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تقييم بعض جينات المقاومة للمضادات الحيوية في عزلات الكلبسيلا == Evaluation of Some Antibiotic Resistance Genes In Klebsiella Isolates

Author name: زاهد سعدون عزيز
Supervisor name: عباس شاكر جواد المحنة | سلمان عزيز عدوس
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى تقييم انتشار جينات البيتا لاكتاميز ? - lactamases ومنها جينات البيتا لاكتاميز الواسعة الطيف lactamases - Extended Spectrum ? وجينات اخرى مثل جينات المقاومة للكوينولونات Quinolones المرتبطة بالبلازميدات plasmid mediated quinolones | The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of plasmid mediated ? - lactamases including Extended Spectrum ? - lactamases and non - lactamases and study the horizontal gene transfer. A total of 800 of urine samples were taken from patient suffering from urinary tract infections had been collected during a period from February, to September of 2012, from the hospitals of AL - Najaf province. All the samples were cultured on MacConkey agar. From those 300 samples gave positive bacterial growth , 250 were lactose fermentative isolates, which were submitted to conventional tests including IMVIC and motility tests ultimately lactose fermentative, non motile isolates were candidate to Vitek 2 system to confirm the identification. the results revealed that there were 42 (16.8%) of isolates identified as Klebsiellae represented by Klebsiella pnumoniae ssp pneumoniae, 9(3.6%) of isolates diagnosed as Raoultella ornithinolytica, and 1(0.4%) for both K. pnumoniae ssp.ozeanae and Raoultella planticola. Screening tests were performed , disk diffusion test revealed different pattern of resistance, screening of ESBLS by MacConkey agar medium supplemented with 2 mg /l of Ceftazidime showed that 31 (58.5%) of isolates were initially ESBLS producers.Phenotypes confirmatory tests were conducted to different classes of antimicrobial agents, Disk synergism test revealed that 20(37.74%) of isolates were ESBLS positive, while Disk combination test by Ceftazidime + clav and Cefepime + clav revealed that 28(52.83%) and 43(81.13%) were ESBLS producers respectively, disk replacement test pointed that positive isolates were 26(49%), vitek2 system revealed 33(62%) of isolates were ESBLS producers.Imipenem - Ceftazidime antagonism test revealed that there was no isolate produce induced AmpC beta - lactamase, AmpC disc test revealed that no one of isolates were AmpC producer.The result of MHT(Modified Hodge test) revealed that all isolates were not Carbapenemases producers. Molecular study of different antimicrobial resistance genes were performed, the results reveald high percent of occurence as follow : blaTEM genes (90.6%), blaSHV gene(81.13%), blaCTX - M genes (88.6%), sul genes (88.6%), aac(6')Ib - cr genes (84.9%) and qnr - B genes (41.5%).the study also highlighted an association between studied genes. Finally many attempts to study of gene transfer by conjugation were conducted but all of them were failed, except one isolate (No. 5) was succeeded with frequency of conjugation (0.5×10 - 7). This study concluded that there were high prevalence of some plasmid mediated genes of isolates with clear multi gene resistance patterns as compared with some other genes which propose the high selective pressure of these genes and isolates might acquired resistance by mobile elements such as plasmids and integrons.

دراسة التغيرات الهرمونية ومعايير الخصوبة وامكانية الانتقال الجنسي في ذكور الجرذان المصابة تجريبيا بطفيلي المقوسة الكوندية == Study of Hormonal Changes And Fertility Parameters And The Possibility of Sexual Transmission In Male Rats Experimentally Infection By Toxoplasma Gondii Parasite

Author name: مي ناجي كاظم الخناق
Supervisor name: غيداء عباس جاسم الجبوري
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: هدفت الدراسة الحالية الى اثبات العلاقة بين الاصابة بداء المقوسات وحالات ضعف الخصوبة عند الذكور من خلال دراسة التغيرات في المعايير التكاثرية والهرمونات التكاثرية والتغيرات المرضية النسجية للحيوانات المصابة تجريبا بطفيلي المقوسة الكوندية Toxoplasma gondii, | The present study aimed to demonstrate the relationship between toxoplasmosis and cases of low fertility in males by examining changes in reproductive parameters, reproductive hormones and histopathological changes of experimentally infected rats, the study also aimed to prove the case of the venereal transmission of parasite from male to female and vice versa. The study carried out in three phases, the first phase includes determining the infection rate of the parasite for men who suffer from low fertility rate, as it has been serologically detecting the presence of IgG antibodies to the parasite by ELISA technique in the laboratory of parasites / College of Veterinary Medicine in 46 serum samples of blood for men attend to the Center for Infertility Research embryos of the Faculty of Medicine / University of Al - Nahrain and Al - Zahra Hospital and particular laboratories in Wasit province, who proved to have a laboratory case of weakness in reproductive parameters of semen in the rate of infection was 34.78%, then was to investigate the level of reproductive hormones (testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone), it was the men who had lower levels of these hormones 58.33% and 50% and 1.664%, respectively. The second phase included the parasite Toxoplasma gondii isolated from placental samples of aborted women and brain samples of local chicken after confirming the presence of the parasite in those samples by impression smear, As to isolate the parasite the samples was catting and grinding, filtered and centrifugation after it was suspended in physiological solution at three times.These isolates were used for experimental infection in 60 of the male albino rats norvegicus Rattus age (60_70) days and an average of weights 200_250 grams injected each of them within the peritoneum 0.3ml each animal and containing 100 cysts, 30 of which form the suspension of placenta and 30 from the suspension brain of local chicken in rats experimental infection, injection of 10 for each of the male rats and 10 female rats by suspension of placenta for experimental infection and after seven weeks of infection, put 10 healthy females with males infected experimentally and 10 healthy males with infected female for the purpose of mating to ensure for the transition infection of the parasite sexually and then confirm infection by using the direct smear (impression) and the Real - Time polymerase chain reaction technique and histological sections in the experience of experimental infection and transitional infection of parasite. It emerged the effective of infection on reproductive parameters in experimentally infected rats as negative recorded changes represented in the weights of reproductive organs, sperm concentration, motility, viability and the percentage of abnormalities compared with control group and in significant differences in 0.05 except the sperm motility which recorded significant differences in animals injected with suspension of brain domestic chicken and no significant differences in animals injected with suspension of placenta, also recorded the absence of sperm in the semen of infected rats by 40% in each of the animals that were injected placenta and injected samples of the brain of domestic chicken, as it was for the transmission of the infection to the male effect on reproductive parameters sperm in all reproductive parameters in study and significant difference for all parameters except the sperm motility compared with control group in significant differences in 0.05.With regard to the rates of sex hormones (LH, FSH, T) has recorded a significant decrease of the animals experimentally infection, which amounted to 4.588, 4.648, 6.657, either male rats venereal infected there was a decrease in the levels of hormones three significant differences and rates of 4.762, 5.644, 2.21, respectively, compared with control group which recorded 10.514, 12.210, 10.576, respectively, as rates were hormones low for normal level in females venereal infected except hormone LH as record rate 8.132 higher than the average private control group, which amounted to 5.335, as the rates of hormone (FSH, T) for females venereal infected 2.901, 5.596, respectively, compared to the control group, which recorded 4.71, 1.79, respectively.The initial diagnosis of the infection by using the impression smear method and its emphasis by molecular diagnosis REALTIME PCR technique, as was the incidence100% of the first method, either way in the second technique in rats injected with Suspension parasite of placenta 90% while it was 100% in rats injected parasite brain domestic chicken, the percentage of infection was varied in organs as recorded lowest infection in the first group in the liver and the testis was 20% either the highest percentage recorded in the semen and 90% either in brain samples was 26%, while the lowest infection for the second group it was 20% in the liver, brain and testis either the highest proportion it was 100% of the semen, and whend vice versa, in 100% for both groups by imprassion smear method, either way RT.PCR was recorded the percentage of infection in uninfected females which mated with infected males 100% divided by the organs as the lowest infection recorded in the uterus was 30% and the highest rate of infection was in the liver, brain was 100% either ovary was the presence of parasite in which 60%, while the incidence of total uninfected male who have been mated experimentally infected female100% divided by the organs as the highest rate of infection was in semen was 100% and either in the liver there have been no cases were positive remember and so the infection was 0% either infection rates recorded for the tissue of the brain and testis were 40%, 50%, respectively, either with regard to prove the existence of the parasite, depending on tissue sections of these tissues have been diagnosed with the parasite in addition to histological pathological changes occur where the male rats experimentally infected and all of the male and female in experience. As the percentage of pregnancies in the two groups of animals mating 35%, the percentage of infection in newborn brain has reached100%, which proves the case of vertical transmission of the parasite for newborns of infected mother parasite

التتابع الجيني لطفيليات Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar and E. Moshkoviskii في محافظة القادسية == Phylogenetic Sequeincing For Spesies Entamoeba Histolytica, E. Dispar, E. Moshkoviskii In Al - Qadisiya Province

Author name: هبة رياض جميل العبودي
Supervisor name: هادي مدلول حمزة الميالي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة للمدة من بداية اذار 2014 والى نهاية ايلول 2014 وشملت على مراجعين مستشفى الديوانية العام ومستشفى النسائية والاطفال في محافظة القادسية ومختبرات التحليل الاهلية في المحافظة, وقد تم فحص679 عينة براز باستخدام طريقة المسحة المباشرة لمختلف الفئ | This study has been conducted for the period from the first of March 2014 until September 2014 and included the auditors to Diwaniya General Hospital and Women's Hospital and children in the province of Diwaniya and civil analytical laboratories in the province. A sample of 679 of auditors' stool have been examined by using the direct swab from different age groups and both sexes. The study shows that 61.26% of people have been infected by screened amoeba parasite. Real time PCR was used in this study to diagnose Amoeba species in 200 samples. Result shows that Entamoeba histolytica had highest percentage of incident followed by Entamoeba dispar then Entamoeba moshkoviskii, which were 74 %, 26 %, and 7 % respectively.Statistical level of ?=0.05presents significant differences between then. Percentage of positive molecular test samples was higher than the negative ones; they were 88% and 12%. Molecular diagnoses were used in this study. E. histolytica had highest individual incident followed by E.disbar then E. moshkoviskii : 56% 10%, and 1% respectively. Using significant level of 0.05, significant differences were appeared. Rates of mixed infections of E. histolytica + E. dispar followed by E. moshkoviskii + histolytica then E. moshkoviskii + E. dispar, which were 14%, 4%, and 2% respectively. Statistics shows significant differences between them at ? =0.05. Symptoms of individual incident of the three Amoeba sorts were observed and recorded. Patients who had E. histolytica, severed from acute diarrhea that ranged between mucous and watery texture, which its color contrast between brown and reddish brown. They had bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain that ranged from severe to moderate colic. They had also slight temperature increase and weight loss. For those who had E.disbar, abdominal pain and frequent pale yellow diarrhea that semi - aqueous texture were recorded. Symptoms of : moderate yellowish brown snotty diarrhea, abdominal pain and, weight loss were observed for those who had E. moshkoviskii. R.T.PCR (Taqman Probe) was used to isolate samples and to investigate the three pathogenic virulence genes, which are Cystiene Proteinase, Amebopore, and Gal/Gal Nac Lectin. This was done in each of Amoeba’s species using R.T.PCR (Syber Green). According to it, E. histolytica possesses Cystiene Proteinase 1, Amebopore, and Gal/Gal Nac Lectin at 86.6%, 80.35%, and 42.8% respectively. Non - significant differences were found at ? =0.05 between them. For E.disbar, result shows existence of the same pathogenic virulence genes at percentages of 65%, 45%, and 20% respectively. Result presents significant differences among percentage of genes isolation for the pathogenic virulence factors at ? =0.05. E. moshkoviskii had these three pathogenic virulence genes at percentage of 33.3% by isolating the virulence genes except Gal/Gal Nac Lactin, there were significant differences among them at ? =0.05. This study was conducted to understand the molecular characterization confirmatory of the three types of insulators parasite using traditional enzyme chain polymerize reaction as a first stage to investigate the 18s ribosomal RNA covenantal. It represents personal heritage of the three types of amoeba. Depending on the same gene, developed tree were analyzed for Amoeba’s species using method of Neighber - Joining among different groups of the stains for each species separately using MEGA6 program. Knowing convergence rates of the used stains and international isolators from NCBI, Blast program was used. Since there is no study has been done to study nitrogenous bases sequence for these three species, samples undertook molecular characterization confirmatory was registered in the national data base center (NCBI). International serial numbers were obtained and attached to the dissertation.

