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معجم البلدان لياقوت الحموي مصدرا عن خطط البصرة واحوالها السياسية والاقتصادية من 14 - 132هـ / 635 - 749م == Yaqut Al - Hamawis Dictionary Of Countries : A Source On Basrah'S Plans And Its Political And Economic Conditions 14 - 621 AH / 635 - 1224 AD)

Author name: احمد وادي صالح الموسوي
Supervisor name: مجيد ماجد محمد الزامل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: To study the conditions of Basra civilization through books geographical and Albuldaniet in general, and through the book Dictionary of the countries of Yaqut alHamwi (d. 626 AH / 1229 AD) in particular, is the subject of study is of great importance because the book and its author well - known and known a lot among geographers and historians, as is obvious to a fame it enjoyed in medieval Islamic Basra, which still remain to this day. Adding to the importance of the subject use a lot of researchers of the book Dictionary of countries in defining and identifying the names of geographical places in the various university studies. It is during the course of the letter shows us that the article mentioned by Sapphire in his translations of the cities major Islamic is a substance variedand comprehensive study of the conditions of different conditions of these cities, and the most prominent cities of Basra, which occur Sapphire for their conditions of civilization the various centers in more often on the study of geography Basra and other cases their own, such as political, economic and other, and the source of his information on the visit comes through Mainath personal as it relied too much on the book Fattouh countries to Bladhira and others from other sources, and despite these advantages in the study of the conditions of Basra civilization, but I find some of the shortcomings encountered in substance Sapphire Basra on the conditions of civilization, and those issues that Sapphire is talking about the conditions of his time away from the historic era to see who wrote the Dictionary of countries and is the seventh century AH (615 - 621 AH), then it does not work on documenting his information through a series of this bond in the novel the necessary range historic run, but the remaining news for Sapphire Basra cultural conditions are important and valuable and precious, especially those which speak about the geography of Basra.We discussed the letter and chapters to talk about the geography of Basra to its importance for the study first and then we talked about the political conditions of Basra and then there was talk about the conditions of Basra Economic and physical, and dwell in her talk about the site of Basra and names, rivers and what was said in Basra of speeches, poetry and others, and the political situation we have studied the beginnings of the establishment of Basra, up to the end of the late Abbasid era, and As for the economicconditions and physical and we spoke about trade and markets and palaces in Basra and other attractions and other activities.For the sources approved by the message in the course we have here two books are important, benefiting Find a lot the first is a book study, (Dictionary of countries) of sapphire - Hamwi and the second is a book (Fattouh countries) for Bladhira, included the first book to talk about the conditions of Basra, cultural diversity and of the administrative, social and intellectual of Basra a truth information advantage by focusing on the geography of Basra from the terrain and climate and features of natural, such as mosques and thePalace is inclined, rivers, mountains, etc., as it dealt with the talk about the people of Basra and assets, as well as talk about the foreign elements that have provided Basra later, and also touched on the book to talk about the scientists and writers of visitors to Basra for the purpose of study and learning, which shows us the cultural development of Basra in Islamic times of successive, and the book (Fattouh countries) for Bladhira (d. 279 AH) is a valuable book talks about the news Fattouh, Basra and the geography and landmarks Urban, The significance of this book in the transfer of Sapphire for many of the stories and news from Basra about this book, as it is unique to the remembrance of news and stories, may not exist in other sources. The study found significant results on the conditions of Basra civilization of the most important that the accounts of the sapphire in this area minutes, especially those related to adjust the locations of places and places of geographical, as the Sapphire alHamwi was based in some of his novels on the book (the date of Basra) to Abu Yahya Zakaria Alsagii visual Shafei , which is one of the lost books that have not responded to us, as we came to an error to say that the Sapphire fanatic or sectarian in writing about cities andcountries, and finally say that the Basra study the conditions of civilization through the book Dictionary of countries is the study of simple and modest in the matter.
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روايات دلائل النبوة قبل البعثة : دراسة تحليلية نقدية == Tales Of Prophecy Evidence Before The Mission An Analytic Critical Study

Author name: اكرم سعود حاجم
Supervisor name: علـي غانم جثير
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The directories ( evidences) of the prophecy of the Prophet Muhammad (Allah’s blessing and peace be on him and his family) took an important space at the books of biography, We almost find them in all sources. But some scientists like Al - termthi , Bayhaqi , Abi Naim and al - Mawardi and others, have classified private books about the subject, named Indications (Dalaa’l ) or Flags of prophecy (A’laam Al - neboua’) - Discussed those particular directories - most of these books had just listed those recitals randomly without analysis or verification of authenticity. Their main task was to collect and save what was stated in the effects, and the ways in which and through it the recital had arrived, they sent us the historical material as raw material, leaving the task of investigation, analysis and investigation to the historians who come after them. We notice that these directories came into two sections : the first section of which was before the mission ( the Prophet’s mission),The second section was then ( after the mission ), and here we are to study the first section which relates to what it was before the mission ,to focus and highlight on the basics and the possibility of occurrence. In the most recitals about the Prophet's life before the mission was generally little , compared to what is stated for his life later. They talk about the long intervals of his life , but did not hear what was between - his birth to the revelation ( The Divine inspiration) - only a small fraction, and was what it relates of indications ,and much has been classified under this Title - The indications of the prophecy - have combined under a lot of news and stories that need to be screening to know and distinguish the strong or correct recitals from the weak or wrong recitals in the statement of the biography of the most important and the greatest man in history. The work in this research is to examine what came in the recitals about the indications of prophecy before the mission from different aspects, and trial the recitals that fall under this heading to what is in our hands from supporters or opposition, hoping to reach the result produced convincing us the results of this study.This search contained an introduction , three chapters and a conclusion. In Introduction we explain the importance of studying the Prophet's life and the nature of knowing its historical sources, which recitals have listed without analysis or merely simple comments do not fit the importance of the subject.Especially those which related to indications of prophecy before the mission, and then explained the way in which we will deal with recitals. After this Introduction , the first chapter ( Al - Bisharaat), in it we have begun to determine the topic of the research and then we divide it into three sections : In the first , we discussed the indications to the prophets that another prophet will come ( prophets’ Bisharaat) , while addressing the second part the indications to the people of the book that another prophet will come (people of the book’s Bisharaat) and the third part handled the Arabs monotheists ' Bisharat. The second chapter ( The visions and The predictions of soothsayers) which is also on the two themes : The first topic singled with visions, while the second section dealt with predictions of soothsayers. Chapter three ( The Miracles and AL - irhasaat) , was in two sections ,the first dealt with Miracles that may be were before the prophet’s mission and the second dealt with the Prophet's Miracle ( AL - irhasaat) - . Then we proved in the Conclusion the observations and the results that came out of research on these directories.In all cases, the conclusions of the historical researcher remain just relatively Facts. We ask Allah that we have been successful in the raised and discussed. Praise be to Allah, God of the Worlds
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السياسة الداخليــة لحكومة الحزب الديمقراطي في تركيا 1950 - 1960 == The Internal Policy Of Democratic Party Government Turkey 1950 - 1960

Author name: عطارد عبد الامير حوشان
Supervisor name: خلود عبد اللطيف عبد الوهاب
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The thesis is The Internal Policy of Democratic Party Government Turkey 1950 - 1960because of the importance of this period in the interned policy of Turkey and the absence of an academic research in Iraqi libraries that converse that important political periodThe research in divided into an introduction , three chapters and a conclusion. The introduction dealt with (the internal circumstance of Turkey after the Second World War 1945 - 1950). It explain the political and economic circumstances of Turkey and the motivations at to westernization.The first chapter studied The Internal Policy of Democratic Party Government Turkey 1950 - 1960. It focused on the political circumstances of Turkey and now the Democratic party got into power and the most important procedures it followed after getting into powerThe Second chapter dealt with (the Social and Economic Achievements of the Democrats , Government 1950 - 1960). It studied the economic situations of the country after the Domination , and its best economic achievements.Finally , chapter four included (27th may 1960 coup and the End of the Democratic Government). It dealt with the main reasons that lead the army to coup against the Democratic party.Thus even though the Democratic party was from its start in 1946 , a gathering of separated bureaucrats from People Republic party ) , it was able to win , through the elections of 1950 , overPeople Republic party. The reason was that the people of Turkey aimed to the democracy that the Democratic party called for since its nomination for the elections. In spite of that the Democratic party was not different in its philosophy from the six principles of the People Republic party it announced before twenty five years ago which are (republic , secularism, nationality , internationality , popularity and coup). It gave a new meaning for these principles especially the one related to (nationality) because the Democratic party aimed to liberal economic policy , which encouraged both foreign and private Turkish enterprises.The economic policy followed by the Democratic party after gaining power in 1950 helped to gain the support of the population. That policy was the main reason for its over whelming triumph in the elections of 1950 and 1954 , because the changes and developments witnessed in the economic field during the first half of the 1950 was clearly seer in the change that happened in the fields of agriculture industry and tradeIn fact the triumph of the Turkish Democratic party represents a peaceful revolution through the social changes that happened in the Turkish community especially that which brought back some of the traditions known in the ottoman period and were forbidden in Mustafa Kamal era. The leaders of the Democratic party found that the main reason for their over whelming triumph in the elections of 1950 was the farmers who voted intensely. And because these farmers were very religious , it was an obligation to satisfy them and facilitate their religious rituals In addition , Mandaris found that the communism ideas and principles were beginning to spread throughout Turkey especially in towns after the second World War and the triumph of the Soviet the union.so , Mandaris thought that religions faith could stand against communist in Turkey Mandaris expressed his indulgence towards Islam because that faith is the Turkish soul faith and that thise faith dosnt , have any relation to the system and positive laws of the reign.But his concept of religion and secularism , though was very easy for the educated people to realize ,was very difficult to accept or understand by the villagers who found in the days thereligious indulgence an indication of going balk to of caliphate. This causes the return and activation of religious rituals and courses as well as attacking secularism and demanding its abolition.Thus It can be said that the Democratic party didn’t neglect Ataturkism but it did its best to achieve its political benefits. this is manifested in its indulgence with the religious issue in Turkey throughout the years 1950 - 1960. It is very important to mention that reducing reservations in the multi - party period in general and especially in the period of the Democratic party prepared the conditions for Islam to play a very important role in Turkish policy Later on.The period of the Democratic party reign , on the other hand , witnessed a noticeable development in the field of education , though it was below the ambitions of the public because of the defect in the procedures. Never the less , secondary and higher education waitressed a noticeable development in the Democratic party period through the opening of many primary shads especially in the Turkish rural area that lacks them , and the increase of the number of students in primary and scandal schools , in addition to opening schools to train men of religion and opening new institutes and universities and sending missions to America. But this development doesn’t last for a long time. It stars to fail because of bad planning. The lack in the budget of the government caused inflation which affected education especially the educational faculty.It is right to say that the reach of the Democratic party to power in that period was appropriate for the country from the point of view of the Turkish people who was ambitious to get more freedom. The public was also ambitious to make social, economic and political changes away from the reality the country was suffering from. That is why the Democratic government depended , from its tart , on the support of the Turkish people , especially after the multi - party system that the country witnessed , and after the religious , social and economic changes that got theacceptance of the Turkish community , especially with the religious freedom in the country nevertheless the party couldn’t continue the triumphs it witnessed at the beginning of its reign especially after the economic failures of the country in the last years of the Democratic reign , that is after 1955.The regress of some of the educational institutions contributed to stir up the university student who became after that one of the reasons for the coup of 1960.Finally , all these procedures contributed to deteriorate the popularity of the Democratic party who tried to avoid its effects by advancing the date of public election in 1957 instead of 1958. It insisted on suppressing and restraining the opposition and limiting press freedom in addition to its policy in involving the army in politics. All these procedures lead to deepen the social, political and economic crises. These reasons caused the army to intrude and lead the coup of 27 May 1960 and the end of the Democratic party Government.Thus , When the Democratic party got into power it achieved. what the public looked for in that period. Although the end of its reign happened because of some failures , this doesn't mean that the party didn’t make social , economic and political change in the country , Especially that its reign caused a basic changes in the Turkish policy which kept off from the single party system and was recognized by the multi party policy which Turkey never witnessed before the reach of the Democratic party into power , in addition to what have been mentioned of the economic social and other military developments. Thus the period of the Democratic party was one of the important periods in Turkish history which needs study
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العثمانية : دراسة تاريخية في الاتجاهات السياسية والميول الفكرية حتى سنة 60هـ

