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استخلاص وتنقية وتوصيف متحللات بروتينية من مخلفات الاسماك والروبيان واختبار كفاءتها في حفظ اقراص مفروم اللحم البقري == Extraction, purification and Characterization of Protein hydrolysates From Fish and Shrimp by - Products and Assay Efficiency in Beef Patties Storage

Author name: عالية زيارة هاشم الحلفي
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was interested in the preparation of bioactive peptides by using shrimp and fish by products.Three types of proteolytic enzymes , Alcalase and Pepsin and Flavourzyme were used for this purpose.The constituents (moisture , protein , fat and ash) of defatted raw and dried materials were studed .The proteolysis action of the three enzymes was observed for 5 hours the peptides chain length of the protein hydrolysates were determined and tested for their antioxidat and antibacterial 240 minutes of enzyme assay was reliance according to the highly antioxidantive and antibacterial properties of produced peptides.The proteolysis of shrimp by - product by Alcalase and Pepsin gave highly antioxidantive activity. The isolation , purification and the peptides bioactivity determination was achieved as below : 1 - The peptides of the both protein hydrolysates were isolated by using Ultrafiltration membranes of 5 MWCO KDa. The isolated peptides were examined for their antioxidative activity. It shown , that the peptides wjich was synthesized by the proteolytic activity of Alcalase has ahigher antioxidative action (53.67%) comparing with pepsin peptides (41.19%) at concentration of 100 mg/mL. The results showed that peptides of hydrolysate enzyme Pepsin give inhibitor zoon against bacteria test in inhibition zoon ranged from 10 - 11 mm and determined peptides content of amino acids and showed glysin , threonine ,valine and lysine, which amounted to 9.11% and 8.94% and 7.51% and 9.16%, respectively in peptides of enzyme Alcalase while recorded amino acids serine 9.69% ,theronine 8.76% ,cystin 14.10% and 7.06% lysine ratios highest peptides hydrolysate enzyme Pepsin respectively.Summaryb2 - purification of peptides by gel filtration was showed four peaks of peptides hydrolysate enzyme Alcalase and three peaks for peptides hydrolysate Pepsin enzyme and tested the antioxidation activity of all peaks and inhibitory to bacteria, which recorded that second peak of the Alcalase enzyme antioxidant activity amounted to 63.28% and peptides The first peak of the same enzyme%48.57 the peptides first and the second peak for hydrolysate Pepsin enzyme was% 41.65 and 55.21% also tested the inhibitory effect against some types of bacteria have been to peptides second peak of the Pepsin enzyme hydrolysate towards the bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibition zoon ranged 13 - 9 mm, and determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of these peptides and found that the concentration of 125 and 250 mg / ml values have affected all types of bacteria testing. The cellular toxicity of peptide peakes in analysis of human red blood cells, and has not any toxic effect observed for all concentrations and different periods incubation of peptides peasks.3 - The molecular weight of peptides two of peak enzymes was determined by electrophoresis and cleared two bandes each peak represents two chain peptide molecular weights 3.71 and 4.37 KDa the first peak and the second peak 3.71 and 4.27 KDa of the hydrolysate Alcalase enzyme and chains peptides first peak of hydrolysate Pepsin enzyme 3.71 and 4.16 KDa the second peak, 3.71 and 3.98 KDa, respectively , The study included determined of amino acids and found that it contains all the amino acid varying percentages depending on peptides peakes hydrolysate protein.4 - The stability of antioxidant peptides towards thermal treatment to different degrees thermal ranged between 25 - 100C and change in pH 2 - 11 and treatment of sodium chloride salt ranged between %2 - 8 was studed and found that the antioxidant activity of peptides and reducing power stable at 60C The ability to binding ion ferrous ,hydrogen peroxide , hydroxyl radical scavenging and superoxide anion scavenging they appear stable at thermal 40C and whenctesting the stability of peptides to change the pH was observed that the peptides two peakes hydrolysate enzyme Alcalase stable at pH 8 but decreases when moving away from this value towards the basic or acidic while shwoed peptides two peakes hydrolysate enzyme Pepsin stability at pH 7, and this stability declined when number pH to 11, and when the treatment with salt sodium chloride showed peptides first peak and second enzyme Alcalase and Pepsin stable antioxidant activity at 4% salt concentration for all tests except the oxidation stability of peptides in binding ferrous ion has showed at 6% salt concentration.5 - when the follow of peroxide values for beef patties treated with peptides two peakes enzymes, The results showed there is adecrease in peroxide values for beef patties treated with peptides of the Alcalase enzyme was more cleared compared to the peptides of first peak for the same enzyme and peptides two peakes Pepsin enzyme also got a decrease in the total number of bacteria and total coliform bacteria and psychrophilic bacteria When the treatment second peptides peak of the Pepsin enzyme concentration of 50 and 100 mg / 100 g meat.6 - Sensory evaluation of beef patties showed that the treatment samples with peptides second peak of the Alcalase enzyme recorded the highest degree of sensory evaluation peptides compared with the first peak of the same enzyme and peptides peaks hydrolysate Pepsin enzyme.

انتاج مشتقات الكايتوسان الذائبة بالماء والمستخلصة من قشور الروبيان بتفاعلات ميلارد وتطبيقاتها في بعض الانظمة الغذائية == Production of Water soluble Chitosan derivatives extracted from shrimp shells by Maillard reaction and their application in some food systems

Author name: عاليه جميل علي
Supervisor name: علي حسين عبد الكريم العامري | منير عبود جاسم الطائي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study included the preparation of of chitin from shrimps shells Penaeus semisulcatus and studied of chemical composition of it like moisture,ash and protein wich was 7.80,0.43and3.50%respectively,The yield was 20.0%,then prepared three different types of Chitosan A,B and C from extracted chitin by removing of acetyl group from chitin at different times 4,10 and 20 hour, determination degree of deacetylation for types of Chitosan and standard Chitosanby FTIR 72.30,83.60,98.50 and85.20% respectively as was the viscosity of the three types of Chitosan 137.70,125.21 and74.11 centipoise respectively, selected Chitosan C,which carries ahigher valuedegree of deacetylation 98.50% and studied physico chemical and functional properties,which included (yield ,moisture , ash, protein and solubility) which amounted to16.20, 5.50, 0.20, 1.15 and 98.90%, respectively and reached a molecular weight (17.782) kilo daltone.Capacity of Chitosan to bind fat FBC and water WBC by using three types of oils are (olive oil, corn oil and sunflower oil) were estimated and were givin the highest capacity link with olive oil 665.0%, while the ability to bind Water amounting to 772%, as measured X - ray diffraction (XRD) and use the scanner electron microscope (SEM) to see morphological Chitosan and standard Chitosan Chitosan and the standard Chitosan, while the profile of the thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) for Chitosan and standard Chitosan show that highest thermal decomposition at 308.56 ,315.92ᵒc respectively .The water soluble Chitosan derivatives were prepared by reaction with five types of reducing sugars by Maillard reactions and the use of three treatments,first treatment at a temperature of 50ᵒc for 1 - 7 days, the second treatment at a temperature of 100ᵒc for 1 - 7 hours and the third treatment at a temperature of 121ᵒc for 1/4 hour by autoclaving, ,and the properties of these derivatives were studied estimated yield, solubility, stability, free amino groups and the change in reducing sugars. highest value of yield gavein by The third - treatment, second treatment, first treatment reached 45.20,43.50,040.0% either solubility reached 1.10 ,0.780, 0.82 g/100 ml and derivatives stability at pH between10.50, 10.0, 9.80 respectively, The largest amount of amino groups and reducing sugars was the first treatment at absorbance 0.590 and0.352 respectively while the second an third treatment amounting to (0.201 and 0.060) respectively for amino groups , and 0.400 and 0.100 respectively for reducing sugars.Properties of antioxidants for prepared Chitosan and its derivatives. The antioxidant activity of Chitosan ranged between17.8 - 73.2%, while the highest activity for the third treatment of derivatives, the second and the first ranged of 76 0.81 - 85.88, 71.30 - 82.70 and 66.01 - 78.50% respectively, The reducing power of chitosan ranged between 0.320 - 0.700, while the highest value of absorbence of reducing power of derivatives to the Third treatment and then the second and finally the first which amounted to 1.290, 1.201 and 0.693 respectively, while the ability of chitosan to chelating ferrous ion and scavenging hydroxyl radical range between27.60 - 72.99%and16.90 - 84.9% respectively.Thehighest percentage to scavenging hydroxyl radical and ability to chelating ferrous ion by derivatives is shown by the third the second and the first treatment reaching 89.98 and 82.8 ,88.80 and 81.90, 84.80 and 76.01 % respectively, the selected third - treatment derivatives (121ᵒc for 1/4 hour) because of its best properties and carried the tests such as analysis of thermal gravimetric (TGA) that was noted three stages to different degrees heat to the disintegration of the derivatives, and the detection of toxicity on human bloodThird treatment compounds identified by GC - MS and the results showed that the derivatives have defferant compounds ,and identified compounds name, molecular formula, structural formula, molecular weight, size and retention time in addition to the profile mass spectrometerIn the practical side the use prepared chitosan in increasing storage time of table eggs, physicochemical tests were carried out for eggs stored at a temperature of 15 ᵒc and for aperiod of six weeks, it included estimation of weight loss (WL) wich amounted to 3.36% for chitosan at the six week as compared with acetic acid and control sample wich 9.01 and 8.96% respectively.Value of yolk Index YI of Chitosan - coated eggs decreased at the sixth week, amounted to 0.35, as compared with acetic acid and control sample wich reached (0.19 and 0.22) respectively, The value of Haugh Unit HU in the sixth week was higher to Chitosan treatment wich amounted to 61.42 compared with acetic acid treatment and control sample wich is24.95 and24.37 respectively.As regards eggs grading EG Chitosan treatment ongradiation A up to fifth week while acetic acid treatment and control sample reached gradiation C , when estimating pH of egg albumin pH high increased has been noted in control and sample treated by acetic acid in compared with chitosan - coated sample wich ranged 9.30, .Chitosan derivatives were also used chitosan as - natural antioxidants in beef products through the follow - up assessment peroxide value at different storage time the highest concentration 0.11g/100g beef meat displays the highest activity to prevent oxidation oil of beef meat wich reached5.11.Asensory evaluation has been carried of product stored on a 4ᵒc for 5 days of recipes sensory color,flavor,juiciness, tenderness and public acceptance using different concentrations.They have shown significant deferences ,but concentration at (0.11g/100g beef meat)was superior over the other concentrations and samples treated with BHT

تاثير التقليم الورقي والرش بالاثيفون في صفات الثمار الفيزيوكيميائية والفسلجية والتشريحية والحاصل في نخيل التمر Phoenix dactylifera L. صنف الحلاوي117 == Effect of leaf pruning and ethephon spray on fruit physico - chemical , physiological , anatomical and yield of Phoenix dactylifera L., cv. Hil

Author name: ظافر ناصر عبود خلف القطراني
Supervisor name: علي حسين محمد الطه
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Gardening
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was conducted in a private orchard at Abi El - Khassib district , Basrah Governorate, during the growing season of 2014 to investigate the effect of leaf pruning at levels of 6 , 9 and 12(leaf . bunch⁻¹)during the onset of pollination and spraying ethephon on bunches at concentrations of Zero , 250 and 500 (mg.L⁻¹) , once, at Kimri stage on fruit physico - chemical , physiological , anatomical characters and yield of date palm ,cv. Hillawi . Results showed that leaf pruning treatmeats of 9 and 12 leaf . bunch⁻¹ recorded significant increases in fruit , pulp fresh weight , fruit size , length and diameter and water content of fruit at Rutab stage, carotene pigment concentration of fruit skin and respiration rate of fruit at Kimri and Khalal stages, ripening percentage at Khalal and Rutab stages, bunch weight of tree at Tamir stage . Leaf pruning treatments of 6 and 12 leaf.bunch⁻¹ increased total chlorophyll pigment concentration of fruit skin at Kimri stage significantly. Leaf pruning treatment at 12 leaf.bunch⁻¹ recoreded significant increases in cell length and width of inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, and total yield of tree at Tamir stage. Treatments of 6 and 9 leaf.bunch⁻¹ increases significantly total chlorophyll pigment concentration of fruit skin and number of cells in mm² of inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, whereas treatment at 6 leaf.bunch⁻¹ increased fruit dry matter percentage and total acidity and respiration rate of fruit at Rutab stage. Ethephon treatments at concentrations of 250 and 500 mg.L⁻¹ had significant increases in fresh weight of fruit at Rutab stage, and respiration rate of fruit at both Kimri and Khalal stages. Treatment of 500 mg.L⁻¹ ethephon recorded significant increases in pulp weight of fruit , fruit volume , length , diameter , total soluble solides , phosphorus concentration of fruit at Rutab stage, and carotene pigment concentration of fruit skin at Kimri , Khalal stages, and ripening percentage of fruit at Khalal and Rutab stages, and cell length and width in inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, and bunch weight and total yield of tree at Tamir stage. Both treatments of Zero and 250 mg.L⁻¹ ethephon recorded significant increases in total chlorophyll pigment concentration of fruit skin at Kimri and Khalal stages, and number of cells in mm² of inner mesocarp of fruit at Khalal stage, whereas control treatment of ethephon increased fruit total acidity and respiration rate significantly at Rutab stage. Bi - combination of leaf pruning at 12 leaf .bunch⁻¹ and spraying ethephon at concentration of 500 mg.L⁻¹ recorded significant increases in most of the studied characters as compared to other bi - combination treatments

معايرة معادلات التبخر نتح المرجعي لمنطقتي الفرات الاوسط وجنوب العراق وتاثير جدولة الري والتسميد في بعض خصائص التربة الفيزيائية وكفاءة استعمال المياه لمحصول زهرة الشمس Helianthus annuus L) == Calibration of Reference Evapotranspiration Equations in the Midmost Euphrates Region and Southern Iraq and the effect of irrigation schedule and fertilization on some Soil physical properties and water - use efficiency of sunflower crop (Helianthus annuu

