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تاثير استخدام التبن المعامل بالشرش واليوريا بنسب مختلفة في اداء الحملان العزابية الدكزية == Effect of the Using of Different Rates of Straw Treated with Whey and Urea on the Performance of Male Arabi Lambs

Author name: محمد صبيح مجيد مريوش الساعدي

Supervisor name: عماد فلاح حسن الجاسم

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Zoology

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: The present study was conducted at Animal Farm/College of Agriculture/ University of Basra during 20/11/2014 to 18/2/2015. The aim was to clarify the effect of using straw treated with whey and urea at different levels on some productive and physiological traits of male Arabi lambs. A total of 16 male lambs were used aged 6 - 7 months with an average weight of 30.50±1.65 Kg. the lambs were distributed randomly and equally to four treatments. Concentrate diet included barley (55%), wheat straw (43%), vitamin and minerals (1%), urea (0.5%) and salt NaCl, (0.5%). Lambs were fed at 3% of their live body weight with adjustment depending on body weight change through the study period to every treatment (every two weeks). The residual feed was collected every following morning to measure the consumption feed. Ration of each treatment was as follow : 1 - First treatment : 100% concentrate diet.2 - Second treatment : 90% concentrate+10% straw treated with whey and urea.3 - Third treatment : 80% concentrate+20% straw treated with whey and urea.4 - Four treatment : 70% concentrate+30% straw treated with whey and urea.The studied productive traits were live weight, daily and total growth rates, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio, carcass traits (hot carcassweight, dressing%, cuts weight, carcass offal, internal organs weight, abdominal, heart, kidney, pelvic and tail fat weight with physical dissection of rib cut and measurement of meat, bone and fat%). Organoleptic test included color, flavor, tenderness, juiciness and total acceptance. Blood biochemical traits included total protein, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, serum urea and some hormones as growth and thyroxine hormones. Results can be summarized as follow : 1 - There were significant differences in final body weight and daily and total growth rate of lambs of second group, which was fed 10% treated straw with whey and urea in comparison with other groups.2 - Significant improvement in feed conversion ratio of lambs of 2nd group in comparison with other groups as well as there was an increase in feed consumption of lambs of 2nd and 3rd groups.3 - There were significant differences in hot carcass weights of 2nd group in comparison with other groups as well as dressing% of lambs of control and 2nd group in comparison with other groups.4 - Lack of significant differences among treated groups in the cases of cut weights, weight and % of meat, fat and bone of rib cut, external body offal, internal organs and some body fat depots.5 - Significant differences in tail weight of 2nd group and abdominal fat of 2nd and 4th groups in comparison with other groups were observed.6 - There were significant improvement in some organoleptic test as flavor and total acceptance of groups received straw treated with both 10% or 20% whey and urea in comparison with control group.7 - There was a significant increase in total proteın concentration in blood serum of lambs of 2nd and 3rd group in comparison with other groups. There was also a significant difference in serum urea concentration of lambs of 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups in comparison with control group.8 - Neither signifcant differences were found in cholesterol, glucose, triglyerides nor in growth and throxine hormones among studeid groups.

Author name: علي كريم عنبر عذافة

Supervisor name: عقيل هادي عبد الواحد | ايمان عبد العالي السريح

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Gardening

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture - Department Of Horticulture And Garden Engineering

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

تاثير نظم حراثة التربة وكميات البذار في نمو وحاصل الحنطة (.L Triticum asetivum) والادغال المرافقة == Effect of Tillage System and Sowing Rates on Growth and Yield of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and Associated Weeds Competed With It