Author name: عبد المنعم عبد الجبار علي جعفر
Supervisor name: ابراهيم جدوع محسن السلمي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
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احوال اليهود في بولندا خلال الاحتلال الالماني 1939 - 1944م == The Conditions Of Jews In Poland Through The German Occupation 1939 - 1944

Author name: محمد قاسم علوان البهادلي
Supervisor name: فوزي خلف شويل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تناول هذه الدراسة موضوع تاريخي مهم، يتمثل في احوال اليهود في بولندا خلال الاحتلال الالماني (1939 - 1944). وتركزت اهمية الموضوع في تحليل طبيعة السياسة التي انتهجها قادة اليهود البولنديين في تعاملهم مع المحتلين الالمان واثر ذلك على السكان اليهود والمجتمع البو | This study addressed the topic of important historical, It is the conditions of the Jews in Poland during the German occupation (1939 - 1944). The importance of the subject centered in the analysis of the nature of the policy that pursue it by the leaders of the Polish Jews in their dealings with the German occupiers and its impact on the Jewish population and the Polish society in general, and clarify the behavior patterns and their intellectual transformations, and political, ideological dimensions associated with German policy. As well as clarify attitude the parties and organizations of the Jewish and the Jewish population in dealing with these, response, rejection, and adaptable, as well as know closely on the nature of the racist behavior of systems and laws of the German occupation and the extent of its impacts on the Jewish population in Poland, and how power and influence of the international attitude.The study was divided into an introduction and four chapters and a conclusion, the first chapter show conditions of Jews in Poland the economic, social, cultural, educational and political under the Second Polish Republic (1918 - 1939).Second Chapter Studied German occupation policy toward the Jews in Poland in the domain of political, economic, health and the circumstances that led to the formation of the Poilsh - Jewish councils and practices it of the policy of occupation against the Jewish population and the role of the Jewish police in that during (1939 - 1942). The third chapter addressed across four researches of Jewish insurgency movement that objection to policies Council and the Jewish police, then limited this role on a small group of Jews in 1943, whose did not welcome popularly, and attitude the power of occupation from the rebels Jews such as close the Warsaw Ghetto and so on. The third research discussed the role of the Polish ghettos except the Warsaw Ghetto in the armed movement against the German occupation. The fourth research the attitude of the Polish government in exile of the conditions of Jews in Poland.The fourth Chapter addressed destiny Polish Jews after the end of the ghettos, and clarify the role of the Polish underground to help Jews escapees whose hiding in the forests and cities that they thought it that safe from occupation, and studied the third research the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, to be this research pioneer the third research which dealt with the role Jews in the Warsaw Uprising then it did not notice the desired role despite Polish support to Jews during rebellion April, 1943. The conclusion focused on the most important conclusions that output from the study.
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النبي ابراهيم الخليل (عليه السلام) في القران الكريم : دراسة تاريخية == The Prophet Abraham In The Holy Koran

Author name: حيدر حسين حمزة سلمان الشريفي
Supervisor name: علي صالح رسن المحمداوي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: There is no doubt that Koran is one of the historical sources whereas every thing mentioned is true no thing but true. therefore , we have based on the Koranic texts to study the character of the prophet (Abraham) (God's blessing and peace be upon him). The study included four chapters : - In the first chapter , we have studied the prophet (Abraham) father's name , whether it is Azir or Tarih ? we proved that all the prophets' fathers (God's blessing and peace be upon them) were monotheists , no one of them was a polytheist , also we clarified that " Abuladhiayf " and " Abualbusharatain" are two of his epithets.In the second chapter , we have mentioned his many attributes , whereas he might be the prophet who holds the most attributes , who was afflicted by God in many issues , the preferred friend of his God , the groaned who feared his God in all conditions , the patient who handled the difficult issues with patience , the repentant who invoked God a lot , the good example to other prophets , the veracious not the liar as what was declared that "he lied three times " ? , the sincere and the loyal to his God who was very hospitable to his guests and the prayer who was praying a lot. He was calling people to worship God by performing prayers and asking God to keep him away from idols worshipping and sedition , make people hearts take the side of his progeny and asked God the repentance for him and his parents.We have proved the incorrectness of some of what was attributed to him such as (fear , apprehension and devoutness) by stating that he was sent by God and that intended fear is in the human self and exists in every human being.In the third chapter , we have stated that the prophet (Abraham) was in a good social standing otherwise , how could he married two wives , one lived in Kan'an and the other lived in Mecca. In the fourth chapter , we have stated that the year of his death wasn’t mentioned in the holy Koran but there was a mentioning in the Koran refers to the prophet's (Abraham) will for his sons and grandsons to keep believing in the religion of fathers and forefathers which is religion of Islamic. The second chapter : the progeny of the prophet Abraham We have discussed the subjects of the progeny , its definition and the Koranic verses which stated the concept of progeny , thus , we have divided progeny into two types : good and bad The good progeny are the prophets , sons of Abraham such as Isaac , Esau , Jacob , Josef , Moses , Jesus , Elia , Eliash , Lot and Mohammed (God may bless them ).While the Koranic expositors mentioned no names of the bad progeny and what we have found "transgressors who make mischief and act wickedly on the earth " only. In the view of the fact that the wife is the base for the progeny , therefore we studied Sara 4 and we stated that some of her attributes are performing prayers , giving birth after menopause and also we stated how she buffeted her face after knowing that she was pregnant. Hajir , was the woman whom the prophet Abraham brought her to Mecca to build the Kaaba and perform prayers , therefore she wasn’t the bondwoman as described by the weak - minded who don’t follow proof. By Koranic evidential verses , we have stated many times that his sons are Isaac (the sacrificed - who was about to be slaughtered by his father Abraham as a sacrifice to God) , prophet Esau ( the promising in science ) and Jacob was the grandson of Abraham , thereupon his will of Islam was for them. Furthermore , we mentioned the subject of the descendants of prophet Jacob because they are the progeny (descendants) of Abraham and their father is prophet Jacob.Moreover , we have clarified the concept of descendants , progeny (followers) and the Shiites from his posterity and we stated that they were the Muslims who followed and imitated him and his way of worship , and the worthiest person who has the right to inherit prophet Abraham is prophet Mohammed (God may bless him and his progeny).The third chapter : - Faith of Abraham's father and his people.In this chapter , we studied the subject of Abraham's father's faith , we stated how he argued with his father about his peoples' idols , describing these idols and asking God's forgiveness to his father for not abandoning his people's idols.Also , we referred to proofs refers that the prophet Abraham's father was a believer basing on what were mentioned in the Koranic texts , and we mentioned that all the prophets' fathers are virtuous and purified and not disbelievers.In the subject of his peoples' faith , we mentioned the kinds of deities they had such as idols , images and gods , moreover , we described these deities , their inability to speak where they can't talk , hear , see , help and harm. At the end of his mission , the prophet started to dispute them , when he found that they would not understand him , he destroyed their idols to let them see the fact that their idols are incapable even to defend their selves , consequently they build a high building , piled up wood and burnt him but the God's almighty saved him. The fourth chapter : - prophet Abraham's faith In this chapter , we proved with evidences that he was a Muslim and was believing in God (Allah) , doomsday and Day of Resurrection. then we stated the meaning of uprightness (Hanafiah ) and upright ( Hanafi) , we said that it’s the religion of Abraham which is ( worshiping Allah , staying away and abandoning polytheism , and he is innocent from being a Jew (on the religion of Judaism ) or a Christian (on the religion of Christianity) but he is a Muslim (on the religion of Islam ) Moreover , we stated that the uprights are the people who abandoned their people's belief , idols worship , eat dead animals and submit sacrifice for idols , warn people not to kill the female infants , who said that we worship the God of Abraham and started to dishonor their people for not worshiping God. In addition to that , we clarified that there was a connection between all religions and we said that the prophet Mohammed (God may bless him and his progeny) was on the religion of Abraham.We mentioned in this chapter that he is the obedient slave to Allah , he immigrated by the order of God to the blessing land - Mecca - and his worship to Allah is a worship by nature.We mentioned that he is the disputer prophet who defended prophet Lot and his people , he was described as the prophet whom God sent down books to him and we mentioned what were cited in these books from verses , parables and wisdoms and we stated that it is a self - purification from doubts by performing worships. Further more , we indicated to the prayer , we said that it is the base in all religions and this religious duty was performed by the prophet according to what was mentioned in Koran and Torah. While the Imamate of the prophet was the last thing sent down by Allah to Abraham after praying and invoking Allah. Because of its importance , we said that the prophet wasn’t content with Imamate for himself but he asked it for his progeny and he was the first prophet who held this basic element (Imamate).In the end of this study , we revealed the more illustrated results which are : his father wasn’t a disbeliever but a believer , he is the most attributed prophet in the holly Koran , he was asking a lot God's forgiveness to his father , he disputed with his people about their idols revealing to them that they hear , see , harm and help nothing.He was the first prophet who destroyed his people idols and his religion was Islam
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رؤيـة ابن منظور للامام علي بن ابي طالب (صلوات الله عليه) : دراسـة فـي معجـم لسان العـرب == Ibn Mandhour'S Own Vision Of Imam Ali Bin Abi - Talib "God'S Prayers Be Upon Him ( A Study In Lisan Al - Arab Dictionary