Author name: طالب صبر حريجة العسكري
Supervisor name: داخل راضي نديوي | محمد عبد الله عبد الكريم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water - Soil Physics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Theoretical foundations for research included the estimations of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in the midmost Euphrates region and southern Iraq by applying seven mathematical models as well as CROPWAT 8.0 and CLIMWAT software using two sets of climatic data for periods 1970 - 2002 and 2004 - 2010.The results could be summarized as follow : - 1. The annual mean of ETo calculated by the Penman - Monteith equation (PM) for the meteorological stations of Nasiriya, Amarah, Semawa, Najaf, Diwaniya and Kerballa were (6.00, 6.20, 5.92,5.97,6.13,5.74) mm day - 1 respectively, during the first measurement period, and (6.47, 6.08, 5.86, 5.98, 6.13, 5.65) mm day - 1 respectively, during the second period. Also, the ETo estimated by CROPWAT 8.0 and imported by CLIMWAT software have showed the same trend of PM calculations with overestimate reached (6.10, 5.93) % during the first and secondperiods for CROPWAT 8.0 software, and underestimate for ETo reached 8.16 %during the first period for CLIMWAT software compared to PM calculations.2. The statistical criterions for evaluating the performance of six empiricalequations of the original versions were compared with the Penman - Monteithequation revealed that the variations in their performance with relativelypreference for temperature - based equations in comparison with radiation - basedequations. Blancy - Criddle (1950) equation (BC) has proved superiorperformance in Nasiriya, Semawa, Najaf, Diwaniya and Kerballa stations duringboth periods, also in Amarah station during the second period and declining itsperformance for the benefit of Kharrufa equation (1985) (K) during the firstperiod of measurement.3. The calibration process of the six empirical equations including : Hargreaves - Samani (1985) (HS), Makkink (1957) (M) , Priestley - Taylor (1972)(PT),andHargreaves (1975) (H) in addition to BC and K equations were made bysubstituting recalibrated constant values for the original constant values afterthese constant had modified to fit PM calculations and it used a set of statisticalcriterions to verify the validity of calibration and its ability to reduce theestimates errors compared to the original formulas. As the indices ofconcordance (D), confidence (C), correlation (r) and regression (R2) togetherwith the Nash - Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE), standard deviation ratio (RSR). meanabsolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), relative error (RE)indicators and the ratio between both average estimations of ETo (r) are used toassess the validation of calibration and optimization which revealed thatconfidence became high in modified equations with reducing the estimation errorof ETo due to approach the values of these criterions from optimal value, then,they had improved efficiency of the six equations to simulate the values of EToare more accuracy than original formulae.4. The proposed new constants for the estimation of the ETo with : BC was 1.37for the time periods from January to April and 1.39 for May to December insteadof the original constant 1 : 41, HS was for the time periods from Octoberto March and for April to September instead of the original constantb0.0023, K was for June - July and for remained months instead of theoriginal constant 0.34, M are for the time periods from November to Mayand for June to October instead of the original constant 0.61, the equationsPT and H were 1.96 and 0 0.0165 for the period of December - May and 2.61and 0.0178 for the period from June to November instead of the originalconstants of 1.26 and 0.0135 respectively and equationsThe side applied to the study has included the implementation of the fieldexperiment for the cultivation of sunflower crop through the loop spring 2013 inprivate farm lies according to the geographical positioning system (GPS) withinthe coordinates (606,366.3437642), (606320, 3437729), (606353, 3437749),(606400, 3437660), is located in Batah town, Thi Qar province, at a distance of 17km west of the city of Nasiriyah, up 5 meters from the sea surface. The mainobjective of experiment included the following : i. Measuring ETo for the study through the crop growing seasonii. To determine the crop coefficient (Kc) and the actual water consumption(ETa) of sunflower crop in the Batah areaiii. . To asses effect of irrigation scheduling and fertilizer application as well astheir combinations on the growth indicators, nutrient uptake, dry matter,crop yields, the crop water use efficiency and water productivity.iv. Evaluating impact of irrigation scheduling and fertilizer application besidestheir combinations on some of soil physical properties at the end season.A field experiment was carried out using factorial experiment in a randomizedcomplete block design (RCBD) Layout with three replications in two factors, nineirrigation Scheduling treatments were assigned to the main plots and four fertilizertreatments were assigned to the subplots. Sunflower seeds (flame) were planted onMarch 23 with plant density 61538 plant ha - 1; the harvest operation was conductedon 18 / July / 2013.The irrigation Scheduling was achieved based on replenish root zone to theborders of field capacity when it reach the percentage of management allowabledepletion (MAD) identified about 55% of total available water (TAW), taking intoaccount the diversity of the effective depth of the root zone according to the stagesof growth, . The experiment involved Irrigation scheduling of the sunflower basedby calculating ETa using Kc which adjusted in situ multiplying by ETo thatestimated by PM equation (S1) ,original BC equation (S2) and adjusted K equation(S3) using meteorological data for real time that collected from agrometeorologicalstation nearby the field. PM equation (S6) using historicalmeteorological data and from pan evaporation with applied (FAO 56, 1998) tocalculate pan coefficient (S4). Whereas, irrigation Scheduling based on soil waterbalance according to daily measurements of soil moisture and adjusted daily onthe basis of changes in moisture content (soil water balance) (S5), fixed irrigationinterval and variable irrigation depth (S7), different irrigation interval and variableirrigation depth (S8) and soil water balance for bare soil (S9). Also the studyincluded four fertilization treatments were used ( F : mineral fertilizer, C : Compost,M : mineral fertilizer + Compost , N : non fertilization). The results showed thefollow : c1. The maximum value of ETo during season growth of sunflower crops accordingto field measurements has increased significantly when using evaporation pan,which gave the highest average rate of 8.81 mm day - 1 in comparison with PMequation that recorded the lowest value of ETo with mean equal to 8.00 mm day - 1,while BC and K gave 8.66 and 8.14 mm day - 1 respectively.2. The converged seasonal mean of Kc value for sunflower crops during growthseason were 0.864, 0.862, 0.863, 0.861, 0.862, 0.862, 0.861, 0.862 for S1 - S8treatments respectively, while the Kc varied in different stages of growth, thehigher value of Kc was 1.213 observed during the flowering stage, followed bytwo phases of vegetative growth and maturity with mean 0.796, 0.494respectively, whereas the lowest values (0.350) was recorded in the initial stage3. The ETa values were variable with various irrigation Scheduling treatments,the treatments (S1 - S8) gave mean ( 876.86, 938.98, 885.57, 943.40, 898.47,949.05, 835.61, 839.76) mm Season - 1 respectively, the mean values of ETa aredistributed as 52.28% during flowering stage, 23.38% through maturity, 18.97%during vegetative growth stage and 5.36% in the initial stage4. The Irrigation scheduling of the sunflower based on S5 treatment caused toincrement of water consumption by transpiration during flowering stage to reach83% from total ETa depth, whereas The Irrigation scheduling based on S7treatment caused to increment of water consumption by evaporation during thesame stage to reach 29% from total ETa depth.5. The results demonstrated that all Irrigation scheduling have been showed astrong relationship with water balance measurement (S5), by R2 is greater than0.91 and r greater than 0.95, also, the results showed there was a preference to therevised K equation to calculate ETa of sunflower crops in the region according toindicators of regression model each of the R2, slope and intercept which amountedto 0.9395, 0.9875, - 0.0144 respectively.6. The overall mean of net irrigation depth was 874.6 mm season - 1 ranged from941 mm season - 1 for S4 treatment to 800 mm season - 1 for S7 . the addition ofwater was 14 applications for S1 - S4 treatments and 15, 13, 12 applications for S5,S8, S7 respectively.7. The lowest nitrogen concentration in the leaves of Sunflower crops duringflowering stage related to decrease water supply at S7 (27.69 g kg - 1) , then, itincreased to maximum value ( 31.48 g kg - 1) when irrigation Scheduling based onS1 followed by S3, S5, S2, S4 treatments,. As respect with maturation stages theS5 treatment gave maximum mean (26.81 g kg - 1) was significantly superiorcompared to all treatments except S1 and it gave increment in nitrogenconcentration equal to 22% in comparison with S8 which recorded lowest nitrogenconcentration (21.94 g kg - 1). The results showed the F treatment was significantlysuperior followed by M treatment which gave average 34.43, 33.42 g kg - 1 duringflowering stage and 28.69, 26.48 g kg - 1 during maturation stage respectively.8. Increasing irrigation depth due to an application S4 and S6 treatments andIncreasing the irrigation frequency for S5 treatment led to significant increment inthe bulk density for 0 - 15 cm depth with mean 1.393, 1.384, 1.386 M m - 3respectively, the bulk density decreased steadily with decreasing of irrigationddepth and irrigation interval until reach their lowest level (1.350 M m - 3) at S7treatment. The bulk density was significantly decreasing when C and M treatmentswere applied with means of equal to (1.362, 1.364) M m - 3 respectively, atmagnitude 1% higher than their initial values. Also the results showed theirrigation scheduling treatments and fertilizer application as well as theircombinations failed to exhibit any significant influence on bulk density for depths15 - 30 cm and 30 - 45 cm.9. The results showed a significant increase in the soil penetration resistance forsoil with high watery supply (S4 and S6), while that status is significantlydecreased under treatment of low watery supply (S7, S8 and S1), the soils withmedium watery supply causing the pattern moderate between the two, also, thisepithet is significantly reduced when you add compost with an average of 708.09kPa, while there was a significant increase resulted from control treatment andaddition of chemical fertilizer alone, the proportion of 31.81 and 18.41%sequentially compared with the addition of compost.10. The results showed the possibility basic infiltration rate for most treatmentsunder the category (moderately slow) according to Landor (1991), by the mean ofbasic infiltration rate was 1. cm h - 1 ranged between 0. to 3. cm h - 1, whereasbasic infiltration rate for S4N and S9 decreased to 0.6 , 0.51 cm h - 1 respectively,thus it can be classified into (slow) while it increased greater than 2.0 cm h - 1 forS1C, S1M, S2M, S5C, S7F, S7M,S7C, S8M treatments which refer to moderateinfiltration rate according to the same classification . C and M fertilization led toimprove soil physical properties, which in turn positively affected the infiltrationrate with increment in magnitude (5 , 56) % respectively, compared to Ftreatment.11. Treatment of F gave a significant superior in most morphologicalcharacteristics and yield components, the efficiency of F treatment for productionwas 37.45 % followed by M and C treatments were achieved 24.66, 19.24 %respectively, compared to N treatment.12. Treatment F achieved highest yield of grains 1945.80 kg ha - 1, an increasing was24.32% in comparison with N treatment which gave lowest yield of grains reached1367.24 kg ha - 1, also there were a significant increase in crop water use efficiencyand water productivity are associated with application of F and M fertilization13. The productivity characteristics of sunflower were significantly affected byirrigation Scheduling treatments, The highest seed yield 1893.8 kg ha - 1and thehighest dry matter 5246.2 kg ha - 1were obtained under S5 treatment, while the S7treatment recorded lowest values of these indicators (1512.5 and 3765.4) kg ha - 1 respectively,14. The application of Irrigation scheduling based on S5, S1 and S3 treatments achieved a significant increase in crop water use efficiency and water productivity, the mean of first parameter was (0.219, 0.216, 0.216) kg m - 3 respectively, and themean of the second parameter was (0.228, 0.220, 0.219) kg m - 3 respectively.

دراسة بعض الجوانب الحياتية والبيئية للروبيان الشرقي Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan, 1849) وطرائق تربيته واكثاره في البصرة، العراق == Study of Some Biological and Ecological Aspects, Aquaculture and Breeding Methods of Oriental Prawn Macrobrachium nipponense (De Haan, 1849) In Basrah, Iraq

Author name: طارق حطاب ياسين المالكي
Supervisor name: مالك حسن علي | امنة علي هاشم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية انشاء مفقس للروبيان الشرقي Macrobrachium nipponense وتجربته عمليا على الاناث الحاملة للبيض والمصطادة من منفذ المسحب خلال شهري حزيران وتموز لسنة 2013 واجراء عملية التكاثر وتسجيل اربع مراحل تطور جنينية في البيض، وتراوحت مدة التطور الجنيني للبيض بين (20 - (30 يوما.بينت الدراسة تسجيل افضل معدل وزن لليافعات في اثناء تربيتها في الاحواض المختبرية والمغذاة على عليقة ذات محتوى بروتيني 42 % مع نسب البقاء مرتفعة بين 90) - (95%، وهذا ما انعكس على التركيب الكيميائي لجسم الروبيان بعد التجربة. بينت نتائج السلوك بان الروبيان المدروس يفضل التعلق ضمن عمود الماء، اذ بلغ افضل معدل وزن عند استعمال عليقة الرقائق (Aquafin) ونسب بقاء 95 % خلال مدة التجربة، واظهرت نتائج تجارب الاقلمة الملحية واستهلاك الاوكسجين بان التركيز الملحي نصف القاتل (LC50) لليافعات خلال 96 ساعة كان 15.5 psu مع نسب بقاء مرتفعة في الملوحتين (0.9 و(5.0 psu، ولوحظ ارتفاع تدريجي باستهلاك الاوكسجين مع ارتفاع كل من درجة حرارة الماء والملوحة. بلغت نسبة الجنس 1 : 3.8 ذكور : اناث على التوالي. تراوح عدد البيض للروبيان المصطاد من منفذ المسحب بين 3,600) - (10,200 بيضة /انثى. في حين بلغ معدل التفقيس لليرقات (1632 ± (861 يرقة زؤيا، وكان معدل عدد اليرقات نسبة الى وزن الجسم 225 ± 110 /غم من وزن الجسم، كما لوحظ وجود ارتباط بين وزن الامهات مع كل من وزن البيض وعدد اليرقات الفاقسة، واظهرت نتائج رعاية اليرقات حديثة الفقس في انظمة الاستزراع المختلفة بان اغلب اوزانهواصل الى 3 ملغم خلال المدة الممتدة بين 12) - (22 يوما ، وكانت اعلى معدلات نسب بقاء لليرقات 63.75 % سجلت في الحوض الطيني فيما تراوحت بين 27.50) - (47.50% في الانظمة الاخرى.بلغت معدلات الاوزان النهائية (813 و978) ملغم لليافعات الفاقسة المرباة في الاقفاص الطافية والغاطسة على التوالي، في حين بلغت معدلات الاوزان 805) و950) ملغم لليافعات الطبيعية المرباة في الاقفاص الطافية والغاطسة على التوالي خلال 28 يوما، وبنسب بقاء بين (86 - 93)%، في حين تراوحت معدلات اوزان اليافعات المستزرعة في النظام المغلق من (938 والى 4010) ملغم خلال 90 يوما، وبنسب بقاء بين 86) - (92 %، وسجلت اعلى نسب البقاء ليرقات الروبيان ويافعاتها المرباة خلال 42 يوموابلغت 78.13% في الحوض الطيني فيما تراوحت بين (47.50 - (58.13% في الانظمة الاخرى. تحقق افضل معدل اوزان لليرقات المغذاة على عليقة (46% بروتين) ولمدة ستة اسابيع في الحوض الطيني وكان697 ملغم واقلها في الحاضنات وبلغ 312 ملغم، تتحول اليرقات حديثة الفقس (طور الزؤيا) الى طور ما بعد اليرقي بعد عمر 12) - (22 يوما، في حين طور اليرقة المتقدمة بعد عمر 23) - (44 يوما يتحول الى الطور اليافع الذي بدوره يتحول بعد عمر (45 - 129) يوما الى الطور قبل البالغ الذي بعد عمر 130 - 179 يوما يصل الى الطور البالغ، اي بعد عمر 180 يوما الروبيان يصبح في الطور البالغ.حددت انتاجية المفقس من الاحواض الداخلية بين (53,504 - (190,000 يرقة زؤيا، في حين ينتج بين (32,355 - (99,560 يرقة متقدمة، وتراوح الانتاج من الاحواض الخارجية ما بين (4,347 - (24,098 يرقة زؤيا، وبين 2,527) - (18,828 يرقة متقدمة، كذلك على ضوء نتائج المساحة الكلية للحوض الطيني وحوض الالياف الزجاجية فان عدد يرقات الزؤيا التي يمكن ان تستوعبها تتراوح ما بين 36,559) - (15,300,000 يرقة زؤيا، وبين (21,248 - 11,954,400) يرقة متقدمة، اما مجموع الانتاج الكلي في جميع انظمة الاستزراع الداخلية والخارجية فكان ( 12,600,188 - 15,760,462) يرقة زؤيا، وبين 9,753,349) - (12,197,630 يرقة متقدمة.بلغت النسب المئوية للتركيب الكيميائي لبعض مكونات العليقة المصنعة في الدراسة الحالية والمستعملة في تغذية اليرقات 44.84) و51.27 و2.57) % للبروتين والدهن والرماد على التوالي، في حين بلغت لعليقة مسحوق الاسماك المستعمل في تغذية الامهات واليافعات (40.37 و25.29 و15.13) % للبروتين والدهن والرماد على التوالي. | This study included hatchery construction for oriental prawn Macrobrachium nipponense, a gravid females were collected from Al - Masshab Outlet, Basrah, during the peak of occurrence in June - July / 2013, is for application of breeding process, with recorded four developmental of eggs, with range time of embryonic development stage of eggs between 20 - 30 day. The present study revealed that the best weight for juvenile in laboratory which were feeding on diet contain 42% protein with high survival rates between 90 - 95%, this reverse on the chemical composition of prawn body after the experiments. Showed result behaviour that this prawn preferred to feeing hold on the ponds columns, it reach a best weight by using flake feed (Aquafin), with survival rate 95% during the experimental period. The salinity acclimation and oxygen consumption showed that LC50 for juvenile was 15.5 psu after 96 hours, with high survival rate in tow salinities 0.9 and 5.0 psu. A gradual increasing in oxygen consumption with increasing temperature and salinity clearly proved in this experiment. Sexual ratio was recorded to be 1 : 3.8 for males : females respectively. The number of eggs were collected from Al - Masshab Outlet between 3,600 - 10,200 egg for number of females, while the ranged of all hatching larvae were 1,632 ± 861 zoae. The range of ratio of larvae to the ratio of body weight was 225 ± 110 g from body weight of prawn, and the present study showed that there is a correlation between female weight with both egg weight and number of hatching larvae, by using different nursing systems of newly hatched larvae for 12 to 22 day, and the larvae reached weight to 3 mg., while higher range of survival larvae were 63.75% in muddy pond, in others systems were 27.50 - 47.50 %.The final weight range were reached 813 and 978 (mg) for hatched juveniles that were reared in floating and emerged cages respectively, while the naturally reared Juvenile have weight range between 805, 950 (mg) for nature floating and emerged cages during 28 day, with a survival rate between 86 - 93%, and weight range of juvenile reared in closed system from 938 to 4,010 (mg) during 90 day, with survival rates 86 - 92 (%). High levels of survival rate recorded to be 78.13% for larvae and juvenile of prawn cultured earth in ground pond during 42 day, comparison with 47.50 - 58.13% in others system. The best weight for larvae that feeder on protein diet (46%) for six weeks in ground pond reached to 697 mg while the lowest weight in nursing system reached to 312 mg. The age which zoea needs Metamorphosis zoae between 12 - 22 days to reach post - larvae, were 23 - 44 day for Metamorphosis post - larvae to Juvenile, and this needs between 45 - 129 day for reached to sub - adult with in 130 - 179 day. After 180 day more prawn reached to adult stage.The hatchery production of zoea larvae was fluctuated between 53,504 - 190,000, it and between 32,355 - 99,560 post - larvae. The total production from earth pond (mud pond and fiberglass tank), the number of zoae larvae between 36,559 - 15,300,000 larvae, and between 21,248 - 11,954,400 post - larvae. While the total production in all culture systems were 12,600,188 - 15,760,462 zoea larvae, and between 9,753,349 - 12,197,630 post - larvae.The chemical composition for prepared diet the present study which used for nutritional diet experiment were 44.84 % protein, 51.27 % fat and 2.57 % ash. Fish meal constituents was 40.37 % protein, 25.29 % fat and15.13 % ash

