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التخليق الاخضر لدقائق النحاس والفضة متناهية الصغر باستخدام مستخلصات الكزبرة ودراسة الخصائص الكيموحيوية == Green Synthesis of Copper and Silver Nanoparticles using Coriandrum sativum L. Extracts and Studying their Biochemical properties

Author name: بشائر حسن شاكر الكناني
Supervisor name: لمياء عبد المجيد المشهدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تضمن البحث دراسة المكونات الفعالة في المستخلصات الكحولية (70%) والمائية (الباردة والحارة) للبذور الكزبره التي جمعت من الاسواق المحلية في مدينة الحلة وكان تقنية التخليق الاخضر للجسيمات النانوية للنحاس والفضة فعالة وصديق للبيئه. في الدراسة الحالية تم استخدام بذور الكزبرة Coriandrum sativum L. لتخليق جسيمات النحاس النانويه (CuNPs) والجسيمات الفضة النانوية (AgNPs) التي تم تحضيرها من خلال استخدام محلول مائي من CuSO4 . 5H2O (2mM) واستخدام محلول مائي من AgNO3 مع مستخلصات البذور (المائية والكحولية ٪70) من بذور نبات الكزبره Coriandrum sativum L.التي تعتبر عامل مختزل طبيعي ومستقروقد استدل على تحضير الدقائق النانوية بشكل اولي من تغيير اللون في التفاعل. شخصت الجسيمات النانوية باستخدام مطيافية الاشعة فوق البنفسجية بمدى nm (400 - 500) ، حيود الاشعة السينية XRDو المجهر الالكتروني الماسح SEM . تم دراسة الظروف المثلى جسيمات النحاس النانوية , فقد اجريت العديد من التجارب للوصول للضروف الفضلى للتحضير في ظروف مختلفة حيث كانت تركيز ايون النحاس mM 2 ودرجة الحموضة (9.8) درجة الحرارة (70 oC)، ووقت التفاعل ( 30دقيقة)، وزن بذور الكزبره (15غم)في 50 مل من الماء منزوع الايونات وتحديد نسبة مستخلص االكزبرة الى كبريتات النحاس خماسيه الماء (1 : 3و4 : 1) اما الظروف المثلى لتخليق الجسيمات الفضة النانوية، اجريت التجارب في ظروف مختلفة هي تركيز ايون الفضة mM 1 ودرجة الحموضة (8)، ودرجة الحرارة (C 600)، ووقت التفاعل ( 25دقيقة)، وزن بذور الكزبره (15غم) للمستخلص الايثانولي و5 غم للمستخلص المائي وال15 غم للمستخلص الحار والبارد في 50مل من الماء منزوع الايونات وتحديد نسبة المستخلص الى نترات الفضة (1 : 1) وقد تم ملاحظة افضل جسيم نانوي من خلال المعلومات المستنتجة من قبل طيف الاشعة فوق البنفسجية المرئي الطيفي بين مختلف الجسيمات النانوية بتحديد الظروف المثلى . تم دراسة فعالية الكبح للمستخلصات وجسيمات النحاس والفضة النانوية باستخدام حامض الاسكوربيك كمركب قياسي. وتبين النتائج ان المستخلص الكحولي يعطي نسبة عالية من الكبح مقارنة مع المستخلصات المائية لانه اختزال عدد الجزيئات الـ DPPH يرتبط مع عدد مجموعات الهيدروكسيل الموجودة . تم دراسه فعاليه كبح جذور الهيدروكسيل والبروكسيد ومضادات الاكسده والفعاليه البايلوجية للبكتريا والفطريات للمستخلصات النباتية والجسمات النانوية ووجد ان المستخلص الايثانولي يعطي افضل نتيجة اما دقائق الفضة النانوية المحظرة من المستخلص االبارد تعطي افضل نتيجة ودقائق النحاس المحظرة من المستخلص البارد تعمل على كبح الجذور الحره بشكل افضل مقارنة بدقائق النحاس النانوية المحظرة الاخرى . كذلك تم دراسة النشاط المضاد للبكتيريا والفطريات للمستخلص الكحولي والمستخلصات المائية والجسيمات النانوية المحظرة من المستخلصات باستخدام اربعة انواع من البكتيريا المختلفة التي هي موجبة لصبغة كرام : Staphylococcus and المعزوله من عنق الرحم Streptococcus وسالبة لصبغة كرام : Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas باستخدام طريقة الانتشار بالطبق. اما نوع الفطرية هو المبيضات candida المعزوله من اقدام الرياضيين | In present study, the seeds of Coriandrum sativum L. were used for synthesing of copper (CuNPs) nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) that's formed by using an aqueous solution of CuSO4•5H2O (2mM) for CuNPs and using an aqueous solution of(1mM) AgNO3for AgNPs with the seed extracts (aqueous and ethanolic 70%) of Coriandrum s. as reducing and stabilizing agents, and the change of color solution assures the formation of copper and silver nanoparticles. UV - Visible scanning revealed qualitative formation of CuNPs and AgNPs characteristic absorption peak in the range of 400 - 500 nm. The optimum condition for new nanoparticles of copper and silver synthesis was studied To study the optimum factors for copper nanoparticles synthesis, the experiments were carried out in different conditions are copper ion concentration (0.5 ,1 ,2 and 2.5 m M), pH (9.8) temperature (70°C), time of rection (30 min), C. Sativum concentration (15g) in 50 mL deionized water and the C. Sativum extract to copper sulfate pentahydrate water ratio (1 : 4) and (1 : 3). To study the optimum considerations for silver nanoparticles synthesis, the experiments were carried out in different conditions are silver ion concentration (1 m M), pH (7), temperature (60°C), time of reaction (25 min), C. Sativum concentration (5g and15g) in 50 mL deionized water and the ratio of seed C. Sativum extract to silver nitrate ratio (1 : 1). The study of these parameters was observed by UV - Visible spectrophotometer and compare between different nanoparticles to investigate the best one on preparing optimum conditions. Determining some antioxidant parameters such as total antioxidant, Free radical scavenging activity, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity, anti - bacterial activity and antifungal show the ethanolic extract and CuNPs for cold extract and AgNPs for cold extract is better than other sample. Evaluating the anti - bacterial activity and antifungal of copper and silver nanoparticles extracts on some types of gram positive bacterial strains : Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus and gram negative : Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas auroginosa, the Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas insolated from the cervix high vaginal swabs. Type of fungal is candida the type of fungi candida which insolated from the feet of sportsmen

الدور الوقائي والعلاجي لفيتاميني C وE على الاجهاد التاكسدي المستحث بواسطة الصبغتين الغذائيتين E102و E122 في ذكور الجرذان == Prophylactic and Protective roles of Vitamin C and E on Oxidative Stress Induced by Food Additives E102 and E122 in Male Rats

