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الدور الدولي لحلف الناتو مكافحة الارهاب انموذج == International Role For NATO Anti - Terrorism as Model

Author name: تقى اياد خليل القيسي
Supervisor name: قحطان كاظم محمد الخفاجي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The Saudi foreign policy has got great important for who deals with international affairs, it deals with politics events directly or indirectly; then its roll in most of the Arabic cases has showed clearly effected. Naturally the Saudi foreign policy interested in Arabic especially. The follower of the way to the development of Saudi politics to the age after the cold war towards Arabia ; find that it does not get away to the period that proceeded the cold war but continued to it. So the changes that happened to foreign and internal environments in last years of the 1980s and the beginning years of 1990s impost on the kingdom more interesting to the Arabian case. So at the time and after the gulf war the kingdom increased in power the military threat that the radical Iraqi regime was weaken another think the alliance with USA and the western that assured it the security. The vision that Saudi resemble towards the Arab - Israel conflict it is the dependent in the Arabic area.Although these good factors but they have become threat resources, the protection that US gives to kingdom has it paid in the economics problems that the kingdom faced after the second Gulf war directly in (1993,1994,1995).In addition of failure every tries to put combination that leads the Arabian interactive in 90s.The accusation of terror and the events of eleventh of September 2001 made the kingdom acting politics roll more actively towards the Arabic area cases.The invitation of the prince Abdullah for peace 2002 and to Syria to get back from Lebanon 2005 for that roll the appearance of Iran not only in Gulf but in Arabic as a competition.For the studying is enable to cover the important of the subject that it divided to introduction also two chapters the first search in variable effective the operation of making Saudi Arabia foreign policy . the second chapter studies the foreign policy behavior towards Arabic area since the end of the cold war.(chosen Arabic issue).The studying get many productions towards that issues.In gulf side : The kingdom insist on the necessary of the American existence in the area as an equal element for Iranian threat with assurance to find guaranty for gulf safety beside of that it tried to reduce the nervous centers and unstable in area. This clearly showed in the solving all the problems about the geographical boundaries with neighboring countries and refusing that Iran have had the nuclear weapons.In Iraqi side : With the growing of the Iraqi - American crisis and what the year 2002 has witnessed by increasing American military side to Iraq.The kingdom refused the military powers against Iraq and declared that it wouldn't allow using its grounds for shooting Iraq after the fallen of the regime in April 2003 kingdom was the first to invite the Arab counties to meet at council for searching the Iraqi development with the increasing of murdering and emigration the kingdom in Iraq assured the dissatisfaction of what is happening in Iraq and invite the necessary of policy sharing and welcoming with the Mecca policy that aimed to stop the violence in Iraq.In the Palestinian side : The Palestinian case formed an essential side from the external Saudi politics interests and it one of its standard that called to find a peacefully solution for this case by the decision of the legal international it assured that each sides of struggle should take care of the decisions of Madrid council for Pease 1991. And what it has signed in Oslo agreement 1993, so it faced against the Israel by the Palestinian side by its government and its people and it showed great interest by the great roll in this case and the invitation of prince Abdullah for peace 2002 for reaching to quiet peace between Palestine and Israel. But when the struggle has increased between Fateh and Hamas the kingdom has called for conversation in Mecca to put down these bloody wars in Palestine.In Lebanon side : From the principle of respect of the country the kingdom asked to get its army back from Lebanon lands and after the ex - president al - Hariry has been killed the kingdom asked to make international investigation to solve the problem. With the Israeli an attack for Lebanon in 2006 the kingdom called for stopping shooting although the criticisms that the kingdom put on Hizb Allah and its responsibility on what happened.In Yemen side : The kingdom insist in it refused position for entering Yemen to the cooperation gulf council nevertheless that Yemen announced that it transmit all obstacles that stand against of getting the membering.

السياسة الخارجية السعودية والمنطقة العربية منذ انتهاء الحرب الباردة == The Saudi Arabia Foreign Policy and Arabic Region since the End of the Cold War

Author name: يسرى مهدي صالح
Supervisor name: فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The Saudi foreign policy has got great important for who deals with international affairs, it deals with politics events directly or indirectly; then its roll in most of the Arabic cases has showed clearly effected. Naturally the Saudi foreign policy interested in Arabic especially. The follower of the way to the development of Saudi politics to the age after the cold war towards Arabia ; find that it does not get away to the period that proceeded the cold war but continued to it. So the changes that happened to foreign and internal environments in last years of the 1980s and the beginning years of 1990s impost on the kingdom more interesting to the Arabian case. So at the time and after the gulf war the kingdom increased in power the military threat that the radical Iraqi regime was weaken another think the alliance with USA and the western that assured it the security. The vision that Saudi resemble towards the Arab - Israel conflict it is the dependent in the Arabic area.Although these good factors but they have become threat resources, the protection that US gives to kingdom has it paid in the economics problems that the kingdom faced after the second Gulf war directly in (1993,1994,1995).In addition of failure every tries to put combination that leads the Arabian interactive in 90s.The accusation of terror and the events of eleventh of September 2001 made the kingdom acting politics roll more actively towards the Arabic area cases.The invitation of the prince Abdullah for peace 2002 and to Syria to get back from Lebanon 2005 for that roll the appearance of Iran not only in Gulf but in Arabic as a competition.For the studying is enable to cover the important of the subject that it divided to introduction also two chapters the first search in variable effective the operation of making Saudi Arabia foreign policy . the second chapter studies the foreign policy behavior towards Arabic area since the end of the cold war.(chosen Arabic issue).The studying get many productions towards that issues.In gulf side : The kingdom insist on the necessary of the American existence in the area as an equal element for Iranian threat with assurance to find guaranty for gulf safety beside of that it tried to reduce the nervous centers and unstable in area. This clearly showed in the solving all the problems about the geographical boundaries with neighboring countries and refusing that Iran have had the nuclear weapons.In Iraqi side : With the growing of the Iraqi - American crisis and what the year 2002 has witnessed by increasing American military side to Iraq.The kingdom refused the military powers against Iraq and declared that it wouldn't allow using its grounds for shooting Iraq after the fallen of the regime in April 2003 kingdom was the first to invite the Arab counties to meet at council for searching the Iraqi development with the increasing of murdering and emigration the kingdom in Iraq assured the dissatisfaction of what is happening in Iraq and invite the necessary of policy sharing and welcoming with the Mecca policy that aimed to stop the violence in Iraq.In the Palestinian side : The Palestinian case formed an essential side from the external Saudi politics interests and it one of its standard that called to find a peacefully solution for this case by the decision of the legal international it assured that each sides of struggle should take care of the decisions of Madrid council for Pease 1991. And what it has signed in Oslo agreement 1993, so it faced against the Israel by the Palestinian side by its government and its people and it showed great interest by the great roll in this case and the invitation of prince Abdullah for peace 2002 for reaching to quiet peace between Palestine and Israel. But when the struggle has increased between Fateh and Hamas the kingdom has called for conversation in Mecca to put down these bloody wars in Palestine.In Lebanon side : From the principle of respect of the country the kingdom asked to get its army back from Lebanon lands and after the ex - president al - Hariry has been killed the kingdom asked to make international investigation to solve the problem. With the Israeli an attack for Lebanon in 2006 the kingdom called for stopping shooting although the criticisms that the kingdom put on Hizb Allah and its responsibility on what happened.In Yemen side : The kingdom insist in it refused position for entering Yemen to the cooperation gulf council nevertheless that Yemen announced that it transmit all obstacles that stand against of getting the membering.

حقوق المراة بين الشريعة الاسلامية والقوانين الوضعية == Women's Rights In The Islam Regime And The Laws Rights Of Work Comparative study

Author name: هيفاء خشن جاسم العزاوي
Supervisor name: اكرم عبد الله الجميلي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The dignity is universal not adverbial, but it is not understood in same meaning from age to age and from place to place . From this day we will use the term Democracy in all the wide world started from Greece in it's meaning , that means Public rule , this meaning in the past including in Greece that different meaning in modern age . As we explained before the Attitude of Islam that opinion of prophet Mohammed( God bless him ) in explanation the man , as individual in greeting him and rising his position, this greeting and this rising or change his situation, in his live or after his death . that he obligate on him the Responsibilities and giving him the rights . And because the Islam religion of the life and work , as well as religion of worshipThe man must live in society he must be cooperated with other members in the society . Also the subject of the study included explanation for the reality of the women and her participation with her brother man since going out to start the work , organizing workAnd the getting the fee out side the house and her participation in several fields economic and social and political in the contemporary , and through this explanationWe explain development for the position of the woman . The human Rights issues became as matters in touch with every people 's life , and states with its evolution . with differences of its civilization geography position and its political economic and social regimes . This Issue touch every human being as an individual with his nature and his structure . The nature of human being of double description because of , he is a human being , and social being in the same time that lead to find several respected confirmations , and the tone of this confirmations raised with new international situation . These confirmations have its reflections not only on the most constitutions , regional and national slandered of the women is an important human being in dispensable to erect the life and play a basic role in any progressed or undeveloped society and if this sight for a women is an axiom in our current world , but it is not the same in the previous periods . The human history fill of women's suffering from factor of enslavement and persecution , and tried top quash her humanity and contemn her dignity , than the man who dominated on all administration fall private and general affairs in the society and in the same prevented women to enter in to such fields ./ decreased from her interests , and ignored abilities in its arrangement . As a result of evolution of human society generally the women's position evaluated significantly .In the beginning of 19 century many women movement lead woman resistance against the factor of enslavement and persecution and asked to liberated and grant women her political lawful and economic rights and her equinity with man with all respects . No basic change happened relating with women's position in current age, but if there is decision for quality principles , on constitution today with out mention to equality among citizens and that is with text , there are nit any differentiation among them , no discrimination because of color face , language , or belief that is became as distinguished matter That human rights with its values and institutions is part of Arab current culture in spite of, value of justice equality solidarity and freedom .

الولايات المتحدة الامريكية والامم المتحدة فترة ما بعد الحرب الباردة == The United States of America and United Nations after the Cold War

Author name: اسامة مرتضى باقر السعيدي
Supervisor name: سرمد زكي الجادر | فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The United States of America tries hard to continue its control upon the whole world, but why is this desire? It may aim to get commercial advantage through its strength.The foundation of the United Nations is the best achievement of the United States of America in the twentieth century.As a result to international development and in an attempt to keep the role of the United Nations in keeping peace and security it applies the human rights idealism that led to fasten the United States policy with the human rights idealism and United nation decision.The CCCP decline has a great and danger ous affection upon the United Nations. The organization, no longer, becomes corrupted and is considered the place where the struggle between the two (poles) power is reflected.Now the United Nations face contemporary challenges to its stability.The United states of America has followed all the ways that lead to its domination over the United Nation ;among which was the decision of the war in 1991, to force the Iraqi troops to withdraw from Kuwait . It aimed at showing the whole world that the United Nation Organization is completely under its control throughout using the international Legitimacy and adopting the collective security system in line with its own interests . As result , it is the director of the United Nation decisions.America acts without paying attention to International Legitimacy. Moreover, International Legitimacy must follow America's will or will lose it's position as happen to Iraq on March/ 2003.The action of 11/ September/ 2001 gave the United States America the power to act as it wants all over the world without expecting bad reaction from any state in the world pretending that it protects their nations. In other words, it lets the other countries think they will face alike events of terror. The achievements of the victory in the cold war might last for more than one century. The actions of 11/ September make the countries all over the world accept it as a leader even it makes many problems to these countries as it happened in London on 7/ 7/ 2005.Then the United States of America has gained the full control upon the United Nations, and directs it to gain the American goals under the pretext of having the legal cover.This led to a new problem which becomes so important; the United Nations must improve their laws. How ever, the United States of America try to make the improvement according to its views. Unfortunately the delay of improvement will bring a great advantage to the United States of America in prolonging its domination on the world

الشركات المتعددة الجنسية ودورها في الاقتصاد العالمي مع التركيز على العراق == The role of multinational corporations in the world Economic with Focus on Iraq

Author name: هيثم كريم صيوان البدري
Supervisor name: مازن اسماعيل الرمضاني | عبد علي كاظم المعموري
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يشكل عام 1960 نقطة التغيير التي طرات على الصناعة النفطية العالمية، ففي ذلك العام تم تاسيس منظمة الاقطار المصدرة للبترول والتي تسمى اختصارا بـ (Organization of the petroleum exporting countries) (الاوبك - OPEC). ومن خلالها سعت الدول المؤسسة للمنظمة، الى تنسيق سياساتها النفطية تجاه سلوك الشركات النفطية الاجنبية في السوق العالمية وخلال تلك المسيرة برزت قدرة المنظمة على صنع القرار النفطي لضمان المصلحة الاقتصادية للدول الاعضاء . ولاسباب سياسية اتخذت المنظمة قرارها في رفع اسعار النفط الخام ولاول مرة في عام 1973 والامتناع عن تصديره للدول الصناعية مما ادى الى ان يشهد العالم انذاك والدول الصناعية بصفة خاصة ركودا اقتصاديا اقترن بانخفاض معدلات النمو الاقتصادي ومن ثم تغيير في هيكلية اقتصاديات تلك الدول افضت بدورها الى تغيير مسارات الطلب العالمي على النفط وخصوصا على نفط الاوبك. لذا عمدت الدول الصناعية الى اتخاذ الاجراءات الاتية : 1. تاسيس وكالة الطاقة الدولية (IEA) تحت مظلة دول منظمة التعاون الاقتصادي والتنمية (OECD) لكي تكون في مواجهة اوبك وسياستها النفطية .2. تكوين الخزين النفطي الاستراتيجي لدول اوربا والولايات المتحدة واستخدامه كاداة ضاغطة على عمليات تسعير النفط. 3. البدء بالانتاج النفطي وبشكل تجاري من مناطق خارج اوبك كبحر الشمال. 4. اللجوء الى بدائل الطاقة للتقليل من الاعتماد على النفط.واستمرت متغيرات السوق النفطية في ارساء اليات جديدة كنشوء الاسواق الفورية والاجلة للنفط في منتصف الثمانينيات من القرن الماضي. وقد ادت هذه الى احداث فوضى على صعيد الانتاج والاسعار من اجل الضغط على اوبك وتحجيم دورها في السوق النفطية. وفي تلك الاثناء ظهر متغير اخر اقترن بزيادة الطلب على الامدادات النفطية لدى الدول النامية حديثة التصنيع يرافقه نمو اقتصادي وانتعاش الطلب على نفط اوبك.ولم تتوقف حركة تلك المتغيرات رغم كونها من سمات القرن الماضي ، فعقد التسعينات هو الاخر كان حافلا بالاحداث . ابرزها حرب الخليج الثانية (1991) وما نتج عنها، وانهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي السابق وقيام الاتحاد الاوربي والازمة الاسيوية، هذه الاحداث دفعت الى عدم استقرار سوق النفط وتراجع الطلب على نفط الاوبك. واقترنت نهاية عقد التسعينات من القرن الماضي بظاهرة جديدة هي اندماج الشركات النفطية العالمية لتكون اقل من حيث العدد واقوى من حيث الفاعلية في رسم مسارات جديدة للسياسة النفطية العالمية وصانعة القرار السياسي لدى حكوماتهم ، منطلقة من توجهات اعلامية نحو ضمان جهات جديدة للامدادات النفطية تكون بديلا عن نفط اوبك يرافقها تعدد وجهات نظر الغرب حيال المنظمة واستمرارها برسم مشاهد مستقبلية ذات ابعاد اقتصادية وسياسية. ومن خلال ماتقدم تبرز اهمية هذه الدراسة في تناولها سلعة النفط كمصدر مهم للطاقة ولعقود طويلة ، والى اهمية التنظيم الدولي في ادارة هذا المورد الناضب الذي استاثرت به منظمة الاوبك التي تمتلك دولها الاعضاء حوالي (80%) من الاحتياطي النفطي العالمي. وعبر مسيرتها التي امتدت نحو اكثر من اربعة عقود شهدت منظمة الاوبك تحولات في السياسات النفطية وتمكنت من استيعاب المتغيرات الاقتصادية والدولية التي شكلت مسارا محددا لمستقبلها.

