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اثر نجيب محفوظ في الرواية العراقية غائب طعمة فرمان انموذجا == Najib Mahfodh's effect on the Iraqi novel Ga'eb To'ma Farman as an example

Author name: زينـب باقـر جـواد
Supervisor name: هادي شعلان حمد البطحاوي
Specific topic: Language
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The aim of this study is the effect of Najib Mahfodh on the Iraqi novel. The number of the novel was hundred s until the current time, but the mature novel start publishing Al - Nakhla and Al - Jiran in 1966 (The palm and the Neighbor). So, this study focused on Ga'eb To'ma Farman's novel as an example because Farman is the real pioneer for the mature novel artistically in Iraq and for he had pertained to the same age and studied in Cairo and a attended all Najib Mahfodh seminars and debates. so, it was inevitable that the great writer who won the Nobel prize in 1988 leaves an impression or mark profoundly in the Arabian writers including the Iraqis. This study consists of a prefect and three chapters and prefect, it deals with the Arabian novel and its birth and its affected features with the western writings. then, it deals with the Egyptian works that Najib Mahfodh brought out.It converses with his post among the writers and the critic's opinions about him. Finally, it argues with his most prominent writings with brief merits of his novels.The second part of preface charities the condition of the Arabian novel in Iraq and its beginning and the arts' effect in it. Then, it highlights the novel area which Farman brought out and his place among the Iraqi authors and the opinions of the critics about him. hastily, it deals with most significant novels and brief qualities of his novels.The first chapter critically and accurately peruses the effect of Najib Mahfodh in Farman's writing specifically in the structure of the visions and themes which. The second chapter talks about personalities building and keeping the repeated types between the both writers. Najib Mahfodh and Ga'eb To'ma Farman.The third chapter focused on the most artistically features which Najib Mahfodh came in to and its effects that have been observed with Ga'eb To'ma Farman.Eventually, it deals with the results and the conclusion and what this research deducts showing the clarification of Najib Mahfodh's effect with Ga'eb To'ma Farman's writing and then the sources and the referees.This study is a simple effort for the sake of literary criticism and analysis. It shows the Iraqi novel's circumstances and its artistically value. it also deals with the most prominent influences which promote it to be equal in value with the several novels in the Arab world

اليات التاويل عند ابن جني ت 392هـ في كتابه الفسر == Mechanisms of interpretation of Ibn Jinni (D. 392 E) in his book Al - Fasr

Author name: نجاح حسن كاظم
Supervisor name: سهى كناوي حسن
Specific topic: Language
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The interpretation of the Arab heritage dates back to the early beginnings of the literature and studies in the first Hijri centuries. Its origin and its concepts were intertwined in the context of religious studies that dealt with the Quranic text in interpretation, in order to understand its verses and explain its rulings. However, in the third and fourth centuries of migration, interpretation began to take on a new dimension other than the literary one. In this period, the narratives and narratives of the poetry were active, and the narrator was exposed to these rich texts with meanings and commentary. And many of this phenomenon felt the great poets such as Abi Tammam and Mutanabbi and Abu Nawas and others, were the writings of these poets explained by more than one explanation, the difference occurs, and multiple meanings. Ibn Jinni is one of the most important of these commentators who took it upon themselves to delve into the meanings of al - Mutanabi's poetry. He is the first to collect al - Mutanabbi's poetry in his book al - Fasr and to treat his texts with commentary and commentary. The book included the works of al - Mutanabi poetry and Ibn Jinni's linguistic and literary possibilities. This explanation is distinguished from other explanations, which led us to choose a code for research, and the title (Mechanisms of interpretation of Ibn Jinni (d. 392 e) in his book Al - Fasr), highlighting light on the efforts of Ibn Jeni in his interpretation of the poetry of Mutanabi, and highlight the mechanisms that resorted to Creative text, Jane Gennie has used language and non - linguistic data to illustrate Linguistic and intellectual excellence of Lete. Perhaps the most important motivation behind the choice of the subject is to shed light on the deep intellectual heritage of our general scientists, and the son of the renaissance of the Arab world in particular, as well as linking the old to modernity; the fact that interpretation is renewed day after day, and the need for it constantly appears. Our scholars have beenBunaware of it ever since. The study began with a preface in which he shed light on the interpretation of the Arab and Western thought, and dealt with it in its linguistic meaning, and then the meaning of terminology in these two ideas. As for the chapters, it was in the statement of those mechanisms adopted by the shah in the research code. The first chapter was entitled (linguistic and grammatical mechanisms), which are in two sections, the first in the lexicon and the second in grammar. The second chapter was in (rhetorical mechanisms), which is on three topics : the first section in the metaphor and the second in metaphor and the third in the metaphor. The third chapter was entitled (Reference Mechanisms), where it was in three sections, the first of which was in the premises of the speech, the second in the parallel texts, and the third in the tribes of the author. After these chapters, the study was summarized in a summary summarizing the findings of the study, followed by a list of sources and references. This plan came as a result of a previous step. It preceded a thorough inventory of the mechanisms in the search code, and in the light of the inventory results, this plan, which led to the first chapter being two articles, unlike the other two chapters. The diversity of the titles of the chapters and the researches led to the need for the sources and references of the research to be varied in the stripes, in which the dictionaries, grammar books, books of rhetoric, and modern linguistic books, in order to enrich the research thoroughly. This aspect was one of the most difficult difficulties of study; the scarcity of some of these books, and the price of some of them. In conclusion, I can not but thank God and thank him for what extended to me from his grace and gifts, he is the guardian of success.

الدلالة الصرفية في خطاب الامام الحسن عليه السلام

Author name: حياة نايف صينخ
Supervisor name: شاكر سبع نتيش الاسدي
Specific topic: Language
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:

تحضير وتشخيص وتقييم الفعالية البايولوجية لبعض مركبات الفورمازان المشتقة من قواعد شف ومركبات الازو الجديدة ومعقداتها مع الكادميوم الثنائي II == Synthesis , Charactrization and Evaluation Biological Activity of some New Formazan Compounds Derived from Schiff Bases and Azo Compounds and Their Complexes With Cadmium(II)

Author name: محمد عبد الحسن شلال
Supervisor name: حيدر عباس مهدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The letter includes the preparation of twenty new derivatives of Formazan compounds that include Schiff bases associated with AZO compounds.The spectrum of spectroscopy (FT.IR) for all compounds, the NMR spectrum, the NMR spectrum of NMR and the CHIS for all compounds and the identification of some of their physical properties such as grade (TPC), and then to prepare four complexes (two of them for morphine and two forformas) as complexes with cadmium ion, to determine optimal conditions for complex formation and then to measure the molecular conductivity of the complex as well as the electronic measurements Wa For magnetic sensitivity. And then studying of biological activity. For some of these vehicles the research has included two main parts : section One : I attended and identified a group of derivatives (Schiff bases) and then were linked through the interaction of the nuts under certain conditions for the preparation of new Formazan compounds containing (Schiff bases - AZO compounds) on the same compound and then attended four complexes of two Schiff bases and two of the Lycandat Formazan The new vehicles have been identified above Section Two : This part of the work was studied by studying the vital effectiveness of some compounds. Schiff bases and Formazan compounds were selected to determine the effect of the active groups of the compound on inhibiting the biological activity of the microorganisms studied in this thesis

تحضير وتشخيص بعض مشتقات قواعد شف والفورمازانات ومعقداتهما واستخدامهما في استخلاص ايون Cr+6 بطريقة استخلاص نقطة الغيمة == Preparation and Characterization of some Schiff base and formazans derivatives and their Complexes and using them in the Extraction of (Cr+6) Ion By Mothed Cloud - Point Extraction

Author name: بتول مهدي صالح
Supervisor name: ساهر عبد الرضا علي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: This study includes the preparation of ten ligands and it′s complexs : Ligand L4 (N - (4 - ((2 - (phenylcarbamothioyl)hydrazono)methyl)phenyl) acetamide) was prepared by the condensation of (4 - acetamido benzaldehyde) with (4 - phenylthiosemi carbazide). Ligand L5 (1, 3 - bis (2 - hydroxy - 3 - methoxy - (E) - benzylideneamino) eurea) was prepared by the condensation of (o - vanillin) with (carbohydrazide). Formazan F1 (1 - benzoyl - 3 - (2 - hydroxyphenyl) - 5 - phenylformazan) is prepared from coupling the diazonium salt with (L1) proportions Molar (1 : 1). Formazan F2 (3 - (2 - hydroxyphenyl) - 1 - nicotinyl - 5 - phenyl formazan) was prepared by coupling the diazonium salt with (L2) proportions Molar (1 : 1).Complexes were prepared for (L3), (F1) and (F2) by interaction with the salts of the elements NiCl2.6H2O, CoCl2.6H2O, CdCl2.6H2O, CrCl3.6H2O. The ligands and it′s complexes were characterized by using Elemental Analysis (C.H.N) Infrared Spectroscopy(FT - IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H - NMR) , Mass Spectra and Molar Electrical Conductivity and the results were identical to what is expected scientifically. The spatial shape of the complexes prepared is (octahedral). (ligand L1 and formazan F1) on distribution ratio values and percentage of extraction, where results showed that percentage values and distribution ratio in this way increase with increasing concentration of (L1 and F1) where he found that the best distribution ratio (D) and percentage (% E) to extract ion(Cr+6) when concentration (L1 & F1) is (5 * 10 - 4 M).