Author name: علي نوري فجر المحنة
Supervisor name: لمياء عبد المجيد المشهدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: صممت هذا الدراسة لمعرفة تاثير صبغتي الكارمويسين (E122) والتترازين (E102) على بعض المعايير الفسلجية لذكور الجرذان والمتضمنة قياس مستوى فعالية الانزيمات المضادة للاكسدة (SOD وGST وGPx) والحالة التاكسدية (MDA وNO وT - AOC) وانزيمات الكبد (AST وALT وALP) وتراكيز اليوريا Urea والكرياتينين Creatinine ومستويات الكوليسترول Cholesterol والدهون الثلاثية Triglycerides والبروتينات الدهنية عالية الكثافة HDL - c وواطئة الكثافة LDL - c فضلا عن قياس التعبير الجيني لانزيم GSTmu, كما تضمنت الدراسة الجانب النسجي لمقاطع الكبد والكلى والمعدة والامعاء للحيوانات المذكورة بهدف التحقق من الدور الايجابي المحتمل لفيتاميني C وE في التقليل من التاثيرات السلبية للصبغات المذكوره اعلاه.نفذت الدراسة في البيت الحيواني التابع لقسم علوم الحياة/ كلية التربية/ جامعة القادسية ضمن المدة (1/ 11/ 2015) وحتى (1/ 3/ 2016)؛ اذ اشتملت على تجربتين الاولى منها ضمت 66 ذكرا من الفئران البيض الناضجة جنسيا وباوزان تراوحت بين (25 - 30) غم واستعملت بغرض تحديد الجرعة المميتة لنصف عدد الحيوانات (LD50). اما التجربة الثانية فضمت 78 ذكرا من الجرذان البيض البالغة جنسيا وباوزان تراوحت بين (225 - 230) غم ومقسمة عشوائيا الى ثمانية مجاميع بحسب كل صبغة (E122 بتركيز 250 ملغم/ كغم من وزن الجسم وE102 بتركيز 500 ملغم/ كغم من وزن الجسم) فضلا عن فيتامين C بتركيز 50 ملغم/ كغم من وزن الجسم وفيتامين E بتركيز 15 ملغم/ كغم من وزن الجسم, وتم تجريعها عن طريق الفم وكالاتي : • مجموعة السيطرة (C) ضمت 6 حيوانات جرعت بماء الشرب الاعتيادي لمدة شهرين.• مجموعة المعاملة الاولى (G1) : ضمت 6 حيوانات جرعت بفيتامين C لمدة شهرين.• مجموعة المعاملة الثانية (G2) : ضمت 6 حيوانات جرعت بفيتامين E لمدة شهرين.• مجموعة المعاملة (G3E122) : ضمت 6 حيوانات جرعت بصبغة E122 وG3E102 ضمت 6 حيوانات جرعت بصبغة E102 لمدة شهرين. • مجموعة المعاملة (G4E122) : ضمت 6 حيوانات جرعت بفيتامين C لمدة شهرين ومن ثم بصبغة E122 وG4E102 ضمت 6 حيوانات جرعت بفيتامين C لمدة شهرين ومن ثم بصبغة E102 لمدة شهرين اخرين. • مجموعة المعاملة (G5E122) : ضمت 6 حيوانات جرعت بفيتامين E لمدة شهرين ومن ثم بصبغة E122 وG5E102)) ضمت 6 حيوانات جرعت بفيتامين E لمدة شهرين ومن ثم بصبغة E102 لمدة شهرين اخرين.• مجموعة المعاملة (G6E122) : ضمت 6 حيوانات جرعت بصبغة E122 ومن ثم بفيتامين E و((G6E102 ضمت 6 حيوانات جرعت بصبغة E102 لمدة شهرين ومن ثم بفيتامين E لمدة شهرين اخرين. • مجموعة المعاملة (G7E122) : ضمت 6 حيوانات جرعت بصبغة E122 ومن ثم بفيتامين C و(G7E102) ضمت 6 حيوانات جرعت بصبغة E102 لمدة شهرين ومن ثم بفيتامين C لمدة شهرين اخرين. بعد نهاية الفترة المحددة لمعاملة الحيوانات بالتراكيز المختلفة للصبغات والفيتامينات تم وزن الحيوانات ومن ثم تخدريها بمادة الكلوروفورم وسحب الدم منها مباشرة من القلب فضلا عن عزل مصل الدم لاجراء الفحوصات المذكورة اعلاه, بعد ذلك شرحت الحيوانات لغرض تحضير المقاطع النسجية منها, واظهرت النتائج حصول ما يلي : 1 - انخفاض معنوي في مستوى فعالية الانزيمات المضادة للاكسدة (SOD وGST وGPx) والبروتينات الدهنية عالية الكثافة في المجاميع (G3 وG4 وG5) مقارنة مع باقي المجاميع الاخرى.2 - ارتفاع معنوي في مستوى فعالية انزيمات الكبد (AST وALT وALP) ومؤشرات وظائف الكلى (اليوريا والكرياتينين) والكوليسترول والدهون الثلاثية والبروتينات الدهنية واطئة الكثافة في المجاميع (G3 وG4 وG5) مقارنة مع باقي المجاميع الاخرى.3 - ارتفاع معنوي في مستوى فعالية الانزيمات المضادة للاكسدة (SOD وGST وGPx) والبروتينات الدهنية عالية الكثافة وانزيمات الكبد (AST وALT وALP) ومؤشرات وظائف الكلى (اليوريا والكرياتينين) والكوليسترول والدهون الثلاثية والبروتينات الدهنية واطئة الكثافة في المجموعتين (G6 وG7) مقارنة بالمجاميع (G3 وG4 وG5), في حين لم تظهر فروق واضحة عند مقارنتها مع مجموعة السيطرة (C).4 - انخفاض معنوي في التعبير الجيني لانزيم GSTmu في المجاميع (G3 وG4 وG5) مقارنة مع المجموعتين (G6 وG7) التي اعطت ارتفاعا معنويا في التعبير الجيني للانزيم والتي بدورها لم تختلف معنويا مع مجموعة السيطرة (C).5 - تغيرات نسجية مرضية شملت موت وتنخر ونزف في المقاطع الماخوذة من الكبد والكلية والمعدة والامعاء في المجاميع (G3 وG4 وG5) مقارنة مع باقي المجاميع الاخرى التي لم تظهر اختلافات نسجية واضحة فيما بينها. | The current study was designed to determine the effect of carmoisine (122) and tartrazine (102) dyes on some physiological criteria for white rats male and included measuring the level of effectiveness of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GST and GPx), phosphorylation status (MDA, NO and T - AOC), liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), the concentrations of urea, creatinine and the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL); as well as a measure of gene expression for GSTmu enzyme. Also the study included histology to liver, kidneys, stomach and intestines of mentioned animals in order to verify the potentially positive role of vitamins C and E in reducing from the negative effects to above mentioned dyes.The present study was conducted in the animal house of the department of biology/ College of Education/ University of Al - Qadisiyah within the period (1/11/2015) till (30/3/2016); it included on two experiments; the first experiment which included 66 male of sexually mature white mice with weights between (25 - 30) g and is used in order to determine lethal dose of half the number of animals (LD50). The second experiment included 78 male of sexually mature white rats with weights between (225 - 230) g and divided randomly into eight groups according each dye (E122 a concentration of 250 mg/ kg of body weight and E102 a concentration of 500 mg/ kg of body weight) as well about of vitamin C with concentration of 50 mg/ kg of body weight, vitamin E with concentration of 15 mg/ kg of body weight, as follows : • Control group (C) included 6 animals with doses by ordinary drinking water for six weeks.• First treatment group (G1) : 6 animals included with doses by vitamin C for two months.• Second treatment group (G2) : 6 animals included with doses by vitamin E for two months.• treatment group (G3E122) : 6 animals included with doses by E122 and G3E102 6 animals included with doses by E102 dye for two months.• treatment group (G4E122) : 6 animals included with doses by vitamin C for two months and then E122 dye for a two months. and G4E102 animals included with doses by vitamin C for two months and then E102 dye for a two months.• treatment group (G5E122) : 6 animals included with doses by vitamin E for two months and then E122 dye for a two months. and G5E102 animals included with doses by vitamin E for two months and then E102 dye for a two months.• treatment group (G6E122) : 6 animals included with doses by E122 dye for two months and then vitamin E for two months and G6E102 6 animals included with doses by E102 dye for two months and then vitamin E for two months• treatment group (G7) : 6 animals included with doses by E122 dye for two months and then vitamin C for two months and G6E102 6 animals included with doses by E102 dye for two months and then vitamin C for two monthsAfter the end of the period specified for the treatment of animals by different concentrations of the dyes and vitamins taking the weight of animals and then were Anesthetization and blood draw directly from the heart as well as the blood serum were isolation to conduct the all tests listed above, then the animals were anatomy to purpose of the histological sections preparation, and the results showed the following : 1 - A significant decrease in the level of antioxidant enzymes effectiveness (SOD, GST and GPx) and HDL in groups (G3, G4 and G5) compared with the other groups.2 - A significant increase in the level of liver enzymes effectiveness (AST, ALT and ALP) and indicators of kidney function (urea and creatinine), cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL in groups (G3, G4 and G5) compared with the other groups.3 - A significant increase in the level of antioxidant enzymes effectiveness (SOD, GST and GPx), HDL, liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), indicators of kidney function (urea and creatinine), cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL in two groups (G6 and G7) compared with groups (G3, G4 and G5), while did not appear significant differences when compared with the control group (C).4 - A significant decrease of gene expression to GSTmu enzyme in groups (G3, G4 and G5), compared with two groups (G6 and G7), which gave increased significantly in the gene expression of the enzyme, which in turn were not significantly different with the control group (C).5 - Histo - pathological changes were included degeneration, necrosis and hemorrhage in the sections were taken from the liver, kidney, stomach and intestines in groups (G3 and G4 and G5) compared with the other groups that are did not appear histological differences among them.

دراسة العوامل الكيميوحيوية والتنميط الجيني للانزيم المحول للانجيوسين لدى مرضى اعتلال الكلية السكري النوع 2 == Biochemical Study and Angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism of Nephropathy in T2DM Patients

Author name: زينب عباس جواد الطالبي
Supervisor name: حيدر كامل زيدان السعدي | محمود حسين هدوان
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Diabetes is characterized by high levels of blood - glucose resulting from defect insulin hormone secretion or insulin action, or both of them. Chronic high blood - sugar lead to development and failure in many organs in the body such as heart, blood vessels of the eyes, nerves system and kidneys.The Study evaluation of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme - 1 and Angiotensinogen in Type 2 Diabetic patients according to the following steps : it is directed to evaluate Biochemical parameters in type 2 diabetic patients. Measure the levels of some hormones and some parameters. Study the relationships between these hormones and the Biochemical parameters. The association of Angiotensin converting enzyme gene in some hormonal and physiological parameters in type 2 diabetic Iraqi patients. Determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). while the hormones including (Insulin and Erythropoietin) and the physiological parameters (insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, Fasting Blood Glucose; HbA1C; microalbuminuria; systolic and diastolic blood pressure).This case - control study was done in a period of March 2016 to May 2016, from Al - Sadder Medical City in Al - Najaf center for Diabetes and Endocrine. All blood samples of patients were collected in fasting (8 - 10hr.) Number of patients in Diabetes mellitus (DM) type II. Total patients were (n=66), then divided into three groups according to the duration of the disease, the First subgroup (less than 5 years) (n=22), Second subgroup (5 - 10 years) (n=22) and the last subgroup more than 10 years (n=22). The healthy control includes (n=22) subjects, total numbers becomes (88 persons).VISummaryExcluded from this study : Type I diabetes, Females, smokers Patients, random Patient uncontrolled hypertension, alcoholic patients, types of cancer, Hepatitis and Removal of glands. Both groups were subjected to full history including age, BMI, complete clinical examination such as blood pressure measurement. Laboratory measurements including, fasting blood sugar, HbA1C, Microalbuminuria, Insulin hormone, Erythropoietin hormone, Estimation insulinresistance and sensitivity, Extraction DNA from frozen blood for all control and patients then, determination of ACE I/D genotype were done by using PCR technique.The results show significantly Elevation in Microalbuminuria, HbA1c , Fasting blood - sugar, and insulin resistance in nephropathy diabetic type 2 patients compared with healthy control.ACE - 1 enzyme levels have significant increase and lead to the hypertension in the Diabetic patients. There is no relationship between Erythropoietin hormone level and blood pressure deduce that EPO did not raise blood pressure with the patients according to the results of this study, but caused from Angiotensin converting enzyme - 1. The frequency of DD genotype was 21/44 (50%) in patients type 2 more frequent and significant that was significantly higher than that of patient group ID and II with P value =0.036. while there was no significant in ID genotype between patients in group ID 14/44(31%) with p=0.92 and patient in group II genotype 9/44 (20%) with P value=0.07.This study found that DD genotype of ACE gene may be associated with development of diabetic nephropathy among Iraqi patients and this could lead to the prevention and treatment of this complication (Diabetic nephropathy) in Iraqi diabetic patients.

التقدير الطيفي للنايترازيبام وهيدروكلوريد الكلوربرومازين في بعض المستحضرات الصيدلانية باستخدام تفاعلات لونية جديدة == Spectrophotometric Determination of Nitrazepam and Cloropromazine - HCl in some Pharmaceutical Formulations using a new Colorimetric reactions