دراسة لمرض لفحة سعف النخيل المتسبب عن الفطر Diplodia phoenicum وبعض الفطريات المرافقة له وامكانية مكافحة المرض كيميائيا واحيائيا == A study of date palm leaflets blight caused by Diplodia phoenicum and some fungi associated with it and the ability of it?s chemical and biological control

Author name: ضرغام صباح لفتة باقر العوفي
Supervisor name: محمد عامر فياض | يحيى عاشور صالح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: This study was carried out at the laboratories of plant protection Department - College of Agriculture - Basrah university for a.peroid during 1/9/2014 - 27/7/2015 . The study aimed to detect the leaflet bligh disease for different datepalm cultivars such as Chipchap ,Sayer , Zehdi and Khodrawi at three regoins, Medainah , Abu Al - khaseeb and Nashwa.The result showed that the infection percent was 86.51, 83.61 and 76.03% at Medainah , Abu Al - khaseeb and Nashwa respectively . The results also showed that the infection intensity was 25.96 , 23.56 and 21.1 % for the three above regoins respectively .The higher infection intensity was noticed on Chipchap culture which was 30% while the lowest one found on Sayer culture which was 23.3% .The infection intensity also differs according to surfaces , it was 76.37 % on the lower surface , while it was 55.55 , 37.91 and 24.34% on the middle ,foot and terminal of leaflet .Leaflet dried and oval pustules which contain the spores of serenomyces phoenicis were recorded as symptoms represented the scorch disease while the other fungi caused yellowish and spotting symptoms sixteen species belonging to 13 genera were isolated from the leaflets , these species were as follows : Chaetomium atrobrunneum , C.globosum , Chalaropsis thielavioides , C.radicicola ,Stemphylium.sp.,Bipolaris australis ,Cladosporium herbarum , Nigrospora sphaerica , Diplodia phoenicis , Phoma glomerata , Fusarium verticillioides , Alternaria alternate ,bA. longipes ,Coniochaete sacchareo , Melanospora sp., andS.phoenicis.Most of of them caused blight disease .Among of them D. phoenicis and S. phoenicis gave scorch symptoms pathogenicity testing .The study epplained that Extract agare was the best medium for A. phoenicis growth ;it was 7 cm , while PCA gave the lowest growth, the fungus growth , the best growth 6.83 cm was noticed on 25 c while the growth stopped on 35 c . PH also effected on the fungus radial growth , it was 4.35 cm at PH4 , while it was 6.57 cm at PH 8 .Tested fungicides revealed significant differences . Dazim and Revus Top inhibited the radial growth in a percent of 100% ,while it reduced to 83.34% with the fungicides Hunter , so Dithane M4S inhibited the radial growth to 54.22% . The biological agent Trichoderma harzianum antagonists with D. phoenicis in the alevel 1,P. fluorescence also inhibited D. phoenicis in a percent OF 100%.The field experiment revealed that pa fluorescence reduced infection intensity to 50% , while Dazim biological agent T. harzianum treatment were the lowest treatment in reducing the infection intensity which reduced to 4.1 and 6.3 respectively .

تاثير حقن بيض التفقيس بفيتامين A وE وD3 وخليطهم في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والسلوكية لطائر السمان الياباني (Coturnix japonica) == Effect Of In Ovo Injection of Vitamin A , E , D3 and AD3E on some Productive , Physiological and Behavioral Traits of Japanese Quail )Coturnix japonica)

Author name: صلاح مهدي كاطع سلمان
Supervisor name: طارق فرج شوكت | قصي موسى جعفر
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was conducted in the Animal Production field which belong to the Technical College - AL - Massaiab - AL - Furat AL - Awsat University which included two experiments the first was during 4/3/2014 until 22/3/2014, the second was during 22/3/2014 until 10/8/2014 and the to investigate the effect of injection of japanese quail eggs A,E,D3 and AD3E Vitamins on some productive , reproduction, physiological , behavioral and hematological traits .A total number of 720 eggs were used in the experiment ,those eggs were randomly distributed into six treatments , 120 egg in each treatment . The eggs were injected before the first day of incubation in the air sac by vitamins. Treatments were arranged as fallow : T1 : Negative control treatment .T2 : Positive control treatment , it included injection of 50 microliter of corn oil for each egg.T3 : It included injection of 50 microliter per egg by vitamin A (100 IU/egg).T4 : It included injection of 50 microliter per egg by vitamin E (15 IU/egg).T5 : : It included injection of 50 microliter per egg by vitamin D3 (100 IU/egg).T6 : : It included injection of 50 microliter per egg with the blend of AD3E vitamins by the same concentration per egg.The most important results recorded in the first experiment were high significant increased (P≤0.05) of hatchability of fertile egg and post chick weight but not effect significant on embryo mortalities during embryogenesis .The second experiment included rearing of the post hatched chicks of the first experiment in wooden dataries , chicks were all randomly allocated inSummarybto three replicates for each treatment (17 chick / replicate) to study productive , reproductive , physiological, behavioral , histological , biochemical and hematological traits for Japanese quail.Results illustrated the followings : 1 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of productive traits in treatments of injection (body weight , weight gain , feed utilization , feed conversion ratio ) and find significant increase egg production , egg weights and mass as well as shell characteristics (egg shell weigh and thickness ) in Treatments (T5 , T6 ) comparisons with the negative and positive control treatments .2 - A significant effect (P≤0.05) on early maturation for males and females in treatments of vitamins injection , more over there were a significant increase of their body weights during maturation and early behavioral jumping with a significant surpass of cloaca area in comparison with males in control treatments.3 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of relative weights of testes in males of all ages in injection treatments with a significant increase of seminal tubules diameters and thickness of germinal layer of testes during 28 and 47 days in comparison with that of the negative and positive controls.4 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of relative weights of ovaries with an increase of the primary follicle diameter in females of injection treatments during 28 , 47 and 69 days in comparison with that of the control .5 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of relative weight of fabricia gland and spleen for both sexes of birds in injection treatments , more over the interaction between vitamins injection and sex was significant in all ages.6 - A significant increase (P≤0.05) of PCV in injection treatment , moreover the PCV was increased in females at 28 and 47 days, the interaction between vitamins injection and sex was significant in all ages .7 - No significant increase (P≤0.05) was noticed in Hb of injection treatments at 28 but there were a significant increase (P<0.05) in 47 days in vitamins injection treatments and there was a significant increase (P≤0.05) of Hb in 69 days in the sixth treatment in comparison with the control treatments, and it was numerical on other treatments ( 3rd, 4th and 5th) there was no interaction between vitamins injection and sex at 28 days but the interaction was significant in at 47 and 69 days .8 - There were no significant increase (P≤0.05) of RBC in injection treatments at 28 days but it was significant at 47 days in the third and sixth treatments , at 69 days there was a significant increase of RBC in injection treatment as compared with the control treatments , the interaction between injection of vitamins with sex was not significant at 28 days but it was significant at 69 days .9 - There were no significant effect (P≤0.05) in WBC in vitamins injection at 28 , 47 , 69 days as compared with the control treatments moreover there was no significant interaction between injection treatment and sex.10 - There were significant increase (P≤0.05) in LH , FSH and testosterone levels in serum of vitamins injection treatment for both sexes , the interaction between treatment sex was significant in all ages .11 - There were a significant surpass (P≤0.05) of total protein level in injection treatments at all ages as compared with the control treatments and the interaction between treatments and sex was significant at all ages . glucose and cholesterol level were not affected according to the treatment but females were significant surpasses on males at all ages . The interaction between treatment and sex was not significant at all ages12 - There were a significant surpass (P≤0.05) of Ca and P in injection treatment at all ages as compared with control treatments , the interaction between treatment and sex for Ca and P level was significant at all ages .13 - The study revealed no significant improvement in concentration Ca , P and ash in tibia bone , weight and length of thigh for both sexes in injection treatment at all ages .

تاثير انظمة الاضاءة والتقنين الغذائي الزمني في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية والتناسلية لطائر السمان الياباني (Coturnix japonica) == The Effect of Lighting Systems and Feed Restriction timing on Some Productive, Physiological and Reproductive Traits of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

Author name: صباح كاظم مرزوق الحمود
Supervisor name: ریاض كاظم موسى | ربیعة جدوع عباس
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:

تصميم وتصنيع وتقييم الاداء الميكانيكي لالة زراعية من خلال وضع السماد العضوي في خنادق تحت سطح التربة وتاثيرها في بعض خصائصها ونمو وحاصل الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L == Designing , constructing and evaluating the mechanical performance for agricultural machine laying the manure under the soil surface and its effect on some of soil properties and growth and yield of corn ( Zea mays L.

Author name: صادق جبار محسن
Supervisor name: شاكر حنتوش عداي | محمد عبد الله عبد الكريم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: ditch opener and manure laying machine was designed and manufactured in the agricultural machines and equipment dept., Agriculture college, Basrah university in 2015. This machine was evaluated to determine its mechanical performance and its ability in laying manure in ditches under the soil surface as well as the effect of the added manure on the soil physical and chemical properties, corn crop growth and production parameters.The machine consists of a frame, manure tank, chemical fertilizers tank, subsoiler for soil disturbance down to 80 cm, two boards for soil digging out to open the ditch , two boards to return the soil to ditch to bury the manure , manure and chemical fertilizers feeding mechanisms and blades for manure mixing with the soil. Also its provide with two pipes to transfer the chemical fertilizers to the soil and a petrol engine to operate the two feeding mechanism.The machine disturbed the soil by the subsoiler and digging different ditches of different depths by two boards . In additional to that it can lay the manure at different levels in the opened ditches using the feeding mechanism and thereafter buried the manure in the soil . The manure can be laid under the soil as separate layer or mixed with soil using the mixing blades.Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the machine performance. These experiments are : (1) - Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of the machine forward speeds (0.32, 0.46 and 0.63 m sec - 1), manure feeding mechanisms rotating speeds (360, 440, 560, 710 and 880 rpm) and two manure feeding openings areas (0.024 and 0.048 m2) as well as the interaction of the above parameters on the amount of the manure per hectare (ton ha - 1). These results were analyzed using CRD and the statistical program (Genstat). Mean results were compared using least significant difference (RLSD) at 0.05 level.The results showed the manure amount per hectare significantly increased as the rotating speeds of the feeding mechanism increased,Bthe forward speeds decreased and the feeding opening areas increased. The highest value was recorded for forward speed of 0.32 m sec - 1 , rotating speed of 880 rpm and feeding open area of 0.048 m2. These means are 64.17, 62.06 and 54.06 ton ha - 1 respectively. while the forward speed of 0.63 m sec - 1 , rotating speed of 360 rpm and the feeding open area of 0.024 m2 gave the lower values which they are 26.91, 30.04 and 33.75 ton ha - 1 respectively. Also, the forward speed of 0.32 m sec - 1 , the rotating speed of 880 rpm and the feeding area of 0.048 m2 recorded the highest amount of manure per hectare (110.00 ton) while the forward speed of 0.63 m sec - 1 , rotating speed of 360 rpm and manure feeding area of 0.024 m2 recorded the lowest value of manure per hectare (4.00 ton).(2) - A field experiment was conducted in silty loam soil in the agriculture college field at Garmit Ali location to study the effect of the implement operation depths (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm), the angle between the soil digging out boards (45⁰ and 60⁰) two soil types namely cultivated soil before one year and uncultivated soil and their interaction on the implement mechanical performance parameters . These parameters are the draft force, soil disturbed area and the energy utilization efficiency (EUE) as well as the draft force requirement of the implement units (subsoiler, ditch opening boards, soil returning boards and soil mixing blades). The results were analyzed using RCBD. The analyzing was carried out by the statistical program (Genstat). Mean results were compared using RLSD at probability level of 5% , and showed the followings : (2 - 1) - The draft force, the disturbed area and the energy utilization efficiency increased significantly when the operating depth increased from 10 to 50 cm. The amount of the increase is 26.66 kN , 0.4111 m2 and 7.67 m3 mJ - 1 respectively.(2 - 2) - The angle between the opening boards of 60⁰ significantly surpassed angle of 45⁰ in increasing the draft force, the disturbed area and EUE. The percentage of increase is 12.55 , 21.93 and 10.85 % respectively.C(2 - 3) - The draft force decreased while the disturbed area and EUE increased by 16.30, 14.91 and 20.72 % in the disturbed soil compared with undisturbed soil respectively.(2 - 4) - The draft force requirement of the subsoiler was higher than that for the other implement parts. The share of the draft force requirement of the subsoiler was 60 % out of the total draft force requirement of the implement while it was 26, 9 and 5 % for the ditch opening boards, the soil returning boards and soil mixing blades respectively.(2 - 5) - The draft force requirement of all implement units increased significantly with implement operating depths and the angle between the ditch opening boards and it was higher in the uncultivated soil compared with the cultivated soil. The draft force requirement of the soil returning boards and the soil mixing blades in both soil types was not significantly different.(3) - Another field experiment was conducted in the field of the agriculture college at Garmit Ali location in the season of 2015 in a cultivated soil of silty loam texture. The aims of the experiment were to study the effect of the added manure level (0, 20 and 40 ton ha - 1), the depths of added manure (10, 20 and 30 cm) and the methods of the addition (subsoil layer and mixing with soil) and their interaction on the soil properties and corn crop (Zea mays L.) growth parameters and yield at the end of the growth season.The soil was plowed and harrowed (soil clods breaking down). The manure was added thereafter by the implement in the soil according to the studied treatments. The corn seeds were sown in rows at 1/7/2015. The drip irrigation method was used to irrigate plants until the end of the experiment 10/10/2015. The other agricultural operations were conducted according to methods used in the around area.Soil and plants samples were collected for analysis and the corn seeds yield was calculated at the end of the growth season. The measurements included soil bulk density, soil moisture content, soilDsalinity, soil pH, the dry weight of the shoot, N, P, K uptake in shoot and the total seeds production.The split - split plot in RCBD design was used to analyze the means using Genstst program. Mean results were compared using RLSD at probability level of 5 %, and showed the followings : (3 - 1) - The manure level of 40 ton ha - 1 surpassed the other two levels (0 and 20 ton ha - 1) in giving higher values of soil moisture content, higher uptake of N, P, K, a greater amount of dry weight and total yield while it gave lower soil bulk density, soil salinity and soil pH.(3 - 2) - Increasing the depth of added manure from 10 to 30 cm with the mixing method lead to significant increase in the soil moisture content, uptake of N, P, K, the dry weight and the total yield production. Whereas the soil bulk density, soil salinity significantly reduced while the soil pH was not significantly affected.(3 - 3) - Mixing of 40 ton manure ha - 1 at depth of 30 cm gave the highest crop growth and yield production which they are 13.94 and 6.75 ton ha - 1, respectively.