تحضير , تشخيص ودراسة بيولوجية لمشتقات جديدة من 4,3,1 - ثايادايازول ومعقداتها مع بعض ايونات العناصر الانتقالية == Preparation , Characterization and biological study of new derivatives of 1,3 , 4 - Thiadiazole and their complexes with some transitional element ions

Author name: نعيم عبد السادة بشير الخفاجي
Supervisor name: ابراهيم عبود فليفل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The present study involves preparation of three new ligands derived from the thiadiazole (2,5 - dihydrazineyl - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol) with 1H - indole - 2,3 - dione (Isatin) by the ratio (1 : 2). the ligands L1 and L2 were synthesized from the reaction between thiadiazole derivative with (Benzophenone) by the ratio (1 : 2). The ligand L3 was prepared from thiadiazole derivative and (3 - aminoacetophenone) by the ratio (1 : 2), the following are the structural formulas of the prepared ligands : Prepared the complexes of the transitional elements ions [Cr+3, Fe+3, Co+2, Ni+2 and Cu+2] with ligands (L1, L2 and L3), where the ligands and their complexes characterization by precision analysis of elements (C.H.N.), Infrared spectrum (FT - IR), proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H - NMR), Mass spectrometry, measurement magnetic sensitivity and measurement molarconductivity the results were practical exactly matching with the molecular and structural formulas of the proposed compounds. Hyperchem was used to draw ligands and their complexes and to show the distribution of electronic density. The data indicates that the configuration of the complexes {[CrL1Cl3], [FeL1 3] , [CoL1 3]}, {[CrL2 3], [FeL2 3] ,[CoL2Cl3]} {[Cr(L3)2Cl ]Cl, 3)2Cl2] and [Co(L )2Cl2]Cl} are octahedral , while the proposed configuration of the complexes {[NiL Cl2], 1Cl2]}, [NiL2Cl2] [CuL2Cl ]} ,{[NiL Cl2] and [CuL3Cl2 are square planer. A study was conducted testing the biological activity for the prepared ligands and their complexes against two types of bacteria (staphylococcus aureus) and (Escherichia coli) compared to the standard inhibitor (Ciprofloxacin), the obtained results confirmed the biological effectiveness of prepared preparations except for the third ligand higher than standard inhibitor (Cipro) towards the bacteria (Escherichia coli), the following complexes also showed (A5, C5, C4, C3 and C1) biological effectiveness towards the bacteria (Escherichia coli) higher than standard inhibitor (Cipro), while the rest complexes showed less effectiveness than the standard inhibitor (Cipro) ) 4and A 3, A2(A ) except the complexesEscherichia colitowards the bacteria (where don't showed any biological effectiveness. Also the study confirmed that ligands and their complexes did not show any biological activity towards the bacteria (staphylococcus aureus).

استخلاص وتشخيص ودراسة كيموحيوية لبعض الزيوت الاساسية في نبات الرشاد البري في مدينة الناصرية / العراق

Author name: مريم ماجد كاظم الحسيناوي
Supervisor name: حسام محمد كريدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:

تحضير وتشخيص ودراسة بايولوجية لمشتقات جديدة من - 3,4,0 اوكسادايزول و3,4,0 - ثايادايازول ومعقداتها مع بعض العناصر الانتقالية واستخدامها في استخلاص الكوبلت الثنائي == Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological activity Study of New 1,3,4 - Oxadiazole and 1,3,4 - Thiadiazole Derivatives and Some of Their Transition Metal Complexes and Using in extraction of cobalt ion (ll)

Author name: ازهار حميد كاطع
Supervisor name: ساهر عبد الرضا علي | ابراهيم عبود فليفل
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The thesis include preparation and characterization of some new derivations of 1,3,4 - oxadiazole and 1,3,4 - thiadiazole as ligands which are : - L1 = 2,2' - [(1E,2E) - ethane - 1,2 - diylidenedi(2E)hydrazin - 1 - yl - 2 - ylidene]bis(5 - methyl - 1,3,4 - oxadiazole) L2 = 2 - hydrazinyl - 5 - [(2E) - 2 - {(2Z) - 2 - [2 - (5 - hydrazinyl - 1,3,4 - thiadiazol - 2 - yl)hydrazinylidene]ethylidene}hydrazinyl] - 1,3,4 - thiadiazole L3 = 2,2' - {1,3,4 - thiadiazole - 2,5 - diylbis[(1E)hydrazin - 2 - yl - 1 - ylidene(E)methylylidene]}bis(6 - methoxyphenol) with structural formula L1 L2 L3 The new complexes were prepared from the reactions of ligands L1,L2,L3 with the transition metal salts (CrCl3.6H2O, COCl2.6H2O,NiCl2.6H2O) . The elemental analysis (CHN) , Infrared(IR) Spectroscopy , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H - NMR) , Mass Spectra , Magnetic Susceptibility and Molar conductivity techniques were used to characterize the structural formula of these ligands and their complexes.1) The complexes of [Cr(III) , Co(III)] for all ligands have shown octahedral configuration. 2) Complexes of [Ni(II)] with all ligands have shown square planar configuration.liquid - liquid extraction using L2 as extracting agent , The best results were obtained from liquid - liquid extraction in which Co(ll) had a 95% extraction rate at pH 9 ,temperature degree at 40 C0 Testing the biological activity for ligands and their complex by using spreed method and measurement inhibition zone by using (DMSO) as solvent and erythromycin as standard bactericidal , using in this study two types from bacteria one gram negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli ) and other isgram positive bacteria strains staphylococcus aureus

دور الادعاء العام في حماية حقوق الانسان : دراسة مقارنة == The Role of General Prosecution in the Protection of Human Rights (A comparative study)

Author name: انتصار جعفر خضر الخفاجي
Supervisor name: ناصر كريمش خضر الجوراني
General topic: Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The General Prosecution is considered one of the judicial jurisdiction formations, a specialized authority of protecting human rights during the levels of the panel case, it totally concerned in the good management of law applying, whether it was for the sake of the accused or the victim, in which it does not take sides for each. It represents the common good and performs its roles objectively and equally.The Iraqi legislator authorized the general prosecution to do different roles during all procedures of the penal case, on the level of investigation and collecting of evidences, we find out that it takes charge of supervision and inspection over the members of the judicial checking up in order to see how committed they are in the standards of investigating crimes without making any violation or diverging in the investigation.When instituting the penal case , we find out that it is commencing its authority in evaluating the properness of instituting the case or in how not well the process is going , agreeing with the standards , which the legislator has guaranteed to the rights of the accused , its bearing the burden of proving the charge of guilty in all details , having worked it in justice seeking innocence of the accused . Whenever it is being forced by the necessitates of investigating the truth, it might have to violate the individual freedoms, for it is not seeking to violate any rights except when the legislator has provided it with guarantees. .In a narrowed standard of the crimes, it must not call for an arrest unless the accused has given enough guarantees to show up , as well as thegeneral Prosecution will take care of the victim rights via allowing the victim the right by applying a complaint in the penal case .As on the level of primary investigation, we find out that it is playing very significant roles , that contribute in providing the necessary guarantees for human rights of the accused , in this level by way of reporting the investigation judge , and by taking charge of the investigation duties in limited situations , and by having presented the special procedures of the primary investigation .We touch upon an extension in its role too , in the level of the trial , it is the perfect supervisor over what the legislations have provided of a fair trial as a guaranty , whenever the court has issued its decision , it has the right of appealing it , if the decision of the court was absolute , it will supervise the acting out of the decision within what the legislator has decided if a problem existed in the decision , stopping the decision will be ordered in response of what humanitarian necessities have presented

المسؤولية الانضباطية لعضو مجلس المحافظة : دراسة مقارنة == isciplinary responsibility of member of local councils - comparative study