Author name: سارة محمد علي المطيري
Supervisor name: قاسم حسن كاظم
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: الفصل الاول : تضمن مقدمة عامة عن الادوية والتحاليل الدوائية وبعض المفاهيم الاساسية عن التحليل بالطرق الطيفية المعتمدة على امتصاص الاشعة فوق البنفسجية والمرئية المستعملة في هذا النوع من التحاليل, حيث تضمن البحث على مقدمة عامة عن تفاعلات الازوتة - الاقتران واهميتها في التقدير الطيفي للعديد من المركبات الدوائية, وايضا التفاعلات الخاصة باملاح الدايزونيوم. ومقدمة عن تفاعلات قواعد شف وميكانيكية حدوث هذه التفاعلات, بالاضافة الى تصنيف لقواعد شف حسب المجاميع المانحة. ومقدمه عامة عن دواء النايترازيبام واستعراض للطرق التحليلية المستعملة في تقديره. تضمن البحث ايضا على مقدمة عامة عن تفاعلات الاقتران التاكسدي واهميته في التقدير الطيفي للعديد من المركبات الدوائية واهم العوامل المؤثرة فيها واهم الميكانيكيات المتبعة في هذه التفاعلات. ومقدمة عامة عن مركبات الفينوثايزين وعرضا موجزا لبعض الخواص الكيميائية والاستعمالات الطبية والصيدلانية لمركب الفينوثايزين المدروس هيدروكلوريد الكلوربرومازين (CPZ), واستعراض موجز للطرائق التحليلية المستخدمة في تقدير هذا الدواء.الفصل الثاني : تضمن وصف للاجهزة المستخدمة في الطريقة والمقترحة وكذلك المواد الكيميائية المستخدمة والشركات المصنعة لها, بالاضافة الى طرق تحضير محاليل الادوية والكواشف والحوامض والقواعد والعوامل المؤكسدة والمستحضرات الصيدلانية, بالاضافة الى الطرق القياسية للادوية المستخدمة في الدراسةالفصل الثالث : تضمن وصف طريقتين طيفيتين بسيطة وحساسة لتقدير النايترازيبام في المحلول المائي بعد اختزال مجموعة النايترو (NO2 - ) الموجودة فيه الى مجموعة امين (NH2 - ) باستخدام الزنك وفي الوسط الحامضي, في حالته النقية وفي بعض مستحضراته الصيدلانية, حيث اعتمدت الطريقة الاولى على اقتران النايترازيبام المختزل مع الكاشف العضوي (الثايمول) في الوسط القاعدي, واعطائه صبغة ازو برتقالية مستقرة وذائبة في الماء لها اقصى امتصاص في الطول الموجي (477) نانوميتر. وجد ان الطريقة تتبع قانون بيــر لامبـــرت بمدى تركيز (12 - 0.1) مايكروغرام. مل 1 - , وبمعامل امتصاص مولاري (104×(2.264 لتر.مول1 - .سم1 - , وحساسية ساندل (0.0124) مايكروغرام. سم2 - , وحد كشف (0.02) مايكروغرام. مل1 - , وحد التقدير الكمي (0.072) مايكروغرام. مل 1 - , ومعدل نسبة استرداد (99.52)% , ومعدل الانحراف القياسي النسبي (0.7323)%. اما الطريقة الثانية فاعتمدت على اقتران النايترازيبام المختزل مع الكاشف (بارا - هيدروكسي بنزالدهايد) ليعطي قاعدة شف برتقالية اللون مستقرة وذائبة في الماء لها اقصى امتصاص عند الطول الموجي (484) نانوميتر. وجد ان الطريقة تتبع قانون بيــر لامبـــرت بمدى تركيز (10 - 0.1) مايكروغرام. مل 1 - , وبمعامل امتصاص مولاري (104×(3.14 لتر.مول1 - .سم1 - , وحساسية ساندل (0.0089) مايكروغرام. سم2 - , وحد كشف (0.029) مايكروغرام. مل1 - , وحد التقدير الكمي (0.098) مايكروغرام. مل 1 - , ومعدل نسبة استرداد (99.9)% , ومعدل الانحراف القياسي النسبي (0.579)%. طبقت الطريقتين بنجاح لتقدير النايترازيبام المختزل في المستحضر الصيدلاني والذي كان عبارة عن (حبوب) , اذ وجد ان نتائج الطريقتين تتفق مع المحتوى الاصلي للمستحضرات الصيدلانية ومع نتائج الطريقة القياسية المستعملة في تقدير النايترازيبام, وتم تقييم نتائج الطريقتين المقترحتين من خلال حساب قيم اختباري t وF والتي كانت اقل من القيم الجدولية عند مستوى الثقة 95% مما يدل على ان الطرق المقترحة والطريقة القياسية لا تختلفان بشكل ملحوظ في الدقة والتوافقية. ايضا تضمن الفصل وصف طريقة طيفيه بسيطة وحساسة لتقدير هيدروكلوريد الكلوربرومازين (CPZ) في المحلول المائي بحالته النقية وفي مستحضراته الصيدلانية , تعتمد هذه الطريقة على الاقتران التاكسدي بين الدواء والكاشف العضوي (2,5 - Dimethoxyaniline) واعطاء صبغة زرقاء مستقرة وذائبة في الماء لها اقصى امتصاص عند الطول الموجي (717) نانوميتر. وجد ان الطريقة تتبع قانون بيــر لامبـــرت بمدى تركيز (14 - 0.05) مايكروغرام. مل 1 - , وبمعامل امتصاص مولاري (104×(4.04 لتر.مول1 - .سم1 - , وحساسية ساندل (0.0087) مايكروغرام. سم2 - , وحد كشف (0.024) مايكروغرام. مل1 - , وحد التقدير الكمي (0.082) مايكروغرام. مل 1 - , ومعدل نسبة استرداد (99.94)% , ومعدل الانحراف القياسي النسبي (0.149)%. طبقت الطريقة بنجاح لتقدير هيدروكلوريد الكلوربرومازين في المستحضر الصيدلاني والذي كان عبارة عن (حبوب) , اذ وجد ان نتائج الطريقة تتفق مع المحتوى الاصلي للمستحضرات الصيدلانية ومع نتائج الطريقة القياسية المستعملة في تقدير هيدروكلوريد الكلوربرومازين, وتم تقييم نتائج الطريقة المقترحة من خلال حساب قيم اختباري t وF والتي كانت اقل من القيم الجدولية عند مستوى الثقة 95% مما يدل على ان الطرق المقترحة والطريقة القياسية لا تختلفان بشكل ملحوظ في الدقة والتوافقية. | First chapter includes a general introduction on drugs, pharmaceutical analysis and some basic concepts, based on absorption of ultraviolet and visible light that used in this type of analysis. It had included an introduction to the diazo coupling reaction and its importance in spectrophotometric estimation of many pharmaceutical compounds, as well as the most important factors affecting on the stability. Also include general introduction on Schiff base reactions, the mechanism of this reaction, classification of Schiff base according to the donor groups, general introduction about Nitrazepam (NZP) drug and review of the analytical methods that have been used for the determination of Nitrazepam. Also general introduction about oxidative coupling reaction and its importance in spectrometric determination of many pharmaceutical compounds. Also, the most important mechanisms. General introduction about Chlorpromazine - Hydrochloride (CPZ) drug and review of the analytical methods that have been used for the determination of (CPZ). Second chapter : describes the instruments that have been used in this study, preparation of drugs solutions and their pharmaceutical formulations, also acids, bases and oxidizing agents solutions. And describs the standard methods of these drugs. Third chapter : describes two simple and sensitive methods for the determination of reduced nitrazepam (NZP) in aqueous solution, in its pure state and in pharmaceutical preparations after reducing nitro group ( - NO2) to the amine group ( - NH2) . The first method based on the coupling of reduced (NZP) with organic reagent (Thymol) in alkaline medium to give a stable orange azo - dye soluble in water that has maximum absorption at wavelength (477) nm.Beer's law was obeyed between (0.1 - 12) µg.ml - 1 , a molar absorptivity (2.264 * 104) L.mol - 1.cm - 1 , Sandal's sensitivity (0.0124) µg.ml - 2, the LOD was (0.02) µg.ml - 1 , LOQ was (0.072) µg.ml - 1 , average recovery was 99.52 %, and the average of relative standard deviation was 0.7323 %. The second method depends on coupling of reduced (NZP) with the organic reagent (p - Hydroxybenzaldehyde) to form orange Schiff base soluble in water that has maximum absorption at wavelength (484) nm.Beer's law was obeyed between (0.1 - 10) µg.ml - 1 , a molar absorptivity (3.14 * 104) L.mol - 1.cm - 1 , Sandal's sensitivity (0.0089) µg.ml - 2, the LOD was (0.029) µg.ml - 1 , LOQ was (0.098) µg.ml - 1 , average recovery was 99.9 %, and the average of relative standard deviation was 0.579 %. These two methods were applied successfully for the determination of reduced (NZP) in pharmaceutical formulations (tablets), the analytical results were compared with the claim content of pharmaceuticals and also with the standard method was used for determination of nitrazepam, evaluating the proposed methods results by using F and t - test. It was found results experimental F and t value at 95% confidence level did not exceed the critical values. This means the proposed methods do not differ significally in accuracy and validity with standard method. Also, this chapter described a simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for determination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) based on oxidative coupling reaction between (CPZ) and the reagent (2,5 - dimethoxyaniline) in the presence of oxidizing agent and acidic medium, to form blue complex soluble in water that has maximum absorption at wavelength (717) nm.Beer's law was obeyed between (0.05 - 14) µg.ml - 1 , a molar absorptivity (4.04 * 104) L.mol - 1.cm - 1 , Sandal's sensitivity (0.0087) µg.ml - 2, the LOD was (0.024) µg.ml - 1 , LOQ was (0.082) µg.ml - 1 , average recovery was 99.94 %, and the average of relative standard deviation was 0.149 %. This method was applied successfully for the determination of (CPZ) in pharmaceutical formulations (tablets and injection), the analytical results were compared with the claimed content of pharmaceuticals and also with the standard method was used for determination of (CPZ), evaluating the proposed method results by using F and t - test. It was found results experimental F and t value at 95% confidence level did not exceed the critical values. This means the proposed method do not differ significally in accuracy and validity with standard method

تحضير وتشخيص المركبات النانوية Nb2O5 /CdS ودراسة الامتزاز وفعالية المحفز الضوئي للايونات الفلزية الانتقالية == Synthesis, Characterization of Nb2O5 /CdS Nano Composites, and Study Sorption and Photocatalytic Activity of Transition Metal Ions

Author name: زينة طالب عمران
Supervisor name: ندى يحيى فيروز
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: This study includes preparation of nano composite catalyst Nb2O5\CdS at various ratios by using wet commixing method with changed calcination temperature 200, 500 and 800 ⁰C .The catalysts were characterized using X - rays diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Then used all of these ratio that calcinated at various temperature in degradation procedure of both Co (II) and Cu (II) from their aqueous solutions. It was found that the catalyst with a ratio of ( 0.85 : 0.15) and (0.75 : 0.25), which was calcinated at 800⁰C it’s the best ratios for Co(II) and Cu(II). Removal of Co (II) was examined after optimization of removal conditions, for example, mass of catalyst , pH of mixture, effect of temperature ,effect of concentration of Co (II) and effect of addition hydrogen peroxide . The best conditions for this case were pH=4, 0.1 g , 500ppm and temperature equal to30ºC, 0.1M of H2O2. Activation energy was calculated using Arrhenius plot and it was 26.28 kJ/mol.Study adsorption of Co(II) was examined after ideal of conditions for example effect of mass of catalyst , effect of concentration of Co (II), pH of mixture, effect of temperature . The ideal conditions for this case were 0.1 g , 500ppm , temperature equal to30ºC, pH=4, and. Activation energy was calculated using Arrhenius plot and it was 8.363 kJ.mol - 1Kinetics of this procedure was investigated and it was fitted with the pseudo first order kinetics. In addition to that, adsorption isotherms for this process were applied for both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The obtained results presented that it was agreedIIwith Freundlich adsorption model. Study thermodynamic parameters results exhibited that the negative values of ΔG( - 2.346, - 3.571 , - 4.697 , - 5.259 kJ/mol ) for temperature (15 ,20 ,23 ,30 )oC and the positive ΔH (+55.66kJ/mol) and ΔS (+0.201kJ/mol K) .Removal of Cu (II) was examined after ideal conditions such as mass of catalyst , pH of mixture, effect of temperature , effect of concentration of Cu (II) and effect of addition hydrogen peroxide . The ideal conditions for this case were 0.05 g, 500ppm, 30ºC , pH=3 ,0.1M of H2O2. Activation energy was calculated using Arrhenius plot and it was 9.814 kJ.mol - 1.Study adsorption of Cu (II) was investigated after best of conditions for example effect mass of catalyst , effect of concentration of Co (II),pH of mixture, effect of temperature . The ideal conditions for this case were 0.15 g , 500ppm ,30ºC, and pH=3. Activation energy was calculated using Arrhenius plot and it was 8.866 kJ.mol - 1Kinetics of this process was studied and it was fitted with the pseudo first order kinetics. In addition to that, adsorption isotherms for this procedure were applied for both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The obtained results presented that it was agreed with Freundlich adsorption model. Study thermodynamic parameters results exhibited that the negative values of ΔG( - 3.110, - 3.919, - 5.785 , - 8.300kJ/mol ) for temperature(15 ,20 ,23 ,30) oC and the positive ΔH (+58.42kJ/mol ) and ΔS (+0.213 kJ/mol K ) .