Author name: قصي عبد الصمد عبد الحي ياسين
Supervisor name: حميد سراج جابر الاسدي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Research deals with the vision of Ibn Mandhour to Imam Ali Bin Abi - Talib " God's prayers be upon him ". The Dictionary is marked by being rich with information as it consists in a lot of sciences and data that covered many ages of the life of the Arabs, which reflects a lot of aspects the development of Arabic Language and the life of the Arab Society in those remote age. Therefore, Ibn Mandhour a Kind of comprehensive encyclopedia that helps the researcher not seek another books in Arabic language. The book included information about many respective persons like Imam Ali Bin Abi - Taleb. Ibn Mandhour gave a lot information about Imam Ali. From this fact, the present study gains it's importance as it is interested in the philosophy of Imam Ali, who is a famous pioneer thinker, i.e, Ibn Mandhour and his vision of Imam Ali. The study has covered many human aspects of the character of the life of Imam Ali. The study is equally interested in the character of Ibn Mandhour, in whom researchers showed no interest. The study shows that the writer proved knowledgeable and his work covered different types of science. The Study is consist of an introduction with a title : Ibn Mandhour and Lisan Al - Arab Dictionary, plus four other chapters and a conclusion that contains the results the researchers got it finalized by a list of source books. The Title of chapter one is : description of the biography and it's Reflection in the thought of Imam Ali. Chapter Two : Description of the political situation and the Response of Imam Ali. Chapter Three : Description of the Diagnosis and Remedy in the Thought of Imam Ali. Chapter Four : Description of Leadership and Direction in the Thought of Imam Ali.
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سياسة الولايات المتحدة الاميريكية تجاه القضية الالمانية 1969 - 1974 في ضوء الوثائق الاميريكية == The Policy Of United States Of America Towards The German Question (1969 - 1974) (In Terms The American Documents)

Author name: عبادي احمد عبادي
Supervisor name: كاظم باقر علي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Present dissertation aims at studying the policy of United States of America towards the German Question 1969 - 1974 , and knowing the causes and the affections that made it to adopt this policy. It presents the affections of the United States policy in the political statement in Germany, especially the development of the political relations with the Federal Germany because of the American Administration disagreement to consider the Democratic Germany as an independent state. United States of America refused to establish a diplomatic relations with Democratic Germany. The present study illustrates that United States of America has diplomatic relations with the Federal Germany only. It sheds light on the policy of some other countries towards the German question,especially the Soviet Union. The American Policy towards the German question cannot be understood and followed unless the policy of the other countries should be dealt with since the policy of these countries affects, and it is affected with such a matter is resulted from the interrelation among the political and historical events in this respect. Some questions concerning the topic have been asked and the researcher tries to answer this questions.The study starts with 1969 which is the beginning of Nixon’s presidency in United States of America and Brandt as the Chancellor of Federal Germany.Their are began as a (( New Era )) in the political relationships between the East and the West that based on the cooperation instead of being so strict in order to find a score solution to the important political questions like the German question. In addition to this, they adopted such policy to decrease the tension and to support the security and peace in Europe. 1974 Comes as the end of the present study with the end of the Nixon’s and Brandt’s Presidency.The dissertation consists of an introduction , four Chapters, conclusions and appendances. The First chapter is considered as an introduction to the topic in order to know the historical origins of the American policy towards the German question throughout the historical development of this policy and it’s affections in the development of the political and the economic situations in Germany and the relationship with the Great States, especially the relationship with the Soviet Union and the Countries that have legitimacy to rule Germany as Occupation forces. It is the matter that initiates for the competition between the two forces concerning the power in territories in Europe generally and in Germany particularly, According to the competition between United States of America and the Soviet Union, The Cold War break out. The Cold War that happened caused the division of Germany into two countries and crystallized the establishment of the Federal Germany 1949. The Federal Germany has been rearmed and accepted to be a member in NATO in 1955. United States did so in order to prevent the Russian leverage in Western Europe. It can be also considered as an advanced centre to defend the American interests in this region. the Soviet Union established the Democratic Germany in 1949 Which has been rearmed and accepted as a member in Warsaw Pact in 1955. The Chapter concentrated on the American policy towards Berlin Crisis in 1958 and it’s results in constricting Berlin Wall in 1961. The Chapter dealt with all the reasons behind the failure reunifying Germany. The Chapter dealt with the causes and the variables that made United States of America re - estimating it’s policy towards the Soviet Union after Berlin Crisis. And the influence of the American policy on the policy of the Federal Germany before the presidency of Nixon. The second Chapter explains the policy of United States of America towards the German Question 1969. It explains the influence of Nixon’s presidency in the diplomatic relations towards the Soviet Union and is reflections on the German question. The researcher, In this chapter, focuses on the reasons and motivations that made Nixon adapting such a policy and implementing it towards the Soviet Union. The chapter dealt with the policy of United States towards the second Crisis of Berlin in 1969 and the initiation ofthe diplomatic interaction between Nixon and the Soviet Leaders in order to reach at a suitable solution concerning the political questions that disturb both sides. The chapter dealt with the election of the Parliament in Federal Germany.The results of election Brandt’s success to be Chancellor. Brandt declares that he will adopt the policy of Ostpolitik with the Soviet Union and the Eastern Europe in order to establish the bridge of trust and communication and to find a peaceful settlement for the German question and to end the tension and to support security in Europe. The chapter illustrated the reasons and the strategic targets that made Federal Germany adopting the policy of Ostpolitik with the East. The chapter focused on the American position towards the declaration of the policy of Ostpolitik which made United States feels anxious about it’s interests because of the policy of Federal Germany. In the same time, the chapter explains the causes that made United States supporting the Ostpolitikwith the Soviet Union and the Eastern Europe countries. The chapter dealt with the positions of the other big notions toward the Ostpolitik in order to understand the American position as a result to the influence of these positions in the German question.The Third chapter explains the policy of United States of America towards the German Question 1970 - 1971. The chapter dealt with negotiations between the Federal Germany and the Soviet Union, Poland and the Democratic Germany and The American Position towards it. However the American Position is characterized with supporting the negotiations. The chapter focused on the American position towards the “Agreement of Moscow” between the Federal Germany and the Soviet Union in the 12th of August 1970 and the “Agreement of Warsaw” between the Federal Germany and Poland in the 7th of December 1970, concerning the refreshment of the political relationships and the recognition of the border lines at that time. These two agreements are considered as turning points in the history of policy between the east and the west of Europe. Accordingly, United States re - estimated it’s diplomacy to suite the new conditions in the constriction of the political relationships with European Countries especially with its main ally, Federal Germany. This matter is embodied with the issue of a group of principles to guide the policy from the American interests in Europe and Federal Germany. The chapter dealt with the negotiations among the Four Power States in order to improve the conditions inWestern Berlin with reference to the exchange of drafts in this concern between the United States and Soviet Union and the role of Federal Germany in compromising between them. As a result, the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin was a signed in the 3rd of September 1971 concerning Western Berlin. This agreement smoothed the way in front of establishing diplomatic relations and removing the obstructions between the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany, so the agreement between the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany was signed in the 17th of December 1971. The last chapter focused on the policy of United States of America towards the German Question 1971 - 1974. It emphasized on the American policy towards the relationships between the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany and the certification on the agreement of Moscow and Warsaw respectively in the Bundstag. United States exploited the attitude of the Soviet Union in the certification of the agreements to end the military aggravation in southern - east of Asia especially stop fighting in Vietnam. The chapter dealt with the role of United States and the Soviet Union in encouraging both the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany to finish their negotiations to reach at signing the basic agreement in the 21st of December 1972. This agreement recommends that both countries should normalized the political relationships between each other. The Four Power States issued (( the Four Power Declaration)) in 1972 which emphasized the upholding of including the Federal Germany and the Democratic Germany in United Nations. This prepared the floor to accept them as equal members in United Nations in the 18th of September 1973. This step is followed by the diplomatic representation between the two countries in the 14th of March 1974. The Federal Germany established diplomatic relationships with all countries in the East of Europe including Czechoslovak throng the signing of a agreement of Prague in the 8th of December 1973. The chapter contains the reasons behind Nixon’s and Brandt’s resignation in 1974.
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روايات اهل الكتاب للسيرة النبوية (حتى عهد البعثة) == Tales Of Book People Of Prophetical Biography Till Age Of Mission

Author name: مخلد ذياب فيصل الجبر
Supervisor name: نزار عزيز حبيب الخاقاني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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نور الدين الحلبي : دراسة تحليلية في كتابه انسان العيون في سيرة الامين المامون == Noor Al - Dean Al - Halabi And His Book "Insan Al - Oyon Fi Searat Al - Amean Al - Ma'Moon

Author name: دنيا عبد علي الشمري
Supervisor name: علـي غانم جثير
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Human Sciences - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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مدينة ريدان : دراسة تاريخية في احوالها العامة == A Historical Study of The Public Affairs In The City of Raydan

Author name: سلامة عبد الرضا حسين
Supervisor name: ايمان شمخي جابر المرعي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Arab History Before Islam
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Kings , nobles and tribes of old Yemen looked upon the famous city of Raydan as very important and they struggled for a long time to be kings of Saba and owners of Raydan. Accordingly , who could control that land and had the two titles would have very great power. Yemeni researchers who tackled the subject of Raydan were not so specializedand they did not talk about the ancient Raydan because it was originaly part of the old strong kingdom of Saba and had alliance and treaties with the Sabaeen. It was also noticed that this city had tow names : Raydan and Dhafar like , for example , Sanaa ( another Yemeni city ) which was also called Azal.Raydan had an important strategic and economic location because it controlled the most important trade routes and ports ; the most active among which were those on the eastern coast of the Red Sea.Consequently , it was the focus of greed and struggle among internal and external powers to control its territories and get its economic resources. Raydan was also agriculturally distinguished by its gradated plains like hanging gardens.The researcher chose this subject because of the importance of the city in the past and the little study about it and to show its role among other ancient cities , to highlight the stages through which it changed its boarders according to its changing political power , and finally to identify the origin of the name Raydan.The study is made up of four chapters with two sections for each one ( except the third chapter which contains three sections ). In chapter one ( Geographical - Historical Approach ) , the first section deals with the geography of Raydan as far as its name , location and neighbouring cities are concerned. It also describes the nature and location of Raydan in relation to Yemen. Its geographical relief was made of mountains , and valleys. Its climate was that of the whole region. Section tow deals with the history of political history and role in the Sabaa - Hemyar struggle that started at the beginning of the first century when Raydan was weak and divided.Chapter two is devoted to the social affairs in Raydan. The first section ( Social and Administrative Affairs ) is about the population in the old Yemeni society which consisted of the tribes that constituted the people. Besides , the society was divided into two classes : The higher and the lower and the other categories were all between those two.The section also discussed Al - Athwa' and Al - Aqyal within the administrative system of the Yemeni society because it was a social status as well. Section tow sheds light on the structure of the family in old Yemen concerning issues of marriage , divorce , children , the house , furniture , ornamentation , habits and customs including greeting ,hospitality , names , circumcision , medication by plants , crying and lamentation and interest in sorcery and tomb building.Chapter three ( Economic Affairs ) consists of three sections. Section one ( Trade ) discusses land and sea trade routes , the most important old ports , exports and imports , and taxes in Raydan. Section two ( Agriculture ) talks about crops and animals. Section three (Industry ) talks about industries of minerals , textile and some other ones.In chapter four ( Religion ) , section one ( Paganism ) talks bout worship of natural phenomena and of idols.Section two ( Monotheism ) talks about doctrine of monotheism , Judaism and Christianity.The most important conclusions of the study are : 1. Raydan ( Dhafar ) witnessed a struggle between the Raydanian and Al - Ahbash. That struggle was not religious as some tried to show. Rather , it was economic and political in the first place.It was provocated by Bezentia that supported Al - Ahbash to save its economic interests in the area and to maintain its influence and control over the trade route that led to India through the Red Sea (Galzam ).2. Raydan was the first Yemeni city that witnessed massacre of the Christians because it was the centre of Christianity. Christians of Yemen were not the only who were killed and tortured in Yemen.All foreign Christians were also killed and tortured. Due to that , the Christians stood beside Thi Nawas and supported him in his position as a sign to express their nationality.3. All those events led to the fall of state of Hemyar and destruction of Raydan by Al - Ahbash who made use of the weakness and conflicts in the country of the independence of every prince in his area to gain his personal interests , and of the weakness of the central power and the economic detorieration that inflicted the state at the end of the fifth century because of the political disputes and the foreign intervention by Al - hbash and the Bezentians in all affairs of the country.
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التطورات السياسية في امارتي الدانوب (ولاشيا ومولدافيا) والموقف الدولي منها 1881 - 1848