Author name: علي عزيز سلمان السعداوي

Supervisor name: علي فرهود ناصر | عبد السلام غضبان مكي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: نفذت تجربة حقلية في احد الحقول الزراعية للمركز الارشادي التابعة لقضاء الغراف (27) كم شمال محافظة ذي قار خلال الموسم الشتوي 2014 - 2015 في تربة ذات نسجه مزيجة غرينية بهدف دراسة تاثير نظم الحراثة وكميات البذار في صفات نمو وحاصل ونوعية الحنطة والادغال المرافقة لها باستعمال ثلاث كميات بذار هي (100، 150، 200) كغم هـ - 1 واربعة نظم حراثة ( نظام بدون حراثة، المحراث المطرحي، المحراث الحفار، المحراث القرصي العمودي ) اشتملت التجربة على 36 وحدة تجريبية ناتجة من التوافق بين عوامل كميات البذار ونظم الحراثة المستعملة، نفذت التجربة وفقا لتصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة وبثلاث مكررات تضمن القطع الرئيسية نظم الحراثة في حين شغلت القطع الثانوية معاملات كميات البذار.اظهرت نتائج الدراسة : 1 - ان استعمال كميات البذار العالية 200 كغم هـ - 1 ادى الى تحسين خواص التربة الفيزيائية، اذ اعطى اقل معدل للكثافة الظاهرية 1,39 ميكاغرام - 3واقل معدل للمقاومة التربة للاختراق393,55 كيلونيوتن م - 2 واعلى معدل للمسامية 48,57%، وادت الى خفض الوزن الجاف للادغال عريضة ورفيعة الاوراق واعطت اقل معدل لهما بلغ 43,62 غم م - 2 و9,39 غم م - 2 بالتتابع، واعلى معدل لارتفاع النبات بلغ 92,8 سم وعدد الاشطاء في النبات بلغ 386,58 شطاء نبات - 1 وعدد السنابل بلغ 333,50 سنبلة م - 2 وحاصل الحبوب بلغ 2,61 طن هـ - 1وللحاصل البايولوجي بلغ 9,12 طن هـ - 1، في حين اعطت كمية البذار المنخفضة اعلى معدل لمساحة ورقة العلم بلغ 22,03 سم2 وطول السنبلة بلغ 7,97 سم وعدد الحبوب في السنبة بلغ 61,64حبة السنبلة - 1ووزن 1000 حبة بلغ 31,41 غم واعلى معدل النسبة المئوية للبروتين بلغ 14,76 % .2 - اثر نظم الحراثة المستعملة في تحسين خواص التربة الفيزيائية بالمقارنة معها قبل الحراثة، اذ بينت النتائج تفوق المحراث المطرحي باعطائه اقل معدل كثافة ظاهرية بلغ 1,33ميكاغرام م - 3 ومقاومة التربة للاختراق بلغ 335,95 كيلونيوتن م - 2 واعلى معدل للمسامية 50,6%، وكذلك تفوق المحراث المطرحي باعطائه اعلى معدل ارتفاع بلغ 91,59 سم وعدد الاشطاء في النبات بلغ 403,56 شطاء نبات - 1 ومساحة ورقة العلم بلغ 23,56 و21,16 سم2 وطول السنبلة بلغ 8,48 سم وعدد السنابل في متر المربع بلغ 367,00 سنبلة م - 2وعدد الحبوب في السنبلة بلغ 59,24 حبة سنبلة - 1وصفة وزن 1000 حبة بلغ 59,24 غم وحاصل الحبوب 3,10 طن هـ - 1 والحاصل البايولوجي بلغ 10,69 طن ه - 2والنسبة المئوية للبروتين 15,19 % في حين اعطى نظام بدون حراثة اقل معدل للوزن الجاف للادغال عريضة ورفيعة الاوراق بلغ 27,97 و12,49غم م - 2 على التوالي. 