تصميم وحدة حقن جرياني جديدة لتقدير ايون اليوديد وايون الكرومات == Design new flow injection unit for the determination of iodide ion and chromate ion

Author name: زهير صالح عبيد الشافعي
Supervisor name: داخل ناصر طه الزركاني
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: he third chapter contains Several axis's is : The first axis is design FIA unit for determination of chromate ion , and of the work , their components and chosen the Optimum Design .* The second axis included study optimal conditions of system ( effect of flow rate , effect of reaction coil , sample loop , starch loop , calibration curve , reproducibility , dispersion coefficient , sampling rate and dead volume . after fixing the optimum conditions , detection limit ( 5 ppm ) , linearity was over the range of ( 10 ppm - 90 ppm ) and linearity coefficient ( R2 ) was ( 0.999 ) .* The three axis is using the same system in determination iodide ion after change the valve it was best results .* The four axis included study optimum conditions of new system ( effect of flow rate , effect of reaction coil , sample loop , starch loop , calibration curve , reproducibility , dispersion coefficient , sampling rate and dead volume . after fixing the optimum conditions , detection limit ( 3 ppm ) , linearity was over the range of ( 5 ppm - 70 ppm ) and linearity coefficient ( R2 ) was ( 0.9995 ) . also the study calibration curve of chromate in the new system , after fixing the optimum conditions , detection limit ( 3 ppm ) , linearity was over the range of ( 10 ppm - 90 ppm ) and linearity coefficient ( R2 ) was ( 0.998 ) .* The last axis included is study application on the tow system and the difference , system one been applied on aqueous solutions of chromate at ( 50 ppm , 70 ppm ) , system tow been applied on aqueous solution of chromate at ( 50 ppm , 70 ppm ) , Medicine chromium picolinate , aqueous solution of iodide at ( 15 ppm , 25 ppm ) and medicine Boviden iodid 4 %

تحقق نظري لاليات تفاعلات التحلل الضوئي لمركبات الهالوهيدروكربون في طبقة الستراتوسفير == Theoretical Investigation of Photolysis Reactions Mechanisms For Halo - Hydrocarbon Compounds In Stratospheric Layer

Author name: رؤى عبد الحسين عبد العباس المسعودي
Supervisor name: عباس عبد علي دريع الصالحي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تم دراسة الية تفاعل نضوب الاوزون بتاثير ثلاث مركبات من هاليدات الهيدروكاربونات ( 1 - برومو - 1 - كلورو - 1,1 - ثنائي فلوروميثان و1 - كلورو - 2,2,2,1 - رباعي فلوروايثان و1,3 - ثنائي بروموبروبان) نظريا في الطور الغازي. حيث ان دراسة المحاكاة تضمنت مسالك تحلل ضوئي مختلفة. استخدمت مختلف طرائق الكم مثل الحسابات شبه التجريبية والحسابات الاساسية الاولية وحسابات نظرية دالة الكثافة. تم احتساب الفعالية الكيميائية والقيم الطاقية لجميع الاصناف الكيميائية التي شملتها الدراسة بواسطة سطوح جهد الطاقة ومعاملات الاواصر وعزوم ثنائية الاقطاب وطاقات الاوربيتالات الجزيئية وطاقة نقطة الصفر لاستبيان المسلك الاكثر احتمالا لتفاعلات التحلل الضوئي واقتراح ميكانيكية التفاعل. تم تقدير الدوال الثرموديناميكيه (∆S°, ∆G°, ∆H°) وطاقة التنشيط وثابت السرعة والتردد الخيالي مع نقطة الصفر لتقدير الحالة الانتقالية الحقيقية والاصناف الكيميائية الاكثر احتمالا بتفاعلات التحلل الضوئي والتي تشارك بميكانيكية نضوب الاوزون.وجد من خلال هذه الدراسة : - ان فجوة الطاقة بين الصيغ الكيميائية التركيبية للاوزون مساوية الى 33.195 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد مع اقل قيمة من حرارة التكوين للاوزون الزاوي والتي مقدارها 45.2773 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد لذلك ان صيغة الاوزون الزاوي (bent ozone) اكثر استقرارا من صيغة الاوزون الحلقي ويمكن ان تتفاعل مع هاليدات الهايدروكاربونات في توجهات فراغية مختلفة. يحصل تفاعل التحلل الضوئي لمركب بروموكلورو ثنائي فلوروميثان من خلال اصرة C - Br مع طاقة تنشيط مقدارها 46.954كيلو سعره للمول الواحد وانثالبي تفاعل مساوي الى 49.749 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد عند الظروف القياسية. تمت ميكانيكية استنزاف الاوزون بواسطة الجذور الحرة الكلور والبروم وثنائي فلوروميثل مع انثالبي تفاعل مقداره من - 48.99الى - 49.057 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد وثابت سرعه مساوي الى 5.34*1017, 6.914*1021 و7.43*1081 ثانيه - 1 لجذر البروم , الكلور وثنائي فلوروميثل على التوالي. ثلاث مولات من الاوزون استنزفت بواسطة مول واحد من مركب بروموكلورو ثنائي فلوروميثان. استنزاف الاوزون بواسطة 1 - كلورو - 2,2,2,1 - رباعي فلوروايثان يتم من خلال جذر الكلور عند طاقة ضوء مساوية الى 65.636 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد وطول موجي مقداره 407.8643 نانوميتر حيث ان مول واحد يستنزف ست مولات من الاوزون مع انثالبي تفاعل مساوي الى - 252.64 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد وطاقه حرة مقدارها - 291.376 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد.3,1 - ثنائي بروموبروبان يتفكك عند طول موجي مساوي الى 442.571 نانوميتر ليحرر جذر البروم وثلاثي بروموبروبان مع طاقة تنشيط مساوية الى 98.624 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد. الاصناف الفعالة الناتجة تستهلك الاوزون بمسالك تفاعل مختلفة لتعطي جذر الالكوكسي وواوكسيد البروم مع تكوين جزيء الاوكسجين بانثالبي تفاعل كلي مقداره - 157.9 كيلو سعره للمول الواحد. | Reaction mechanism study of ozone depletion has been carried out on three selected compounds of halo - hydrocarbons (1 - bromo - 1 - chloro - 1,1 - diflouromethane, 1 - Chloro - 1,2,2,2 - tetrafluoroethane, and 1,3 - dibromopropane) that’s achieved theoretically in the gas phase. The simulation study involves different photolysis reaction pathways. Different quantum methods such as semiempirical, Ab initio and density functional theory have been used in this study. The chemical reactivity and energetic properties of all chemical species that are involved in this study have been computed by the potential energy surface, bond parameters, dipoles moments, molecular orbital energies and zero point energy to estimate the most probable pathway of photolysis reaction to proposed the reaction mechanism. Thermodynamic functions (∆S°, ∆G°, ∆H°), activation energies, rate constant, the imaginary frequency with zero point energy to estimate the real transition state have been calculated to predict the most probable species through photolysis reactions that are contributing to ozone depletion mechanism. From this study, it is found that the energy gap between cyclic and bent ozone equal to 33.195 kCal mol - 1 and the lowest value of heat of formation of bent ozone which equal to 45.2773 kCal mol - 1 so, the bent ozone more stable than cyclic ozone and react with halo - hydrocarbons species in different orientations. The photolysis reaction of bromochlorodiflouromethane occurs through C - Br bond with an activation energy equal to 46.954 kCal mol - 1 and enthalpy change of reaction equal to 49.749 kCal mol - 1 at STP. The depletion mechanism is completed by bromine, chlorine and diflouromethyl radicals with enthalpy change of reaction fall in the range - (48.99 - 49.057) kCal mol - 1 and rate constant values for the reaction of these radicals with ozone equal to 5.34*1017, 6.914*1021, 7.43*1081 s - 1 for bromine, chlorine and diflouromethyl respectively, to deplete three moles of ozone by one mole of bromochlorodiflouromethane. Ozone depletion by 1 - Chloro - 1,2,2,2 - tetrafluoroethane occurs through chlorine radical at 65.636 kCal mol - 1(407.8643nm) of light energy where one mole of the compound destruct six moles of ozone with enthalpy change of reaction equal to - 252.64 kCal mol - 1, and free energy change equal to - 291.376 kCal mol - 1. 1,3 - dibromopropane breakdown at 442.571 nm of light wavelength to released bromine and 3 - bromopropane radicals with activation energy equal to 98.624 kCal mol - 1. 1,3 - dibromopropane exists in three isomers C2, C1 and C2V was found in this study that the isomer C2 is more stable with total energy being equal to - 26652.031 kCal mol - 1. The resulting reactive species consumed the ozone in different reaction pathways to give alkoxy and BrO radicals with the releasing of oxygen molecule with total enthalpy of reaction equal to - 157.9 kCal mol - 1.

تحضير وتشخيص ليكاندي ازو غير متجانسي الحلقة ومعقداتها مع بعض الايونات الفلزية == Preparation and Characterization of Heterocyclic Azo Ligands and Their Complexes with Some Metal Ions

Author name: ايفان مالك شاكر الطالقاني
Supervisor name: حسين عبد محمد | سعد مدلول مهدي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The work covered the preparation of two new azo ligands, prepared the ligands (CAAP) and (TAAP) by coupling with the diazonium salt of the compound (4 - amino antipyrine) in 5% basic media.The prepared ligends were identified through techniques (FTIR, elementary analysis, UV - Visible and mass spectra).Conducted spectral study of a wide solvents three of the ions transition metals (Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II)) where he was appointed the optimal conditions for concentration (that obey beers - lambert law) and pH values enhanced ranged acidic functions of these solutions (7 - 9.5), And has benefit from that study for the purpose of spectral appoint molar ratios of the complexes to be prepared and the molar ratio was (1 : 2) for all the complexes prepared and both ligand two ways molar ratios and continuous variations.The preparation of complexes of new azo ligand was sure to complete the preparation by FTIR spectroscopy , elementary analysis and atomic absorption. Electrical molar conductivity results showed that the complex ionic (1 : 1) and using three solvents (DMF, DMSO, EtOH).Magnetic susceptibility data agreed with the present of (three odd electrons for cobalt(II) complexes, two odd electron for nickel(II) complexes & odd electron for copper(II) complexes)According to the results of the study combined could suggest the octahedral geometric and the presence of one coordination water molecule coordination sphere inside.