مكانة ايران الاقليمية في ظل المتغيرات الجديدة بعد 11 ايلول 2001 : دراسة الابعاد السياسية والاقتصادية == Iran's regional position in the light of the new changes after 11September 2001( the study of the political and economic dimensions)

Author name: نسرين فالح حسن
Supervisor name: عبد علي كاظم المعموري | سرمد زكي الجادر
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Iran has gotten strategic importance which its being located between the most important strategic territories in the world. Due to its privileged position which is connection point between three Asian areas ( west Asia, middle Asia, and south Asia), so there are other additional strategic features like its located on supply routes of international trade and oil wealths and it's have basic factors that qualifies it to perform prominent regional role and promoting regional position. Iran's strategic importance is coming from correlation depth of its history with Intellectual culture, which have cultural and civilized legacy as well as its rich heritage,and gives it the ability to maneuver in many areas and stability in the event center, and can play a crucial role in its policy towards the neighboring countries of the border regions (the Arab Gulf States, Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and Central Asian States), also it adopted a multilateral strategy to build regional relationships that is an option for expansion of bilateral, regional and global cooperation. The Iranians through the generations have a unique sense to their history and the greatness of their culture, and strength, although evanescence of Persian culture because prevalence of Western traditions the most tempting are, without affecting the sense of self - esteem and exaggerated look to Iran, and Iranians believe look closely to their history, grandeur of their civilization and necessity to own their regional leadership. Iran's regional composition has granted the ability to play a prominent role in the Middle East makes it one of the largest regional countries, which have an essential ingredients, it has big human mass and strategic geographical location, deep historical background, and continuous moral influence on neighboring countries geographically. These ingredients actuated to be as part in regional equations. On the other hand, Iraq's invasion and occupation was a reason for the escalation of Iran's regional influence under the unstable regional environment outputs, whether in the Middle East or Central Asia, under the occupation of Afghanistan and Iraq, backed up by conventional military capabilities as well as the cultural, political, economic and religious influence which is rising and growing. The vast effect that Iran has to attain high rank as major regional power, can use it to explain the development of the military, nuclear and technological fields, and impact it on the other countries. Perhaps, the most prominent signs are growth of Iran's regional stature, constant pursuit to avoid any tensions with the total adjacent countries, and the tendency of Iran for reconciliation gradually with the international environment and it does not use the sectarian dimension of its foreign policy. The importance of change in Iran's strategy due to a change in the perceptions for special causes with the transformations that taking place in the Iranian regime's strategy, the Iranian president, "Hassan Rowhani," he wrote his article published by the newspaper "Washington Post", about the evolution of Iran's status, saying "what Iran is trying to do today is to transform threat that surrounds it on all sides to opportunities, and its employ for this the competition and cooperation in multilateral conflict fields, which Iran is now a major player in it. Iran follow the example of Russia to exert a show of strength and influence, and the Syrian arena it is only just a chessboard for Iranians with a warning the consequences bypassed in arrangements of resolving the crisis." There are limits to idea of Iran's regional status through play strategic alternative role, Iran is a partner to the Arabs according to historical connections, geographical neighborhood, and demographic interference. It the only state non - Arab which overlooks on the Gulf, while other states who overlooking on the Gulf are Arab states. At the time when the Gulf was the only maritime outlet for Iran, which is main crossing for about 80% of its oil exports,The Iranian - Arab relations are gaining special importance, as result of the Iranian - American conflict over Iran's nuclear program, Iran is not a main strategic alternative for Arabs in security issues currently, especially if the Arabic strategy is for peaceful settlement of Arab - Israeli conflict, but it is important alternative if this strategy is about the resistance, and therefore Iran remains a strategic alternative in the long - term. It has made those goals flowing together for Iran's supreme national interest , and its recognition as a regional power in the area, it has clout and influence like any other regional powers. It can contribute to impede the interests of many countries including United States, also it can not be excluded when discussing any special arrangements as being counterweight through what it prepares for the foreign policy and national security which is following it in the Gulf region. The study focuses on the aspiration of Iran to expand its regional and international status, although it is depending on the human, economic, military bases and even scientific - technological, as well as geopolitical importance that enjoy it, but this aspiration faces by United States and its Arab allies in the region through rejection and obstruction and international sanctions and trapping and even a media war. So we shall begin from Iran's attempt to promote its regional and international status by employing all the capabilities that enjoy it, which makes its reality in tune with the Iranian self - feeling in its rightful status under regional and international environment that is very complicated through a combination of pragmatism and some of ideological rationality

مكانة اسرائيل الاقليمية واحداث 11 ايلول 2001 : دراسة في الامكانيات والفرص == The regional status of Israel and the events of 11 - September - 2001 a study of potentials and opportunities

Author name: ناجي محمد عبد الله هتاش
Supervisor name: صالح عباس الطائي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • المكانة
  • سياسة المكانة
  • القوة والقدرة
  • القوة الاقليمية
  • الاقليمية الجديدة
  • الهيمنة الاقليمية
  • الدور
  • القوة العسكرية
  • اسرائيل
  • التخطيط المستقبلي
  • البحث والتطوير
  • احداث سبتمبر
  • 11 ايلول
  • الادارة الدولية
  • الارهاب
  • صنع العدو
  • الشرق الاوسط
  • القل
First pages:
Abstract: This is a study of ( the regional status of Israel and the events of 11/septemper/2001 - a study of potentials and opportunities) by analyzing the variables which helped in the maintenance of Israel existence within a strange environment, and its relentless and continuance attempts to reach the regional domination statues in a region considered one of the most vital regions of the world; extending from Iran in the east to Sudan and Egypt in the west and from Turkey in the north to the Arab gulf in the south . This very region has constituted the middle east according to the British vision in the near past ,and today it is the beating heart of the great middle east project the united states is planning for. The Israeli search for a significant regional statues in this region has been quite unique due to its up normal establishment and its social, historical and cultural radical difference from other countries of this region. Thereby, Zionism realized the danger threatening this new born state among a hostile environment, that is why its purposes and aims have been arranged according to the priorities of planning for state establishment , in cooperation and coordination with the international powers which has an influential impact on the political system : earning the international and legal legitimacy required for the establishment of the state of Israel, fulfilling the Jewish destination, start up the Jewish immigration , preserving the state entity by building a powerful army relying on a huge reserve power capable of defending the state. In order to achieve these goals it has to own the power in every aspects and domain which creates superiority in quality over the hostile Arabic mass. This inspired the idea that the relationship of powers indicates obvious Israeli superiority since the establishment of Israel to the present day, enhanced by the Israeli cultural devotion for the superior west and the Zionist ideological power. Despite Israel capability of achieving the international legitimacy in existing , it did not cancel its great interest of having this regional role and an Arabic acceptance allowing for interacting and influential role in the region. Thereby, there are some of the priorities that constituted the frame of the Israeli political and intellectual perception of its geographical region : 1 - relying on a great power, first obtaining its protection ,and its constant support which qualifies it for a regional role secondly . 2 - embrace the absolute security conception based on geographical extension in order to ensure the strategical depth and secure military superiority maintenance supported by deterrent nuclear arm.3 - The assertion on the elimination of Arabic nation as a cultural and historical fact and finding some sort of religious and national conflict in the sense that it uses religion as a mean of wreaking the Arabic nationality as well as exploiting the sectarian and religious tensions for breaking down the region which fulfills the admission and acceptance of others ; and obtain the regional legitimacy by establishing an Arabic climate accepts the Israeli existence and cope with it to reach for the regional dominance in further level and play the role of regional leader. What helped Israel to accomplish so much of these goals and visions sum of the international variables that stormed the international political system found their echoes in the region which Israel took it for its advantage and used it brilliantly : by the end of cold war Arabs lost their stragical ally (the soviet union) which created the opportunity for Israel and united states to enforce the settlement on Arab. Followed by this golden opportunity, the attacks of 11/septempper /2001 which reached American depth, Israel seized to finish on the Arabic regime, since the prepecations of these attacks concentrated on the middle east core which Arabs and Muslims represent the majority . here, the study proves its hypothesis that accusing Arabs and Muslims of terrorism , distorting the image of Arabs and Muslims making them the target for the American war against terrorism , occupying Iraq , intensifying the American military presence and making the region go through turmoil to distort the region image ; all these are positive outcomes in the advantage of Israel to back up its policies and practices in the region in order to promote its regional statues supported by an American devotion during the region of the current American administration of George Bush junior never reached before. Consequently the study attempted to draw future portraits of the Israeli regional statues promoting two of them which are the most convenient for the Israeli interest : the portrait of continuity , and the portrait of continuity and change for the long and short range. The study has concluded into sum of the deductions confirming the reality that Israel being an important regional state for the time being , it is more than enough to say that it’s the most developed and advanced state and the only nuclear power in the region.

المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية والنظام الاقتصادي العالمي الجديد == THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS AND THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Author name: ميس صاحب عبد الوهاب
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية
First pages:
Abstract: تبرز اهمية المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية من الوظيفة التي اوكلت اليها والدور الذي تكفلت بادائه ، بانجاز مراحل مهمة لاقامة نظام اقتصادي عالمي ، وقبل كل هذا وذاك في المحددات والاسس النظرية التي كانت وراء صياغة بنودها وقراراتها ، فهي تترجم مفهوما وايديولوجية ليبرالية (راسمالية ليبرالية) من خلال الاسس التي اعتمدتها للنظام النقدي والتجاري الدولي وللسياسات المالية والتجارية والنقدية الدولية.وتنبع اهمية دراسة دور المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية واثارها من كونها تمثل الالية الرئيسة في تنفيذ القرار الفعلي على الصعيد العالمي ، خاصة بعد نشوء منظمة التجارة العالمية ، وسد اوجه النقص القائمة في مؤسسات النظام الاقتصادي الدولي بما يكفل النظرة المتكاملة للعلاقات الاقتصادية المترابطة الخاصة بالنقد والتمويل والتجارة والتنمية.فوظيفة هذه المنظمات اصبحت … تحديد مسار التغير الذي يعد ملائما واحداث التحولات في الاقتصادات الوطنية بالطريقة التي تكفل بها انسجام النشاط الاقتصادي على الصعيد الاقتصادي الدولي. فمن الايفاء بحاجات المجتمع هدفا للتحول واحداث التنمية الى الاستقرار الداخلي وصولا الى تحقيق الاندماج في الاقتصاد العالمي ، فهذه المنظمات لا تتوقف عند الدور المعنوي او الرقابي ، بل يمكنها ان تفرض القواعد التي ينبغي على الدول الاعضاء احترامها في سياساتها الاقتصادية.فهذه المنظمات تقيد من سيطرة الدولة وتلزمها باتخاذ اجراءات وتدابير معنية تقلص من سيادة الدولة على اختيار سياساتها الاقتصادية بما يتلاءم مع ظروفها واهدافها الوطنية ، بل ان هذه الدول ستخضع للرقابة من خلال برامج واجهزة هذه المنظمات ، كما ان تنفيذ سياسات الاصلاح الاقتصادي والالتزام باتفاقيات منظمة التجارة العالمية ينطوي على نقل قدر من صلاحيات اتخاذ القرارات في الدول النامية من الدائرة الوطنية الى الدائرة العالمية .ويمكن تحديد اهم النتائج التي تم التوصل اليها من خلال هذه الدراسة وهي : 1 - ان مجرد التحول نحو نظام السوق والالتزام بقواعده لا يضمن نجاح جهود التنمية ، وحتى في حالة النجاح في زيادة الانتاج ، فان الاعتماد على اليات السوق دون غيرها لا يضمن تحسين نوعية حياة السكان ومحاصرة الفقر ان ما تحتاج اليه الدول النامية ، هي احداث تنمية اقتصادية واجتماعية تنفي ما تعاني منه من تخلف بتحويل الهيكل الاقتصادي فيها ليتم فيه انتاج القسم الاكبر من الحاجات المتنوعة للسكان وليس باتساع نطاق الاعتماد على السوق الدولية ، اي اننا ازاء هيكل انتاجي تتحدد وتنشا وحداته المنتجة ابتداء من قرار مستقل يتحدد في الداخل وفي ضوء الحاجات الاجتماعية المتنوعة من ناحية والموارد المالية والفنية المتاحة محليا من ناحية اخرى.2 - تنطلق المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية في سياساتها من مسالة استحداث نماذج فقط ، من دون الاهتمام بمسالة امكانية التطبيق ، اي ان هناك فجوة بين تصميم وصياغة النماذج الانمائية ورسم السياسات وتنفيذها . فهذه السياسات تتسم بغياب النموذج القابل للتعميم على الصعيد العالمي ، اي النموذج الذي يحقق المكاسب لجميع الدول المشاركة فيه ، ونتيجة لذلك فان تطبيقات السياسات الاقتصادية التي تشترطها المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية تكون لها معطيات متباينة في الاقتصادات المختلفة وفقا لمرحلة تطورها الاقتصادي ، الامر الذي اظهر تشوهات متباينة في مؤشرات الاداء الاقتصادي للدول المختلفة.3 - ان دعوة مؤسسات (برتيون وودز) الى تحرير القطاع المالي والتجاري يعني حرمان الدول النامية ، من اتخاذ سياسات اقتصادية مشابهة للسياسات الاقتصادية التي استخدمتها الدول الصناعية في بداية مراحل تطورها ، او حتى التي استخدمتها الدول النامية حديثة التصنيع في الماضي القريب . وسوف يتوجب على الدول النامية اتخاذ سياسات تنموية قائمة على الحرية الاقتصادية التي صممتها المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية وليس وفق متطلبات نموها الوطني ، مما يعني ان سيادة هذه البرامج في الاقتصادات الوطنية ليس مسالة تغير طارئ في هيكل الاقتصاد الوطني . وانما هو تطور نحو بنية اقتصادية جديدة مغايرة في سياقها التاريخي ومتضمناتها الاقتصادية لاوضاعها السابقة ، لقد جاء سعي الاقتصادات المتقدمة نحو عولمة الاقتصاد حصيلة تطور زمني طويل لمزايا السوق امكن معه من وضع فروض يعمل السوق على تفعيل مؤشرات ادائها الاقتصادي ، الا ان سيادة الفروض نفسها في اسواق غير تنافسية والتي تتسم بقدر من التشوهات ، (وفقا لمفاهيم النظرية الاقتصادية) لن يساعدها على تحقيق الكفاءة ذاتها في اداء الموارد ، مما يؤدي الى اللاعدالة وعدم المساواة في النظام الاقتصادي العالمي .اي ستؤدي الى توزيع الاعباء والمنافع بصورة غير عادلة بين الاقتصادات المتقدمة والنامية .4 - بالرغم من ان اكثر التحرير المالي والتجاري الذي تنادي به المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية قد يخلق فوائد للمجتمع الدولي من تخفيض الحواجز الكمركيه وازالة القيود الكمية وفتح الاسواق ، الا ان معظم الدول النامية والمتحولة سوف لا تتمكن من تحقيق تلك المكاسب وتحويل المزايا الاحتمالية الى منافع فعلية الا بعد اعادة هيكلية اقتصاداتها .5 - افضت سياسات المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية الى نمط من ادارة الاقتصاد العالمي عمل على استيعاب المشاكل والمتغيرات الدولية عن طريق اعتماد سياسات نقدية مناسبة يعقبها تكيف هيكلي يهدف الى زيادة مرونة الاقتصادات وتحسين فعالية استخدام الموارد واعطاء دور اكبر لقوى السوق والانفتاح ، اي تحول اهتمام هذه المنظمات لحل مشاكل الاقتصاد العالمي عن طريق تكييف السياسات الاقتصادية الوطنية للتغيرات في البيئة الاقتصاد العالمية ، وبالمثل اصبح ينظر الى التنمية والتحول باعتباره يمنح اهمية اقل لتحسين البيئة المالية والتجارية الخارجية ، واعطاء اهمية اكبر لتعزيز فاعلية الاصلاحات الهيكلية بهدف توفير حوافز للقطاع الخاص لكي يكون قوة دافعة للتنمية والتحول الاقتصادي.6 - افرزت سياسات المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية ازدواجية في قواعد النظام الاقتصادي العالمي الجديد ، فالحدود الوطنية لاتهم بالنسبة للتجارة وتدفقات رؤوس الاموال ، لكن يتعين ترسيمها بوضوح اذا تعلق الامر بتدفقات التكنولوجيا والعمالة ،فسياسات المنظمات تجنبت الحديث عن حركة عنصر العمل عالميا وكانها غير محتملة او كان راس المال يستطيع ان يحل تماما محل عنصر العمل على المستوى العالمي في تحقيق التخصصات المثلى ، ويترتب على ذلك ان الدول النامية ستسمح بالوصول الى اسواقها من دون ان يقابل ذلك السماح لها بالوصول الى التكنولوجيا ، وانها ستقبل بحركة رؤوس الاموال دون ان يقابل ذلك انتقال العمالة ، هذا الازدواج يعد من صميم عدم المساواة في قواعد النظام الاقتصادي العالمي الجديد . 7 - يبرز التقاطع بين سياسات المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية والسياسات البديلة للدول النامية والمتحولة ، فالجانب الايديولوجي للمنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية يرى ان طريق التنمية يجب ان يكون راسماليا من خلال اعتماد الية السوق ، وهذه مصادرة لحق هذه الدول في تلمس الطريق المناسب لها للتنمية ، كما ان المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية تخضع الدول النامية جميعها للشروط ذاتها من دون اية خصوصية تذكر ، في حين ينطلق النموذج البديل من خصوصية اوضاع كل مجتمع . كما ان وصفه المنظمات تضر اضرارا بالغا بذوي الدخل المحدود الامر الذي ينتج عنه ازدياد حدة الفقر ، وعلى العكس من ذلك فان فلسفة النهج البديل للاصلاح والتحول تعمد الى مراعاة الشرائح والفئات الاقل دخلا ، اي انها تستند الى اعادة صياغة فلسفة التنمية وجعلها متمحورة على الذات ونقل عملية التراكم من تراكم معتمد على الخارج الى تراكم يرتكز على الداخل وعلى الامكانات الداخلية في تمويل التنمية والابتعاد عن طريقة الاستدانه في ظل يسر الاقراض.8 - لم تستطع المنظمات الاقتصادية الدولية بوصفها اليات تسيير واداره النظام الاقتصادي العالمي من جعل هذا الاقتصاد اكثر استقرارا وعدالة فعمليات ادارة النظام المالي العالمي من قبل صندوق النقد الدولي والبنك الدولي لم تركز على الاجراءات الواجب اتخاذها للتصدي لحالة عدم الاستقرار الشامل وللمخاطر التي تهدد النظام العالمي ، بل ركزا جهودهما على ما ينبغي للمؤسسات والاليات الوطنية عمله وعلى وضع عقوبات صارمة فيما يتصل بالمشروطية والاشراف . في حين ادت اتفاقات منظمة التجارة العالمية الى بروز سياسة المنافسة الدولية كاحد مجالات السياسة الاقتصادية الجديدة ، والى رفع المستوى العالمي المطلوب من الناحية الفنية والمتطلبات القانونية التي يتطلبها النظام الاقتصادي العالمي الجديد. اي ان التحرير التجاري ادى الى اشتداد حمى المنافسة الدولية في ظل اوضاع اقتصادية غير متكافئة . | The importance of the international economic organizations comes through the job it has to do and the role to fulfill by accomplishing an important stages to build an international economic system, and before all of that inside the religious boundaries that led to write its bounds and decisions, because it translate a liberal and ideological (liberal imperialism) through the basics for the international commercial and fund system and for the international financial and commercial and fund policies. The importance of studying the role of the international economic organizations and its impact because it represent the main mechanism to implement the direct decision at the international side especially after the international trade organizations and to complete the lacks that exist in the institutes of the international economic system , that will guarantee the perfect view for the international economic relations that deals with the fund, supplement, trade and development the job of these commissions turns into determining the changing passage that will be appropriate and makes changes in the national economies by a way that guarantee the harmony of the economic activity on the international side, because these organizations do not stand to play emotion or monitoring role, but it can force the roles that the members should respect in their economic policies and that includes the shrinkage of absolute countries sovereignty for their economic policies on their obligations and promises to the international economic organizations.Therefore seeking a goal to determine the role of international economic organizations appears, making new features for the international economic system, and evaluate the administration of these organizations for the rehabilitation of their structures and economical transformation, in addition how to control the international financial crises heading to evaluate these influences on such policies in the international side.So the research starts from a point that the policies of the international economic organizations, stand to be new style in the administration of the international economy and national economies, but these administrations failed to accomplish perfect possibilities in the equal development and transform and combine for these countries in the international economy.This research has been built in four chapters, in addition to the preface and conclude : The first chapter The Basic Features of the International Economic System and the role of the international economic organizations building new style for the international economic relations, through three aspects, the first deals with (The characteristics and Man Features For the Old International Economic system), the second discuss (Motives for Establishing The International Economic Organization), the third deals with (International Economic Environmental variables and its impacts on developing policies of the International Economic Organizations.The second chapter discusses the International Economic Organizations in three aspects, the first study the denotation of the International Economic Organizations, the second view the applicable symbols for the International Economic Organizations policies, the third study the organization policies and problems that will appears through implementation in the underdeveloped countries. The third chapter deals with (International Economic Organizations and the administration of international financial crises and the economic transformation processes) in two aspects, the first specialized studying the International Economic Organizations and the administration of economical transformation, the second aspects deals only with International Economic Organizations and the administration of international financial crises.The fourth chapter which is the last, view (Policies of the International Economic Organizations and its impact on the International economy) the first aspect study (The Influence of the Financial Policies for the International Economic Organizations on the international economy), the second comes under a title ( The Impact of the International Trade Convention on the International Economy), the third and the last deals with (Social and Political Influences for the Policies of the International Economic Organizations on the International Side).The research comes to these conclusions : 1 - The International Economic Organizations starts its policy from making symbol's only, with out take into consideration the possibilities of implementation, that means that there is a gap between design and write the developing symbols and draw and implement policies, therefore applications of the economical policies gives different values in different economies according to the economical developing phase.2 - The invitation of the International Economic Organizations to liberate the financial and commercial field means to deprive underdeveloped countries to make similar economical policies that the industrial countries use at the first early stages from its developing phase, or even that has been used by the new manufacturer underdeveloped countries. The underdeveloped countries has to take developing policies based on the economical freedom that has been design by International Economic Organizations and not accordingly to its economical growth demands.3 - In spit of the financial and commercial liberation that the International Economic Organizations calls for, can create benefits for the international community by decreasing the customs obstacles, and eliminate the quantity chains and open markets, but most of the underdeveloped and transformed countries will not be able to achieve the benefits and will not transform the substantial characteristics to real benefits until the rehabilitation of its economical structure.4 - The International Economic Organizations led to new style for the international economy administration that can capture all the international dilemma and changes, by another word that we can transform the intentions of these organization to solve the international problems, by conditioning the national economic policies to the changes in the international environment and they will look with similarity to development and transform by giving less importance to improve the international financial and commercial environment and giving more to the economical improvements, that means to provide bonus to the private sector that will be strong power to carryon the economical and transform development.5 - The International Economic Organizations policies shows double vision for the new international economic system, because the national boundaries do not put into consideration when dealing with trade and falls of budget main stream, but it has to clearly determine if it has great role in technology and liberal support. The organization policies avoid talking about international movement of labor element as if it is impossible or budged can totally replace movements of labor element, on the international side to accomplish the perfect specialization, in order to do such thing the underdeveloped countries will allow to enter its markets without letting her to reach technology, and will allow the movement of main budget with out transferring labors. This double vision represents the hart of inequality in the principles of new international economical system it is obvious that thy worldlization process and the economical liberation led by International Economic Organizations increase the competing pressure on the international markets and to halt the economical success on the speed of skills gain and technology development. These processes and pressures increase the gap between the developed countries and the underdeveloped, therefore a need to mechanism and policies that the international economy stand on, the economic system that stand helpless to provide appropriate and realistic changes for underdeveloped countries to equal combine and raise the living level, will absolutely loss its speed in great parts of the underdeveloped countries and without this legitimate and justice, any new International Economic System will not be able to achieve stability and continuity

انتقال الفكر المؤسساتي من المحلية الى العالمية ودوره في تحقيق التنمية سياسيا واقتصاديا == transition The institutionalism Thought from local to global And its role in the achievement of political and economic development

Author name: مصطفى حسين عبد الرزاق
Supervisor name: عبد علي كاظم المعموري | احمد شهاب الحمداني
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: واجه الفكر الاقتصادي الكلاسيكي العديد من الانتقادات من مدارس فكرية عديدة لاسباب كثيرة، وتعد المدرسة المؤسساتية واحدة من اهم تلك المدارس، واكتسبت اهميتها لسببين : الاول : نجاحها في جعل المؤسسات السائدة احدى المتغيرات التي يعنى بها البحث الاقتصادي في عالمنا المعاصر، ورفض الفرضيات الكلاسيكية المسلمة بجودة المؤسسات، والتي تفضي الى افتراض مثالية الاسواق، ورفض فرضيات رشد المستهلك، والسعي الدائم للافراد نحو المنافع المادية، وتوفر المعلومات المجانية وغيرها من الثوابت الكلاسيكية. الثاني : تنامي الاهتمام بالمؤسساتية من قبل جيل جديد من المؤسساتيين، من خلال الاقتراب من الفكر الاقتصادي السائد ذا الجذور الكلاسيكية والانتقال من النقد بسبب اهمال الجانب المؤسسي، الى الدعوة الى ادخال العوامل المؤسسية وجعلها جزء من النظريات التنموية، اذ بدراونالد كوز بفكرة تكاليف الصفقة عام 1937، وبين ان بسببها تنشا وتتوسع الشركات الكبيرة على حساب المشاريع الصغيرة، لان الاخيرة تعتمد على الية السوق، فاذا ما كانت السوق غير فعالة (مكلفة)، تضطر الاطراف الى الدخول في شراكات تعاقدية لتجنب هذه السوق التي تعاني من التذبذب، والغموض (قلة المعلومات والشفافية)، وعدم الامان (حماية الملكية من المصادرة ومن المزاحمة الحكومية) ...الخ. اصبحت معظم الكتابات والدراسات والتقارير الاقتصادية - بما فيها تلك الصادرة عن المنظمات الدولية - تتفق على صحة الاطروحات الفكرية التي تولي اهمية كبيرة الى المؤسسات التي تمثل النظام السياسي والاقتصادي السائدين في بلد ما، وظهر اجماعا متزايدا على ان جودة النظام المؤسسي يعد اهم العوامل التي تساعد او تعيق التنمية الاقتصادية، وبعبارة اخرى، فان النظام السياسي الذي يحدد ملامح (المؤسسات) القواعد المنظمة للحياة السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية، ومن ثم ايجاد سوق فعال، يعد اليوم عاملا رئيسا في تحقيق التنمية والرفاه للمجتمعات، ما دفع الكثير من المنظمات الى وضع معايير يمكن من خلالها تقدير مؤشرات كمية تعبر عن جودة المؤسسات، والقيام ببحوث تستخدم تلك المؤشرات لقياس اثارها، ورسم مسارا للتنمية يعتمد على التحسن في المؤسسات لاسيما الرسمية، من خلال جذبها لرؤوس الاموال المحلية والخارجية.ومع تعدد المؤشرات التي يمكن استخدامها للدلالة على جودة المؤسسات، فان المؤشرات الاكثر استخداما هي مؤشر سهولة الاعمال الذي يصدره البنك الدولي، ومؤشر الحرية الاقتصادية الذي يصدره معهد فرايزر (في كندا)، ومؤشر الديمقراطية الذي يصدره وحدة الاستخبارات الاقتصادية، ومؤشر الحكم الصالح الذي يصدره البنك الدولي، ويتضمن كل مؤشر عددا من المؤشرات الفرعية يعبر كل منها عن جانب من جوانب المؤشر.وعند قياس اثر جودة المؤسسات بالاعتماد على كل مؤشر على حدا، وبناء انموذج قياسي لكل منها بالاعتماد على بيانات مئة دولة لعام 2011، تبين الاثر المعنوي للاداء المؤسسي، وكان مقداره متباينا حسب المؤشر المستخدم، كما تبين من جميع النماذج ان مسار العلاقة بين الاداء المؤسسي والنمو غير خطية، ما يعني ان التحسن في جودة المؤسسات لا يحقق نموا اقتصاديا الا بعد بلوغ درجة معينة تتحدد حسب نوع المؤشر المستخدم، وفي ضوء المقارنة بين اثر المؤشرات تبين لنا اولويات الاصلاح المؤسسي الواجب اتباعها، استنادا الى نتائج كل مؤشر، فجاء في المقدمة الحكم الصالح، اذ بلغ معامل التحديد (R2) لانحداره البسيط (من الدرجة الثانية) (81%)، يليه سهولة الاعمال الذي بلغ معامل التحديد (R2) لانحداره البسيط (من الدرجة الثانية) (61%)، ثم الحرية الاقتصادية الذي بلغ معامل التحديد (R2) لانحداره البسيط (من الدرجة الثانية) (59%)، وجاء اخيرا مؤشر الديمقراطية الذي بلغ معامل التحديد (R2) لمعامل الانحدار (من الدرجة الثانية) (52%). | The classical economic thought subjected for many criticisms from many schools of thought because of many reasons, Institutional school one of the most important of these schools, It importance has gained for two reasons : First : its success in making the prevailing institutions, one of the variables that must be concerned economic research in the contemporary world, and rejection of the classical hypotheses in Ideal of institutions, Which leading to the assumption of perfect markets, and rejection the other its hypotheses such as Consumer rationality, make constant efforts to individuals about the Material benefits, and provides free information and other classic constants.Second : growing the interest in Institutional by a new generation of institutionalist, through closer to the mainstream economic thought a classical roots and the transition of Criticism due to the neglect of the institutional variable, to call for the introduction of institutional factors and make it part of the developmental theories, Ronald Coase began the idea of transaction costs in 1937,He indicate that large companies will arise and expand at the expense of small businesses account, because the latter rely on the market mechanism. If the market was not effective (inexpensive), the parties have to enter into contractual partnerships to avoid this market is experiencing volatility, and uncertainty (lack of information and transparency), and lack of safety (protection of property confiscated from the government and from Crowding in - out) ... etc.Most of the economic Scripts, studies and reports, - those issued by international organizations - agree on the validity of intellectual theses that attaches great importance to the institutions that represent the political and economic regime that prevailing in the country, and the back of a growing consensus that the institutional system quality is the most important factors that help or hinder economic development, in other words, the political regime that determines the features to regulation rules (institutions) of the political, economic and social life, and then find an effective market, is today a major factor in the development and prosperity of the communities, prompting many organizations to develop criteria by which to estimate the amount indicators reflect the quality of institutions, and carry out research using those indicators to measure their effects, and draw a path of development depends on improvement in the institutions Especially the formal institutions, through attracted local and foreign the capital fundsWith so many indicators that can be used to indicate the quality of institutions, the most widely used indicators is Doing business issued by the World Bank index, the Economic Freedom Index published by the fraser institute (Canada), the Democracy Index which published by the Economist Intelligence Unit, and the Good Governance index which is issued by the world bank, each index includes a number of sub - indices, each of which reflects an aspect of the indexWhen measuring the impact of the quality of institutions depending on each indicator separately, and make econometric model for each of them based on one hundred countries for the year 2011 data, shows the Significant impact of institutional performance, whereof mixed by user index, as shown by all the models that the relationship between institutional performance and growth path non - linear, which means that the improvement in the quality of the institutions does not achieve the economic growth only after reaching a certain degree determined according the user index type, and in comparison light of the impact of the indicators, show us the priorities of institutional reform must be followed, based on the results of each indicator, so came in the introduction of good governance, when reached the coefficient of determination (R2) of it in simple regression (Quadratic equation) (81%), followed by Doing business which reached the coefficient of determination (R2) in simple regression (Quadratic equation) (61%), then economic freedom which reached the coefficient of determination ( R2) in simple regression (Quadratic equation) (59%), and finally came Democracy index, which reached the coefficient of determination (R2) in simple regression (Quadratic equation) (52%).