3 - اظهرت النتائج حصول تداخل بين معاملات كميات البذار ونظم الحراثة المستعملة في اغلب الصفات المدروسة ما عدا الصفات الفيزيائية للتربة والوزن الجاف للادغال رفيعة الاوراق وصفة عدد السنابل في المتر المربع ووزن 1000 حبة، وبينت نتائج الدراسة ان استعمال اعلى كمية بذار مع المحراث المطرحي اعطى اعلى معدل لحاصل الحبوب 4,04 طن ه - 1 | A field experiment was conducted on extension center station at Ai - Qraf zone in Thi - Qar cover orate during winter of seasone 2014 - 2015 in salty loam soil to study the effect of sowing rate and plowing system on growth characters and yield of wheat used IPA - qq Variety and study consist of three sowing rates : 100, 150, 200 K/h, and four plowing systems included no tillage, mold Plough, sub soil plowing and dices plowing. The study included 36 treatments as combined between the two factors and conducted as factored experiments in split blocks with three replicates and the results showed that : 1 - Used high sowing rates caused to improvement soil properties and reduced values of bulk density and total porosity and also reduced dry weight of narrow and broad leaved weeds which reached 43.62g/m - 2 , 9.93 g/m2 as respectively and gave high mean of plant height reached 92.8cm, height numbers of tillers parameter square and number of spikes/m2 reached 333.5 and high yield of grains 2.61 t/h - 1 and gave high biological yield 9.12 t/h - 1 while law sowing rates gave high average of flag leaf area reached 22.03cm2 and high number of grain per spike reached 61.64 and mean of weight of 1000 grains which was31.41 g and high protein percent reached 14.76.2 - The plowing system that used in the experimental caused to improve physical soil properties compared to its values before plowing and the mould plough was the best among all four plowing system that included in the study also this system of plowing gaveAbstracthigh plant height reduced 91.59cm and high mean of tillers per meter, high average of flag leaf area 23.59cm2, also high spike length reached 8.48cm, high number of spike/m - 2 reached 367 and high number of gains per spike which was 39.59 and weight of 1000 grains reached 3.1t/h - 1, and biological yield reached 10.69t/h - 1 and also high protein percent reached 15.19 while the no tillage system caused to reduce dry weight of both weed plants which was 27.97, 12.49 g/m - 2 respectively.3 - The results also showed that the interaction between sowing rates and plowing systems caused improvement of plant characteristics and reduced dry weight of narrow weeds and number of spike/m - 2 weight of 1000 grains and had no affect on physical soil properties.the treatment of high sowing rates with mould plough gave high grain yield reached 4.04t/h - 1.