دراسات حركية ثرموديناميكية لانزيم الكلوتاثيون الناقل المنقى جزئيا من مصل دم الانسان مع تاثير بعض ادوية علاج السكري

Author name: غفران عبد عمران عبد الرضا محمد الخفاجي
Supervisor name: عودة مزعل ياسر الزاملي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: This study involved (30) Person healthy (15males & 15 femals) the ages were between (20 - 25) years were obtained on samples of students from the university of Babylon / College of Science in Babel province, Iraq has been selected as control group without chronic disease and without smoking.This study attempt isolate GST enzyme from serum human .The partial purification of glutathione - S - Transferase were done using DEAE - Cellulose ,Then purification steps include precipitation by ammonium sulfate 70%, The specific activity was 0.244 U/mg protein and purification degree 1.07 folds and stepwise of Di ethyl amino ethyl - cellulose chromatography and further purified with DEAE - Cellulose column chromatography. The enzyme was apply on DEAE - Cellulose (1.5×30cm) and flow rate 1ml/min and The specific activity was 0.314 U/mg protein with recovery 55.14% and purification degree 1.50 folds.then the glutathione - S - transferase enzyme purified also from serum human by using pre - packed column affinity chromatography by containing glutathione Sepharose 4% and compare specific activity between two separation ways the activity of GST enzyme result from affinity column were more by using ion exchange column and measured of enzyme activity at 340nm by using CDNB as substrate of GST enzyme .The electrophoresis of the partial from human serum from ion - exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography in polyacrylamide gel was found that it was one protein band by using SDS - PAGE analysis by usingenzyme GST result from ion - exchange chromatography 27.7KD and affinity chromatography found (28KD). This study involved also some kinetic studies of GST , maximum activity for GST enzyme was obtained using 22.463mmol/L of 1 - chloro - 2,4 - dinitrobenzene (CDNB)as substrate ,the enzyme showed maximum activityat 35 and optimum pH at 6.8 and time at 12 minutes in incubation at 35 . Using Lineweaver - Burk plot the maximum velocity (Vmax ) and Michaelis constant Km were (11.12mmol/liter) and Vmax (1.254μmol/min) respectively .The thermodynamic constants of activation , were determined by using Arrhenius plot and found to be (35.906kJ. mol - 1, 31.73kJ.mol - 1, - 1.729 kJ.mol - 1.k ,551.40 kJ.mol - 1.k) respectively .Metformin and Dionial inhibition on the GST activity were found that , this lead to drugs effect on enzyme GST.Where showed result that non comparative inhibitor at metformin and showed that comparative inhibitor at dionial .

الاستخلاص بنقطة الغيمة لتقدير الكلور امفينيكول طيفيا في المستحضرات الصيدلانية == CLOUD POINT EXTRACTION FOR THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS

Author name: ضياء يحيى عزيز الحميدي
Supervisor name: عباس نور محمد الشريفي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: In this thesis chloramphenicol drug was determined by three methods with spectrophotometric technique.In the first method chloramphenicol was reacted with p - N,NDimethyl - aminobenzaldehyde and form yellow Schiff base product which gave higher absorbance at 436.5 nm. Schiff base reaction occurs between two compounds, one contains amino group and the other contains carbonyl group but chloramphenicol is nitro compound therefore it must convert nitro group in drug to amino group therefore reduction process to nitro group necessary for convert it to amino group.Therefore optimum conditions of reduction process were studied to know exactly the volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid which will give higher absorbance of product. Also amount of zinc, temperature of heating and time from heating during the reduction process were studied. Other optimum conditions of reaction also were studied and Calibration curve constructed and regression equation known (y = 0.0556x + 0.0246), also range of concentration which obeys Beer - Lambert Law was (0.1 - 12)ppm, Molar absorptivity (1.8 * 104 ), Sandell's sensitivity (1.8 * 10 - 2), LOD and LOQ (0.037) and (0.124) respectively. also other studies were performed such as accuracy and precision, Molar ratio method, continues variation method, reaction mechanism, Stability constant of product, Analytical applications and t - test and F - test. The proposed method was successfully in determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) in pharmaceutical preparations with good values of recovery presents (97.6% - 102.5%) and Relative Error E% between ( - 2.351 - 2.562).In the second method, chloramphenicol was reacted with 1,2 - Naphthoquinone - 4 - Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt in basic medium by condensation reaction and form orange - red product which gave higher absorbance at 489 nm.Optimum conditions of reaction were studied and Calibration curve constructed and regression equation known (y = 0.0577x - 0.0006), also range of concentration which obeys Beer - Lambert Law was (1 - 9)ppm, Molar absorptivity (1.86 * 104), Sandell's sensitive (1.73* 10 - 2), LOD and LOQ (0.068) and (0.207) respectively. Also other studies were performed such accuracy and precision, Molar ratio method ,continues variation method, reaction mechanism, stability constant of product, analytical applications and t - test and F - test. The proposed method was successfully in determination CAP in pharmaceutical preparations with good values of recovery presents (96.149% - 103.307%) and Relative Error E% between ( - 3.851 - 3.307) In the third method, cloud point extraction was applied by extractingthe product used in the second method because there is interaction between the alkaline medium and reagent, this the interaction leads to develop colored reagent and some of radiation absorbed at maximum wavelength of product therefore used cloud point extraction to remove the interference and enhancing sensitivity of method and increasing stability of product.Chloramphenicol was reacted with 1,2 - Naphthoquinone - 4 - Sulphonic Acid Sodium Salt in basic medium by condensation reaction forming orange - red product by using same optimum condition of reaction in the second method then the product was extracted from the solution by using cloud point extraction technique.Optimum conditions of cloud point extraction were studied and Calibration curve was constructed and regression equation known (y = 0.2318x + 0.0639), the range of concentration that obeys Beer - Lambert Law was (0.1 - 6) ppm, Molar absorptivity (7.49 * 104), Sandell's sensitivity (4.31* 10 - 3), LOD and LOQ (0.032) ppm and (0.097)ppm respectively. Also Recovery of solute ( was(99.92), preconcentration factor (fc) (3.33333) and phase volume ratio (Rv) (0.3), also other studies were performed such accuracy and precision, analytical applications and test and F - test. The proposed method was successful in determine chloramphenicol (CAP) in pharmaceutical preparations with good values of recovery percent (96.091% - 101.834%) and Relative Error E% between ( - 3.909 - 1.834).Finally, this thesis presented a proposal for a new way to deal with the data in the analytical methods, which includes the new equations to find a slop and y - intercept of a straight line equation as well as introduced new parameters to determine the best linear correlation between the results, it is average of recovery (Arec), the sum of the absolute values of the relative error (SARE) in concentration computed as well as the average of the absolute values of relative error ( AARE) that gives the best results and more accurate than the usual equation.

البلمرة التكاثفية للبنتااريثريتول مع حامض الفثاليك اللامائي وتحويرة ودراسة خواصة == Condensation Polymerization of Pentaerythritol with Phthalic Anhydride and Modification and Study of its Properties

Author name: رواء حفظي زعولي
Supervisor name: محمد ناظم بهجت | ناظر نجم عبد الله
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Chemistry
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تضمن البحث تحضير الكوبوليمر المحور بخطوتين : الخطوة الاولى ، تتضمن تحضير بوليمرتكاثفي باستخدام بنتا اريتريتول وانهيدرايد الفثالك وانهيدريد الماليئك بواسطة عملية الاسترة .ان الهيكل التركيبي للبوليمر المشترك المحور الذي حصلنا عليه ، كما يلي : وشخص البوليمر المحضر بواسطة مطيافية FTIR وHNMR الخطوة الثانية ، تتضمن تحضير راتنج ذو قوام شرابي باضافة (1مول،1.5مول ،2 مول) مونومير حامض الاكريلك على التوالي الى البوليمر ، لنحصل على تلاثة انواع من الراتنج .تضمن العمل عدد من الفحوصات مثل ، الانتفاخية في الماء والتولوين والايثانول في درجات حرارية مختلفة ، الانتفاخية في محلولي بفر ذوPH مختلف وخواص قوة الشد. تم حساب معاملات الانتفاخية في الماء والتولوين والايثانول،حيث وجد ان محتوى الماء في الهلام المائي يزداد بزيادة زمن الانتفاخية . كذلك تم دراسة تا ثير درجة الحرارة على الانتفاخية في الماء والتولوين والايثانول عند درجات حرارية مختلفة تتراوح مابين 298 - 318 كلفن . تزداد معاملات الانتفاخية بزيادة درجة الحرارة وكذلك فان الكسر الحجمي للراتنج (2 Ф) تقل بزيادة درجة الحرارة .من خلال اختبارات الشد ، لوحظ ان البوليمر المحضرذو سلوك ميكانيكي لين - ضعيف للراتنج المحتوي على الاكريلك اسد. | In this work, a new modified Co - polymer was prepared by condensation polymerization by using phthalic anhydride, pentaerythritol and maleic anhydride through esterification reaction.The structure of modified co - polymer was : Identification of modified polyester resin by FT - IR, 1H - NMRA preparation of pourable syrup resins by the addition of (1, 1.5 and 2 moles) acrylic acid monomer respectively, to the modified polymer, to give three types of resins.Many tests were carried out, i.e., swelling degree in water, toluene and ethanol at different temperatures, and swelling at two different PH. Also the tensile properties of the prepared polymers have been studded.The swelling parameters in water, ethanol and toluene were calculated. The water content, of hydrogels increased with increasing time of swelling. The effect of temperature on the swelling in water, ethanol and toluene at different temperatures ranging from 298 to 318 K was also studied. The water, ethanol and toluene content have been increased with increasing temperature. While the volume fraction of the resins (Ф2) have been decreased with increasing temperatures. From the tensile tests, it was found that the prepared polymer; have soft - weak behavior.

فصل انزيم اللايبوكسيجينيز من مصل الرجال الاصحاء ومعاملة خارجية للانزيم في مرضى الربو == Separation of Lipoxygenase from Sera of Healthy men and in Vitro Treatment of Enzyme in Asthmatic Patients