Author name: احمد عبد الله خلف الكناني
Supervisor name: وليد خشان زغير الموسوي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Constitutional Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: That the provincial councils perform their functions requires a great deal of responsibility and awareness of members, which requires the activating the self - censorship of these councils over its members as the tool that expresses the will of the council. The disciplinary responsibility is one of the most important tools for activating the self - censorship of these councils. Membership, the member may commit administrative, civil or even criminal liability. Therefore, disciplinary accountability is one of the most important pillars of the service systems in the world, because it aims to maintain order within the Council and the impact on the functioning of the Council The local supervisory and legislative work of these councils, since the member's commitment to his duties and dedication to the public interest has become one of the objectives through which the Council can perform its functions and provide its services to the fullest.There were several reasons that led to the selection of this study, including the lack of studies in the disciplinary responsibility for members of the provincial councils, showing the face of inadequacies in the disciplinary system, so addressed the subject of disciplinary liability of a member of the provincial council in the light of each of the Iraqi discipline system contained in the law of provinces not organized in Region No. 21 of 2008 amended, and the Egyptian disciplinary system in the law of the local administration system No. 43 of 1979 amending.We divided the study section primer and three chapters, we dealt with Definition local council irregular in the province ,and dealt with irregularities disciplinary of the member of the provincial council in the first chapter, and dealt with the explanation of disciplinary punishments in Chapter II, Chapter III was allocated to discuss Disciplinary safeguards for faculty of the member of the provincial council.We concluded with a final result that weak legislative treatment of the issue of disciplinary responsibility and its ineffectiveness in the law of governorates that are not organized in the amended region No. 21 of 2008, or rather the lack of a complete disciplinary legislative system concerned with the statement of disciplinary penalties for violating the system of hearings and penalties for violating the rest The duties and prohibitions of membership, the procedures for imposing such penalties, and the provision of adequate guarantees of investigation, reasonableness and proportionality between the disciplinary penalty and the violation committed by the member and ending with the grievance and judicial appeal. Party consensus and its impact on activating disciplinary accountability. B As we have reached legislator Iraqi inter of recommendations the most important of which need to establish a disciplinary system for the members of the provincial councils instead of relying on the individual treatment of The internal regulations of the provincial councils and their deficient treatments, through which the investigation and investigative committees are used to prove the violation committed by the member when the subject of his dismissal from office Membership, rather than questioning, for several reasons including that the investigative committees are more specialized and deeper in verifying the availability of the reasons for the dismissal (dropping membership) or not, in addition the interrogation is carried out by the Council itself. Either the member belongs to the majority of particular party it takes them to be lenient with their colleague or if the member belongs to an opposition party the decision to drop membership in the hands of the ruling party is based on political considerations that are more consensual than the member committing a sin or a career fault. Thus denying justice and depriving the punishment of its intended purpose of assessment and deterrence.

الاليات الدولية لاسترداد الممتلكات الثقافية : دراسة تطبيقية على الممتلكات الثقافية العراقية == International mechanisms for the restoration cultural property an applied study on the Iraqi cultural property

Author name: علي وطن عنيد عاتي
Supervisor name: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
General topic: Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The study dealt with the definition of the concept of the recovery of cultural property, in accordance with a precise presentation of the most important international conventions that defined this concept. It then proceeded to put forward the principles governing restitution, especially the principle of international law, the principle of territoriality and their impact on the principle of restitution. In view of the existence of formal and objective conditions to complete the implementation of this principle, while acknowledging the existence of criticism of each of these conditions, which may lead to the release of the condition or the whole subject of its content, that the suspicion of Iraq from the illegal trading of cultural property and difficulties In restitution This shows the multiplicity and diversity of means of recovery, which shows the urgent need to indicate the way for governments, organizations and stakeholders to contribute to the recovery of Iraqi cultural property by determining the mechanisms that can be followed for the recovery of such property, in the chaos of legislation and the lack of knowledge of the mechanisms and means that Through which the Iraqi state can restore its lost heritage as the international legislations concerned have agreed on the right of Iraq to recover its cultural property through national and international means. The legal necessity is to activate the UN Security Council resolutions and regulations. Competent in order to prevent the trafficking of Iraqi cultural property and work to bring it back, and the conclusion of bilateral agreements in order to recover as much as possible from our property located abroad, because some states provide for the need for reciprocity, in order to overcome the obstacles facing the recovery process.

فكرة التعويض العقابي واثرها في المسؤولية المدنية : دراسة مقارنة == The Idea Of Punitive Damages & Its Effect On Civil Liability (Compararative study)

Author name: مها ناجي جاسم
Supervisor name: ظافر حبيب جبارة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Civil Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Compensation shall always be proportionate to the damage caused by the defendant. Therefore, one of the conditions for compensation is to be equal to the damage. Punitive damages, on the other hand, does not consider the damage to the extent that it considers the mistake. Punitive damages is an exception of the principle of full compensation, for it aims to punish the perpetrator and deter others from doing the same thing. A punitive damages was created by British Common Law. It is described as one of the features of the British judiciary, for the British legislator realized that there are legal cases in which the compensation does not adress the justice. Therefore, the perpetrator deserved more than just a compensation for causing damage, but he must be getting a punitive damages. Meanwhile, this act did not reach the level of crime, which is punishable under the liability system in the criminal law; thus, it was necessary to invent a punitive damages system. Aware of the shortcomings of the civil liability system in some cases, this legislation has legitimized this type of compensation in order to impose it on any reckless behavior that conducted by the defendant, rather than to compensate the plaintiff. Courts believe that composing the plaintiff for the actual damage that he suffered of is insufficient and that the defendant must be punished financially as a result of his bad behavior, and deterring anyone who intends of committing similar behavior in the future. For the purpose of the subject , We divided our research into two sections, In the first chapter, we discussed the concept of punitive compensation and its distinctive characteristics. In the second chapter, the subject of punitive damages in English law and the problems raised by the subject of the research, and we devoted The second of the field of application of punitive compensation in Iraqi law divided into two chapters, we discussed the field of application compensation punitive in the Iraqi judiciary as the first chapter, and allocated the second chapter to the field of application of punitive compensation in Iraqi legislation.

التنظيم القانوني لعقد الدلالة في التشريع العراقي : دراسة مقارنة في ضوء قرارات محكمة التمييز الاتحادية == Legal Regulation Of Brokerage Contract In Iraqi Legislation A Comparative Study In The Light Of Decisions Of The Federal Court Of Cassation

Author name: احمد عكار نزال
Supervisor name: ظافر حبيب جبارة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Civil Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Brokerage works have a distinct position in economic life, given the need of people, from traders and others, to who is looking for someone be a party to a particular contract, and he shall intervene, as appropriate, in the negotiations necessary for its conclusion, and this is the essence of a broker's work.The broker in this case is doing just a physical act, so he do not conclude the contract which he has mediated on behalf of his client, neither in his name, nor in the name of his client, which is a work exercised by the broker freely, and independently, for his own account, without being subordinate to his client. The Broker's undertaking to work on facilitating the conclusion of the transaction that the Client wishes to complete creates a legal relationship, regulated by a contract, called the brokering contract, it is one of the specific consensual bilateral contracts, which gained a commercial character and entered in to the scope of nominated contracts after the legislator assigned out to regulate its provisions in a special law, namely the Brokerage Act 1987.Although the general rule, is the liberty of will to conclude the contracts, but the Iraqi legislator, preferred to restriction this will to a large extent, whether in the liberty to choose the person who take over the task of mediation of, or in the liberty of arrangement of obligations arising from the contract, as the brokerage is not permissible for all those who wish to practice it, because the law restricts its practice to people of integrity from Iraqis, who have completed the twenty - fifth year of age, and must be fulltime to practice in a commercial place, after getting a commercial name, and obtaining a permit from the competent authority. These conditions of public order, violation of them shall result in invalidity of the contract, and depriving the party pledged in brokering of any right to commission or indemnity resulting from the impossibility of returning the situation to what it was as a result of nullity. In spite of the ordinary terms of brokerage contract which imposes parallel obligations on the contracting parties, the Iraqi legislator obliged the broker to perform the transaction faithfully, as well as the Iraqi legislator obliged him to keep maintain the documents relating to the transaction. The breach of theses duties involve the broker's criminal and civil responsibility.,On the other hand, the Iraqi legislator determined a fixed amount for the remuneration of broker, which the contracting parties can not be agree to the contrary, and he restricts its entitlement by two conditions : concluding of contract which mediated by the broker, and the existence of a link of causality between this conclusion and the broker's efforts, in which, without these efforts, the contract would not have been concluded. But the practical application of the rules governing the remuneration of broker, showed two problems, led to the prejudice towards broker, to the extent that his rights were wasted.The first problem, Relating to broker's remuneration in scope of formal contracts, however he deprive of his remuneration for just undoing completion the formality required by law by one of the parties, the Courts embed this prejudice, by depriving the broker of any compensation for his efforts to conclude the contract, without a legal justification.The second problem relates to the official tariff, which is no longer compatible with the value of transactions that broker mediates in their conclusion, due to the devaluation of the Iraqi currency, compared to its value at the time of the enactment of the law, who as appointed the ratios, on the basis of which the broker's remuneration, and must not exceed one thousand and five hundred dinars, exceeding the commission of the broker, the maximum limit of the remuneration, is considered a criminal offense and administrative, resulting in a fine and the withdrawalof this permit.However, the Iraqi judiciary has subjected the broker's remuneration to its discretionary power, based on a general principle that decides the possibility of changing the provisions, which based on custom or interest, if that custom or interest changes in view of the requirements and variables of life. Undoubtedly, the texts that organized the broker's remuneration, were put in the interest represented by, the reducing the overvaluation, this interest has changed by changing the value of the currency, thus, the Official tariff became an inappropriate standard to exaggeration, on the contrary, it has become a trivial amount, not commensurate with the transactions that are determined according to their value.