استعمال بعض انواع الطحالب والنباتات المائية في المعالجة الحيوية لمياه محطات المعالجة في مدينة الديوانية - العراق == Using of Some Dominant Algae And Aquatic Plants In Bioremediation of Waste Water From Wastewater Plants In Al - Dewaniya City, Iraq

Author name: رائد كاظم عبد الاسدي
Supervisor name: فؤاد منحر علكم | حسين يوسف الركابي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Aquatic Environment
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية على نوعين من المياه العادمة الصناعية المطروحة من مصنع نسيج الديوانية والمياه العادمة البلدية من محطة معالجة الديوانية، وللمدة من ربيع 2011 الى ربيع 2012 وهدفت الى اجراء مراقبة فصلية لنوعية المياه الداخلة لمحطتي المعالجة والخارجة منها | The current study has been conducted on two types of waste water, industrial wastewater from Al - Dewaniyah textile factory station1, station 2 and municipal wastewater from Al - Dewaniyah wastewater treatment plant station 3, station 4 in the City of Al - Dewaniyah - Iraq., for the period from Spring2011 to Spring 2012 and targeted monitoring quarterly the quality of water entering and leaving the stations.The study also includes the evaluation of the efficiency of some algae and aquatic plants to improve water quality via bioremediation of some pollutants in the water. The evaluation of water quality includes18 parameters as confirmed on spatial and temporal changes of these parameters, as well as the algal contents of these four stations(S1, S2, S3and S4). The results of physical and chemical analysis show the following ranges of : temperature (12.5 - 41.5°C), total dissolved solids TDS(692 - 1384.6 mg/l), total suspended solids TSS(58 - 277.4 mg/l), electrical conductivity EC(1225 - 2045µS/cm2), pH(7.0 - 7.8), dissolved oxygen DO(0.7 - 8.51mg/l), biological oxygen demand BOD(48.82 - 205 mg/l), total alkalinity (170.7 - 428 mg/l), total hardness TH (412 - 1623.3 mg/l), calcium (89.7 - 204.14 mg/l), magnesium (37.7 - 332.5 mg/l), nitrite (0.43 - 12.25 mg/l), nitrate(6.18 - 63.75 mg/l), phosphate (0.813 - 20.24 mg/l), lead (0.0983 - 1.076 mg/l), chromium (0.007 - 0.045mg/l), cadmium (0.0374 - 0.326 mg/l) and the total algal number(17.00 - 14202 individual/l).The spatial and temporal variations show significant differences at(P?0.05) among studied factors in the different stations.The qualitative study of algae reports that the dominance is to the blue green algae(Cyanophyta)by 46%, then is followed by diatoms(Bacillariophyta) by 26% down with Dinophyta3%, according to Shannon - Wiener index of diversity (H), the fall and winter classified as severely polluted all around the stations 0.377 and 0.669, respectively, while summer and spring are moderate pollution of a category (II) and the values of (H) is1.374 and 1.395 respectively, in situ has been observed that the stations are classified as highly polluted and have been ranked within the category(I) and the stations arranged according to the pollution as S3 <S4< S2< S1.According to Species richness index the first station S1 is the best, follows by S4, S3 while S2 comes the last in order, but in the terms of total abundance has topped the third station S3 among the others, then followed by S4, S2 and finally S1. on the other hand the current study includs laboratory investigation to demonstrate the efficiency of algae and aquatic plants to improve water quality as it has been experimenting with immobilization of algae technique, a new method has been used for the first time at the local level in the current study. The results show that the immobilized algae Stigonema sp.and Cladophora glomerata have lowered the pH of the treated wastewater which began relatively high, as well as increasing dissolved oxygen concentrations at the end of the experiment all transactions free and immobilized treatments , on the other side TSS has been reduced about 61.8% when treated with immobilized algae C.glomerata, nitrite has also been reduced at about 96.7% and 85.5% by Stigonema sp.and C.glomerata respectively, nitrate also has been reduced by 99.9% and 95.2% when treated with Scendesmus dimorphus and C.glomerata respectively, while the removal of phosphate reaches its peak when it has been treated with free Stigonema sp. and immobilized S.dimorphus by 99.92% and 98.35% respectively.The tested algae shows a great ability to reduce heavy metals, when immobilized alga Oscillatoria sp. removes about 94.27% of Lead, while free Stigonema sp. and C.glomerata are the best in Chromium removal about 92.42% and 92.35% respectively, and the C.glomerata is the best in Cadmium processing, a reduced rate of 99.21% followed by immobilized S.dimorphus of 97.13%. The current study also involves a laboratory experiment to evaluate the potential of two aquatic plants duckweed (Lemna minor L.)and water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes Mart.(Solms.) in improving the quality of wastewater the tested plants have been worked at increasing the aeration of treated water by raising dissolved oxygen concentration about 85.26% and 84.4% for duckweed and water hyacinth, on the other hand the relative efficiency to reduce the pollutants by aquatic plants as follows : EC, NO2, NO3(31.66% and 28.45%, 55.7% and 50.01%, 55.7% and 13.3%)for duckweed and water hyacinth respectively, from another side water hyacinth is the most efficient in phosphate reducing at rate of 90.5% comparing with duckweed 49.78%.On the of heavy metals treatment the tested plants show a remarkable removal of lead 88.23% and 80.4% , chromium 97.84% and 95.18% for duckweed and water hyacinth respectively, with respect to cadmium, water hyacinth shows high efficiency in the removal of this metal by 98.14%, while duckweed is the least in the treatment of Cd by 81.8%. From the above results, the current study demonstrates that there are a spatial and temporal variations regarding the factors examined in the stations of wastewater treatment units and confirms that the efficiency of studied wastewater treatment stations is below the required level, which contributes in increasing the pollution of Al - Dewaniyah River, which is the unique source to supply the city with freshwater for all purposes, that receives large loads of pollutants.The study also confirms that the evaluation of the presence of algae in the studied stations.Thus the knowledge of algal composition could give an early warning and accurate assessment about the quality of sewage before dumping into river. In addition to the forgoing, it is concluded that the biological treatment (bioremediation) of wastewater using free and immobilized algae and aquatic plants have improved dramatically and tangibly the benefits of the quality of that water being a promising approach of the wastewater treatment as well as being low cost economically.

اليات استحثاث المقاومة في نبات الخيار بواسطة Trichoderma harzianum وBacillus subtilis وGlomus mosseae اتجاه الفطر Rhizoctonia solani المسبب لمرض سقوط البادرات == Resistance Mechanisms In Cucumber Plant By Trichoderma Harzianum, Bacillus Subtilis And Glomus Mosseae Against Rhizoctonia Solani Causing Seedling Disease