Author name: فهد عويد عبد عايد
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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بنيامين فرانكلين حياته ودوره في استقلال الولايات المتحدة الامريكية 1706 - 1790 : دراسة تاريخية == Benjamin Franklin And His Role In American Independence (1706 - 1790) : A Historical Study

Author name: علي شخير نفل خليبص العتبي
Supervisor name: هلال ثجيل جلوي الخفاجي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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دور المؤسسة الدينية في السياسة الداخلية الايرانية 1941 - 1963 == Role of The Religious Institution In The Internal Iranian Politics (1941 - 1963)

Author name: علاء رزاك فاضل النجار
Supervisor name: باسم حمزة عباس
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Historical Studies - Department Of Modern And Contemporary History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Three entities of Clergymen, the army and the Bazar have their own effect on all events in Iran. This study is concerned with clarifying the role of the clergymen during the contemporary history of Iran from 1941 to 1963.Thus, this study completes t
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بنو العباس ودورهم في الحياة العامة منذ عصر الرسالة حتى نهاية العصر الاموي

Author name: مهدي صالح لفتة سلمان الخفاجي
Supervisor name: صبيح نوري خلف الحلفي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Education For Girls - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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علاقة البطالمة مع بلاد الشام وشبه الجزيرة العربية == The Relationship of Battalma With Al - Sham Country And Arabian Peninsula

Author name: سلام عبد الامير حمزة
Supervisor name: سهيلة مرعي مرزوق
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Historical Studies - Department Of Modern And Contemporary History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Al - Sham Country and Arabian Peninsula is very important in studying the history, due to its geographical and historical significance where the most important commercial roads passed through it. Thus, it is natural that a very important relationship ties
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الغدر في الدولة العربية الاسلامية مـن صدر الاسلام حتى نهاية الدولة الاموية عام 132 هــ / 749 م

Author name: زينب جاسم حسن البهادلي
Supervisor name: هشام جخيور ميري الربيعي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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الحياة الاجتماعية والاقتصادية في مؤلفات الجاحظ : دراسة تاريخية == Social And Economic Life As Revealed In Al - Jahidh's Works : Historical Studies

Author name: زاجية عبد الرزاق حسن
Supervisor name: مجيد ماجد محمد الزامل
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Al - Jahidh's works reflected a clear image of the Abbasid society up to the middle of the 3rd Hijra century. His works highlighted very accurately his time though he was not a historian or a political writer. Rather, he was very exact and precise when h
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مدائن صالح : دراسة تاريخية == Madin Salih : Historical Study

Author name: حسن ثاجب محيل الركابي
Supervisor name: سهيلة مرعي مرزوق
General topic: History
Specific topic: Ancient History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Historical Studies - Department Of Modern And Contemporary History
Language: Arabic
Full text from the source: http://cloud.uobasrah.edu.iq/uploads/2021/09/10/8488%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9%20%D8%BA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%AE%D9%85.pdf
University location: Basrah
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Abstract: The north west part of Arab peninsula the same great importance, it coming from Arab domination of the trade since the old ages. This part distinguished by being strategic location connation the south of Arab peninsula with its north, and appear in it nu
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الاغتيالات السياسية في الاندلس حتى نهاية دولة الموحدين (97 - 620 هــ / 715 - 1223 م) == Political Assassinations In Andalusia Till The End of Al - Muwahideen (Montheist) (97Ah - 620 Ah / 715 Ad - 1223 AD)

Author name: حيدر عبد الرزاق جعفر العلي
Supervisor name: مؤيد ابراهيم محمد العيداني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The Muslims wereableto reach Andalusia in (711 AD /92 AH) and to rule there for more than eight centuries till fall of Granada (1491 AD/897 AH).That period in Andalusia witnessed the phenomenon of political assassination of many politicians from the ruli
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جعفر بن ابي طالب عليه السلام ودوره في الهجرة والجهاد == Jaafar Bin Abi Talibe (Peace Be Opon Him) : A Historical Study

Author name: محسن مشكل فهد الحجاج
Supervisor name: عبد الفتاح عبد الله محمود
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تناولت هذه الدراسة موضوعتي الهجرة والجهاد في الاسلام من خلال شخصية فذة ساهمت في بناء الحضارة الاسلامية وهي شخصية جعفر بن ابي طالب عليه السلام. ولقد كان جعفر من المقربين للرسول الكريم محمد صلى الله عليه واله وسلم حيث نشا في بيت ابي طالب الذي دافع عن الرسا | (Peace be upon him).Jaafar contributed actively to the establishing of the bases of the Arab and Moslem state. Chapter one highlights his family and the cultural, economic, political and social role that was played by his grand fathers in the pre - isla
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السيرة النبوية : دراسة في الرواية البصرية حتى منتصف القرن الثالث الهجري

Author name: علاء حسن مردان اللامي
Supervisor name: شاكر مجيد كاظم الحواني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
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تاريخ الحركة الرياضية في البصرة بين عامي 1921 - 1958 == The History of Sport Movement In Basra 1921 - 1958

Author name: احمد صفاء سوده
Supervisor name: ياسين طه ياسين الهارون
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Sport has gained great importance over the centuries, and formed a distinctive side for its positive returns on the social side.It was a form of deepening the relations between the various segments of society. And the city of Basra, for its of its geograp
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صفاقس : دراسة في الاحوال الاقتصادية والفكرية في القرنين الثاني والثالث الهجريين / الثامن والتاسع الميلاديين == Astudy of Economic And Intellectual Conditions In Safaqis During The Second And Third Hijri Centuries / 8Th And 9Th A.C Centurie

Author name: اثير عبد الكريم صادق عبد الواحد العلوان
Supervisor name: عصام كاطع داود الشويلي
General topic: History
Specific topic: Islamic History
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study deals with the economic and intellectual conditions in Safaqis.This topic is chosen because there is no independent study of this subject the study is divided into four chapters. chapter one highlights the historical geography of Safaqis and
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الحياة الاقتصادية في عمان قبل الاسلام : دراسة تاريخية == The Economic Life In Oman Before Islam Historical Study

Author name: وسام خليل ابراهيم الوائلي
Supervisor name: شاكر مجيد كاظم الحواني
General topic: History
Specific topic: Arab History Before Islam
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The historical studies specially on the Arabs before Islam is of a paramount importance in the history of nations in terms of knowing the history of those nations in various aspects.For the importance of the study of the history of Oman which extends int
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السيد علي كمال الدين الغريفي ودوره في الحركة الوطنية في البحرين (1907 - 1974 م) == Sayid Ali Kamal Al - Deen Al - Ghiraifi And His Role In The National Movement In Bahrain (1907 - 1974)

Author name: نوال عبد الكاظم خفي البدري
Supervisor name: طيبة خلف عبد الله
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Studying the personality of Sayid Ali Kamal Al - Deen would shed light on an important period in the history of Bahrain because he was preceding his time in his awarress, thinking and ability to contain the crises with unprecedent easiness, calmness and c
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الشيخ مرتضى مطهري : دراسة في دوره الثقافي والاجتماعي والسياسي 1920 - 1979 م == Sheikh Murtadha Mutahhari : A Study of His Cultural, Social And Political Roles

Author name: ضمير عودة عبد علي
Supervisor name: طيبة خلف عبد الله
General topic: History
Specific topic: Modern and Contemporary History
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of History
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Muratadha Muthhari is one of the most prominent scholars in Iran who was well know for playing an effective role in various fields. On the cultural level, he created a valuabe intellectual achievement known for its rich scientific material. He was also pr
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اليمن : دراسة في الجغرافية السياسية == Yemen : A Study In Geopolicy

Author name: حميد سعيد خالد المخلافي
Supervisor name: جواد صندل جازع البدران
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study auns at exposmg the geographic components; natural 3illd man, I - e. public, economic and political which Yemen enjoys, and to evaluate m from a geo - political point of view and analyze them to indicate their vantages and disadvantages in order to reflect their exclusive power. The study is divided into introduction, conclusions and recommendations and ve chapters.iapter One presents the natural geographic components of the region which is 1bject of the study. These components include position, area, shape, roof, climate r natural resources, e.g. natural plant, water and minerals resources which have rous impacts on the state. hapter Two discusses the human components, e.g. public and economic and onomic. These are numerous such as population, the geographic distribution and tensity, the quality structure , age , the social and economical indicators. The cimomical components present the most important variables. This chapter also s ~ies the economical sectors of the state which include agriculture, hunting , iperals, transforming industrials, services, tourism, trading, communication and nsformation and the contribution of each sector in the local aggregate. apter Three is concerned with studying the political structure of the state and its c mponents. The contents of this chapter shows the development in the political s stem, the regime - structure and decision - making centers. J!apter Four analyzes the foreign policy of Y cm en : its neighbouring countries. It a •~ deals with the relations of Yemen with the Arab homeland, and with the great p ier like the united states, the European Union, Japan and with the international nizations.apter Five foreseers the geo - political future of Yemen through the researcher's scriptive and through his evaluation of the reign which is subject of the study.< : main conclusions that the study has arrived at are : Yemen has an important position which ts characterized by its geo - political effects on the reign.2. The large area of Yemen brigs a variety m the natural phenomena, e.g. the hypgraphic nature and clinate which help in creating various climatic and plant environments that provide economical specification among the different districtsin Yemen (the products of the orbit areas in planes, the products of the moderate areas in the high lands). This brings about a self - sufficient rate reaches at (%55 - 31) of food. Moreover, the area of Yemen gives it the ability to defend itselfin depth. 3. Yemen has (5) neighboring countries, 3 of which are marines and the other two are land countries : despite that Yemen has border problems with most of these countries, yet Yemen was able overcome these problems through makinga!,'feements to solve them.4. Although soil represents an important element of the elements of power in state, Yemen sulfurs from a reduction in the area of agriculture soils which include about 3% of the entire area of the country this is a small area and it represents oneof the geo - political weaknesses of the state.5. Yemen suffers from a clear reduction of water. The roof waters are very few and the rain waters arc inadequate in most areas.6. The study explores that Y cm en has about ( 4) billions drums of oil reserviour in 2000. This forms 0.4 , 0.5 of the world reservoir and opec reservoir in the same year. Yemen also has a large amount of natural gas, about (479)billions/m3 Thisforms a rate of(0.30, 0.69) of the world reservoir and opec reservoir respectively in the same year.7. The population intensity varied among the different districts in Yemen. It is very high in the capital, Ta'z and Al - Hudidya where it reaches about (6703, 204 , 145,7) pcrson/km2 respectively in 2000. On the contrary, the population intensity records the lowest rate in Al - Muhra' where it reaches (1) person I km2. This has a negative influence on the political and economical situation in Yemen. he study finds that there is a reduction in the social indicators for the public such as health. This reduction is due to the rate of spending on this sector which records about (1 and 2) in the aggregate of the local production.emen still depends in its foreign exports on a sole resource which is oil. The oil exports forms about %69.85 of the total exports in 2000.1 • The study shows that the strategic industrial sector occupies the first rank among the other economical sectors in the total aggregate where it fonns about (% 38.8). this sector includes about (0.49) only of the total employee in Yemen,whereas the agriculture sector contribute in about %54 of the employee in 2000. I. In studying the decision - making constitutions, it appears that the position of the president of the republic has effectively and vitathy affected the policy if the state. The other constitutions such as the representative council , the ministry council , the foreign ministry and the Judicial power have taken a participant rote in the political system. I •Yemen's economical relations with the other Arabian countries, i - e. non - gulf countries , are still wench. The economical indicators indicate that the value of the Yemenian exports to these countries reached about (51652000) dollars in 2000; while the Ycmen