تاثير الاحلال الجزئي او الكلي للحنطة المخمرة محل الذرة الصفراء في بعض الصفات الانتاجية والفسلجية لفروج اللحم == Effect of Replaced Partial or Complete Fermented Wheat Instead of Corn on some Productive and Physiological Traits of Broiler Chicks

Author name: علي جبر حمود علي الحميداوي

Supervisor name: عبد الله عبد المنعم محمد | جعفر محمد جاسم

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Zoology - Nutrition

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: This study included four experiments, two test laboratory experiments and two field experiments. The first experiment involved the use of laboratory quantities of inoculums dose and different periods of fermentation on the local wheat fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Iraqi probiotic and rumen liquor to obtain the best percentage of crude protein with less fiber content between different fermentation methods. The seconds experiment depended of the best results of the first experiment and re - fermentation process with the addition of urea by 2% to provide a source of nitrogen for use by microorganisms to protein syntheses. The first field experiment was to see the effect of substitution of fermented wheat with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Iraqi probiotic and rumen liquor partially or completely replace corn in diets on the productivity of broiler chickens. Digestion experiment was to determine the proportion of digested crude protein and crude fiber in the various diets also conducted. In this experiment 360 unsexed chicks of broiler class (Ross 308) is distributed over eight treatment by 3 replicates per treatment (15 chicks for replicate) as follows. T1 and T2 : diets control with or without antibiotic respectively; T3 and T4 : substitution partial and complete of fermented wheat with Saccharomyces cerevisiae; T5 and T6 : substitution partial and complete of wheat fermented by Iraqi probiotic; T7 and T8 : treatment replace partial and complete rumen liquor fermented wheat. As the second field experiment designed to study the replacement of wheat fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Iraqi probiotic and rumen liquor with urea partially or completely replace corn in diets on the productive performance of broiler chickens as well as digest it conducted a second test after the end of the second field experiment. In this experiment, A 450 chicks were used and distributed over 10 treatments each with three replicates (15 chicks for replicate)Btreatments are : T1 and T2 partial and complete replacing of wheat without urea instead of corn, respectively (controls); T3 and T4 partial and complete replacing of wheat with urea instead of corn, respectively (controls); T5 and T6 partial and complete replacing of wheat fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae with urea instead of corn, respectively; T7 and T8 partial and complete replacing of wheat fermented by Iraqi probiotic with urea instead of corn, respectively; T9 and T10 partial and complete replacing of wheat fermented by rumen liquor with urea instead of corn, respectively. The current studies included the following results : The first laboratory experiment : Fermented wheat by Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the amount of inoculums get 2 gm. - 1 Kg of wheat and 14 days fermentation period the archieved highest percentage in crude protein, followed by treatment of the fermented wheat rumen liquor with the amount of inoculums dose of 4 ml. Kg - 1 wheat and fermentation period of 14 days and then the treatment of Iraqi probiotic fermented wheat 5 gm. Kg - 1 and fermentation period of 21 days to access to 14.64% ,14.43% and 13.59%, respectively, in the treatment of non - fermented wheat recorded of 11.59% crude protein.The second laboratory experiment : The seconds experiment depended three of the best results of the first experiment (Fermented wheat by Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the amount of inoculums get 2 gm. - 1 Kg of wheat and 14 days fermentation period, fermented wheat by rumen liquor with inoculums dose of 4 ml. Kg - 1 wheat and fermentation period of 14 days and fermented wheat by Iraqi probiotic 5 gm. Kg - 1 and fermentation period of 21 days) re - fermentation process with the addition of urea by 2%.CThe first field experience : fermented wheat treatments by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Iraqi probiotic and rumen liquor increased significantly (P≤0.05) the live body weight, total weight gain, accumulative feed intake, economic figure, percentage of bone ash, villi height, ratio of villi height to crypt depth of the intestine, number of red blood cells, percentage of hemoglobin as well as the level of calcium and cholesterol in serum recorded significant decrease in favor of fermentation treatments were favorable results for the benefit of the treatment of substitution of wheat fermented by rumen liquor (T8) significantly (P≤0.05) was showen in protein and fibers digestibility in T7 and T8. While no significant defferances recorded in feed conversion ratio, viability, dressing percentage, organs weight, sensory characteristics, intestinal length and crypt depth were not different among all including the control.The second field experiment : The results showed that there were significant increases in final live body weight, total weight gain of T5, and accumulative feed intake for the T6 group, while T10 recorded the best conversion ratio, also T9 and T10 recorded the best economic figure, dressing percentage, percent of hemoglobin and packed cell volume. and Femur bone. As well as best protein and fibers digestibility were recorded as compared with control. Six treatment was showed the best results in blood serum ELISA titer against for Newcastle disease, infection bursa disease, Avian influenza and Bronchitis while non significant difference showed in viability, gizzard and proventiculus percent

التشكل الوراثي لجيني اللاكتوفرين والبرولاكتين وعلاقته بانتاج الحليب ومكوناته واداء الحملان قبل الفطام في النعاج العرابية == Relationship between Lactoferrin and Prolactin Genes Polymorphism and Milk Yield and its Components and Pre - weaning Lambs Performance of Arabi Ewes