عزل وتشخيص بكتريا Bacillus cereus واستعمالها في انتاج متعدد هيدروكسي البيوترات == Isolation and Identification of Bacillus cereus Bacteria and Using in Polyhydroxybutyrate Productio

Author name: شيماء ذياب جدوع السهلاني
Supervisor name: امال كاظم غضبان الاسدي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Forty three local bacterial isolates were obtained after heating treatment for different sources collected from many places in Basra government. Included : Vegetables, Fruit, Pastry (cakes), Legumes, Soils, Sand, Animal manure, the papyrus plant, milk, water liquefaction and sewage water. Primary screening for the isolates by Sudan black B dye only. 22 isolates were chosen with strong staining, and the identification of all the isolates revealed were belong to genus Bacillus by studying microscopic and biochemical tests. They were : 4 isolates Bacillus cereus, 2 isolates Bacillus firmus, 2 isolates Bacillus lichenformis , 3 isolates Bacillus megaterium, 4 isolates Bacillus mycoides , 3 isolates Bacillus pumilus and 4 isolates Bacillus subtilis.Secondary screening of these isolates was Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) produced, Bacillus cereus B5 given 2.4 g / L the highest production of PHB. A PCR technique was used for 16S rRNA test and detecting the gene of PHB production in Bacillus cereus B5.The highest PHB production from Bacillus cereus B5 was 6.2 g / L, biomass 8.4 g / L and yield 73.8% the by using optimum conditions : incubation temperature 35̊ C, for 48 hours aerobically by using shaking incubator for 150 RPM/ min, 2% inoculum volume, the pH was adjusted to 7, and the production media where contained 1% glucose as carbon source and peptone as a nitrogen source. 3% have dated juice was the best substitute for glucose as carbon source, it gave 7.11 g PHB / L and the yield 79 %.Analysis with FT - IR was showed, that PHB produced from date juice media had a peak at 1723 cm - 1 this means it belong to an esterpolymers group. And GC - MS showed 12 compounds produce from analyzing PHB as short chains of fatty acids.The properties of PHB produced from date juice media were : The degradation temperature was 312̊ C, the percentage of crystallization was 60%, molecular weight was 423.674 KDa., permeability of water vapor was 56.2 ×10 - 8 g / Pa.s.m2, tensile strength was 24.9 MPa, the blend 40% polyethyleneglycol as plasticized with PHB increased the percentage of elongation to 8.7%. PHB is non - toxic and without hemolysis on human blood.Studying biodegradation of the plastic films of PHB by using bacterial isolates were E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in petri dish showed that all isolates can degrade PHB, biodegradation in soil and at soil surface was 100% after 28 days.PHB packages increased the shelf life of strawberries and grapes after storage for 15 days, compared with polyethylene packages, and It was reduced the numbers of microorganisms in butter, the percentage of free fatty acids and peroxide value compared with butter with polyethylene after 15 days

استجابة زهرة الشمس للحامض الاميني البولين تحت مدد ري مختلفة == The Response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus.L) to Proline under different Irrigation intervals

Author name: شاكر اسماعيل عبد الرضا
Supervisor name: هاشم رشيد مجيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Field Crops
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment was conducted during the fall season of year 2014 done in farmer's fields in the Auffia area southwest of Missan province (about 14 km .1 - m the soil was clay loam with 4.2 ds . city center)fromThe objectives were to determent the response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus .L) hybrid Flame to amino acid - Proline in order to reduce water stress. The experiment executed in split - plot (R.C.B.D) design with three replicates. The experiment were three levels of proline (P1 spray Proline concentration in addition to the control 1 - ; P2 spray Proline concentration 100 mg L 1 - 50 mg LP0 as distilled water were located in sub - plot) while the other factor was irrigation period (W1= irrigation every 10 days; W2= irrigation every 15 days andW3= irrigation every 20 days) as the main - plot.The crop sprayed with Proline acid after mixed with water in two phases of growth is V6 (the phase of six real leaves) and R1 (flowering stage) with application of irrigation system. After the plants reaches to physiologic maturity and growth characteristics measured; the contains of yield and quality characteristics and the results were analyses statistically and compared with averages LSD test. The results showed the following.e uhigher valgave to the control compared 1 - 100 mg Lwith praying ProlineS - 1for growth measurement in mean of plant height; number of leaves; stalk diameter ; head diameter and LAI and they were (126. 19 cm ; 28. 60 leave ; 23. 27 mm; 17. 48 cm and 2. 28) respectively. Also increased the mean of yield and seed yield; weight of 100 seed the; 1 - head er of seedsnumb components) 1 - 16 ton h .and 1 1 - 48 tons h .0 4 g; 3 .40 seeds; 6 .(1003 oil yield ofrespectively.2 - Applying irrigation every 10 days improve all growth characteristics; yield's components and quality compared to applying irrigation every 20 days, which gave the lowest mean in above characters.3 - The results also showed that the interaction of applying Proline and irrigation periods was significant for the most of the growth characteristics; yield and quality characteristics. It was concluded from to reduced period of irrigation not differ from hich W .1 - 100 mg L Proline once applying daysevery 15 applying irrigation every 10 days for most of the studied characteristics. Is the most important yield; oil production and this can saves 25% of irrigation water under conditions - Missan Auffia area. That reduces the wastae of water resources or expansion of the agricultural area and increase the yield.

اســتـخـلاص السـكريات المـتــعددة مـــــن الطــحــلــب الاخضر Cladophora sp. وتوصيفها واســــتعمالها في اقراص اللحم البقري == Extraction and Characterization of Green Algae Cladophora sp. Polysaccharide and use it in Beef Patties

Author name: سـهام ولـيـد عـلك الامارة
Supervisor name: ام البشر حميد جابر الموسوي | روضة محمود العلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة استخلاص السكريات المتعددة من الطحالب، اذ تــــــــــــــم جــــــــــــمع عـــــــــــــينات مـــــــــــــن الطحالب الخضراء من مياه شط العرب ضمن منطقة كرمة علي في البصرة وبعد التنظيف والتنقية والتجفيف تم تشخيصهواتبين انها تعود الى جنسCladophora sp. ، درس تركيبها الكيميائي على اساس الوزن الجاف من الرطوبة والرماد والبروتين والدهن والكاربوهيدرات اذ بلغت نسبة الرطوبة 4.16% والرماد 29.78% والبروتين 16.10% والدهن %1.25 والكاربوهيدرات %48.71. وتم استخلاص السكريات المتعددة من الطحالب بواسطة كاربونات الصوديوم Na2CO3، وقدر محتواها من السكريات الكلية اذ بلغت 78.4%. كذلك درس تاثير ظروف الاستخلاص على حاصل السكريات المتعددة شملت نسبة خلط المادة الاولية : المذيب (غم/ مل) اذ استعملت اربع نسب 7 : 1و9 : 1 و1 : 12 و15 : 1 حيث اعطت نسبة 9 : 1 اعلى حاصل واقل نسبة حاصل كانت %2.3بنسبة خلط 15 : 1. استعملت درجات حرارة (60 و80 و100) م حيث اعطت درجة حرارة 80 م اعلى نسبة حاصل %7.53، اما اقل نسبة حاصل فكان عند درجـــــــــــــــــة حرارة 100 م %2.09. درس تاثير مدة الاستخلاص واستعملت مدد زمنية (2 و4 و6) ساعة اذ اعطت مدة 2و4 ساعة نسبة حاصل 6.95 و%7.60، بينما اعطت مدة استخلاص 6 ساعات نسبة حاصل%3.40 وهي الاقل، ودرس تاثير الرقم الهيدروجيني حيث اعطى الرقــــــــم الـــــــــــــهيدروجيني 2 اعلى حاصل وهو 7.49مقارنة مع 4 و6 حيث كانت نسبتي الحاصل 2.33 و1.92% على التوالي. من خلال دراسة الظروف اعلاه تبين النتائج ان افضل نسبة حاصل تم الحصول عليها عند الاستخلاص بكاربونات الصوديوم بنسبة خلط 9 : 1 وبدرجة حرارة 80 م لمدة 4 ساعات وعند رقم هيدروجيني2. درست الخصائص الفيزيوكيميائية للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة من الطحالب وكانت النتائج كالاتي : - 1 - اظهرت نتائج اللزوجة النسبية للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة من الطحالب ان اللزوجة تزداد بزيادة التركيز وتقل بزيادة درجة الحرارة حيث كانت اعلى قيمة للزوجة بدرجة حرارة 30 م (11.0020) واقل قيمة للزوجة النسبية (8.0576) عند درجة حرارة 50 م وكانت لزوجة السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة اقل من لزوجة الجينات الصوديوم القياسية.2 - لوحظ ان قابلية السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة لامتصاص الماء وربط الدهن تزداد بزيادة التركيز وكانت مقاربة لقابلية الجينات الصوديوم القياسية. - كانت النسبة المئوية لذوبان السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة 69.72% وهي اعلى من ذوبان الجينات الصوديوم القياسية والبالغة 65.68%. 4 - اظهرت النتائج انخفاض قابلية السكريات المتعددة على تكوين الرغوة.5 - قدر الوزن الجزيئي للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة بقياس لزوجة السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة من الطحالب اذ تم تقدير اللزوجة الحقيقية لاستخراج الوزن الجزيئي الذي بلغ 875.26 كيلو دالتون. تم دراسة التحلل الوزني الحراري للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة وكان الفقدان بحدود7% والمتبقي93% عند درجة حرارة 515.27 م.6 - اختبرت السمية الخلوية للسكريات المتعددة المستخلصة من الطحالب اتجاه كريات الدم الحمر للانسان واظهرت النتائج عدم سميتها لكافة التراكيز المستعملة ولمدد الحضن 10 و30 و60 دقيقة.7 - تم ادخال السكريات المتعددة المستخلصة والجينات الصوديوم القياسية في اقراص اللحم البقري وبنسب 0.2 و0.4 و0.6% وخزن بالتبريد بدرجة حرارة 4 م ولمدد زمنية1 و4 و7 يوم.8 - درست الصفات الفيزيائية لاقراص اللحم البقري اظهرت النتائج ارتفاعا معنويا p<0.05)) في قـــــــيم قابلية حمل الماء لاقراص اللــحم المعاملة بالــــــــــــــسكريات الـــــــــــــــــمتعددة (المعاملة المحضرة) والجينات الصوديوم (المعاملة القياسية) مقارنة بالعينة الضابطة. بينت النتائج ان الرقم الهيدروجيني في اقراص اللحم يزداد معنويا بتقدم مدة الحفظ بالتبريد ولوحظ انخفاض نسبة الفقد في الوزن اثناء الطبخ وارتفاع نسبة حاصل الطبخ في اقراص اللحم البقري المعاملة بالسكريات المتعددة والجينات الصوديوم القياسية مقارنة بالعينة الضابطة. 9 - درست الصفات الحسية لاقراص اللحم والتي شملت اللون والنكهة والطراوة والعصيرية والقبول العام وقد اظهرت بعضها اختلافا معنويا((p<0.05 خلال مدة الحفظ بالتبريد ولم يظهر البعض الاخر اختلافا معنويا فالنسبة لدرجات تقييم اللون لاقراص اللحم المفروم لم تتاثر معنويا عند معاملة اقراص اللحم بالسكريات المتعددة المحضرة والجينات الصوديوم القياسية، اما درجات تـقييم صفـــــــــــــــــة النـــــــــــكهة لاقراص اللحــــــــــم فقد تاثرت معنويا p<0.05)) عند المعاملة بالسكريات المتعددة المحضرة والجينات الصوديوم القياسية مقارنة بالعينة الضابطة. | The study included extraction of polysaccharides from algae. The green algae was collected from Shatt Alarab water in Karmat Ali in Basrah, the green algae was purified and it is Cladophora sp. Polysaccharides was extracted by sodium carbonate Na2CO3. It̓s chemical composition including moisture, ash, protein, fat , carbohydrate and total saccharides was studied and it was moisture 4.16%, ash 29.78%, protein 16.10% at 1.25%, carbohydrate 48.71% and total sharrides 78.4%. The effect of extract conditions on polysaccharides yield were also studied included mixing percentage 1 : 7, 1 : 9, 1 : 12 and 1 : 15 and 1 : 9 exhibited the highest yield (7.48%) and the lowest yield (3.2%) when we use 1 : 15. The extraction was carried on different temperature 60°C, 80°C and100°C the highest yield was 7.53% when extraction on 80°C .The effect of the time of extraction in 2 hrs, 4hrs so the yield was 6.95% and 7.60% for 2 and 4 hrs respectively, the highest yield was 7.49% when extraction on pH 2. The results showed that the best yield was when the extraction on 1 : 9 and 80 °C for 4hrs and pH 2. The physiochemical properties for polysaccharides wer studied and the result showed the relative viscosity was increased with the increase of concentration and decrease with the increase of temperature the highest viscosity was 11.0020 in 30°C and the lowest was 8.0576 in 50 °C. The ability of polysaccharides for water absorbtion and fat binding was noticed that it was increased with the increased of concentration, the percentage of polysaccharides solubility was 69.72%, and it was higher than sodium alginate (65.68%). The results also showed decrease of foaming of polysaccharides because of it̕s high viscosity. The molecular weight of polysaccharides was 875.26 Kdal, the Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was 7% for loss and the residue was 93%. The test of cytotoxicity was appaired that the polysaccharides was no toxic in all concentration and for all incubation periods 10, 30 and 60 min. The extracted polysaccharides and sodium alginate were used in beef patties for 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% and storage for 1, 4 and 7 days, the results showed that there were significant increased (p<0.05) in water holding capacity in all treatments comparing with control and pH increased during storage periode and also noticed that cooking loss was decreased and increased in cooking yield for beef patties treated with polysaccharides and sodium alginate comparing with control. The results showed that addition of extracted polysaccharides and sodium alginate to beef patties improved sensory properties (color, falvor, tenderness, juicness and overal acceptability) during storage periode compared with control.