مسؤولية المورد المدينة عن مخاطر نقل التكنولوجيا == Civil Liability For Risks of Technology Transfer

Author name: عبد الحسين لوكي زاجي
Supervisor name: طارق كاظم عجيل
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Commercial Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: In the technological world we live in, transfer of technology is of great importance. Technologies transferred all over; from an advanced and industrialized country to a poorer developing country, from a developed country to another developed country and among firms in a developed market. The primary means of technology transfer is by imitating and making copies, which are sold on to purchasers. However, there are cases, as I will discuss further, where copying is impossible, or other cases where copying is prohibited. In those cases, technology transfer involves contracting. Agreements of technology transfer may have several methods. For example, license agreement, supply agreement for products protected by intellectual property rights, technical assistance agreement relating to the training needed to use a specified technology and acquisition of a technology based firm.One of the most new dilemma in the 21th century is the rising of technologies, and these type of modern human innovation have a complex side at its invisible hazardous, by its waste or the products that made by using of technology.That mad there is Avery important challenge in some new technologies as well as the flowing : - 1 - Biotechnology, refer to classic bio technology, and nanobiotechnology2 - Nanotechnology, means the nanorobots technology and nanomaterial technology, that deal with atoms and all tiny thing, Nanotechnology has marked its presence in various fields of science and technology. After the first and second generation nanotechnology applications it has open up the door for the possibility of applying in almost any sector of science and technology. Thus with its progress into diverse sectors, it's uses and applications are also diverse, serving a wide range of purposes like food, health and fitness, electronics, medical. Nanotechnologies refer to “technologies of the tiny”. They span domains as diverse as computing, material science, medicine, energy production and storage, etc., bring together fields as varied as physics, chemistry, genetics, information and communication technologies, and cognitive sciences, and should become virtually ubiquitous before long.Nanotechnologies are with us already. Indeed, consumers are already being offered products manufactured with nanotechnologies including cosmetics, clothing, and sporting goods. But, while technology and market analysts alike expect the very small to become very big, nanotechnologies are still emerging.3 - Informationtechnology, the important of this technology is appear at individual actives but it our info at a general web, for that reason it must be regulated in Iraq, By regulation of transfer of technology. As follow : - Bi - Simply put, technology transfer is the process by which a technology, expertise, knowhow or facilities developed by one individual, enterprise or organization is transferred to another individual, enterprise or organization. Effective technology transfer results in of a new product or service or in the improvement of an existing product or process.Depending on the nature of technology and the capacity of the recipient, the process of technology transfer may be simple and straightforward but usually is iterative, collaborative, and fairly complex. In the latter case, it may require the users to acquire new information and skills and change old habits and ways of doing things.ii - It may even require changes in the technology being transferred, to improve the chances of “fit” and optimal performance in the new situation. Technology transfer may happen from country to country, from industry to industry, or from research laboratory to an existing or new business. It may be facilitated by financial or other types of assistance and support that may be provided by government or other agencies at national, regional, local or institutional levels. This article deals with issues such as how is technology transferred; what are the main types of legal contracts for the transfer of technology and what will determine the type of agreement that is entered into by the two parties involved in the technology transfer.The creation or absorption of new technology has become a vital component for companies to improve or maintain their competitive position in the market place. Companies operating in sectors where competition takes place on the basis of price alone, such as the extraction or commercialization of raw materials, may rely on new technologies to improve their efficiency in the extraction of raw materials by improving their productive processes or acquiring new machinery and equipment. They may also use new technology to better commercialize their products or to improve their management structure, control and communication.In other sectors, where the market evolves incessantly as new products with new functions or designs appear on a regular basis, companies are forced to innovate by acquiring or developing new technologies. Technological innovation is therefore a crucial element ofiii - the competitive strategy of any enterprise, big or small, high - tech or low - tech. The ongoing integration of domestic and international markets through continuing deregulation and liberalization of markets has enhanced competitive pressure for all firms, and especially increased the technological needs of small enterprises worldwide while also improving their access to new technologies and capital goods.iv - technology in - house or to obtain it from others. While investing in technology creation may be expensive and risky, as there are many uncertainties linked to the innovation process, it has the advantage ofCpreventing technological dependence on other companies and enables the company to enhance its technological capability and to innovate according to its own specific needs.IN briefly and a finally viewing A technology transfer is any transaction which involves the acquisition of, or the right to lawfully use, specified intellectual property assets developed, owned, and/or controlled by another. Depending on the circumstances, such a transaction will involve not only the intangible legal rights associated with the specific assets, but also will require a transfer of the relatively tangible technology and other confidential information necessary for the legal rights to be properly used and exploited. Simply put, technology transfer is the process by which a technology, expertise, knowhow or facilities developed by one individual, enterprise or organization is transferred to another individual, enterprise or organization. Effective technology transfer results in commercialization of a new product or service or in the improvement of an existing product or process.Depending on the nature of technology and the capacity of the recipient, the process of technology transfer may be simple and straightforward but usually is iterative, collaborative, and comple

المحاكم المختصـة في دعاوى الجنسيـة العراقيـة == The competent Courts in the disputes of Iraqi nationality

Author name: وجود خلف لفتة الزيرجاوي
Supervisor name: اياد مطشر صيهود
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Private International Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: الملخصالجنسية الرابطة القانونية والسياسية بين الفرد والدولة، تنفرد الدولة بتنظيم احكامها، ولا سلطة عليها فيما تضعه من قواعد منظمة لهذه المفردة، ولاهميتها اختلفت الدول في اعطاء مرتبة القوة لاحكامها، فبعضها جعلها من اعمال السيادة، ومنع المحاكم من نظرها، في حين ذهب الاتجاه الاخر الى عدها من اعمال الادارة العادية الخاضعة لرقابة القضاء، وهذا الاخير عندما اخضعها للقضاء، ذهب في ذلك مذاهب مختلفة، فبعضها ذهب الى منح الاختصاص للقضاء الاداري، كما في مصر، وجعل كل منازعاتها خاضعة لهذا القضاء، بيد ان بعضها الاخر ذهب الى اختصاص القضاء العادي بها، كما في فرنسا، وهناك اتجاه اخر ذهب الى ان المختص بها هو هيئات او لجان مختصة غير تابعة للقضاء الاداري ولا حتى للقضاء العادي، كما في دولة الكويت وعمان .بعد التغييرات التي حصلت بالنظام في عام 2003، وجد المشرع العراقي نفسه امام قانون جائر للجنسية العراقية، نتج عن تطبيقه حرمان المئات من العراقيين من جنسياتهم بدون سبب، وفي عام 2005 بعد صدور الدستور العراقي، كان قد تضمن احكاما تتعلق بالجنسية العراقية، لم يكن تتضمنها التشريعات السابقة، وبه صدر قانون الجنسية العراقية النافذ لسنة 2006 الذي تضمن الاحكام التي جاء بها الدستور، والتي حرص المشرع فيها على الغاء الاحكام الجائرة الموجودة في القوانين السابقة، ومن ضمن هذه الاحكام نصه على التنظيم القضائي في دعاوى الجنسية العراقية.بيد ان الاتجاه المتبع في العراق غير واضح المعالم كما في تشريعات الدول، بل جاءت النصوص المنظمة لهذا الاختصاص بمصطلحات غير دقيقة، ومعنى غير رصين، لا يبين على وجه الدقة من هي الجهة صاحبة الاختصاص، لذا ثارت الخلافات بين اتجاهات الفقه العراقي، فبعضها ذهب الى ان القضاء الاداري هو المختص، وهو ما متسالم عليه تقريبا، بكون محكمة القضاء الاداري هي من تختص بهذه المنازعات، وبعضها الاخر ذهب الى ان محاكم القضاء العادي هي المختصة بهذه المنازعات، متمثلة بمحكمة البداءة؛ كونها خليفة المحاكم الادارية التي ذكرها المشرع بالنص، هذا من جهة النظر الابتدائي، اما من جهة الطعن في الاحكام الصادرة في دعاوى الجنسية ايضا كان الخلاف سائدا في تحديد الجهة المختصة، فبعضها ذهب على انها المحكمة الاتحادية العليا، وبعضها ذهب على انها محكمة التمييز الاتحادية. | Nationality is a legal relation between the individual and the state. The State has the right and authority to regulate the provisions of nationality and there is no authority over the State to regulate the rules of nationality. For the importance of regulating the provisions of nationality, states different in giving legal force to their provisions. Some countries have considered them from the acts of sovereignty, while others have regard them as normal acts of administration which must be subject to judicial oversight. The jurists have different on the determination of the judicious objection to resolve nationality disputes. Some jurists consider the administrative jurisdiction to be the solution to those disputes as in Egypt. Other jurists consider that the ordinary judiciary is as competent as in France. There is a new trend that assigns the task of resolving disputes to competent committees. These committees are not subject to either the ordinary judiciary or the administrative judicial, as in Kuwait and Oman. The Iraqi legislature has found that the old nationality law is an impartial law that has left many unfair applications. One of those applications, where hundreds of Iraqis are preempted from retaining their nationality for no apparent reason. In 2005, the new Iraqi constitution includes new provisions relating to the regulation of nationality, and accordingly to the Constitution, the Iraqi Nationality Law was issued in force in 2006. The new Iraqi nationality law contains provisions approving the articles of the constitution, in which the legislature is keen to repeal the old unfair verdicts found in previous laws. One of the most important provisions that the legislature referred to is the judicial organization of disputes in cases of nationality. The legal trend applied in Iraq is not clear other than the legislation of other countries. The provisions governing the jurisprudence of sexual disputes are inaccurate and imprecise. Correspondingly, there has been a doctrinal dispute in Iraq. Some jurists consider that the administrative jurisdiction is the judicial competent to resolve disputes, and the Administrative Court is the body authorized to resolve the disputes of nationality. Some of the jurists consider that the court of first instance is the competent court. As for the challenge of judicial decisions relating to the disputes of nationality, there was also a jurisprudential dispute about who is the competent court to receive appearances. Some jurists define the Federal Supreme Court, others choose the Federal Court of Cassation