Author name: علي جاسم عبد الرضا

Supervisor name: اسعد يحيى عايد | سمير اسطيفان حنا

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Zoology - Education

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Polymorphism analysis of lactoferrin and prolactin genes and its relationship with milk yield and its components and birth, weaning weight and growth rate before weaning were studied. DNA was extracted from 77 blood samples of Arabi ewes (21 ewes from Animal Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah and 56 ewes from Animal Farm, College of Agriculture, University of Al - Muthana). Lactoferrin genotypes were determined by using Hind III restriction enzyme, those of prolactin by Hae III enzyme at Genetic Engineering Laboratory/ College of Agriculture/ University of Basrah and College of Animal Resources/ Mullah Thani University/ Islamic Republic of Iran. Milk yield was measured once a week from 52 ewes belong to Animal Farm/ College of Agriculture/ University of Al - Muthana. Samples were chemically analyzed. Birth and weaning weight were recorded as well as growth rate before weaning during a period of 1/2/2013 to 31/12/2013. Results revealed the following : 1 - The possibility of amplifying both genes and get two alleles for each and three genotypes of the lactoferrin gene (AA and AB and BB) and two genotypes (AA and AB) of the prolactin gene.2 - Prolactin and lactoferrin A allele frequencies were 0.94 and 0.66 respectively. AA genotypes frequency was 0.88 and 0.52; AB 0.12 and 0.29 and BB 0.00 and 0.19 of prolactin and lactoferrin genes respectively. population was at equilibrium for prolactin gene, but was not in lactoferrin gene.3 - Heterozygosity levels were 11.69% and 28.57% for prolactin and lactoferrin genes respectively. inbreeding coefficients (Fis) were - 0.05 and 0.345 for both genes respectively. University of Basrah and Al - Muthana herds showed very high genetic correlation (0.999).4 - The overall means of total and daily milk yields and lactation length were 61.13±2.76 kg, 0.582±0.04 kg and 104.75±1.95 days respectively. Ewe age and lamb sex did not significantly influence the above traits. However, ewes lambed during February exceeded thoselambed in September by daily milk yield (0.661 vs 0.577 kg) and lactation period (110.00 vs 100.00 days).5 - The overall means of total fat, protein and SNF and their percentages were 2.65 Kg and 4.33%, 2.5kg and 4.11% and 11.98% respectively. Only SNF was significantly influenced by ewes age and lamb age.6 - The overall means of birth and weaning weights and pre - weaning daily growth rate were 4.48±0.39 kg, 21.21±0.89 kg and 161.71±8.47 gm./day respectively. Lambs birth weight was significantly influenced by ewes age, ewes aged 4 and 5 years got heavier lambs than those aged 1 and 3 years.7 - Lactoferrin genotypes significantly affected protein and total solids not fat, as AA genotype exceeded the other genotypes. Fat of AA, AB and BB genotypes were 2.85, 2.23 and 2.63 kg respectively. while values of SNF were 7.24, 5.78 and 7.51 respectively.8 - There was arithmetic increase (not significant) in all traits for the AB genotype over AA genotype of prolactin gene.9 - Allele B of prolactin gene positively and significantly influenced most trait. It shared about 75% of each trait variation. That of lactoferrin gene shared about 25% only.10 - Heritability of SNF% and quantity was high (0.652 and 0.666 respectively). Those of birth weight and growth rate were medium (0.309 and 0.346). All other traits had low heritability.11 - Highest value of BLUP was recorded for daily milk yield, total milk yield and adjusted milk yield for 150 days (0.032, 3.072 and 2.220 kg respectively). The lowest values were - 0.021, - 2.071 and 0.00 kg respectively. Their ranges were 0.053, 5.143 and 2.220 kg respectively.12 - The lowest value of BLUP of fat%, protein% and SNF% were - 1.724, - 2.448 and - 4.565% respectively. the highest values were 2.058, 2.466 and 3.764% respectively with a range of 3.782, 4.914 and 8.329% respectively.13 - The lowest values of BLUP of birth and weaning weight and growth rate were 3.00 kg, 19.9 kg and - 1.20 g/day, the highest were 5.5 kg, 23.45 kg and 1.03 g/day with ranges 2.5 kg, 3.86 kg and 2.23 g/day respectively.14 - Breeding values of prolactin AB genotype of all studied traits exceeded those of AA genotype. However, those of lactoferrin AB and BB genotypes exceeded those of AA genotypes.

التعبير الجيني ووفرة نسخ mRNA لجينات نقل العناصر الغذائية في الامعاء الدقيقة لفروج اللحم باختلاف مستوى الطاقة والبروتين في العليقة == Gene Expression and mRNA Abundance of Nutrients Transporter Genes in The Small Intestine of Broiler of Different Levels of Protein and Energy in Diets