دور الاتحاد الافريقي في تسوية المنازعات : دراسة حالة الصومال == The Role of African Union in the Settlement of Dispute Studying Somalia Cas

Author name: مهند عبد الواحد كاظم النداوي
Supervisor name: فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح العاني
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: كان تحقيق الوحدة الافريقية حلم يراود الكتاب والمفكرين الافارقة منذ نهايات القرن التاسع عشر وبدايات القرن العشرين ، لا سيما الافارقة الذين اختلطوا مع العالم الخارجي . وقد ارتبط ذلك الحلم بتبني العديد من المشاريع الوحدوية التي كانت تهدف بالاساس الى تخليص الانسان والشعوب الافريقية من الرق والعبودية ، وتكوين كيانهم الخاص بهم . وبعد نجاح العديد من الشعوب الافريقية في تحرير دولهم من الاستعمار الغربي انذاك في خمسينيات وستينيات القرن العشرين ، سعوا الى العمل على نقل الحلم الافريقي الى واقع ملموس ، عبر الشروع في تاسيس تنظيم اقليمي وهي منظمة الوحدة الافريقية انذاك، تعمل على تحقيق العديد من الاهداف والمبادئ ، التي من ابرزها ، تحرير جميع الدول الافريقية من الاستعمار ، فضلا عن تسوية العديد من المنازعات والحروب التي نشبت بين الدول الافريقية حديثة الاستقلال . ومنذ نهايات العقد الاخير من القرن العشرين ، سعى العديد من القادة الافارقة ، لا سيما بعد تزايد حدة المنازعات المسلحة في العديد من الدول الافريقية ، لا سيما على الصعيد الداخلي ، الى العمل على طرح العديد من الافكار والرؤى التي نجحت منذ بدايات القرن الحادي والعشرين ، وتحديدا في عام 2002 ، في اعلان القادة الافارقة عن تاسيس تنظيم افريقي جديد عرف باسم الاتحاد الافريقي ، وذلك من اجل مواكبة التطورات التي حدثت على الصعيد الدولي ، فضلا عن تحقيق اهداف عدة ، من ابرزها ، تحقيق السلم والامن والاستقرار فيما بين الدول والشعوب الافريقية ، ومن ثم تحقيق الوحدة والتكامل الافريقي على صعيد القارة ككل . ولاهمية دراسة الاتحاد الافريقي ، فقد سعينا الى ابراز اهميتها وفاعليتها في تحقيق الاهداف والمبادئ التي نادت بها ، لا سيما في مجال تسوية المنازعات . وللاهمية التي تحتلها الصومال في المحيطين الافريقي والعربي ، ولخطورة الوضع في الصومال ، لا سيما على الصعيد السياسي والامني ، فقد ارتئينا دراستها بوصفها انموذجا لدراسة الحالة . اما اشكالية الدراسة فانها تنطلق من رؤية مفادها ، انه على الرغم من نجاح الاتحاد الافريقي عبر سنوات عمله في التدخل في العديد من المنازعات المسلحة سواء كانت ذات الطابع الدولي ام الطابع الداخلي ومن ضمنها الازمة الصومالية ، الا انه لا زال يعاني العديد من التحديات اثناء منع وادارة وتسوية المنازعات في العديد من الدول الافريقية ، سواء تعلق الامر بالهيكل التنظيمي وكيفية اتخاذ القرار ام بالتحديات الداخلية والخارجية . في حين انطلقت الدراسة من فرضية مفادها " ان المشكلات والازمات التي واجهت العديد من الدول الافريقية ، فضلا عن التغيرات التي حدثت في الساحة الدولية ، اسهمت في ظهور العديد من الافكار والرؤى من قبل القادة الافارقة ، لانشاء اتحاد فيما بين دولهم ليكون بديلا عن منظمة الوحدة الافريقية ، ليسهم في الحد من الازمات والمشكلات التي اضحت تعاني منها العديد من الدول الافريقية ، وفي تحقيق الامن والاستقرار ، وبالتالي في تحقيق التكامل السياسي والاقتصادي في القارة الافريقية ". وفي ضوء الاشكالية التي انطلقت منها الدراسة ، والفرضية العلمية التي نريد البرهنة عليها ، تم تقسيم الدراسة على خمسة فصول اساسية : تضمن الفصل الاول ، دراسة نشاة وتطور الاتحاد الافريقي بدءا من دراسة المراحل التاريخية لفكرة الوحدة الافريقية وحتى تاسيس الاتحاد الافريقي .اما الفصل الثاني ، فقد تضمن دراسة الاتحاد الافريقي وتسوية المنازعات من خلال دراسة المدلول القانوني والسياسي للمنازعات ، ودراسة العلاقة بين المنظمات الدولية والاقليمية في مجال تسوية المنازعات ، فضلا عن دراسة الية الاتحاد الافريقي في تسوية المنازعات .اما بالنسبة للفصل الثالث ، فقد عمد الى دراسة مضامين الازمة الصومالية من خلال التطرق الى دراسة الجغرافية السياسية للصومال ، ومن ثم تتبع مراحل تطور الازمة الصومالية .في حين تضمن الفصل الرابع ، دراسة ابرز القوى الاقليمية والدولية المؤثرة ازاء الازمة الصومالية .اما الفصل الخامس والاخير ، فقد تطرق الى دراسة ادارة الاتحاد الافريقي للازمة الصومالية من خلال دراسة دور منظمة الوحدة الافريقية ازاء الازمة الصومالية خلال المدة ما بين (1963_2001) . فضلا عن دراسة سياسة الاتحاد الافريقي حيال الازمة الصومالية منذ العام 2002 ، ومن ثم التطرق الى دراسة الاتحاد الافريقي وامكانية احلال السلام والامن في القارة الافريقية في ضوء اهم التحديات والفرص التي تواجه عمل الاتحاد الافريقي اثناء تسوية المنازعات . ومن خلال تتبع فصول الدراسة ، فقد تم التوصل الى استنتاجات عدة ، من ابرزها : 1. شهدت القارة الافريقية ، تزايد نسبة اندلاع المنازعات المسلحة في العديد من الدول الافريقية ، لا سيما ذات الطابع الداخلي ، منذ العقد الاخير من القرن العشرين ، مما اثر سلبا على الامن والاستقرار في القارة ، كما حدث في الصومال منذ سقوط النظام السياسي في عام 1991 .2. نجح القادة الافارقة في انشاء اتحاد افريقي في بدايات القرن الحادي والعشرين ، لمواكبة التطورات التي حدثت في العالم ، ولتحقيق ما عجزت منظمة الوحدة الافريقية عن تحقيقه عبر سنوات عملها الممتدة قرابة (39) عاما ، لا سيما في مجال تسوية المنازعات .3. سعى القادة الافارقة اثناء اقرار القانون التاسيسي للاتحاد الافريقي الى التركيز على الجانب السياسي والامني ، فضلا عن الجوانب الاخرى ، عبر استحداث العديد من الاهداف والمبادئ الجديدة التي اصبحت تركز على تحقيق السلم والامن والاستقرار في القارة الافريقية . وتنبع اهميتها من كونها اصبحت تعكس التغيرات التي حدثت على النظام السياسي الدولي ، التي كان لها تاثير على الوضع الامني والسياسي في العديد من الدول الافريقية ، والتي من ابرزها ، حق الاتحاد الافريقي في التدخل في اية دولة عضو في الاتحاد في ظل الظروف الخطيرة المتمثلة في جرائم الحرب والابادة الجماعية والجرائم ضد الانسانية ، مع حق الدول الاعضاء في طلب التدخل من الاتحاد لاعادة الامن والاستقرار ، بالاضافة الى احترام مبادئ الديمقراطية وحقوق الانسان والحكم الرشيد وسيادة القانون . بالاضافة الى ذلك ، فقد تم استحداث العديد من الاجهزة الرئيسة المعنية بتحقيق السلم والامن والاستقرار في القارة الافريقية . فبينما لم يكن لمنظمة الوحدة الافريقية سوى ثلاثة اجهزة رئيسة معنية بتسوية المنازعات ، فان القانون التاسيسي للاتحاد الافريقي ، عمد الى زيادة عدد الاجهزة الرئيسة والمعنية بتسوية المنازعات في القارة الافريقية لتصل الى ستة اجهزة .4. سعت الدول الاعضاء منذ اللحظات الاولى لعقد القمة الاولى للاتحاد الافريقي في مدينة دوربان بجنوب افريقيا في عام 2002 ، الى ايلاء اهمية خاصة لتحقيق السلم والامن والاستقرار في القارة الافريقية ، عبر اقرار البروتوكول الخاص بتاسيس مجلس السلم والامن ، الذي مع دخوله حيز التنفيذ في عام 2003 ، اصبح يحل محل الية منع وادارة وتسوية المنازعات التابع لمنظمة الوحدة الافريقية انذاك . وقد عد مجلس السلم والامن من ترتيبات الامن الجماعي والانذار المبكر ، واصبح يمارس مهامه في حفظ السلم والامن والاستقرار في القارة الافريقية ، عبر القوة الافريقية وبمعونة لجنة اركان الحرب ، وهو بذلك مثل طفرة نوعية في عمل مجلس السلم والامن ، التي اذا ما تم تفعيلها بصورة كاملة ، ستؤدي الى الحد من اندلاع المنازعات في العديد من الدول الافريقية .5. نجح الاتحاد الافريقي عبر سنوات عمله القصيرة الممتدة منذ العام 2002 ، الى التدخل في العديد من المنازعات المسلحة التي نشبت في القارة الافريقية ، ومن ضمنها الازمة الصومالية . اذ قام الاتحاد الافريقي بخطوات عدة ، من اجل محاولة اعادة الامن والاستقرار في الصومال ، عبر الدعوة لعقد مؤتمرات لتسوية الازمة فيما بين الفصائل الصومالية المسلحة والحكومات الصومالية المتعاقبة ، فضلا عن تقديم الدعم والاسناد للمؤسسات الحكومية الصومالية ، وارسال بعثة لحفظ السلام في الصومال ، وحث الدول الاعضاء في الاتحاد الافريقي لتقديم الدعم المالي واللوجيستي للبعثة . 6. واجه الاتحاد الافريقي العديد من الصعوبات ، اثناء جهوده في تسوية المنازعات ، ومن ضمنها الازمة الصومالية ، ومن ابرزها ، ان مسالة نشر قوات حفظ السلام الافريقية كانت تفتقر الى القبول من جانب العديد من ابناء الشعب الصومالي والفصائل الصومالية المسلحة ، واقتصار عمل بعثة الاتحاد الافريقي على حماية بعض المنشات والمقار الحكومية المهمة في العاصمة مقاديشو ، وضعف الدعم المالي واللوجيستي المقدم للبعثة من قبل الدول الاعضاء في الاتحاد ، مما اسهم في عدم نجاح الاتحاد في ايجاد حلول جذرية وشاملة للازمة الصومالية .7. لا زال الاتحاد الافريقي ، يواجه العديد من التحديات ، اثناء منع وادارة وتسوية المنازعات في العديد من الدول الافريقية ، مما قد ينعكس بالسلب في المستقبل على عمل مجلس السلم والامن في تحقيق السلم والامن والاستقرار في القارة الافريقية ، من ابرزها : ا. التحديات على الصعيد الداخلي ، والمتمثلة بالتحديات المرتبطة بالهيكل التنظيمي للاتحاد الافريقي ، كما في التحديات المرتبطة ببعض المواد المتعلقة بحفظ السلم والامن ، والتحديات المرتبطة ببعض اجهزة الاتحاد الافريقي المعنية بتسوية المنازعات . فضلا عن ذلك ، فقد عد انعدام الاستقرار الامني والسياسي في العديد من الدول الافريقية ، من ضمن التحديات التي ستواجه عمل الاتحاد الافريقي في المستقبل ، في ظل عدم قدرة مجلس السلم والامن التصدي لجميع المنازعات الافريقية في ان واحد . فضلا عن التحدي المرتبط برفض العديد من الدول الاعضاء التنازل عن جزء من سيادتها لصالح الاتحاد الافريقي ، والتحدي المرتبط بقلة الموارد المالية المخصصة للاتحاد الافريقي ، لا سيما المخصصة للجانب الامني والسياسي. كل هذه التحديات الداخلية متفاعلة ، من الممكن ان تسهم في عدم قدرة الاتحاد الافريقي ومجلس السلم والامن في تحقيق الاهداف والمبادئ التي نادى بها ، والمتمثلة اساسا بالعمل على صون السلم والامن والاستقرار في القارة الافريقية .ب‌. التحديات على الصعيد الخارجي ، ومن ابرزها التحديات المتمثلة في بروز ظاهرة العولمة والليبرالية الغربية ، واحداث 11 ايلول من عام 2001 ، حيث عدت من ابرز التحديات التي من الممكن ان تكون لها اثار سلبية على عمل الاتحاد الافريقي ومجلس السلم والامن اثناء التصدي للمنازعات الافريقية في المستقبل . 8. على الرغم من تعدد التحديات التي من الممكن ان تواجه عمل الاتحاد الافريقي ومجلس السلم والامن اثناء ادارتها للمنازعات الافريقية ، الا ان هناك العديد من المؤشرات الايجابية التي من الممكن ان تسهم في قيام الاتحاد الافريقي بتسوية العديد من المنازعات الافريقية او الحد من تفاقمها في المستقبل ، عبر استغلال الاتحاد العديد من الفرص ، ومن ضمنها ، تفعيل العديد من المواثيق والبروتوكولات المتعلقة بالحكم الرشيد وسيادة القانون ومكافحة الارهاب ومنع التغييرات غير الدستورية وحسن الجوار وغيرها من المواثيق والبروتوكولات ، كاستجابة للتطورات الحديثة مثل سيادة مفاهيم الديمقراطية وحقوق الانسان ، ومناهضة جرائم الحرب والابادة الجماعية والجرائم ضد الانسانية ، والتي اذا ما تم التقيد بها ان تعمل على تعزيز وصون السلم والامن والاستقرار في القارة ، فضلا عن التفعيل الكامل لبروتوكول مجلس السلم والامن واطلاق هيئة الحكماء ، وانشاء العناصر الرئيسة للقوة الافريقية الجاهزة والنظام القاري للانذار المبكر . كل هذه الفرص وغيرها من الانجازات ، من الممكن ان تعمل ، لو احسن الاتحاد الافريقي استغلالها ، ان تسهم في تحقيق السلم والامن والاستقرار في العديد من الدول الافريقية ، ومن ثم تحقيق التكامل السياسي والاقتصادي فيما بينهما في المستقبل . وعليه ، فان الاتحاد الافريقي كان قد تاسس في بدايات القرن الحادي والعشرين ، في الوقت الذي لا زالت فيه العديد من الدول الافريقية تواجه تحدي استمرار وتجدد اندلاع المنازعات المسلحة ، لا سيما على الصعيد الداخلي ، مما سيجعل من مهمة الاتحاد الافريقي في صون السلم والامن والاستقرار في القارة صعبة . الا انه بالرغم من ذلك فقد سعى القادة الافارقة الى التعامل بواقعية مع الاحداث والازمات التي تمر بها القارة الافريقية ، والعمل قدر المستطاع على تجاوز معطيات المرحلة السابقة ، وايجاد الحلول المناسبة والممكنة اثناء اندلاع المنازعات المسلحة . |

الشركات عابرة القومية والمشكلات العامة في بلدان الجنوب == The transnational corporations and public problems in the southern countries

Author name: محمد علي حمود
Supervisor name: مازن اسماعيل الرمضاني | مها الحديثي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The transnational corporations become one of the important factors which effect of the political process in the northern and southern countries. Today transnational corporations play double role in the host countries, the first is positive role in which these corporations help in resolve the public problems and the second is negative role in which corporations create new public problems such as “weakness of national sovereignty, political corruption and crimes ...” The transnational corporations have many means uses to effect in the different faces of political, social and economic process in the southern countries. The important means were the financial, economic and technological power of the transnational corporations, political and military status of their home country and employment policies of the international institutions toward southern countries to support their investments. This study includes tow parts : - The first is the analysis main concepts “The transnational corporations, public problems “, and analysis of the strategy of the transnational corporations which deal with southern countries.The second part is analysis case study of the Brazil and explanation of the important sides and consequences which reflect the relation between transnational corporations and public problems in the southern countries.The main consequents of the study were : - Transnational corporations have important effect in the southern countries through develop many public problems such as unemployment, pollution and crimes. - Transnational corporations effect in public policy through create new public problems such as weakness of national sovereignty and poverty .