تطور النقل بالسيارات في العراق 1950 - 1980 : دراسة في جغرافية النقل

Author name: حميد غالب عجيل السكيني
Supervisor name: سرى محمود المدرس
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دراسة جغرافية لمنظومة الري في محافظة ذي قار == A Geographical Study F'Or The Irrigation System In Thi - Qar Governorate

Author name: فيصل عبد منشد
Supervisor name: ماجد السيد ولي محمد العلي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The research aims at studying irrigation tables in the governorate and analysing its sufficiency through studying the geographical factors influencing on it. The ireaearch falls into three chapters.The first chapter dealt with the geographical circoastances of' the governorate, where it appeared that the : physical f'ac.tors (surface, weather, soil) had a large linrluence on the expansions of rivers and channals.The surface had affected by its slow slopeness on 'the expansions of rivers and the movement of water inside ithem •. The weather had also affected through its variations ion the increase of' evabo : ration and consequently on the num11er of irrigations and their quantities. It has also ~p~d that the dii"f erence in osmosisty of the soil had - .n : b'd'luence on the irrigation processes in the governorate. The second chapter dealt with the geographical expansions commonly used method, despite of its detects and its influenceon salting the soil. The third chapter dealt with an evalution to the enougbness of irrigation the study of the Crops needs ot / water. It appeared that there was always a sUllllller lack of I/ water in most of the rivers and irrigation - canals in the govern.orate and there was always winter extra water expelle4 to the marshes. !he districts that sutfer from natural diab1lity (lack) or which do not have enough irrigating water had been designated (limited) and proper stut1ons had been ottered (given).!'he two - divisions system in the governorate had also been studied and found that system needed coordination with the neighbouring goverBorates to limit water portions to each are et them. Tl : le thesis ended with a.revealation et the most important conclusions that the : research reached.

صناعة وسائط النقل المائي في محافظة البصرة وافاقها المستقبلية : دراسة في الجغرافية الصناعية

Author name: فارس مهدي محمد
Supervisor name: محمد يوسف حاجم الهيتي | كاظم عبد الوهاب حسن الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

طرق التكوين الاساسية لاطلس محافظة البصرة الزراعي : دراسة خرائطية

Author name: مها دحام عبد الرضا السامر
Supervisor name: مصطفى عبد الله محمد السويدي | بشرى رمضان ياسين
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تحليل جغرافي للانتاج الزراعي في قضاء المدينة == Analyse Of Geography For Agricultural Production In Al - Madina District

Author name: بشرى رمضان ياسين
Supervisor name: ماجد السيد ولي محمد العلي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: AL - Midayn9.h District is situated in the north - west part of Basrah Governorate. It consists of three administrative units : The district centre, Al - Huwair ~. and Talha zone. It's surrounded by water from - three directionsJ its northern and northern - west parts are represented by the' mid - marshe'S, and its southern and southern - west parts are represented by Al - Hammar Marsh.The interaction of the natural factors plays a great part in the agricultural production, in its spatial variations among the different places of the different quantities from year to year. most of the crops is concentrated on the District and in i r The cultivation if sides of the Eup~ because of the concentration of the river levees that arecharacterized by its relative height if compared with the! low areas t~at are nearby to it. It seems that most of - t'l he climate factors are adequate to cultivate and produce diffe rent crops relatively in the district.The effect of the human factors is no less in imp<F than the effect of natural factors in the agricultural pro duction and its variations from one place to another, Chapter three reveals that there are two types of' ' agricultural production in the district. They are the typof horticulture cultivation and field cultivation. Th~ former iH concP.ntrf' : ted mainly in the areas of river letee where loem clay soils of good discharge are dominant •tic are adequate to the cultivation of Horticulture crops.The latter, like wheat, is concentrated in the river basin areas where clay soils of bad discharge are dominant. This shows the intermixing of the cultivation of these types due to intermixity of agricultural soils with one another in the district.Chapter four deals with the most important natural and human problems which the ae;ric1il tural production has in the area of the study field. The salinity problem is considered one of the most obstacles in the agricultural production tbat leads to the lessening of the soil fertility yearly.Water resources, also have different problems which are represented by the continuation of the low levels of water and their variations. In addition to this fact, there is bad use of these resources and a growing of wate~ plants through river ducts.The research work reveals the decrease in efficiency o using agricultural lands in spite of the possibility of expansion in its use which could lead to the increase of the quantities of agricultural production in a way that is symmetrical to the increase of population - growth averages which is accompanied by need for more food.

تحليل اثر العوامل الجغرافية في التباين المكاني لزراعة الطماطة في محافظة البصرة

Author name: محمود بدر علي
Supervisor name: عبد الاله رزوقي احمد كربل
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: TOlllllto i• a crop whoae origin ldd ia the 110untaine of Alldez1 it •• tr11J1.9ferred to the Old \ilorld "DJ' Spanish explorers. '?be crop ha• • high nutritive value 'because it has Vitainin(c) and coDSiderable amount• of minerals, protein and carbohydratea. It lute also an economic val11• aince it ia the raw aterial. for a llUllber of induetries such aa to•tfopaate alld tomato juice. The effect of the geographical factors on tb9 difference in llaerah is the subject of thia study. Chapter One ehowa that there ia a big developaent in the plantatl!on of this crop, especially after 17 - : 50 July Revolution. Demands for tld• crop M.ve increaNd markedl7 ae a result of the high rate of conllUllPUoa due to an incr... se in population rates, and the rise in the et•~ of living. It also ahov• that the high revenues accured, the developaeat of transportation sector and colllllUDication, along vi.th the faciliti•• and aide rendered bY the gover1111ent to develop agriculture have contri ted a great deal to the development of tomato cultivation. Th.refoN, ellltivation of the crop increased : from 116,7 : 50 donum in 1969 to 190.p : !I · in 1985. The study, •oreover, shows that the areas pl.e.11ted in aumaer eMI• are far gr... ter than those of winter. In addition, a difference ie l'ecogDiHd. in the aru planted with tomatoe among the governoratee in Ir : Be.srah governorate coaee firet in ternlll of the size of the arees, the quantity produced during the d,..,. : .t {f. ~.i. ' i~'i '~, - Y• while it is still ~rciilc behind in the other eouterl : m ,gOverap~tee a~; some of those in the - 1 •· In the late seventies, to.;t;,o c~;~ : li~}ti~.Ji~neeaed a big increase ill Chapter Two showa that natural factors (land aurface, climate, water reaource, eoil) have their clear impact on the geographical diatributioa of t - to in Baerah. For land surface, it ia noticed that we caa al.most divide it into t"9 equal parta : the eastern which ia a plan area characterised with it• al.ow elope, natneaa except the river levee• and the mrt.U adjacent to th•. It i• thia very area which i• relied on for agricul.tllre And the Weatarn part baa becoae the aoat aui table area for t - t• cul ti#atioa dae te certain charactariatica.Aa to the cli•te, it baa been clear that it ia suitable for the prod11otion of ~to •• winter crop. Aa to beet, it ia alao auitable, even in its highest and loweat degree•, for the crop to grow during the vario11a etas••• In aoat extreme caaes, producers can le1111en the effectll by protecti11g the crop with the uae of the available meana. Rain, however, baa not that high significant to the agricultural activitiee due to the fact of its littleness aJ : ld fluctuation. Tbua, cultivation becoaea dependent upon the irrigation potentials available in the area of at'Udy - wiJlde - blowing on the area is ao11tl7 north - west; it ha• negative infl11ence11 on t - to duri11g winter aince it decreases tea,111t1 : '&4 ture in winter and al90 cauaea water los11e11 in sumer because it is bot;In addition, it bas its influencea on water levela in Shatt - Al - Arab and thia will conaequently ha•• ita influences on agriculture in the are moat iaportant reacurcea of irrigation in the eastern part is the ri•era, •inl7, the Tigris and Euphrates and Shatt - Al - Arab. Levelsof watera ha•e strong relationa with the cultivation of crop. It is noticed that thi• part is now suffering from low levels of - tera as underground.,.ter baa no 11ignificaw : e to the agricultural activities due to ealination rates that are high. Certainl;y, it i• found thatsubterranean water ha11 become the eole aource that tomato plaJltation depllJlda upon, in the western part of the governorate. Soil, it is found, is of alluvial origin, newl : r foraed and prevale11t through the eastern part of the area of this stud : J. Moat of the soils of this part 11\lffer fro• high salination rates and bad draiaage, and high leYel of aubterr&11ea11 water except lillited areas repr...aented by riTer levees llJld some areas adjacent to thell. Man has teaded in the 11&rsh area11 to collect soil as e•bankaent making use of the hilgh leYels of waters in welling up the ealts of the soil, and therefore,. the IJUCcesa of to•to cultintion. Sand;y soil conatitute.e the weatena part of the governorate characteriMd by rough texture and le•• aali•tion rate• and the decreaae or the rate.e or organic.. teri•la. Chapter Three •hows that manpower (workers, irrigation proceaae..peasant• Aaeociations) has a great role in the development of the tOllllto agriculture in the governorate since manpower is one of the basic fac.. tors for the success and the deTelopment or to.. to plantation, despiteor llOdern mechanization in some agricultural proceseea. Manpower is divided into hired and native; the first is emplo;yed in Zubllir - Safwan and mo.et of it co•es fro• Egypt and Sudan while the native are mostl7 ef family members in addition to part - timers to work out some agricultlU'tl activities in the areas of 11&rabe11. The 11tud1 has ehown that there are chazlges in irrigation CQllP8recl to that in the fifties. While cultivated ar.. s used to be irrigated 'r free now of water in the fifties, this wa7 ia no longer used, and itis replaced by pu11p11. The ways adopted in irrigation are MDY' there ia the open C8Dllllls uaed in Zubair - Safwan, and Shatt - Al - Arab levees, the •bluikments in the iaarshes, the bllllins method in Talha, aQd fina.lly ao•e Jl].aatation areaa have adopted a very developed method in Zube.ir - Safwn. Co - operative Farmers Association have played a prominent role in the development of T011ato plantation through the services rendered to - bera. Theae services take the forms of loans, machines and agricultur.i aupplies. Alao Agricultural offices in the area pl~s an equal active role through guidance given in application of modern techniquea. Chapter Four shows that the cultivation of To111ato is concentratedin aoae llU'eas and thus the area of the study is divided into three producing regio111t on the basis of the concentration rates of to.. to in it. It also revealed that theae regione vary according to the historical background of the area in question and the significance of the crop in it in proportion to other crops planted in every regions and ao.. of the - e;ricultlll'el activities required. Chapter J'ive deals with marketing since it is one of the basic factors that help develope the plantation in the research a.t'ea. Marketing haa witnessed during the latest 1e&rs a major development as a • re81.ll t of the developaient of factors related. These include the high d - . for thia crop, advances in transport and co111111Unication. The Mrketing of the crop now is rUJl buy the private sector, it is : ahown that Baghdad governorate gets the largest eh&.re of tomato lllllrketed ' tro11 B&srah governorate. It is fOUlld out that lllBrketing auffers 0011 from so many probl - auch as non - availability of ellOungh trailers to transport outside the governorate, the low prices of crop mainly