Author name: رباب مجيد عبد الذهيبي
Supervisor name: علي هاشم الموسوي | هادي مهدي عبود
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: نفذت هذه الدراسة للتحري عن اليات استحثاث المقاومة في نبات الخيار ضد الفطر الممرض Rhizoctonia solani بوساطة المعاملة بالعوامل الاحيائية وهي harzianum Trichodermaو Bacillus subtilis وGlomus mosseae وتاثير ذلك في نمو نبات الخيار وحاصله النامي تحت ظروف البيت | This study was carried out to investigate the mechanisms of induced resistance in cucumber plant against pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani by bioeagent factors Tricoderma harzianum fungus, Basillus sibtilis bacteria and mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. The effect in parameters growth and yield of cucumber plant which growing under greenhouse and field conditions. The pathogenic fungus showed high Pathogenesis on cucumber plant. Three isolated of B. subtilis and T. harzianum showed high antagonism ability against R. solani under laboratory condition. For mycorrhizal fungus G. mosseae isolated was tested to study their ability in cucumber growth for chosen the best isolated which can used in anther experiment which results were as follows : - A - Pots experiment 1 - The bioeagent factors was showed their ability to induced several mechanisms of resistance in cucumber plant against pathogenic fungus R. solani, Which included increasing the activity of defense enzymes in existed of pathogenic fungus R. solani, The treatment (T. harzianum + G. mosseae) was recorded highest level in enzyme activity of Phenylalanine ammonia layase enzyme which was (25.3541) unit/gm fresh weight, While T. harzianum treatment showed significantly increased the enzyme activity of Polyphenol oxidase and Peroxidase which was (10.6707, 2.6137) unit/gm fresh weight respectively. This study showed no enzyme activity for chitinase enzyme excepted in some treatment and some periods.This study recorded increased in plant content of total phenol, lignin, salicylic acid hormone, total protein, The (G. mosseae + B. subtilis) treatment overtaken on other treatments in increased plant content of total phenol which was (1.989) mg/gm fresh weight, B. subtilis treatment was significantly increased plant content of lignin which was (18.318) mg/gm fresh weight, The treatment (T.harzianum+ B. subtilis) showed significantly increased plant content of salicylic acid hormone which was (1.8658) mg/gm fresh weight. This study recorded no Jasmonic acid hormone activity in treated plant except in some treatments but with low level, The treatment (G. mosseae + T.harzianum + B. subtilis) was recorded highest content in total protein which was (239.3) ?g/mg. 2 - The rate of seedling death and disease index was significantly reduced in bioeagent treatments, The lowest rate for seedling death in the treatment of (G. mosseae + B. subtilis), (G. mosseae + T.harzianum) and (G. mosseae + T.harzianum + B. subtilis) which were 11 % each for them comparison with control treatmentwith pathogen which was 100%.3 - The rate number of spores and percentage of mycorrhiza infection was significantly increased when mycorrhizal fungus G. mosseae interaction with T. harzianum or B. subtilis. The treatment of mycorrhiza infection with pathogen recorded highest number of mycorrhizal spores which was (1410) spore. The mycorrhiza infection reach to 100% in (G. mosseae + T.harzianum) and(G. mosseae + T.harzianum + B. subtilis) treatment with pathogen fungus. The treatment of (G. mosseae + T.harzianum) without pathogen recorded highest index of mycorrhiza infection which reach to (80)%, But the index of mycorrhiza infection and mycorrhizal root weight were decreased in the existed of pathogenic fungus, Mycorrhizal dependency it was increased in all treatments with pathogenic fungus and the treatment of (G. mosseae + B. subtilis) with pathogen recorded highest percentage in Mycorrhizal dependency which was (58.873)%. 4 - The plant content of chlorophyll (a, b, total) was significantly increased, The tratment of (G. mosseae + B. subtilis) with pathogen recorded highest level in chlorophyll a it was (5.30)mg/gm, the highest level in chlorophyll b found in(G. mosseae + T.harzianum + B. subtilis) without pathogen it was (6.07)mg/gm, (G. mosseae + T.harzianum + B. subtilis) treatment without pathogen recorded highest level in total chlorophyll it was (10.79)mg/gm. The concentration of phosphor concentration increased in shoot part of (G. mosseae + T.harzianum) without pathogen which was (0.538)%, potassium concentration were decreased in all treatments with pathogen excepted (G. mosseae + T.harzianum) treatment, The highest level of potassium in treatment of (B. subtilis) without pathogen which recorded (4.65)%, For nitrogen concentration was increased in all treatments with pathogen and the highest level in (T.harzianum) which was (5.114)%. Carbon concentration significantly decreased in all treatments with pathogen and (G. mosseae + B. subtilis) without pathogen recorded highest concentration in carbon which was (46.203)%. 5 - The result showed that all growth parameters either in the absence or presence of pathogenic fungus was significantly increased in all bioagent treatments.The percentage of germination reach to (100)% in (B. subtilis) with or without pathogen , the treatment (G. mosseae + B. subtilis) with pathogen recorded highest level in shoot length it was (92.40)cm, And the same treatment recorded highest rate in fresh and dry weight for shoot part which was (7.412, 0.990) gm respectively, (T.harzianum) without pathogen recorded highest rate in leaf area it was (453.083)cm2, The highest rate of flower number was in (T.harzianum) with pathogen which was (15.66)flower/plant. The fresh and dry weight for root, root length, root surface area and the rate of root diameter were significantly increased in comparison with control treatment without pathogen. The treatment of (G. mosseae + T.harzianum) without pathogen recorded highest level in fresh and dry weight for root which were (0.359, 0.094)gm respectively. Highest root length in (G. mosseae + B. subtilis) without pathogen it was (48.14)cm, root surface area decreased in the treatments with pathogen and the treatment (G. mosseae + T.harzianum + B. subtilis) without pathogen recorded highest root surface area it was (19.16)cm 2, The root diameter was increased in(G. mosseae) with pathogen was reach to (0.363)mm.B - Field experiment 1 - Under field condition the percentage of germination increased in the treatment without pathogen which were (94.44)% in treatments (G. mosseae) , (B. subtilis) and (G. mosseae + T.harzianum) respectively, In the treatments with pathogen the percentage of germination reduced and The bioeagent factors showed no reduction in percentage of disease infection or disease index with pathogenic fungi R. solani under field condition which reach to (100)%. 2 - The rate number of spores, percentage of mycorrhiza infection, index of mycorrhiza infection, mycorrhizal root weight and Mycorrhizal dependency on cucumber plant significantly increased when mycorrhizal fungus G. mosseae interaction with T. harzianum or B. subtilis. (G. mosseae + T.harzianum + B. subtilis) significantly overtaken on other treatments in increased rate of mycorrhizal spors it was (3950)spore, The mycorrhiza infection reach to (100)% in all treatments, For index of mycorrhiza infection the treatments of (G. mosseae + B. subtilis) and (G. mosseae + T.harzianum) recorded highest rate which reach to (100)%, (G. mosseae + T.harzianum + B. subtilis) treatment recorded high increased in mycorrhizal root weight and Mycorrhizal dependency which were (545.67 gm, 67.78%) respectively. 3 - The plant content of total chlorophyll was significantly increased, The highest level in(G. mosseae + T.harzianum + B. subtilis) treatment which was 5.19 mg/gm. There was significantly increased in the concentration of nutrition elements P, K, N, C in cucumber plant. The treatment (T.harzianum+ B. subtilis) recorded highest concentration in phosphor and nitrogen which were (489.4, 3.62) % respectively, The treatment of (G. mosseae + T.harzianum + B. subtilis) recorded highest concentration of potassium which was (2.975)%. The highest concentration of carbon recorded in B. subtilis treatment which was (34.823) %. 4 - All shoot, root and yield parameters of cucumber were significantly increased under field conditions. The treatment (T.harzianum+ B. subtilis) recorded significantly increased in plant height, dry shoot weight, leaf area rate number of flowers, rate number of fruit and fruit weight which were (42.87 cm, 10.85 gm, 631.06 cm2, 19, 17, 1275 gm) respectively. The treatment G. mosseae recorded significantly increased in fresh shoot weight which was (32.76) gm. The treatment with (T.harzianum+ B. subtilis) recorded significantly increased in fresh and dry weight of root, root length, root surface area, rate of root diameter, rate number of fruit and fruit weight which were (11.4 gm, 5.5 gm, 151.71 cm, 44.05 cm2, 0.763 mm, 17, 1275 gm) respectively,

دراسة مقارنة لتاثير بعض المستخلصات النباتية وبعض الاحماض الكاربوكسيلية في البكتريا المسببة لالتهابات الحروق == Comparative Study of The Effect of Some Plants Extract And Carboxylic Acids On Contaminating Bacteria In Burns Infection

Author name: سـعاد خليـل ابراهيـم
Supervisor name: مهدي ضمد القيسي | جنان مجيد العقيدي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Bacteria
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: جمعت (500) عينة من المرضى المصابين بالحروق من ثلاث مستشفيات في مدينة بغداد للمدة من 1/6/2007 ولغاية 1/11/2007. زرعت هذه المسحات على الاوساط الزرعية للعزل الاولى وتم تشخيصها بالفحوصات المظهرية والبايوكيميائية. اظهرت (489) عينة ملوثة بالبكتريا وبنسبة | • Five hundreds swabs were collected from patients suffered from burns in three hospitals of Baghdad city, for the period from 1st June 2006 to 1st November 2007. The swabs were implanted in order to be isolated and diagnosed by morphological and biochemical tests. • The results showed that 489 swabs were contaminated with bacteria (97.8%), while 11 swabs were not (2.2%). The identification and prevalence of the bacteria was as follow Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found in 148 swabs (30.27%), Klebsiella pneumoniae in 102 (20.26%), Staphylococcus aureus in 79 (16.16%), Escherichia coli in 70 (14.31%), Proteus mirabilis in 52 (10.63%) and Enterobacter cloacae in 38 (7.77%). • Information card for each patient was assigned included age, sex, time of suffering from burns, social status and address.• The degrees of suffering were as follow : - First degree of burns, 201 cases (40.2%). - Second degree, 187 cases (37.4%). - Third degree, 112 cases (22.4). Sensivity test to antibiotic and was done for all the isolated bacteria, and it was found, that, they were sensitive to Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin, Tetracyclin and Fusidic acid within the percentage ratio of 0.0, 59.1, 3.7, 58.5 and 11.6%, respectively. Also it was found that the investigated bacteria showed high Vesistance to Penicillin G (87.9%), Erythromycin (93.9%), Trimethoprim (100%), Carbencillin (83.9), Cefotaxime (63.4%), Ampicillin (75.9%), Gentamycin (67.9%), Streptomycin (83.6%), Nalidix acid (89.4%) and Linomycin (83.2%). o Searching for the active compounds in the extracts of investigated plants (Linum usitatissimum, Nigella sativa and Eruca sativa) was conducted. It was found, that, the seeds of the three plants contained Glycosides, Alkalis, Flavonoids, Soapiness and Resins, which are not water soluble, but could be detected by the alcoholic extraction. Cumarin was noticed in the seeds of N. sativa and E. sativa only. o Different concentrations of water and alcohol extracts were prepared in addition to the isolation of oils, soapiness and Flavonids. The effectiveness of the extracts was tested at the concentration of 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 mg/ml for all the plants, against the bacteria.o The Phenol, water and alcohol extracts of L. usitatissimum and E. sativa showed high effect against the bacterial species, while that of N. sativa was less affective.o The Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), was found to be different according to the type of extract and the species of bacteria.o The effects of the organic acids (Acetic, Citric, and Lactic) were tested at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 4% of each acid. An increase in the diameter of inhibition area, related with the increase in the acid concentrations, was detected. It was found that the acetic acid was more affective against the microorganisms, followed by the Citric acid and then the Lactic acid.o on the base of ratios of inhibition area diameters (in vitro), the results illustrated that E. coli was more affected by Acetic acid when the diameters reached 18.75, 21.75, 30.75, 38.25, 40.00 and 44.75 mm, respectively. The concentration of 1.5% was the effective enough against E. coli as diameters rates for P. mirabilis were 19.25, 18.25, 18.0, 22.56, 27.75 and 31.0 mm, respectively, followed by Ps. aeruginosa, S. aurues and En. cloacae when exposed to the optimum concentrations of Acetic, Citric, Lactic acids. The diameters at concentration of 4% were 23.50 and 23.66 mm. o The water extracts from all the involved plants, in addition to the organic acids showed good levels of effectiveness against the different studied bacterial species, when suffered by burns rats were exposed to them. A clear decrease in bacteria numbers in these rats in comparison with non - treated animals, in the swabs removed from the treated and non - treated rats, in addition to the absence of any histophathalogical changes in livers and skins of the treated animals. o Biochemical tests of serums from animals treated with the water extracts and organic acids at concentration of 16 mg/Kg and 18 mg/Kg for seven days and the microscope investigation, proved that these compounds were not toxic.o The effects of the water extracts and the organic acids were studied too from the point of the immunity point of view. An increase in the Levels of IgG and IgA of the supplementary systems C3 and C4 was noticed in the suffered from burns in general. The levels of IgG and IgA tended to be normal after the treatments with the water extract from the studied plants and with the organic acids.o The L D50 of N. sativa and E. sativa was 18 mg/kg while it was 16 mg/Kg of L. usitatissimum.