Author name: علي احمد عبد الكریم ابراهیم العامري

Supervisor name: اسعد یحیى عاید | عبد لله عبد المنعم

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Zoology

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: This study was conducted in both Poultry Farm/Animal Resources Department/ College of Agriculture / University of Basra and laboratories of Molecular Biology/ London/ United Kingdom (The Molecular Oncology Unit Laboratories of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospital/ Kings College London/ UK). Molecular analysis of the samples and the detection of a number of gene expression of several feed transporter genes in the small intestine of broiler chickens when fed diets with different levels of energy and protein. A total of 225 unsexed one day old broiler chicks (Ross breed) were randomly distributed on five experimental treatments each with three replicates of 15 chicks. Feeding was ad libitum during the whole period of experiment that lasted 35 days.The first treatment was control with 22.3 and 20 % crude protein and 2910 and 3001 kcal/kg for starter and growth period respectively. The second treatment consisted 24.1 and 22 % crude protein and 2920 and 2978 kcal/kg for starter and growth period respectively. The third treatment consisted 20 and 18 % and 2898 and 2996 kcal/ kg for starter and growth period respectively. The fourth treatment consisted 21.9 and 20 % and 3107 and 3199 kcal/ kg for starter and growth period respectively. The fifth treatment consisted 22.2 and 20 % and 2720 and 2800 kcal/ kg for starter and growth period respectively. The results revealed the followings : - The study showed the ability to amplify all genes and find their abundance according to their primers. - The highest value of APN gene abundance of female in the duodenum (1.86 ng) fed diet with 22 % cp and 3199 kcal/kg ME. - Highest abundance (6.19 ng) of Pept1 mRNA showed by males in their jejunum, when fed a diet consisted 22 % cp and 3199 kcal/kg ME. - The greatest value of b - AT and CAT2 amino acids transporter genes effect was revealed by males fed diet with 22 % cp and 3001 kcal/kg ME. - Females fed 20 % cp and 3199 kcal/kg ME diets reordered highest SGLT1 gene expression (4.70ng) within their ileum. - Males fed 20 % cp and 3199 kcal/kg ME diets reordered highest GLUT5 gene expression (6.37 ng) within their ileum. - All genes associated positively and significantly with body weight, growth rate, carcass cuts percentages (legs, breast, intestine length and weight) at the age of 35 days and negatively with feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. - Amino acid and peptides transporter genes abundance improved with an increase in diet protein, that of saccharide transporter improves with the increase of ME level in the diets. - Male gave higher mRNA copies of most genes in comparison with females, except that of SGLT1 and NPA which increased in females. - It is possible to manipulate nutrient transporter gene expression by feeding. That may reflect on birds performance.

مقارنة عزلات مختلفة من الفطر Rhizoctonia solani Kühn باستخدام تقنيات الوراثة الجزيئية وبعض المعايير المظهرية والفسلجية

