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تاثير اعادة الاعتيان والتكميم على ضغط البيانات الصوتية الرقمية == Effect of Resampling and Requantization on the Compression of Digital Audio Data

اسم المؤلف: شيرين عبد القادر مهدي السامرائي
اسم المشرف: لؤي ادور جورج | ليث عبد العزيز العاني
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2005
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: ان دراسة اعادة الاعتيان والتكميم للبيانات الصوتية الرقمية تعتبر من المواضيع المهمة حيث تستخدم لاغراض ضغط البيانات.في هذا البحث تم دراسة بعض طرق اعادة الاعتيان بواسطة تقليل عدد العينات مع الحفاظ على نوعية الصوت. ومن هذه الطرق المدروسة : Linear, Lagrange , Cubic Spline , quadratic, and Bezier’’وتم بحث معدل تقليل العينات بواسطة حذف جزء كبير من العينات ومن ثم اعادة العينات التي تم حذفها بواسطة طرق الاستكمال التي تم الاشارة اليها وتم تحديد درجة كفاءة كل طريقة من الطرق المدروسة باستخدام مقاييس معيارية منها نسبة تقييس الاشارة العظمى الى الضوضاء (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio)واثبتت طرق النتائج . كذلك تم في هذا البحث دراسة اعادة التكميم بواسطة الطريقة المتجانسة وغير المتجانسة وتم دراسة مراحل التكميم لكل طريقة مع الحفاظ على نوعية الصوت وكانت نتائج التكميم للطريقة المتجانسة افضل من الطريقة الغير متجانسة.بالاضافة الى ذلك فقد تم اختبار النتائج سمعيا وكانت عينة المستمعين من خلفيات مختلفة وتم استنتاج انه كلمزااد معدل تقليل البيانات ومراحل التكميم سوف تقل نوعية الصوت. | The study of the resampling and requantization methods of digital audio data is one of the major assets project. Which these methods used to compression the audio data. In this search the application of some resampling methods on the audio signal was investigated by reducing the number of samples while the audio quality is maintained. The considered resampling methods are the Linear, Quadratic, Cubic spline, Lagrange and Bezierand for each method the level of sampling reduction was investigated by applying the down sampling rate using and then up sampling using the above mentioned interpolation method. The efficiency of each method under consideration will be determined with the aid of quality criteria like peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). The Lagrange, Cubic spline, and Beizer interpolation methods provided have the same results and good quality. Also in this search the results of applying the uniform and non - uniform quantization methods are presented the effect of the quantization steps on the audio quality investigated. The results proved the uniform quantization method is better than non - uniform quantization method.A listening test was used to prove the efficiency of each method, the test sample has different backgrounds and they prove when the decimation rate and the step of quantization increase the audio quality will be decrease

ترميم الصور الرقمية باستخدام خوارزمية المرشح التكراري == Restoration of Digital Images Using an Iterative Tikhonov - Miller Filter

اسم المؤلف: هاله كاظم حسن
اسم المشرف: اياد عبد العزيز العاني
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لقد تم تطبيق المعالجات الصورية في العديد من المجالات العلمية كعلوم الفيزياء والحاسوب والهندسة والكيمياء والبيولوجيا والطب. من المعروف ان عملية الحصول على الصورة باستخدام الطرق البصرية او الالكترونية والتي عادة ما تكون معرضة للتشويه من قبل بيئة المتحسس. مجال ترميم الصورة هو احدى مجالات معالجة الصورة الرقمية الذي يهتم بتحسين الصورة المشوهة. ترميم الصورة ممكن ان يكون خطي او غير خطي واعمى او غير اعمى. تم التركيز في هذا البحث على ترميم الصور الخطي والغير اعمى وفرض ان موديل تشوية الصورة هو عبارة عن التفاف داله الغشاوة بالصورة الاصلية واتلفت باضافة ضوضاء جمعية وان خوارزمية ترميم الصورة هي محاولة للتخلص من داله الغشاوة والضوضاء من الصورة المشوهة بفك التفاف دالة التشويه بالصورة المشوهة وتقليل الضوضاء لانتاج صورة مقدرة قريبة من الصورة الاصلية . الصور المستخدمة شوهت بواسطة دالة غشاوة كاوسية مختلفة الانحراف المعياري σ =1,2 وضوضاء كاوسية جمعية مختلفة بنسبة الاشارة الى الضوضاء SNR= 5,10, 20. التشوية استخدم لعدة انواع من الصور وهي الصورة الرمادية (صورة الستلايت )وصورة السونار (صورة الجنين) والصورة الملونة (صورة الطائر). وينر فلتر وفلتر ميلر - تكنهوف التكراري استخدمت لترميم الصور المشوهة. بواسطة مقياس جذر معدل مربع الخطاء لقد استنتجنا ان افضل اداء لوينر فلتر هو عندما يكون التشويه عالي اي ان نسبة الاشارة الى الضوضاء قليلة وافضل اداء لميلر - تكنهوف التكراري هو عندما يكون التشويه قليل اي ان نسبة الاشارة الى الضوضاء عالية. | Digital images are applied in various fields such us : physics, computer, engineering, chemistry, biology and medication sciences. It have been known that any images acquired by optical or electronic means is likely to be degraded by the sensing environment. Image restoration, is one of digital image processing field, which is care about improving the degraded image. Image restoration may be linear or non - linear and blind or non - blind. The following research focusing on linear non - blind image restoration and assuming that the degradation model as a convolution of the original image with blurring function and distorded by additive noise. Image restoration algorithms are trying to "undo" the blurring function and the noise from the degraded image by deconvolving the blurring function and reducing the noise from the degraded image to produce an estimate image, which it approach to the original image. The image have been used, blurred by Gaussian blurring function with selected standard deviation values σ = 1,2 and degraded by additive Gaussian noise with selected signal to noise ratio values SNR= 5, 10 and 20. The degradation have been used for three type of images, these are gray image (Satellite image), sonar image (Embryo image) and color image (bird image). Iterative Tikhonov - Miller filter and Wiener filter have been used to restore the degraded images. Using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) measuring it have been concluded that, Iterative Tikhonov - Miller filter has better performance for less degradation parameters, with high SNR and Wiener filter has better performance for more degradation parameters, with low SNR.

دراسة الخصائص الطيفية لسلاسل نظائر نوى الهافنيوم والتنكستن باستخدام IBM وIBFM == Study of Spectroscopic Properties in Isotopic Chain of Hf and W Nuclei Using IBM and IBFM

اسم المؤلف: عمار عبد الستار زغير الراوي
اسم المشرف: سعد ناجي عبود | ليث عبد العزيز العاني
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تم استخدام نموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة IBM لدراسة التركيب النووي لنظائر الهافنيوم 172 - 180Hf والتنكستن 180 - 190W حيث تم تحديد قيم معلمات معادلة الطاقة الهاملتونية H في نموذج البوزونات المتفاعة الاول IBM - 1 ونموذج البوزونات المتفاعة الثاني IBM - 2 لكل نظير من نظائر الهافنيوم والتنكستن عن طريق المواؤمة (fitting) مع مستويات الطاقة التجريبية المتوفرة. وكذلك تم استخدام هذه المعلمات لكل نظير لدراسة الانتقالات الكهربائية رباعية القطب B(E2) والانتقالات ثنائية القطب المغناطيسي B(M1) والعزوم رباعية القطب الكهربائي للمستويات المتهيجة الاولى Q(2_1^+) والثانية Q(2_2^+) وكذلك نسب الخلط بين الانتقالات الكهرومغناطيسية (E2/M1) والانتقالات احادية القطب الكهربائية B(E0) بالاضافة الى دراسة الازاحات الايزوميرية وازاحة النظائر، وتمت مقارنة النتائج النظرية (بنتائج IBM - 1 وIBM - 2 ) مع القيم العملية المتوفرة وكان هناك توافق جيد بينهما. تم دراسة المستويات المزدوجة التناظر ذات البرم العالي في IBM - 2 بالنسبة لتفاعل ماجيرونا ومنها مستويات ايريست ومستويات ايرير، حيث هذه المستويات تتميز بانها ذات طاقة عالية وE2 ضعيف مع انتقال M1 قوي مع تحديد البرمF (F - Spin) لكل مستوي.المستويات هي المستويات المزدوجة التناظر في نظائر Hf وW وهي المستويات التي تتميز بانها مستويات ذات فونون واحد او فونونين في سلاسل النظائر ذات الشكل γ - softالتي لها اعداد نيوترونية N قريبة من العدد السحري 82 باتجاه النظائر المشوهه نحو منصف القشرة.تم مناقشة مستويات الطاقة B(E2)، B(M1) والمستويات المزدوجة التناظر وتاثير عوامل ماجيرونا على مستويات الطاقة المتهيجة العليا لنظائر 180 - 190W باستخدام IBM - 2. وكان لتغير هذه العوامل تاثير كبير على خواص المستويات المزدوجة التناظر، تم مقارنة جميع النتائج التي حصلنا عليها مع القيم العملية المتوفرة وحصلنا على مقاربة جيدة.حيث وجد ان المستوي في 180W و182W هو اول مستوي مزدوج التناظر بينما في184W و186W هو اول المستويات المزدوجة التناظر في هاتين النواتين. تم حساب خصائص B(M1) ونسب الخلط وكذلك العوامل g - factors وM1 strength للنوى الزوجية للتنكستن 180 - 188W باستخدام IBM - 2.نظائر الهافنيوم (Z=72) تقع في المنطقة المشوهه بينما نظائر التنكستن (Z = 74) تقع في المنطقة الانتقالية باتجاه المنطقة المشوهة العليا. نسبة الخلط E2/Ml لبعض الانتقالات في نظائر172 - 180Hf و180 - 188Wتم حسابها لمستويات الطاقة المنخفضة الموقع وكذلك المستويات العليا (المزدوج التنافر) ومن قيم نسبة الخلط بعضها مقارب للبعض الاخر ومختلف عن القيم العملية بالاشارة وهي حساسة لقيم M1. وهنا تم الاعتماد على طرق جديدة في حساب الشحنات المؤثرة للبوزونات (e_π,e_v )وذلك لغرض استخدامها في حساب الانتقالات الكهربائية رباعية القطب. وكذلك الاعتماد على طرق جديدة وحديثة باتخاذ g - factor لحساب الانتقالات المغناطيسية M1.تم حساب طاقة فصل بوزترون من نوع نيوترون بالاعتماد على برامج متقدمة وجديدة ضمن برنامج NPBOS وكذلك حساب نسبة التفرع X(E0/E2) لكلا السلسلتين.الجزء الاخر من الدراسة تم تحليل مستويات الطاقة الموجبة ومستويات الطاقة السالبة لنظائر الهافينيوم والتنكستن الزوجية الفردية باستخدام نموذجي تفاعل البوزون - الفيرميون الاول(IBFM - 1) والثاني (IBFM - 2)، حيث تم ايجاد مستويات او مدارات الجسم المنفرد ذات التناظر السالب والموجب . وهنا تم استخدام برنامج ODDA وبرنامج PBEFM لحساب مستويات الطاقة والانتقالات الكهرومغناطيسية ونسب الخلط بينهما وتمت مقارنة النتائج النظرية مع القيم العملية المتوفرة.وكذلك تم اعتماد طرق جديدة في حساب الشحنة الفعالة للفرميون (e_F ) وكذلك حساب العامل الجيرومغناطيسي للفيرميون (g_F ) والذين استخدمناهما في دراسة الانتقالات الكهرومغناطيسية في نوى الهافنيوم والتنكستن الزوجية والفردية باستخدام (IBFM) | The interacting boson model (IBM) has been used to make a schematic study of (172 - 180Hf and 180 - 190W) isotopes. For each isotope of Hafnium and Tungsten determined the values of the parameters in the Hamiltonian of IBM - 1 and IBM - 2, which satisfied the best fit to the experimental data for energy levels. Beside on these values, can extrapolate to isotopes are extrapolated for which no experimental data founded and can make predictions for future experiments. We obtain the electromagnetic transition probability B (E2) and B (M1) by using the same values of these parameters for each isotope to, quadrupole moments for first and second excited states, mixing ratios and monopole transition probabilities B (E0), isomer and isotopic shifts and two neutron boson separation energy. Where our results had good agreement with the experimental data in general, although more experimental data we needed for the nuclear properties. The long range goal is to understand the origin of the IBM - 1 and IBM - 2 parameters in terms of a microscopic theory, such as nuclear shell and Nillson models. Results of schematic calculations are presented in various terms of F - spin symmetry in the Hamiltonian of the IBM - 2. Specific attention is paid to the effect of F - spin symmetry breaking on gamma to ground and gamma to gamma M1 transition in deformed nuclei. A comparison with available magnetic dipole moment transition probability M1 data in deformed nuclei is presented. The constraints implicit by these data on the form of IBM - 2 Hamiltonian in deformed nuclei are discussed. Mixed symmetry states are also studied. It is found that some of the mixed symmetry states with moderate high spins change very fast with respect to Majorana interaction. Under known conditions, they become the yrast state or yrare state. These states are difficult to decay and become very stable. This study suggests that a possible new mode of isomers may exist due to the special nature in their proton and neutron degrees of freedom for these isotopes. The mixed - symmetry and states or at least a fragment of it, have been identified in Hf and W isotopes. This enable us to trace the evolution of the one - phonon and two - phonon states in the even - even Hafnium and Tungsten isotopic chain from the γ - soft nuclei near N = 82 to the deformed nuclei towards mid - shell. In 180 - 190W isotopes, energy levels, B (E2), B (M1) and mixed symmetry states (MSS) have been discussed using IBM - 2. The effects of the Majorana parameters on the energy of the highly excited state have been investigated. The variation of these parameters has a great effect on the properties of MSS. All the calculated results were compared to the available experimental data and a reasonable agreement was achieved. It is found that the in 180W and 182W are the first 2+ mixed symmetry states, while the in 184W and 186W are the first 2+ mixed symmetry states. The B (M1) properties of even 180 - 188W isotopes are investigated in the IBM - 2. The (E2/M1) mixing ratios, g - factors, and summed M1 strength are calculated. A least - squares fit of the excitation energies is used to fix the IBM - 1 projected Hamiltonian parameters, while the F - spin - breaking terms are adjusted to reproduce the M1 properties of low - lying states. The influence of F - spin mixing on the summed M1 strength is studied using the coherent state technique in perturbation theory. The M1 properties of the low - lying states are described satisfactorily when the standard boson g factors are used, but the summed M1 strengths are found to be larger than the present experimental values. Possible g factor adjustment, which reconciles the calculated and experimental M1 strength, is discussed. The Hafnium (Z=72) lies in the deformed region and tungsten isotopes (Z = 74) lie in the transitional region that occurs at the upper limit of the range of the deformed nuclei. The - ray E2/Ml mixing ratios for the selected transitions in 172 - 180Hf and 180 - 188W are calculated in the IBM - 2. The Majorana parameters are found to have a great effect on the energy of mixed - symmetry states as well as on the sign and magnitude of the E2/M1 mixing ratios of transitions between regular (symmetric) states. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of the sign and magnitude of values on particular IBM - 2 parameters. In this study, analyzed the positive and negative parity states of odd Hf and W isotopes within framework IBFM - 1 and IBFM - 2. The results of an IBFM - 1 and IBFM - 2 multilevel calculations of and , single particle orbit are reported for the positive and negative parity states of the odd atomic mass number, A, Hf and W isotopes. Also, an IBM - 1 and IBM - 2 calculation by using ODDA and PBEFM programs is presented for the low - lying states in the even - even 170 - 180Hf and 180 - 190W core nucleus. The energy levels, B (E2) and B (M1) transition probabilities and mixing ratios are calculated and compared to the available experimental data. We found that the calculated positive and negative parity low spin state energy spectra of the odd - A 171 - 179Hf and 181 - 187W isotopes agree quite well with the experimental data.