استبعاد الادلة الجنائية غير المشروعة : دراسة مقارنة == Exclusion of illegal Criminal Evidence (A Comparative Study

Author name: عبد الحسن دويج خفيف
Supervisor name: ناصر كريمش خضر الجوراني
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The leading legal idea in the legislation of criminal procedural laws, is in the balance between the interest of society in the fight against crime, represented by the right of the state to punishment, and the interests of individuals in protecting their rights and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution, these laws take multiple ways to achieve that budget, all of which stem from the principle of criminal legality, that principle that delineates the process of criminal prosecution, which would determine what constitutes acceptable behavior to the parties to the criminal dispute and what is not, and ensure respect for what is imposed by this principle, We have asset of sanctions, come in the forefront of them, exclusion of illegal criminal evidence, through the waste of work contrary to that principle, in terms of its legal effects, and to exclude any potential benefit from that action, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence in fact is a link between the theory of invalidity on the one hand and the theory of criminal evidence on the other, that is, what is derived from what is contrary to the theory of invalidity can not be accepted in the rules of criminal evidence.The importance of excluding illegal criminal evidence is highlighted by the paucity of the legislative rules governing it, and that they involve as well as substantive a delicate philosophical aspect, the subject of the study is related to many of the principles established in procedural criminal law, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence is widely applied in the field, the rules of legality of criminal procedure are broad and numerous, and the possibility of violating them is natural and imagined in many cases, it is therefore important to protect the(B(right and freedoms of individuals from the abuse of power, so the subject of the study will be based primarily on what that idea is, through the definition and statement of nature and rationale and legislative status and the most famous discussions on the usefulness and rules and exceptions, this is done by comparing the position of Iraqi law on the one hand, and the United States of America and Egypt on the other.The study concluded that the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence is the basis of the constitution, although not in the explicit texts, as the spirit of the constitution leads to it, because it inters the field of right and freedoms which is the core competence of the constitution, but is the basic goes with it a presence and nothing, when a constitutional legislator establishes a right, the right holder must have access to it, otherwise his words will become, hollow and pointless, it is an increase, the constitutions are distinct from the increase, the exclusion of illegal criminal evidence was the effective means by which the right holder could be entitled to redress, this is based on the fact that the ordinary legislator complies with this basis and ensures that his texts are useful, the study also concluded, that the exclusion of illegal evidence is a means of judicial control, including the penalty imposed on the wrongful procedure and the resulting evidence by stripping it of its legal value, and destroy any effect that results from it, the realization of exclusion also enhances the confidence of individuals in the state, because it ensure that illegal evidence is not accepted, to accepting the defective means before the judiciary to obtain evidence.

اثر القانون الشخصي على قواعد تنازع الاحوال الشخصية == The impact of personal law on the conflict of the personal status rules

Author name: نسرين حسن كوني
Supervisor name: اياد مطشر صيهود
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Private International Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Verily the particular relations amid individuals which are really admixed with foreign element, do need to a conflict rulein self concerning to identifythe required practicable law. It is also including the personal civil affairs which has been selected the personal law to be the required practicable law in it, due to its nature which is definitelycharacterized with stability.That law which has no longer been available after the change which has been carried out by Iraqi nationality law No 26 in 2006 which do ensure the individual right to change nationality. Thus it really imposes on in waytoreorganize the rules concerningthe personal status written down in Iraqi civil law No 40 in 1951 to be in harmony with what are prevailing now.According to that, we herby suggest presenting alternatives and bases dependable for the sake of coping with development and to make conflictrules which are entirely featured with reality and logics.In the past and still therules of conflict of personal statusconcerning marriage located with greatargument in jurisprudence whether between supporter and opponent for two reasons; First of all,that concerned of preferring the husband nationality law to wife's. Secondlyto hold on of the personal nationality law at the time of entering into marriage. Therefore,jurisprudence has suggested presenting alternative laws asfor, will law, and judge law,which a conflict ensued before him.In the same way for theadvantage which is granted by the national law maker to his law whether for the sake forindividuals oreconomy. That may which form a breach to conflict riles which are relied uponpreferring likely best law.Therefore, this is really considered unstable, as for various motives and pretexts behind its confirmation and not be violation in some cases of practicing such as in inheritance which obliged to shift the money of foreigner dead which are existed in a country to the same country incase of no inheritor for him due state is more rightful to any other country, as long as it does not form violation to stableinheritance rules

فسخ الزواج بخيار البلوغ واحكامه في الفقه الاسلامي والقانون الوضعي == Marriage Revocation With the Choice Of Growing Up And Its Rules In The Islamic Jurisprudence And The Positive Law

Author name: سهير قيصر فارس
Supervisor name: حسام عبد الواحد كاظم
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Personal Status Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The Islamic Shari'a (Law) has paid great attention to marriage bondage as one of the most important and most influential certificate in the life of the individual. In addition, it incurs a lot of terms and conditions due to what is legally permissible and impermissible. Among these terms is eligibility. In order to be a valid and effective certificate, it should be issued by an eligible authority as a general rule, though this rule is violated under certain circumstances as to marrying minors by their parents' consent. Such marriages certainly cause harm to minors. In order to achieve the desired goal of marriage, which is affection and compassion and consummation, which cannot be achieved unless the contract is done through a formal proposal of marriage (ijab) and acceptance of the proposal (qabul) of the two parties as chaste and sane adults, having the ability to sign the contract with their free will. When the minors or one of them are unable to set up the contract by themselves but through their guardians(Walis), the contract, despite being correct, is not considered obligatory for lacking the term of the proposal of offer and acceptance of the minor who may have an opinion after passing puberty. Therefore minors under a certain trend of Islamic jurisprudence are entitled to give their opinion of the contract after reaching puberty, either to stay or terminate it. This right is called the "right of puberty".

ضمانات الحدث في الدعوى الجزائية == The Warranties of the Juvenile in the Criminal Action - A Comparative Study

Author name: غسان عبد السادة حسن الحميداوي
Supervisor name: عقيم عزيز عودة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: This study sheds the light on the most important warranties that should be granted to the juvenile committing a crime when is questioned by the law according to the international conventions from the principles and the bases that should be taken into consideration during action. These principles are concerned in giving a portion of juveniles a special care during the stages of penal action.The penal portion is given to the delinquent juveniles is acquired a great care for being related to an accused who did not reach the age that makes him pose a danger. They are usually victims of circumstances and personal factors as well as the environment and weakness or to the incomplete psychological or physical structure.Therefore, the special procedures of trail of the juvenile on the basis on base that is different from these of the adults’ trail. Then, the penal procedures represent exception from the general rule of the penal procedures. He study shows the attitude legislations from special international trails of juvenile action.The study concludes that among the most important warrantees of the juvenile in the advanced stage of the trail is the existence of the investigation or inspection bodies that are concerned in dealing with the juveniles as well as making personal studies. The arrest of juveniles should be an exceptional procedure for the shortest duration possible. It should be held in places concerned with the juveniles care and rehabilitation. In addition to that, there are special warrantees the juveniles such as the warrantee of the juveniles’ right to his parent’s presence, to appoint an attorney, assuming his innocence and respecting his privacy.The study also concludes the necessity that the juveniles tribunals should be formed mutually combining the legal and the sociological members. The most important warrantees that the juveniles should have in trail is the secrecy of the procedures, and the conduction of organic, psychological and sociological examination of the juveniles before the trial, in addition to other warrantees related to the ensuring his right in defending himself and applying the system of stay of execution and the simplification of procedures of trail as well as not permitting to execute him.For the most important warrantees of the subsequent stage of the juveniles’ trial we conclude in the study is the judicial supervision over the execution of the procedures issued against the juveniles and the necessity of executing the procedures of imprisonment in juvenile - concerned institutions in which they are rehabilitated according to scientific programs, in addition to the importance of applying the system of conditional release of juveniles by the freedom - depriving procedures for the positive results that resulted from applying the system.In addition to the above, there are important warrantees that are related to the subsequent care programs which the juveniles should be subjected to as a complementary treatment of the rehabilitating institution.