جدلية العلاقة بين الاصالة والحداثة وانعكاساتها في الثقافة السياسية العربية

Author name: محمد عدنان محمود الخفاجي
Supervisor name: مها عبد اللطيف حسن الحديثي | عامر حسن فياض
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:

دور عمليــــــــة التحــــول نحو اقتصاد السوق في تحديد اتجاهات السياسة الخارجيـــة : مصر انموذجا == The Role of transition to market economy in determination of foreign policy directions Egypt Case Study))

Author name: محمد عباس احمد
Supervisor name: عماد عبد اللطيف سالم
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: الاطار الفكري للتحول الاقتصادي واصلاحات الدولة في العالم النامي | الاطار العام للتحول الهيكلي نحو اقتصاد السوق | نظام اقتصاد السوق في النظرية الليبرالية | التحول الى اقتصاد السوق | التطور في ثنائية الاختيار بين الدولة الراعية ونظام اقتصاد السوق في الدول الغربية |الدولة الاشتراكية | الدولة في النظام الاشتراكي والليبرالي | الدولة في عالم متغير | عمليات واجراءات واصلاحات الدولة المتحولة في العالم الثالث | المؤسسات الدولية الراعية لنظام اقتصاد السوق | المؤسسات الدولية ودورها في التفاعلات الدولية | سياسات واهداف صندوق النقد الدولي والبنك الدولي | الاجراءات الواجبة من البلدان المتحولة |منظمة التجارة العالمية واثار مؤسسات التمويل الدولي في السلوك السياسي | اتجاهات السياسة الخارجية للدول المتحولة لنظام اقتصاد السوق : انماط الاداء |السياسة الخارجية في ظل نظام اقتصاد السوق : الانموذج المصري | مناطق الاهتمام في السياسة الخارجية المصرية في ظل تحولات اقتصاد السوق | Since the collapse of former Soviet Union in 1991, a verity of developing countries which were totally governed by one party system began its closely steps to transit to market oriented - economy due to many reasons like the vanishing of communist block and rising the revolution of ascending expectations in third world which make demands more influenced by external environment. Throughout Africa and Latin America, and in some poorer corners of Asia, nations have been waiting to test the new experience of liberalization that promote democracy and good governance, in coincide with this; a new type of conditions have been attached to proliferation of economic aids from rich countries, The unspoken message of these states is that countries seeking the money to mobilize its efforts to new era must show that they are reorganizing their societies according to Washington's standards where democracy and human rights became the topics of global agenda and this transition with no doubts has reorganize the foreign policy for these transitional countries in new directions focusing on mutual economic and trade cooperation, rebuilding the foreign political speech, the abandonment of ideological ideas and promote for wide prospects for corporations to invest in rising markets. This, The new foreign policy in the age of globalization in the 21st century became international, extending across the entire globe; also it developed new thought and a believable moral strategy to shape a connecting world, focused on actions to promote these mentioned goals.Globalization, privatization and liberalization have become dominant forcesshaping societies and economies the world over. With the fall of communismand the decline of socialism in most parts of the world, these processes haveaccelerated in the 1990s. These three processes are interrelated phenomena.Globalized economies are likely to be more privatized and liberalized econo¬mies. On the other hand, privatization and liberalization facilitate the process ofglobalization of a country or a region. Hence, it is essential that these processesbe addressed collectively. Globalization, privatization and liberalization are multidimensional phenom¬ena that have implications not only for the economic but also the socio - culturaland environmental aspects of countries and societies. As a primary objective, these, multidimensional aspects include reshaping the foreign policy.One way to try to measure "Globalization" in foreign policy is the annual index of A.T. Kearney and the Foreign Policy Magazine of the Carnegie Endowment in Washington D.C. This index includes rankings of 62 countries for 14 variables grouped in four categories : economic integration (trade, foreign direct investment, portfolio capital flows, and investment income), personal contacts (international travel and tourism, international telephone traffic), technological connectivity (internet users and hosts), and political engagement (memberships in international organizations, international treaties ratified, contributions to UN Security Council missions). No wonder two of the smallest countries, Singapore and Ireland, are ranked on the two top positions followed by Switzerland, the Netherlands and Finland. For years, the smaller a nation, the more developed it is, the more contacts cross - border.This dissertation advocate the essential thesis that globalization and transition to free market oriented - economy has its perceived influence in determine and reorganize the foreign policy directions. The dissertation has been divided into an introduction and fourth chapters with conclusion. Chapter one deals with the conceptual issues of meaning, definitions and differing interpretations and perspectives, this chapter devoted to study theoretical framework for liberalization and free markets, the reasons lay behind the transition to free economy in third world. Chapter two addressed the main globally institutions that promote liberalization like the world bank and international monetary fund (IMF), also this chapter extended to analyze the role of world trade organization and monetary clubs : Paris and London clubs.Chapter three discussed the foreign policy directions of transitional countries where these fundamental directions included : rebuilding the foreign political speech and interact with liberal choice, the rise of corporation which became a main player in new economies besides the state, the seeking to form a global and regional economic blocks and focusing to make foreign policy a primary tool in managing trade conflict. The forth and final chapter has been devoted to study the Egyptian model that contained the fundamental theatrical and practical basis of our thesis on how transition to market economy reshape foreign policy, so, we study the historical development of Egyptian political system, the main factors which made foreign policy changeable to interact with changing environment that influenced the foreign directions. In conclusions of dissertation we listed in shortly text the primary ideas of how the proliferation of liberalization has its impact that reach many aspects of life in third world and the reorganize of foreign policy was one of these vital aspects.

مستقبل الاتحاد الاوروبي : دراسة في التاثير السياسي الدولي == The European Union Future A Study in International Political Influence

Author name: محمـد دحام كردي
Supervisor name: علي حسن نيسان
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The twenty - first century witnesses important economic, political and technological transformation. Undoubtedly, this international will lead to the emergence of big international forces which have a clear influence up on the international policy. Among these candidate force will be the European union that works to be the influential pole according to its international position. The European integration project stants as European group for coal and steel in 1951 . this project develops after four decades to complete security, economic , and political one by signing (Masteracht ) agreement in April 1992, in which the European union is announced as independent political entity with legal prestige .This study is divided into introduction and five chapters . the first chapter includes theoretical frame of the international political influence and its important inputs and the relation with other concepts. The second chapter deals with the expansion and integration in European union showing the European integration and historical development. It also exposes the horizontal and vertical expansion during the last years. The third chapter is titled the European internal environment that concentrates up on the more influential internal environment element on the state power, such as the military, technological and economic variables . The fourth chapter is concerned with the European external environment that showing the European security and the regional, international environment and its positive and negative influences upon European union .The fifth chapter sheds light upon the European union future in the international policy. The European union status and future choices have taken great part in this chapter. The concentration is upon whether this union influential or not and the available justifications for the two choices .The study end with conclusion that sums up the findings

العلاقة بين الحكومة والمعارضة في الدول العربية == The Relationship between The Government & Opposition in Arabic countries

Author name: احمد عدنان كاظم
Supervisor name: وصال نجيب عارف العزاوي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This dissertation has been tackling with specific options concerning with the nature of relationship between Government and Opposition . Thus this subject has different stages during diagnosing of this Political Phenomena , especially with stage of Predominating single - party system which was preventing any political opposition in the political life , besides to that making political groups and parties to be more weakness within political system .In the stage of hegemonic party system , the government excerting too much efforts to containment any political opposition . But the real situation during pluralism in political parties , It has taken another forms , in order to weak any an opposition towarded against Government , therefore the opposition should be working under the conditions which were imposing by Government .The important of this subject was appeared from different basic highlights such as are : - 1. The nature of stand of Government toward an opposition. 2. The style and political paradigm of Arabic elites who were ruling in the region .3. The nature of political culture which was prevalented within society and it's reflections and repercusussions on the structure of an authority .4. The huge of capacities of different political systems in Arabic region to assimulation of all groups of political opposition , such as a partner within institutions of states .From all of that , this thesis devided in to five parts , First chapter deals with conceptual and theoretical themes . But at the Second chapter tackled causes or motivations , and forms of an opposition within political system . In the Third chapter was tackling stages of appearance relationships between Government and opposition . Either within the stage of pluralism in political parties , it has been dealing in Fourth chapter . And in the last chapter has studied the future of connectionship between Government and Opposition by different possible likelihoods which were concerning with reflixable and non - reflixable relationship between two parts of political equation , therefore , it may relation be very dimunitive in vital role between Government and Opposition within political process , in the democratic stage