Author name: احمد جياد عباس البرقعاوي
Supervisor name: عودة مزعل ياسر الزاملي
General topic: Chemistry
Specific topic: Analytical Biochemistry
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: This study is concerned with asthma. Sixty seven asthmatic male patients were examined and tested , their age ranged from 10 - 65 years and they previously diagnosed as asthmatic patient under the physician supervision in AL - Hilla center of Allergy and Asthma . They have the disease for more than five years. Forty patients were examined during the period between July2015 to October 2015, and twenty seven patients were examined during period between June to August 2016, also the control group consisted of sixty seven healthy males ranged from 10 - 65 years.In this study asthmatic patients were divided into three groups according to medication , the first group consisted of (17) asthmatic patients taking antihistamines such as loratadine , citrizine and allermine , while the second group included (24) asthmatic patients taking montelukast , and the third group included (26) asthmatic patients who were on different drugs other than antihistamines and montelukast such as steroids and beta agonists .Five milliliters of blood were obtained from each patient, serum collected absolutely free from hemolysis stored at - 20 °C until uses for measurement of the concentrations of Glutathione, Malondialdehyde, Catalase, Histamine, Serotonin, Lipoxygenase - 5, Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase, total Immunoglobulin E and specific immunoglobulin E.The results revealed that the mean of IgE level (measured by ELISA system)in serum of asthmatic group was (368.16 ±1.772 ng/ml) versus the control group (138.9±2.515 ng/ml) with a significant difference,)P < 0.001(. Asthmatic patients and patients treated with pharmacological drugs such as montelukast and antihistamines showed high sensitivity to some food, animals, plant, palm pollen, fungal and mite allergen and they showed different values between patients and control. The study showed that there is no association between the increased sensitization to food, animal, plant and fungal allergens with age of patients.The present study showed the relationship of count blood cells (WBC and RBC) in studied groups. In all studied groups, WBC values higher than control group while the RBC values showed little differences among all studied groups.According to levels of some variables (histamine, serotonin, LOX - 5 and LTA4H) in asthmatic patients, the results showed a higher mean value of serotonin in asthmatic patients (0.023± 0.004 ng /ml) compared with control group (0.002± 0.001 ng/ml, p˂0.001) In addition the value of histamine was observed high in asthmatic patients (8.511± 0.410 ng /ml)while the control group was (2.565 ± 0.140 ng/ ml) with a significant difference of the mean value of histamine between asthmatic patients and control group (p˂0.001). LOX - 5 level in serum of asthmatic patients was higher (11.080 ± 0. 190 ng/ml) than in control group (9.821 ± 0.203 ng/ml, p˂0.001.The data revealed significant high mean value of LTA4H in asthmatic patients (24.148 ± 0 .450 ng/ml) compared with control group (18.912 ± 0.459 ng/ml, p˂0.001).The result showed that histamine level was increased in the group (>40 years) with a mean value (9.67 ± 4.25 ng /ml ) . While LOX - 5 showed high mean value (11.532 ± 1.274) in the group 20 - 40 years . Also LTA4H enzyme showed high mean value (25.54 ± 3.504 ng/ml)in the group 20 - 40 years , while serotonin appeared with high mean value (0.027± 0.015 ng/ml) in the group (< 20 years) with a significant difference between levels of these variables in each age group (p ˂ 0.001)The mean concentration of an antioxidant, Glutathione(GSH), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum of asthmatic patient and control groups. The mean concentration of MDA increased in asthmatic patients (11.317 ± 1.096 μmol/l) more than control group(8.733 ± 3.756 μmol/l)with a significant difference between these groups (p < 0.05). The mean concentration of GSH increased was in the control (5.106 ± 3.197 μmol/l) more than asthmatic patients(3.905 ± 1.638 μmol/l, p < 0.05).According to the results of the present study, the mean activity of catalase(CAT) was higher (1.555±0.982 U/l) in asthmatic patients when compared with control group(1.173 ± 0.502 U/l, p < 0.05).The current study also concerned with the extrection of lipoxygenase from serum of asthmatic patient and healthy men by taking 15 ml serum from ten asthmatic patients men and 15 ml from serum of ten healthy men. And these quantities of serum were precipitated by ammonium sulfate, The best ratio for precipitating serum and extraction of enzyme is 60%. The anion exchange chromatography was used for extraction of the enzyme. The molecular weight of the extracted enzyme was determined by SDS - PAGE . In this procedure one subunit of the extracted LOXs enzyme showed a molecular weight of 35KD for one chain while a recombinant pure human LOX - 5 showed a molecular weight of 38 KD. The current study used NATIVEN technique for purification of the extracted enzyme obtained from ion exchange chromatography.The results revealed the optimum pH and temperature for LOXs activity and they were 8 and 40°C, respectively.The velocity constant and maximum velocity of the extracted Lipoxygenase enzyme was detected by using PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH SYSTEM, this system had the ability to obtain the relationship between conductivity and concentration (an increase in concentration lead to an increase in conductivity).The extracted lipoxygenase enzyme Km was 2.2mM and Vmax= 140mM/min in asthmatic patients and Km was 2.7mM and Vmax= 135mM/min in controls (by applying Michaelis - Menten equation).While the enzyme Km= 5.5mM and Vmax= 238mM/min in asthmatic patients and Km= 5 mM and Vmax= 208 mM/min in controls (by applying Lineweaver - Burk equation).The extracted LOXs from asthmatic patients and controls was treated with montelukast. The Km and Vmax appeared to have low values Km 3.6mM and Vmax 153mM/min and Km 3.7mM and Vmax 147mM/min, respectively. Also the extracted LOXs from asthmatic patients and controls was treated with molsiodomine, showed low values Km 4.4mM and Vmax 182 mM/min and Km 4.3mM and Vmax 166 mM/min, respectively.

بناء بيئة حسابية متوازية باستخدام واجهة عبور الرسالة == Implementation of a Parallel Computing Environment Using Message Passing Interface

Author name: دنيا حامد حميد
Supervisor name: لمياء حافظ خالد | سوسن كمال ثامر
General topic: Computer Science
Specific topic: Computer Science
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Message Passing Interface (MPI) provides an infrastructure that enables users to build a high performance distributed computing environment from networked computers with minimum effort. It provides a common Application Programming Interface (API) for the development of parallel applications regardless of the type of multiprocessor system used. This research implements a distributed computing system called Java Message Passing Interface Middleware which supports a Message Passing Interface Application Programming Interface (MPI API). It installs Java Message Passing Interface (JMPI) package and runs three applications (Range Addition, Matrix - Vector Multiplication and Gauss Elimination method) in two modes serial and parallel.The system implemented on a Local Area Network (LAN) consisted of five computers. Many experiments have been performed to test the system and it found that results of parallel applications were close to the results of serial applications because the calculation times of applications were simple compared to communication times.

تصميم وتنفيذ تطبيق دردشة قائم على نظام اندرويد امن من نهاية الى نهاية == Design and Implementation of an End - to - End Secure Android based Chat Application

Author name: نور صباح حمزة محمد
Supervisor name: جمال محمد كاظم | بان نديم ذنون
General topic: Computer Science
Specific topic: Computer Science
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Computer Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Chat applications have become one of the most important and popular applications on smartphones. It has the capability of exchange text messages, images and files which it cost free for the users to communicate with each other. All messages must be protected but most of these applications have security and privacy issues.The aim of this thesis is to propose chat application that provides End - to - End security that let safely exchange private information with each other without worrying about data. In addition, the storage is encrypted.The design of the proposed chat application (Secure Chat Application) is based on client - server architecture. A list of requirements is taken in consideration to design and implement.It allows to send a friendship request to a friend before starting the conversation and then can exchange messages safely and store messages in encrypted place, thus the security and privacy were maintained.The XSalsa20 algorithm has been used to encrypt the password and messages, Poly1305 algorithm to verify the authenticity of a message, Curve25519 algorithm to generate a key pair to produce the shared key that is used to encrypt the session between the sender and the receiver, and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for encrypting local storage.The application has been tested and evaluated according to two important factors in these applications : time consuming and security. In term of time consuming, the longest time it takes for encrypting a message is less than 0.0082 seconds, while for decrypting, it takes less than 0.015 seconds. As for security, the application was tested by printing the results, and Wireshark software was used to test the channel encryption between the application and Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM).

تقييم الية الثقة في شبكات المركبات == Evaluation of Trust Mechanism for VANETs

Author name: حوراء عادل نوري
Supervisor name: ستار بدر سدخان المالكي
General topic: Computer Science
Specific topic: Computer Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Computer Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تدعم شبكة المركبات العديد من التطبيقات التجارية كانظمة النقل الذكية (ITS)، ولكن كان الدافع الاساسي وراء هذه الشبكات هو سلامة اتصالات الطريق الذي تعتمد فيه كل مركبة على الرسائل المرسلة لها من قبل نظائرها من المركبات الاخرى والتي قد تكون ضارة. ان الطبيعة المتغيرة والديناميكية لطبولوجيا الشبكة يجعل بامكان اي مركبة مغادرة الشبكة والانضمام اليها في اي وقت سواء كانت هذه المركبات موثوق بها ام لا. لذا يجب ان تتمكن كل مركبة من تقييم المعلومات الواردة لها من المركبات الاخرى واتخاذ القرارات بشانها والاستجابة لتلك المعلومات. عليه فبدون انشاء اليه مناسبة لادارة الثقة فان الاتصالات في هذه الشبكات قد تكون عرضه للتهديد الامني، حيث توجب الانظمة الامنية ان ياتي الارسال من مصدر موثوق لذا فان الثقة والامن مفهومان مترابطان لا يمكن عزلهما.لم يتحقق حتى الان تطوير نماذج امنة تماما لهذه الشبكات، لذا يهدف مجال البحث الجيد الى استثمار معظم الطرق السابقة في المؤلفات للبحث عن اطار عام لوضع اساس متين لتطوير الية احتساب السمعة والموثوقية في شبكات المركبات. يدعم هذا العمل امن شبكات المركبات من خلال استخدام تقنية الخوارزمية الجينية بالاضافة لنظرية اللعبة لتطوير الية ثقة متعددة الخصائص. | VANET support many commercial applications such as Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), but the original motivation behind it was safety of road communications where each vehicle has to rely on messages sent out by peer vehicles, which might be malicious. The dynamic changing nature of network topology makes any vehicle to leave and join the network at any point of time whether these vehicles were trusted or untrusted. Therefore, each vehicle must be able to assess, make decisions and respond to information received from other vehicles. So without having a proper mechanism for trust management, communication in VANET might be prone to security threat. Security systems impose that the transmission come from a trusted source, so trust and security are two interdependent concepts that there cannot be segregated.The development of fully secure schemes for these networks has not been entirely achieved till now. So, a good research field aims to exploit most of the previous approaches in literatures looking for a general framework to put solid basis to the development of Distributed Trust and Reputation Mechanism for VANET. The work supports the security of VANET by using a genetic algorithm technique in addition with game theory to develop a multi - featured trust mechanism

استخدام تقنية الحساب المرن لتقييم RSA وAES == Soft Computing Technique to Evaluate RSA and AES