تخمين الجرعة الاشعاعية للاشعة المؤينة وفوق البنفسجية باستخدام كواشف الاثر النووي == Radiation Dose Assessment for Ionizing and Ultraviolet Radiations Using CR - 39 , Lexan and LR - 115 Nuclear Track Detectors

اسم المؤلف: فلا حاتم طه
اسم المشرف: حسين علي الجبوري
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The aim of this study is the radiation dose assessment of gamma rays - γ and ultraviolet - UV radiation on nuclear track detector - NTDs types CR - 39 , Lexan and LR - 115 through measuring the absorbance - A by using uv - visible spectroscopy technique and measuring the spectral deviation of Fourier transform infrared - FTIR technique .The radiation response for gamma rays was measured at low dose range 1Gy to 10 Gy and high dose range 10 Gy to 195 kGy .There is gamma ray response for all NTDs used in this study . Results revealed gamma radiation response at low and high radiation doses for Lexan and LR - 115 detector using optical absorbance - A ,while the radiation response for CR - 39 detector appears only at high dose range .The results show that absorbance - A increases with increasing of gamma radiation dose, where it was observed that Lexan detector has a radiation response much better than CR - 39 and LR - 115 detectors through measuring increasing in the absorbance - A value at the wavelength 800 nm . There is deviation in some of wavenumbers - W of FTIR spectrum measured for CR - 39 detector. This deviation appears at low dose range from 1Gy to 10 Gy with increasing of gamma radiation dose at wavenumbers - W 1405 and 1456 cmˉ ˡ , while the deviation does not appear in Lexan and LR - 115 detectors .Also, for uv - irradiation there is an increase in absorbance - A with uv - irradiation in dose at the range from 1 J/cm² to 360J/cm² . LR - 115 detector has uv - radiation response better than CR - 39 and Lexan detectors through measuring the increasing in absorbance - A at the wavelength 650 nm.The deviation in FTIR spectrum caused by uv - irradiation appears at the wavenumbers - W 1338 , 940 and 2907 cmˉˡ for CR - 39 , Lexan and LR - 115 detector respectively. The deviation in CR - 39 and Lexan detectors is more clear than in LR - 115 detector.From the results of this study , a possibility appears for the case of NTDs type CR - 39 , Lexan and LR - 115 as gamma and uv radiation dosimeters in medical and environmental fields.List of

تطور التركيب في نوى الباريوم الزوجية - الزوجية باستخدام نموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة == Structure Evolution in the even - even Ba nuclei with IBM

اسم المؤلف: غفران عبد علي
اسم المشرف: سعد ناجي عبود
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The nuclear structure and electromagnetic transitions of even - even neutronrich 120 - 148Ba isotopes was studied in the framework of the collective models Interacting Boson Model (IBM - 1 and IBM - 2) and Dynamic Deformation Model (DDM). The reduced transition probabilities B(E2), B(M1), monopole matrix element  (E0) , mixing ratio  (E2/M1) and X(E0/ E2) of these isotopes was calculated. A set of parameters was used in the calculation to approach the values with the measured data. It was pointed out that Interacting Boson Model (IBM - 1 and IBM - 2) are equitably reliable for the description of spectra and other nuclear properties. It was found that there is a rapid transition between spherical and rotational shapes. In this work, we depend on new methods to evaluate the effective charges for proton and neutron boson ( )  e and ( )  e , and new method to calculate the gyromagnetic ratio for proton boson ( )  g and ( )  g .Mixed symmetry states are also studied. It is found that some of the mixed symmetry states with moderate high spins change very fast with respect to the Majorana interaction. Under certain conditions, they become the yrast state or yrare state. These states are difficult to decay and become very stable. This study suggests that a possible new mode of isomers may exist due to the special nature in their proton and neutron degrees of freedom for these isotopes. The mixed - symmetry 2 , 3  2 , 4    1 3 and 1 ,  states or at least a fragment of it have been identified in Ba isotopes. This enables us to trace the evolution of the onephonon and two - phonon states in the even - even barium isotopic chain from the γ - soft nuclei near N = 82 to the deformed nuclei towards mid - shell. The Dynamic Deformation Model (DDM) of Kumar and Baranger is employed for studying variations of the nuclear structure of light 120 - 140Ba isotopes. The potential energy surface parameters have been calculated and the low - lyingn levels spectrum is predicted along with the static and transition E2 moments.Comparison with experiment data and with other theories supports the validity of our treatment.The recent developments of the dynamic deformation model (DDM) make it readily applicable to a wide range of nuclei in periodic table. We study of the even - mass barium isotopes from N= 64 to the closed neutron shell at N= 84. Within this region there is experimental evidence for nuclei with the characteristics of vibrational, rotational or  soft level sequences. We show that the DDM model is well able to account for these features as typified by energy levels, electric quadrupole moments and gamma transition probabilities across this region when the only parameter which changes is the neutron number. For comparison the experimental data were also fitted to IBM - 2 and the results from these fits are in general in good agreement with those from the DDM.Supervisor Certification We certify that this thesis entitled ''Structure Evolution in the even - even Ba nuclei with IBM'' was prepared under our supervision at the University of Al - Nahrain Collage of Science Department of Physics, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of science in physics.

تحضير المركباث الجديدة Sn - 1223 وCu - 1223 الفائقت التوصيل العالي من Hg - 1223 == Preparation of Novel High Temperature Superconductor Compounds (Cu - 1223 and Sn - 1223) From Hg - 1223

اسم المؤلف: اسراء ماهر جمال
اسم المشرف: عماد خضير الشكرجي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The main problem is the replacing of Hg atom by covalent atoms such as(Cu,Sn) atoms in the compound ((H )B C C ) by consider (x=0 - 1). Firstly, the high temperature superconductor of (HgB C C ) Hg - 1223 had been synthesized experimentally by solid state reaction. The high temperature superconductor (CuB C C ) Cu - 1223, (SnB C C ) Sn - 1223 had been synthesized by solid state reaction.There are many parameters affected the preparation technique such as flow of oxygen, sintering temperature and compacted pressure. The ceramic samplesof((HgB C C ),(CuB C C ) and (SnB C C ) was analyzed by XRD technique to show the phase of Hg - 1223. The XRD - pattern exhibited the presence of Hg - 1223, Cu - 1223 and Sn - 1223 like tetragonal phase incomparable with the ASTM data sheet.The analysis of XRD - pattern showed that the high phase Hg - 1223 was predominated in the crystal structure of all compound (CuB C C ) and (SnB C C ). The XRD - pattern with the aid of a computer software to determine the lattice parameters. The lattice parameters for Hg - 1223 were a=3.99 , b=3.99 and c=16.47 , the compound Cu - 1223 had a=4.171 , b=4.171 and c=16.743 and the compound Sn - 1223 had a=4.05 , b=4.05 and c=15.682 .The EDX analysis for all compounds was investigated to show the elemental ratio in the mixture in agreement with the applied concentration of elements. The SEM analysis for all ceramic samples were showed the surface morphology and then the nature of grains and their size. The Iodiometric Titration Method also had been used to show the oxygen excess that was the role to enhance the mechanism of superconductivity.The resistivity measurement plays an important role in proving the predominate phase and the superconductor behavior through the presence ofIXcritical temperature which was about 115 K, 128 K and 110 K for superconductor compounds Hg - 1223, Cu - 1223 and Sn - 1223 respectively. In order to remove the low phase Cu - 1212 appearance in the crystal structure of the high temperature superconductor compound Cu - 1223 and to improve the superconductor properties we repeated the sintering process. As a result the XRD analysis indicated that the low phase Cu - 1212 predominated in the crystal structure which was had tetragonal phase with the lattice parameters a=3.55 , b=3.55 and c=12.37 . The resistivity measurement was supported the low phase Cu - 1212 with critical temperature about 64 K.

تصميم وتصنيع غشاء رقيق من اكاسيد الزنك المضاد للانعكاس باستخدام تقنيات مختلفة == Design and Fabrication of Antireflection ZnO Thin Film by Using Different Techniques

اسم المؤلف: نداء طه ياسين
اسم المشرف: علاء جبار غزاي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In this work single layer antireflection coating of ZnO thin film has been designed and fabrication on glass and PSi substrates using pulse laser ablation (PLA) and spin coating techniques.Mainly, the work, divided into two parts, first : single antireflection of ZnO thin film using modified characteristics matrix to satisfy zero reflection condition theoretically. Second : ZnO nanoparticle deposited on different substrates using PLA which including the effect of duration pulse of 1000, 1500, 2000 pulses, Energy of 600, 700, 800 mJ and type of solvent by methanol and distilled water have been fabricated studied. In addition, spin coating method have been employed to synthesis this film. Structural and optical properties of prepared films have been characterized using XRD, SEM and EDX, and UV - Vis, respectively.XRD results revealed that the ZnO thin film have hexagonal structure with polycrystalline in nature with preferred orientation of (002). In addition, crystalline size was increased with the increasing of duration pulses at methanol solvent at fixed energy of 700 mJ, besides; in distilled water solvent at 700 mJ have low crystalline size at duration pulse of 1500 pulse. While at fixed duration of 1500 pulse, the crystalline size has low valne at energy of 700 mJ . As well as, the film deposited on glass and PSi substrate using sol gel method have crystalline size of (96.83and 85.16) nm respectively. Narrow FWHM and no phase change has been observed in all cases. SEM images showed that for all cases the films were homogenous with some island and cluster then cracking started to obtain with the increasing of increase the pulse number. Expected of film on glass prepared using

بناء وتوصيف BNT - BKT - BT البيزوالكترك لخزن الطاقة == Construction and Characterization of BNT - BKT - BT Piezoelectrics for Energy Harvesting

اسم المؤلف: نذير بشير محمود
اسم المشرف: عماد خضير الشكرجي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Lead - free piezoelectrics are non - toxic, cheap and environmental friendlymaterials. Among them Bismuth Sodium Titanate (BNT) which has thechemical formula Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 with a complex A - site perovskite structure. Inthis study, some modifications on BNT were used to help in applications byforming solid solution with Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 (BKT) and BaTiO3 (BT). The BNTbased(xBNT - yBKT - zBT) with x+y+z=1 ; were prepared via different methodsat the Morphotropic Phase Boundary (MPB) : 0.94BNT - 0.06BT , 0.93BNT - 0.07BT , 0.8BNT - 0.2BKT, 0.84BNT - 0.16BKT and 0.9BNT - 0.065BKT - 0.035BKT with their origin BNT , BKT and BT. Mini Database was proposeddepending on the results of international databases and some crystallographysoftware and plotted as phase diagrams. Several predictions were suggesteddepending on the built Mini Database and phase diagrams for the BNT - BKTBTsystem. The main prediction was : the physical properties either dependedon the changing of crystal structure ( polarization , dielectric constant ,piezoelectric coefficient ) or the properties had linearity with the composition (density, melting point , sintering temperature ). It has been focused on thestudying the crystal structure, dielectric measurements, hysteresis loopmeasurements and polarization fatigue analyses for ceramic samples.The samples were prepared by different methods : the hydrothermalmethod with spherical shape particles of 65nm - 600nm size; and by solid statereaction method. The powder were pressed in suitable template at 250MPa ,sintered according to database prediction "sintering temperature phase diagram", the resulted ceramic discs had relative density 90% - 96 %. These results agreed with the database predictions "sintering and density phase diagrams”.The crystal structure for the prepared samples were studied using X - ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the XRD showed that the samples BNT - 6BT, BNT - 7BT, BNT - 20BKT, BNT - 16BKT and BNT - BKT - 35BT had the Morphtropic Phase Boundary (MPB) while BNT had the rhombohedral structure. BKT and BT had a tetragonal structure. These results agreed with the predictions "crystal structure phase diagram" The dielectric measurements showed that there were three regions for BNT - BKT - BT system; the first one was the samples with relaxor ferroelectric behaviors, the samples belonging to this region were BNT, BNT - 6BT, BNT - 7BT, BNT - 20BKT, BNT - 16BKT and BNT - BKT - 35BT (i.e. BNT and the MPB region). The second region was the samples with Normal ferroelectric behavior.The sample with this region was BT. The third region was the samples with relaxor - like ferroelectric behavior (weak ferroelectric) as in BKT. The Curie temperature for the samples within MPB was between 270℃ to 300℃, while for the origin : for BNT the Curie temperature was about 320℃; for BKT was about 370℃; and for BT was about 110℃. The depolarization temperature for samples within MPB region was below 100℃ (above room temperature) while for BNT was 250℃.The hysteresis loop measurements were studied both experimentally and theoretically. The study showed that the results for BNT were Ps=35μC/cm2, Ec=60kV/cm, for BKT was Ps=30μC/cm2, Ec=4.7kV/cm and for BT was Ps=26μC/cm2, Ec=9.8kV/cm, while for the samples within the MPB region the results were Ps=45μC/cm2, Ec ≈ 30kV/cm. The polarization had the largest value within MPB, which agreed with the first prediction by the proposed database (i.e. the polarization of BNT - BKT - BT system depends on crystal structure). The coercive electric (Ec) had a linear behavior with the composition. The value of Ec within MPB was in the range of 27kV/cm to 33kV/cm, which was half of the value for pure BNT. This result agreed with the second prediction by thedesigned database. The polarization fatigue analyses were performed depending on the fatigue model. The results showed that the polarization life cycle had the values of 1012 cycles for BNT, 1011 cycles for BT and 104 cycles for BKT, while within MPB region the polarization life had the largest value of about 1016 cycles which was much greater than in origin (BNT, BKT and BT). This result also agreed with the first prediction by the designed database (polarization life cycle had the largest value and depends on the crystal structure). The fatigue analyses predicted the value of applied electric field used in hysteresis loop measurements and the effect of cycle on the applied electric field.Finally, some of the problems were skipped and properties of BNT were enhanced by looking for the MPB region in the solid solution. The MPB showed the value for polarization to be larger than that in pure BNT, and it reduced the coercive electric field comparing to the original BNT. The polarization life cycle at MPB was much greater than in BNT. Therefore, this study could find some solutions for the drawbacks of BNT, and solve some problems for other piezoelectrics.

دراسة عامل تراكم الجرعة لاشعة كاما في الماء والكرافايت ضمن مدى الطاقة (10 - 4) م. ا. ف == A Study of Gamma Ray Dose Buildup Factors in Water and Graphite, in the Energy Range (4 - 10) MeV

اسم المؤلف: حنان محمد جواد
اسم المشرف: ليث عبد العزيز العاني
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لقد اجريت دراسات عديدة لقياس عامل التراكم لاشعة كاما بانواعه المتعددة لما له من اهمية في قياس الجرع الناتجة من استخدام الاشعة الكهرومغناطيسية وفي تدريعها. في هذه الدراسة تم حساب عامل تراكم اشعة كاما لاثنين من مواد التدريع (الماء والكرافيت) ضمن مدى الطاقة (4 - 10) مليون الكترون فولط، ولغاية سمك 5 معدل مسار حر, لتحقيق هذه الدراسة تم كتابة وتنفيذ برنامج محاكاة باستخدام لغة Visual Basic language اصدار Gوتطبيقه اعتمادا على اسلوب محاكاة مونتي كارلو.الفكرة الاساسية للبرنامج تشمل وصف السلوك الحقيقي للاشعاع والتنبؤ بحركتة العشوائية خلال الوسط. يمكن استخدام هذا الاسلوب لمحاكاة المسالة التقليدية (الكلاسيكية) الناتجة عن سقوط الاشعاع على شريحة مسطحة تعمل كموهن لاشعة كاما. الشكل الهندسي للمصدر المشع الذي اعتمد في هذه الدراسة هو مصدر مستوى عمودي احادي الطاقة.في هذا البحث تم دراسة عامل تراكم الجرعة لاشعة كاما بوجود وعدم وجود تاثير انتاج الزوج ولنفس الطاقة. كما تم دراسة عدد من المتغيرات المتعلقة بتصميم البرنامج والمسماة متغيرات المحاكاة والتي تتضمن عدد اشعة كاما التي يمكن تتبعها وعدد تقسيم مدى الطاقة. تم دراسة اعتماد عامل التراكم على كل من طاقة الفوتون الساقط, عمق الاختراق والعدد الذري لمادة الدرع في حساب عامل تراكم اشعة كاما اظهرت النتائج ان عامل تراكم الجرعة لاشعة كاما يتناسب عكسيا مع زيادة الطاقة. ويمكن تبرير هذا السلوك بما يلي : عند زيادة الطاقة (ضمن مدى الطاقة المدروس) فان احتمالية استطارة كومبتن تتناقص، لان تاثير كومبتون يتناسب عكسيا مع زيادة طاقة. كذلك فان زيادة الطاقة تؤدي الى زيادة قدرة اختراق اشعة كاما في الوسط وهذا يؤدي الى انخفاض احتمالية الاستطارة بزوايا صغيرة وهذا ينعكس على حساب عامل تراكم الجرعة (حيث انة الاستطارة بزوايا صغيرة لها دور كبير في حساب عامل التراكم ). لكل من الكرافيت والماء، اظهرت النتائج الى ان القيم المحسوبة من عامل تراكم الجرعة لاشعة كاما عند عدم وجود تاثير انتاج الزوج اقل مقارنة عند وجود تاثير انتاج الزوج حيث تبقى مساهمة استطارة كومبتن هي الغالبة مقارنة مع تاثيرالفناء(تاثير انتاج الزوج) ضمن مدى الطاقة (4 - 10) مليون الكترون فولط .النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها بالنسبة للماء من برنامج محاكاة مونتي كارلو في هذه الدراسة كانت قريبة جدا الى بعض النتائج التجريبية المنشورة بالمقارنة مع نتائج محاكاة مونتي كارلو التي تم الحصول عليها من بعض الابحاث المنشورة. حيث تعتبر المقارنة مع النتائج التجريبية افضل وسيلة للحكم على النتائج المستحصلة نظريا. | Several studies have been conducted to measure different type of gamma ray buildup factor for its importance in measuring the dose resulting from Electromagnetic rays use and its shieldingIn this study gamma ray buildup factor for two shielding materials water (Zeff =7.42) and graphite (Z=6) within the energy range 4 - 10 MeV and up to 5 thickness mean free path has been studied. To achieve this study a simulation computer program has been written (Visual Basic language version G) and applied depending on Monte Carlo simulation method. The basic idea of the program includes real radiation behavior description and prediction of its random movement through the media. This method can be used to simulate a traditional problem (classic) resulting from the fall of the beam on the flat slide works as attenuator for gamma rays. The radioactive source geometry adopted in the study is mono energetic normal plane sourceIn this research the contribution of annihilation effect on the calculation of gamma ray dose buildup factor has been studied in the same energy and within the studied energy range. This study also examining a number of variables related to the program design called simulation variables like number of gamma scenarios, number of divisions for energy. This research is also including study the effect of energy for the incident photon, shield thickness, and atomic number for shielding material on the calculation of gamma ray buildup factor. The results indicated that the gamma ray dose buildup factor is inversely proportional with energy increase. This behavior means that when the energy within the studied energy range is increased, the probability of Compton effect decrease, since the Compton effect is inversely proportional with energy. Second, the penetrating ability for gamma radiation is also increase and this leads to an decrease in the probability of scattering with small angels and finally it is reflected on the calculation of dose buildup factor (the scattering with small angels plays a very important role in the calculation of buildup factor). For both graphite and water, although the results indicated that the calculated values of dose buildup for plane source when the contribution of pair production is ignored, less in comparison when the contribution of pair production is taken in consideration but the contribution of Compton effect is still more predominant than the effect of annihilation within the range of energy (4 - 10) MeV.The results obtained from the performed Monte Carlo simulation program in this study are very closer to the published experimental results (error = 10.4%) in comparison with Monte Carlo simulation results (error = 40.58%) obtained from some published researches. The comparison with experimental result is the best way to judge on the accuracy of the results obtains theoretically