تاثير مستويات مختلفة من السماد الفوسفاتي في نمو وحاصل ثلاثة اصناف من محصول الحنطة Triticum aestivum L == Effect of different levels of Phosphate fertilizaer on growth and yield of three cultivars of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Author name: سندس كامل جبار الحلفي
Supervisor name: هاشم رشيد مجيد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: نفذت تجربة حقلية خلال الموسم الشتوي 2013 / 2014 في حقول احد المزارعين في منطقة الشنانة التابعة لقضاء القرنة ( 65 كم شمال مركز محافظة البصرة ) في تربة مزيجية طينية بهدف دراسة استجابة ثلاثة اصناف من الحنطة الناعمة . Triticum aestivum L (اللطيفية وابوغريب - 3 وتموز - 2) في النمو والحاصل والنوعية لتاثير اضافة اربعة مستويات من السماد الفوسفاتي ( 0 و40 و80 و120 كغم P2O5 ه - 1 ) طبقت التجربة باسلوب التجارب العاملية ووزعت المعاملات وفقا لتصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة بثلاثة مكررات . اظهرت نتائج الدراسة ان الاصناف اختلفت معنويا فيما بينها في معظم الصفات المدروسة اذ تفوق الصنف اللطيفية في صفة ارتفاع النبات ( 96,44 سم) ومساحة ورقة العلم (32,97 ســم2) وطول السنبلة (10,41سم) وعدد الحبوب في السنبلة (61,50 حبة سنبلة - ١) السنبلة ونسبة البروتين (11,84 ٪) في حين تفوق الصنف ابوغريب - 3 في صفة عدد الاشطاء(600,35 شطا م - 1) وعدد السنابل (572,07 سنبلة م - 1) ووزن 1000 حبة ( 31,09 غم ) وحاصــل الحبوب ( 6,31طن هــ - ١ ) والحاصل الحيوي( 14,64 طن هــ - ١ ). واشارت النتائج الى تفوق المستوى السمادي 120كغم P2O5 هـ - ١ معنويا في صفات ارتفاع النبات (99,11ســم ) ومساحة ورقة العلم ( 35,74 ســم2 ) وطول السنبلة (10,68 ســم) وعـــدد الاشطاء الكلي(621,82 شطا م - 1) وفي جميع صفات الحاصل وحاصل الحبوب( 6,68 طن هــ - ١ ) والحاصل الحيوي (14,98 طن ه - 1) ودليل الحصاد(44,58 ٪) ونسبة البروتين في الحبوب (12,62 ٪) . كان التداخل معنويا بين الاصناف ومستويات الفسفور في حاصل الحبوب وحققت التوليفة للصنف ابو غريب - 3 اعلى متوسط لحاصل الحبوب (6,98 طن هــ - ١) ويلاحظ من النتائج ان زيادة حاصل ابو غريب - 3 عند المستوى 120 كغم P2O5 هـ - ١ هو نتيجة لزيادة عدد الاشطاء (669,33 شطا م - 1 ) وزيادة مكونات الحاصل وهي عدد السنابل(636,81 سنبلة م - 1) ووزن 1000 حبة(33,03 غم) . | A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 2013 - 2014 at AL - shinana that belong to AL - Qurna about ( 65) Km north Basrha in silty loam soil in order to determine the best production of the three cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Abu Graib - 3 , Tammoz - 2 and Latifia ) to determine the best level of phosphate fertilizer (0 , 40 , 80 , 120 kg P2O5 hˉ1 ) .The experiment design was R C B D with treatments arranged in factorial in three replicates . Results showed that cultivars are different in it's characteristics as the Latifia superior in plant height (96.44 cm ) flag leaf area ( 32.97 cm2 ), spike length ( 10.41 cm ) number of grain per spike( 61.50 ) and protein content ( 11.84% ). Abu Graib - 3 superior in number of tillers .mˉ2(600.35) number of spikes .mˉ2(572.07) weight of 1000 grain ( 31.09 gm) , grain yield (6.31 ton.h - 1 ) biological yield (14.64 ton.h - 1 ) Results showed a variance among fertilizer level where 120 kg P2O5 hˉ1 caused highest number of , plant height (99.11 cm ) flag leaf area (35.74 cm2) , spike length ( 10.68 cm), number of tillers (621.82 ) and all yield component and grain yield ( 6.68 ton .hˉ ¹), biological yield ( 14.58 ton .hˉ ¹) , protein (12.628% ) and harvesting index(44,58 %) . Results also showed a significant interaction between cultivars and P levels, grain yield which increased in all cultivars with increase in P levels grain yield obtained at treatment Abu - Graib - 3 ×120 kg P2O5 hˉ1 (6.98 ton.h - 1) the increase in grain yield Abu - Graib due to higher yield components number of spike m - 2 (636. 81) and 1000 - grain weight (33.03 gm

تاثير اضافة النتروجين في امتصاص NوPوK وتوزيعها في اجزاء النبات ونمو وحاصل ثلاثة اصناف من الحنطة Triticum aestivum L. == EFFECT OF NITROGEN APPLCATION ON N, P, K UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION WHIHIN PLANT PARTS, GROWTH AND YIELD OF THREE WHEAT CULTIVARS Triticum aestivum L.

Author name: سندس عبد الكريم محمد العبد الله
Supervisor name: عبد المهدي صالح حسين الانصاري | وليد عبد الرضا السباهي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted at Al - Daire site 40 km north of center Basrah Governorate .The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on dry matter accumulation, (N, P, K) uptake, distribution in different parts of three cultivars of wheat plants and their yield during two seasons (2011 - 2012 & 2012 - 2013).The experiment was split - plots in R.C.B.D design with three replicates, Nitrogen rates (0, 60,120 and 240Kg ha - 1 occupied the main plots, while (IPA - 99, Abu - Graib and Latifia) Cultivars Occupied the sub - plots. Samples of wheat plants were collected at 10 growth stages : seedling stage, tillering (main shoot and 1 tiller), tillering (main shoot and 4 tillers), stem elongation, booting, 50% of spike emergence, 50% flowering, milk stage, dough stage and maturity. Each plant sample was separated into different plant parts : blades, sheathes, stems, flag leaves, spikes and seeds. These parts were dried at 70°C and dry weight of each part was recorded and sub sampled for chemical analysis of N , P , and K. Growth parameters (No. of day till 50% flowering , No. of day from 50% flowering to Maturity , flag leaf area , plant height, spike length and No of tillers m - 2) , yield components (No. of spike m - 2, No. of grain in spike and weight of 1000 grain ),grain yield, biological yield, harvest Index, grain protein percentage and nitrogen use efficiency were also studied.Results showed that dry matter accumulation in plants of all cultivars did not differ at early growth period, While after the growth stage of 50% flowering plants dry weight of Cv.IPA - 99 was higher than other cultivars, This difference in dry weight continue till maturity stage at which total dry weight were 14473.58, 13373.96 and 12743.59 Kg ha - 1 for IPA - 99, Abu - Graib - 3 and Latifia respectively.Dry matter yield were not affected by N levels during the early growth period ,then after dry weight of plants increased as N rates increased ,total dry weight were10752.61, 12737.49 and 15347.10 Kg ha - 1for 0, 60 , 120 Kg Nha - 1 respectively, with no differences between 120 and 240 Kg Nha - 1 levels.Dry matter of plant parts differed among cultivars, with IPA - 99 having the highest results. Increasing nitrogen rates increased weight of different plant parts, but did not influence the relative proportion of each plant part for all cultivars.IIResults also showed reduces in dry weight of different plant parts(except grains)after reaching a maximum weigh at dough stage for Spikes, and 50% flowering for the other parts. The highest decreased was in blades and lowest in sheathes. The application of N fertilizer decreased translocation of dry matter from plant parts to grains. Data showed that no differences in nutrient uptake were observed for cultivars till ending of tillering stage, but after this stage IPA - 99 cultivar showed highest uptake till the end of the season. Nitrogen uptake was157.68,136.72,124.51 Kgha - 1 ,P uptake 19.70,16.93,15,67 Kg ha - 1, K uptake136.30,121.10,112,60 Kg ha - 1 for IPA - 99,Abu - Graib - 3 and Latifia, respectively.Increasing N rate increased nutrient uptake of different plant parts, but did not influence the relative proportion of each plant part for all cultivars.uptake of N, P, and K for all cultivars and nitrogen rates declined as the season progressed, this decline differed among nutrients and plant parts.Grain contained 59.20, 79.00 and 7.45% of total nutrient N, P and K uptake, whereas vegetative parts contained 40.80, 21.00 and 92.55% of total nutrient uptake, respectively.Cultivar IPA - 99 resulted in highest grain yield among studied cultivars. Increasing N rate from 0 to 120 Kg N ha - 1 only increased grain yield, the rate 240 KgNha - 1 did not affect yield significantly as compared with that of 120 Kg N ha - 1.Results also showed a significant interaction between Cultivars and N rates. The highest grain yield obtained at treatment IPA - 99×240 Kg N ha - 1with no significant differences than IPA - 99×120 KgNha - 1.Results indicated that highest nitrogen use efficiency (66.23%) was found in plant of IPA - 99 cultivar, whereas, the lowest efficiency (47.37%) was found in plant of Abu - Graib - 3 cultivar. At all cultivars increasing N rates to 240 KgNha - 1 decreased nitrogen use efficiency.Therefore it can be concluded that 120 Kg Nha - 1 can be recommended as the best rate for N to all cultivars under similar growing conditions

معالجة مياه الصرف الصناعي لمعمل الاسمدة في المنطقة الجنوبية واعادة استعماها لري نبات الطماطة Lycopersicon esculentum Mill == Industrial wastewater treatment of fertilizer factory south region and reuse for tomato irrigation( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Author name: سماح رسول جويد العكيلي
Supervisor name: محمد عبد الله عبد الكريم | نجلة جبر محمد الاميري
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Soil and Water
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The study was conducted to investigate the possibility of using the effluent originated from fertilizers factory/ south region, Basrah province for tomato irrigation. Effluent samples were collected from urea unite line, ammonia unite lion, and collection basin at nine periods during 3\9\2015 to 5\8\2016. Tap water was used as control water. Three types of filters were used to enhance the characteristics of water collected from the fertilizers factory which are Rice Husk Ash filter, sand filter and Rice Husk Ash + sand filter(75 : 25). chemical characteristics (EC, PH, Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl - , SO4 - - , total hardness, NO3 - , NH4+, urea) were obtained before and after filtration then Removal efficiency (%) was calculated. Basin on above experiment, a pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of fertilizers industry effluents on chemical parameters of soil and its impact on growth parameters of the tomato plant. Each pot was prepared by filling loamy sand soil 10 kg collected from a farm nearby the factory. All the pots were fertilized by manure, phosphorus and potassium. Nitrogen fertilizer (urea) was applied an equivalent of 0, 50% and 100% of recommended level (300 kg N ha - 1). Tomato seedlings (hybride Newton F1) were transplanted in the pots. The pots were irrigated with above fertilizer industry effluents or tap water after the seedlings standing in the pots. After 90 days, soil and plant samples were collected to measure EC, pH, NO3 - in soil, NH4+ in soil, plant height, shoot dry weight, N concentration,number of flowers plant - 1 and number of fruits plant - 1.The results showed that there was a significant changes among sample periods in all water characteristics. The highest removal efficiency of urea, NH4+, NO3 - , cations and anions were recorded by using Rice Husk Ash filter, while the lowest efficiency were recorded by using sand filter. Data alsoBshowed that chemical parameters (EC, NH4+ and NO3 - ) of soil were differed by different filter used and follow the order : control (without filtration) < sand filter < Rice Husk Ash + sand filter < Rice Husk Ash filter. This result was reflected on plant growth parameters (plant high, shoot dry weight, N concentration ,number of flowers plant - 1 and number of fruits plant - 1) and follow the order : Rice Husk Ash + sand filter < Rice Husk Ash filter < sand filter < control. However soil pH was not affected at different filters used. Increasing the level of nitrogen significantly increased EC, NH4+ and NO3 - in soil and decreased soil PH resulted in increased plant parameters. Soil chemical parameters and plant growth parameters were differed by different source of fertilizers industry effluents and follow : ammonia line < urea line < collection basin < tap water. Data also revealed that tomato plant irrigated with water of ammonia line and filtered through Rice Husk Ash + sand filter showed best growth parameters as compared with other plants with higher shoot dry weight of 11.69 g plant - 1. The pot experiment suggested the possibility to using the water of ammonia line which filtered through Rice Husk Ash + sand filter with 50% of nitrogen recommended level to enhance tomato growth and it would save costs on fertilizer and reduction in pollution load of soil and water.