تصنيف بعض اراضي منطقة البصرة : دراسة في الجيومورفولوجيا التطبيقية

Author name: صباح عبود عاتي
Supervisor name: تغلب جرجيس داود
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis is concerned with the study of the Land 111 Classii'ication of part of Basrah District, applied Geomorph - f,1 ological Approach. The study area lies between lai tuds 0° 20 - - 31° BN & longj)itude 47°E, to Shat - Al - Arab RiverIi from the east bounded by Qurna in the North and Abu - Al - Khaseeb ii in the South. The area is extended from Hor Al - Hammar in the north to Khur Al - Zubeir in the south. Air photos, topoi ~. graphic maps and field checkes revaled that the - a.. - "N : !a could be ciassii'ied to eight land Systems as folJ.o1 - Natural Levees of Shatt Al - Arab.2 - Al - Hartba Land System.3 - Ho.. - Al - Hammar Land System.4 - Hai Al - Shuhadaa Land System.5 - Al - Zubair Land System. u·111 - The.i.ow land of Burgesia Land System.Al - Subkha Land System.8 - Arte.wee Land System.These land Systems have diffe~ent phisicai properties soil texture, percentage of clay minerals, soil PH, So, soditun ion exchange and Salinity.• The study of the area has shown that these variations ;in those elements due the different geomorphological processes : which effected the area. The Zubair land system is formedfrom Alluvial deposits and affected by deflation and denudation while Artawee Land System represent afluvial 'l!deposits of ancient running water. The Hur Al~Hslll!ll8.r formation is part of Marshes and moor lands lie in the Southern part of Iraq. The Natural Levee of Shatt - Al - Arab formed from suspended material carried by the river. Eartha ladd system forever is affected by the flood of Hur Al - Ha~r and Shatt Al - Arab and is formed.by Fluvial Flood plain. Hai Al - Shuhadaa represent the effect ion fresh water deposits on one hand, and by sediments from the Arabian Gul.t during I' the high Tide. It has been found that the high percent or Salinity end gypsum formation are the main elements of salt weathering in the area.The extent and rate of the geomorphological processes are affected by two types : - l. Dry weather and high temperature, so as the salts in solution are drawn up vmrds by capila : rry action and deposits in the upper horizons of the land, especially in Hartha landsystem, the margines of Hur Al - Hammar, the Hai Al - Shuhadaa and Artawee formations. ' The area is also affected by natural subsidense due to the earth staticts process which causes the subsidense of Deltatic area in the southern parts of Mesopotamian plane in Iraq.This plane is fulled up by deposi.. carried by the Tig : ris, Euplu?ates and their tributaries in : addition to the aealian deposits which is thought to be (l,750m3) million and caused t~e high percentage of clllY minerals montmorillon;te type, Silt and gypsum in the flood plain, v1h : t - : : e the quartz and non clay minerals become higher in the western parts of the area. 2. Human interfeJ."ence, where the land is an old civilization area, many civilized construction, had bui.ld up in the area, like rivers and canals used in irrigation processes from ancient times, which caused the aalinimation of the soil, on the other hand, man has constructed some dams at the margins of Hur - Al - Hammar as a mean !or draining the area and reclamation or the dam which was constructed !rom Basrah to use as railways. This dam has prevented the fresh water of the Hur to flood over the area, and exceeds the effects of the Arabian Gulf water to pentrate through it. These reasons revealed that the area become under the influence of high degree of salt weathering which attacts the concrete formation in one hand and lowering the agricult111' 9 capability on the other hand. So the area cound be classified for land use to four c1asses with minor ones.l. Land with minor limitation good for agriculture and civil construction i.e. Natural Levee Land System. 2. Lands with moderate limitation for agriculture and civil construction.3. Lands with moderate sever limitation restrict its use in pasture, agriculture, civil constructions.Lands with extremely sever limitation cannot be used for Human activity. However, the study has revealed that. the area could be [i face in future some problems mainly :

جمهورية اليمن الديمقراطية الشعبية الخصائص الجيوبوليتيكية للموقع الجغرافي واثرها في علاقاتها الدولية

Author name: خلف راجح جيناوي المالكي
Supervisor name: عبد الحميد عبد المجيد القيسي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The coru : lusi.on that the study came out with i~; the significance that the geographical location envoys, lwt.11 011 th., n•ylortMl 1u1d 1.11.. IHUI l\1 AIJ 1..,,v.,I du.. D111mocr.. tic v..... m. For 1 : 11.. intpr - nAtlfHo.~l JJO~IFff&#34;I i&#39;ln~ u...beneficiaries of the geographical location to achieve its strategic and political interests. This has its own reperoussions on Democratic Yamen where it has been partitional into two.Moreover, its has negative infuences on its relations with the neighbouring collntries. All have negative ingluences on national secur i ti. - .This study falls within the field of political geography for it deals with the geopolitical features of the geographical location of the Democratic Republic of Yamen. In order to give prominence to the influence on : 1 - Rise of the state and its development.2 - Nature of the political situation.3 - International Relations The study includes ·{or chaptersChapter one studies the yeographic : al c : ont!lilnte of the geographical location comparing it with elements of power in the state. Chapter two includes the. idea of the state, and the factors of its valuation throuhg studying the tribal tendency, the British policy, and the National movements.Chapter three studies the political situation in tha mtata and the most important political events. This is done through the sutdy of the historical roots of the, ruling political organization and its internal relations.Chapter four studies the international relation of the damccratic republic of Ya.men and the influencing factors, this is studied on two levels.

النقل بالسيارات على الطرق الخارجية في محافظة البصرة : دراسة في جغرافية النقل == Transportation By Automobile On The Highways In Basrah Governorate A Study In Transport Geography

Author name: اسعد عباس هندي الاسدي
Supervisor name: حميد غالب عجيل السكيني
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This thesis aims at studying the subject of the transportation by automobile on the highways in Basrah Governorate in 2000 concerning its increase of population, direction, the motives behind its ~ motions,1 and the capacity of these ways to contain this motion.This study is necessary because of the strategic importance of Basrah for its vital geographical position, high density of population and for, having different economic activities. Moreover, Basrah is regarded as the only Iraqi harbour occurring at the Arab Gulf thatmakes it the only path for the lraqi foreign trade through the see... etc. And. due to the significance of automobiles in the process of transportation, this study is conducted to know the range of the automobile's capacity to carry people and goods from Basrah to the other governorate and vice versa. This is know the ability of this kind of transportation to contain this motion and the need to be developed in order to be in a suitable level for present and future activities. This thesis consists of five chapters. The fist chapter deals with he development of the land transportation in Basrah concentrating mainly on the transportation by automobiles. The second one deals with the 1study of the effects of the environmental and human factors on the transportation by automobiles on the highways in Basrah. The third chapter studies the motion of the vehicles on the highways in Basrah. It consists of two sections. The first one deals with the study of the motion of vehicles on the northern and southern highways. - The second section deals with the study of the motion of vehicles on the eastern and western highways. Many observation points have been chosen on the highways for three hours daily and for several days. The fourth chapter deals with the study of the motion of buses on the highways in Basrah. It consists of two sections. The first deals with the motion of buses on the notihern and southern highways. The second deals with the motion of buses on the eastern and western highways. The fifth chapter sheds light on the study of future development in the transportation by automobiles on the highways in 13asrah and what might develop the transportation by automobiles during the next decade.It is concluded through out the study that the motion of the transportation by automobiles on the highways is in a continual shooting up in comparison with the last decades. Moreover, it is found that the motion of the transportation by automobiles on the westernhighways occupies the first position in accordance with the density, followed by the motion on the northern highways, while the motion on the southern highways occupies the third position and lastly the ,, motion on the eastern highways stands in the fourth position in accordance with the motion of the passing automobiles through these ways.