تطوير واستخدام منظومه كشف المواد المتفجرة عن بعد == Development and Optimization of Stand off Explosive Material Detection System

اسم المؤلف: ولدان محمد عواد
اسم المشرف: سهى موسى خورشيد الاوسي | كمال حسين لطيف
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In order to develop a effected method to reveal the presence of explosive, numerous detection techniques have been studied that are capable of detecting explosives, The current study provides an overview of the present techniques like LIBS which is an atomic spectroscopy, and examined a new technique for detecting called laser induced fluorescence (LIF).LIF essentially measures the optical emission of the excited energetic materials by laser. The use of LIF has led to the discovery of unreported optical characteristics of some compounds that are exclusive to the individual material, like the phase shift and the modulation depth of the fluorescence signals.A high resolution spectrometer is used to record the fluorescence emission wave length for three types of explosive materials, These optical characteristics consist of fluorescence shoulders of the three samples in the wave length between (300 - 370) nm .Using fast rise time photo multiplier and spatial amplification for the fluorescence signal enable us to detect the time domain fluorescence spectrum for three types of explosive materials (AN), (TNT),( C4) and other non - explosive material, this method used Carefully for 8m standoff detection, different type of substrate is examined to simulate the real scan, both the time domain and frequency domain is measured for efficient LIF spectroscopy that give us a total configuration of the tested sample.A library of a total time configuration for different type of material s spectrum enables us to develop a algorithms to distinguish between expl osive and non - explosive material. Used to develop a recognition program to achieve high sensitive detection system.

السلوك التلبيدي والخواص العزلية للمتراكب MgAl204 - Al == Sintering behavior and thermal insulating properties of (MgAl204 - Al) spinel composite

اسم المؤلف: علي حسين صالح
اسم المشرف: قاصد عبد الستار صالح الجنابي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Spinel - Aluminum composites are drawing greater attention due to their low density, excellent physical, mechanical and refractory properties. This work aims to study the preparing one of the most current conventional technique and sintering behavior of Spinel - Al composite through characterization of the physical, mechanical properties as well as XRD and microstructure of the synthesis Spinel - Al composite specimens.Magnesia (MgO) and alumina (Al2O3) were used as starting materials to prepare stoichiometric magnesium aluminate spinel (MA) via single stage firing process (solid state reaction).Spinel (reinforced material) which prepared at sintering temperatures 12000C and 14000C for 2h soaking time was added in different weight percentage, i.e. 2,4,6,8 wt.% to the aluminum (matrix material) for synthesis Spinel - Al composites in a temperature range of 450 - 6500C via solid state reaction (SSR). The sintering parameters, XRD, microstructure, mechanical and thermal properties of the Spinel - Al composite products were investigated as well as the influence of each of the synthesized spinel contents and sintering temperature on sintering behavior of the composite products were also discussed. The results show that the better sintered density, water absorption, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity of the composite products obtained at low amount addition of spinel fired at 1200 and 14000C was 2wt.% and at 6500C.Also, studying of X - ray diffraction (XRD) for prepared spinel - aluminum composite specimens showed that the composites has many crystalline orientations (38.70, 44.970, 65.30 and 60.190), (390, 45.20, 65.620 and 60.330), (38.90, 45.150, 65.470, and 60.40) and (38.850, 45.260, 65.60 and 60.40) corresponding to (111), (200), (220) and (333) for 2,4,6,8wt% of spinel respectively.The studying of the morphology of spinel - aluminum composite specimens reveal that average grain size of reaches about 6.03, 6.17, 6.22, 6.3 (μm) for 2, 4, 6, 8 wt.% of MgAl2O4 fired at 12000C respectively, whereas their average grain size reaches about 7.18, 7.57, 7.9, 8.48 (μm) for the same spinel content fired at 14000C respectively.

تحضير ودراسة جسيمات الفضة النانوية وتاثيرها المضاد للبكتيريا == Preparing and Studying Nano Silver Particles and Their Anti Bacterial Effect

اسم المؤلف: سماح صباح عبد الرزاق
اسم المشرف: ثامر عبد الجبار جمعة
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The target of this research is to prepare nano silver particles by laser ablation in both deionized and magnetized water. The properties of nano silver particles and their bacterial effects with different parameters’ were studied. The magnetic water was laboratory preparing by square magnets with magnetic flux of 200 mT applied on the deionized water which pass through it 10ns Q.swiched Nd - YAG laser of wave length 1064nm with different energies and different laser pulses number were used with and without applied electric field. Optical properties for the nano silver colloidal by UV - Vis technique was investigate. The absorption for the silver spectrum was found lied at 420 - 430nm, i.e. involved visible region. The absorption peaks have different height due to different both the shape and concentration of nano silver in the colloidal.TEM technique was used for investigating both size and shape of nano silver particles. The nano silver particles have different shapes such spherical, spindles, etc…. depending upon two parameters is laser energy and laser pulses number. The effect of nano silver particles on bacteria growth of three types of bacteria (staph, ps., E.coli) were studied in details under effect of applied electric field of 3000V/m. There is no inhibition zone was obtained when used different silver colloidal except the colloidal prepared under 600mJ and 1000laser pulses, where this colloidal gives an effected property and ability to determine the bacteria growth type ps. In the range of inhibition of 25nm.The results of the TEM show that the shape of nanoparticles affecting the growth of bacteria was spherical and its size ranges between32 - 50nm.

محاكاة لمتحسس بايولوجي باستعمال الالياف البلورية الفوتونية == Simulation of Biosensor Using Photonic Crystal Fiber

اسم المؤلف: زينة خليفه حمد الدليمي
اسم المشرف: احمد كمال احمد
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2018
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تشكل الياف القلب المجوف والقلب الصلد النوعين الرئيسين من الالياف البلوريه الفوتونيه, ان وجود ثقوب هوائيه في هذه الالياف يساعد على حجز الموجات الكهرومغناطيسيه داخل منطقه القلب كما يساعد في تغيير خصائص الانتشار في الالياف.ان امكانية ملئ هذه الالياف بالسوائل يساعد على تطوير خصائصها البصريه. في هذا البحث تمت دراسة نوعين من الالياف البلوريه الفوتونيه كعناصر تحسس في القياسات الاحيائيه.تم دراسة تاثير حقن الليف البصري بسوائل مختلفه نظريا باستخدام طريقة العناصر المحددة. نفذت عملية حقن الليف المجوف (ماخوذ من القلب 19 خليه) وليف مجوف(ماخوذ من القلب 7 خليه) بسوائل مختلفه ( الماء, الماء الثقيل, بينتانول , دم انسجة الكبد البشريه, دم انسجة القالون البشريه والدم لبشرة الجلد). حسبت خسارة الحبس نظريا باستخدام عدة اطوال موجيه لليف البلوري الفوتوني, وجد ان خسارة الحبس تتناقص تدريجيا للاطوال الموجيه الاصغر كلمزااد معامل انكسار الماده المحقونه. وحسبت قيمة التحسسيه نظريا بالاعتماد على تغير الفقدان في حجز الضوء للنمط الاساسي لليف المحقون بالسائل.وجد ان اعظم حساسيه كانت في مادة الدم لبشرة الجلد وتساوي 674.603 لكل معامل انكسار لنوع وافضل مجال كهربائي وجد لنفس الماده انه يساوي 671 لكل فولت على متر.بينما اعظم حساسيه في نوع وجد انها تساوي 147.201 لكل معامل انكسار لمادة القولون وافضل مجال كهربائي كان في هذه الماده ويساوي 366 لكل فولت على متر. تم اخذ الالياف البلوريه الفوتونيه مصمه باقطار مختلفه وايجاد توجيه الليزر باطوال موجيه تتراوح من (1600 - 600) نانومتر داخل الليف البصري البلوري باستخدام برنامج | Solid and hollow cores comprise two sorts of photonic crystal fibers (PCF). The presences of air holes in PCF serves to both confine electromagnetic waves within the core of the fiber and manipulate its propagation characteristics. the potential of filling the PCF with liquids may improve their optical characteristics. In this thesis, both sorts of PCF were investigated as sensing measurements of biological elements. The impact of liquid filling hollow core PCF was studied theoretically using finite element method. Infiltrated HC19 - 1550 (19 cells are taken from the core) and HC - 1550 (7 cells are taken from the core) PCFs with different liquids (water, heavy water, pentanol, colon tissue, liver tissue and epidermis human skin) were applied. Confinement loss was computed theoretically and found that the confinement loss decreased to shorter wavelengths with increased the refractive index of the liquids. Amplitude sensitivity was computed theoretically by deeming the change in confinement loss for the fundamental mode of liquid filled PCF. The maximum amplitude sensitivity was found to be 674.603 in epidermis blood and the best electric field was found to be 671 V/m in the same liquid for HC19 - 1550, while the maximum sensitivity in HC - 1550 is 147.201 for colon tissue with best electric field found to be 260 V/m also in the colon tissue. Photonic crystal fiber has been taken in different diameters and laser guided by wavelengths from (600 nm - 1600 nm) inside the optical crystal fiber using Comsol multiphysics program

استخدام طريقة للتبع نقطة الطاقة القصوى على اساس الحرارة للسطوح الكهروضوئية باستخدام برنامج PSPICE == Maximum Power Point Tracking approach based on Temperature for PV Surfaces using PSPICE program

اسم المؤلف: حارث محمد سعيد حامد
اسم المشرف: زينب منذر يونس كبة
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This research study the effect of Photovoltaic surface temperature on Photovoltaic panel output characteristics. First, circuit simulator PSPICE was used to compose Photovoltaic panel model at 75 W, 4.8 A and 21 V. Then, study the behaviorof it under varying conditions (solar insolation, environmental temperature and PV panel surface temperature). ABM feature of PSPICE was used to include the above parameters in PV PSPICE model and produced temperature dependent voltage. The voltageconverted to current with galvanic insolation by element Gploy with gain 0.8. The model defined as hierarichal block in PSPICE library and could be called as individual source for any applications.After studying the effect of PV surface temperature on its (IV) curves specially the position of the maximum power point, this temperature was used to keep tracking of the optimal voltage for the PV panel at the MPP. Therefore DC - DC boost converter was used to achieve this purpose.Boost converter was raise a PV panel voltage from 17 V to 34 V for all variation of surface temperature from 300 K to 350 K at frequency 10 KHz and ΔVo = 5 V.

تاثير المسافة بين الاقطاب ومادة الهدف باستخدام الترذيذ المغناطيسي ذو التيار المستمر == The Effects of Electrodes Separation and Target Material by DC Discharge Magnetron Sputtering

اسم المؤلف: بان فيصل رشيد
اسم المشرف: خالد عباس يحيى
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تتكون منظومة الترذيذ البلازمي من حجرة تفريغ اسطوانية مصنوعة من مادة (Bolosilicate) وتحتوي على قطبين دائرين من st. st. يحمل الكاثود, مادة الهدف وكذلك المغناطيس الثابت اما قطب الانود فيحمل النماذج الزجاجية التي سوف يتم طلاءها .في هذا البحث استخدمت مادتي الذهب والفضة كمادة لهدف. الهدف من هذه الدراسة, هو دراسة تاثير عوامل التشغيل مثل, المسافة بين القطبين ونوع مادة الهدف على خصائص اشكال سطح زجاجي مطلي بوجود المجال المغناطيسي والتي تمت دراستها باستخدام مجهر القوة الذرية (AFM). وايضا تم تحديد درجه حرارة الالكترون وكثافة الايونات والالكترونات واعلومات البلازما الاخرى بواسطة مجس لانكمور المنفرد عند ضغط ثابت (0.2 mbar).اظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة بينت وجود زيادة خطية في كثافة الالكترونات والايونات وانخفاض اسي في درجة حرارة الالكترونات عند تغير المسافة بين القطبين ولخمسة قيم و(3,4,4.5,5 and 6)cm لمادتي الذهب والفضة وايضا تبين ان فولتيات التفريغ باستخدام الذهب كهدف هي اكبر منها في حالة الفضة. كذلك, وجد انه بزيادة المسافة بين القطبين فان درجة حرارة الالكترونات تقل لمادتي الذهب والفضة وكثافة الايون تزداد مسببة زيادة في قطر وارتفاع الحبيبة لتيار الترذيذ((I_d=30 mA باستخدام الذهب بينما يقل قطر الحبيبة ويزداد ارتفاعها باستخدام الفضة لتيار الترذيذ( (I_d=40 mA. من ناحيه اخرى, ان قيم درجة حرارة الالكترون باستخدام الفضة هي اكبر من القيم باستخدام الذهب وان علاقة قطر الحبيبة, وارتفاعها وخشونة السطح كدالة للمسافة بين القطبين هي ليست خطية. اصغر قيمة لمعدل قطر الحبيبة وارتفاعهاحصلنا عليه هو(90 nm) وnm)6) على التوالي لمادتي الذهب عند تبار الترذيذ ((I_d=30 mA و( . (d=4 cm وللفضة نفس قيمة قطر الحبيبة باستخدام الذهب عند(d=5 cm) لكن بارتفاع5.5 nm) ) عند (d=4 cm) ولتيار الترذيذ (I_d=40 mA). واصغر معدل ارتفاع للحبيبة لكل تيارات التفريغ 20,30,40,50 and 60 mA)) عند نفس المسافة بين القطبين (d=4 cm) باستخدام الفضة والذهب ولكل تيارات التفريغ ماعدا((〖 I〗_d=50 mA والذي يمثل اكبر معدل ارتفاع للحبيبة فيه باستخدام الذهب. واخيرا, ناتج عملية الترذيذ باستخدام الفضة اكبر مما عليه باستخدام الذهب. | In this work, a DC planner magnetron sputtering system used. Which consists of a cylindrical chamber, made from (Borosilicate). It contains two circular electrodes made from stainless steel. The cathode electrode is carried the target material and permanent magnet while a glass sample, which must coat, is placed on the anode electrode. In this works, gold and silver used as a target materials. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of operating parameters such as, electrodes separation, sputtering current, and type of target materials on the properties of glass surface coated under the influence of magnetic field. The surface morphology for the coated samples are studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, electron temperature, ion and electron densities and other plasma parameters are determined by a cylindrical single Langmuir probe where the pressure up to(0.2 mbar). It is found that a linear increase in electron and ion densities and an exponential decrease in electron temperature with five values of electrodes separation (3,4,4.5,5 and 6) cm. That was observed for gold and silver target materials. Also, the discharge voltage using gold target is greater than that for silver target. Electron temperature decreased for gold and silver targets as the electrodes separation increased. The ion density increased which caused increasing in average grain diameter, height at sputtering current, Id=30 mA , when the target is gold. However, the average grain diameter is decreased and the height of grain increased at Id=40 mA using silver target. On the other hand, the values of electron temperature using silver target is greater than that for gold target. Also, the relation of average grain diameter, height and roughness surface as a function of electrodes separation are nonlinear. The minimum average values of grain diameter, height are (90 nm) and (6 nm) respectively for using gold at Id =30 mA and d=4 cm. For using silver at Id =40 mA the minimum average grain diameter is also (90 nm) at d=5 cm and height is (5.5 nm) at d=4 cm. For all discharge currents (20,30,40,50 3and 60 )mA , the minimum average grain height at the same electrodes separation d=4 cm for using silver and gold target except the value of Id=50 mA, whom a maximum average grain height is obtained. Finally, the sputtering yield for silver target is greater than that for gold target

تقييم السطح البيني لمنطقة الربط الكرافيت بالمعدن == Evaluation of the Intermediate Layer of Graphite Bonded Metal

اسم المؤلف: مريم بديع عبود
اسم المشرف: ثامر عبد الجبار جمعة
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This work investigates the joining between graphite and stainless steel grade (410), by using active filler metal paste. Brazing technique was chosen because it is efficient, verstile, fast and economical.These new phases considered enhancement the bonding strength of the assembly.