المكافحة الاحيائية لمرض الذبول الفيوزارمي في الطماطا المتسبب عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici باستخدام الفطر Trichoderma harzianum وفطر المايكورايزا Glomus mosseae == Biological control of tomato Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum fsp.lycopersici by using Trichoderma harzianum and mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae

Author name: سلام نجم عبود الاسدي
Supervisor name: يحيى عاشور صالح
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Prevention
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Plant Protection
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في مختبرات قسم وقاية النبات /كلية الزراعة / جامعة البصرة خلال الفترة من 1/11/ 2015 الى 1/6/2016 لتقييم كفاءة فطر المايكورايزا G. mosseae والعامل الاحيائي T.harzianum في مكافحة مرض الذبول الفيوزارمي لنبات الطماطا المتسبب عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum fsp.lycopersici . اظهرت النتائج دور العامل الاحيائي في تثبيط نمو الفطر الممرض بطريقة الزراعة المزدوجة حيث كان التضاد من الدرجة 1 حسب مقياس Bell . كما اظهر راشح الفطر الاحيائي T.harzianum تفوقوااضحا في تثبيط نمو الفطر الممرض . اوضحت نتائج تاثير فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae والعامل الاحيائي T.harzianum والتداخل بينهما في انبات البذور ونمو نبات الطماطا ( تجربة الاصص) وجود فرق معنوي في النسبة المئوية لا نبات البذور ، اما في ما يخص اطوال النبات بعد ستة اسابيع من الانبات فقد اشارت النتائج الى وجود فروق معنوية بين المعاملات حيث بلغت اطوال النباتات 4.55 و18.22 و14.44 و18.00 و15.33 و15.44 و15.55 سم على التوالي للمعاملات Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici(f) وTrichoderma harzianum(T.h) وGlomus mosseae(G.m) ومعاملة التداخل بين العامل الاحيائي وفطر المايكورايزا GT ومعاملة التداخل بين فطر الممرض وفطر المايكورايزا GF ومعاملة التداخل بين العامل الاحيائي وفطر الممرض TF ومعاملة التداخل بين العامل الاحيائي وفطر المايكورايزواالفطر الممرضر GTFقياسا بمعاملة المقارنة التي بلغت 12.33 سم ، وكان اكثر الفطريات تاثيرا في زيادة اطوال النباتات العامل الاحيائي T.harzianum كما حقق التداخل بين العامل الاحيائي T.harzianum وفطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae زيادة معنوية في الوزن الطري للمجموعين الخضري والجذري حيث بلغ الوزن الطري للمجموعين الخضري والجذري 6.27 و0.72 غم على التوالي قياسا بمعاملة المقارنة التي بلغ الوزن الطري للمجموعين الخضري والجذري فيها 2.83 و0.51 غم على التوالي . اما التجربة الحقلية فقد اظهرت نتائجهواجود فروق معنوية في شدة الاصابة بالفطر الممرض حيث كانت اقل شدة اصابة في المعاملة التداخل بين فطر المايكورايزواالفطر الممرض GF اذ بلغت 22.21% تلتها المعاملات TF وGTF حيث بلغت شدة الاصابة فيها 27.77 و35.01% على التوالي قياسا بمعاملة المقارنة البالغة 48.02% ، اما اطوال النبات فقد ازداد بشكل معنوي في المعاملة GTF اذ بلغت 72.1 سم والتي تفوقت بفروقات معنوية عالية تلتها المعاملات GT وG وGF وT اذ بلغت 69.9 و68.9 و65.4 و63.8 سم على التوالي اذ اختلفت معنويا عن معاملة المقارنة التي بلغت 55.3 سم ومعاملة الفطر الممرض البالغة 47.2 سم ، وكان اعلى وزن طري للمجموع الخضري في المعاملة TF اذ بلغت 40.0 غم تلتها المعاملات GF وG وGTF وGT حيث بلغ الوزن الطري لها 35.0 و34.5 و32.3 و30.0 و29.7 غم / نبات والتي اختلفت معنويا عن معاملتي المقارنة والفطر الممرض اذ بلغت 17.33 و13.7 غم . وان اعلى زيادة في الوزن الطري للمجموع الجذري بلغت 29.53غم لمعاملة المايكورايزا G.mosseae والتي اختلفت معنويا عن معاملة المقارنة البالغة 17.7 غم . اشارت النتائج الى دور فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae في زيادة وزن حاصل الثمار اذ بلغ الوزن 3.067 كغم / نبات قياسا بمعاملة المقارنة التي بلغت 1.630 كغم / نبات وبفارق معنوي ، وبينت النتائج دور فطر المايكورايزواالعامل الاحيائي في زيادة الفعالية الانزيمية لا نزيم البيروكسديز فقد اعطت معاملة فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae اعلى نسبة اذ بلغت 1.710 وحدة / غم وزن رطب وقد اختلفت معنويا عن معاملة المقارنة البالغة 0.510 وحدة / غم وزن رطب .اوضحت نتائج التجربة الحقلية ايضا كفاءة العامل الاحيائي وفطر المايكورايزا في زيادة كمية الفسفور في نباتات الطماطا حيث بلغت اعلى نسبة للفسفور في معاملة التداخل GF حيث بلغت 38.93 ملغم / كغم تلتها المعاملات G وT وGT وGTF وTF وF اذ بلغت نسبة الفسفور فيها 38.44 و28.93 و28.93 و26.58 و23.91 و13.25 ملغم / كغم على التوالي قياسا بمعاملة المقارنة اذ بلغت 21.23 ملغم / كغم. وبينت النتائج دور فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae والعامل الاحيائي T.harzianum في زيادة نسبة وشدة اصابة الجذور حيث بلغت اعلى نسبة وشدة اصابة لمعاملة التداخل GT 66 و58% على التوالي وقد تفوقت بفروقات معنوية عالية تلتها المعاملات G وGTF وGF حيث بلغت نسبة وشدة الاصابة فيها 38.00 و36.66% و37.66 و34 % و31.33 و32.00% على التوالي . وبينت النتائج ايضواجود فروقات معنوية في عدد ابواغ فطر المايكورايزا G.mosseae حيث بلغ اعلى عدد للابواغ 45.83 بوغ / نبات في معاملة التداخل GT تلتها المعاملات GF وG وGTF حيث بلغ عدد الابواغ فيها 29.16 و22.50 و16.66 بوغ / نبات . | This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Plant Protection , College of Agriculture , University of Basra .during the period from 1/11/2015 - 1/6/2016 ,to evaluate the interaction efficiency between Glomus.mosseae and bio agent Trichoderma.harzianum against tomato fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lycopersici . .The results showed the role of T.harzianum in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungus where the antagonism degree is of class 1 according to Bell scale. Also it showed that T.harzianum exaudate inhibited the growth of pathogen. The results also explained a significant effect of mycorrhiza G.mosseae and T.harzianum and their interaction on seed germination percent and growth of tomato plant (pots experience) , As regards to the lengths of the plants after six weeks from germination the results indicated a significant difference among the treatments , the lengths of plants reached 4.55 ,18.22 , 14.44, 18.00, 15.33, 15.44, 15.55, cm for the treatments , F, T ,M, MT , MF , TF and MTF, respectively compared to control which amounted to 12.33 cm ,T.harzianum led to increase the lengths of Plant significantly .The interaction between T harzianum and G.mosseae (TM ) also led to increase the fresh weight in comparison with control which reached respectively 2.83 and 0.51. The field experiment results showed significant differences in the severity of the infection with pathogen where the less severe of the infection was found in the treatment MF which was 22.21 % followed by TF and MTF treatments which were 27.77 and 35.01% respectively. The plant lengths also significantly increased , it reached 72.1 cm in the treatment MTF followed by the treatment MT , M , MF and T which reached 69.9, 68.9 , 65.4 and 63.8 respectively , which they significantly differed with control and pathogen treatments which were 55.3 and 47.2 cm respectively . The treatment TF led to increase the shoot fresh weight up to 40.0 gm. , followed by MF , M,T, MTF and MT which were 35.0, 34.5 , 32.3 , 30.0 and 29.7 which significantly differed with control and pathogen treatment which reached 17.33 and 13.7 respectively . The root fresh weight also increased when G.mosseae was used , it reached 29.53 gm. compared with control (17.7 gm.).The results indicated the role of G.mosseae in increasing fruit weight which reached 3.067 kg Plant compared with control which was 1.630 kg/plant .The results also showed the role of G.mosseae in increasing the enzymatic activity of peroxidase which reached 1.710 unit/gm. Compared to control which reached 0.510 unit/ gm wet weight . The results of field experiment also revealed that T.harzianum and G.mossese increased the amount of phosphor in tomato Plants in a percent of 38.93 , 38.44 , 28.93 , 28.93 , 26.58 , and 23.91 mg / kg for the treatment MF , M , T , MT , MTF and TF respectively in with comparison with control which was 21.23 mg / kg. From other hand , the interaction between G.mosseae and T.harzianum led to increase the root infection percent and infection up to 66 and 58% respectively the treatment M, MTF , MF as they were 38.00 , 36.66% 37.66 , 34% 31.33 , 32.00% . Finaly the results elucidate that the interaction between G.mosseae and T.harzianum led to increase the number of spores of G.mosseae reaching to 45.83 spore/ plant followed by the treatment M , MTF , MF , which gave 29.16 , 22.50 , and 16.66 , spores / plant respectively

الكشف عن بكتريا E.coli O157 : H7 في لحوم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة ودراسة تاثير بعض مواد الحفظ الحيوية على عيوشيتها بظروف الخزن بالتبريد == Detection of E.coli O157 : H7 in ground beef meat and study the antimicrobial effect of some bio Protection materials on bacterial survival during cooling storage

Author name: سحر صبيح جورج
Supervisor name: نوفل عبد الامير حسين الحلفي | صباح مالك حبيب الشطي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجري الكشف عن تواجد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7 في عينات لحم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة لخمس مناطق مختلفة في محافظة البصرة شملت (الجزائر وابي الخصيب والزبير والبصرة القديمة وكرمة علي) خلال الفصول الاربعة على مدار اشهر سنة 2013، وقد وجد ان هناك تفاوتا كبيرا في تواجد هذه البكتريا المرضية المصلية، اذ بلغ اعلى مستوى تلوث للحم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة لمنطقة البصرة القديمة تليها مناطق الزبير وكرمة علي والجزائر بينما لم يلاحظ اي تلوث لعينات لحم الابقار الطازجة المفرومة لمنطقة ابي الخصيب، وقد لوحظ تواجد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7 خلال اشهر (شباط، اذار، نيسان، تموز، تشرين الاول وتشرين الثاني) التي امتازت باعتدال درجات الحرارة والرطوبة النسبية .تم الحصول على 27 عزلة موجبة لبكتريا E.coli O157 : H7 من اصل 540 عينة لحم بقر طازج مفروم وبنسبة 5% شهريا على مدار سنة كاملة وشخصت اعتمادا على استخدام الاوساط الانتقائية الخاصة Sorbitol MacConkey Agar المدعم بالسفكسيم تولريت واجراء الفحوصات المظهرية والمجهرية والكيموحيوية باستخدام نظام API20E واجراء فحص التلازن باستخدام اشرطة اللاتكس للتشخيص الدقيق، كما استخدمت التقنية الحديثة وهي شرائح البتري فلم petrifilm لعد بكتريا القولون الكلية وE. coli شهريا على مدار السنة، اذ بلغت اعلى متوسطات لوغاريتم اعداد بكتريا القولون الكلية (6.15 ، 6.22 و6.43)cfu/g وللاشهر (ايلول، تشرين الاول وتشرين الثاني)على التوالي لمنطقة البصرة القديمة والتي كانت الاكثر تلوثا مقارنة مع بقية المناطق المشمولة بالدراسة وكذلك الحال بالنسبة لبكتريا E. coli بينما سجلت منطقة ابي الخصيب اقل مستويات لتلوث اللحوم الطازجة المفرومة اذ بلغ المتوسط اللوغارتمي لاعداد بكتريا القولون الكلية وE. coli ( 1.52 و1.53) cfu/g خلال شهري (شباط وايار) على التوالي.استعمل الكيتوسان المحضر بطرق الاستخلاص الكيميائية التقليدية من قشور الروبيان والحوامض العضوية(الخليك واللاكتيك) ونواتج ايض بكتريا حامض اللاكتيك كمواد حافظة طبيعية ضد النشاط البكتيري لاطالة العمر الخزني للحوم المفرومة والبيركر المصنع من اللحم البقري المفروم ومستخلص ماء اللحم المعقم وغير المعقم لمدة 12 يوم من الخزن بالتبريد بالثلاجة عند درجة حرارة 4 م وباستخدام ثلاث تراكيز مختلفة .اظهرت نتائج الدراسة تاثير اضافة الكيتوسان بانواعه (Kp الكيتوسا القياسي وK3 الكيتوسان المؤستل بالاوتوكليف لمدة ساعة وK2 الكيتوسان المؤستل بالاوتوكليف لمدة نصف ساعة وk1 الكيتوسان المؤستل بالظروف الجوية لمدة ساعة) وبتراكيز (0.75 و1 و1.5 )% خلال الخزن بالتبريد على متوسطات لوغارتيم اعداد بكتريا (E. coli O157 : H7 وcoliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria ) اذ لوحظ اعلى تثبيط عند تركيز 1.5% لمعاملة Kp لجميع انواع البكتريا اعلاه تواليا لعينات لحم البقر الطازج المفروم والبيركر ومستخلص ماء اللحم المعقم وغير المعقم والتداخل بينهم وقد بينت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية (p<0.05) لتاثير التركيز ومدة الخزن بالتبريد ونوع البكتريا للمعاملات اعلاه، وقد وجد هناك انخفاض معنوي (p<0.05) للوغاريتم اعداد بكتريا E.colio157 : H7) وcoliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria ) عند درجة حرارة 4 م لمعاملات الحوامض العضوية (الخليك، اللاكتيك والخليط الحامضي ) بتقدم مدة الخزن بالتبريد مقارنة مع السيطرة الموجبة وللتراكيز (0.75 و1و1.5)% وقد حددت المعاملة الافضل في التثبيط البكتيري وهي حامض الخليك اذ بلغت ادنى متوسطات لاعداد البكتريا عند تركيز 1.5% في نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد، كما لوحظ انخفاض معنوي (p<0.05) لمتوسطات لوغارتيم اعداد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7) وcoliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria ) عند درجة حرارة 4 م اذ بدات بالانخفاض التدريجي بتقدم مدة الخزن بالتبريد مقارنة مع معاملات السيطرة للتراكيز (0.75 و1 و1.5) %اذ بلغ ادنى متوسط لوغارتمي لاعداد البكتريا اعلاه عند تركيز 1.5 % عند نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد .وقد اشارت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي الى وجود فروق معنوية (p<0.05) لكل من التركيز ونوع المعاملة ومدة الخزن بالتبريد، وقد بينت نتائج التحليل الاحصائي وجود فروق معنوية (p<0.05) لتاثير اضافة نواتج ايض بكتريا حامض اللاكتيك (L.p, L.c وL.p+L.c)على متوسطات لوغاريتم اعداد بكتريا E. coli O157 : H7)و coliform bacteria وE. coli وTotal count bacteria) اذ اظهرت معاملة LP افضل نتائـــج تثبيط بالمقارنة مع معاملتي ( LCو LP+ LC )عند تركير 1.5 % وعند نهاية مدة الخزن بالتبريد ولجميع انواع البكتريا اعلاه على التوالي. | The presence of E. coli O157 : H7 bacteria I fresh ground beef samples about five different areas in Basra included (Al - jazaaer - Abu alkhaseab - Zubair - Basra al kadema and Karmat Ali) durig the foure seasons over all months In (2013), a large contamination was found in the presence of these pathogenic bacteria serological E. coli O157 : H7 ,the highes serologically of fresh ground beef from Basra al kadema then ALzubair, Karmat Ali and Aljazaaer, while no any contamination notice fresh ground beef samples from Abu alkhaseab. The presence of E.colio157 : H7 bacteria during (February - March - April - Juli - October and Novenber) in this year. Which was characterized by moderate temperatures.27 E.colio157 : H7 straing were isolated from 540 samples of fresh ground beef by 5% per at all months in the year.Then characterize by using the selective culture media Sorbitol MacCokey Agar (SMA) compatible with Cefixime tellurite and phenotypic test and microscopic - biochemical test using API20E system and latex agglutination from exact diagnosis .Technology which is petrifilm to enrcumation coliform and E.coli bacteria through this study. The highest logarithm number of preparation of total coliform bacteria (6.15, 6.22 and 6.43) cfu/g in (September - October and Novenber) from Basra al kadema, which was the most contaminated compared with other areas included in this study, as well as from E.coli bacteria while Abu al khaseab area recorded the lowest levels of coliform and E.coli bacteria (1.52 and 1.53 ) cfu/g durig (February and May) respectively.Chitosan was used record by chemicals extraction methods, organic acid and free cell supernatant of metabolism of lactic acid as material natural preservative agents to that decrease the life storage time of fresh ground beef - burger - extract sterile and non serial water meat for 12 day by storage at 4C refrigerator and using three different concentrations.Studied the effect of adding the chitosan (KP, K3, K2 and K1) in (0.75, 1 and 1.5)% concentrations during the cooling storage ,the bacteria prepared are (E.colio157 : H7, coliform bacteria , E.coli and total count bacteria ) showed greater inhibitions at concentration 1.5% from KP treatment for all specie of bacteria are above.At these results of the statistical analysis show significant differences at (p<0.05) for effects of period of storage, type of bacteria among fresh ground beef - burger - extract serial and non serial water meat . There is no significant differences (p<0.05) in a (E.colio157 : H7, coliform bacteria, E.coli and total count bacteria ) at 4c then it declines gradually in progress from cooling storage compared with control coefficients of concentration (0.75, 1 and of 1.5)% as the lowest log number these bacteria at 1.5% concentration in the end of period cooling storage. This results indicated statically analysis and significant differences (p<0.05) for each type of bacteria, concentration, treatment and period cooling storage. The present studied lowest significant (p<0.05) for log number in (E.colio157 : H7, coliform bacteria , E. coli and total count bacteria ) at 4c organic acid (acidic acid, lactic acid and the mixed of there tow organic acid )in cooling period storage compares with positive control of (0.75, 1 and of 1.5)% concentration. The best treatment in these results was acidic acid then the lowest log number of bacteria recorded at 1.5% concentration in the end period cooling storage . statically analysis showed significant differences(p<0.05) for effect of adding the free cell supernatant of metabolism of lactic acid bacteria (LP, LC and LP+LC) then the best treatment in these results were LP that inhibitions compeers with (LC and LP+LC) at 1.5%concentration in the end of the cooling storage period for (E.coliO157 : H7, coliform bacteria, E. coli and total count bacteria )