تحمل التراكيب الوراثية من الذرة الصفراء Zea mays L. للاجهاد المائي بتاثير البرولين == The Tolerance of Maize (Zea Mays L.) Genotypes To The Water Stress Under Proline Influence

Author name: قيود ثعبان يوسف الاسدي
Supervisor name: عبد عون هاشم علوان الغانمي | عبد الجاسم محيسن جاسم الجبوري
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
Full text from the source: https://uokerbala.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Rp-The-Tolerance-of-maize-Zea-mays-L.-Genotypes-to-the-Water-Stress-under-Proline-Influence.pdf
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في حقل خاص لمنطقة البركة (30) كم شمال شرق مدينة كربلاء اثناء موسم النمو 2012للعروتين الربيعية والخريفية باستعمال الاصص البلاستيكية. هدفت الدراسة معرفة تاثير الاجهاد المائي والرش بحامض البرولين وتداخلاتها في المؤشرات المظهرية والفسلجية و| This study was conducted in a private field at Albargah district (30Kms) northern east of Karbala city during spring and fall of 2012 growing season using plastic pots. The goal was assess the effect of water stress, foliar application of proline and their interactions on characteristics morphological, physiological and nutritional status of three genotypes of maize namely : Serour, 5018, and Baghdad - 3.The characteristics included root's volume, root's length, root's diameter, root's dry weight, plant height, leaves number, leaf area, shoot dry weight, root/shoot ratio, absolute and relative growth rates and content of chlorophyll and proline in the leaves. The nutritional status included, the concentration, the contents and the rates of absorption and transport of N, P, K, Ca and Mg.In addition to the molecular study which included the technique of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) DNA. A Factional experiment within Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D.) was adopted i.e. three genotypes of maize namely : Serour, 5018, and Baghdad - 3, proline (0, 50, 100 and 150) mg. L - 1 and two levels of field capacity (50 and 100) % with three replicates in a total of 72 experimental units.Means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Results could be summarized as follow : 1 - Genotypes significantly differed in the studied traits.The cultivar 5018 gave the highest values of root's volume, root's length, root's diameter, root's dry weight, plant height, and root/shoot ratio for spring and fall cultivations.The same cultivar gave higher values of P%, Ca%, Mg% in roots and the content of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in roots, rates of absorption and transport of N, P and Ca in spring and fall cultivations.Leaves P%, Ca% and Mg %, leaves Mg content and absorption and transport of Mg in fall cultivation. on the other hand, Serour cultivar give higher values of leaves number, leaf area, shoot dry weight, absolute and relative growth rates, content of chlorophyll and N% in root in spring and fall cultivation. P% in leaves in fall cultivation, leaves K% in both cultivation, content of N, P, K and Ca of shoot in both cultivations, shoot's Mg content of shoot in fall cultivation, content of N, P, K and Ca of shoot in both cultivation and Mg content of shoot in fall cultivations. Baghdad - 3 cultivar give higher values of proline content, Mg% in roots in both cultivations, shoot Mg% in fall cultivations, absorption and transport rates of K in fall cultivation, transport rate of Ca in spring and fall cultivations and absorption and transport rates of Mg in fall cultivation. 2 - Apart from Ca% of root in spring and fall cultivation, the proline markedly influenced all the rest traits where 100 mg. L - 1 proline gave the highest values compared to control treatment (i.e. 0 proline) that gave the lowest values. The proline at 50 and 150 mg. L - 1 gave intermediate values for all studied traits. 3 - Apart from some cases, 100% field capacity treatment gave higher values of most studied parameters. The field capacity of 50% gave higher values of N% and K% in roots and leaves, the content of N and K of roots and shoots and rates of absorption and transport rates of K in spring and fall cultivations. on the other hand, there was no effect of field capacity on Ca% of roots and shoots in spring and fall cultivation and Mg% of roots in spring cultivations. 4 - Bi and Tri interactions effect was profound on most studied characteristics. 5 - Through molecular study that including isolation of DNA in leaves of maize , a quantity of DNA ranging between 150 - 290 nano - gram / ?l with 1.8 - 1.9 purity was obtained. The differentiation of (RAPD) DNA was analyzed in order to prepare the finger print of maize genotypes. Six primers were tested (OPA - 09, OPA - 11, OPA - 13, OPC - 12, OPD - 20 and OPN - 16). The primers revealed different multiplication products between genotypes.The least value of genetic distance was 0.4103 between 5018 and Baghdad - 3genotypes, while the highest value of genetic distance was 0.7932 between Serour and 5018 genotypes.Data analysis revealed that these genotypes are divided into two main groups namely : group included 5018 and Baghdad - 3 genotypes, and group included Serour genotype only.

تاثير بعض شدد المجبل المغنبطيسي المستقر في بعض المتغيرات الدمية والكيموحيوية والنسجية للفئران البيض Balb - C - albino Effect of Static Magnetic Fields In Some Physiological And Histological Aspects In Mice == Effect of Static Magnetic Fields In Some Physiological And Histological Aspects In Mice

Author name: نضال ابراهيم لطيف الحداد
Supervisor name: عبد علي ذاكر | عماد عبد الرحمن محمد صالح
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Zoology - Histology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Anbar - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Anbar
First pages:
Abstract: Study includes following up of measuring the total dissolved protein and enzymes in different body organs and the structural changes (Histological)occurring in the testis and epididymis and liver and kidney of the male mice, in addition, the study includes following up of must the hematological and Hormones changes.This study consists of three experiments.The first experiment involved exposing male mice directly for thirty consecutive day to three different magnetic stressed 750, 1500, 3000 Gauss The second experiment involved exposing pregnant mothers directly during pregnancy, amounting to 21 consecutive days for the same intensites and after the end of exposure and the occurrence of birth was taking male embryos left until puberty to conduct the study by the third experiment involved SMF same intensites also for a period of 30 days after the end of the period of exposure was that males paired with females and left until the birth then was taking male embryos left until adulthood to conduct the study at the end of each experiment and weighed the animals and took blood samples and explained and eradicated all organs (liver, kidney the heart and spleen) for the first test and (liver and kidney) for the second and third as the experience was detected changes in the total dissolved proteins amount were observed using the method of Biuret and those on protein band resolved on polyacrylamide electrophoresis PAGE.Also the effect of SMFs on the activity of each of the enzymes ACP, ALP, ALT and AST was estinmated using the Spectroscopic method. Electrophoresis was used to observe effects on enzymic bands of Esterase on PAGE. In addition to biochemical variables included enzymatic antioxidants, which included enzymatic SOD, CATand MDA as has been the follow - up blood changes which included the amount of hemoglobin Hb, PCV, WBC, RBC and platelet counts and blood Were estimated as the concentration of each of the hormones (prolactin, LH, FSH) and testosterone hormone as eradicated all of the right testis and epididymic for the first experiment and excised portions of the liver and kidney for the second and third experiment and they were used to prepare histological sections for the histological studies.The tissues were sectioned and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain using the routine histological techniques.The result of the study could summarized as follows : - - The Results of this study showed was an increase not significant (p?0.05) in body weight It also showed decrease not significant (p?0.05) In the liver and spleen weight either kidney, heart weight did not change in any weights appears when 750 and 1500 gauss either at 3000 gauss intensity was significantly increased and clear (P?0.05) compared with control animals.—There was a significant in (MDA, AST, ALT, ACP, ALK, TP) To extract the liver, kidney, heart and spleen male mice exposed to three different stressed 3000, 1500, 750 gauss As for the enzymes(CAT, SOD) Showed a significantdecrease in heart, kidney, spleen extract to mice exposed and rise significantly in the liver of mice exposed to stressed above the first experiment, there was no significant increase in the activity of enzymes (ACP, ALK, TP) And an increase in the activity of moral enzymes(MDA, SOD, CAT, AST, ALT) In liver extract and kidney male mice second experiment compared with control animals. The third experiment, there was no significant increase in the activity of enzymes (ACP, ALK, TP) And an increase in the activity of moral enzymes(MDA, SOD, CAT, AST, ALT) Liver extract in male mice third experiment compared with the control animals in either extract kidney male mice third experiment, there was not significant increase in (SOD, CAT, AST, ALT, ACP, ALK, TP) And a significant increase in the activity of the enzyme (MDA compared with control animals - The results showed some changes in the intensity and number of protein bands to extract four organs first experience at three 3000, 1500, 750 gauss compared with animal control and extract the liver and kidney for the second test and third at all intensities when electrophoresis was carried out on PAGE. - The results showed that there are some changes in the intensity and number of enzyme bands esteras in the extract of the four organs of the first experiment at 3000, 1500, 750 gauss compared with animal control and extract the liver and kidney for the second test and third at all intensities when electrophoresis was carried out on PAGE. - Results of the first experiment showed significant increase (P?0.05) in each of the(Hb, PCV, PLT and RBC) Animals exposed to either 1500.750 gauss at 3000 gauss intensity rise was not significant (P?0.05) compared with control animals. The results showed a significant decrease (P?0.05) in WBC at all intensities compared with control animals at all intensities.Results of the second and third experiment showed not significant increase (RBC, PCV, Hb and PLT) and not significant (P? 0.05) in WBC at all intensities compared with control animals at all intensities. - The results of the first experiment showed that there was significantly higher (P?0.05) in the LH hormone when exposed to the three stressed 3000, 1500, 750 gauss compared with control animals. there was a significant decrease (P?0.05) in each of the hormonal FSH prolactin When the exposed to the three stressed 3000, 1500, 750 gauss compared with control animals, but the Testosteron hormone has decreased at 750 gauss a significant decrease (P?0.05) compared with control animals. - The results of the first experiment not significant decrease (P?0.05) in the testis and epididymis weight of the animals exposed to 1500 and 750 gauss compared with control animals either at 3000 gauss intensity, there was a significant increase (P?0.05) in both organs weight compared with control animals. Histological studies showed the significant decrease in the diameter and thickness of epithelial tissue of the seminiferous tubules and epididymis tubules and duct efferentes inthe 750and 1500 Gauss/where appeared where appeared in epithelial tissue is incomplete and thinner than in the animal control either when the intensity of 3000 gauss there was a significant decrease diameters and high padded her cells and appeared in epithelial tissue integrated compared with animals control. - Histological study showed the liver of male experience the second occurrence of some histological changes in the central vein and semi - sinus blood and prepare Kupffer cells and epithelial cells lining compared with control animals. And the lack of any histological changes in male mice kidney second experiment and stressed 3000, 1500, 750 gauss compared with control animals.Histological study also showed the liver third male mice experiment that no histologic changes at 3000, 1500, 750 gauss compared with control animals either the kidney of male mice have shown some changes in some histological structures at 750, 1500 and 3000 Gauss, compared with control animals

استجابة ثلاثة اصـناف من حنطة الخبز Triticum aestivum L. باضافة سماد NPKZn والرش بالجبرلين == Response of Three Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) 3With Gasprying Fertilizer And NPKZn Cultivars To

Author name: عبد الجبار جاسم جريان
Supervisor name: عباس جاسم حسين الساعدي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: A field study was conducted at the farm of Biological Dpartment, College of Education (Ibn Al - Haitham) University of Baghdad during the grown season 2013 - 2014, to study the effect of compound fertilizer NPKZn (15 : 15 : 15 : 1) - Turkish origin was introduced to Iraq recently - in both ) 3(GA acid Gibberellicvarious concentrations of with morphological and chemical indicators, the components of yield, some quality and biological characteristics of three varieties of the Iraqi wheat (Bohoth 22, Alfath, Bohoth158). Experiment was carried out according to the design of complete sectors of randomization [Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)].160) (0 of fertilizer, two levels used experiment Asthree replicates, with ) 015, 100, acid concentrations (25, 50 Gibberellicof fourand 1 - .hKg and three varieties of as well as to the treatment of comparison 1 - .lmg wheat. So the expriement was factorial on (2 x 5 x 3).It included 90 experimental units..The study of components of yield have gone on its : 1. There is difference in these three different varieties Bohoth 22, Alfath, and Bohoth 158 in the studied indicators.The class Bohoth 158 exceeds on the other categories in the following phenotypic indicators (dry weight of vegetative part, space of flag leaf and sustainability of biomass), with increase as like {(17.85, 11.37), (14.66, 7.33) and (17.02, 14.24)}%, respectively, while Bohoth 158 significantly exceeds on the other varieties absolute growth rate. And also the differences were significant between varieties in the following chemical indicators (phosphorus and calcium content and the percentage of protein in the grain) and in the components of yield there was significant increase in the (spike length with awn and without its, the number of spikes, weight of spike and its grains, weight of grains in spike and grains yield), while in the Bohoth 158 there was a significant increase in qualitative and rheological characteristics for the following qualities, (the proportion of wet and dry Glutine, flour absorption susceptibility of water, sedimentation values, ash content in coarse bran compared to others two classes. 2. The results of the study showed that the transactions under the influence of fertilizer has excelled significantly in all the study indicators (morphological and chemical components of yield, quality and rheological) with the exception of the dry weight of roots. acid was the best among Gibberellic 1 - .lmgof 100 concentration 3. The the concentrations giving him the highest average of indicators of morphological and physiological components of yield, quality and rheological. and spray 1 - 160 Kg.hbetween the manure level overlap 4. The result Gibberelllic acid showed 1 - mg.l 100 of concentration under the significant increase in all studied indicators except for the (dry weight of roots, the sustainability of biomass, and 1000 - grain weight) 5.The trio overlap transactions showed exceeding of Bohoth 158 nder the influence u 1 - .hKg160 in level fertilizer of add ithw significantly 22 Bohothcategories : other acid onGibberellic of 1 - .lmgof spraying 100 and Alfath in the following indicators : Dry weightof the flag leaf, spike length with awn, number of spikes, grains yield, the percentage of dry Glutine and the values of sedimentation.

