia during the era of conquest and the governors, and the conditions of Catalonia in the era of the emirate and caliphate, rebellion the people of Barcelona the year (157 - 162 A.H. / 773 - 778 A.D.) movement Hussein Bin Yahya Al - Ansari and the killing the governor of Barcelona (163 - 167 H.D / 7783 A.D.) rebellion of Matrouh Bin Suleiman Al - Alarabi in (Tartosha) (172 - 175 A.H. / 788 - 791 A.D.), public events in Catalonia (180 - 422H.D. / 796 - 1030 A.D.).The third chapter deal with the social situation of Catalonia, has deal society components of Catalonia, social classes, social activity in Catalonia, and the means of entertainment, clothing and uniforms, the status of women in Andalusian society.The fourth chapter has focused on the economy of the territory of Catalonia, and the role of each sector of agriculture, industry and trade industries such as cheese of Rum, also this chapter included the economic activities of Catalonia, events ,and systems all are in the basin of the economic study as well as this chapter included : types of land, water resources , irrigation and agricultural activity in Andalusia, and the grazing of livestock, types of crops, types of industries, types of trade, markets and injury, minuend and coinage , weights and measures and standards.
الملخص:
المصادر:
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