Author name: فرقد حامد عبد الرحیم
Supervisor name: ستار بدر سدخان المالكي
General topic: Computer Science
Specific topic: Computer Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Computer Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Security evaluation algorithms can be considered as one of the most important challenges in computer networks. This is because of the growing data sharing among all clients (users). Therefore, the security level evaluation aspect of cryptography systems is recently appeared to be very important.In this work, evaluations of (RSA and AES) encryption methods are carried out by using Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and Adaptive Neuro - Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The editor of MATLAB (2013) is employed in this study and it contains a hybrid ANFIS facility between the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy Logic techniques.First of all, designing and programming software codes for the first encryption method (RSA) have been simulated according to its original algorithm. Consequently, executing the RSA algorithm to collect the data values is implemented for the following parameters (message length, execution time, length of key and cipher message entropy). These parameters have been considered in the proposed approaches. So, the RSA data is used as the bases of the FIS inputs. Then, all the training and testing data values have been collected from the proposed FIS and prepared to be used in the next step (the ANFIS). The number of training samples has been selected to be 100 values by executing special software programs. These values have been utilized as follows : opening the ANFIS editor; loading the training data; determining the main ANFIS parameters and training the data with the least error tolerance. Subsequently, the number of testing samples has been chosen to be also 100 values by implementing special software programs. Hence, the evaluations are observed and the characteristics of the ANFIS which attained the best tested results have been benchmarked. Similar steps to evaluate the RSA by using large key numbers are implemented except of utilizing the parameter (key length) to study the influence of the key value on security evaluations. The proposed FISSecurity evaluation algorithms can be considered as one of the most important challenges in computer networks. This is because of the growing data sharing among all clients (users). Therefore, the security level evaluation aspect of cryptography systems is recently appeared to be very important.In this work, evaluations of (RSA and AES) encryption methods are carried out by using Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and Adaptive Neuro - Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The editor of MATLAB (2013) is employed in this study and it contains a hybrid ANFIS facility between the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy Logic techniques.First of all, designing and programming software codes for the first encryption method (RSA) have been simulated according to its original algorithm. Consequently, executing the RSA algorithm to collect the data values is implemented for the following parameters (message length, execution time, length of key and cipher message entropy). These parameters have been considered in the proposed approaches. So, the RSA data is used as the bases of the FIS inputs. Then, all the training and testing data values have been collected from the proposed FIS and prepared to be used in the next step (the ANFIS). The number of training samples has been selected to be 100 values by executing special software programs. These values have been utilized as follows : opening the ANFIS editor; loading the training data; determining the main ANFIS parameters and training the data with the least error tolerance. Subsequently, the number of testing samples has been chosen to be also 100 values by implementing special software programs. Hence, the evaluations are observed and the characteristics of the ANFIS which attained the best tested results have been benchmarked. Similar steps to evaluate the RSA by using large key numbers are implemented except of utilizing the parameter (key length) to study the influence of the key value on security evaluations. The proposed FISSecurity evaluation algorithms can be considered as one of the most important challenges in computer networks. This is because of the growing data sharing among all clients (users). Therefore, the security level evaluation aspect of cryptography systems is recently appeared to be very important.In this work, evaluations of (RSA and AES) encryption methods are carried out by using Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and Adaptive Neuro - Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The editor of MATLAB (2013) is employed in this study and it contains a hybrid ANFIS facility between the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy Logic techniques.First of all, designing and programming software codes for the first encryption method (RSA) have been simulated according to its original algorithm. Consequently, executing the RSA algorithm to collect the data values is implemented for the following parameters (message length, execution time, length of key and cipher message entropy). These parameters have been considered in the proposed approaches. So, the RSA data is used as the bases of the FIS inputs. Then, all the training and testing data values have been collected from the proposed FIS and prepared to be used in the next step (the ANFIS). The number of training samples has been selected to be 100 values by executing special software programs. These values have been utilized as follows : opening the ANFIS editor; loading the training data; determining the main ANFIS parameters and training the data with the least error tolerance. Subsequently, the number of testing samples has been chosen to be also 100 values by implementing special software programs. Hence, the evaluations are observed and the characteristics of the ANFIS which attained the best tested results have been benchmarked. Similar steps to evaluate the RSA by using large key numbers are implemented except of utilizing the parameter (key length) to study the influence of the key value on security evaluations. The proposed FISapproach confirmed that the RSA evaluation is successfully implemented to the ANFIS editor.All the previous steps are repeated for the AES encryption method except one difference. That is, the utilized parameters here are the (message length, execution time and cipher message entropy). Basically, two key values are determined for the AES, which equals to 128 bits. Likewise the RSA, the suggested procedures are applied to the AES and the proposed FIS approach confirmed that the AES evaluation is successfully implemented to the ANFIS editor.Finally, comparisons between this study and previous work, and between the RSA and AES are established. In addition, comparisons between the evaluated outcomes of the FIS and ANFIS have been investigated by using two statistical metrics.

توليد مفتاح امن باستخدام شبكة بتري == Secure Key Generation Using Petri Net

Author name: رند عبد الواحد محمد علي البير
Supervisor name: حسين عطية لفتة الخالدي
General topic: Computer Science
Specific topic: Software
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Software
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: التشفير هو العلم الذي يهتم بحماية المعلومات المهمة من الاشخاص الغير مخولين . تكون عملية التشفير بالتشفير التدفقي على بت بت من النص الصريح عن طريق عملية xor مع مفتاح التشفير. ولذك اهم جزء بالتشفير التدفقي هو عملية توليد المفتاح. يعتمد النظام المقترح على مجموعة متكونة من اربعه شبكات بتري ملونة وشبكة بتري عادية لتوليد مفتاح معقد شبه عشوائي. تمتلك البتري نت موديل مثالي لتوليد مفتاح معقد طويل. يتطلب هذا النظام مفتاح قصير ذا طول ۱۲۸بت كقيمة ابتدائية متفق عليها من قبل الطرفين المرسل والمستقبل لتكون التاشير الابتدائي لشبكات البتري الملونة . يختلف الناتج المتولد من كل شبكات البتري الملونة من وقت الى اخر بالاعتماد على انتقال القيم بين عقد الشبكة والتي تختلف من واحدة الى اخرى. تزيد عملية ربط شبكات البتري الملونة مع شبكة بتري عاديه من اللاخطية للمفتاح المتولد .استخدمت عملية الترميز الرمادي واعادة ترتيب النص الصريح في النظام المقترح من اجل زيادة امن النص المشفر المتولد. استخدمت في هذه الاطروحة الاختبارات الاحصائية لقياس عشوائية المفتاح المتولد والكشف عن نقاط ضعفه. وقد بينت هذه الاختبارات ان المفتاح المتولد باستخدام شبكة بتري يمتلك عشوائية جيدة. | Cryptography is the science of protecting the important information from an unauthorized people. Stream cipher encrypted one individual bit of a plaintext message at a time by XOR operation with the key stream, therefore an important part of stream cipher is key generation.The proposed system bases on a combination of four coloured petri nets and one ordinary petri net to generate secure pseudo random key, Petri net has a perfect model to generate complex key sequence. This system requires (128 bits) initial short key shared between the sender and the receiver by a secure channel to be an initial marking for CPNs and the output of them are different from one time to another depending on the firing of different types of transitions. Connecting the CPNs with ordinary petri net increase the nonlinearity of the generated key. The system also consists of two operation gray coding and permutation operation to increase the security of the generated cipher text.In this thesis ,the statistical tests are used to measure the randomness quality of a key generator and to detect its weaknesses. These statistical tests show that the key generated using petri net has good randomnes

ازالة الضوضاء من الصور باستخدام تقنية الانصهار معتمدا على معاملات تحويل المويجة المتقطعة == Image Denoising Using Fusion Technique Based on DWT Coefficient

Author name: رسل حيدر جاسم
Supervisor name: اسراء هادي علي الشمري
General topic: Computer Science
Specific topic: Computer Science
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Computer Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: الضوضاء هو عبارة عن معلومات غير مرغوب فيها في الصورة التي تدهورت اثناء عملية النقل او استحصال الصورة. ان اثار الضوضاء يقلل من وضوح الصورة. عملية ازالة الضوضاء من الصورة يسهل من عملية المعالجة. ان مشكلة ازالة الضوضاء في المجال المكاني تعمل على تنعيم البيانات بالاضافة الى تنعيم الحواف. لهذا السبب استخدمت ازالة الضوضاء عن طريق المويجة باستخدام المجال الترددي التي تعمل في المحافظة على الخصائص المهمة للصورة والحواف بالاضافة الى ازالة الضوضاء من الصور لكن تبقى مشكلة فقدان بعض المعلومات المهمة للصورة وتكوين صورة اقل وضوحا. تلعب طريقة انصهار الصور في الوقت الحاضر التي هي احدى انواع تكنولوجيا المعلومات المتكاملة دورا هاما في العديد من المجالات وتكوين صورة ذات نوعية عالية . الهدف من انصهار الصورة هو مزج المعلومات من صور عديدة بالاضافة الى حفظ المعلومات الهامة الموجودة في الصور الاصلية واستعادة جودة الصورة بناءا على مقياس نسبة الاشارة الى الضوضاء. يتالف النظام المقترح من اربع مراحل رئيسية هي تحويل المويجة المتقطعة ،ازالة الضوضاء باستخدام المويجة ،مرحلة الانصهار ومعكوس تحويل المويجة المتقطعة. في البداية تم تطبيق تحويل المويجة المتقطعة على مجموعة من الصور بنفس الحجم والمنظر مع استخدام المستوى الثاني من تحليل المويجة ومن ثم تطبيق احد تقنيات ازالة الضوضاء باستخدام التعتيبب على اجزاء معاملات المويجة وليس على الصورة باكملها من خلال استخدام قيمة عتبة لمعامل التفصيل ومقارنتها مع معاملات المويجة حيث تم استخدام العتبة الناعمة والصلبة مع عتبات الشامله وبايز حيث تتم مقارنة كل جزء من اجزاء الصورة مع الاجزاء المقابلة لصورة اخرى لاختيار الجزء الذي يحتوي على اقل ضوضاء. بعد ذلك يتم اختيار الاجزاء المثالية التي تحتوي على اعلى قيمة نسبة الاشارة الى الضوضاء من صور مختلفة لتكوين الصورة المنصهرة . والمرحلة الاخيرة هو تطبيق معكوس تحويل المويجة المتقطعة على الصورة المنصهرة لتحويلها من المجال الترددي الى المجال المكاني للحصول على الصورة الناتجة.الصورة الناتجة هي الصورة الجديدة التي تكون اكثر ملاءمة لرؤية الانسان والادراك الالي واظهرت نتائج هذا التطبيق ان طريقة العتبة الناعمة لازالة الضوضاء تعطي نتائج افضل من العتبة الصعبة بناءا على المقياس المستخدم. يعتبر النظام المقترح غير مناسب لدمج صورتين لان نسبة الاشارة الى الضوضاء للصورة الاولى والثانية تكون متساوبة. ان تطبيق الصور الضبابية على نفس النظام المقترح لايعطي نتائج مرضية في المجال الترددي حول دمج الاجزاء المثالية للصورة ولهذا السبب تم تطبيق الصور الضبابية في المجال المكاني مع مرحلة الانصهار باستخدام التصفية العكسية والتي اعطت نتائج جيدة للصورة الناتجة . الصور التي تم استخدامها في الرسالة هي صور رمادية ذات ابعاد مختلفة مع استخدام انواع مختلفة من الضوضاء. تم تنفيذ النظام المقترح باستخدام لغة برمجة (فيجوال ستوديو2012 ) vb.net. | The noise is unwanted information in image that is corrupted during its transmission or acquisition. The noise effects reduce the effectiveness of vision. Removing noise from the image eases the processing. The problem of the noise removal in the spatial domain is smoothing the data and the edges. Wavelet denoising is the process noise removal using wavelet in frequency domain. Therefore, it uses in keeping on the edges of the image, preventing types of noises and keeping the significant features of image, but this problem causes a loss in some of important information of image and produces image less visually. In the present time, image fusion is considered as one of types of integrated technology information, it plays a significant role in several domains and production of high quality images. The goal of image fusion is blending information from several images, also it is fusing and keeping all the significant visual information that is existed in original images and restoration the image quality that is based on PSNR and SNR measures. The proposed system includes four main stages are a discrete wavelet transform (DWT), denoising wavelet, fusion stage and inverse discrete wavelet transform (IDWT). In the beginning, discreet wavelet transform applies on the set of images of the same scene and size with two decomposition level. Then is performing the denoising wavelet hard and soft thresholding on sub band of image and is not the whole it, it is achieved by threshold value (universal and bayes thresholds) for detail sub bands and compare it with wavelet coefficient. After that is selecting the optimal sub band that contain less noise based on PSNR and SNR values for different images to form the fused image. Finally, apply IDWT process to convert the fused image from frequency domain to spatial domain and is obtained the resulted image. The resulted image is a new image which is more appropriate for human vision and machine perception .The results of the application show soft thresholding method is better than of hard thresholding that is based on higher PSNR value and image visually. The proposed system is unsuccessful for fusion two images, because PSNR value of one image and another image is same. The blur images applying on same proposed don't give satisfying results in the frequency domain about fused the optimal sub bands, therefore; it is applied in the spatial domain with fusion process by using inverse filtering and getting on the good results. The images are utilized in this thesis are gray images that different dimensions with using different types of noise as (salt &pepper, gaussian, Poisson and speckle) and the proposed system is performed using visual basic.net 2012 programing language.