حركية بعض العناصر النزرة في النظام البيئي لنهر الديوانية == Kinetic of Some Trace Elements In The Ecosystem of Al - Diwaniya River

Author name: حيدر مشكور حسين
Supervisor name: باسم يوسف الخفاجي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Environment - Environmental pollution
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: The current study was conducted to understand the Relationship among concentration of selected of trace elements(Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc) in some trophic levels, water, and sediments, in Al - Diwaniya River. Samples were collected monthly for water, sediments, plant Phragmites australis (Cav.), phytoplankton, zooplankton, and two species of fish. from May (summer) 2013 up to April(spring) 2014 from three sites in Al - Diwaniya river. The current study included determine some physical and chemical parameters such as air and water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Salinity, Light Penetration, Turbidity, Dissolved oxygen, the Biological Oxygen Demand, Total Organic Carbon of sediment, determined of the soil texture; and some trace elements in abiotic component such as water (dissolved and particulate), and in sediment, and so in biotic component included plant P. australis, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and two species of fish females (Cyprinus carpio) and (Tilapia zilli). The results showed that the air and water temperature ranged between (16.4039.55) ?C; (11.42 - 30.57) ?C respectively. The study also demonstrated that the pH values were neutral tend to light alkaline and ranged between (7.34 - 8.10), the electrical conductivity ranged between (7021 7021 - 7947 7947) µs/cm. while the TDS, ranged between (09.502 09.502 - 729950. 729950.) mg/l, according to the values of salinity ranged between (0.773 - 0.954)‰ the water of the river was classified as Oligohaline, while the values of Light Penetration ranged between (28.81 - 120.61)cm, and the turbidity ranged between (43.26 - 55.78) NTU, also showed dissolved oxygen as its value ranged between (45729 45729 - 7.979) mg/l, while the biological oxygen demand showed value ranged between (1.123 - 2.627) mg/l, The values of total organic carbon in sediments ranged between (0.440 - 1.045)%, While the sediment texture was sandy - silt in the first site, and sandy - clay in the both two and three sites of Al - Diwaniya river. Results of Concentration of trace elements (Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc) in dissolved part ranged between (252222. 252222. - 2522724 2522724), ( 252270 252270 - 252200 252200), ( 25227. 25227. - 252290 252290), (252224. 252224. - 2522022 2522022 ) , ( 25279. 25279. - 252010 252010 ) mg/l., whereas in particulate part ranged for between (0.29 - 1.49), (3.46 - 13.04), (12.51 - 20.99), (1.08 - 4.67 ((, (65.54 - 127.51 ) µg/g dry weight. and in sediments ranged between (0.53 - 1.96), (23.93 - 49.65), (136.85 - 166.09), (4.14 - 5.92), (126.69 - 176.64) µg/g dry weight respectively. In the Descending sequence in concentrations of all trace elements in abiotic components was as follow : sediments> particulate part> dissolved part. in producers of Al - Diwaniya river ranged in plant P. australis from (0.07 - 0.20), (5.93 - 16.21), (8.67 - 46.87 ) , (0.89 - 2.93), (26.60 - 103.78) µg/g dry weight respectively. in phytoplankton from (0.40 - 1.77), (8.89 - 25.2), (28.0666.49), (1.47 - 3.59 ) , (103.39 - 159.70) µg/g dry weight respectively. In the Descending sequence in concentrations of all trace elements in producers was as follow phytoplankton> plant P. australis. While the concentrations of trace elements in consumers in (zooplankton) of Al - Diwaniya river ranged from(0.56 - 4.41), (21.89 - 56.08), (51.64 - 152.79), (2.806.06), (137.14 - 183.61) µg/g dry weight respectively. While in two species of fish according to organs in gills of Cyprinus carpio ranged from(0.63 - 2.07) ) ) 3.19 3.90), ) ) 4.04 - 8.96) , (1.95 - 3.76), (182.14 253.89) µg/g dry weight respectively, in liver from(0.41 - 1.78), (6.20 - 32.47 ) , (5.97 - 10.39), (2.06 - 5.37), (136.15 184.75) µg/g dry weight respectively, and in muscles from (0.49 - 3.43و) , (و 2.82 10.40), (7.17 - 11.57 ) , (0.61 - 4.60 ) , (110.96 - 160.46) µg/g dry weight respectively. and ranged in gills of Tilapia zilli from(0.44 - 1.15), (1.06 - 6.83), (8.18 - 13.97 ) , (1.46 2.89) , (99.03 155.33) µg/g dry weight respectively, in liver from(0.571.64 ) , (13.08 - 28.06), ( 8.03 - 18.50), (1.32 - 3.02), (112.68 176.32) µg/g dry weight respectively, and in muscles(0.46 - 1.80), (2.42 2.93), (7.47 - 10.52), ( 0.20 - 3.16 ) , (79.74 - 153.58 ((µg/g dry weight respectively. concentrations of all trace elements in consumers always were higher than with producers and abiotic components In the Descending sequence in concentrations of all trace elements in consumers and producers was as follow : zooplankton> Cyprinus carpio> Tilapia zilli> phytoplankton> plant P. australis., And in the organs of fish was as follow in Cyprinus carpio : gills> liver>muscle, while in Tilapia zilli was follow liver > gills >muscle. While the values of the bioconcentration factor for (Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, Lead and Zinc) in producers of the study area ranged in plant P. australis. From 747542 747542)) - 7200500 7200500), ( 0.7150. 0.7150. - 729445.4 729445.4), (..1750...1750. - 047..59. 047..59.), ( 004540 004540 411507 411507), ( 44.592 44.592 - 4740509 4740509) respectively.In phytoplankton (7027512 7027512 - 000.2522 000.2522), (.704504.704504 - 79...549 79...549), ( 7111.547 7111.547 - 99420594 99420594), ( 7049542 7049542 - .20454..20454.), ( 0110527 0110527 77944502 77944502) respectively. the values of the bioconcentration factor for elements in consumers of the study area ranged in zooplankton from (712.59. 712.59. - .7444544.7444544), (0071504 0071504 - 42914504 42914504 ) , ( 0.004597 0.004597 - 07.700524 07.700524), ( 0..7527 0..7527 - 7709.544 7709.544), ( 4010577 4010577 70744574 70744574) respectively.in fish organs Cyprinus carpio ranged in gills from(197571 197571 - 97922522 97922522), (839.47 - 2808.33), (1704.16 - 4640.00), (1500.00 - 4076.92), (6876.10 - 13873.77) respectively. in liver ranged from (482.35 - 35600.00), (001.522 001.522 - 10075.00), (2473.81 - 6453.33), (1665.00 - 4646.15), (6373.16 - 12568.02) respectively. and in muscles (.14591.14591 - 40422522 40422522), ( 190572 190572 - 0444544 0444544), ( 7049500 7049500 9002500 9002500 - ) , ( 047520 047520 - 1214540 1214540), ( 4220501 4220501 - 9111502 9111502) respectively. while in Tilapia zilli organs ranged in gills (.71549.71549 - 00222522 00222522), ( 000500 000500 - 01015.2 01015.2) , ( 000254. 000254. 4070500 4070500), ( ((00475.0 00475.0 - 40.504 40.504 , (.40050..40050. - 0901541 0901541 ) respectively. in liver (4125.0 4125.000022522 00022522 ) , (.02.504.02.504 - 00000500 00000500), ( 0017590 0017590 - 77.405.2 77.405.2), ( 09457. 09457. - 9044500 9044500) , (499.5.0 499.5.0 - 0420592 0420592 ) respectively. and in muscles ranged from (.97571.97571 - 00022522 00022522), (771.05 - 0744544 0744544) , ( 7414574 7414574 - 401.522 401.522), ( ( ( 0.44500 0.44500 - 700502 700502, ( 5414.28 - 7354.09) respectively. results showed that the aquatic organisms (Consumers, Producers) have ability to bioconcentration of trace elements. and showed the descending sequence in concentrations of all trace elements in consumers and producers was as follow : zooplankton> Cyprinus carpio> Tilapia zilli> phytoplankton> plant P. australis. The result of this study confirms the biomagnification phenomenon (the increase of trace elements concentration with elevation in trophic levels of the food web) in study of Al - Diwaniya river ecosystem, as it's the case in other region of the world

التنوع الوراثي لبعض الانماط الوراثية للطماطة باستعمال واسمات الـ RAPD وSSR في العراق == Genetic Diversity of Some Tomato Genotypes Using RAPD And SSR Markers In Iraq