تصنيف الاداء الموجه وغير الموجه لصور الاقمار الاصطناعية == Supervised and Unsupervised Classification Performance Satellite Images

اسم المؤلف: حسن سالم عبد المجيد
اسم المشرف: ليث عبد العزيز العاني
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: One of the main purposes of remote sensing satellite images is to interpret the observed data and classify features. Satellite image classification plays a major role in the extraction and interpretation of valuable information from massive satellite images.The primary purpose of this research is to classify multi - spectral Thematic Mapper satellite images using supervised classification. Unsupervised (RGB color model) and supervised classification (maximum likelihood method) is adopted to achieve the classification purpose. The classification accuracy depends upon the selection accuracy of the training area.PCA Transform is adopted and applied on the original bands to create the principal component images. The first three principle component image contains most the information in all the original bands. For this purpose the first three principle component images are chosen as RGB images to create a colored image.This colored image has been employed for determining and selecting the training areas which are very important for supervised classification after applying histogram equalization enhancement method on the colored image to make the selection of the training area more clarity and accuracy. After that the selection of the training areas is ready as an input for the supervised classification.Our results showed that the image with higher variance value doesn't represent a prerequisite in image clarity. The variance with mean value may reflect the quality of the image. The variance and means look like the torque in physics. So that we can see that the image with low variance and mean value near the middle of the dynamic range value has more quality than the image with high variance and mean value near the edge of the minimum or maximum value. Improve the selection of the training area (region of interest) visually plays an essential role in increasing the accuracy of supervised classification and this reflects on the calculation of the area for each class in the scene. In the present work, the overall accuracy increased from 68.5% to 98.9%after adopting the histogram equalization technique as an enhancement technique in improving the selecting the training area visually.Although a high classification accuracy with principal component image, but still the classification process with original bands is better because its values represent the real spectral reflectance. The result of classification accuracy with the original bands is enhanced from 68.5% to 97.08% and became very comparable with the result of classification accuracy with the principal component images 98.86% when the selection of the training area (region of interest) has been improved visually.In this thesis, the ENVI (Environment for Visualizin Images) software version 4.5 has been used to achieve the aim of this study.

تحضير مادة طلاء من فررايت الليثيوم - النيكل بالتعويض المتكافئ == Preparation of Painting Material from Li - Ni Ferrite with Isovalent Substitution

اسم المؤلف: صادق هاني لفتة مخلص السراجي
اسم المشرف: عماد خضير عباس | علي مطشر موسى
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: حضر فيرايت الليثيوم - نيكل النانوي ذو التركيب Li0.5 - 0.5xNixFe2. - 0.5xO4 بطريقة الهايدروحرارية وبمجموعتين من كلوريدات المعادن وكبريتات الحديدوز وهيدروكسيد الصوديوم. كل مجموعة تتصمن تغيير x بالقبم 0.1 و0.3 وحتى 1.0. المجموعة واحد بدون Fe2+ والمجموعة اثنين مع اضافة Fe2+ . النسبة Fe3+/ Fe2+ ابقيت ثابتة بمقدار 1.7، درجة حرارة التحضير كانت 155oC والدالة الحامضية مساوية لقيمة 11. كل التراكيب حضرت باستثناء المركب عند x=0 بدون اضافة Fe2+ والتي لم يتمكن من تحضيرها بهذه الطريقة تحت الظروف التجريبية المستخدمة. اظهرت النماذج سيادة طور سبنل فيررات بعد x=0.3 للمجموعة واحد وطور نقي عند x=0.3 باستخدام Fe2+ . ثابت الشبيكة للمجموعة اثنين اقل مما للمجموعة واحد. الحجم البلوري يصل لادنى قيمة عند x=0.5 للمجموعة واحد وتقريبا اعظم ما يمكن للمجموعة اثنين عند x=0. قمم اطياف تحت الحمراء لرباعي السطوح تزاح نحو الترددات الاعلى مع زيادة تركيز Ni2+. اشكال الجسيمات كانت : قضبان (غالبا للهمتايت) بمعدل قطر 40nm، وكروية(اصلها مكعبات فيرايت نانوية) بحجم حوالي 20nm. حلقات M - H امتلكت شكل الحرف S مماثلة للتي للسوبربارامغناطيسية. عموما فالنماذج المحضرة تمتلك اقل قاهرية (coercivity)، واعلى تمغنط اشباع (saturation magnetization) من الادبيات المنشورة. كلا المجموعتين امتلكت اعلى تاثرية عند x=0.5. وقد فسرت هذه النتائج على اساس التركيب وتوزيع الايونات الموجبة والتفاعل بينها وحجم الجسيمات. الامتصاص الرنيني للاشعة المايكروية باستخدام اختبار FMR اظهر ان القيمة الاعظم للتاثرية الخيالية χ″ هي عند x=0.5 للمجموعة وقيم عليا عند x=0.7 وx=0.9، واكبر عرض خط حوالي 950G عند x=0.7 . المجموعة الثانية اظهرت اعظم امتصاص(χ″) وعرض خط عندx=0.9 . بعدها تم الخلط مع ايبوكسي النوفالاك بنسبة وزنية 39.7 %. اختبار دائرة القصر - لقياس الرنين المغناطيسي بانعدام المجال قد اظهرت امتصاص للاشعة المايكروية لترددات اكبر من 19GHz. تفسير ان نماذج المجموعة اثنين تمتلك امتصاص اكبر من المجموعة واحد اعتمد على الموصلية التنقلية hopping وعلى تغير المعلمات المغناطيسية ( MsوHc). طريقة خط النفاذ باستخدام VNA في الحزمة - X والحزمة - Ku اظهرت ان خسائر العودة او الانعكاسRL تكون اقل ما يمكن عند x=0.3 للمجموعة واحد في الحزمة - X بينما ذلك عند x=0.3 وx=0.5 للمجموعة اثنين. اضافة Fe2+ يقلل القيمة الدنيا بعامل اكبر من 1.5. خسائر الادراج IL في الحزمة - X تتراوح بين - 4.5dB الى - 7dB . ان RL وIL في الحزمة - Ku تمتلك سلوك متشابه ولكن قيمها اقل. ان RL تصبح اقل ما يمكن عند x=0.5 وبقيمة - 18dB بينما كانت حوالي - 12dB باضافة Fe2+ . ومعدل قيمة IL في حزمة - Ku هي - 6dB. يلخص تاثير السمك بتحسين قيم RL وIL ولكن مع ازاحة القمم الدنــيا الى تــردد اقـل. ســمك بـمقدار 2mm يمـتلك RL< - 27dB وIL< - 19dB. | Nano Li - Ni ferrite samples having the structure Li0.5 - 0.5xNixFe2. - 0.5xO4 were prepared by hydrothermal method in two sets from metal chlorides, ferrous sulfate and NaOH. Each set implicated varying x through 0, 0.1, 0.3 to 1.0. The samples were without and with adding Fe2+. The ratio of Fe3+/ Fe2+ was kept at 1.7. The preparation temperature was 155 °C and pH was equal to 11. All composition was prepared except that for x=0 without Fe2+ which cannot be prepared under used experimental conditions. Samples showed dominant spinel ferrite phase beyond x=0.3 for set one and pure phase at x=0.3 with Fe2+ addition. Lattice constant of set two is slightly lower than set one and both are slightly lower than theoretical values. The crystallite size gets minimum at x=0.5 for set one and roughly maximum at x=0 for set two. Fourier Transformation Infrared (FTIR) spectrums tetrahedral showed peak shift to higher frequency with increasing Ni2+ concentration. Particles shapes were : rods (often hematite) average diameter 40 nm, spherical (nanocube ferrite in origin) sizing around 20nm. Hysteresis Loops have S - shape like to superparamagnetic one. Generally the prepared samples have lower coercivety Hc, higher saturation magnetization Ms compared to these in literatures. Both sets give maximum susceptibility at x=0.5. These results are explained based on composition, cations distribution, cation interactions and particle size. Resonance microwave absorption by using Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) test showed that the maximum imaginary susceptibility χ″ is at x=0.5 for set one besides high values of 0.7 and 0.9, with largest linewidth of about 950 G at x=0.7. Set two showed max absorption (χ″) and linewidth at x=0.9. Powders were then mixed with Novalac epoxy by 39.7 %wt. Shortcut - FMR test with no field showed that high absorption to microwave field for frequencies larger than 19 GHz. The explanation of that set two samples have larger absorption than set one is based on hopping conductivity and magnetic parameters (Ms and Hc) variation. Transmission line method by using vector network analyzer in X - band and Ku - band showed that return (reflection) loss RL got minimum at x=0.3 in for set one in X - band whereas that happen at x=0.3 and x=0.5 for set two. Adding Fe2+ lowered the minimum by a factor of more than 1.5. The insertion losses IL in X - band ranging from - 4.5 to - 7 dB. RL and IL in Ku - band have same behavior but their values are lower. RL got minimum at x=0.5 with value of about near to - 18dB whereas it was around - 12dB by adding Fe2+. Average IL in Ku - band - 6dB. Thickness effect is abstracted by enhancing RL and IL but shifting the minimum of peaks to lower frequency. 2mm thick has RL< - 27dB and IL< - 19dB.

الحالات الكمية المتشاكهة المشوهة وبعض تطبيقاتها == q - Deformed Quantum Coherent States and Some of Their Applications

اسم المؤلف: احمد شاكر محمود ياس
اسم المشرف: محمد عبد الزهرة حبيب
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The concept of q - deformation has found many important applications in a variety of fields in physics, such as quantum optics, atomic physics, solid state physics, nuclear physics and cosmology. This has motivated its extension to many well - established other concepts such as coherent states well - known in quantum optics. On the other hand, the interpretation of the physical meaning of the q - deformation remains an outstanding problem.The present work is an attempt to apply the concept of q - deformed coherent states to solve this interpretation problem. The q - deformed 1 - D quantum harmonic oscillator is used as a model for the application of the methodology of using q - deformed coherent states to solve this problem. This is achieved by first deriving the classical Liouville equation for the q - deformed 1 - D classical harmonic oscillator in the undeformed and deformed oscillator phase spaces. Then, this equation is solved by using the method of characteristics which gives the classical probability distribution function for this oscillator in phase space. The behavior of this function is then investigated by using a computer visualization method based on a computer program constructed in Mathematica® language.On the quantum level, the Heisenberg equation of motion for the density operator corresponding to this 1 - D quantum harmonic oscillator is expressed in the present work in terms of the standard quasiprobability distribution functions, again in the deformed and undeformed phase spaces. This helps to derive the quantum Liouville equations for this q - deformed oscillator in these phase spaces. The classical limits of these resulting Liouville equations are then approached by extending a standard procedure based on the non - deformed coherent states to the q - deformed case. In addition to the application of the standard q - deformed coherent states, a novel approach based on q - deformed coherent states due to Arik and Coon is also employed in this investigation.The results of detailed mathematical derivations in this process of approaching the classical limit reveal that this limit is statistical in nature. This is similar to the case of the ordinary undeformed oscillator which has been proved previously.They also reveal, together with the complementary computer visualizations, more information about the physical meaning of the q - deformation. This includes the observations that the q - deformed 1 - D oscillator can be interpreted as a nonlinear oscillator where the nonlinearity parameter depends on . Also, the behavior of the classical limits of the quantum Liouville equations for this oscillator is observed to show whorl shapes that can be contrasted with their classical analogs.This whorl shape behavior can be considered as a phenomenon connected with q - deformation in general; the anharmonic oscillator being a special case.Some connection with phase space having a non - commutative geometry, resulting from q - deformation, also finds evidence in some of the results presented in this thesis.

تحضير ودراسة المركبات SnxBa4Ca2Cux+4Oy وYnBa5Cun+5Oy == Preparation and Characterization of the SnxBa4Ca2Cux+4Oy and YnBa5Cun+5Oy Compounds

اسم المؤلف: رؤى فخري هادي
اسم المشرف: عماد خضير الشكرجي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The present study includes the preparation of SnxBa4Ca2Cux+4Oy and YnBa5Cun+5Oy compounds with (x = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) and (n=3, 5, 7) by solid state reaction (SSR) method. The study was to conclude the superconductor behavior of both compounds. The prepared samples were analyzed by Meissner effect primary, and the excess oxygen content was measured by using Iodomertric titration method. The samples characterized by XRD patterns with computer program that was used to determine the value of lattice constant, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X - ray spectroscopy (EDS) to study the grain morphology and also resistivity measurement was performed by Van der Pauw method to conclude the nature of behavior.The resistivity measurement results of Sn - Ba - Ca - Cu - O system showed that the semiconducting behavior, increases with decreasing the temperature toward low temperature, the lowest and the highest normal resistivity were found at x=6 and at x=4, respectively. The system Y - Ba - Cu - O showed a superconductor behavior with high transition temperature, the Tc at n=3 of about (113.6 K), the sample prepared with n=5 has Tc=113 K, meanwhile the sample prepared with n=7 has Tc=105 K.The x - ray analyses for SnxBa4Ca2Cux+4Oy samples showed that the tetragonal structure, and the c - parameter increased by increasing the value of (x) until reach to maximum value at x=5 then return back decreasing at x=6 and 7. The x - ray diffraction analysis of the compound YnBa5Cun+5Oy has orthorhombic phase and when Y - atom concentration and the number of CuO2 layer increased tend to increase b and c - axis.The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results showed that the appearance of nanostructure in Sn6Ba4Ca2Cu10O22 and Sn7Ba4Ca2Cu11O24 samples in the range (100 - 300 nm), whereas the other samples of Sn - familywas a microstructure. On the other hand, the Y - 358 had large grains randomly comparable with Y - 5 5 10, Y - 7 5 12 addition to absent the interfaces distances from Y - 358. The results of EDS showed that the agreement of the peaks appeared with the theoretical values.

تحضير وتوصيف المادة الكهروحرارية ZnxBi2 - xTe3 == Preparation and Characterization of ZnxBi2 - xTe3 Thermoelectric Material

اسم المؤلف: منال عبد الواحد عبود
اسم المشرف: عماد خضير عباس | علي مطشر موسى
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In this project we constructed a DC sputtering system for thepreparation of BiR2RTeR3R (Bismuth Telluride) thin films. BiR2RTeR3R and itsZnRxRBiR2 - xRTeR3R alloys which were prepared in this work by solid solutionas bulk samples and by D.C. sputter as thin film samples. Bothsamples are characterized by X - ray Diffraction Pattern (XRD) and byGrazing Incident Small Angle X - ray Scattering (GISAXS) for thinfilms that have small thickness less than 100 nm. Thin films sampleswere prepared under different deposition conditions (differentdeposition time, different pressure, different voltages and differentelectrodes distance). (XRD) and (GISAXS) results showed that theprepared BiR2RTeR3 Rwas polycrystalline and has high direction at (015)plane in 2????=27.37 ͦ while its alloys at (0015) in 2????=45.12 ͦ and theintensity of the peak increase by increasing Zn amount indicateincrease this plane density. For thin films the (XRD) results show thatthin film prepared under deposition conditions of (0.06 mbar, 900volt, 1 hour, 100 mA and 1cm electrodes spacing distance) areamorphous at thickness less than 200 nanometer and polycrystalline ifthe thickness increases more than 250 nm. A shift in planes presenceis due to the creation of (ZnTe) compound and increase in grain size.Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to estimate the average grain size of thin film prepared, results showed different average grain sizes depending on the system type and system parameters, also depending on the target composition. DC sputtering system showed lesser average diameter and high roughness that indicates DC sputtering system is suitable for long time deposition high efficiency TE thin film. To investigate the structure of samples Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) to evaluate the nano inclusion of solid solution.Thickness of some sample was examined by SEM technique where thicknesses of 23 nm, 46 nm and others are estimated. HRTEM Techniques are used to identify the shape of the low dimensions structure produced in the project. It is found that there are particles size with diameter rang about (66 - 107 nm) having uncontrolled shapes and size which were discovered in samples besides nano inclusions of Zn and ZnTe phase.Thermoelectric properties (Seebeck, power factor, conductivity and figure of merit) of all samples (bulk, thin films) were tested .The results show that the maximum Seebeck coefficient for Bi2Te3 as a bulk is (67.02 μV/K) at T=373 ͦ K while adding Zn enhance this value to (123.96 μV/K) at 363 for Zn0.1Bi1.9Te3 and (224.6 μV/K) for Zn0.2Bi1.8Te3 at 348 K and (189.6 μV/K) for Zn0.3Bi1.7Te3 at348 K. on other hand the thin films prepared have larger thermoelectric properties i.e. high seebeck coefficient, high power factor, high electrical conductivity and high figure of merit for all four alloys.