الاستراتيجية المصرية في الوطن العربي

Author name: محمد ابراهيم المصبح
Supervisor name: سرمد زكي الجادر | مازن اسماعيل الرمضاني
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • لمحة تاريخية عن الاستراتيجية المصرية في الوطن العربي
  • شخصية مصر الاقليمية
  • ظهور الدولة في مصر وتطورها
  • الوظيفة الاقليمية للاستراتيجية المصرية (اطار نظري تاريخي)
  • المتغيرات المؤثرة في الاستراتيجية المصرية في الوطن العربي
  • المتغيرات الداخلية
  • المتغير
First pages:
Abstract: في العموم عند الحديث عن النظام الاقليمي يتبادر الى الذهن - دائما - ان ثمة انساقا من التفاعل تتخذ قدرا من الثبات والاستمرارية بين مجموعة من الدول التي تتوافر على اهداف ومنطلقات وطموحات ازاء ذلك المجال، وان ثمة توازنات للقوى داخل ذلك الاقليم يتم بموجبها تحديد الاطراف او الدول الاكثر فاعلية، وهذا الكلام ينطبق على الوطن العربي، فالاخير كان ولا يزال يشكل منطقة مليئة بالتحديات والتفاعلات التي ما انفكت القوى الخارجية - الدولية - تسعى للتاثير فيها، ومن ثم كان ولا يزال هذا المجال الحيوي ممثلا بهذا الاقليم يشكل عاملا مهما من عوامل تحريك السياسة الدولية. ان الوطن العربي مثله كمثل اي نظام اقليمي، شهد ولا زال يشهد تفاعلات من قبل دول تسعى من خلالها لضمان دور فاعل ومؤثر في تحديد موازين القوى فيه، وهذا التفاعل يدور في اطار حالة من التنافس المستمر بين القوى الفاعلة من اجل الحصول على موقع الريادة والقيادة للوطن العربي ، كما ان هذا التنافس في حالة من التحفيز المستمر بفعل ظاهرة الحراك الاقليمي، والدولي، فالى جانب طموحات القوى الاقليمية لنيل ذلك الموقع القيادي، يقف التنافس الدولي لضمان المصالح الكامنة في هذه المنطقة من العالم، وبالتالي فان عملية التنافس تنطوي على قدر من الاستمرارية. ومن بين ابرز واهم تلك القوى المتنافسة فيما بينها لاداء دور قيادي في الوطن العربي هي مصر، فالاخيرة صاحبة مشروع بهذا الخصوص، وهذا المشروع له جذوره المتاصلة في الفكر المصري، ليس في العصر الحديث فحسب، بل ان مقدماتها وملامحها الاولى تظهر بشكل جلي منذ ازمان بعيدة، وقد تصل الى مراحل التكوين الحضاري الاولى لمصر. ان تلك الطموحات مردها القدرات والامكانات التي تتوافر عليها مصر اولا، والسبق الحضاري الذي تميزت به عن الكثير من دول المنطقة ثانيا، ناهيك عن الكثير من المتغيرات ذات الصبغة الحديثة التي استجدت بفعل التطورات التي يشهدها العالم وتشهدها المنطقة، فعلى سبيل المثال، شكل العامل (الاسرائيلي) تحديا مهما امام مصر، بالشكل الذي حفز لديها طموحات القيام بدور اقليمي فاعل في منطقة لا زالت تعيش حالة صيرورة لنظام اقليمي مرتقب. كما ان وجود دول اخرى في المنطقة، تتوافر على امكانيات مهمة، وتمتلك طموحات كبيرة في الاتجاه نفسه حرك عامل التنافس على قيادة المنطقة، ومن ثم عزز هذا الطموح على انه ثابت من ثوابت الاستراتيجية المصرية. ان دراسة الاستراتيجية المصرية في الوطن العربي، من خلال تحليل دورها الاقليمي، يعد امرا له جانب كبير من الاهمية، وتلك الاهمية تعود الى عدة اسباب، فعلى الصعيد الاقليمي يمكن القول ان الاهتمام بمثل هذا الموضوع يعد مدعاة لاثارة الفضول العلمي الاكاديمي، حيث ان الانتماء الى هذا الاقليم يجعل دراسة مثل هذه المواضيع ضمن اختصاصنا وضمن دائرة اهتمامنا، كما ان دراسة الاستراتيجية المصرية في اطار محيطها العربي ذو اهمية بالنسبة لنا لكوننا ننتمي الى المستوى نفسه من التصنيف كدولة، وكذلك لان دراسة هذه الاستراتيجية يمكن ان تكون مدخلا لدراسات اخرى في المستقبل تدور حول عقد المقارنة بينها وبين استراتيجيات دول اخرى في الاقليم نفسه. وكذلك من بين دواعي دراسة هذا الموضوع، ومن بين الامور التي تسبغ عليه قدرا من الاهمية، هو ان الشكل النهائي، او ذا الصفة الاكثر ثبوتا - ان جاز لنا التعبير - لموازين القوى في الوطن العربي لم تتحدد بعد، وانه لا زال يعيش حالة تفاعل مستمرة، تجعل من الضروري الشروع بمثل تلك الدراسات لتقييم المستقبل واعطاء صورة قد تكون ذات اهمية في صياغة وبناء رؤى مستقبلية للمنطقة وطبيعة التفاعلات القائمة فيها.2 - اشكالية الموضوع : قد تتفق او قد لا تتفق الرؤى حول وجود برامج عمل واضحة المعالم تتوافر عليها مصر وتتجسد من خلال استراتيجية عربية محددة، والاختلاف في الراي هو نتاج طبيعي ومنطقي لتنوع الخلفيات العلمية والاكاديمية وتباينها بين الباحثين ومن ثم فان ثمة اشكالية مؤداها ان هناك العديد من وجهات النظر التي تعالج هذا الموضوع، فعلى سبيل المثال قد يرى البعض ان دراسة السياسة الخارجية تفي بمتطلبات الموضوع دون الخوض بتفاصيل تنسب الى الاستراتيجية اكثر منها الى السياسة الخارجية، وقد يرى راي اخر بان طبيعة المتغيرات الراهنة افضت الى تحول ملموس في الاولويات بحيث ان كتل اقليمية جديدة قد حلت محل المجال الحيوي العربي السابق الذي كان يمثل جوهر اهتمام الاستراتيجية المصرية، وكثير غير ذلك من الاراء التي تعبر عن قدر من الاشكال العلمي الذي يتطلب ان نضعه في مقدمة الامور الواجب اعتبارها خلال مسيرة البحث في هذا الموضوع.3 - فرضية الاطروحة في مواجهة هذا النوع من تعدد الرؤى، وبحكم العمل على دراسة موضوعنا فلا بد من الانطلاق من فرضية واضحة لتكون الاساس العلمي الذي سوف يتم بناء النقاش والتحليل العلمي عليه. فرضية الدراسة هي : (ان هناك دورا اقليمي بارز وفعال تسعى مصر الى تحقيقه، وان ثمة علاقة طردية موجبة بين كل من متغيرات البيئة الداخلية والاقليمية والدولية لمصر، وبين ذلك الدور المتوخى). وفي تتبعنا لسير المناقشات الرامية لاثبات هذه الفرضية، يمكن ان نطرح مجموعة من التساؤلات تشكل الاجابة عليها عاملا هاما في تحديد مسارات التحليل العلمي للدراسة، هذه التساؤلات هي : • ما هي الجذور التاريخية للاستراتيجية المصرية في الوطن العربي وكيف كانت؟• ما هي العوامل او المتغيرات المؤثرة في تلك الاستراتيجية؟ ولماذا؟• كيف تستجيب القيادات المصرية للمتغيرات الداخلية والخارجية؟• ما هو واقع الاستراتيجية المصرية ازاء الوطن العربي في ظل تلك المتغيرات؟ ولماذا؟• كيف سيكون حال الاستراتيجية المصرية خلال المستقبل المنظور؟ ولماذا؟و سنتناول من خلال دراسة الاستراتيجية المصرية في هذه الاطروحة مجموعة من المفاهيم التي قد تثير بعض الاشكال المفاهيمي مثل ( الوطن العربي ) ، هذا المفهوم يشير الى مجموعة الدول التي تم رسم حدودها في اعقاب تفكك الدولة العثمانية والاحتلال البريطاني الفرنسي للوطن العربي من خلال اتفاقية سايكس بيكو في عام 1919 . ويضم الوطن العربي شعب واحد يتكلم لغة واحدة وذو اصول واحدة عاش منذ مراحل زمنية سحيقة على هذه الارض الممتدة من المحيط الاطلسي الى الخليج العربي . 4 - منهجية الاطروحة : ان المنهج الذي سيتم استخدامه يقوم على التوفيق والمزاوجة بين اكثر من منهج بحث علمي من مناهج البحث في العلوم الاجتماعية، وذلك لما يتطلبه الموضوع من تحقيق اكبر قدر من الدقة، ولكن المنهج العام الذي يهيمن على مجمل سير التحليل والنقاش في الدراسة هو منهج التحليل النظمي، حيث ان المدخل التاريخي والمتغيرات المؤثرة في الاستراتيجية المصرية ستكون المدخلات الاساسية للموضوع، اما علاقة صنع القرار بتخطيط الاستراتيجية المصرية فهي تلك العمليات التي ستقودنا الى الاستجابة المتمثلة بواقع الاستراتيجية المصرية في الوطن العربي والتي تمثل مخرجات الدراسة، واخيرا تاتي دراسة المستقبل لتعبر عن التغذية العكسية او (الراجعة) والتي ستصب دون شك في متغيرات الموضوع الاساسية.5 - هيكلية الاطروحة : سوف يتم اعتماد الية التصنيف العشري للفرز وتحديد تسلسل مضمون الاطروحة وكالاتي : 1. لمحة تاريخية عن الاستراتيجية المصرية في الوطن العربي.2. المتغيرات المؤثرة في الاستراتيجية المصرية في الوطن العربي.3. واقع ومستقبل الاستراتيجية المصرية في الوطن العربي. | Through the long history stages, Egypt had an impressive role in its regional framework; this role had many types and pattern as it varied in each history stage, also due to the variation in goal and priorities and the changing in the missions from the one stage to another.In this thesis we began with analyzing the historical view for Egypt strategies in the Arab Nation as a start to analyze this role, we noticed that the regional role is the best that we can use to express this strategy.Notices and results of chapter one indicates that the idea of executing a leading regional role hasn’t gone from the Egyptian decision maker's mind, that all because Egypt had many capabilities that specialize it inside the region.To understand the necessary bases on building the Egyptian strategy at this framework, we had to research and analyze the variables that affect building such strategy, these variable are complicated, which makes it hard to distinguish each alone, and to avoid mixing these variables we had to separate it into basic levels during the study as follow : internal variables, regional variables and international variables.Next, we studied the decision making process in Egypt and how this operation might connect with another operation which is strategic planning and perception of interests and goals that should be done to support the regional role.In this framework we studied some of the theoretical issues concerning decision making and we applied these issues on the Egyptian political system to have a better idea about the channels that the decision made through.In the final subject we studied the present and the future of Egyptian strategies in the Arab Nation, which first discuss the reality of this strategy and the changing, that is related to the perception of the Egyptian leadership to the visual field, second analyzing predictions for the future of this strategy using assumed perspectives which are discussable and analyzable to give expected view to the Egyptian strategies, these perspectives might be in three fields : positive development in regional role or negative fallback or continuity in the same level.Results concerning this study could be summaries as follows : • Egypt had good capabilities in addition to its will and ambition to play important regional role.• With all these privileges there are disadvantages against the development of the regional role in the excellent way.• Balancing the previous two results, we might conclude that the best will be to continue this role relatively

التوازن الاستراتيجي في منطقة الشرق الاوسط بعد 11 ايلول 2001 == The Strategic Balance in the Middle East After The 11th September 2001

Author name: لبنى خميس مهدي طالب الربيعي
Supervisor name: سرمد زكي الجادر
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The subject of this thesis acquires its importance from several aspects , the most important is the nature of view towards the middle east zone as it a zone of interests to the united states and the other major powers and as the middle east zone suffering from many tensions between its parts which that tensions put this zone in front of many big challenges and complexity, one of these Challenges and most important one is : - 1 - the connection between the united states with the energy sources in side the middle east . 2 - the perfect supporting from the united states to Israel .3 - the perfect relations between the oil and weapons .4 - the newly strategic of the united states which is aimed to be the middle east taking several things as reason to its military and political maintaining in the middle east . Also the importance of this subject comes from the changes which had been made after the 11th September 2001 which made the dramatic changes on the middle east in large which this dramatic changes concentrate in larger part of it which what called the united states to fight the terror and which comes with larger attentions by from the international area specially the presentations of nuclear weapons in which the united states call for it , about the ability of this kind from reach to the hands of terrorism or terrorism states against the united states interests in the middle east .The importance of this subject is also due to the American war against Iraq march 2003 which made big development spot in this zone , by the maintaining of the united states and gave itself to interfere inside this zone wherever it see that possible . This thesis also acquires its importance from taking the power part area in the middle east and the most important pressure which faced them concentrated on the united states role which had been the main entrance to dealing with the problems of weapons inside this zone , and may be the Iranian situation was the most importance of them . At last , this thesis acquires further importance as it involves a section dealing with the future position of the strategic balance in the middle east . The subject of this thesis necessitated dividing it in to an introduction , five sections and a conclusion : - The first section is entitled : The frame concept of the balance and strategic balance and middle east concept . It contains tow sub - sections dealing with the frame concert of balance and strategic balance and the most nearly concept from them such as the concept of power and the balance of terror , and also the concept of the middle east and all different views upon this concept taking by the united nations concept about the middle east , the united states , the Israel and .. ect . The second section is entitled : The strategic balance in the middle east zone ( Historical Generations ) .It contains three sub - sections starting with the strategic balance in the middle east zone during the cold war which takes the major international powers at that time the soviet union and the united states and the strategy of each of them inside these zone . and the second section take the strategic balance in the middle east after the old war , and the third one take the strategic balance in the middle east after the 11th September 2001 . The third section is entitled : The abilities and powerful for the main powers ( Unitarian and Arabian ) in the middle east .Which conclude tow sub - sections, first include the abilities of Unitarian powers inside the middle east zone which this thesis concerned ( Turkey , Iran and Israel ) and there influence power inside the zone . The second section taken the Arabs abilities which includes ( Egypt , k. of Saudi Arabia and Syria ) , as the influence Arabic power which had there influence inside the middle east . The four section is entitled : The influence of the international changes towards the strategic balance in the middle east which conclude three sub - sections taken the ( overwhelmed American power on the international regime , the American war against the terror and the role of the united nation ) all of these changes putted under the political changes , also the ( knowmalization and oil ) comes under the economic changes , while the ( American necessary military maintenance in the middle east , weapons trading and the mass destructions weapons ) comes under the military changes , and all of these changes had been the major changes influenced upon the strategic balance in the middle east .The five section is entitled : The future of the strategic balance in the middle east . tow future sub - sections ( futuristic aspects ) . The first one dealing with the strategic balance in the middle east based on the united states powerful in the middle east ( balanced basic on Israel power ) , and the second dealing with the strategic balance in the middle east based on three powers in area are nearly in same power and influence ( Turkey , Iran and Israel . In the conclusions of the thesis , the researcher gives a summery of the thesis along with the most important results and recommendations educed . The researcher maintains that thought emergence a power part inside the middle east zone which work to threat the strategic balance in the middle east and also which threats the united states and Israel interests inside this zone and it will be takes by both of them the personal enemy , and the researcher thought that Iran as it is see the power that in consideration , but in this case if there is any obstacles facing the Iranian nuclear program that means the middle east zone will face more dangerous steps which maintain the powerful and the strengthen to united states from one side and on the other side the only power inside the middle east will maintaining to the Israel . The dangerous situation which this zone have been faced before and in the future , requires without any delay a kind of cooperation between its parts aiming for achieve cooperation program between the Arabic /Islamic parts which stood against the danger programs inside the zone , and to crystallizing as this cooperation program to considerate the united states and Israel challenges must taken in consideration the trust between the powers inside the middle east which this trust works to put this program in real and the matter that this induce us to the saying that ( Israel ) and its sponsor the united states are going ahead in achieving there goals in dominating the destinies of the middle east particularly the historical experiments has proved the failure of the dealing with the Israel , which that matter requires a serious strategic planning for this powers against the united states and Israel . At last , we say that backing the powerful power inside the region and lending its power with all means of assistance and support to make this cooperative program in real is regarded of the paramount importance for strengthening the whole power to standing in confronting the united states and Israel planning against powers in the middle east .

اثر البنية الاقتصادية في الثقافة السياسية في العراق بعد عام 2003 == Effecting of Economic Structure on Political Culture in Iraq after 2003

Author name: احمد حسين والي البدري
Supervisor name: هشام حكمت عبد الستار العزاوي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The present research includes two main comparisons as to take in and assimilate the Iraqi Society in respect to the political culture of economy reality having effect on the culture structure. The latter is a mixture of text , thought and history. Hence , the meaning of Iraqi culture structure expresses about its self in escalating activities ,alienation disorders , and religious or social( worthy things non violations ). The current study indicates the structure of the Iraqi intellectuality and state of that economic structure and activities ensued from it and not the political culture.In every society there would be discrepancy between non - reality and reality; this discrepancy requires to be interpreted and explained for the individuals of the society having the same social symmetry. From hence , it could notice that the Iraqi society suffers from the following : - Attractively in the subject of the economics : it is the existence of huge and diverse resources ,including strategy ( oil and gas ) , human capabilities and others , these resources live pace by pace with its contradictories as poverty , undeveloped economics , infrastructure and culture structure deforming . These phenomena indicate defects that should be scientifically processed , in the way that it could not logically say that there huge wealth sources beside poverty and unemployment ( violence and corruption). - In reality , the depth of democracy could not be achieved unless there should be equity among the citizens; besides, it requires all energy of personal efforts as to get a suitable living state . The economic and social power should be restricted only to elite having known by its production and capability as to get Iraq out of its present state to the right path. - The problem of Iraq is the structure problem where economic, social, cultural and political 's viewpoint should be valuably sought for. The weakness of political culture and its traditions related to its unity that expresses about the history of the state , political system and economic and social development.

الاستراتيجية الروسية حيال اقليم القوقاز : جورجيا انموذجا == Russian strategy towards the Caucasus region (Georgia model)