Author name: اطياف جميل ثامر التميمي
Supervisor name: علي حمود السعدي | محسن جلاب عباس
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant - Genetics
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kufa - College Of Science - Department Of Biology
Language: English
University location: Najaf
First pages:
Abstract: قدر التنوع الوراثي لـ 19 من الانماط الوراثية للطماطة (المحدودة وغير المحدودة النمو) المستزرعة في العراق باستخدام اثنين من واسمات الدنا (DNA Markers) المعتمدة على تفاعلات البلمرة المتسلسلة Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) وهما واسمات التفاعل التضاعفي العشوا | Genetic diversity of 19 tomato genotypes (determinate and indeterminate) cultivated in Iraq using two polymerase chain reaction based DNA markers (PCR based DNA markers); Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) and Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs).Variation of some growth criteria and morphological traits for each genotype were recorded in the growing season of 2012 - 2013.High variability was observed in plant height, leaf area, number of inflorescence, number of flowers and fruit weight among genotypes To achieve PCR reactions, total genomic DNA was isolated from fresh leaves (2 weeks old). The average yields of DNA were in the range of 100 - 295 ng/?l with a purity ranging between 1.8 - 1.9.RAPDs amplifications were performed for genotypes fingerprinting by testing 27 Operon primers. DNA polymorphisms among genotypes were scored within detectable amplified fragments (their numbers and molecular weight) after agarose gel electrophoresis and staining with ethidium bromide. The 27 primers produced 442 of main bands, out of which 312 were polymorphic bands (70.5%) and 70 were monomorphic (15.8%) across all tested genotypes.Each selected primer produced between 60 bands (OPA - 14) to 290 bands (OPD - 13). DNA amplification products ranged in their size from 250 bp (OPA - 01, OPU - 14, OPX - 15, OPX - 19, OPT - 08 ( to 2755 bp (OPX - 18). The highest number of polymorphic bands (21 bands) was produced by primer OPU - 03, while the lowest number of polymorphic bands (3 band) was produced by both primers OPA - 14 and OPB - 17.The primers varied in their capacity in producing polymorphic amplified profiles among tomato genotypes which individually reflected genotype specific DNA profiles (fingerprints). The most important primers for this purpose were primers that produced more variety specific DNA profiles, such as OPD - 13, OPT - 08, OPW - 04, OPA - 04, OPA - 15, OPB - 18, OPU - 03, OPC - 09.The highest value of discrimination among genotypes in this study was obtained by primer OPU - 03, while the lowest discrimination value was produced by both primers OPA - 14 and OPB - 17. The primer efficiency ranged from 0.13 in (primer OPC - 09) to 0.02 in (primer OPB - 17). The lowest genetic distance was 0.2294 between genotypes Oula and Shady lady, while the highest genetic distance was 0.9459 between genotypes Fotton and Special pack. Cluster analysis (Phylogenetic tree) by un weighted pair - group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) based dendrogram revealed that they were two main genetic groups (major clusters).The first small major clusters included four (four genotypes) while the second large major cluster included (15 genotypes). A total of 21 alleles were detected among the tested genotypes using five SSRs loci distributed on four chromosomes of tomato. The molecular size of bands obtained from amplification of SSR products ranged from 121 to 247 bp. Alleles ranged from one in (Tom 8 - 9, Tom 41 - 42 and Tom 67 - 68 loci) to twelve in Tom 49 - 50 locus. The values of heterozygosity for each locus ranged between 0.63 for Tom 31 - 32 and 0.89 for Tom 49 - 50 with a mean value of 0.30. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values for the SSR loci ranged from 0.45 in Tom 31 - 32 to 0.58 in Tom 49 - 50 loci with an average of 0.21. Each one of (Tom 8 - 9, Tom 41 - 42 and Tom 67 - 68 loci) produce 0.0 value for both heterozygosity and PIC. The study revealed that, The lowest genetic distance was 0.3244 between varieties Tamara and W arda, while, the highest genetic distance was 0.9177between varieties Helam and Super marimond. The genetic similarity values ranging from 0.0823 to 0.6756 depending upon the genetic distance values that ranging from 0.3244 to 0.9177, indicating the largest diversity with percentage of 32 to 91% among the tested genotypes. The analysis of the results obtained from genetic distances and Neighbor - joining dendrogram (unrooted tree) revealed that, the 19 tested tomato genotypes can be grouped into two major groups : first cluster included nine varieties distributed in two subgroups. The second major cluster included 10 genotypes which in turn divided into two subgroups.The relationship among genotypes was not concern to their morphological characters and geographical origins. The overall analysis of the results show that both SSRs and RAPDs markers are powerful tools in fingerprinting and revealing the genetic relationships among tomato genotypes.

دراسة بكتيريولوجية وراثية لبعض الانواع المعزولة من المصابين وغير المصابين بداء السكري == Bacteriological And Genetic Study of Some Species of Bacteria That Isolated From Patients And Healthy of Diabetes

Author name: قناة محمود عطية سلامة الجبوري
Supervisor name: كركز محمد ثلج الجبوري | رشيد حميد حسن
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة في مختبرات مستشفى تكريت التعليمي ومختبرات قسم علوم الحياة - كلية العلوم في جامعة تكريت للمدة من كانون الثاني 2010 لغاية كانون الثاني 2011، تضمنت جمع 534 عينة من اخماج المسالك البولية والجروح للمرضى المصابين بالنوع الاول والثاني من السكري | The study was conducted in the Laboratories of Teaching Tikrit Hospital and the laboratories of the Biology Department - College of Science - Tikrit University from January 2010 to the January 2011. In this study five hundreds thirty four samples of urine and wounds from patients with diabetes and healthy were collected from both sexes and all ages to isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria by morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics then determination of virulence factors and genetic variation between dominant type depending on the isolating source and the type of infection in diabetic patients. The counts of urinary tract infections and wound infection in non _diabetic patients were 118 and 52 respectively.The percentage of positive isolation of bacteria for both of them were 44, and 38.4% respectively and from the same patients with urinary tract Infections and wounds and Insulin Depended Diabetes (IDD) patients were 158 and 68 samples respectively and the percentage of bacterial isolation were at 78.5 and 67.6% respectively. The patients with Insulin Non - dependent Diabetes (INDD) were 69 and 42 samples, where positive isolates from bacteria were 75 and 71.4% respectively. The infections females from the Healthy and Diabetes Patients that (IDD) or (INDD) were larger than that of the males patients and with the same state with the wounds infections state for (IDD) patients, whereas the rate was smaller than of males for wounds infections to patients with the other diabetes infections type. The age group between 41 - 60 years was the larger percentage with all infections, except with wounds infections to (INDD) patients, while the age group between 16 - 40 years was the larger, and the infections were the largest means in the Winter and Autumn compare the other seasons.The higher rate of bacteria that isolated from patients with Urinary Tract Infections was Escherichia coli then other types like Citrobacter diversus , Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii, and Enterobacter aerogenes. The larger rate of bacteria in patients with diabetes and wounds Infections was Escherichia coli then Citrobacter diversus, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Morganella morganii and Staphylococcus aureus. The rate of diabetes infections with urinary tract infections and wounds increased in winter and autumn seasons more than of summer and spring seasons, Most bacterial isolates where sensitive for chloramphenicol.Other antibiotics were highly variable in their ability to inhibit bacterial isolates.the bacterial isolates were different in their ability to produce virulence factors, the diabetes infections was the reason of increase the variation in their ability to produce that virulence factor and the bacteria that isolated from diabetes patients produced haemolysine factor and capsule.PCR technique was used to show the genetic variations for the more repeats bacterial isolates isolated from all sources infections and used the Specific Primers (KPSMT II) group II capsule, (CNF1) Cytotoxic Necrotizing factor, (CNFs) and (HLY A) haemolysine, the bands appeared after electrophoresis to represent the used Primers, one band was appeared in the sample of diabetes Patients with Urinary Tract Infections(KPSMT II) at molecular weight 270 bp, and one band appeared in the sample of diabetes with urinary tract infections for Primer (HLY A) and it is molecular weight was 177 bp. One band appeared in the sample of diabetes patients for the primer (CNF1)hg with Wound Infections and it is molecular weight 450 bp, and there is not any band in the Primer (CNFs).

دراسة وراثية خلوية وجزيئية للتاثير الوقائي للكركم في سمية العقار ميترونيدازول في الفئران البيض == Cytogenetic And Molecular Study of Protective Effect of Curcumin In Toxicity of Metronidazole In White Mice

Author name: فائق ابراهيم علي محمود
Supervisor name: عادل فوزي شهاب
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: zoology - Genetics
Degree: Doctorate
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: صممت الدراسة الحالية لغرض التعرف على التاثيرات السمية الوراثية والسمية الخلوية للعقار ميترونيدازول(MTZ) في الفئران البيض Balb/ C والتاثير الوقائي الذي توفره المعاملة المسبقة بالكركم(CUR) في سمية العقار ميترونيدازول. تم استخدام مؤشرات الوراثة الخلوية (النو | The current study was designed to identify the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of Mitronidazole (MTZ) and protective effect of Curcumin (CUR) against the toxicity of MTZ in whit mice. Cytogenetic endpoints (micronuclei (MN) and mitotic chromosomes), Productive biomarkers (sperms), molecular cytogenetic biomarkers (comet assay), molecular endpoints (genomic and mitochondrial DNA concentration in liver and spleen and testis) and mutation assessment in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of liver and testis by PCR and restriction pattern were used to evaluate genotoxicity, cytotoxicity of MTZ and protective effects of CUR in white Balb/Cmice. The study was conducted in the laboratories of college of education, college of science in Tikrit university and laboratories in the state company for drugs industry - Samarra - Iraq (SDI). Dosages of 30 and 50 mg/kb.b.wt. of MTZ were tested for genotoxic and cytotoxic and mutagenic effects in somatic and sperms of white mice. The dosages 4.5 and 10 mg/kgb.wt. of CUR were used to study the protective effects of CUR in genotoxicity and cytotoxicity and mutagenecity of MTZ. The current study showed that MTZ has genotoxic effect expressed by high frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes (PECs) which reached 15.5 ± 2.88 with the dosage 30 mg/kg.b.wt. and 21.31 ± 4.2 with the dosage 50mg/kg.b.wt. compared with 7.25 ± 1.88 in negative control. In the study of the protective effects of CUR against genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of MTZ, we observed that in mice treated with the dosage 4.5 mg/kg.b.wt of CUR for 9 days before the dosage 50 mg/kg.b.wt. of MTZ, There were significant p<0.05 decrease in MN frequency which reached 13.25 ± 4.19 compared with 21.31 ± 4.2 for mice treated with the dosage 50mg/kg.b.wt. of MTZ withoutCurcumin. The study showed that MTZ has cytotoxicity expressed by significant p<0.05 decrease in mitotic index (MI) which reached 0.010 in bone - marrow of the mice treated with 50 mg/kg.b.wt. compared with 0.023 in negative control. The dosage 4.5 mg/kg.b.wt. of CUR for 9 days before giving the dosage 50 mg/kg.b.wt. of MTZ resulted in returning of MI in bone - marrow 0.021 to its levels in negative control 0.023 compared with its value which reached 0.010 with the dosage 50 mg/kg.b.wt. of MTZ. The two dosages 30 and 50 mg/kg.b.wt. of MTZ caused significant p<0.05 decrease in total number of sperms which reached 2.4±2.4 and 1.5 ± 0.1 milions simultaneously compared with 6.7 ± 0.9 millions in negative control. More over there were significant p<0.05 decrease in motile sperms which reached 25.2 ± 11.0 and 14.6 ± 10.6 compared with 57.6 ± 8.0 of negative control. Significant p<0.01 decrease in the length of mid - piece and total length of sperm tail with the dosage 50 mg/kg.b.wt. of MTZ which reached 19.2 ± 6.0 and 69.0 ± 6.0 simultaneously compared with 31.6 ± 9.0 and 100.3 ± 15.0for negative control. Treating with the dosage 4.5 mg/kg.b.wt. of CUR for 9 day before the dosage 50 mg/kg.b.wt. of MTZ resulted in the return of mid - piece and total length of sperm tail which reached 29.5 ± 3.0 and 95.0 ± 5.0 close to the levels of negative control 31.06 ± 9.0 and 100.3 ± 15.0 simultaneously. Compared to 19.2 ± 6.0 for the length of mid - piece and 69.0 ± 6.0 for total length of sperm tail in mice treated with the dosage 50 mg/kg.b.wt. of MTZ without previous treatment with CUR. The study of damage levels in DNA with comet assay showed that MTZ induced significant p<0.01 levels of damage reached 45.4 ± 2.36 with the dosage 50mg/kg.b.wt. of MTZ in bone - marrow and 36.8 ± 0.58 in liver cells compared with 9.0 ± 2.12 and 5.2 ± 0.58 simultaneously in negative control. There were decrease occurred in the level of damage in DNA of bone - marrow and liver cells. However it did not return to its levels of negative control 9.0 ± 2.12 in bone - marrow and 5.2 ± 0.58 in liver cells. OTM values reached 26.4 ± 1.29 and 24.0 ± 1.14 in mice treated with the dosage 4.5 mg/kg.b.wt. of CUR for 9 days before the dosage 50 mg/kg.b.wt. of MTZ. However The values of OTM lower than its values in bone - marrow 45.4 ± 2.36 and 36.8 ± 1.66 in liver cells of mice treated with the dosage 50 mg/kg.b.wt. without CUR. In the molecular study, The results showed mutagenic effect of the dosage 50 mg/kg.b.wt. of MTZ in mice mtDNA expressed by novel restriction sites for Bam - HI and Hind - III in liver tissue and SauA3 in testis. The treatment of mice with the dosage 4.5mg/kg.b.wt. of CUR for 9 days before the dosage 50mg/kg.b.wt. of MTZ did not resulted in the inhibition of mutagenesis in mtDNA. In conclusion, results of this study showed that MTZ has genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in white mice and mutagenic effect in mice mtDNA. The dosage 4.5 mg/kg.b.wt.of Curcumin has protective effect against genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of MTZ. on the other hand the dosage 4.5 mg/kg.b.wt. of Curcumin has no protective effect against mutagenicity of MTZ in mice mtDNA.