تصنيع وتوصيف مفتاح بلازما الومضة الكاذبة ذو القدرة العالية == Construction and Characterization of Pseudospark High Power Plasma Switch

اسم المؤلف: بسمة حسين حمد الشمري
اسم المشرف: احمد كمال احمد | كمال حسين لطيف
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:

محاكاة عامل تراكم الجرعة لاشعة كاما متضمنا تاثير اشعة الفناء للالمنيوم، والحديد والرصاص == Simulation of Dose Buildup Factor of Gamma Ray Including Annihilation Radiation for Aluminum, Iron and Lead

اسم المؤلف: مروة صباح مهدي
اسم المشرف: لؤي ادور جورج | ليث عبد العزيز العاني
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: A computer program based on Monte Carlo method had been designed and written in visual basic computer language and utilized for simulating the classic problem of gamma ray beam incident on finite plane slabs of absorbing materials. The source geometry adopted in this program is plane normal source.Dose buildup factor of gamma photons in the absence and presence pair production effect have been calculated in the energy range (4 - 10) MeV for aluminum, iron, and lead up to 5 mean free path thickness.Some of physical parameters has been studied and the simulation results indicates the following remarks : • Gamma ray buildup factor increases with the increase of the thickness for the three shielding materials, this increase in dose buildup factor is due to the increase of scattering with the small angles and with the increase of the thickness of the material.• Dose buildup factor for low atomic number material (Al, Z=13) is higher than that for medium (Fe, Z=26) and heavy (Pb, Z=82) material for the same photon energy (10MeV). A rapid decrease of the buildup factor values with the increase of Z is seen. This dependence is in a good agreement with the fact that the proportion of the cross section for Compton effect decreases with increasing atomic number, therefore the Compton effect plays a more significant role in lighter materials which have lower atomic number (Z).• Dose buildup factor is inversely proportional with the increase of energy within the studied enrgy range (4 - 10)MeV. This behavior can be explained that the cross section for Compton scattering within the studied energy range is decreased with increase ofenergy and this means that the probability of scattering is decreased and it is finally reflected on the buildup calculation, since the scattering plays an important role in determination of buildup factor.The rate of increase in the value of dose buildup factor in lead (Z = 82) higher than iron (Z = 26), and the last is more than that for aluminium (Z = 13). This is due to the effect of pair production interaction which is directly proportional with the square of atomic number.Dose buildup factor in the presence of pair production is higher than dose buildup factor in the absence of pair production effect. The deviation between the values of dose buildup factor in the presence and absence pair production is increased when the energy is increased within the studied energy; this mainly due to the increase of cross section for pair production values within the studied energy range.

تخمين معاملات زيوغ العدسه المغناطيسية باستخدام الحل التحليلي لمعاده المسار القريب من المحور == Magnetic Lens Aberration Coefficients Estimation by Using the Analytical Solution for the Paraxial Ray Equation

اسم المؤلف: رشا يوسف حمد
اسم المشرف: عدي علي حسين | خالد عباس يحيى
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2013
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: اجريت دراسة نظريه باستخدام الصيغه التحليلية لمعادله المسار شبه المحوري للالكترون وذلك لتحديد افضل الخواص البصريه للعدسة المغناطيسية. تم دراسهة معاملات الزيوغ كمعاملات الزيوغ الكروية, اللونيه, التشويه القطري واللولبي. اعتمد في هذا البحث انموذج الشكل الناقوسي لكلاسر لتمثيل توزيع المجال المحوري للعدسة المغناطيسية. وقد اخذ بنظر الاعتبار حالتين للزخم الابتدائي في الحسابات بوجوده او عدم وجوده في الحالتين. ان الوصول الى امثل النتائج قد انجز من خلال تغير بعض المعاملات المؤثرة مثل نصف العرض عند نصف الحد الاقصى(a= 2.01, 2.02, 2.03 and 2.04 mm), والحد الاعلى لكثافة الفيض المغناطيسي (Bm= 0.001, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004 Tesla) وزاوية انبعاث الالكترون (0.2, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 rad= θ).من خلال النتائج تبين ان افضل قيم a تساوي 2.04 mm في حاله وجود او عدم وجود الزخم الابتدائي في الحسابات. وقد وجد ايضا ان كل من قيم الزيغ الكروي, اللوني والتشويه اللولبي يقل بزيادة a, بينما اقل قيم للزيغ الكروي والتشويه القطري في الحاله الاولى عندBm يساوي 0.004 Tesla.ووجد ايضا ان افضل الزوايا للالكترون (θ = 0.2 rad) وهي تتناسب طرديا مع معاملات الزيغ اللوني والتشويه اللولبي.ومن جهة اخرى تبين ان الزيغ الكروي والتشويه القطري له قيم سالبه وهذه المعاملات ممكن استخدامها كمصحح في المنظومات البصرية. | A theoretical investigation is carried out by using an analytical expression for paraxial trajectory of an electron in a magnetic lens to estimate the optimum properties of the magnetic lens. The aberration coefficients of the magnetic lens are studied, such as the spherical, chromatic, radial distortion and spiral distortion aberration coefficients. The Glaser's bell - shaped model is adopted to represent the axial field distribution of magnetic lens. The initial momentum of the electrons is taken into account, where the calculations are made for two cases : when the electrons have zero and non - zero initial momentum values . The optimization role is achieved by changes some of the effective parameters at the range of the half - width at half maximum (a = 2.01, 2.02, 2.03 and 2.04 mm), the maximum magnetic flux density (Bm = 0.001, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004 Tesla) and the electron emission angle (θ = 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 rad). In the present results the optimum values for both cases of the initial momentum is found at the half - width at half maximum equal to 2.04 mm, and the values of the spherical, chromatic and spiral distortion aberration coefficients decreased as the half - width at half maximum (a) increased, while the minimum values of the spherical and radial distortion aberration coefficients are found at Bm = 0.004 Tesla in the first case. However the best angle is found at θ = 0.2 rad which is directly proportional which chromatic and spiral distortion aberration coefficients. On the other hand the calculations appeared that the negative values for both spherical and radial distortion aberration coefficients are estimated and these coefficients can be used as corrector in the optical systems.

محاكاة حاسوبية لجهاز صوتي بصري لنظام فوتوني == COMPUTER SIMULATION OF AN ACOUSTO - OPTICAL DEVICE FOR PHOTONIC SYSTEM

اسم المؤلف: مروة كمال مصطفى
اسم المشرف: اياد عبد العزيز العاني | احمد كمال احمد
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2008
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Acousto - optics science deals with the interaction between sound and light waves. Acousto - optic waves are most important in transferring signals through the communication systems, since modulating signals takes a great advantages in the field of communication engineering, bio - medical, laser beam deflection and laser intensity modulation.The aim of this work is to simulate the fundamentals of an Acousto - Optic Modulator. The simulation procedure is based on theoretical and computational relationships describing acousto - optic properties for three selected materials which are “Glass, Germanium, and Tellurium - Oxide”. Two computer programs have been written using “MATLAB” software, the first used to verify the normalized intensity of the diffracted orders versus peak phase delay using partial differential equation, while the second program is used to study the normalized intensity of the electric field versus time wave propagation and electro - magnetic wave propagation in x, y and z directions, using Finite Difference Time Domain. The results for Glass and Tellurium - Oxide materials shows that the periodic exchange of the normalized intensity between the zero and first orders becomes smaller as the interaction length D increase, this indicate that the higher orders may appear very clear in these materials. The results for the Glass material show that the normalized intensity of the electric field increases with increasing electromagnetic wave propagation in x, y and z directions.

ضغط الصوت باستخدام الكسوريات == Fractal Audio Compression

اسم المؤلف: وسام فوزي جاسم محمد
اسم المشرف: لؤي ادور جورج | ليث عبد العزيز العاني
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2005
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: لقد استحدثت طرق ضغط عديدة باستخدام تقنيات مختلفة الغرض منها تحقيق نسب ضغط عالية مع المحافظة على جودة الصوت المضغوط, مع الاخذ بنظر الاعتبار انجاز الضغط باقل وقت ممكن.طريقة الضغط الكسوري هي احدى هذه الطرق التي يرافقها ضياع بالبيانات وتعتبر من طرق الضغط الحديثة وتعتمد على عملية ايجاد مجاميع محددة وصغيرة من المعادلات الرياضية التي تصف الاشارة . بارسال معاملات هذه المعادلات الى محلل الشفرة يمكن اعادة تشكيل الاشارة الاصلية.بايجاز ضغط الصوت الكسوري يعتمد على مبدا نظام التكرار المجزئPIFS) ). ضغط الصوت الكسوري يستغل ال(Affine redundancy) والتي تتواجد في الصوت, هذه ال (redundancy) ترتبط بالتشابه الذاتي للصوت.بكلمة اخرى ضغط الصوت الكسوري يقوم بايجادالا نماط المتشابهة والتي تتواجد بقياسات مختلفة(different scales) واماكن مختلفة(different places) في الصوت, وبعد ذللك يقوم بحذف اكثر ما يمكن من ال(redundancy).هذا البحث يهدف الى محاولة التحقق من امكانية تطبيق الضغط الكسوري في عملية ضغط الصوت. النظام المعتمد يتكون من مرحلتين : المرحلة الاولى مرحلة التشفير(Encoding Unit) والثانية مرحلة فك التشفير ) .(Decoding Unitفي مرحلة التشفير يجزا الصوت الاصلي الى نوعين من الكتل, كتل تدعى كتل المجال المقابل ((Range Pool وهي كتل غير متداخلة, وكتل تدعى كتل المجال (Domain Pool) والتي من الممكن ان تكون متداخلة. ومن ثم يتم تقطيع الصوت باستخدام طريقة التقطيع المتساوي للكتل الى كتل متساوية الحجم. بعد ذلك يتم ايجاد افضل كتل في المجال لكل كتلة في المجال المقابل وذلك بتطبيق احد انواع التحويلات وتدعى((Affine Transformation .تنتهي مرحلة التشفير بخزن تفاصيل (معاملات )هذه التحويلات لكل كتلة من كتل المجال المقابل .ان عملية ايجاد الكتل المتشابهة تتطلب عمليات حسابية معقدة تستغرق وقت طويل وهذا ما يؤخذ على طريقة الضغط الكسوري كنقطة ضعف.ان البرامجيات التي تم بناؤها لهذا الغرض تم اختبارها باستخدام خمسة نماذج لبيانات صوتية. لقد تم تنفيذ النظام المعتمد باستخدام فيجوال بيسك6.0 كلغة برمجة, تم استخدام معدل الخطا التربيعي((MSE ونسبة الاشارة الى التشويش((PSNR كمعاملات حساب دقة النتائج المستخلصة من التقنية الكلية في النظام المعتمد.و كانت بعض النتائج المستخلصة من البحث هي بالنسبة للعينة الاولى في حالة حجم الكتلة تساوي (60 ) فان نسبة الضغط (15.51 : 1), اما العينة الثانية في حالة حجم الكتلة تساوي (40) فان نسبة الضغط (11.51 : 1), وفي حالة حجم كتلة صغيرة كما في العينة الثالثة والتي تساوي (20) فان قيمة ال(PSNR) جيدة وتساوي (35.76 dB), وكذالك للعينة الاولى في حالة حجم الكتلة تساوي (10) فان قيمة ال(PSNR) تساوي (45.63 dB). | Fractal audio compression is based on the concept of a partitioned iterated function system (PIFS). Fractal audio compression exploits the affine redundancy that is commonly present in audio; this redundancy is related to the similarity of an audio with itself. In other words, fractal audio compression finds similar patterns that exist in different scales and different places in audio, and then eliminates as much redundancy as possible. In this work the possibility of implementing fractal audio compression is investigated. The implemented system consists of two major units; the first is the Encoding unit and the second is the Decoding unit. Encoding is done by partitioning the range pool (which is the original audio) into non - overlapping blocks, called range blocks, and partitioning the domain pool (which is the result of the original audio after down sampling) into overlapped blocks with the same size of range blocks called domain blocks. A fixed size - partitioning scheme is used to partition the domain pool and the range pool. After generating the range and domain pools, for every range block, the best - matching domain block in the domain pool is searched for by performing a set of affine transformations on them. Thus the encoding is completed by saving the optimal affine parameters for every range block. The Decoding process can be done by repeatedly applying the affine transformation on an initially blank audio and its subsequent reconstructed audio, until it completely reconstruct an approximate wave to the original audio. The time required to compress an audio file is affected by the size of each block being extracted from the proceed audio file; this means smaller block size implies longer time required to compress the corresponding audio file.The implemented system was tested using five wave samples of data. The proposed work was implemented by using Visual Basic (6.0) as a programming language, the fidelity measure MSE and PSNR were used to check the results of the whole implemented technique. The best results obtained from the implemented system were for the test (sample - 1) in case were block size equal to (60) the compression ratio is (15.51 : 1), also for test (sample - 2) were block size equal to (40) the compression ratio is (11.03 : 1), and for small block size as in test (sample - 3) were the block size is (20) the value of the PSNR is good that its equal to (35.76 dB), also for test sample - 1 when the block size is (10) the PSNR value (45.63 dB).

معالجة رياضية لدراسة تغير التركيب المسامي مع ظروف التشكيل للمواد المسامية == Mathematical Manipulation to Study the Changes of Porous Structure with the Formation Conditions of Porous Materials

اسم المؤلف: سديم عباس فاضل القصاب
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2005
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تم تطوير نموذج مجسم يصف عملية االتكثيف خلال عملية الحرق الزجاجي (التزجيج) لمادة تحتوي على محتويات صلبة. هذا النموذج تم تطويرة من نموذج سابق للباحث Scherer والذي وضع نموذج يصف عملية التكثيف خلال عملية الحرق لمادة لا تحتوي على محتويات صلبة.النموذج المطور استخدم لمحاكاة معدل التكثيف خلال عملية الحرق لمواد سيراميكية غير متجانسة تتكون من خليط من بعض الاطيان العراقية والتي تم تحضيرها من بحث سابق. النموذج المطور تم استخدامة لدراسة تاثير عدة عوامل على عملية التكثيف خلال عملية الحرق وهي درجة حرارة الحرق، زمن الحرق والنسبة بين حجم المواد الصلبة الى حجم السائل الزجاجي، كما استخدم النموذج المطور في تقدير قيم اللزوجة الفعالة للسائل الزجاجي المتكون خلال عملية الحرق. كذلك تم تطبيق نموذجان اخران للمواد غير المتجانسة هما نموذج الكرة المركبة ونموذج المكون الذاتي وجرى استخدامهما لدراسة تاثير درجة حرارة الحرق وزمن الحرق على عملية االتكثيف لغرض مقارنة النتائج من هذين النموذجين مع نتائج النموذج المطور. كذلك تم استخدام النموذج المطور لدراسة تاثيرتوزيع حجوم المسامات على عملية التكثيف وذلك بفرض توزيع كاوس لحجوم المسامات واعادة صياغة المعادلات للموديل المطور لجعلها تعتمد على الانحراف المعياري لتوزيع حجوم المسامات. العوامل الفيزيائية مثل اللزوجة تم حسابها من خلال عملية المطابقة (fitting ( للنتائج العملية لعملية الحرق للنماذج. تم تصميم برامج حاسوبية بلغة ( (FORTRAN 90لدراسة تاثير درجة حرارة الحرق على عملية االتكثيف باستخدام النموذج المطور، نموذج الكرة المركبة ونموذج المكون الذاتي. هذة البرامج تم تحويرها فيما بعد لمحاكاة عملية االتكثيف كدالة لزمن الحرق. كذلك برنامج اخر تم تصميمة لدراسة تاثيرتوزيع حجوم المسامات على عملية التكثيف خلال عملية الحرق باستخدام النموذج المطور. النتائج من برنامج الموديل المطور تحقق افضل مقاربة للنتائج العملية تليها النتائج من برنامج موديل الكرة المركبة. النتائج من برنامج تاثيردرجة حرارة الحرق تشير عموما" الى زيادة معدل االتكثيف مع زيادة درجة حرارة الحرق، رغم ذلك، عندما تكون نسبة المواد الصلبة عالية نسبيا" فاءن اللزوجة تزداد عند الدرجات الحرارية العالية (حوالي 1400سo ) يعزى ذلك الى عملية نمو بلوري محتملة، وعلية يؤدي ذلك الى نقصان معدل االتكثيف. النتائج من برنامج تاثير زمن الحرق تشيرالى ان النموذج المطوريتنبا بزيادة شبة لوغارتمية للكثافة النسبية مع الزمن، بينما يتنبا النموذجان الاخران ( نموذج الكرة المركبة ونموذج المكون الذاتي) بزيادة اسية للكثافة النسبية مع الزمن. النتائج من البحوث السابقة تتفق مع توقع النموذج المطور. النتائج من برنامج تاثيرتوزيع حجوم المسامات على عملية التكثيف تدل على ان هذا العامل لة تاثير قوي عندما يكون التوزيع عريضا" فقط على المراحل النهائية لعملية التكثيف لان المسامات الكبيرة غلقها بطىء نسبيا". | A mathematical model describing the densification process during viscous sintering process of a material contains solid inclusions is developed (modified) from a Scherer model which describes the rate of densification during sintering for a free solid inclusions material. The modified model is used to simulate the rate of densification during sintering process for ceramic heterogeneous materials consist from mixtures of some Iraqi clays that had been prepared in a previous work. In addition the modified model is used to study the effect of several factors on densification during sintering process and used in predicting the effective viscosity of the viscous phase that formed during sintering. The factors are the sintering temperature, sintering time, and the ratio of solid inclusions volume to viscous phase volume.Another two heterogeneous models which are the composite sphere and the self consistent models are also applied and used to study the effect of sintering temperature and sintering time on densification during sintering for comparison with the present developed model.The modified model is also used to study the effect of pore size distribution on densification process by assuming a Gaussian distribution for the pore sizes and reformulating the equations of the modified model to make them depend on the standard deviation of pore size distribution.The physical parameters like viscosity are computed from the fitting process of the practical data of the samples.Computer programs in FORTRAN 90 language are designed to study the effect of sintering temperature on densification process using the developed model, the composite sphere and the self consistent models. These programs are modified to simulate the densification process versus time duration of the sintering process. Another program is designed to study the effect of pore size distribution on sintering process using the developed model. The results from the developed (modified) Scherer model are better fit the practical data, then the composite sphere model. The results from the program of the effect of sintering temperature indicates in general that the rate of densification is increased with increasing sintering temperature, this is due to the decrease in the viscosity with temperature increasing. However, when the ratio of the solid inclusions is high the viscosity is increased at relatively high sintering temperatures (about 1400oC) this increase in viscosity may be due to induced crystallization processes, accordingly the rate of densification is decreased at these circumstances.The results from the program of the effect of sintering time indicate that the modified model predicts that the increase in density is semi logarithmic with time, while the other two models predict an exponential increase with time. The results from the program of the effect of pore size distribution indicate that this parameter has a strong effect if the distribution is broad only in the last stages of densification because the largest pores are relatively slow to close