Author name: علاء محمد رشا عبد الامير الرديني

Supervisor name: محمد عامر فياض | طالب احمد جايد

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Diseases

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: This study had been carried out at Plant Protection Department and Genetic Engineering Labs of Agricultural College / Basrah University, while pots experiments were carried out at fields of Agricultural College / Basrah University. The present study included a comparison experiments of different Rhizoctonia solani isolates depending on molecular genetic techniques alongside with morphological and physiological parameters, host range and anastomosis groups identification.Thirty two different isolates of R. solani have been isolated from several host plants from several plant families throughout different geographical areas at Basra governorate. Result of pathogenicity test revealed that the majority of R. solani isolates caused a significant reduction in the germination percent of cabbage seeds, the isolates of Rs5, Rs16 and Rs19 were found to be more pathogenic and led to complete inhibition of germination, hence, the other isolates varied in their effect on seed germination percent and reported the range of 3.3 - 66.7 %, while, the isolate of BRs15 (binucleate isolate) did not show any significant effect on seeds germination compared to control (untreated) treatment (100%). According to pathogenicity test results, the most pathogenic isolates (Rs2, Rs5, R9, Rs16, Rs27 and Rs29) were selected for more followed experiments.Morphological analyses of R. solani isolates elucidated a profound difference among these isolates, the colony color was dark brown with the Rs9 isolate, light brown at the Rs16, while it was cream at the Rs2, Rs5, and Rs27, a white color with light brownish color was observed with the isolates of Rs29. The growth patterns at the medium supplemented with Potassium Chlorat showed that the isolates of Rs5, Rs9, Rs27 and Rs29 were sensitive to chlorate, while, the isolates of Rs2 and Rs16 were resistant to Chlorate. Regaling the effect of temperature on the growth of R. solani, it was found that the optimal growth temperature was at 25 °c for all examined isolates, while no growth was observed for all isolates at the temperature of 10 and 40 °c. The best pH values for growth supporting were 6 and 7 for all examined isolates.Anastomosis group analysis revealed the occurrence of anastomosis among the isolates of Rs5, Rs16, Rs27 and Rs29 with the standard isolate AG2, this confirms that these isolates belong to the group AG2, while the anastomosis between the two isolates Rs2 and Rs9 with standard isolate AG2 did not happen, therefore these isolates belong to a different group. Microscopic observation revealed theBoccurrence of more than two nuclei in each cell of examined isolates the average of nuclei number was 4 - 8 nucleus / fungal cell, while the number of binucleate isolate BRs15 exhibition two nuclei / fungal cell.The DNA extraction experiments for R. solani isolates (Rs2, Rs5, Rs9, Rs16, Rs27, Rs27, Rs30 and AG2) revealed the efficiency of CTAB procedure to get a high DNA yield and that it’s a good quality, as indicated results of measuring the concentration of DNA isolates it was good quantity amount (197.9 - 560.4 ng / μl) was obtained by following this procedure. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) results showed that all DNA of examined R. solani isolates were amplified by employing different RAPD primers, also each genetic primer succeeded in differentiation among isolates, as showed the polymorphic bands and monomorphic bands.The results of restriction fragment length polymorphism technique (RFLP) using RS1 and RS4 primers showed that the bands size for R. solani isolates obtained between 500 - 522 bp, restriction technique results using enzymes AvaII, HincII, MseI and MunI showed that Rs2 isolate belong to the group AG1 - IB, while Rs5, Rs16, Rs27, Rs29 and the standard isolate (AG2) belong to the group AG2 - 2, while Rs9 isolate belongs to group AG11 so Rs30 isolate belongs to group AG3 - PT.Result of host range of R. solani isolates showed a significant differences in the host preference, the isolates of Rs2 was able to infect all plant hosts except okra plant, while Rs5, Rs16, Rs27 and Rs29 were able to induce the infection on marshmallow, okra, cowpea, cotton and eggplant, no infections were reported on the host of melon and wheat plants, regarding R. solani isolate Rs9 an infection was observed on marshmallow, wheat and cotton, while no infection was noticed on melon, okra, cowpea and eggplant.Results of binucleate R. solani isolates role in protection of cotton plant from the infection with R. solani, revealed their protective role, the pathogenic effect of R. solani was significantly reduced, the germination percents were increased with BRs15 treatment reached 83.3, 86.7, 93.3, 83.3 and 90% at the treatments of Rs2, Rs5, Rs9, Rs16 and Rs27 respectively, without any significant difference with control treatment (93.3%). The highest germination percent was observed at BRs15 treatment with Rs29 and reported the percent of 96.7 %. Similar results were observed with damping - off percent of cotton plant, which proved the significant efficiency of binucleate isolate in their protection against all examined R. solani pathogenic isolates.

استخلاص مضادات الاكسدة بمساعدة الموجات الدقيقة من اليرون حبة القمح وجنينها ونخالتها ودراسة تاثيرها في الصفات الريولوجية للعجين == Extraction of Antioxidant with Assisted Microwave from Aleuron Wheat Grain, Germ and Bran and Study its Impact in the Rheological Properties of Dough