عزل وتشخيص بكتريا Enterococcus faecalis من مصادر مرضية مختلفة ودراسة امراضيتها في الفئران المختبرية == Isolation And Diagnosis of Enterococcus Faecalis From Different Clinical Sources And Study of The Pathogenicity In Experimental Mice

Author name: عباس ياسين حسن
Supervisor name: وعد محمود رؤوف | عباس عبود فرحان
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية بهدف عزل وتشخيص المكورات المعوية البرازية Enterococcus faecalis من مصادر سريرية مختلفة، وتقييم التغيرات المظهرية والافات المرضية في بعض اعضاء الفئران البيض السويسرية المصابة تجريبيا لذا تضمنت هذه الدراسة محورين رئيسين هما : الجانب ال | The present study was conducted to isolate and diagnose an Enterococcus faecalis which are isolated from different clinical sources, and evaluate the appearance changes and pathological lesions in some Swiss white mice organs which are infected experimentally, so this study deals with two main aspects : The bacteriological type : The results obtained may be summarized as follows : - The total number of (310) clinical samples were collected from Baquba Educational Hospital and Al - Batol Hospital for Maternity and Children in Baquba city from the beginning of March to the end of September (2009) with various ages and from both sexes, including (82) urine samples from patients with urinary tract infections, (46) vaginal swab from infection of female reproduction system, (45) surgical wound swabs, (38) stool sample from patients with abdominal pains and diarrhea, (32) throat swabs from tonsillitis patients, (25) middle ear swabs, (22) burn swabs, and (20) blood sample from patients with bacteremia and prosthetic valvular heart diseases. The isolates diagnose depended on the cultural and microscobial characteristics and biochemical tests, serological diagnosis according to Lancefield method and assertion diagnosis according to (API - 20 Strep) was done to find (32) isolates of Enterococcus : (28) isolates of E. faecalis (87.5%), (3) isolates of E. faecium (9.4%) and one isolate of E.gallinarum (3.1%). - The sensitivity of E. faecalis was tested against (23) different antibiotics. The isolates showed resistance of about (100%) against Aztreonam, Amikacin, Co - Trimoxazole, Cephalexin and Cefotaxime, while the isolates were sensitive about (100%) against Amoxicillin, Nitrofurantoin, Imipenem and Ampicillin, while they showed a various resistance to another antibiotics involved in this study. - The ability of the isolates for producing the Beta - lactamase enzymes was tested by the standard rapid iodometric method. The results showed the disability of these isolates for producing the Beta - lactamase enzymes. - The production ability of E. faecalis for some virulence factors was evaluated. The results showed the ability of these isolates of adherence to the uroepithelial cells of human's urinary system were (93%), and (82.1%) were bacteriocin producer, and (28.6%) were hemolysin producer, and (43%) were gelatinase producer, and (10.7%) were lipase producer, and (35.7%) were capsule producer, and (14.3%) were cytolysin producer, while none of the isolates under the study showed the ability of haemagglutination.Histopathology type : (4.6 x 106) cell / ml concentration of the bacterial suspension of E. faecalis was used orally on mice and histopathological changes were examined after (3, 5, 7, 14) days of infection, which revealed the ability of bacteria for colonization and causing pathological lesions and many histological changes in the liver, kidney, small intestine and hearts of these animals. The damage in the animal tissues of the second group (treated with Streptomycin and EFU10) was more than that in the third group (treated with Streptomycin and EFS14), and fourth group (treated with EFU10 only). Generaly, the most important histopathological changes were the necrosis in some areas, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in infected tissues. These pathological lesions cause damage and decompose of tissues with distortion of their morphologies.

دراسة وبائية تشخيصية لداء اللشمانيا مع تحديد انماط الطفيل المسبب بواسطة تقنية PCR وتمييز الانواع الناقلة من ذبابة الرمل sand fly في محافظة ديالى == Epidemio Diagnostic Study For Leishmaniasis With Determination of Parasite Strain’s By PCR Technique And Morphologically Differmates The Species of Sand Fly Vector In Diyala Governorate

Author name: جابر عودة كاظم
Supervisor name: توفيق ابراهيم محمد الالوسي | عبد الله حسين عبد الله الجبوري
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Doctorate
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية تسليط الضوءعلى انتشار داء اللشمانيا الجلدية والاحشائية المتسبب من قبل الطفيلي Leishmania spp في مناطق مختلفة في محافظة ديالى ودراسة الظروف البيئية المساهمة في انتشار المرض ومقارنة الفحوصات السريرية والمختبرية والمصلية المستخدمة في تش | The aims of present study to illuminate a light on visceral and cutaneous leishminiasis disease caused by leishminia Spp parasite as registered in Diyal Governorate, and study the environment condition which contributed in diffusion the disease and comparison the tests of clinical, Laboratory and serological tests which used in diagnosing with PCR technique test, the study included many steps. 1. The epidemiologically which is main to determine the rates of infection as registered in some district of Diyala province in according to the age, sex, and the month of the year so according to the environmental conditions : - 7200 samples of blood collected from many different ages persons from different districts in Diyala. (3009 males, 4011 females) are examined. The study shows a positive cases of 607 distributed among the districts including (Jalawlaa, Bani Saa'd, Baladruz, Baquba, Alodeim amd DeliAbbas) these register a highest percentage of infection in Jalawlaa sub - district about 12.8% and less percentage of infection are in Baquba about 1.3% whiel is register highest percentage of in infection were (>1 - 5) years about 13.2% and lower percentage infection (<5 - 10) years wuth rate 2.4% so the groups of ages (25 - 30) years didn't appear any infections. according to the gender the males are high from the females whom effected with this disease the number of males (432) case with rate 71, 1%. The number of infected females about 175 cases with rate 28.8%.while in the month of years were the male infection are a highest infection in January - 2012, but did not register any infection in (June and July). The environmental condition infective in prevalence the disease between the people whom resident the houses which breed the animals inside, the number of infections are 245 cases from 607 positive cases with rate 40.3%. This was the low rate 4.9% from the infected people because of rats in their hoses. which didn't kill them. 2. The comparison of diagnostic methods of clinical test, laboratory test and serological test, with the molecular methods from the direction of sensitivity and specificity, The studies results appeared the importance of clinical test subtle in case of a similar cases depend on the clinical symptoms there are a highest cases from clinical test that the children suffering from liver magle their number are 176 cases the rate 80.36%, but the lowest cases of clinical test are 59.19% whom suffered from a skin pallor and black. The laboratory tests appeared the blood picture through testing the 350cases whom suspicion in their infection with leishmaniasis, the number of whom suffering from the lower of WBC 73 with rate 34.2%, while the low cases are 6 with rate 2.82% from whom suffering from hipper ESR, but the serological test was IFAT, Dipsrtick, spotkala - azor, ELISA, KA tex LATEX. Diagnostic infection leishmaniasis a best in diagnostic disease is dipstick test it's sensitivity are 95%, but it's specificity 100% but the lowest is the test of LATEX, it's sensitivity 75% and specificity 80%.3. The Molecular methods : PCR technique test clear recently the new highest sensitivity in diagnosis when the number of the parasite are a little in the blood in the infections peoples whom choose in random way. when testing 100 samples of DNA from the infection with cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, the number of infected male are 73, But the number of infected females are 27 with leishmaniasis. and studying the relation between PCR diagnosis according to the sex, age, district and environment condition, so as the recognize between the species of the parasite from the sequence Nitrogen basics with number in each species, (the species are L.donovani, L.infantum, L.tropica, L.major) so recognize the vector insect sand fly Morphology by key classification (ph.alexandri, ph.papatasi Ph.sergentasi, and sqauanlpleuris).

دراسة بيئية لمجتمع الطحالب وبعض الملوثات البيئية في نهر الحسينية - كربلاء المقدسة / العراق == Ecological Study For Algal Community And Some Pollutants In Al - Husseinia River Holy Karbala - Iraq