المسؤولية الجنائية الناشئة عن التظاهرات : دراسة مقارنة == The Criminal Responsibulity Created by Demonstration A Comparative Study

Author name: ازهار عويني عبد الرضا الحمداني
Supervisor name: عقيل عزيز عودة
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: يتلخص بحثنا الموسوم (المسؤولية الجنائية الناشئة عن التظاهرات - دراسة مقارنة) بان الافراد في المجتمع مهما تنوعت فئاتهم ومستوياتهم انما يجمعهم المصير المشترك والمصلحة العامة ، وهم بحاجة الى التعبير عن رايهم والتصريح بمطالبهم ، فكان الخروج الى الطريق العام في شكل تظاهرات هو احدى طرق التعبير عن الراي, وقد يكون مصحوبا بالهتاف ورفع اللافتات والشعارات كوسيلة للضغط على السلطة الدولة بهدف تحقيق مصالحهم المشتركة , الا ان بعض مظاهر التعبير عن الراي في التظاهرات تشكل جرائم يعاقب عليها لما تتضمنه من تهديد لامن الدولة او قذف او اهانة , او اعاقة المرور , الا ان المشرع قد يبيح بعض هذه الافعال في اثناء التظاهرات وفق ضوابط يضعها ، وبموجبها يتم تحديد متى تتوافر الاباحة، فاذا خالفت تلك الافعال ضوابطها تلك تكون قد جاوزت حدود الاباحة , واكتسب الفعل فورا" صفة عدم المشروعية مما يرتب المسؤولية الجنائية . هذا مما يدفع السلطة العامة الى فض التظاهرات وتفريقها بالقوة وفق ضوابط ومعايير قانونية ، مما قد يتسبب فى وقوع اصابات وقتل وفي المقابل قد تثور مسؤوليتهم في حالة تجاوز الحدود المقررة لاستخدام القوة .ومن هنا تبرز اهمية هذه الحرية في المجال الجنائي , فلا تعد ممارسة حرية التظاهر جريمة ، لان القاعدة وفقا لمبدا الشرعية ان لا جريمة ولا عقوبة الا بنص ، الا ان ما يترتب على الخروج عن الضوابط التظاهرات سواء من قبل الافراد العاديين ام افراد السلطة العامة ، تتمثل بافعال وسلوكيات غير مشروعة ومحظورة يعاقب عليها القانون .وتكمن مشكلة الدراسة في ان التظاهرات وان كانت شكلا من اشكال التعبير فان ذلك قد لايجعل من هذه الالية حقا مشروعا للافراد يتيح لهم التعبير عن مواقفهم وارائهم بكل حرية حيث انه بالمقابل نجد حق الدولة في فرض نظامها وبسط امنها على كافة مواطنيها بواسطة القوانين التي تقنن هذه الحرية وتضع حدا لها, وتتجلى مشكلة البحث في ان هل وجود هذه النصوص كاف لممارستها من قبل الافراد، ام ان هناك واجبا يتمثل بالانصياع الى التشريعات الاخرى ذات الصلة بحرية التظاهر لتحديد مسؤولية من يسئ استخدامها ، وهل كان المشرع موفقا في وضع مثل هذه الخطوات الواجب اتباعها عند ممارسته هذه الحرية .وقد تم تقسيم هذه الدراسة على مبحث تمهيدي وثلاثة فصول , خصص المبحث التمهيدي للبحث في الاساس القانوني للتظاهرات , ومن ثم تناول الفصل الاول ماهية التظاهرات من خلال تعريفها وضوابطها العامة المادية والغائية . اما الفصل الثاني فقد بحثنا فيه المسؤولية الجنائية للمتظاهرين من خلال بيان حدود الاباحة والتجريم في التظاهرات والتطبيقات مسؤولية المتظاهرين. اما الفصل الثالث فقد تناولنا فيه المسؤولية الجنائية لافراد السلطة العامة من خلال بيان استخدام افراد السلطة العامة للقوة في حدود الاباحة والتجريم والتطبيقات المسؤولية افراد السلطة العامة . واخيرا فقد اختتمنا الرسالة بخاتمة اشتملت على اهم النتائج والتوصيات التي رايناها ضرورية لاخذها بالاعتبار عند النظر بمشروع قانون التظاهر في العراق .وقد تم التوصل الى عدة نتائج منها , ان التظاهرات تجمع ثابت او متحرك للافراد في الطرق والاماكن العامة , وان لها طبيعة خاصة تنعكس على التنظيم القانوني , وان التظاهر وفق القانون العراقي لايتم الا بتصريح من الادارة , وان التشريع النافذ في العراق لم ينظم المسؤولية الجنائية للمتظاهرين بشكل واضح ودقيق , ولم يتناول مسؤولية الشرطة بشكل مطلق . اما اهم التوصيات, فتتمثل في تاييد الباحث لنظام الاخطار من دون الترخيص, واللجوء الى جهة محايدة كالقضاء لتقدير خطرها على النظام العام ومنعها , والدعوة الى عدم اقرار مشروع القانون لانه يمس جوهر الحرية ويقيدها , وضرورة اعادة صياغته بالتنسيق مع منظمات المجتمع المدني, بالشكل الذي تحدد فيه مسؤولية المتظاهرين بشكل دقيق , وتنظيم مسؤولية الشرطة والنص على اصدار تعليمات واظحة ومحددة بشان استخدام القوة في التظاهرات .واخيرا ادعو الله تعالى ان اكون قد وفقت في اعطاء موضوع البحث حقه، فان فعلت فنعمة من الله تعالى ، وان لم افعل فبشر يخطئ اكثر مما يصيب , والله ولي التوفيق | Our thesise entitled (The Criminal Responsibulity Create by Demostration - A Comparative Study) Summarized in , The individuals in the society, regardless of their different categories and levels, are united by common destiny and the public interest. They need to express their views and make their decisions. Going out to the public road in the form of demonstrations is one of the most important ways to express of opinion, and may be accompanied by cheering and raising signs and slogans , as a means of exerting pressure on State to achieve your common interests. However, some manifestations of opinion in the demonstrations constitute crimes punishable by the threats it poses to the security of the state or the flagellation or insult, or obstruction of traffic, but the legislator may allow some of these actions during the demonstrations according to the regulations put them. Under which it is determined when the availability is available, and if the violation of those acts its controls that have exceeded the limits of permissibility.And the act immediately gained the status of illegality, which placed criminal responsibility, which forces the public authority to disperse and disperse the demonstrations by force according to legal controls and legal standards. Which could cause injuries and murder and in return may be their responsibility in case of exceeding the limits set for the use of force. Hence, the importance of this freedom in the field of criminalization would not consider the exercise of freedom of demonstration is a crime, because the rule according to the principle of legality that the crime and punishment are only by text. However, the consequences of breaking out of the control of demonstrations, whether by ordinary individuals or members of the public authority, represented by illegal acts and behaviors are punishable by law. - The problem of this study is that the misuse of freedom of protest, which is one of the most dangerous methods used by those who tamper with it, is manifested in how to distinguish between peaceful demonstration as a freedom aimed at improving the situation and demonstrating as a means of demolishing society and opposing any decision or action. To the Constitution and the Law. This study was divided into introductory and three chapters. The introductory course was devoted to research on the legal basis for demonstrations. The first topic studies the core of administration , its definition and its material and non - material general controls. The second chapter, in which we discussed the criminal responsibility of the demonstrators through showing the limits of permissibility and criminalization in the demonstrations, and we devoted to the applications of the responsibility of the demonstrators . Chapter three dealt with the criminal responsibility of the police, through showing the use of force by the police force to the limits of permissibility and criminalization , and the applications of police responsibility.Finally, we concluded the thesis with a conclusion that included the most important conclusions and recommendations that we considered necessary to take into account when considering the draft law of demonstration in Iraq. It has been connected to several results, including that the demonstrations a fixed gathering or a mass of people in the roads and public places, and have a special nature reflected on the legal organization, and that the demonstration under Iraqi law is carried out but by authorization by the administration. And that the in force legislation does not regulate the criminal responsibility of demonstrators as clearly and accurately, and does not address the responsibility of the police absolutely. As for the most important recommendations, is the researc support to the system of notification without authorization, and recourse to a neutral body such as the judiciary to assess the danger to public order and to prevent it. And calling for not to adopt the draft law because it touches the essence of freedom and restrict it, and there is a need to reformulate it in coordination with civil society organizations, in a manner that determines the responsibility of the demonstrators accurately, and regulate the responsibility of the police and the provision of instructions on the use of force in demonstrations.

المركز القانوني للممثل الخاص للامين العام للامم المتحدة : دراسة تطبيقية على ممثل الامين العام للامم المتحدة في العراق == Legal Status Of The Special Representative For The Secretary - General Of The United Nations