Author name: كرار عباس متعب فرج المسعودي
Supervisor name: لبنى خميس مهدي الربيعي
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Poses province Caucasus General Georgia Especially Focus Interesting (historic And the political, geographic, economic, military) Parties International And regional since long time ago Even Time Presently, the form Stations Attract Empires Great Empire Mogul The Persian The Ottoman And Romania And Historic stations (Russia Tsarist After that Empire Russian And from Then Soviet) was Station Interest And attracting From empire The other On Power All Empire, and also she was Focus Conquests Islamic On hand Rightly Adults (RIP), but Narrative Date Caucasian We find Mostly from him He Under Influence And domination Russian Starting From Russia Tsarist Empire Russian Soviet and, if We reviewed Date Russian We find it's a Replete To dominate The presence at province Caucasus Nor drifting away about him And so The importance of Territory Historically And politically Russia, as Form Focus Starting Caesars Russians And private Kaiser (Peter Older) and campaigns And expansions in it and since Collapse Empire Tsarist And the advent of Empire Russian Which she was Subject province Caucasus General Georgia Especially to her Which Collapsed On hand Revolution Bolshevism In 1917, which On Impact Began Empire Soviet Take shape The Its leader Vladimir Lenin And from Then Joseph Stalin Effect Of at formation the Union Soviet In 1921, as subject province Caucasus (Northern And south) under Domination Soviet despite Happening Tensions Here There From Yup Coup The escape about him But Domination Soviet she was more powerful From So, while Georgia heart that Region ( the focus The study) was heart Concerns And interventions From Before Empires Previous And private From Before Russia Tsarist Empire Russian And Soviet And so Its importance strategically And its location at heart Territory The Affected Conquests Islamic Georgia Also, consider the Union Soviet (former) to Georgia On It a key province Caucasus So Make it Spin at Its orbit Strategic Nor Deviate about him despite change The transfiguration Circumstances And leaders the Union Soviet (former) and even After Collapse the Union Soviet (former) and independence Republics Soviet Previous about him And private at province Caucasus And private Georgia Form Territory General Georgia Especially Focus interest Strategic Russian Most Threw down several Strategies On Different Stages Ago Collapse Even Time the present Which she was Changed at All Stage But Target Strategic for every Stage Imperishable and he make Georgia No Deviate About Astronomy Strategic Russian The remaining Under Look Strategic Russian. Either geographically in the form of the territory of the territory of the Caucasus mountain constitutes isthmus stretching from the Caspian Sea to the east and the Black Sea to the west and north of the Russian Federation and to the south, and is a link between the continents of Asia and Europe and offers his views most easy and less expensive to Europe and is a territory of the Caucasus depth Geographical Strategic Russia Across Date And Russia Federal at Time the present Because Wall Separation About Threats Foreign There Allow Any Case From Conditions From the approach Of which The threat, either Georgia heart that Territory The point And private it's a Poses Location passage most Pipe Transfer Fulcrum energy From Area Sea Caspian to me Europe So See Russia at that Security Economic And a threat Pipeline Transported Energy if What It was the control On Georgia and this is What No Accept It. As for What Posed province Caucasus General Georgia Especially From Importance Economic Van Territory He Focus For most Resources energy at the world And private at Azerbaijan And as well About What It was Mentioned From it's a Poses As well as About Signed Geographical And strategic It constitutes status Economic strategy For most Countries the world And private Russia Federal And his heart Georgia (State of Traffic) for most Pipeline Transfer Energy, as well as About Neighborhood Area Sea Caspian Region Rich Powered or What it's called ( Gulf Arabi II) in Signal Of the bay Arabi the first the rich Energy, and this What Earns Importance strategy For the region Georgia To Russia Federal Which No Accept Non Role Dominant it . As for Military Importance The territory Caucasus General Georgia Especially Stems From Subscriptions Military Russia Across Date To Russia Federal After Collapse the Union Soviet (former) as Form Territory Point Fulcrum Rules Military Russian And private at Georgia After Eviction Military Russian Its rules at Georgia Kept Russia Federal Troops at Regions Georgia Separate By (Ossetia South, Abkhazia) as well About Troop save Peace International Which most of it Russian, this Subscriptions Military Russian Due The importance of province Caucasus General Georgia Especially militarily Russia Federal And security National Even No Stay Free And fill From the West And private the states United Of America. Increase from Importance Subject The study (Georgia) Heart province Caucasus He Strategies Russian Ago Collapse the Union Soviet (former) 1991 Even Time the present Which despite They change From Stage to me Stage Except It Confirms That Georgia Should that Stay at Astronomy Strategic Russian Nor Deviate Him. Event essential The importance of province Caucasus General And Georgia ( the focus The study) private And they form Importance strategy Russia Federal And she Line red The equation Zero Calculated Favor Russia Federal He War of 2008, which Proved Russia Federal Georgia And from Support Georgia at this the war Ban Russia Federal No Can Play with her at Neighborhood near And private province Caucasus And his heart Georgia was replayed decisive response reflects restore power and glory again. So problematic Our study starts From what province Caucasus And heart Territory Georgia (the focus The study) form Across Date The limit Time the present Location compete between most Empires Previous International And regional Surrounding Region Georgia Especially, What constitutes From Importance strategy and on all levels (historical, political, geographic, economic, and military), which End Parties International And regional After that From Try Permanent To access For the region Georgia Especially, the head this the parties Russia Federal which she was Historically Focus Seen And influence Like Continuous Territory And private Georgia And trying to Always Pursuit And domination On Territory And private Georgia And not Allow Parties International Regional From Access For the region Georgia Which Prepared Neighborhood near And her garden the background And scope Vital, but After Collapse the Union Soviet In 1991 form Territory And Georgia (the focus The study) region Location More Competitive between the parties International And regional From Side And Russia Federal From Side Other Outs The loose this Regions Georgia about him Any Case From Case, which Trying to Russia Federal Across Its strategy Multiple that Dominate On Regions Georgia Private . So In brief Location province Caucasus General Georgia Especially Poses Importance strategy Seriously And Pursuit Russian Permanent To dominate On Territory General And Georgia (the focus The study) private Across Strategies Multiple With Existence the parties International And regional Seeking To access For the region Georgia Especially And domination They Also, here Focus Problematic Study. From Case, which Trying to Russia Federal Across Its strategy Multiple that Dominate On Regions Georgia Private . So in brief Location province Caucasus General Georgia Especially Poses Importance strategy Seriously And Pursuit Russian Permanent To dominate On Territory General And Georgia ( the focus The study) private Across Strategies Multiple With Existence the parties International And regional Seeking To access For the region Georgia Especially And domination They Also, here Focus Problematic Study. 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For the purpose of Proof hypothesis studying Requires It Answer On Questions The following, namely: 1-What he province Caucasus (historically politically, geographically, economically, militarily) and how It was interest Strategic Russian with it 2-What she Georgia (historically and politically, geographically, economically, militarily), and how It was interest Strategic Russian Out 3-What she Strategies Russian Followed Ago Collapse the Union Soviet (former) in 1991 to Time the present And how I worked On Containment Georgia 4-What she Variables Interior And external Affecting at Strategy Russian about Georgia 5-What He future Strategy Russian about Georgia As for Subject studying divided to me an introduction and four Chapters and a conclusion: The Entrance and address: the importance Strategy The territory Caucasus Georgia It includes Two topics he searches the first The importance of province Caucasus at Strategy Russian It includes Four Demands, demand the first Importance Historical Political, and demand The second Importance Geographic, and demand the third Importance Economic, and the fourth It Importance Military, The Section The second It Importance Georgia at Strategy Russian Guarantees the Four Demands, first Importance Historical And political, either demand The second It Importance Geographic, The demand the third It Importance Economic, and the fourth It Importance Military, as well as About summary Of the season. As for the season The first Is entitled: Evolution Strategy Russian About Georgia (1991- Even Our time Present) guarantees the Two topics the first Strategy Russian About Georgia Phase (1991- 2008) and included Two demands, demand the first Strategy Russian About Georgia Phase (1991- 1999) The demand The second Guarantees the Strategy Russian About Georgia Phase (1999- 2008), The Section The second Strategy Russian About Georgia Phase (2008- Even Our time Present) guarantees the Two demands, first Strategy Russian About Georgia Phase (2008-2012) The demand The second Strategy Russian About Georgia (2012- Even Our time Present), as well as About summary Of the season. As for the season the second Is entitled: variables Affecting at Strategy Russian About Georgia Guarantees the Two topics the first Variables Interior Affecting at Strategy Russian About Georgia Guarantees the three Demands, first variable Politician As for The second variable Economic As for the third It variable Military, either Section The second It Variables Foreign Affecting at Strategy Russian About Georgia Guarantees the Two demands, first Variables Regional (Iran - Turkey) and the second Variables International (US United US - Europe), as well as About summary Of the season. As for the season the third It is entitled: The Future Strategy Russian about Georgia guarantees the Two scenes: the first Scene continued dominance Russian about Georgia, The The second It Scene Retreat dominance Russian About Georgia, as well as About summary Of the season. 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التحول الديمقراطي في الوطن العربي : بحث في امكانية تداول السلطة سلميا == Democratic Development In the Arab World

Author name: قاسم علوان سعيد الزبيدي
Supervisor name: اكرم عبد الله الجميلي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: This dissertation has been talking about the described as democratic developments in the Arab world. Authority represents one of the most important issues, which preoccupied the people and groups as one of the entrances to reform and change, and the access and means to achieve the stated justification for the reform and the wars and conflicts between nations, families, and the elites. In light of the dramatic decline of the totalitarian regimes and one - party systems, and falling one after the other and return to the multiparty system after a series of changes in the world since the late eighties of the twentieth century, the Arab political action, at least the ruling did not give great importance to the issue of a genuine democratic transition and serious lead to the peaceful rotation of power is a prime entry point to get out of the state of degradation and acute crisis experienced by the community of Arab States to varying degrees and different forms, described as democratic developments in the Arab world that they are still limited, and it did not exceed the restricted multi - organizational, and a relative relaxation in the conditions of public rights and freedoms , as the mechanism for the circulation of the Authority in accordance with constitutional rules are still lacking, leading to the absence of one of the foundations on which democracy, the political legitimacy that reflect the will of the people through Balhaquemen the consent of the governed in the administration of the practice of sentencing. The shift means that the passage of a democratic political system to change and dealing with large - scale structure of the authoritarian regime and the democratic transformation that could occur as a result the erosion of the authoritarian regime, which stimulates the elite of society to pressure him for the events of this transformation, or the result of the failure of political leadership in achieving Ahaffha and a realization of the importance of the events political reform, or be the result of a compromise reached between the political elites and social action on the steps of transformation. Through the transformation of our Aldemrati and the devolution of power in the Arab world by reaching the following conclusions : - - 1 - The events of a genuine democratic transition is a key input for a way out of the deficit and the deterioration experienced by the Arab States in their political, economic and social development. Yet, this transformation can only be through the development of solutions to the obstacles and problems encountered in achieving Dikratip lead to genuine citizens to play a role in the process of making public policy. 2 - The best way to achieve democratization and expansion of the provision is through a gradual transition, peaceful, because of the political situation for long periods, and the spread of a culture of cynicism and focus on the problems and worries of everyday life. 3 - The inability of the political systems of Arab perception of the meaning of true power in the authority of the State as found in the service of society and not the authority of rulers, and therefore can not be a monopoly by the socio - political forces, to face a lot of power on the trading of imbalances due to the breach of legal rules governing such currency Although most Arab constitutions referring to this principle. 4 - Despite making a number of parliamentary elections, but the parliamentary life has not lived up to the Arab influence in the devolution of power, or to become a reference for this circulation. 5 - still the party of life in the Arab world are weak despite the existence of political parties but such parties as the advantage of limited influence and did not have the freedom does not have the necessary conditions for access to power and handling, and this is what led to the emergence of many social ills that must be combated such as sectarianism and tribalism.6 - to consider the role of external factors to the events of transition to democracy in the Arab world in the context of the implications of the historical experience of the impact of these factors, as the maximum that can be done by this group is to intervene militarily and to the laying of internal conflict or civil war. 7 - The absence of democracy, whether the popular and official levels led to the existence of gross violations of Arab human rights and freedoms, led to the absence of democratic means to resolve conflict and solve problems, with the result that violence and oppression and abuse is the prevailing means. That the cause of democracy and development at the level of Arab political systems, will remain one of the most critical issues that pose the same urgency to the research and academic circles alike. This research has been divided into an introduction and five chapters and a conclusion and findings, as its first chapter a conceptual framework for democratic transformation and the devolution of power has been divided into three talks addressing the topic of the first democratic transition and the second topic dealt with the concept of devolution of power, while the third topic dealt with the relationship between democratization and devolution of power , The reality of the second quarter and the Arab political systems, where the first topic addressed in the constitutions of Arab political systems, and to address the second topic and sources of legitimacy in the Arab political systems, with the third topic was devoted to discuss the means to take power in the Arab political systems, while addressing the topic, and fourth - party systems Arab political. The third chapter, it was on the levels of democratization in the Arab world, in which the first topic was devoted to study the causes of democratization in the Arab world, while the input of the second topic of democratization in the Arab world and the third topic was devoted to study the obstacles to democratization in the Arab world, while the dedicated topic IV to study the output of democratization in the Arab world. Interested in Chapter IV to study the problem of the devolution of power in the Arab political systems, in which the first topic was devoted to study the constraints of constitutional and political structure of Arabic, while the second topic dealt with the weakness of Arab political opposition, and the third topic was devoted to study the problem of Arab civil society. Chapter V addressed the prospects for democratic transformation and the impact on the devolution of power in the Arab world was divided into three scenes of the first topic dealt with the failure of the democratic transformation scene and continuing crisis of governance, addressing the topic in the second scene of the success of the democratic transition and to broaden the base of governance, the third topic dealt with (What's work?) to refer to some of the steps that can be used for access to a genuine democratic transition.

التمويل الدولي عبر الشركات متعدية الجنسيات واثره في القدرة الاقتصادية للدولة : دراسة لنماذج نامية مختارة

Author name: فايق حسن جاسم الشجيري
Supervisor name: نادية عبد القادر المختار | عبد علي كاظم المعموري | مظهر محمد صالح
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The international financing represents a major interest of the economical and political systems because it is a basic component of the public and the private sectors which rely on capitals collection to finance the development. This means that there is economical policy aims to attract international capitals to contribute in development which is a basic function of economical system of the state. The international financing represents a channel to provide investment for the countries that face deficit of liquidly. so that it is found that the international financing increases continuously especially through multinational companies, it represents a link between projects and personal saving leads to activate the economical sectors and reflects at the rate of growth by covering the difference between the available investment and the required investment . The interest in international investment increased because it is considered to increase a growth rate and reduce the loans in all kinds and raise the economical indicators of the country. To investigate such opinion, this study deals with international financing and economical capability. It also considers the expected effects of international companies on the economical capabilities of the countries and gives actual results for two countries, South Africa and Chile. This study gives conclusions about international financing and its effects in the economical capability based on the role of international financing to investment in the countries that face deficit of capitals. Many developing countries open their economies for investment to levels showing that economical liberation is no logier important. The study shows that this will reduce the country ability to choose between investment kinds and reduce the country sovereignty on its resources and its national economy which is essential to build a self dependent economy. The international financing, although is important to feed the economy, but it will reduce the economical capability if it becomes out of the country sovereignty and becomes completely under control of multinational companies. This conclusion appears clearly from the two cases of study : In South Africa it is found that for the economy to merge in international market, they had to participate technology and increase the availability of capital that lead to raise the economical capability indicators. In Chile the situation is different because multinational companies took the decision to change the political system socialism to capitalism. So that it found that the role of multinational companies did not lead to raise the economical capability, but used the country capabilities to widen the companies’ investment activity. After the 1989 referendum, the country economical policy was changed, it became more independent and led to raise the economical capability indicators in the 1990’s which is called in Chile as decade of development . Chile succeeded in reducing the negative effects of the multinational companies

اثر دراسة قوى التغيير في استشراف مستقبل الدولة القومية : التنمية البشرية انموذجا

Author name: عماد مـؤيد جاسم
Supervisor name: منعم صاحي حسين العمار
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
Key words:
  • الدراسات المستقبلية
  • اصل وانواع الدراسات المستقبلية
  • مناهج الدراسات المستقبلية
  • منهج ديناميكيا النظم
  • التنمية البشرية
  • التنمية البشرية في اليمن
First pages:

الحريات الاكاديمية في النظم الديموقراطية والنظم الشمولية : دراسة مقارنة

Author name: عماد صلاح عبد الرزاق الشيخ داود
Supervisor name: وصال نجيب عارف العزاوي | فكرت نامق عبد الفتاح
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Undoubtedly, it was customary to define Academic Freedom as the practice encompassing’’ The granting of professors and students in the academic institution the right for follow - up of research, teaching and publishing without control, monitoring or trusteeship by the university institution or the relevant official bodies”. Such academic freedoms are deemed a brand of civil rights for individuals enjoying them within the legally recognized limits in, generally all countries, particularly those democratic countries. However, Academic Freedoms, in their broader range, embrace the custody of ensuring a warranty for independence of universities from external influences as well as for enjoying autonomy in the management of their affairs. Besides, Academic Freedoms mean protecting the academician against arbitrary or coercive measures of service laying off without recourse to the stipulations safeguards, within the academic institution, for individual security as to guarantee his personal safety and humanitarian mission for the service of higher education procession for the purpose of achieving through him , the right guidance of university administration.It is to be noted that the terminology of Academic Freedoms is derived from the general concept of freedom. You would behold within their folds an approach to various brands of general freedoms which are, consecutively, Freedom of Belief, Opinion, Meeting and Education.Each of such freedoms realizes an articulation of the concept of academic freedom. However, they are indispensable for absolute total definition, particularly the latter, I.E. freedom of Education or Teaching /Learning which has, for long, been a matter of protest especially in constitutional provisions, as being a constitutional acknowledgement for Academic Freedom. Historically (as sequence of dealing with the topics of this study) it is observed that Academic Freedoms as a practice (not as a terminology or as a concept for definition) was known over the succeeding chronological periods of humanity is life since ancient Babylonian and pharonic eras whose early cultures were greatly concerned with this practice and with establishing schools for higher education. It was a practice as well as an action program with sustained development, over succeeding eras, particularly the Greek and Roman eras with its climax in the Arab - Islamic state. Many intellectuals and scientists in the broad expanse of this state worked in the domain of sciences, know ledges and all ’walks’’ of cognizance. This is a positive and live indication of a clear vision with respect of the practice of Academic Freedoms, although (as afore - cited) the terminology had not crystallized as a concept. It is to be noted, that medieval and post medieval Europe witnessed the genesis of the university in its modern concept. This opened the path for the need to rely on the practice of teaching science freely in spite of (cross - disputes) during those eras between influential bodies and men of cognizance which culminated in regrettable incidents. This was in view of the fact that research beyond the known and approved limits were deemed a mere novelty. This, however, did not block the development of academic practice and adoption of the ’paths’’ of Academic Freedoms whose concept crystallized within the western academic institution, particularly the German institution in the nineteenth century culminating in the constitutional acknowledgement in Germany in this new brand of special freedom known as Academic Freedoms. It is to be noted that the hegemony of ideologies and political systems attempts at hegemony over academic thinking led to retreats within the academic institutions administration, waiving its independency, distancing from pattern of prudent administration and boosting of modes of university deviation (corruption)in its lobbies with consequent deterioration of scientific research level and occurrence of discrepancy between universities in advanced countries which recognize university independence and universities of third world countries in which state hegemony and excessive might over other institutions. We witness ,on the other hand, that the status of Academic Freedoms in other universities of other states are undergoing , now and then , a deterioration in the actions of the a fore - cited type of freedoms. This is due to Coup Detats, occupations, economic changes, political changes, repercussions of crises or impact of incidents with consequent suffering of the academic institution and its personnel not only in third world countries and highly centralized states but, oftentimes, and even in established democracy. Such a matter is treated in the folds of this study by adopting “Comparative Approach” and “Case style of study” as a basis for its study.The following were hypothized : With the expansion of democracy’s area and adopting the culture of Human Rights as well as of general / special freedoms in Nordic countries the patterns of reliance on sound implementation of the basics of good management at all levels, particularly in official and private institutions, of which the academic institution in those countries is one. The consequence is the realizations .of progress, escalation of the styles of scientific research and sustained work of academic institutions. In contrast in the countries of the south, there is retreat and recession in such independency as well as retreat in the results of scientific research and huge drain of brains with adverse consequences that led to degradation of the work of universities. This study attempted in its fold to remedy the foreign elaboration in order to reach a set of conclusions and recommendations as summarized hereunder : 1. Academic freedoms are deemed a wide concept which has not been, as yet, fully acquainted with.2. The concept is independent of all brands of known general freedoms. It is deemed a brand of special freedom.3. It means as a concept, a neutrality that frames researches and style of acquiring science. 4. The plurality of paths of knowledge and arriving at results by multiple methods is deemed an objective of academic freedoms.5. The release of academic freedoms means the release for programs that deter the drain of brains.6. One of the fundamental issues sponsored by the principles of Academic Freedoms is the good governance of special institutions, inclusive of universities.The recommendations are summarized as follows : 1. The works of Academic Freedoms requires the exit of the state as the “Guard “type to the “Sponsor” type.2. The understanding, in its broadest range, of the Academic Freedoms means action towards propagating the culture of human rights in society.3. Planning for teaching is a necessity of Academic Freedoms.4. Academic Freedoms stipulate the implementation of the fundamentals of rational government in university management.5. The basis of Academic Freedoms concept is safeguarding the sustained work of the academician with no threat of dismissal from service.6. The establishment of regional and international organizations for defence of Academic Freedoms is deemed a prerequisite. 7. Instead of multiple proclamations for academic freedom, recourse is to be sought for an international treaty (similar to that for rights of the child and the woman) that would unify legislations for defense of Academic Freedoms.These were the major points for remedy by the study and the conclusions. Therefore arrived at in accordance with the research’s plan) which shall clarified in detail in the annexed” index of topics”)

اتجاهات السياسة الخارجية الامريكية في القرن الحادي والعشرين والنظام الدولي الجديد

Author name: علي وجيه محجوب الطائي
General topic: Political Science
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: The bases and the structures are the bases on which based the external policy of the most countries. But, regarding the U.S of America, the structures are distinguished in its private nature coming form its particularity the historical composition of the United States.Based on this, the evaluation and the structures, which we already talked about and we spoke to in the first chapter in our thesis, are the bases on which stand the policy of the United States of America, as well as the determination of this policy. The level of the force to which reached the United States, which is considerable and distinguished on the shape renders the choices of the distinction seems some times necessary to the continuation of its heading and its control on the world. And this operation has been connected with the many challenges the U.S faced. The mental schooled deep routed the option of the unique state, whether additional or contomporain, or these currents which were renewed with new suggestion and personalities. From these most important currents are the mental currants which became stable in the options of the individualism in the right current religion or the new current conservative. And the religious treatment become mental base to the conflict religious and it is not a just conclusion, it is the reality in the facts of the events since the beginning of the 21st century. At the end, the bases interfered with power and with the individual justification and in the domination in the external policy.In addition to the mental changes, many changed occurred, most important are the strategic, economic, cultural changes. Each of these changes had its distinguished nature in the beginning of the actual century which rendered it different in its subjective, material of the last century.But the most of its characteristics in the structure of the building of the American power, it had its natural character in rendering the United Stated different of the other big powers, and that its power is renewable, and to avoid any point of weakness as soon as possible, through the techniques with special structures that could play the role of the administration to achieve the option of the superiority and to make it a concrete reality and a continuation to its remaining. The most important of these techniques are the war, the power, and the united Nations, and despite of our understanding of the availability of other techniques which are not less important of what we have mentioned above like the information and the free economy. Despite of all these changes we sought in our thesis, we are led to that point that the United States is going in the direction of the absolute superiority in the internal system, but the United Stated is threaten by a group of internal, economic, politic and social preoccupation. These changes are based on the idea of the worldwide which is in need of an interest which is equal to the interest of the United states in the affairs of the external world.On the other side, the United States does not wash to be a big power isolated of the other partners, even if it is capable to do this, due the nature of the power relationship form a side and that the United States is to be a leader for a permanent coalition or a temporary in the internal affairs that it face, the most import of these affairs is the terrorism.Thus, participating became a suggested option in the American external policy, but studying mental, strategic, economic and social changes led to that the style of the participation which the US want is not the participation of others , but the leadership of partnerships permanent or temporary that change according to the conditions and the requirements of the American national security . This participation is to be achieved thought a group of techniques; the most important of them is drawing the strategic coalition participating in the military through the war on terrorism, as well as the international partners.And in order that these directions get away of the directions of the intonation method, the thesis dealt with the future reflections in the direction of the American policy on the new international system.These reflections are distinguished, and this distinction we reveal as well as the study of the development of the new international system, and haw the contemporaneous changes discovered after the end of the cold war a group of phenomena and contradictions, the most important are the penman of the international terrorism, which put the internal system on the difficulty, and it put the American external policy direction in case of not determinative and the instability among the individuals and the participation and may be integrated with the others …For the mean time, the United States is not a sole power, even if it seamed so.The individuality in power means that other have agreed to support this superiority, and this power is not in need of support to any other power, but the United Sated is still in need of support and other coalition, even they had a superlative role like the United Kingdom, and or meaning role like Italy, Spain, as well as the others, meaning the other super power participating in the international system are still not agreed or not satisfied of the individualism of the United States to its participation.The individualism and the participation in reality is not the only option to the United States towards the courtiers of the south only, but it is the options of the external American policy regarding the big powers. So wheatear it is distinguished in its distinguished power or its view or to participate with them, but not based on its idea of the participation, but according to the idea of the participation based on that the U.S give up a part of its freedom of movements for that other big powers accept the participation of the United States.

تحديات بناء الدولة العراقية بعد عام 2003 : دراسة جيوستراتيجية == The Challengs of Iraq's State Building After the Year 2003 (Geostrategic Study)

Author name: علي حسين احمد
Supervisor name: قاسم محمد عبيد الجنابي | عامر حسن فياض
General topic: Political Science
Specific topic: Strategic Studies
Degree: Doctorate
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: يتكامل مع المقومات الجيوبولتيكية للدولة مقوم معنوي هو فكرة الدولة التي يجسدها شعور افراد المجتمع بوحدة الاهداف والمصالح والانتماء للدولة التي تعبر عنهم، واقرارهم بنظامها السياسي واحترامه وامتثالهم لقواعده القانونية، والدولة في العالم المتقدم منظومة علاقات سياسية واجتماعية واقتصادية تتماهى الدولة من خلالها مع المجتمع وتتجذر فيه، ولم يتحقق ذلك الا بعد مسيرة تطور وعملية تنشئه اجتماعية سياسية ازاحت الثقافة التقليدية وروابطها واعادت تشكيل بنية المجتمع على مفهوم المواطنة وروابطه والهوية الوطنية الجامعة لمكونات المجتمع المختلفة. ولم تمر الدولة العراقية منذ ولادتها عام 1921 بمسيرة تطور تكاملية المراحل ولم تعبر الدولة الناشئة عن مجتمعها المتعدد الاعراق والديانات والمذاهب والثقافات، وسادت حالة من القطيعة بين الدولة ومجتمعها، وقد وضعتها ظروف نشاتها والطبيعة المضطربة غير المستقرة سواء في داخلها، او في اقليم الشرق الاوسط في مواجهة تحديات داخلية وخارجية عجزت عن التعامل معها بسبب ضعفها النابع من ضعف ارتباطها مع مجتمعها التعددي المتنافر غير المندمج الذي فشلت كل الحكومات المتعاقبة في ادارة تعدديته، وعجزت عن خلق المجتمع المنظم الذي توحده الهوية الوطنية العراقية. واندلعت الصراعات والانقسامات الاجتماعية التي اخذت طابعا سياسيا بعد الاحتلال الامريكي عام 2003 بسبب ترسيخ سلطات الاحتلال للانتماءات والولاءات الفرعية عبر تشكيلها لمجلس الحكم الانتقالي على اسس المحاصصة العرقية والطائفية التي خلقت الطائفية السياسية واججت الصراعات والعنف والفوضى، وشوهت بنية الاحزاب ووظائفها السياسية والاجتماعية، وجاءت بدستور يعاني من عدم الوضوح والثغرات التي خلقت المشاكل والتوترات وستيعد انتاجها مستقبلا ان لم يعدل الدستور، او تعاد كتابته، وكان من نتائج الاحتلال الامريكي تحول العراق الى ميدان للصراع والتنافس الدولي، لادراك القوى الدولية للابعاد الجيوستراتيجية المترتبة على هذا الاحتلال الذي اخل بالتوازنات بين هذه القوى لصالح الولايات المتحدة في الشرق الاوسط، وانعكست تداعيات الصراع على استقرار العراق وامنه واثرت سلبا على عملية بناء الدولة، كما دخلت منطقة الشرق الاوسط والخليج العربي مرحلة اعادة ترتيب لادوار القوى الاقليمية ومجالات نفوذها ومصالحها وتداخلت هذه المجالات في العراق الذي اصبح ميدان تنافس وصراع بين القوى الاقليمية لتصفية الحسابات والاضطلاع بدور اقليمي اكبر وترك هذا الصراع بصماته على اوضاع العراق السياسية والاجتماعية والامنية والاقتصادية وغذى الانقسامات الاجتماعية مما اثر بشكل كبير على وحدة المجتمع وعملية بناء الدولة، ويتطلب التعامل مع التحديات بشقيها الداخلي والخارجي، واستكمال عملية بناء الدولة تبني استراتيجية للتنشئة الاجتماعية السياسية لاعادة بناء الفرد والمجتمع كخيار استراتيجي، وتبني خيار مرحلي بالاعتماد على النخبة من التكنوقراط لايقاف التداعي والانهيار وبناء دولة المؤسسات وتعزيز التماسك الاجتماعي والوحدة الوطنية، اذ ان المجتمع الموحد يمثل عمق الدولة الاستراتيجي ومرتكزها للتعامل مع التحديات وادامة عملية البناء والتنمية الشاملة، وتتكامل مع استراتيجية بناء الداخل استراتيجية كفوءة للشؤون الخارجية لتحقيق اهداف السياسة الخارجية وفي مقدمتها استعادة مكانة العراق على الساحتين الاقليمية والدولية . | The notion of state as immaterial factor integrated with state's geopolitical components, embodied in societies individuals unified goals, interests, and feelings of affiliation to their state, and recognition of its political system, respecting and follow its regulations, because it indicates them as citizens. In developed world states these elements have become a system of political, social, and economic interrelations rooted in society after series of evolutions and sociopolitical socialization process displaced customary culture,re - forming society structure around national identity and citizenship bonds to integrate society's divers constituent. Iraqi state hasn't witnessed these developments since its existence in 1921, and it didn't speak out on its divers society descents, religious, creeds, and cultures, moreover a condition of reclusion prevailed between the state and its society. The circumstances encompass its origination, besides the destabilized context wether inside Iraq or in the Middle East region put it in facing with challenges it failed to deal with, because of the weakness stem from the delicacy relations between the existed state and its diverse discordant society which indicated the deficiency to create organized society unified by Iraqi national identity. Conflicts and societal partition flared up after the American invasion of Iraq in 2003 took political form due to occupation authorities decision to form the interim governing council on racial and sectarian quota which ignited violence, twisted political parties structures, affecting their political and societal functions, besides producing an improper constitution experience ambiguity and crevasses, creating turmoil's and problems and will reproduce them in future unless constitutional amendment or rewriting take place. Iraq turned into international confrontation and competition arena after the American occupation in 2003, because of international powers realization of geostrategic impacts that would disrupt the balance among them in favor of the United States in the Middle East.These impacts reflected upon Iraq's security and stability and negatively affect the state building process, as the Middle East and Arabian Gulf region fall under a phrase of rearranging roles of regional powers and their spheres of influence and interests overlapped in Iraq due to its geostrategic importance. Thus Iraq has become the field of struggle between these powers for liquidation and taking over main regional role, which directly destabilized Iraqs political, social, security, and economic status. The aftermath of these variables interactions greatly acted upon society's unity and state building process in Iraq. The dealing with internal and external challenges, and the perfection of state construction require a sociopolitical socialization to rebuild individuals and society on democratic values as strategic option, and count on technocracy elite to put an end for disorder and downfall to establish Iraqi state on basis of establishment and promoting societal solidarity and unity, because society represents state strategic depth and pivot to tackle Challenges and maintain development Persistenncy. This strategy must be integrated with active foreign affairs strategy to achieve foreign policy objectives, endeavor to retrieve Iraqs prestige at both regional and international levels is on top. The study comprises an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter delt with Iraqi state historicity in two sections. The first section studies internal and external challenges facing the process of construction Iraqi state during monarchist era 1921 - 1958. The second section examines the challenges during republican era 1958 - 2003. The second chapter investigates state building internal challenge after 2003 in three sections. The first section studies legislations and political challenges, the second section examines security challenges, while the third one devoted to study the socioeconomic challenges. The third chapter puts under scrutiny the state building external challenges, the first section studies international challenges, and the second section investigates the regional challenges. The fourth chapter reviews in its first section the strategy of dealing with internal challenges, the second section examines the foreign affairs strategy required to deal with external challenges, The conclusion of the thesis includes a summary of the results reached to through the present study.
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