دراسة بيئية مقارنة لتاثير الحاجز المائي في قضاء المدينة عند اسفل نهر الفرات == A comparative ecological study to the impact of Mudayna district barrier at the lower reaches of Euphrates River

Author name: سجاد عبد الغني عبد الله
Supervisor name: صادق علي حسين | عبد العزيز محمود عبد الله
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology - Fish And Marine Wealth
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Fish And Marine Wealth
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: An Ecological study was conducted, on monthly basis, for the period from November 2013 to October 2014, on the Lower reaches of the Euphrates River covering a location at northwest of Basrah province within the area between Al - Chebaysh district of Thi Qar province, and Mudayna district of the city of Basrah. The study area covered a distance of 16 kms lies between latitudes 47˚00 ' 18.81 " and 47˚09 '55.46" E and latitudes 30˚57' 41.53" and 30˚57'7.38" N. On 2010 the Ministry of Water Resources constructed an obstruction on the Euphrates River, 11 km west of Mudayna of a width 760 m. It’s aims is to raise water levels in the western side of the river for water to flow to Hor Al - Chebaych. Three stations were selected to execute the study. The former was situated in front of the Chebaish district and with a distance of nine kilometers east where station 2 was located. However, to the east of the constructed embankment and just three kms apart station 3 was chosen. The study revealed that air temperature ranged from 11 - 45°C and water from 10.5 - 37°C, light penetration from 15 to 210 cm. Turbidity from 0.66 NTU in October at station3 and 40.8 NTU in September at station1. Current speed ranged between 0.01 m/s to 0.41 m/s.The lowest value of Electric conductivity (2.4μS/cm) recorded in November at station 3 and the highest (5.74μS/cm) in March at station 1. Total dissolved solids between 1788 mg/ L to 3832 mg/L. the lowest value of pH (7.4) measured in August at station 2 and the highest (8.7) in February at Station 3. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 5.5 to 10.1 mg/L. BOD5 ranged from 0.19 to 3 mg/L. The lowest value of salinity (1.3 g/L) recorded in June and July from Station 2 and the highest (2.9 g/L) was encountered in February at station 3. Total hardness the lowest (880 mg/L) encountered in July at station2 and the highest (1350 mg/L) in February at station3. Total alkalinity ranged from 84 to 182 mg/L. Reactive nitrate ranged from 0.6 to 37.7μg at. N/L. Reactive phosphate ranged from 0.023 to 1.857μg at. P/L. Concentrations of some heavy metals were also studied. Copper was impalpable in November and December in stations2 and 3, but the highest (1.90 μg/L) was in August at station2. Intangible value was also recorded for Lead in November at station3 and the highest (0.1 μg/L) in July of the same station. Non - tangible value encountered for cadmium in November and December at stations 2 and 3 but the highest (12.73 μg/L) in July for station1. The study took in consideration application of the general index to the quality of water (CCME) as seasonal readings were calculated depending on river maintenance system for the year 1967 and amended in 1980. Throughout the study period values ranged between marginal (56.3) and FairB(69). Values were obtained depending on the previous studies, as were between marginal (47) and Fair( 65). Fish community structure was described. A total of 11851 specimens were collected included 28 species and 25 genera belonging to 12 families all belong to class bony fishes Osteichthyes. Cyprinidae came first concerning the number of species (13) and genera (11) and composing 37.44 %, these are Hamri (Barbus luteus), Prussian carp (Carassius auratus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), (Acanthobrama marmid), (Alburnus mossulensis), Shillug (Aspius vorax), bunni (Barbus sharpeyi), gattan (Barbus xanthopterus), Hemicultuer leucisculus), small mouth benine (Cyprinon kais), big mouth benine (Cyprinon macrostomum), (Garra rufa) the mullet family Mugilidae formed 35.50 % and consist two species , namely, Liza abu green and Liza subviridis. Tilapia Cichlid family was represented by 21.84 % and two species, namely Tilapia zilli and Oreochromis aureus. Gumbusia (Pociliidae) formed 2.70% and represented by two species , namely (Gambusia holbrooki) and Poecillia latipinna, Clupeids family accounted for 0.025% and represented by two species, namely Tenualosa ilsha) and Nematalsoa nasus. However one species of seven families included Siluridae (Silurus triostegus) 0.58%, Sparidae Acanthopagrus latus (arabicus) 0.57%, Mastacembelidae (Mastacembelus mastacembelus) 0.28% , Hemiramphidae Hyporhampus limbatus)) 0.23% and minnows Engraulidae (Thryssa whiteheadi) rate of 0.345 % and Gobiidae (Bathygobius fuscus) was collected for the first time in the study area and in station 3 at 0.050 % and Heteropneustidae (Heteropneustes foosilis) formed the lowest contribution. The study also was taken in consideration the diversity indices in the Euphrates. The lowest value (1.04) of Shannon diversity index (H) was recorded in May from station1 and the highest (2.70) in the same month from station3, and was the lowest value for the evenness index (J) (0.476) in May was recorded for the station1 and the highest (0.933) in January. The lowest value of richness index (D) (0.868) was obtained in December from station1 and the highest (3.285) in May from station3. The lowest value for Jaccared similarity index (13.25 %) was in October between stations1 and 2 and the highest (100 %) in November and January between stations 1 and 2. Multivariate analysis (CCA) was applied to clarify the relationship between abiotic environmental characteristics and fish distribution in the aquatic environment.

تاثير توزيع النباتات بالحقل في نمو وحاصل الباقلاء Vicia faba L

Author name: سارة علي طالب
Supervisor name: هيثم عبد السلام علي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Field Crops
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Field experiment was conducted during the winter season 2014 - 2015 in one of the agricultural fields in Sarraji area south of Basra province, just 2 km from the center of the province (soil Texture loamy clay), to determine the best combination of distribution of plants among between Rows and hills, to get the best seed yield, Carried out the experiment design (R.C.B.D) with four replication, two factors the first factor four distances between the Rows (30, 40, 50 and 60 cm) and the second factor three spaces between the hills(10, 15 and 20 cm), the factorial experiment is used with 48 experimental units. Results show moral superiority in most of the traits excelled as distance 30 cm between the Rows at all the distances used to achieve the highest seed yield amounted to 3463.94 kg ha - 1 as this distance hasworked to increase the plant significantly increased since given rise the highest rate of highest plants 122.50 cm and also excelled in the 100 - seed weight at a rate 140.20g, while surpassed the distance of 60 cm in leaf area was at a rate of 0.29 m2 and the highest rate of number pods at plant reached 15.48 pod/ plant and the number of seeds pod - 1 average of 4.37 seeds pod - 1 and high Protein content average of 28.51%. As shown by the results moral superiority of 10 cm seed yield3817.85 kg ha - 1 in 93.73 plant height cm and outperformed the distanceof 20 cm in the number of pods plant - 1 13.43 pod plant and the number of seeds/ pod 3.80 seed pod - 1 in 0.22 m2 leaf area and in protein content in seeds 29.36%, while surpassed the distance of 15 cm in 100seed weight was 98.02g The results showed that there is an interaction between the distance of Rows and the hills are significant in most of the traits and the effect of the interaction is similar to the effect of the main factors as excelled combination 30*10 cm in the sum total of seeds yield to 4067.22 kg ha - 1 as well as excelled in plant height was 131.45 cm and also surpassed 100 seed weight with a means 156.64 g, while the combination 60*20 cm in a number pods of 18.8 pod plant - 1 and the number of seeds/ pod of 5.18 seed pod - 1 and leaf area of the plant 0.35 m2 and in Protein content average of 33.11%.

استخلاص وتوصيف صبغة Astaxanthin من مخلفات الروبيان واختبار فعاليتها المضادة للاكسدة واستعمالها في بعض الانظمة الغذائية == Extraction and Characterization of Astaxanthin Pigment from Shrimp Waste and Tested it as Antioxidant Activity and Using in Some Food System

Author name: زينة طارق نعمة الكنعان
Supervisor name: منير عبود جاسم الطائي | روضة محمود علي العلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study aimed to exploit the peels of shrimp in extracting dye, the following results were obtained : shrimp peels contained 1.29% moisture, 1.83% protein, 18.56% fat and 77.82 ash. The astaxanthin dye was extracted and its amount and activity were determined. Five solvents were used to choose the best one in extraction the dye from fresh, dried, boiled and freezed peel. Among all solvents hexane gave less content and activity. Fresh peels gave high content and activity 60.71μg/g and 45.92 % respectively. Mixtures of isopropanol : ether and hexane : acetone also gave high extraction. 90 % acetone showed high extraction of astaxanthin, 79.61μg/g and 98.26% respectively for the activity and content, while results were converged for acetone 90%. Antioxidant activity was measured after 24 hours of incubation, it was increased proportionally with dye concentration and ranged between 83.47 - 98.7% and 2 - 20 mg/ml, respectively. Astaxanthin activity was the best in comparison with standard astaxanthin, BHT, and α - tocopherol, which were 93.76%, 96.75% and 94.50%, respectively at higher concentration. Astaxanthin showed significant antioxidant activity in comparison with standard astaxanthin, BHT, and α - tocopherol, during three months of storage. During the storage period, from the first day to thirteenth antioxidant activity was fixed and ranged between 80.83 - 96.57% at 20 mg/g, while BHT and α - tocopherol activity was between 73.44% - 95.31% and 49.44% - 93.42% respectively at same conditions. Astaxanthin showed high reduction strenth 275%, which was closed to ascorbic acid 278%, while each of BHT, α - tocopherol and citric acid gave reduction force less than the extracted dye, 200 and 190 and 225%, respectively. The pigment gave good ability to chelate Fe (II) at concentration of 89% which was higher than BHT and α - tocopherol, 44.6% and 45.1% respectively, while EDTA, ascorbic acid and citric acid were excellent in chelating Fe (II), 97.7%, 96.9% and 94%, respectively. The capacity of astaxanthin to scavenge hydroxyl radicle was 84.79% which was close to the ascorbic acid and citric acid, 85.45% and 87.39%, respectively, while it was higher than that of BHT and α - tocopherol which have values of 57.45% and 58.13 respectively. The dye showed a clear ability to scavenge the hydrogen peroxide, 83.03% - 89.67%, from a concentration of 12 - 20 mg/ml, which was higher than BHT, α - tocopherol and ascorbic acid at concentration 74.05%, 86.41% and 86.92%, respectively, while it was less than the ability of citric acid to scavenge the radical of hydrogen peroxide that was 92.29%. Astaxanthin was the best in ability to scavenge the radical of the active oxygen in comparison with standard BHT, α - tocopherolSummary الخلاصة - bandascorbic acid, which recorded values of 87%, 71% and 85%, respectively, while it was slightly less than that of citric acid which was 88%. The dye was characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC), which compared with β - carotene and standard astaxanthin dye and showed three spots closed in their rate of flowing with the standard astaxanthin, and the fourth spot of β - carotene. The values of flowing were 0.35 and 0.55 and 0.73 and 0.97 respectively. The dye was characterized by the infrared spectrum (FTIR), which showed the most important peeks and bands of active functional groups for each of extracted and standard astaxanthin, and it was concluded that they were the same for two dyes. The thermal gravimetric analysis curve (TGA) showed that the extracted dye passed through two stages, the first stage began from evaporate of the water and weight loss at a temperature of 128.17Co, while at the second stage the dye disintegrated at a temperature of 399.29 Co and 85% loss in comparision with standard astaxanthin that needed one stage, 454.37Co and the loss of 84% to reach the disintegration and stabilization phase. The extracted dye was diagnosed by using UV and visible spectrum and compared with the standard astaxanthin, and both of them gave a higher absorbence at wavelength of 565 nm. The determinnation of the cellular toxicity of dye on human solution blood detected that there are no changes in the shape and appearance of blood, this confirmed safety of astaxanthin against decomposition and precipitation of blood. Astaxanthin was used to preserve crude sesame oil that put in two types of containers, dark and transparent, for three months. The peroxide value, value of alansidin, thiobarbituric acid, the value of total oxidation (Totox), conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated trines (CT), and antioxidant activity were estimated. All measures showed significant results for the oil in dark containers in comparesion with oil in transparent. Beef burger was prepared and submitted to sensory evaluation after adding antioxidant to it, stored for 15 days at 4 - 8°C, during this period, peroxide value and TBA value were measured. Cake was prepared and the sensory evaluation was done, then stored for 35 days, also, peroxide value, TBA and acid value were estimated. The concentration of 300 ppm recorded significant results for all treatments and samples that treated with BHT and the blank. So, it was concluded that astaxanthin dye could be used as a natural antioxidants in food preservation to avoid lipid oxidation, and to improve the quality and safety as food supplement with a healthy and beneficial effects.