Author name: نجدي محي دهيمي
Supervisor name: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Public International Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: The Special Representative will lead the UN Secretary General functions mostly as President of integrated mission, to support him through several agencies, programmes and funds belong to The United Nations in order to achieve goals and objectives determined on which the nature of the mission described as civilian or military nature, noting the evolution and multiple functions and tasks according to the need for them as the international situation, the situation might be related to situations of armed conflict, have regard Promoting peace and support development programs.This was a result of the guide the thinking of the international community to establish better system and effective to substitute what existed before. The most popular mechanism to achieve it was the UN mission and special representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations upon decision of the Security Council as an international officer declares to according to the legal system of the world Organization. Resulting in international mechanism prospered in conjunction with the ongoing transformation of the international system. The International Labor Association, which is a special representation of the Secretary - General of the United Nations as one of its important applications in international events, has many implications and consequences, such as that of the rights and powers of the Special Representative and the obligations and obligations imposed on him. These rights and duties are either determined by the Charter establishing the United Nations and the domestic legislation and regulations of its departments, in particular those relating to personnel matters. Or include the headquarters agreements, declarations and international resolutions commensurate with what distinguishes the Special Representative as an international official with certain characteristics. Thus, these rights and duties are divided into those of an international official who is governed by the provisions of internationalAbstract .......................................................................................... Blaw in view of his or her international character, as well as the nature of the title he holds as an officer performing his functions for the benefit of the United Nations. These rights and duties are varied on the basis of multitasking Which are essentially the same as the obligation of neutrality and impartiality, as well as the mandate of the World Organization.Iraq has been - and still is - one of the Special Representative's most famous fields of work, and has witnessed the relationship Between Iraq and the United Nations has developed significantly in the years following the events of August 1990, after the relations between Iraq and the international community had been generally spoiled during the last three decades preceded 2003, Because of the foreign policies of the Iraqi political system at the internal and external levels, which led to Iraq being subject to dozens of resolutions issued under Chapter VII of the Charter, including comprehensive economic sanctions that resulted in economic and financial burdens, as well as prejudice to the sovereignty of Iraq. However, these decisions took on another dimension after 2003, starting with Resolution No. 1476 of 2003, which included the mandate of the Secretary - General of the United Nations, Mr. Kofi Annan, to administer the oilfor - food program, and Resolution No. 1483 of 2003 to lift the sanctions imposed on Iraq and authorize the Coalition authority to run the political process. Then to the resolution No. (1500) for the year 2003 concerning the establishment of the United Nations Mission and the appointment of a special envoy to the Secretary - General of the United Nations for its administration. These resolutions have mandated the UN to intervene in the various political, economic and administrative fields in the light of some of the mechanisms adopted by the Organization in accordance with international resolutions and covenants. These resolutions ,and covenants made clear the rights and powers of the Special Representative in Iraq, as well as his duties.

الضوابط الدستورية لسياسة التجريم : دراسة مقارنة == Constitutional criterias on the policy of criminalization : Comparative Study

Author name: محمد عبد الحسين شنان الموسوي
Supervisor name: عمار تركي عطية الحسيني
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: لكل دولة نظامها الدستوري الخاص بها, الذي يجب ان يتضمن المبادئ العامة لنظام الحكم, ويبين السلطات في الدولة ويحدد اختصاصاتها, ويحمي الحقوق والحريات, ويعمل الدستور على تحديد الضوابط التي يتعين على السلطات العامة الالتزام بها عند ممارستها لاختصاصاتها الدستورية. وقد ارست الدساتير في الكثير من دول العالم, ضوابط يتحتم على المشرع الجنائي التقيد بها عند ممارسته لسلطته في التجريم, وهذه الضوابط منها مايرد بشكل صريح في صلب الوثيقة الدستورية كمبدا (لا جريمة ولا عقوبة الا بنص), ومبدا (عدم رجعية القانون الجنائي على الماضي), ومنها ما يرد بصورة ضمنية تستشف من خلال الاطار الدستوري العام للحقوق والحريات, كضابط (الضرورة والتناسب في التجريم). ولهذه الضوابط اهمية بالغة في اطار سياسة التجريم, كون ان هذه السياسة تنال من حقوق وحريات الافراد بشكل كبير, وان من شان عدم وجود ضوابط دستورية يتقيد بها المشرع ان تتعرض تلك الحقوق والحريات الى المساس اما بمصادرتها او التقليل من فاعليتها, كما ان الدول, ولاسيما العراق, تشهد حاليا نهضة تشريعية في مجالات عديدة, ولضمان سلامة هذه التشريعات, يجب ان تكون الاخيرة متفقة مع الضوابط والمبادئ الدستورية, ولاسيما ان قانون العقوبات العراقي صدر في عام 1969, واصبحت الحاجة ملحة لتعديل العديد من احكامه بما يتفق والدستور الدائم الصادر سنة 2005. واذا كانت سلطة المشرع الجنائي, تتسم بالتقدير؛ فان سلطته في هذا المجال مقيدة بوجوب الالتزام بمبادئ الدستور الخاصة بالتجريم, ومن هنا تظهر مشكلة الدراسة, اذ قد تتجاوز السلطة التشريعية او التنفيذية حدود اختصاصها, وتحاول المساس بالقيمة الدستورية لحقوق الانسان وحرياته عن طريق التجريم, معتمدة في ذلك على السلطات المخولة لها, هذا من جانب, ومن جانب اخر ان السلطة المكلفة بعملية التجريم قد تمد نطاق التجريم ليشمل افعالا ليست بتلك الخطورة التي تهدد امن المجتمع وسلامته, الامر الذي يدفعنا الى التساؤل عن ماهية الضوابط الدستورية التي يستند اليها المشرع الجنائي في صياغة نص التجريم ؟ وهل واكب الدستور العراقي لسنة 2005 التطورات التي لحقت بسياسة التجريم, او انه بقي على الحال الذي كانت عليه دساتير ما قبل عام 2003؟ وما دور القضاء الدستوري تجاه الضوابط الدستورية لسياسة التجريم, ولاسيما القضاء الدستوري العراقي؟ وقد تناولنا هذه الدراسة من خلال ثلاثة فصول, تطرقنا في الفصل الاول الى اهم المبادئ الدستورية لنص التجريم, والتي يجب على المشرع الجنائي ان لا يحيد عنها في كل الاحوال, واهمها مبدا شرعية الجرائم والعقوبات, تكلمنا عنه في المبحث الاول, ومبدا عدم رجعية قانون العقوبات على الماضي, وذلك في المبحث الثاني , وفي نطاق الفصل الثاني بحثنا الضرورة والتناسب في سياسة التجريم, حيث ان المشرع الجنائي يرتكز على ضابط الضرورة والتناسب وهو بصدد احداث التوازن بين حماية الحقوق والحريات من جهة وحماية المصلحة العامة من جهة اخرى, وقد درسنا في المبحث الاول ماهية الضرورة التناسب في سياسة التجريم, وفي اطار المبحث الثاني تناولنا اثر غاية التجريم ومعياره على الضرورة والتناسب, وبحثنا في اطار الفصل الثالث والاخير ضمانات التزام سياسة التجريم بالضوابط الدستورية, حيث ان ترك تحديد الجرائم والعقوبات لاختصاص السلطة التشريعية لا يعني ان هذه السلطة لها حرية مطلقة في هذا المجال, وانما هي مقيدة بالحدود التي رسمتها المبادئ الواردة في الدساتير, ومن اجل ضمان التقيد بتلك المبادئ, فان الرقابة على دستورية نصوص التجريم تؤدي دورا بارزا في هذا المضمار, وعلى هذا الاساس تناولنا في المبحث الاول حدود سلطة المشرع الجنائي تجاه الحقوق والحريات, وفي نطاق المبحث الثاني, درسنا الرقابة على دستورية نصوص التجريم. وفي نهاية المطاف توصلنا من خلال هذه الدراسة, الى جملة استنتاجات من اهمها : ان المشرع العراقي قد سمح بفكرة التفويض التشريعي في مجال التجريم, في الدستور وقانون العقوبات على حد سواء, كذلك توصلنا الى ان الضرورة في التجريم يراد بها الاسباب او المبررات التي تدور في ذهن المشرع, والتي تدفعه الى تجريم اشكال معينة من سلوكيات الانسان, بهدف حماية المصالح الاجتماعية الجديرة بالاعتبار. اما التناسب في التجريم, فهو العلاقة بين ضرورة التجريم (الهدف من التجريم), والعقوبة المقررة للجريمة (اثر التجريم), بحيث تكون العقوبة ضرورية لمواجهة الجريمة؛ لتحقيق اهدافها المتمثلة بالردع العام والردع الخاص وتحقيق العدالة. وقد اقترحنا في هذه الدراسة على المشرع العراقي ان يتبنى نظام ( ازدواج قانون العقوبات), بدلا من نظام (وحدة قانون العقوبات), اذ يقتصر قانون العقوبات على ذكر الجنايات والجنح, بينما تكون فئة المخالفات في اطار مجموعة مستقلة يمكن ان نسميها بقانون العقوبات الاداري, وكذلك وصينا المشرع الجنائي بان يضع نصوصا جنائية تملك من الكفاية والفاعلية ما يمكنها من مواجهة فاعلية التطور الاجرامي واساليب ارتكابه في ظل الاجرام المستحدث | Each State shall have its own constitutional system, which shall include the general principles of the system of government. It shall set out the powers of the State and determine its competencies. It shall protect the rights and freedoms. The Constitution shall specify the regulations to be complied with by the public authorities in the exercise of their constitutional powers. In many countries of the world, constitutions have established controls that the criminal legislator must adhere to when exercising his authority to criminalize them. Such controls are explicitly included in the constitutional document as a principle (nullum crimen sine lege) and the principle of " ), Including implicitly revealed through the general constitutional framework of rights and freedoms, as an officer (necessity and proportionality in criminalization). These restrictions are of great importance in the context of the criminalization policy, since this policy severely infringes upon the rights and freedoms of individuals. The absence of constitutional regulations that the legislator complies with can undermine or diminish the effectiveness of these rights and freedoms. Iraq is witnessing a legislative renaissance in many areas. In order to ensure the safety of these legislations, the latter must be in conformity with the constitutional rules and principles. In particular, the Iraqi Penal Code was promulgated in 1969 and many of its provisions have been amended to comply with the permanent constitution of 2005. While the authority of the criminal legislator is appreciated, its authority in this area is constrained by the obligation to abide by the principles of the Constitution on criminalization. Hence, the problem of the study is that the legislative or executive branch may go beyond its jurisdiction and attempt to violate the constitutional value of human rights and freedoms through criminalization, On the one hand, and on the other, that the authority in charge of the criminalization process may extend the scope of criminalization to include acts that are not such a threat to the security and safety of society, which leads us to ask what the constitutional controls on which the legislator Jinn In drafting the text of the criminalization? Did the 2005 Iraqi constitution comply with developments in the criminalization policy, or did it remain the same as the pre - 2003 constitutions? What is the role of the constitutional judiciary towards the constitutional controls of the criminalization policy, especially the Iraqi constitutional judiciary? We discussed this study in three chapters. In Chapter 1, we discussed the most important constitutional principles of the criminalization text, which the criminal legislator must not derogate from in all cases, the most important of which is the principle of the legality of crimes and punishments. In the second section, and in the second chapter we discussed the necessity and proportionality in the policy of criminalization, since the criminal legislator based on the officer of necessity and proportionality and is in the balance between the protection of rights and freedoms on the one hand and the protection of public interest on the other, What is the necessity of rotation In Chapter II, we discussed the effect of criminalization on the necessity and proportionality. In the third and final chapter, we examined the guarantees of the policy of criminalization of constitutional restrictions, since leaving the definition of crimes and penalties to the jurisdiction of the legislative authority does not mean that this authority has absolute freedom in this In order to ensure adherence to these principles, the control over the constitutionality of criminalization provisions plays a prominent role in this regard. On this basis, we discussed in the first part the limits of the authority of the criminal legislator towards rights and Reat, and in the scope of the second topic, we studied control over the constitutionality of the provisions of criminalization. In the end, we reached, through this study, a number of conclusions, the most important of which : The Iraqi legislator has allowed the idea of legislative authority in the field of criminalization, both in the Constitution and the Penal Code, and we have concluded that the necessity of criminalization intended for reasons or The mind of the legislator, which leads to the criminalization of certain forms of human behavior, in order to protect the social interests worthy of consideration. The proportionality of criminalization is the relationship between the need for criminalization (the purpose of criminalization) and the penalty prescribed for the offense (the effect of criminalization), so that the punishment is necessary to confront the crime; to achieve its objectives of public deterrence and deterrence. In this study, we have proposed that the Iraqi legislature adopt a system of double criminality instead of the Penal Code. The Penal Code is limited to mentioning crimes and misdemeanors, while the category of offenses within an independent group can be called the Administrative Penal Code. We have also instructed the criminal legislator to put in place sufficient and effective criminal texts to enable it to deal with the effectiveness of criminal development and the methods of committing it under the new criminality.