دراسة تاثير المحاليل الالكتروليتيه على خواص العزليه الكهربائية للبورسلين المشكل من مواد محليه == A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTE SOLUTION ON THE PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICAL INSULATOR PORCELAIN FORMED USING LOCAL MATERIAL

اسم المؤلف: عتاب فاضل حسين
اسم المشرف: فاضل عبد رسن | ازهار جواد داوود
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2005
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: يهدف البحث الى دراسه تاثير المحلول الالكتروليتي ونسب تركيزه على الخواص الكهربائية والفيزيائية لجسم البورسليني الذي تم تحضيره باستخدام مواد محليه عراقيه. تم تشكيل الجسم بور سليني من كاؤلين دويخله،رمل زجاج ارضمه، فلدسبار وبنسب وزنيه (45 %, 30% , 25%) على التوالي. ولقد اجريت معامله كيميائية لكل من الكاؤلين والسليكا بهدف تنقيتها من الشوائب التي يمكن ان تذوب بحامض الهيدروكلوريك حيث تمت دراسة التغيرات الحاصلة من خلال تحاليل . IR قسمت الدراسة الى سبعه مجاميع محضره من هذه المواد طبقا لنسب المضافة من المحلول الالكتروليتي المحضر من (NaCO3+NaSiO3) وبنسبه (2 : 1) ان نسب اضافات المحلول الالكتروليتي هي 0.7%,1%) ,0.5% 0.2% , 0.1%) حيث ثبت نوع ونسبه الماده المعدنه في تشكيل الجسم البورسليني وهي او كسيد الزنكZnO وبنسبه (.(2% تم تشكيل مكبوسات من هذه الخلطات وبعد التجفيف تم حرقها لدرجات حرارة مختلفة1350oC) (1250, 1300 اجريت القياسات العزليه الكهربائية (ثابت العزل ومعامل الفقدان العزلي) وكذلك التوصليه الحرارية وقابليه الانضغاط. ان النتائج المتحققة لنماذج المحروقه بدرجه 1350oC ا بد ت نمط من ثبوت قيم العزليه الكهربائيه عند حدود معينه من تراكيز المحلول الالكتروليتي المضاف لمكونات الجسم البورسليني ضمن مدى((0.2 - 0.1% , في حين هنالك تغير في قيم التوصليه الحراريه ضمن مدى (0.2 - 0.5%) من تركيز المحلول الالكتروليتي. وان قابليه الانضغاط تكون عاليه عند حدود (0.5%) من تركيز المحلول الالكتروليتي لنفس المكونات،وبالتالي يتطلب اعتماد مفاضلة في الخواص وحدودها لاختيار افضل تركيز المحلول الالكتروليتي بما يوفر توافق نتائج الخواص العملية مع الخواص الصناعية القياسية المتحققة على منتجات محضره من مواد بلدان اخرى ومعتمدة لديهم ، لقد تم اعتبار ان افضل تركيز يتوافق مع الخواص العزليه الكهربائية وكذلك التوصليه الحرارية والميكانيكية هو (0.2%) كما اشاره اليه النتائج. | This study was carried out to prepare a porcelain samples, which can be used as an electrical insulator. The raw materials used for the preparation are kaolin Duakhla, Arudhma Sand glass and Potash feldspar with weight percentage (45%, 30%, 25%) respectively. A chemical treatment was performed on kaolin Duakhla, Arudhma Sand glass to remove all the impurities. The effect of the washing by HCl acid (chemical treatment) was examined by IR Tech. The study divided into seven groups. Relating to the concentration of electrolyte solution which is consisting of (NaCO3 & NaSiO3) as a ratio (2 : 1), and for fixed percentage of mineralizer (2%ZnO). The concentrations of electrolyte which were added to these groups are (1%, 0.7%, 0.5%, 0.2%, and 0.1%). Samples of each group have been prepared, and then each sample was pressed, then after that these samples are dried and sintered for different temperatures (1250, 1300, 1350 oC). Dielectric measurement (Dielectric Constant& Dielectric loss index) were carried out for these pressed samples, also Physical properties “Thermal conductivity” and mechanical properties “Compression strength” were measured for these samples. The results of these measurements for samples sintered at 1350oC are found to have a stable change at the range (0.1 - 0.2%) of concentration of electrolyte solution. While there is a change in the results of thermal conductivity in the concentration range (0.2 - 0.5%) of electrolyte solution. And the values of compression strength is found to be high at 0.5% concentration of electrolyte solution. Therefore we should select the best concentration of electrolyte solution, to get the optimum properties which would agree with practical results and the standard properties for the attentive in other countries of the world. Then, can regarde the (0.2%) concentration of electrolyte solution is the optimum value that can be used in the industry of the electrical insulators

دراسة النشاط الاشعاعي الطبيعي للمخلفات النفطية == A study of the natural radioactivity of thepetroleum waste

اسم المؤلف: عصام محمد رشيد درويش
اسم المشرف: ندى فاضل توفيق | كريم خلف محمد
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2010
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The aim of this study is to detect the radioactivity of radionuclides and measure the specific activities and the uranium concentration in (30) samples of crude oil and oil waste were brought from three oil locations Dora refinery, Bijie refinery, and north field of al - Rumaila. The measurements in this study were done by using two techniques : 1 - Gamma rays spectroscopy system was used to measure the specific activity for radionuclides. This system is consist of high purity of germanium detector (HPGe) with personal computer as multi channel analyzer (MCA) that computerized to plot the radioactive spectrum and compute the specific activities of the radionuclides. There are seven radionuclides are detected : (Bi - 214, Ra - 226, TI - 208, Bi - 212, Pb - 212, K - 40, and Cs - 137), these radionuclides included; two radionuclides (Bi - 214,Ra - 226) belong to the U - 238 series, three radionuclides (TI - 208, Bi - 212, Pb - 212) belong to Th - 232series, one natural radionuclide (K - 40), and one artificial radionuclide (Cs - 137).For Dora refinery samples, the averages of specific activities of (Bi - 214, Ra - 226) were (7.79, 16.08) Bq/kg respectively, the averages of specific activities of (TI - 208, Bi - 212, Pb - 212) were (7.95,4.05,5.75) Bq/kg , the average of specific activities of (Cs - 137) was (0.64) Bq/kg , the average of specific activities of (K - 40) was (99.3) Bq/kg. For Bijie refinery samples, the average of specific activities of (Bi - 214)was (0.39) Bq/kg, the averages specific activities of (Bi - 212, Pb - 212)were (0.02,0.01) Bq/kg, the average of specific activities of (K - 40) was(2.28) Bq/kg , and three radionuclides (Ra - 226, TI - 208, and Cs - 137) werenot appeared in Bijie samples.2 - solid state nuclear track detectors technique (SSNTDs), the uraniumconcentration determined by using CR - 39 track detector and fissionfragment track technique, the nuclear reaction used as source of uraniumfission fragment is U - 235 (n - f) obtained by the bombardment of U - 235with thermal neutrons emitted from (Am - Be) neutron source with flux(5000 n/cm2.s) for seven days, the concentration were calculated bycomparison with the standard samples.The uranium concentration in Dora refinery samples were rangedbetween (0.95 - 3.34) ppm with average (2.03) ppm for solid samples and(1.25) ppm for liquid samples.The uranium concentration in Bijie refinery samples were ranged from(0.42 - 1.46) ppm with average (0.55) ppm in the solid samples and (1.24) ppm in the liquid samples.The uranium concentration in the north field of al - Rumaila samples were ranged between (1.78 - 6.35) ppm with average (3.37) ppm.From above results, we concluded that the maximum of uranium concentration was found in the north field of al - Rumaila in Basrah governorate, these results are agreement with the permissible limit from IAEA. The maximum of external equivalent dose rate from NORM in oil waste was found in the north field of al - Rumaila was (0.30) mSv/y less than the permissible limit from IAEA which is (1) mSv/y for the public.

حسابات عن الخواص البصريه لعدسه رباعيه الاقطاب كهروسكونيه ثلاثيه == COMPUTATIONS ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF A TRIPLET ELECTROSTATIC QUADRUPOLE LENS

اسم المؤلف: اسراء لطيف محمد العميري
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: استعانه بطريقة المصفوفات الانتقاليه والحاسوب الشخصي فقد اجري بحث حاسوبي عن خواص نموذج مستطيلي يمثل المجال المحوري لعدسه ثلاثية كهروسكونيه رباعية الاقطاب، ان مسار حزمة الجسيمات المشحونه الماره خلال المجالات المستطيلية قد تم ايجاده بحل معادلة مسار الحركه بالاحداثيات الكارتيزيه اذ كتب برنامج حاسوبي لهذا الغرض. لقد حسبت الخواص البصريه للعدسة الثلاثية الكهروسكونيه بالاستعانه بمسار الحزمه على امتداد محور العدسه. وكتبت برامج حاسوبيه بفورتران ٧٧ لايجاد مختلف الخواص البصريه. وتم تركيز الحسابات على ايجاد الابعاد البؤرية ومعاملات الزيوغ الكروية في كلا المستويين الافقي والعمودي للمسار على امتداد المحور البصري. وقد اظهرت النتائج ان اختيار المعلمات الهندسية والتشغيلية يعتمد على وظيفة العدسه الثلاثية الكهروسكونية الرباعية الاقطاب في منظومة بصريه الكترونيه او ايونيه معينة.

دراسة الخواص الحراريه للاغشيه الرقيقه الذكيه نوع نيكل - تيتانيوم == Study of Thermal Properties of NiTi Thin Film Shape Memory Alloy

اسم المؤلف: هديل ثامر خضير
اسم المشرف: عماد خضير الشكرجي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2008
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: سبائك ذاكرة الشكل (SMA) shape memory alloyاو ما يسمى بالمواد الذكيه هي نوع من السبائك المعدنيه التي تعاني تحولات طور من الاوستنايت الى المارتنسايت عند تعرضها الى حراره او اجهاد كافي للتحول ولها القدره على الرجوع الى نفس حالة الشبيكه قبل التحول عند زوال المؤثر .لقد تم التركيز في هذه الدراسه على الخواص الحراريه كمحاوله لفهم التصرف الذي يحدث في الغشاء الرقيق والذي يتمثل بكسر شريحة الفلم عند تسليط قيمه معينه من الفولطيه والتيار وعند قيمه معينه من حرارة الاساس . وقد اخترنا دراسة غشاء NiTi لان له دور مهم في التطبيقات الطبيه والصناعيه .لقد تم حساب التوصيل الحراري والسعه الحراريه لغشاء NiTi نظـريا وكذلك تم حساب التوصيل الحراري والسعه الحراريه للزجاج المستخدم كاساس للغشاء عمليا وبعدها تمت مقارنة نتاءج هذه الحسابات للغشاء والزجاج وتفسير سبب الكسر في شريحة الغشاء والذي تبين انه يحدث في الزجاج نتيجة للفرق الكبير في الخواص الحراريه بين الغشاء والزجاج وهذا بسبب عدم تحمل الزجاج للطاقه الحراريه العاليه الناتجه خلال عملية تحول الطور بين الاوستنايت والمارتنسايت في الغشاء الرقيق والتي تسلط على الشريحة الزجاجيه للغشاء. | Shape memory alloys (SMA) or intelligent material, which are also called smart material, are a group of metallic alloys that undergo phase transformation from Austenite to Martensite when heated or subjected to appropriate stresses. After cooling or removing the stress, they have the ability to remember their previous structure and return to it.The concern of this study is on the thermal properties of NiTi thin film and its substrate as an attempt to understand the behavior occurring in the thin film slide represented by breaking it at certain values of voltage, current and substrate temperature (Ts). We have selected NiTi alloy because of its important medical and industrial applications. Thermal conductivity and heat capacity of NiTi thin film have been calculated theoretically and the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of glass substrate are measured experimentally. The cause of breaking in the thin film slide is the result of large difference in the thermal properties represented by thermal conductivity and heat capacity between the NiTi thin film and glass substrate. This is because the glass can not bear the high amount of heating energy resulting during the phase transformation process between Austenite and Martensite which exerts on the thin film slide

دراسة التحولات الطورية والنقاط الحرجة في منطقة العناصر الارضية النادرة ضمن اطار نموذج البوزونات المتفاعلة IBM - 1 == STUDY OF PHASE TRANSITIONS AND CRITICAL POINTS IN THE REARE EARTH REGION IN THE FRAMEWORK OF INTERACTING BOSOM MODEL (IBM - 1

اسم المؤلف: فؤاد عطية مجيد العجيلي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: A systematic study of isotope chains in the rare - earth region is presented. For the chains 144, , , and 150, energy levels, E2 transition rates, and two - neutron separation energies (SNd15460−Sm16014662−Gd16214864−Dy16666−2n) are described by using the most general (up to two - body terms) IBM - 1 Hamiltonian. For each isotope chain a general fit is performed in such a way that all parameters but one are kept fixed to describe the whole chain.In this region, nuclei evolve from spherical to deformed shapes and a method based on catastrophe theory, in combination with a coherent state analysis to generate the IBM - 1 energy surfaces, is used to identify critical phase transition points.The approach used to fix the Hamiltonian parameters leads to a very good global agreement with the recent available experimental data corresponding to excitation energies, B(E2)’s and S2n values. In particular, an excellent agreement with the measured S2n values is obtained, which is considered a key observable to locate phase transitional regions. The analysis presented here is consistent with previous CQF studies in the same region. As a result we find that 148Nd and 150Sm are the best candidates to be critical, but we should remark that 150Nd and 152Sm are not far away from it.

حسابات الامثليه لمنظومة حرف الحزمة الالكترونية == A COMPUTATIONAL OPTIMIZATION OF AN ELECTRON BEAM DEFLECTING SYSTEM

اسم المؤلف: عدي علي حسين العبيدي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2005
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: دكتوراه
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: بغداد
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: تم استخدام التقريبين التحليلي والتركيبي لطريقة الامثلية في الدراسة الحالية لايجاد التصميم الامثل للحارفات المغناطيسية والكهروسكونية التي تعطي اقل زيغ كروي ولوني. استخدم التقريب التركيبي في حسابات الحارفة المغناطيسية وتم استخدام ملف الانحراف ذو النير الراكب (saddle yoke deflection coil) مصدرا للمجال المغناطيسي، عدة نماذج لتوزيع المجال المحوري استخدمت في الحسابات وكذلك تم استخدام انموذج جديد تم اقتراحه في الدراسة الحالية. فكرة العدسة الشيئية المتحركة اعتمدت في حسابات مجال الانحراف، زيوغ الانحراف خفظت لكل انموذج لتوزيع المجال بتغيير شكل ملف الانحراف، حيث غير الطول والزاوية. باستخدام امثل توزيع للمجال المحوري لكل حالة تم ايجاد تصميم قطع القطب التي تعطي توزيعات المجال هذه باستخدام طريقة اعادة البناء.في حسابات الحارفة الكهروسكونية، كل من التقريبين التحليلي والتركيبي استخدما لايجاد التصميم الامثل الذي يعطي اقل زيغ. تم اولا، استخدام التقريب التحليلي لدراسة بعض تصاميم الحارفات الكهروسكونية والتي تتكون من صفيحتين متوازيتين؛ الوصول للامثلية تم بتغيير الشكل الهندسي للحارفة عن طريق تغيير ابعاد الصفائح المتوازية. ثانيا، التقريب التركيبي استخدم لايجاد اقل قيم للزيغ باستخدام توزيع جديد اقترح في الدراسة الحالية للحارفات الكهروسكونية تحت البحث. شكل الحارفة تم ايجاده باستخدام طريقة اعادة البناء.اخيرا، الحارفات المغناطيسية والكهروسكونية جمعـت وركبت لتعطي عامود كامل لانظمة الانحراف ورسمت مقاطع مستعرضة لمسارات الحزم.