خوارزهية التوجيه الهجينة لاتصاللات الماكنة مع ملكنة == Hybriid Routiing Allgoriithm for Machiine to Machiine Communiicatiion

Author name: باسم جميل علي
Supervisor name: سعد طالب حسون الجبوري
General topic: Computer Science
Specific topic: Computer Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Computer Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The wireless communication devices have witnessed rapid growth in the recent years. Such growth and its useful applications led to the appearance of new applications known as "machine - to - machine" (M2M) communications. M2M plays a big role in finding the best hopeful explanation to change the current and the future smart widespread requests. Most of the smart wireless devices may perform as servers, collection of data and/or delivering the data at real time to users in a certain collaborative fashion.M2M communication domain consists of a huge number of tiny nodes and gateway (or sink) that are suffer from suffer from resource constrains like power limitation, storage capacity, radio limitation, data processing, etc.. Thus, it is necessary to find methods to increase node's lifetime as long as possible and consequently the overall sensor network. M2M devices consume considerable amount of energy due to communication process comparing to other process. This process depends on message size and the distance between the sender and the recipient. Thus reducing the packet size and finding a low energy aware routing procedure is necessary to save nodes energy.This thesis adopted compressed sensing (CS) as a modern data compression technique, modified Gossip algorithm as a flat protocol and introduced hybrid Gossip based low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocols as a new hybrid routing algorithm. CS combined with LEACH protocol named LEACHCS and the results that are reported from LEACHCS showed that the communication process can be improved in term of the channel bandwidth (B.W) utilization, increasing network throughput and saving node's communication energy.Gossip data aggregation technique is a biologically inspired paradigm of contagion inspired from behavior of the disease infection process. Its procedure is based on the help of neighboring nodes and employs the randomization technique to form a chain of the intermediary nodes (route). The modification of Gossip based on the selection operation of the next node hop. This thesis introduced three versions of modifying Gossip : a) Modify Gossip named (DGossip), in which a chain of intermediary nodes can be formed according to the relative node's energy and relative nodes displacement to the sink instance of randomization technique in the original Gossip. b) The formation of intermediary nodes based on the relative energy of neighbor nodes and nearest node to the source node called EN_Gossip. c) A hybrid of EN_Gossip and EL_Gossip named ENL_Gossip is introduced as a new version. In ENL_Gossip, a chain of intermediary nodes is collected through alternating use of both EN_Gossip first then EL_Gossip starting from the source node till reached the sink.The results showed that the DGossip is significantly better than others in term of the average remaining energy of network and latency time (in terms of number of hops), while ENL_gossip outperforms the others in term of network's live time.A new hybrid algorithm is proposed which combined Gossip as a bio - inspired technique with LEACH as a hierarchical multi - hop routing algorithm called LEACHGossip algorithm. This algorithm uses LEACH for clustering configuration purpose, while Gossip applies for each CH (or normal node) that is away (do m) from the sink (or from its associated CH). The simulation results proved that it outperforms LEACH about more times in terms of congestion between CHs and BS, node still alive and energy saving. Thus, the above mentioned procedures can be considered as efficient communication protocols for M2M communication networks in term of energy saving.

تحديد مكان وهوية المتكلم باستخدام تقنية توجيه حزم الاشارة المحسنة

Author name: علي يعكوب يوسف
Supervisor name: حسين عطية لفتة الخالدي
General topic: Computer Science
Specific topic: Computer Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Computer Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems perform well when using a close - talking microphone, However, many environments (Hands - free) where the use of such microphones is undesirable for reasons of convenience. In a hands - free environment, the noise and reverberation degrade the accuracy of recognition. An enhanced approach using microphone array for speaker localization and enhancement of speech signal input to an automatic speech identification system was proposed. The proposed system using enhanced beamforming technique based on Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) for speaker localization with multi - microphone arrays. The strongest output beam signal corresponding to selected microphone array, used for the speaker identification. The identification phase based on using Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient MFCC for feature extraction and enhance LBG algorithm for speaker modeling.Speaker identification accuracy in using proposed method were compared with conventional beamforming method, It was found that the higher recognition accuracy than previous approaches, and in experiments using speech signals that were artificially corrupted by additive noise. The proposed system provided a consistent, improvement in recognition accuracy for several experiments in simulation environments. It is also showing the benefit of usingmicrophone array processing. The localization phase evaluated using SNR, showing enhanced ratio after applying enhanced beamforming that estimate speaker location. The results showing localization accuracy 96.8% and 98.1% recognition accuracy where achieved.

نظام توصيات قائم على الويب لانتشار الاوبئة == Web - Based Recommender System for Spread Epidemics

Author name: حيدر محمد حبيب مجيد
Supervisor name: نبيل هاشم الاعرجي
General topic: Computer Science
Specific topic: Computer Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Computer Science
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The usage of Online Social Networks, such as Facebook and Twitterbecomes more and more popular in order to exchange and disseminate news andinformation in real - time. Twitter in particular allows the instant dissemination ofshort messages in the form of microblogs to followers. This dissertation exploresand examine the usage of how social networks, such as the microblogging toolTwitter, can help in the detection of spreading epidemics and reducing time delaybetween the emergence of disease and report sick to the health authorities suchas World Health Organization (WHO).Text classification has been used to classify the patients and non - patients(positive / negative). Sentiment Analysis (SA) and Linear Support VectorClassifier (LSVC) have been applied in the classification patients. In thisdissertation, four diseases have examined. Diseases that have most similarity intheir symptoms have been taken in order to classify patients based on theirsymptoms by applying a recommendation system techniques. Symptoms - basedHealthcare Recommender System is new approach in this work. It uses patientsymptominstead of user - item in traditional Collaborative Recommender System.Collaborative Filtering (CF) has been applied in order to recommend whichdisease the patient may has. CF shows an indicator that users on Social Networkshave not enough knowledge to mention all symptoms for specific disease, that’sled to classify patients to more than one disease according to common symptomsthat mentioned by patients.Geolocation of users that classified as patients has been extracted in orderto recommend health authorities that there is a certain area might has a beginningof spread disease. An implicit geocoding of users has been extracted by usingGoogle Maps Geocoding API to avoid neglecting those who don’t have explicitgeolocation.IISuspected areas has been weighted by computing a Confidence Factor(cFactor) of Tweet source whatever it comes from mobile or desktop. cFactorhelp in reducing time consuming into 29% of collecting and processing data.Weighted and Geographic Symptoms - based Recommender (WGSR) model hasbeen created detect, classify and visualize patients on the map.The accuracy of WGSR model reached to %94 in the classification andmore than %80 with the real reports of World Health Organization (WHO) whichrefers as a very good and can be improved for better results.

تقييم صخور الحجر الجيري لمنطقة عيون الشجيج محافـظة النجف (وسط العراق) كمواد انشائية == Evaluation of The Limestone of Eione Al - Shujage Area In Al - Najaf (Middle of Iraq) As Construction Materials

Author name: وائل نوري مرزة النافعي
Supervisor name: جعفر حسين علي الزبيدي
General topic: Geology
Specific topic: Geology
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Earth Science
Language: Arabic
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تم في هذا البحث اجراء تقييم صخور الحجر الجيري كمواد انشائية في منطقة عيون الشجيج في محافظة النجف الاشرف وبواقع 10، محطات وبمساحة تقدر 16 كم 2 وشمل البحث عدة جوانب حقلية ومختبرية ومكتبية ففي الجانب الحقلي تم جمع معلومات عن المنطقة والنمذجة لاجراء الفحوصات | An evaluation of the limestone Rocks, in the Eoin Al - Shujage area, governorate ofNajaf, as Construction Materials was done in this research ten stations covering an area of (16) km2 were studied. The research included several field, laboratory, and offi

اكتشاف العيب للصور الشعاعية مع التعليق باستخدام المربع الاصغر لماكنة الدعم الموجه وقواعد عامة وخاصة للتصنيف == Defect Detection of Radiography Image With Annotation Using Lssvm_Gsc Techniques

Author name: وفاء محمد سعيد الاسدي
Supervisor name: يحيى مهدي هادي الميالي
General topic: Computer Science
Specific topic: Computer Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Computer
Language: English
University location: Babylon
Key words:
  • Image Processing
  • Weld Image Defect Detection
  • Image annotation
  • Radiography Image
First pages:
Abstract: استرشادا بالشعوربالمسؤولية ورغبة في مساعدة اكتساب معرفة عميقة حول دراسة تنوع العيوب في صور التصوير الشعاعي، لهذا سنتعرف على هذه العيوب الموجودة في هذه الصور، ومن ثم اعطاء كل صورة بعض الكلمات التي تعكس محتوياتها الرئيسية، وبناء قاعدة بيانات للصور مع الشرح | Guided by the sense of responsibility and its desire to help gain a deep knowledge and the diversity of the defects exist in the radiography images, this Dissertation recognizes the defects exist in the these images, then given each image some keywords re

نمذجة مقتزح لتحسين تنبؤ استيقاظ متوسط التحكم بالوصول في شبكات الاستشعار اللاسلكيه == Modeling A Suggested Modified Predictive Wakeup Medium Access Control on WSN

Author name: فوزية وليد خزعل
Supervisor name: سعد طالب حسون الجبوري
General topic: Computer Science
Specific topic: Computer Science
Degree: Master
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Computer
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: The deployment of the wireless sensor networks (WSN) was increased due to the rapid development in all electronic and communication devices. There are many problems and challenges regarding their applications. One of their major challenges is the energy p

تصميم وبناء نظام هجين للتنبؤ بالشكل الثلاثي للبروتينات == Design And Implementation of Hybrid System For Protein Tertiary Structure Prediction

Author name: مهند محمد جاسم الياسري
Supervisor name: نبیل ھاشم الاعرجي
General topic: Computer Science
Specific topic: Computer Science
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Babylon - College Of Science - Department Of Computer
Language: English
University location: Babylon
First pages:
Abstract: تبقى مشكلة التنبؤ ببنية البروتين كنوع من التحدي العقلي والتنفيذي على حد سواء. (PSP) تبقى مشكلة التنبؤ ببنية البروتين وبالتالي فان اهداف هذه الاطروحة هي : اولا، اقترح منظورا جديدا للمساهمة في تطوير وزيادة المعرفة في مجال "طي البروتين العملية" (عن طريق وصف | The Protein Structure Prediction (PSP) problem remains as both mental and implemental challenge. Therefore, the objectives of this dissertation are : First, suggest new perspective for contributing in development and knowledge increasing in the "protein f
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