التدابير الدولية المضادة للفساد الاداري واثرها في التشريعات العراقية == International Regulation of Anti Administrative Corruption and their effect in the Iraqi legislation

Author name: حميدة علي جابر
Supervisor name: محمد ثامر مخاط السعدون
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Constitutional Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Corruption and various forms is an international and internal character of the crime, a phenomenon of countries affected all have not spared any of the communities did not distinguish between a developed country and the other backward has this phenomenon been associated with the presence of humanitarian, an ancient but worsened recently.There is no specific definition of administrative corruption, which means the existence of problematic when researchers in the filming of this term and expression as well as avoid the delegates at the United Nations Convention against Corruption to adopt a comprehensive definition of corruption and limited to business Rea said the course agreement not to give a comprehensive definition of corruption course Mahmoud fearing that lead differences political, economic and cultural relations between countries not to adopt the Convention and to respond to future cases images disclosed administrative system.The research topic of important topics that dealt with the impact of preventive and curative measures adopted by the United Nations Convention against Corruption and other conventions and highlight the importance of this issue in thatthere is no study on this topic specifically which there is not a study looked at the anti - corruption administrative and their impact on legislation and international measures Iraqi precisely in spite of the existence of studies on administrative corruption and its effects and ways to treat some of which dealt with Iraqi legislation which provided for the anti - corruption ways and preventive or therapeutic but did not address the international dimension and the impact of international measures to combat corruption at this legislation. Measures of international anticorruption impact in Iraqi legislation and that the Iraqi legislator with regard to crimes of corruption came in principle compatible with the United Nations Convention against Corruption, whether at the level of general laws or laws did not move away from the provisions of the Convention only as an exception.

موازنة المحافظة غير المنتظمة في اقليم : دراسة مقارنة == The conservative budget for non - regular in the Territory of (Comparative Study)

Author name: جين ياسر حسين
Supervisor name: علي هادي عطية الهلالي
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Administrative Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: Balancing is the preservation of one of the most important financial instruments owned by local governments , it is played by the nets to measure the level of democratic practice and which is also the determination of the level of the financial and administrative independence to maintain , and which is the social, economic and cultural consequences of unwanted pregnancies by a policy of maintaining the development which should not interfere in principle with the general policy of the State in all fields and the fact that in the field of applied affects all fields they reflect the overall activity of the county , but honestly a mirror of philosophy and the political, economic and social development of the executive authority and objectives of the local and reflect the economic life and to maintain , and thus they represent the best instrument for local decision - making use of the resources available to maintain in accordance with The priorities of the annual plan, which must be in conformity with the policy priorities of the federal State.The budget of the county is the basic document that reflects the extent of the financial independence to maintain which in turn lead to administrative autonomy including lead as a whole to the proper application of the administrative decentralization regime established by the legislature the Iraqi constitution , where the governorates of non - regular territory governed by a decentralized system of both the political and administrative has made the lawmaker difference between political decentralization of administrative decentralization is the difference in the degree and extent and not the difference in nature and substance on the basis that they were both expressions of a single idea and decentralization, including what the multiplicity of in the centers of power , the governorates of non - regular in the region have the right to the issuance of specific legislation on the administrative and financial functioning within the limits of the governorate , spatialdistribution of the legislative authority and is part of the political authorities located within the decentralization policy Consequently, budget (local) to maintain is the local law issued a financial jurisdiction to maintain non - regular in the region , if they are Act of the local legislature.Proceeding from the above discussed the stages of the preparation of the budget of the county and the extent of its independence in the stages of the preparation of the dependence of the local legislature also discussed the budget submission for ratification by the executive authority of the federal government through its reunification with the general budget of the federal government as the legislation from the governorate council which the text of the constitution in paragraph V of the article (122) (not subject to the governorate council and the control or supervision of a ministry or non - linked to the ministry) also the text of paragraph (ii ) of article II and the law of the Governorates of non - regular in the region that the Governorate Council and subject to the control of the House of Representatives, further research in the independence of the preservation of the implementation of its budget, through the examination of the authority granted to the heads of the administrative units and their implementation , as well as the search in the multilateral oversight under which the budget after implementation.

دور المجني عليه في المسؤولية الجنائية : دراسة مقارنة == The Role of The Victim in The Criminal Responsibility : Comparison Study

Author name: صادق يوسف خلف الياسري
Supervisor name: عمار تركي عطية الحسيني
General topic: Law
Specific topic: Criminal Law
Degree: Master
Language: Arabic
University location: Dhi Qar
First pages:
Abstract: It became clear to us through this study to understand the phenomenon of criminal and stand on the causes, not only on the study of the behavior of the offender and his willingness innate social composition of the commission of the crime stop, but one must look at the victim and the extent of his role in the crime committed against him, as the study showed that the victim it contributes in some way to the creation of the idea of the crime or facilitate the offender, for example, we noticed that in the case of legitimate defense contributes to the victim in the emergence of the danger spot illegal toward the defender (attacker), forcing the latter to repel that threat and thus a crime, and we also find in the case of a serious provocation to the offender and caused by the victim, as is the case in a crime caught in the act of adultery, as it leads to a state of anger and intense emotion to the offender stricture freedom of choice leading to the commission of the crime, and there are quite a fraction of the crimes contributes to the victim in the occurrence, has part of it was clarified in this study.The study of the role of the victim in the criminal responsibility was not limited to the area of criminality, but also included the role of the victim in the estimation of the sentence, through a more severe punishment on the offender for some reason the availability recipe especially the victim, or the existence of a relationship linking the perpetrator to the victim, the legislator believes is inappropriate to turn a blind eye about it, because it discloses (shows) the gravity of the crime and the seriousness of the offender and the victim at other times reduces punishment for the perpetrator or stop into force, the desire of the Criminal legislator to maintain and strengthen the family's interest.And also in the field estimate punishment, this study provides a list of criminal legislator of victim Ctmaliyn who are more likely than others to fall victim to a crime, and therefore the legislature to intervene to protect them and provide them with protection criminal.In the end of this study, we had many recommendations and results .One of these results is that the victim plays a role in allowancing some of the criminal acts in the case of legitimate Right, The danger posed by the victim is described as current and illegal in addition of the inability of the defender to take over the public authority to repel that danger then the defender's action is necessary and therefore the right of legitimate is being available here. But the act of the defender must be commensurate with the act of aggression; otherwise, it would become a transgressor of the right. By the way, one of our recommendations in this study, we suggest that the Iraqi legislature make the review on the Article 422of the Iraqi Penal Code,by using the term (Child) instead of juvenile, Even children under the nine age
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