دراسة نظرية لطاقة الترابط لذرة الليثيوم

اسم المؤلف: محمد عبد الحسين حسوني وادي الكعبي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2004
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: الانكليزية
مكان الجامعة: كربلاء
الصفحات الاولى:

التقنين الاشعاعي البيئي للمياه الجوفية في غرب محافظة البصرة باستخدام تقنية التالق الحراري == Environmental Radiation Dosimetry of Groundwater in West of Basra Governorate using Thermoluminescence Technique

اسم المؤلف: سيف قاسم هلال
اسم المشرف: رياض جاسب ابو الهيل
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study includes calculation the dose rate of emitted gamma - rays from groundwater taken from different locations in the Basra govemorate by use of thermoluminescence technique . it emphasis on the the characteristics of TL - reader ,TL - dosimeter (calcium fluoride) to know the suitability of these systems for environmental monitoring. It is found that the zero dose reading for calcium fluoride is 0.18 m rad .It is also found that most dosimeters of the same materials have nearly equal sensitivities and that all thebatches have high uniformity which makes them capable for environmental use. Experimental observations have indicated that there is linear relation between response and dose for the material which qualifies it for measuring doses within the low dose range. The variations in the response of the TL - reader using internal light source have also been investigated ,it is found that TL - reader has high stability .The fading in a environmental field for calcium fluoride is 7% in one month.Making sure that these systems are suitable for environmental monitoring programing ,calcium fluoride has been used for measuring gamma - rays emitting from natural background radiation ,it is foundthat the natural dose rate of gamma - rays emitted from the locations : Albrjisiya, khor aizubair, Safwan, Jabal Sanam, Um Qasr, Um Eanij and Al - lahees are (5.80,6.41, 5.32, 5.25,5.26,4.60 and 4.86) μrad/h receptivity . Thus, the dose rate of radiation emitted From ground water of province of Basra is 5.35 μ rad/h . the results proved that the inhabited area ling within the environmental monitoring satiations are the area in which the radiation is natural and that the rate that the human being exposed equal 11.5μrad/h which considered naturalexposure limit.

تحضير وتشخيص بعض البلورات السائلة وخلائطها الثنائية البلورية السائلة ودراسة بعض خواصها الفيزيائية == Preparation & Characterization of some liquid crystals and Binary liquid crystalline mixtures and study some of their physical properties

اسم المؤلف: زينب نديم مطشر
اسم المشرف: اياد جاسم الحجاج
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: study included as a first step the preparation of compound 4 - heptyloxy benzaldehyde and derivatives by linking alkoxy series with the aldehyde, and in the second step was to prepare Schiff base compounds through interaction of equal moles of the compound 4 - heptyloxy benzaldehyde with some primary amines with different polar groups, and in the third stage was to prepare mixtures from the Schiff base compounds resulting from the second step,and we obtained five liquid crystalline mixtures at low temperatures and some of them close to room temperature, and then the chemical structures was chacterized and the absorption bands for functional groups was given by FTIR spectroscopy scan . A microscope with polarized light (POM) and a differential scaning calorimeter (DSC) was also used to study the liquid crystalline phases for individual compounds, as well as binary liquid crystalline mixtures and then a discussion of changes taking place at phase transition temperatures for individual liquid crystalline compounds as well as their binary mixtures , as characterized by these mixtures it owns a wide range of temperatures and some are close to room temperature ranging between (22.1 - 53.1 ℃). we has been studying some of the physical properties of these mixtures and compare them with the pure liquid crystals to see what has been achieved to improve these properties by studying the electrical properties (conductivity and dielectric ), as well as the activation energy , we has also been studying the photoelectric effect and determine the threshold voltage in the cases of parallel and vertical alignments , and the study shown a variation in the dielectric behaviour of binary liquid crystalline mixtures of remarkable increase compared to individual liquid crystalline compounds either the positive or negative dielectricanisotropy , ranging from ( - 1.320 - 2.234), while the variation in the electrical conductivity of binary mixtures of liquid crystal range (0.138 - 0.351 (ohm.m) - 1, and finally studied photoelectric effects for individual liquid crystalline compounds, as well as binary liquid crystal mixtures show that liquid crystalline mixtures have seen a clear decline in the threshold voltages (1.3 - 3.9Volt

دراسة نظرية لانتشار نبضة كاوسية في الياف البلورة الفوتونية والعوامل المؤثرة فيها == Theoretical Study of the Propagation Gaussain Pulse in Photonic Crystal Fibers and the Parameters Influencing it

اسم المؤلف: دعاء حسين هاشم
اسم المشرف: حسن عبد الله سلطان
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In this thesis the propagation of short Gaussian pulse in Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) are studied, the effect of the fiber parameters on the pulse like the absorption, dispersion and nonlinearity studied also.Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (NLSE) was solved numerically using the spectral or Split - Step Fourier Method (SSFM) to determine the pulse spatio - temporal evolution.The study includes the effect of the photonic crystal arrangement especially the holes number, hole - hole spacing and holes dimeter on the effective refractive index and the dispersion of the photonic crystal fiber.The Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (NLSE) was solved using the Finite differences in the frequency domain (FDFD) method.The two zeros dispersion were studied to calculate the zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) by applying the international golden ratio (1.16180339887) for the ratio of the hole - hole spacing to the holes dimeters.The study shows that the pulse propagation depends strongly on the absorption, dispersion and nonlinearity of the PCF, and the pulse wavelength must be near the ZDW to ensure the propagation with little loses.The dependence of the nonlinear refractive index, the dispersion and the ZDW of the PCF were proved.The study shows that the golden ratio can be used to have two ZDWs, and a new ratio of hole - hole spacing to the hole dimeter equal to 2 can be used to achieve two ZDWs.

دراسة تاثير جهود المصيدة على سلوك الدالة الموجية في تكثيف بوز اينشتاين == Study influence of the trapping potentials on the behavior of the wave function in Bose - Einstein condensation

اسم المؤلف: وليد حميد عبد المالكي
اسم المشرف: خالد محمد جياد الموسوي | خالد محمد جياد الموسوي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2014
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This dissertation have been studied and analyzed the wave function behavior under trapping potentials that are usually used in experiments which led to formed Bose - Einstein condensation in ultra cold gases. The wave function behavior is dealt with under the effect of three types of potentials : the Harmonic oscillator, the double well, and the Optical Lattice. These are used individually, overlapped together, and when two different kinds are shed on each other in an orthogonal form. Besides, factors and variables that have major or minor roles in potentials the distribution that determine the wave function behavior is discuss in this dissertation.And study parameter ???????? range of effect on the nature of the Harmonic oscillator trapping potential and the Wave Function distribution, this factor effect is studied under the effect of the Harmonic oscillator Trap. As well as, studying this parameter effect on the Wave function behavior under the effect of other three types of potential traps used in Bose - Einstein condensation which are : the Optical Lattice potential overlapped with the Harmonic oscillator potential, the Optical lattice potential orthogonally shed on the harmonic oscillator potential. Also, studied the wave function behavior under the effect of the double well potential when the range of distribution centre is ∓0.5 and when the distribution centre increases to ∓2.And also discussed the effect of the nonlinear G on the wave function behavior under the effect of the Harmonic potential in terms of value and distribution. Through studying under the effect of the Harmonic potential, it have noticed that there is a linear relation between the energy and the chemical voltage at the centre of the trap as well asbetween the wave function and Energy. Yet, the linear relation is not exist between Energy and the frequency rate ???????? as well as between the wave function and the chemical potential. While there is a nonlinear relation exist under the effect of the optical lattice potential overlapped with the Harmonic potential at the centre of trap as well as the relation is exist between the wave function and the energy at the centre of the trap. It is noticed that when the optical lattice potential orthogonally shed on the Harmonic potential a linear relation exists between the energy and the chemical potential with anisotropy value and this linear relation becomes more clear at high value of anisotropy while the wave function behavior increases exponentially with anisotropy values. Furthermore, we have studying the effect of Factor ???????? and Factor ???????? on the Wave Function behavior under the harmonic potential trap plus the optical lattice potential .

دراسة تاثير الترابط والقدرة الضائعة في الموجهات المترابطة على كفاءة المجمع - الموزع البصري باستعمال طريقة الفروقات المحددة == Study The Effect of Coupling and Crosstalk in Directional Couplers on The Performance of Multi / Demultiplexers Using Finite Differences Method

اسم المؤلف: منصور حنظل منصور زغير
اسم المشرف: صباح مهدي محمد امين
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2017
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Directional couplers can be used to make important planar optical integrated circuits for optical communications, such as Mach - zehnder interferometers and wavelength division multiplexers. Wavelength division multi/demultiplexing of optical signals is an efficient means to increase the information density per fiber.Both the coupled mode theory and the FD numerical method are used in this study to analyze multiwaveguide DCs.In this thesis, we present an analytical expression for crosstalk of MWGDC based on relationship between the normal modes and local modes, where these modes are obtained numerically using FD mothed.Also, the mode field profile and their evolution along the structure are presented through the analytical expression and calculated numerically using FD method. With the help of this analytical expression, the input power can be controlled to be enter from a chosen hannel. This enable us to calculate the crosstalk that corresponds to a certain input channel.The transmission characteristics of a four channel multiplexer based on three MZI can be described in terms of the propagation matrices. In this study, the coupling coefficient of DC and the phase shift of MZI are treated to be wavelength dependent parameters. Crosstalk introduced by such process are also calculated.The transmission characteristics of three arm MZI as a DWDM is investigated theoretically by deriving the propagation matrix of 3WGDC using coupled mode theory. Thus, two parameters are introduced,  and  , as a designing controlling parameters for DWDM devices. By adjusting these parameters a DW DM devices can be presented.

دراسة نظرية للتركيب الالكتروني الحجمي والسطحي لسبيكة نصف هيوسلر FeCrSe والحد الفاصل (111) FeCrSe/GaP == Theoretical Study of the Bulk and Surface Electronic Structure of the Half Heusler Alloy FeCrSe and the Interface of FeCrSe/GaP(111

اسم المؤلف: مظاهر حبيب جولان الاسدي
اسم المشرف: Mudhahir H. Jolan
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: قدمنا في هذه الدراسة ايضاحات مهمة حول الخواص المغناطيسية والتركيب الالكتروني في سبيكة نصف هيوسلر FeCrSe. وقد بينت النتائج ان FeCrSe هي مادة فيرومغناطيسية نصف معدنية عند ثابت الشبيكة المتوازن هو 5.506Å، وان العزم المغناطيسي الكلي المحسوب هو 2μB يخضع تماما لقواعد سليتر - بولنك. بالاضافة الى ذلك، بحثنا على نطاق واسع الخواص الالكترونية والمغناطيسية والنصف معدنية للسطوح (001) و(111) لسبيكة نصف هيوسلر FeCrSe والحد الفاصل مع القاعدة GaP (111) باستعمال حسابات المبادئ الاولية ضمن نظرية الكثافة الدالية. وتوضح كثافة الحالات الذرية ان الصفة النصف معدنية المثبتة في الحجم FeCrSe تكون محفوظة عند السطح (001) المنتهي بـ CrSe - والسطح (111) المنتهي بـ Se - ، ولكنها فقدت عند السطوح (111) المنتهية بـ Fe - وCr - والسطح (001) المنتهي بـ Fe - . علاوة على ذلك، للحد الفاصل FeCrSe/GaP (111)، تكون الصفة النصف معدنية للحجم محطمة عند الهيئة Se - P بينما يبين الحد الفاصل والحد الثانوي الفاصل Se - Ga تقريبا استقطاب برم 100%. ضمن هذه الدراسة اوضحنا، من حسابات طاقات التلاصق (γ) للحد الفاصل ان الشكل او الهيئة Se - Ga هو اكثر استقرارا من الاخر Se - P. وايضا درسنا العزوم المغناطيسية، فلاحظنزايادة العزوم المغناطيسية المحسوبة لـ Se وGa عند الحد الفاصل Se - Ga (111) وP عند الحد الفاصل Se - P (111) مقابل قيم الحجم المناظرة لها بينما العزم المغناطيسي الذري لذرة Se عند الحد الفاصل Se - P (111) يقل. ونلاحظ ايضا ان العزوم المغناطيسية للحد الفاصل الثانوي لذرة Fe عند كلا السطحين الفاصلين Se - Ga (111) وSe - P (111) تقل مقارنة بقيم الحجم. | In this study, important illustrations about the electronic structures and the magnetic properties of half - Heusler alloy FeCrSe.The results show that FeCrSe is half - metallic ferromagnet at equilibrium lattice constant (5.506 Å). The calculated total magnetic moment of 2.00 μB follows quite well the Slater - Pauling rule . We investigate extensively the electronic, magnetic, and half - metallic properties of the half - Heusler alloy FeCrSe (111) and (001) surfaces and the interface with GaP (111) substrate by using the first - principles calculations within the density functional theory. The atomic density of states demonstrates that the half - metallicity verified in the bulk FeCrSe is maintained at the CrSe - terminated (001) and Se - terminated (111) surfaces, but it is lost at both Cr - and Fe - terminated (111) surfaces and the Fe - terminated (001) surface. Furthermore, for the interface of FeCrSe/GaP (111), the bulk half - metallicity is destroyed at Se - P configuration while Se - Ga interface and subinterface show nearly 100% spin polarization. We explained within this study, the calculated interfacial adhesion energies exhibit that Se - Ga shape is more stable than the Se - P one. We also studied the magnetic moments, The calculated magnetic moments of Se, Ga at the Se - Ga (111) interface and P at the Se - P (111) interface increase with respect to the corresponding bulk values while the atomic magnetic moment of Se atom at the Se - P (111) interface decreases. We also notice that the magnetic moments of subinterface Fe at both Se - Ga and Se - P (111) interfaces decrease compared to the bulk values.

دراسة نظرية لفحص نقل الالكترون خلال نقطتين كميتن مقترنتين == Theoretical Study to Investigate the Electron Transport Through Double Coupled Quantum Dots

اسم المؤلف: محمد عبد الزهرة نجدي
اسم المشرف: هيفاء عبد النبي جاسم
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In this study, a model calculation is introduced for the electron transportthrough a system consists of two quantum dots coupled serially, embeddedbetween two nonmagnetic leads (source and drain), due to the importance ofthis kind of systems in many academic and experimental applications.In our treatment, the time independent Anderson - Newns Hamiltonian modelis considered as a basis to study the system dynamics and then to derive spindependentanalytical formula to calculate the occupation numbers of thequantum dots energy levels, the corresponding quantum dots energy levelsand the molecular virtual energy levels, as a function of bias voltage .These relations are solved self - consistently, which are all employed tocalculate the tunneling current. The differential conductance is calculatednumerically by using finite differences method.And as the efficiency of electron transport through coupled quantum dotsdepends on the system parameters such as the energy levels position of eachquantum dot, the Coulomb repulsion energy on each quantum dot, theeffective exchange energy, the tunneling coupling between the dots and leadsand the coupling energy between the two quantum dots, all these parametersare studied and investigated in details and the role of all these parameters inthe tunneling current and the differential conductance calculations ispresented. also our treatment is applied to two kinds of systems, when thequantum dots are symmetric and when they are asymmetric depending on ourchoice for the over mentioned parameters. Our treatment is utilized to studythe following : 1 - - - Two regimes are studied, the first is the strong coupling regime and thesecond is the weak coupling regime.2 - - - The role of the spin exchange interaction in determining the type ofinteraction (if it is attractive or repulsive) between the quantum dots.3 - - - The role of the spin exchange interaction between the quantum dots indetermining the coulomb blockade in the strong coupling regime.And according to our calculations, we conclude that at the strong couplingand when neglecting the effective exchange interaction, one can determinethe bias voltage values that correspond to the maximum values of thedifferential conductance which is equal to the value of the couplinginteraction between the quantum dots. And the maximum and minimumvalues in the differential conductance curve are changed when the quantumdots energy levels are lying below the energy reference. Also, ourcalculations that concern to the effective exchange interaction make it sure that our results can be utilized to study the electronics that related to the coupled quantum dots. Our calculations that related to the Coulomb blockade make it sure that one can use the quantum dots molecule as an electronic switch. Our calculations that concern to the gate voltage effect investigation in the case of equilibrium can be employed in the detection about the type of coupling with the environmental which effects directly in determining the rates of electron tunneling from the left lead to the active region and then to the right lead.