التغلغل الصهيوني في افريقيا بعد بدء ما يسمى بعملية السلام : دراسة في الجغرافية السياسية == The Zionist Penetration On Africa After The So - Called Peace Process A Study In Political Geography

Author name: هاشم كاظم صبيخي الربيعي
Supervisor name: جواد صندل جازع البدران
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

دراسة جغرافية لمنظومة الري في محافظة بابل == Irrigation System In Babylon Governorate : A Geographical Study

Author name: علي صاحب طالب
Supervisor name: عبد الاله رزوقي احمد كربل
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

الموارد المائية في حوض وادي سردود : دراسة في جغرافية الموارد المائية == Aquatic Resources In Wadi Surdud Basin Astudy In The Geoqraphy Of Aquatic Resources

Author name: ماجد احمد عبد الله الورد
Supervisor name: ماجد السيد ولي محمد العلي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The researcher arrived at the following conclusions concerning water resources in the basin of wadi (valley) surdud : 1. It is situated to the west of the capital San' a between lont,>titudes of 42.30 - 44.00 to the east and latitudes 15.00 - 15.40 to the north. It is an arid and semi - arid area.2. The area of the basin of the wadi is 2846.7 Km2. Topographically, this wadi is divided in to two sections. The first section is the coastal plain, which is characterized by being dilated with some inclination towards the Red Sea. The second section is the eastern heights of the basin of the wadi, which contain mountains of very steep slopes. These mountains reach height of more than 3000 meters.3. The climate in the wadi is not equable for example, temperature is high (43.3 C0 ) in the coastal plain area in July where as it decreases on the peaks of the mountain slopes to reach 22.7C0 in the same time of the year.4. The soil of the wadi, along the whole water path, is almost alluvial thick because of the flood deposits where as it is a mixture in the southern and northern parts of the wadi. 5. Vegetation cover is poor in the coastal plain of the wadi because of the dry climatic conditions and grass is dominating.6. The basin of the wadi is nearly triangle and its shape coefficient is 0.26.7. Relief rate in the wadi is 35.2 111/km.8. River grading ranks in the wadi arc six with 2449 downstream.9. The meandering rate in the wadi is l.43. This means that the wadi is zigzagged.10. Drainage types in the wadi are the tributary and the perpendicular.11. Underground water is almost every where in the basin of the wadi and it is easy to take out especially in the plain area.12.Underground water in the wadi is supplied by filtration from the bottom of the wadi. From running rain water and from irrigation surplus. 13.The depth where underground water is found in the wadi ranger from l 0 to 30 meters and it increases to more than SO meters in the area of the alluvial soil.14.The total rate ?fwater taken out from artesian and manually - digged wells is 133 x 106 m3/r.15.Water in the basin of wadi surdud is appropriate for different uses in terms of UN and WHO criteria.16.Number of population of the basin of the wadi is about 380.000. 17. Water needs for domestic purposes is 1S.200.00 liter /day.18. The total area of the land irrigated by water of wadi surdud is 33.000 hectares and the total water consumption is 1295.000 m3 /r. 19.The main crops in the wadi are cereals, vegetable and fruit.20.Livestock in the wadi is 250.000 in number and it consumes water of 760.500 m3/r.21. Water balance in the wadi is achieved by summation of the available surface and underground water and it is estimated to be 202 million m3/r.Total water need is 145.460.000 m3/r.

من خصائص ترب محافظة ميسان : دراسة في جغرافية التربة

Author name: عصام طالب عبد المعبود السالم
Supervisor name: داود جاسم الربيعي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

القارية والمحيطية في مناخ العراق بتاثير المسطحات المائية المحيطة به

Author name: كرامة ناجي عبود
Supervisor name: عبد الاله رزوقي احمد كربل
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: There were many geographical as well as climatical studies that were devoted to tudy diffrent climatic elments , factors and phenomena in Iraq.However, few of them gave the subject of the degree ofContinentality & Oceanity in Iraq climate and factors by which it was affected the erequired attention.The present study intends to estimate the effect(s) of the five seas surround Iraq namely Black sea,Red sea,Mediterranean sea, Capsin sea and the Arabian gulf, on the degree of Cotintenentality & Oceanity in Iraq climate.The main aim of this study ,in conjunction with the above ,is to find a regional distribution patteren according to the degree of Continentality & Oceanity in different parts of the country and to notify up to what degree this distribution agree with the climatic regions obtained throughout the application of a number of standar climatic classifications.Data relied in this study was collected from a fifteen meterological stations spreading along the whole Iraqi land. these include : ZAKHO , SALAHADDIN , SULAyYMN~IYA , MOSUL, KIRK.UK, BAIJI, KHANAQEEN , ANAH , RUTBA , BAGHDAD , NAJAF , HAI , AMARA, NASIRIY A and BASRAH for asmall climatic cycle of eleven years in the period from 1980 - 1990.Asceintific background of this topic was attempted in chapter one which consist of three sections : the first one used to define the Continentality & Oceanity concept.Mathimatical equations and expressions used to determine the Continentality & Oceanity and the corresbonding standar climatic classifications are intended in the second section. A topographical study for the five seas mentioned before , and thier climatic influences on Iraq , is conducted in section three.A detailed analysis and discussion of various climatic elements and factors such as air temprature, pressure , rain falls , air mass, etc. and their contribution onto the Continentality & Oceanity degree were obtained in chapter two.According to their Continentality & Oceanity degree different parts of Iraqi land 11~,Pivided into a number of regions using different equations and sta?Oar~.. '1'.lotov~ aclimatic regional divission to Iraqi climate was obtain~ accord..U i'ti.<to 'four =tan.d'd climatic classifications namely : KOPPEN , THOTyRNW : CE· ·. ,DE ~ ONE , LANGE. There a compars10n study has been made be en them w ; so discussed in details. Moreover the study consist of many illustrative figures (charts &maps ) showing the behavior of different climatic elements and there distributions.Study include also final conclusion article to specify the final results obtained..

قضاء الزبير : دراسة تطبيقية في الخرائط الاقليمية == Qadah Ai - Zubaip Appleciable Study In Regional Maps

Author name: حنان علي شكير العتابي
Supervisor name: مصطفى عبد الله محمد السويدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aims at preparing an regional atlas consists of a set of specialized maps which deals with geographical, natural, and humanitarain characteristics to Qadha Al - Zubir. This subject derives its importance from using the representation of the map and its analysis in the geographical research in general and the regional studies in particular.. The study falls into two parts. Part One includes of four chapters.Chapter One represents the theortical framework of regional geography : its importance the region concept, the problem of determining region and the importance of map in the geographical research. Moreover, it deals with maps of region and the regional atlas. As for as Qadha Al - Zubir is concerned, Chapter one deals analytically with the maps of its atlas.Chapter two hardies with the natural characteristics of Qadha AlZubir : Location, area, geological construction, parts of earth surface and their features, climatic features, water resources, Soil, and the natural plant. Chapter three deals with population ofQadha AL - Zubir. It discusses the distribution of population according to environment and sex. Then, it deals with the geographical distribution of the population depen ding upon · certain criteriaChapter Four tackles with the economical activities in Qadha ALZubir : agriculture activity industrial activity, geographical distribution of oil >yells, and the roads of transportation in this place Part two, which represents the regional atlas of Qadha AL - zubir,consists of 32maps. Each one of these maps has its own in formation concerning the means and the representations of the maps. Besides this atlas incJudes 15 assistant figures in order to give a complete and clear idea as far as possible about this place. The study has arrived at some results and , recommendations.

استخدام تقنيتي التحسس النائي ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية GIS في دراسة الملامح الجيومورفولوجية ما بين شط العرب وخور الزبير == The Using Of Remote Sensing And Geographic Information Ystems (GIS) In Study Geomorphologyic Features Between Shatt Al - Arab And Khor Al - Zubuir

Author name: محمد عبد الوهاب حسن الاسدي
Supervisor name: تغلب جرجيس داود | قاسم محمود السعدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aimed to delineated the geomorphologic features in the area bounded between Shatt Al - Arab and Khor Al - Zubair by means of Remote sensing and Geographic Information system (GIS) techniques, southern Basrash city. The study traversestarted from Al - Saraji River in the north to the shore line of Arabian Gulf (Ras Al - Bisha) in the south. To acieved this study the researcher adopts four main methods : descriptive (filed trips), origin, development, and quantitative methods, the last one comprises theanalysis of texture and other physical and chemical soil properites, as well as, the using of GIS technique, i.e., the using of satellite image which supplied by the Landsat - 7, this image has many bands;1,2,3,4,5,7, and 8 bands, the sixth band was excluded because of its thennal nature which is out of the present study scope. To present a full desctiption and explanation for the geometric features, the data bases was employed for maps construction, the satellite images was subjected to many soft maps construction, the satellite image was subjected to many soft ware program to carried out engineering correction, digitization management, and position analysis and date base builddup to achieve the necessary maps. The information abstracted from the image analysis in addition to the physical and chemical properties of the study soils enable us to categorized the observed geomorphic features into four main unit; natural levees, transitional lands, sabkhas, and tidal flats, furthermore 1l is also thepresent present study emphasized the activity of GIS in offering time and efforts in studying the natural phenomena incomparsion with the traditional methods, moreover the GIS provide us with high flexibility in controlling the scale of the prepared maps. Regarding the physical and chemical weathering processes, the present study proved that the extension, contraction, dryness and wethess process play an important role in physical weathering which seems to be the dominant processes incomparsion with chemical one. The deposited sediments of both fluvial and Aeolian origin yield new lands, the continuous sediments deposition during 1983 - 2002 period creating a new land with a total area of about 92278 square meters.

التباين المكاني لخصائص سكان سلطنة عمان حسب تعداد 1993 : دراسة في جغرافية السكان == The Place Difference Of The Population'S Characteristics Of Sultanate Of Oman According To Census Of 1993 Analysis - Population Study

Author name: حسين عليوي ناصر الزيادي
Supervisor name: باسم عبد العزيز عمر العثمان
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: It is clear that the population geography has got a remarkable position mong branches of human geography clue to the importance of population in perations of planning and development. There is an obvious shortage in the opulation studies concerning Sultmrnte of Onrnn because the first census in the ultanate took place in December 1993 and other one was in the end of 2003. ftcr the researcher had got the preliminary results of this census, he included it the subject of this study so as to make comparison and know the time velopment of this phenomenon so a time dimension had been added to this Udicd phenomenon.l : The study is divided into four chapters. The first chapter has discussed the puh1tion growth in the Sultanate since the beginning of the twentieth century t I 2003. This chapter is divided into five subjects. The second subject has s died the population growth of Omanis and non - Omanis. As for the third s bjcct, it has tackled the natural increase of population, birth rate and death r tc depending on modern statistics issued by the ministry of health and n 1tional economy in Sultanate of Oman. The fourth subject has studied the f. urc of population growth in the sultanate while the fifth subject has studied ti urban growth.The second chapter has studied immigration and its geographical traits. Jt 1s divided into three subjects. The first subject has tackled the coming 11 uigration, its sources and currents. As for the second subject has studied rnal immigration. The third subject has studied the traces of immigration. The third chapter , which is the biggest one, has studied the distribution a density of the population. lt is divided into three subjects. The first subject h studied the size and relative distribution of population on the level the S ltanate and nationality. The second subject has been allocated to study ncrs of the distribution and its kinds. Population concentrations in the S tanate have been studied in detail we have cnlrnnced thut by maps, diagrams an tables. The third subject of this chapter has showed the effecting factors inth population distribution.Due to the importance of population structure, this subject has been sh eel in the last chapter which was divided into six subjects such as agest cturc , sex - structure 111 economic - structure, religious - structure, educationalstr cture and marriage structure.The study has concluded many results , the most important of which is dis ·ibution of population in the Sultanate in addition to the disability and dif rcncc that prevailed the former population estimations of the year of census as ell as the increase of illiteracy in the Sultanate. · In addition to that the Omani worl•crs were in the marginal jobs while the inc ming workers increased in the productive jobs.