تاثير فترة الخزن بالتجميد في بعض الصفات النوعية لقطعتي الصدر والفخذ لطائر السمان الياباني == Impact of Freezing Storage Period on some Characteristics Quality of Breact and Thigh Meat of Japanese Quail

Author name: زينب علي كاظم شاهر السعيدي
Supervisor name: رياض كاظم موسى | ماجد حسن عبد الرضا
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: The present study was conducted at the Department of Animal Production / College of Agriculture / University of Basrah. The aim was to determine the effect of freezing storage period at ( - 18)ºc for the periods of (0,30,60,90) days on physical , chemical and sensory changes of breact and thigh meat of Japanese quails of both sexes at the age of (42) days . Chemical tests ware moisture % , protein % and ash % as well as the concentrations of free fatty acid and cholesterol concentration . Physical tests included pH, total dissolved nitrogen % , protein and non - protein tryptophan , thyrosin / tryptophan coefficient and loss percent at cooking . Sensory tests were color , flaver , tenderness , juiciness and total acceptance . The results can be summarized as follow : 1 - A significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in moisture % and protein %, and increase (p≤ 0.05) in fat % and ash % of breact and thigh of both sexes as storage period advanced .2 - There was a higher loss in moisture % of breact cut of male carcasses as storage period advanced in comparison with breact cut of female carcass . However percentage of losing in female thigh was higher than that of male thigh .3 - Decreasing percent of protein in preceding storage period of breact and thigh cuts of male carcasses were higher than that of female abreact and thigh cuts .4 - An increase in fat % of female breact with preceding storage period was higher than that of males in contrast with thigh of male and female .5 - Breact and thigh cut of male carcasses recorded higher ash% in storage advances .6 - The was a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in essential and non - essential amino acids concentration of breact and thigh as in flounced by storage period in comparison with fresh carcasses .7 - There was a significant (p≤ 0.05) increase in percentage of saturated fatty acid ( palmatic and stearic ) and a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in non - saturated fatty acid ( palmatic , oleic and lionelic ) of breact and thigh cuts of males and females in proceeding of storage period .8 - Essential amino acids ( methonin , isolucein , phynel alinane and valin ) and non - essential ( alnine , argnin , ceren , prolin , thyrosin and glysin ) losing rate of breact and thigh cuts of male carcasses were higher in storage advance in comparison with those of females.9 - Peroxide and free fatty acid and cholesterol concentration of abreact and thigh cuts of both sexes showed significant (p≤ 0.05) increase with preceding period of storage .10 - There were significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in pH and increase in total dissolved nitrogen , protein and non - protein tryptophan ,tyrosine / tryptophan coefficient and loss% during cooking of abreact and thigh cuts of carcasses of both sexes in advanced storage period .11 - There was a significant (p≤ 0.05) decrease in sensory characteristics ( color , flavor , juice mess , tenderness and total acceptance of abreact and thigh cuts of both sexes in advance storage period .

تقييم كفاءة مستحضر احيائي للفطر Trichoderma viride والاسمدة العضوية في مكافحة مرضي الذبول الفيوزارمي وتبقع الاوراق في الطماطا

Author name: زهراء عبد اللطيف جاسم العقبي
Supervisor name: ضياء سالم علي الوائلي
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Diseases
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة في قسم وقاية النبات - كلية الزراعة - جامعة البصرة وقد هدفت الدراسة الى تقييم كفاءة المستحضر الاحيائي للفطر Trichoderma viride والاسمدة العضوية في مكافحة مرض الذبول الفيوزارمي المتسبب عن الفطر Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici ومرض تبقع الاوراق المتسبب عن الفطر Alternaria alternata اللذين يصيبان نبات الطماطا ، والكشف عن بعض المركبات الفعالة التي ينتجها المعاملات المختلفة باستخدام جهاز GC - mass . اوضحت نتائج اختبار كفاءة المستحضر الاحيائي للفطر T.viride ضد الفطرين الممرضين F.o.f.sp. lycopersici وA.alternata في المختبر ان نسبة التثبيط 53.01 قد بلغت 62.65 و65.47 % على التوالي . بينت نتائج تطبيق المستحضر الاحيائيT.viride والاسمدة العضوية في مكافحة الفطر F.o. f.sp. lycopersici في الاصص ان اقل شدة اصابة كانت في المعاملة المستحضر الاحيائي وسماد الابقار المخمر M1Tv اذ بلغت 0% مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 80.33 % , وكان اعلى ارتفاع للنباتات في المعاملة M1Tv اذ بلغ 77 سم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 47.33 سم وكذلك سجلت المعاملة ذاتها اعلى وزن طري للمجموع الخضري اذ بلغت 67 غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 28.50غم ، وسجلت اعلى انتاجية للنبات اذ بلغ معدل الانتاج فيها 160.25غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 34.14غم . اظهرت نتائج التجربة الحقلية ان اقل شدة اصابة بالفطرين F.o.fsp lycopersici وA.alternata كانت في المعاملة M1Tv اذ بلغت 6.25 و9.33 % مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 85.71 و51.67 % على التوالي . وكان اعلى ارتفاع للنبات في المعاملة M1Tv واذ بلغ 89.84 سم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة البالغة 58.67 سم . سجلت المعاملة M1Tv اعلى وزن طري للمجموع الخضري 212.17 غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة 53.67 غم وكذلك سجلت اعلى معدل انتاجية اذ بلغ 592.63 غم مقارنة بمعاملة السيطرة 211.37 غم . تم استخدام تقنية GC - mass للكشف عن المركبات في المعاملات المستخدمة في التجربة وقد وجد ان المعاملة M1Tv انفردت باحتواءها على المادة 4 - Cloro - 3 - hexyltrahydro - 2H - pyran في حين وجدت المادتين 1,5,9 - Cyclododecanetriol وpropanol 1 2 - Cyclohexyl - في كل من المعاملة M1Tv ومعاملة المستحضر الاحيائي فقط Tv . ويعتقد ان لهذه المواد دور فعال في تقليل نسبة الاصابة وتحسين مؤشرات النمو والانتاجية لنبات الطماطا

استخدام جين الميتوكوندريا COI في تمييز انواع لحوم مختلفة من الحيوانات اعتمادا على تقانة PCR - RFLP == The use of mitochondrial gene COI in Identifying different animal types of meat based on PCR - RFLP technique

Author name: زهراء رياض محمود الموسوي
Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Zoology
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Animal Production
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في مختبر د. طالب احمد جايد للوراثة الجزيئية في قسم الانتاج الحيواني التابع لكلية الزراعة في جامعة البصرة. اذ جمعت عينات اللحوم الطازجة والمعلبة من الابقار والجاموس والاغنام والماعز والدجاج والديك الرومي، بشكل عشوائي، من مناطق مختلفة في محافظة البصرة بالاضافة الى عينات من دم الجمال. واجريت هذه الدارسة للتعرف على لحوم الانواع الحيوانية المختلفة (عدا الجمال) ومن هنا تاتي اهمية الاعتماد على كشف الانواع من خلال استهداف الحامض النووي الرايبوزي منقوص الاوكسجين DNA عبر تطبيق تقانة PCR - RFLP. تم استخلاص الحامض النووي منقوص الاوكسجين DNA من نسيج اللحوم 0.2) غم) والدم باستعمال عدة استخلاص الدنا (Invitrogen). اما فيما يتعلق بنقاوة عينات DNA المستعملة في الدراسة فقد قيست اعتمادا على الطول الموجي 260 - 280، حيث تركيز DNA 1.8 - 2.0 نانوغرام.استخدم تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي PCRلتضخيم جزء من المورثة الميتوكونديرية mt COI DNA باستعمال بادئ عام، ولتحديد هوية الانواع استخدمت تقانة التمييز على اساس تعدد طرز اطوال قطع التقييد PCR - RFLP من خلال استخدام اربعة انزيمات قطع محددة( Hpa II وAva II وRsa Iو Taq I ) والتي تقطع وفقا لتتالي تسلسل DNA الخاص بكل نوع.  ويمكن تلخيص نتائج هذه الدراسة بما ياتي : 1 - اعطى منتج التضخيم لجين COI الحزمة 710 زوجا قاعديا ولجميع الانواع كونه بادئ عام.2 - ميز انزيم TaqIالماعز حيث انتج الحزمة 650زوجا قاعديا كذلك الجمال اذ انتج حزمتين بحجم 303و 403ازواج قاعدي بينما لم يميز بين لحوم الجاموس والابقار والدجاج والديك الرومي بسبب حصولهما على الحزمة 637 زوجا قاعديا عند الهضم في حين لم يتم الحصول على حزم من لحوم الاغنام. 3 - تمكن انزيم HpaII من توليد ملف تعريفي خاص لتمييز انواع اللحوم جميعا على حدة اذ انتج الحزمة 480في الابقار و520 في الجاموس و372 - 336في الاغنام و300 - 410 في الماعز و333 - 234 في الدجاج و533 - 177 في الديك الرومي و130 246 - 213 - زوجا قاعديا في الجمال.4 - انتج انزيم Rsa I انماطا مميزة لجميع الانواع عدا الماعز والدجاج، اذ انتج منتج هضم كل من الاغنام 300 - 350والجمال130 - 580والابقار153 - 193 - 337 والجاموس600 والديك الرومي 214 - 481زوجا قاعديا.5 - انتج انزيم Ava II حزمتين للجمال 224 - 485وحزمة واحدة للاغنام بحجم650 وحزمة بحجم 600 زوجا قاعديا للجاموس. | This study was conducted in the Laboratory of Dr.Talib Ahmed Jaayid Molecular Genetics, Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Basra. Cow, buffalo, sheep, goat ,chicken, turkey meat (fresh or canned) & camels blood samples are randomly collected from different areas of Basra province. The aim of this study is to identify the animal species from their meat except camels by targeting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) through PCR - RFLP technique. DNA is extracted from the tissue of meat (0.2)g and blood using kit (invitrogen). With regard to the purity of DNA sample used in this study it has been measured depending on wave length of 260 - 280 and 1.8 - 2.0 ng DNA concentration.Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the part of the mitochondrial gene (mt COI DNA) by universal primers and to identify the species origin PCR - RFLP technique applied through the use of four restriction enzymes (Ava II, Rsa I, Taq I, Hpa II) that cut according to the following bases of each type of DNA. The results of the current study can be summarize as follows : 1 - PCR product gives the fragment 710 bp in all species for being a universal primers.2 - TaqI enzyme distinguish goats with a fragment of (650) bp, (303 - 403) bp in camels. While it doesn’t distinguish between buffaloes , cow, chicken , turkey meat. As they obtain the same fragment (637) bp when digestion. Whereas, no fragments are obtained from Sheep meat.3 - The enzyme HpaII enables to generate a special file definitions to distinguish all types of meat separately if they yield the fragment of (480) bp in cow, (520) bp in buffaloes, (300 - 410) bp in sheep, (336 - 372) bp in goats, (234 - 333)bp in chicken, (533 - 177) bp in Turkey and (130 - 213 - 246) bp in camels. 4 - Rsa I enzyme generates patterns characteristic for all species except goats and chickens. Whereas, fragments are obtained in sheep (300 - 350) bp, cow (135 - 193 - 337) bp, buffaloes (600) bp, turkey (214 - 481) bp & (130 - 580) bp in camels.5 - AvaII enzyme generates two fragments in buffaloes (600) bp, (224 - 485) bp in camels and (650) bp in Sheep meat

تاثير الرش بالحديد والتسميد الارضي بالبوتاسيوم في نمو وحاصل حنطة الخبز Triticum aestivum L == Effect of Iron foliar applications and Potassium ground Fertilizer on Growth and Yields of bread Wheat Triticum aestivum L.)

Author name: رونق منصور جازع العلوي
Supervisor name: كريم حنون محسن | بهاء الدين محمد محسن
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops
Degree: Master
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during The winter season of 2015 at farmer in Al - Dear district, Alshenana (65 km north of Basra) in a loamy clay soil in order to study the effect of foliar nutrition by iron and potassium fertilization on growth and yield quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) The treatment were the spray of iron in three concentrations (0,40,80 mg Fe L - 1) which were (Fe0, Fe1, Fe2) and four levels of potassium fertilizer (0, 20, 40,60 kg K ha - 1) which were (K0, K1, K2, K3). The statistical system was split plot design in randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) in three replications the main plot was Fe and the sub plot was potassium. The cultivar that was used Bohooth 22 and the total experimental units were 36.The result showed the Increase Fe concentrations caused increased period from culture to 75% flowering, plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area and length of spike. Also, crop content increased and the increase of bio yield and biological yield where the high concentration of Fe produced grain yield 5.86 tons/ha.Potassium fertilizer increased plant height, number of the tillers, flag leaf area and spike length. The high levels of potassium increased yield content which intern increased bio and biological yield. The high level of potassium increased grain yields to 7.01 tons /ha. The interaction between the high Fe and potassium level gave significant effect on most characteristic, the (Fe2k3) caused high grain yield, biological yield content which were 7.17 tons /ha, 13.70 tons /ha.

تقييم المضافات الغذائية في بعض المنتجات الغذائية المحلية ودراسة تاثيراتها الكيميائية والفسلجية والنسيجية في الفئران المختبرية == Evaluation of food additives in some local food products and study their chemical, physiological and histological effects in laboratory mice

Author name: رنا داود سلمان الكامل
Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي | قاسم فوزي عبد الكريم
General topic: Agricultural sciences
Specific topic: Food
Degree: Doctorate
University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture
Language: Arabic
University location: Basrah
First pages:
Abstract: Due to the progressive expansion in the use of chemical additives in food processing associated with absence of quality control and loss of proper application of the international standards of food additives, making human beings exposed to high risks from ingestion of these foods which might be so mild in cases like simple poisoning and more complex like cancers, the present study was performed, which includes four axes : The First Axis : 1 - A questionnaire study of food additives : the results of which indicated that 55.42% of consumers eat packed food continuously, and most of them(61.44%) have no interest in reading the labels on the outside cover of the packaging , despite the fact that 49.39% of them consume it daily.Whereas 51.80% of consumers had no specific knowledge or familiarity about food additives, 54.14% of them do not possess any knowledge about their side effects and 77.10% of them did not know the symbols listed out.2 - A survey of some food products that used sodium benzoate as a preservative in their manufacture. The results indicated that 163 types of food samples contain sodium benzoate, including different products such as soft drinks, canned juices, sherbet, jams, tomato sauce, pickles, ketchup and ambah.3 - A survey of some food products in which sugar enters in their composition, These include 231 products which mentioned the word sugar or artificial sugar within labels on the outside without mentioning its kind .These products include : imported ice cream, jams, candies, soft drinks and diet drinks, cake, sherbet , fruit preserved in sugar solution and biscuits. 4 - A questionnaire study of the market sales of locally made pickles. The results indicated that : 71.79% of consumers frequently ate pickles in large quantities despite the fact that 48.71% of them does not have any information about sodium benzoate preservatives added to some of its , whereas 64.10% of them have no information about its side effects that result from the ingestion of these products beyond the allowable limits. 5 - A questionnaire study for the market sales of locally made ice cream.The results showed that : 77.77% of consumers ingested ice cream in large quantities despite the fact that 63.88% of them did not have any information on the sweetener saccharin added to some of its. While 62.50% of consumers possess no information about the side effects resulting from consumption of products that contain artificial sweeteners used in food processing especially when there is more than the allowablelimit.
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