تحضير ودراسة بعض الخصائص الفيزيائية للمتراكب بولي انلين طين الكاؤولين العراقي == Preparation and study of the Some physical properties of imbricated Polly Aniline - IraqiAlca?lan clay

اسم المؤلف: عباس عبد سويف البديري
اسم المشرف: غفران محمد باقر شبيب
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: Polyanilin/Alcaulan Iraqi clay was modify by mecanochemical method with ideal condition and temperature range (0 - 5)0c after distillation Aniline (monomer) well.Several techniques have been used such as FT - IR ,X - ray to determine the crystalline ,scanning electron microscope (SEM) and finally (FAM) in order to study the surface roughness mediated .Many of physical properties such as mechanical properties which represented by hardness curves at different temperature which proved in hardness values range (2 - 7) for Alcaulan clay and (3 - 9.5) for PAni/Alcaulan while the results of tests fracture resistance (according to Brazilian way ) in different temperature was (2.9 - 4.92) for Alcaulan clay and (3.1 - 5.01) for PAni/Alcaulan .Optical properties show the type of electronic transition which found indirect transition and the optical energy gap about 2.15 eV.PAni/Alcaulan films was prepared by adding hydrochloric acid HCL after dissolved it in DMF as well as with addition to sulfuric acid H2SO4.The value of electrical conductivity of PAni - HCL/ Alcaulan are (0.4*10 - 7, 0.6*10 - 7, 0.7*10 - 7, 0.8*10 - 7, 0.9*10 - 7) s/cm. The value of PAni - H2SO4/Alcaulan are (4*10 - 7, 6*10 - 7, 6.5*10 - 7, 7.3*10 - 7, 9.1*10 - 7) s/cm.Also the value of electric conductivity of PAni - HCL/ Alcaulan with Iodine are (2*10 - 7, 6*10 - 7, 8*10 - 7) s/cm , and of PAni - H2SO4/Alcaulan are (19*10 -

الخواص البصرية اللاخطية ومحدد القدرة البصري للصبغات العضوية في المحاليل والاغشية البوليمرية باستخدام تقنية مسح حزمة الليزر على المحور z == Nonlinear Optical Properties and Optical Power Limiting of Organic Dyes in Solutions and Polymer Films Using The Laser Beam Z - Scan Technique

اسم المؤلف: سيف الدين عبد الكريم قاسم
اسم المشرف: عماد الدين حسين علي السعيدي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The research in this thesis is concerned with our extensive study of the spectral properties, the nonlinear optical properties, and the optical power limiting effect, for three organic dyes : Leishman, Giemsa, and Brilliant Cresyl Blue. Three different solvents were used to dissolve each dye : Chloroform, Ethanol, and Dimethyl(formamide) (DMF).We prepared dye solutions at four different concentrations : 0.03 mM, 0.05 mM, 0.07 mM, and 0.09 mM. Dye doped polymer films at concentration 0.09 mM were also prepared by mixing the dye with the polymer poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) which already dissolved in the chloroform and using the casting method to obtain the desired polymer films.The linear absorption spectra of the dye solutions and the dye doped polymer films for different concentrations were analyzed by using the double - beam spectrophotometer in order to find the spectral range for each dye .2Our study was focused mainly on the nonlinear optical properties of the dye solutions and the dye doped polymer films. We employed in this study the laser beam z - scan technique and the solid - state laser (SSL) operating with the continuous wave (CW) at wavelength 532 nm and with variable output power over the range 0 - 100 mW .We have also studied the effect of the laser beam intensity on the nonlinear optical parameters of the dye solutions prepared by dissolving each dye in the Dimethyl(formamide) (DMF) solvent. Two values for the laser beam intensity were used for irradiating the samples (The dye solutions), these are : 1.11 kW / cm2 and 2.22 kW / cm2.Our obtained results from the present study reveal that all solutions of the three dyes and the dye - doped polymer films have a negative value for the nonlinear refractive index (n2 < 0) (occurrence of the self - defocusing effect) and also a negative value for the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β < 0) (saturable absorption).The values of the nonlinear optical parameters for each dye were calculated, these parameters are : The nonlinear refractive index (n2), the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β), and the absolute value of the nonlinear optical susceptibility (|χ(3)|). The solvents effect on the values of these optical3parameters was studied, and we find that the solvent plays an important role on the variation of these values.We also studied the optical power limiting for the dye solutions and the polymer films by using the laser beam z - scan technique. Good optical power limiting properties were obtained. The values of the optical power limiting threshold for the dye solutions at different concentrations and also for the dye doped polymer films were determind. We note that the value of the optical power limiting threshold depends on the kind of the used solvent for dissolving the dye. The smallest value for the optical power limiting threshold is 6.7 mW for the Brilliant Cresyl Blue dye doped polymer in chloroform at concentration 0.09 mM, while the smallest value for the power limiting threshold for the Brilliant Cresyl Blue solution in the same solvent at concentration 0.09 mM is 7.8 mW. The value of the power limiting threshold depends the kind of the used dye or the kind of the used solvent in preparing the sample and also on the concentration of the dye.The results that we have obtained from our present study show that the three dyes, Leishman, Giemsa, and Brilliant Cresyl Blue exhibit large nonlinear optical effects, suggesting that they are good promising materials for applications in the nonlinear photonic devices, the optical power limiting, and other optical devices.

تحضير اغشية رقيقة من اوكسيد الخارصين ZnO النقي والمشوب بالالمنيوم باستخدام تقنية المحلول ودراسة خواصها البصرية (Sol - Gel) الغروي وتطبيقها كمتحسس غازي == Preparation of Pure and Doped with Aluminum Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Thin Films by Using (Sol - Gel)Technique and the Study of Optical Properties and Applications as A Gas Sensor

اسم المؤلف: سعد عبد الله جبر الفاضلي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In this study, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films are prepared by using Sol - Gel technique . The samples are prepared with different thicknesses (58,69,77)nm . Different weight ratio of Aqueous aluminum chloride (AlCl3.6H2O) are added to the Sol - Gel ZnOwith percentage (0.345%, 0.824% , 1.703% and 2.146%). These solutions are deposited by using spin coating on glass substrate .In order to investigate the sensitivity and the response of these samples for the detection about different vapors and gases (ethanol , methanol , acetone and nitrogen ) , pure and (AlCl3.6H2O) doped ZnO films are prepared by using the same technique but by adding Aluminum electrodes on these films with dimensions (2.5x0.5)cm2 .This preparing is followed by thermal treatment for these films by using oven with temperature reaches to 450 oC.The structure properties of these films are studied by using X - ray diffraction (XRD) and the results show that these films are polycrystalline and the calculated lattice constant are close to the standard values . The samples are analyses by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FESEM) and the results show that the grain arrangement are regular and these structures are packed and the grain shape is as spherical . But for the AZO films , we notice that the increasing of the doping percentage reduces the gra in size .We also study the optical properties of these films such as Absorption (A) , Transmission (T) , Reflection (R) , Absorption coefficient (α) , extinction coefficient (k) , the energy gap(Eg) , refractive index (n) , with its complex and real dielectric constant( ) , dissipation factor (tanδ) , Optical Dispersion Parameters (Eo , Ed) and optical conductivity ( ) . The effect of the films thickness on the optical properties of the ZnO films for the over mentioned parameters . The results we get are discussed and compared with other studies . This work elucidates and analyzes the studying of the effect of adding (AlCl3 . 6H2O) o Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and the results are with standards agree with the results of many other researchers . The optical constant are tabulated and compared with , the results of other . And in order to determine the electronic transitions type , Absorption coefficient is calculated and it shows that ZnO and AZO films have transition of direct type because the values of α > 104 . The energy gap of the ZnO films with different thickness (58,69 and 77) nm is calculated , since it is found that the increasing of the film thickness gives slight increasing in the energy gap . The experimental results show that the increasing of doping percentagein ZnO film increases the energy gap with very little amount . In the electronic application field , the study also included design and fabrication of gas sensor system from local materials , which contain of chamber that made of plates polymer that contain of base for install the sample , electrodes to link the sample the measurement circuit , glass flask with three holes , heater , N2 gas cylinder , glass tubes , valves and the measurement circuit electric .The study also includes the ability of responding of the films for the thicknesses (58 , 69 and 77 )nm , to these gases , and it is found that the highest response was at vapor ethanol at the thickness 58nm. The effect of chloride Aluminum on the response of these percentage (0.345% , 0.824% , 1.703% , 2.146%) is studied for the mentioned gases , and it is found that the highest response we get is 45% at the concentration 2.146% for methanol gas . The results are tabulated , discussed and compared with precedent studies.

دراسة تراكيز الرادون والثورون والراديوم ومعدلات الانبعاث الكتلي والتبخر السطحي للرادون في البقوليات الجافة والعسل الطبيعي == Study of Radon , Thoron , Radium concentrations ,as well as the mass and surface exhalation rates in dry legumes and natural honey

اسم المؤلف: سارة عبد اللطيف كديمي
اسم المشرف: عيسى جاسم محمد الخليفة
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In this study a sample of 50 different dry legumes and honey used (local and imported), the number of dry legumes samples under study were 21, including 5 samples of local and imported 16 samples collected from the Governorate of Basrah markets - Iraq. 29 samples of honey collected from local markets and apiaries in Iraq. The number of local honey 8 samples while the number of imported honey were 21 sample.Two methods in this research for various measurements and comparison between them. It is a method of (Misdaq and Satif.,1996) and the method of (Azam., 1995). Both methods are considered long - term methods for measuring the concentration of radon and thoron in various materials, Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs), a closed cylinder technique method. Results in the first part of the samples dry legumes have shown that radon concentration ranges between a higher value (698.9Bq / m3) in thesample (Turkish lentil (imported)) and less valuable (69.0Bq / m3) in the samples (Iranian Homs and Chinese beans (imported)),and the concentration of thoron between the highest value (865.0Bq / m3) in the sample (Chinese beans (imported)) and the lowest value (86.45Bq / m3) in the sample (Canadian lentil (imported)), and that the radon concentration rate and thoron for samples local dry legumes (3551.1Bq / m3), (364.1Bq / m3), respectively. For samples imported dry legumes the radon concentration rate and thoron (333.0Bq / m3), (420.8Bq /m3 respectively For the results of the honey samples in the first part has found that the radon concentration between the highest value (826.7Bq / m3) in the samples ( AL - noor Honey (Basra - Seder) (Local)) , (Honey AngizaGerman (imported)) and less value (242.9Bq / m3) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and the concentration of thoron between a higher value ( 538.4Bq / m3) in the sample (Turkish Honey) and the lowest value (115.2Bq / m3) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)) , and that the concentration of radon and thoron samples of local honey rate (457.5Bq / m3), (297.0Bq / m3), respectively. For samples imported honey, the radon concentration and thoron rate(469.0Bq/m3) , (314.1Bq/m3) , respectively. Results obtained in the second part of the samples dry legumes note that the concentration of radium between the highest value of a (2.4489Bq / Kg) in the sample (Indian Homs (imported)) and less valuable (0.4030Bq / kg) in the sample (Indian Mash (Imported )), and that the concentration of radium samples local dry legumes rate (0.8941 Bq / Kg). For the samples dry legumes imported, the concentration of radium rate (0.9270Bq / Kg), the results obtained in the second part of the samples honey note that the concentration of radium ranges It is among the highest value (1.7270Bq / Kg) in the sample (Honey fall Karbala (Local)) and less valuable (0.2111Bq / Kg) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and that the concentration of radium samples of local honey rate (0.7441 Bq / Kg). For the samples of imported honey, the concentration of radium rate (0.6141Bq / Kg).Results mass emission rates of radon samples dry legumes, ranging from the highest value (0.4442Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Homs (imported)) and the lowest value (0.0731Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Mash (imported)) , and the arithmetic average of the mass emission rate of the samples the local dry legumes (0.1540 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and for dry legumes imported (0.1681 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and the results of area emission rates radon samples dry legumes, ranging from the highestvalue (2.0405 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the samples (Indian Homs and Turkish lentil (imported)) and the lowest value (0.5681Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (Indian Mash (Imported)), and the arithmetic average of the rate of the area emission rate of surface samples local dry legumes (1.0865 Bq.m - 2.d - 1), and for samples of imported dry legumes (1.1589 Bq.m - 2.d - 1). Results mass emission rates of radon samples of honey, ranging from the highest value of ( 0.3132 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Honey fall Karbala (Local)) and the lowest value (0.0383Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1) in the sample (Honey Mount Haj Omran (Local)), and the arithmetic average of the mass emission rate for samples of local honey (0.1359 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and for samples of imported honey (0.1114 Bq.Kg - 1.d - 1), and the results of area emission rates of radon samples of honey, ranging from the highest value (3.1286 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (AL - noor Honey (Basra - Seder) (Local)) and the lowest value (0.6257 Bq.m - 2.d - 1) in the sample (Honey ount Haj Omran (Local)), and the arithmetic average of the rate of area ssion samples of local honey (1.4828 Bq.m - 2.d - 1), and for samples of imported honey (1.1670 Bq.m - 2.d - 1).

دراسة حركيات ليزر النقطة الكمية بوجود البرم == Study of Dynamics of Quantum Dot Laser with Spin

اسم المؤلف: حكمت عبد الحسين ابراهيم
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: The dynamics of VCSE QD spin polarized laser is studied based on asix equations model that takes into account the effect of number ofcontrol parameters on populations in the wetting layer for bothpolarized components and those in the quantum dot .The carrier density in the wetting layer and the quantum dot vary indifferent manner although the former lends to the later . Also thedynamics of carriers in the quantum dot shows varieties of dynamicsthat range from simple to complex one while the dynamics of carriersin the wetting layer are always simple .The polarized field related to the spin up and spin down cases sufferseffects in different manners due to the variations of these controlparameters . the intensities of both two polarized components behavioralso range from simple and end up chaotically.It appears that output ellipticity can be used as a new tool to assess the dynamical state of the laser wither it in stable , periodic , aperiodic or chaotic .The modulation of the injection current for both components or for either one led to new dynamics , the system was not able to show when it work autonomously although the model has five degrees of freedom .

قياس تركيز غاز الرادون والثورون في المنازل والمستشفيات والمراكز الصحية في محافظة البصرة العراق

اسم المؤلف: حسام نجم عبود
اسم المشرف: عيسى جاسم محمد الخليفة
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: دكتوراه
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:

دراسة تركيز البورون في مياه محافظة ذي قار وتربتها باستخدام طريقة الكارمين وجهاز اللوفي بوند == Study of Boron Concentration in Water of Thi - Qar Governorate and Soil Using Carmine Method and Lovibond Device

اسم المؤلف: تغريد عبد الحسين شاكر
اسم المشرف: ثائر منشد سلمان
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2016
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: In this study , we measured the boron concentration in the water and soil of Thi - Qar Governorates, where were collected (45) Sample Water also were collected (66) Sample soil from the districts of Thi - Qar and its environs province of southern Iraq , and we used that analogy chromatography Al carmine method (colorimetric carmine method) . we got the highest concentration of boron (0.801 ppm) in Garmat Bani Said area - Al Greej and the lowest value for the concentration of boron measured Al carmine manner of samples of clay in said Dhkeel - Al Ibrahim (2) area (0.368 ppm) . The concentration of boron has been in samples of mud rate in the province of Thi Qar was (0.614 ppm) also were measured exponent pH and ranged results between (7.208 - 8.368 ) and an average of (7.890) . As well as we used measurement chromatography Al carmine to measure the boron concentration in water samples way . We got the highest value for the concentration of boron water sample (1.057 mg / L) in Garmat Bani Said area - center (1) and the lowestvalue for the concentration of boron measured Al carmine way in water samples in Al Fuhood zone - Amayreh(1) (0.251 mg / L) . Boron concentration of water samples in the province of Thi Qar rat was (0.592 mg / L) .The boron concentration of water samples located within the normal allowable ratio globally but some are relatively high . As well as the measured pH and the results were pH ranging between (7.435 - 8.277) and an overall average of (7.885) .It was also some water samples to measure the soil by a device (Spectro Direct Lovibond) we got the highest value for the concentration of boron in the water samples (1.4 mg / L) in Al Fuhood zone - Amayreh area (3) , and the lowest value for the concentration of boron in Al Nasiriya - Al shuhada zone (1) (0.4 mg / L) . The soil samples were measured by a device (Spectro Direct Lovibond) has the highest value for the concentration of boron we got them in Al Tar - Al hareb area (1.1 ppm) and the lowest value for the concentration of boron in Al Tar - Al Ebrat (0.2 ppm) .

دراسة نظرية لبعض العوامل المؤثرة في سلوك دالة الموجة المستخدمة في تكثيف بوز اينشتاين

اسم المؤلف: ايمان عبد الرضا موحي المالكي
اسم المشرف: نوري حسين نور الهاشمي
الموضوع العام: علوم الفيزياء
السنة: 2015
الموضوع الدقيق: الفيزياء
الدرجة: ماجستير
الجامعة: جامعة البصرة
اللغة: العربية
مكان الجامعة: البصرة
الصفحات الاولى:
المستخلص: This study entails some of the theoretical characteristics of Bose - Einstein intensification of the ideal gas properties, since the wave function behavior has been studied and analysed according to the effect three types of external potentials trapping that are used in the production Bose - Einstein condensation which are (harmonic potential, optical lattice potential , and double well potential) that have been used as individual or overlapping potentials, and the value of the non - linear has been confirmed according to fixed values in the whole study in order to the study the effect of the other elements. The effect anisotropy AL has been studied according to the behavior of the wave function and the distribution potential where the harmonic potential has individually at first, than it has been overlapped with the optical lattice potential in order to study this factor. Furthermore,the effect of this factor has been explained due to the distribution potential, function wave and relation type between the factor itself, chemical potential and energy. Additionally, we have used the intertwined harmonic potential with the optical lattice to study the effect of optical lattice potential factor q after confirming the harmonic potential AL at certain values, with exposition of it's effect the wave function behavior and distribution of potential with explanation to the nature of the relation between the chemical potential and energy with this factor. In addition to that, we have studied the influence of the center of double well potential coefficient A on the nature and behavior of the wave function and potential, and the nature of the relationship between this factor and chemical potential and energy. Noting the effect of these factors on the behavior of the wave function and the distribution of potential, therefore it has effect in Bose - Einstein condensation production.
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