التباين المكاني للمرائب الرئيسية في محافظة ميسان == Diffrential Location Of The Main Garages In The Missan Governorate

Author name: ضحى لعيبي كاظم السدخان
Supervisor name: سعدي علي غالب
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study deals with the main garages in the Governorate ofMissan that ( represent the terminal of the movement of external, internal, and international means of transport. In the Governorate, this has made the private transport service adopt procedures about organization and submitting the services of transport in arranged. The means transport, operating at the garages, stand for a fundamental language for getting to and interconnecting with the city and it is outskirts in addition to the Govern orate and neighboring provinces. Also after the development and improvement of transport network;expansion of roads and interconnecting of chief garages are regarded a foundation of basic requirement for economic and social grpwth that will lead to the reduction of cost of transport. Later the reduction of cost commodities with link - up of entities of production with entities of consumption, taking the outlying regions out of isolation, ·facilitates the spread of cultural and sanitary services. It is not strange for center ·• of cities to be crowded and suffering from the traffic - game on account of the unexpected increase in the vehicles.The Governorate provided a large number of vehicles exceeding, it isl capacity and potential of regulation of streets and the area of the main garages! that cannot accommodate up to that increase in the number of vehicles operating!. the garages, this has results in difficulties and appearance of a lot of irregular situation witch have influenced the time - table of traffic in the main garageSJ owing to increase of demand of transport drivers.As a result of variety of location of the chief garages in the Govemorate, : the study only concerns the movement of transport of passengers and suffering of some garages from failure of planning in choosing this sites, so the stud)t relies on references and sources of a library in addition to the field study that ha$ contained some part of the subject in detail because of the carcity of source$ i concerning the topic of transport in Maisan.The research is composed of five chapters. The first one is about thit understanding of public transport; the second one focuses the natural principle$ and human factors affecting the motion of transport in the garages. The third one deal with the location of area, number of Jines, kinds of motion of transport anlll date of construction of garages, the fourth one studies the queuing theory. The fifth one is about public and private problems and problems of driver's vehicle taking conclusions and suggestions for solving such problems into consideration at the terminals (garages).

التوسع المساحي لمدينة البصرة 1947 - 2003 : دراسة في جغرافية المدن == Areal Expansion To Basrah City 1947 - 2003

Author name: صلاح هاشم زغير مبارك الاسدي
Supervisor name: ماهر يعقوب موسى
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study aims at investigating the phenomenon of area expansion of Basra city , together with examining the directions of this expansion and the factors that affect increasing the city area , as well as the influences that such an expansion makes in the city and its adjacent lands. The problem of the study can be summed up in that Basra city in the period 194 7 - 2003 expanded in its area by the leaping approach into different directions leaving lands of variable areas inside the city unexploited , in its tum , is reflected on the city achievement of its jobs.The significance of the study lies in the fact that it can be regarded a guide to studying other Iraqi cities throughout studying Basra city to solve the problems resulting from this expansion. This can be listed as an endeavor to estimate the real need to the urban areaBasra city is of a historical dimension and it has developed its jobs to arrive at Such a high level. This development could not happen unless a number of shard factors worked together to draw the city picture with all its surveying and demographic dimensions. The city of Basra has an obvious property , representing in its geographical position which gathers a unique social , cultural , and economic structure , which makes it somehow different from other Iraqi cities.The present city deals with the surveying expansion of Basra city in a particular period 194 7 - 2003 for a number of reasons. First , the study depends on the first census made in Iraq in 194 7 , which helps examine the surveying development of the city throughout connecting it with the statistical side ( the nurp.ber of city population ). Second , the first design of the city was made in 1942 , five years before the official census which helps follow such a development. Third , examining the surveying development of the city largely depends on its demographic weight , which clarifies the directions of this expansion. Such a development cannot be understood unless the researcher follows the movement of the demographic census ~ I inside the city. To achieve this aim , a specific geographical approach is followed in the four chapter of the study.Chapter One presents the theoretical background of the study , including the definitions , concept , and theories which are , in one way or anther , related to the subjected of the study.some of the definitions and concepts presented here are somehow similar in their titles. Besides , the chapter shows the theories that dealt with the internal structure of the city , and the approaches of surveying expansion , as well as studying the stages of city development so as to achieve the research objective. f Chapter Two exhibits the analysis of the factors of the city surveying expansion. These factors have played a very essential role in time and location , in terms of the objective Conditions of each stage that the city surveying development has passed through. Consequently , this chapter comes to be historical , descriptive , and analytic , which depends , in its information , on historical and field resources.Chapter three Consists of three axes. The first axis deals with the obstructions of the surveying expansion , whether Topographical obstructions or Human ones , and their influence on the city expansion in its successive stages. The Second axis examines the expansion directions through the stages of the city 1 development , and finally the third axis reflects the designing efforts.Chapter Four deals with three items , the first of which investigates the expansion influences , direct or indirect , on the city , whether in the quality of the services presented , its morphology , or its social influences on the population. The Second item clarifies the affects of such an expansion on the adjacent lands , whether the cultivated lands or the empty ones. The last item reflects the surveying expansion future of the city according to three approaches : the prophetic, the average of the individual 's shave , and the criteria of the urban designing.

القيم الفعلية للامطار واثرها في التباين المكاني لزراعة محصولي القمح والشعير في العراق

Author name: باسمة علي جواد
Supervisor name: ماجد السيد ولي محمد العلي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

النقل في مدينة البصرة : دراسة في النقل الحضري == Transportation In Basrah City A Study In Urban Transportation

Author name: حميد غالب عجيل السكيني
Supervisor name: عبد الحسين جواد السريح
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - College Of Literature - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study aims to deal with the subject of transportation in Basrah city, as Ii study urban transportation geography, to evalute the qualification of the elements o , transprtation, particularly the ability of the modes and means of transportion, routes in fulfiling the needs of the movement of transportation in the city to face th1 demands of the city in transporting people and goods at present and future.. This general objective requires studying the relationship between the urbagrowth of the city and the development of transportation in it, and analysing landuse in the city in general, and the transportation landuse in particular. To achiere this ai there has to be an emphasis on transportation movement in the city concerning i directions, motivations, density, and the variables affecting transport in order to dra acl~ picture of the present of transport in the city.• The study b dirided into six chapter. Chapter one deals with the urhan grot I and development of transportation in Basrah city because of the close relations 11 between them, and for the long history of the city. ,Chapter two discusses the transportation landuse in the city, including tar, , water, and air, where emphasis will be on the distribution of land use and the relati n ' ii ship between them in order to evaluate their qualifications.Chapter three deals with the directions of transportations morement in the c ty which result from the relationships between the different landuses in the city and its region. Some aspects, such as population distribution, trips orginates and ps : terminates, routes of trips, and time of trips are considered in this chapter. ·Chapter foure examines the motives behind transportation movements in the c •hese motives lead to the movement of people through out the city. Three motives, in eluding working, shoping, and recreation, are dealt with in this chap Chapter five presents the density of transportation in the city, which ~ a. significant criteria used to eraluate quxlifications of modes of transportation and r~s.The last chapter deals with the variables affecting transportation in the ci at present and fature. To analyse the relations between these variables and tr ansporta on, certain statistscal methods are used.

تحليل بيئي للعوامل المؤثرة في نوعية الملوثات الجوية لمحافظة البصرة == Environmental Analysis Of Factors Influences The Quality Of Air Pollutants In Basrah Governorate

Author name: ايمان كريم عباس المياحي
Supervisor name: كاظم عبد الوهاب حسن الاسدي
General topic: Geography
Specific topic: Geography
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Geography
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: influence and determine the quality of air pollutants in Al - Basrah governorate. It deals in details with the most crucial human an natural pollutants air factors such as rain falling , dust , lead in domestic dust , the acid rain degree , the concentrations of some gases (Oxide and amoniaoxide Carbon, amoni - oxide Sulfuric , Hydrocarbons , Chlorine , di hydrogine sulfur and Amonia ) throughout the area using (Aspirating Pump OS 50) and some bottles fir measuring atmosphere gases in part per million (ppm).The study falls into four chapters. Chapter one deals with the ·theoretical and systematic of the thesis , chapter.utwo tackles the natural factors that influence , positively or negatively the problem of the study , Chapter three discusses the human factors that help in causing the problem And chapter four includes a locational analysis of the most important air pollutants throughout collecting and measuring them and reaching at their concentrations.The study arrives at the following conclusions : 1. The astronomic position determines the climatic characteristics of the study area for it falls in the dry region which is reflected on the other natural factors and their effects on the distributions and concentrations of these pollutants.The geographical position of the study area , which is adjacent to Thi - Qar governorate which has the highest repetition of dusty and sandy storms in Summar , has a negative effect in increasing these pollutants in this area. In addition , there are some oilycountries adjacent to the study area that have an important role in casting much of these pollutants.The flat surface helps in activating the role of the wind in spreading the air pollutants and never be concentrated in certain places. This decreased the problem of air pollution.The climate causes the aridity of the soil , and fewness of the natural that supports the raising of the striping operation and the oxidation of the elements and gases that cause air pollution.The sandy dry soil has a negative role because of the easiness of its denudation by the wind which causes air pollution in the western part.Even water helps in absorbing some of the air pollutants and finding agricultural distances and natural plants. However , this factor looses much of its vital role because of the human interference in its pollution by drying out most of the marshes.The scarcity of natural plants has a negative role in protecting the air from pollution. The population which is (2100326 person) fling rubbish to the environment without any remedy. This increases the problem of the study.9. The fewness of the agricultural areas influences in increasing the problem of the study , in addition to the use of the chemical and organic fertilizers , insecticide and others.10. The increasing number of vehicles from (51383) at 2003 to (104012) at the end of 2004 increas air pollution. 11. Most of the environmental pollutants was resulted from some essential industries.12. The wars plays a great and danger role in destructing the environment.13. The highest average of the falling dust in the western side in Qhur Al - Zubair was (71.9) g/m2 , and the lowest average in the eastern ,., ~ side in Abu Al - Khaseeb was (38.6) g/m2 14. The amount of (Co2) exceeded its natural concentration (0.03) ppm. The highest concentration was (0.08 - 0.3) ppm and the lowest was (O.Ol)ppm.15. The oxide Carbon (Co) exceeded its natural and permitted concentration. The highest polluted concentration of the gas was (80 - 100) ppm, and the lowest was (5) ppm.16. The concentration of the polluted sulfur Dioxide (So2) exceeded its natural and permitted concentration the highest polluted concentration was (20 - 30) ppm, and the lowest was (10) ppm.17. The hydrocarbons had polluted concentrations exceeded permitted ones , as the highest polluted concentration was (10 - 20) ppm, and the lowest was (5 - lO)ppm.18. The chlorine gas has polluted concentrations exceeded the permitted ones, as the highest concentration was (1.0 - 2.0)ppm , and lowest was (5.0 - 1.0)ppm.19. The Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) has polluted concentrations the highest was (3 - 5) ppm and the lowest was (2) ppm. 20. The Amonia (NH3) gas has polluted concentration , the highest was (10 - 15) ppm, and the lowest polluted ones was (5) ppm.21. The highest average of the obstacles concentrations that contain lead (pb) was (2112.84) mlg/m3 , in which the percentage of the lead was (0.515)ppm in the southern sandy side , and the lowest concentrations of these obstacles that had lead of about (1623.28)mlg/m3 and (0.258)ppm was in Sa'ad Sequare.22. The concentration of the lead in the demostic dust is (0.033) ppm in Al - Basrah and (0.030) ppm in Al - Hartha.23. The (PH) of the falling rain varied between (6.9 - 8.4) , the highest one was (8 - 4) in Al - Basrah , and the lowest was (6.9) in Al - Qurna.
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