Author name: علاء محمد صالح مجيد المسافر

Supervisor name: علي احمد ساهي | علي خضير جابر الركابي

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Food

Degree: Doctorate

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate and test the activity of three essential parts of wheat seed Aleurone, germ and bran which were used as secondary products from grinding grain to feed animals. diversity solvents (distilled water, chloroform, hexane, ethanol, methanol) were applied to extract the bioactive compounds by both traditional and modern extractions.The total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, reducing power, metal chelating, and scavenging of hydrogen peroxidase were determined for all three essential parts of wheat. The stability of the extracts was studied toward temperature and pH at the interval time. In addition, the synergistic effect of the extracts was studied by mixing with different concentrations of ascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol. The extracted compounds were identified using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC - Mass).The ethanol extraction of wheat germ had the highest antioxidant activity, so it was chosen to prevent oxidation in the corn oil. Moreover, the ethanol extractions for germ, bran and Aleurone were added to wheat flour (80 % extraction) in order to study their effects as improvers in the rheological properties of wheat flour dough. The results were as follows : 1 - The microwave - assisted extraction for 40 sec was able to extract the highest level of phenolic compounds from wheat germ compared toconventional extraction conditions. The total phenolic compounds were 556.6 μg gallic/ml, 426 μg gallic/ml for ethanol and methanol extractions, respectively.2 - The microwave - assisted extraction was able to give the highest antioxidant activity (53%) at concentration of 100 mg/ml from ethanolic wheat germ extraction compared to synthetic antioxidant BHT ( 92 %). In addition, the wheat germ had the highest reducing power (163.88 %) at concentration of 5 mg/ml , while the percentage of reducing power for both ethanolic extraction of Aleurone and ethanolic extraction of wheat bran were 112.63 % and 79.68 %, respectively. In contrasts, all of above extractions had lowest reducing power compared to BHT and alpha tocopherol 249.8 % and 223.5 % respectively at the same concentration. Moreover, the wheat Grem had the highest percentage for both Ferrous chelating and scavenging of hydrogen peroxidase.3 - Ethanolic extracts of Aleurone, bran and germ have a higher antioxidant activity in natural pH while decreased when treated with acid and alkaline. In addition, the ethanolic wheat germ was able to give the highest antioxidant activity at 100°C for 100 min wich read 62.2% compared to others and gave synergistic effect for bothascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol exhibited 91.90 % of antioxidant activity at concentration 60 mg/ml.4 - Identification of ethanolic and methanolic extract using GC/MS showed presence of bioactive compounds such as ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, phytosterol compounds, Isoeugenol and alkylresorcinols5 - Ethanolic extracts of germ with concentration 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 mg/g was added to corn oil in order to compared with BHT 0.05% and stored at 45°C for 28 days, the result showed that the ethanolic wheat germ at 0.25 mg/g had the ability to decrease the hydrogen peroxide for the corn oil 6.8 meq/kg at end of stored time compared BHT (0.05 %) 4.3 meq/kg at the same conditions.6 - The ethanolic Aleurone extraction possessed a positive effect on the rheological properties when it was added as improvers to the wheat flour ( 80 % extraction). The dough consistency was 6.7 min, which considered highest reading among all treatments. In addition, the recorded elastic index was 3.2, 2, and 1.8 at interval times 45, 90, 135 min, respectively.

تاثير الرش بالجبرلين والمنغنيز في نمو وحاصل ونسبة البروتين لمحصول الماش Vigna radiata L. == Effect of spraying by Gibberellin and manganese on growth yield and quality of mung bean(Vigna radiata L).

Author name: علاء صبري فضالة الازيرجاوي

Supervisor name: كريم حنون محسن

General topic: Agricultural sciences

Specific topic: Plant - Field Crops

Degree: Master

University: University Of Basrah - Faculty Of Agriculture

Language: Arabic

University location: Basrah

First pages:

Abstract: Field experiment executed during 2016 autumn season in farmers' fields in the AL - Aufia district southwest of Missan province ( about 3 km from city center) in Silty loam soil. The objective of the study was to know the effect of sprayed of gibberellin and manganese on growth, yield and protein percentage of Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.).The experiment executed in split - plot in (R.C.B.D) design with three replicates, main plot were include three gibberellin concentration ( 0 , 100and200 mg GA3wq L - 1) , While sub plot were include three concentration of manganese (0, 50and100mg Mn L - 1) the local variety of Mung bean was used, the experiment include 27 experimental units, area of each units(3×3)m.The stude include following characteristics : Number of days from planting to maturity ,plant height(cm), number of leaves(leaf plant - 1), number of branches, leaf area(cm2), leaf area index, number of pod plant - 1, number of seed pod - 1, weight of 100 seed(gm), total seed yield(kg ha - 1), percentage and protein yield in seeds(%).The result of the study showed the following : 1 - gibberellin sprayed with concentration 200 mg l1 - caused significant increasing in most of growth characteristics of mung bean (plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area,), and most of yield characteristics (number of pod in plant, number of seed in pod ,total seed yield 865.70 kg ha - 1, percentage and protein yield in seeds ,and sprayed of gibberellin non - significant on weight100seed.2 - Sprayed of manganese with 100 mg L - 1 concentration modify total studied characteristics and gave highest average plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, leaf area index, number of pod in plant, number of seed in pod , total seed yield 898.76 kg ha - 1, percentage and protein yield in seeds.3 - Results also showed a significant Interaction between gibberellin and manganese, the combination of (200 mg GA3 L - 1×100mg Mn L - 1) gave the highest seed yield 1002.66 kg ha - 1 and protein Yield 268.86 Kg ha - 1,the increase of total seed Yield due to most of growth characterists and Yield components.