Author name: سارا حمود عبد الامير الاسدي
Supervisor name: فكرت مجيد حسن | جاسم محمد سلمان
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: plant - aquatic life
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Kerbala - College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Karbala
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت دراســة بيئية شاملة على مياه نهر الحسينية في الفترة الممتدة مـن تشــرين الاول 2012 ولغاية ايلول 2013، تم فيها دراسة الخصائص الفيزيائية والكيميائية لمياه النهر بالاضافة الى اجراء دراسة كمية ونوعية لمجتمع الطحالب الهائمة والملتصقة المتواجدة في المناطق | Acomprehensive ecological study was conducted on Al - Husseinia River during the period from October 2012 to Septemper 2013. This study includes measuring some chemical and physical properties of water and conduct quantitive and qualitative study of the Algal community which includes the phytoplankton and the periphyton algae , in addition to measuring some of pollutants types such as Heavy metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) the water of the river and its sediments and some kinds of aquatic plants such as Ceratophyllum demersum, Hydrilla verticillta, Potamogeton pectinatus and Phragmites australis. The results of the present study showed temporal and spatial variations in the physical - chemical properties of water. The water temperature ranged between (12.7 - 31.3) °C which accompanied the variations of air temperature that ranged between (8.5 - 45.3) °C. The river was tending to the alkalinity and the PH was ranged between 7.5 - 8.8 were dominated by bicarbonate ions, the electrical conductivity and the Total Dissolved Solids and The Total suspended solids ranged between (840 - 1416.67) ?s/cm and (413.33 - 700) mg / l and (6.33 - 55.07) mg / l respectively. The river was oligosaline with a salinity ranged between (0.54 - 0.91) PSU. The water current velocity and light penetration recorded fluctuated during the period of the study, their values ranged between (11.68 - 37.77) cm / Sec and (33.67 - 148.67) cm, respectively. The Dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand increased during the cold months and decreased during the warm months where the values ranged between (4.97 - 12.63) mg / l and (0.4 - 4.48) mg / l respectively. The river was very hard, the total hardness ranged between (240 - 516.67) mg / l, and the Total alkalinity ranged between (106.33 - 162) mg / l. Calcium ions and Magnesium ions ranged between (40.08 - 162.32) mg / l and (13.67 - 64.73) mg / l. The values of sulfates ranged between (58.94 - 131.37) mg / l ; their values show an increase at the study sites which were under highly human activities, but they did not exceed the permissible levels of the drinking water quality. The nutrients such as silica and total nitrogen and total phosphorous showed variations during the study and their values ranged between (1.63 - 6.26) mg/l and (1.4 - 3.5) mg / l and (1.33 - 17.29) ?g/l, respectively. A total of 303 algal taxa of phytoplankton and periphyton was identified during the study belonged to six classes of Algae; they include Bacillariophyceae (196 taxa) , Chlorophyceae (59 taxa) , Cyanophyceae (33 taxa) , Euglenophyceae (6 taxa) , Dinophyceae (6 taxa) and Cryptophyceae (3 taxa). The Bacillariophyceae were a dominated class in the phytoplankton community, they constitute 62.4 % of the total number of species followed by Chlorophyceae by 20.66 % and Cyanophyceae by 11. 6 % respectively. The Dinophyceae and Euglenophyceae constitute 2.07 %, while the cryptophyceae constitute the lower percentage which amounted to 1.2 % of the total species. Some identified algae like as Nitzschia, Navicula, Cymbella, Fragilaria, Scenedesmus and Oscillatoria were dominated by their species numbers in the phytoplankton community , and the total numbers of the phytoplankton cells ranged between (446.8 × 10 3 - 9177 × 10 3) cell / l. In October recorded the highest number of the cells, while in March recorded the lower numbers of the algal cells during the study. A total of 203 taxa was characterized in the epipelic algal community dominated by Bacillariophyceae by 79. 3 %, followed by Cyanophyceae by 10.84 % and Chlorophyceae by 6.9 % respectively, while the Euglenophyceae and Dinophyceae constitutes the lower percentage formed 1.48 % of the total species. The total number of epipelic algal cells ranged between (9924.5 to 10.02 × 104) cells / cm2. Winter season recorded the highest average of the total number of cells, while Spring season recorded the lowest numbers of cells. Also, some genera such as Nitzschia, Navicula, Cymbella, Fragilaria and Oscillaroria were dominated in the study period. During this study some taxa of epiphytic algae have also identified on four types of aquatic plants, which included C.demersum , H.verticillata, P.pectinatus and P.australis, the numbers of algal taxa on each there were 124, 116, 77 and 114 respectively. The results showed dominated of Bacillariophyceae followed by Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae and other classes respectively. Some algal genera are dominated by their species of the studied plants such as Cymbella, Navicula, Nitzschia, Fragilaria and Gomphonema. In Autumn the highest numbers of epiphytic cells were recorded, where the total numbers of cells in these plants are 74.24 × 104 cells/g, 38.46 × 104 cells/g, 19.22 × 104 cells/g and 38.88 × 104 cells/g respectively. While the lower number of cells recorded during Summer in each of C.demersum by 8.07 × 104 cells/g and H.verticillata by 8.034× 104 cells/g and P. pectinatus by 3.74 × 104 cells/g, whereas the P. Australis recorded the lowest number of cells during Spring which was 22.51 × 104 cells/g. C.demersum contained the highest numbers of algal cells compared to other plants. The distribution and concentrations of some Heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe and Zn are studied in each of the water (dissolved and particulate fractions), and sediments (exchangeable and residual fractions) and four aquatic plants. The average of these heavy metals concentrations in the dissolved phase of the water were (1.4, 1.15, 3.74, 5.46 and 7.66) ?g / l, respectively. While their concentrations in the particulate phase were (3.67, 110.23, 63.97, 732.98 and 167.2) ?g/g respectively. In the sediments the concentrations of these heavy metals in the exchangeable phase were (2.53, 38, 43.45, 169 and 42.16) ?g/g, respectively, whereas their concentrations in the residual phase were (2.54, 32.82, 50.33, 1452.75 and 53) ?g/g, respectively. The concentrations of the Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe, Zn in the aquatic plants are also measured during this study and the average of theirs in C.demersum were (11.09, 14.16, 48.58, 2202 and 65.42) ?g/g, respectively. While their concentrations in the H. verticillate were (10.17, 12.99, 43.58, 2921.98 and 60.45) ?g/g, respectively. In P. pectinatus were (11.58, 13.52, 50.06, 2315.47 and 77.88) ?g/g, respectively. Whereas their concentrations in P.australis were (9.29, 11.83, 39.84, 1845.21 and 52.76) ?g/g, respectively. The distribution of sixteen Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons is also determined in Al - Husseinia River during this study in each of water, sediments and aquatic plants. These organic compounds include Naphthalene، Acenaphthylene، Acenaphthene، Fluorene، Phenanthrene، Anthracene، Fluoranthene، Pyrene، Benzo(a)Anthracene، Chrysene، Benzo(b)Fluoranthene، Benzo(k)Fluoranthene، Benzo(a)Pyrene، Dibenzo(a, h)Anthracene, Benzo(ghi)perylene وIndo(1, 2, 3 - cd)Pyrene. Their concentrations in the water of river ranged between (0.24 - 58.72) ng/l recorded for each of Benzo(a)Pyrene and Benzo(ghi)perylene respectively, the total concentration of PAHs in the water was 152 ng/L, the results also showed that the source of water pollution of these compounds was pyrogenic and petrogenic origin. In the sediments the concentration of these compounds ranged between (0.36 - 119.06) ?g/g. For each of Naphthalene and Benzo(ghi)perylene, respectively. The total concentration of PAHs in the sediment was 257.71 ?g/gm., The results also showed that the source of sediment pollution with these compounds was also pyrogenic and petrogenic origin as the water. In aquatic plants, the concentration of these compounds in C.demersum and H.verticillata ranged between (0.12 - 152.3) ?g/g and (0.3 - 129.8) ?g/g for Fluoranthene and Benzo(ghi)perylene to each plants respectively , while their concentration in P.pectinatus ranged between (0.25 - 99.36) ?g/g for each Benzo(b)Fluoranthene and Benzo(ghi)perylene respectively, in P.australis PAHs concentration ranged between (0.37 - 134.85) ?g/g for Chrysene and Benzo(ghi)perylene, respectively. C.demersum recorded the highest total concentration of PAHs compared to other plants, and the results showed that the source of pollution in these plants was Pyrogenic origin. They also revealed that Benzo(ghi)perylene recorded the highest concentration during this study compared with other compounds.

دور الكاينيتين والسماد المركب (NPKZn) في تحمل نبات الفلفل Capsicum annuum L.)) للاجهاد الملحي == Role of The Kinetin And NPKZn In Salt Stress Tolerance of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.)

Author name: سعاد عبد سيد الجلالي
Supervisor name: عباس جاسم حسين الساعدي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت تجربة اصص في الحديقة النباتية التابعة لقسم علوم الحياة، كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة - ابن الهيثم، جامعة بغداد في الموسم الربيعي عام 2014 هدف الدراسة كان دراسة تاثير تركيزين من كلوريد الصوديوم هي 50) و100) مليمول.لتر - 1 فضلا عن معاملة السيطرة واربعة | The aim of the pots experiment which was conducted in the Botanical Garden of Biology Department in the Faculty of Education /Ibn - Al - Haytham / University of Baghdad, during the spring season of 2014 was the influence of different concentrations of Sodium chloride (50, 100) mM.L - 1 in addition to the control treatment and and Four concentrations of kinetin (25, 50, 75, 100) ppm in addition to the control treatment.It is also aiming to study the effect of application and non application the level 160 Kg.H - 1of NPKZn fertilizer, and their interactions in some morphological characteristics root length, root size, plant height, the internode length, stem diameter, Leaf area, dry weight for root and shoot and the absolute growth rate for shoot.and some physiological characteristics Elements content and protein ratio in root, Elements content, protein ratio, total chlorophyll content, carbohydrates percentage and cytokinine concentration in shoot. Biochemical characteristics (enzyme activity of the enzymes) (SOD, POD and CAT) and some antioxidants that nonenzymatic : (the proline and vitamin C concentration) in shoot. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in shoot, and some Floral morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of fruits (Number of branches, The total number of flowers, Number of blooming flowers, ratio of aborted Flowers, Number of knotted flowers, the number and size of fruits, their wet weight , nitrogen and calcium concentration, protein percentage and vitamin C concentration in fruits of pepper plant California weleander variety.The experiment was designed according to Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD)with three facters kinetin, manure addition and Sodium chloride,) consisting 90 pots. Seedling of pepper plant was planted on 4/2/2014 acompanied by making all agricultural operations of irrigation and the removal of the jungles. results were obtained can be summarized as follows : 1 - The results showed that increasing the concentration of sodium chloride from zero to 100 mM.L - 1 Led to a decline in morphological, physiological and floral characteristics, with and significant increases in the content average of sodium, chloride, The proportion of flowers aborted and biochemical characteristics. The rate quality effectiveness for enzyme SOD increased from 7.24 to 34.66, POD from 8.10 to 26.35 and CAT from 4.91to 39.57 (unite mg protein - 1) , and proline acid content from 23.05 to 40.30 (mg.L - 1) and vitamin C concentration from 2.67 to 3.68 % and Malondialdihyde (MDA) from 1.84 to 3.86 (µM.gm F.W. - 1)2 - As concerns kinetine treatment effect, the results showed a significant increase in the average of morphological, physiological and floral characteristics, and significant decreases in the average of sodium, chloride contents and biochemical characteristics, in the cased increasing in the concentration of kinetine from 0 to 100 ppm caused decreases in the average of quality effectiveness for enzyme SOD from 25.79 to 21.91, POD from 21.83 to 17.20 and CAT from 27.88 to 21.73 (unit mg protein - 1) , and proline acid content from 34.27 to 31.68 (mg.L - 1), Malondialdihyde (MDA) from 3.15 to 2.85 (µM.gm F.W. - 1) and vitamin C concentration from 3.42 to 3.23 %.3 - application the level 160 Kg.H - 1of NPKZn Manure caused a significant increases in all averages morphological, physiological and floral characteristics, and significant decreases in the average of sodium and chloride contents and biochemical characteristics, fertilizing with the level 160 Kg.H - 1of NPKZn fertilizer caused decreases in the average of quality effectiveness for enzyme SOD from 22.03 to 19.88, POD from 17.70 to 14.53 and CAT from 23.34 to 17.34 (unite mg protein - 1) , and proline acid content from 32.84 to 28.93 (mg.L - 1), Malondialdihyde (MDA) from 2.97 to 2. 75 (µM.gm F.W. - 1) and vitamin C concentration from 3.29 to 3.03 %.4 - Results of the bilateral interpenetration between the Fertilization by fertilizer NPKZn and Sodium chloride concentrations, showed that the fertilizations has a positive and effective influence in reducing the negative effects of sodium chloride in all characteristics studied. 5 - The results showed the positive role of kinetine in decreasing the negative effects of sodium chloride Through bilateral overlap between factors. Especially when the concentration of 75 ppm of kinetine and concentration 100 of sodium chloride In all morphological, physiological and biochemical floral characteristics of plant.6 - The results indicated that the Interference between the fertilizer NPKZn and kinetine has a positive and clear role to both factors increase morphological, physiological, floral characteristics and reduce biochemical characteristics.7 - The effect of the triple overlap between study factors was significant, The results showed That plants sprayed kinetine And fertilization led to a significant reduction of most of the negative effects resulting from the of high concentrations of Sodium chloride in all morphological, physiological and flowering traits. Especially in the concentrations 75 ppm kinetine and in the existence of fertilization.

استخدام الزراعة النسيجية والفطر Glomusmossaes في الازالة الحيوية لعنصري الرصاص والكادميوم وتحمل الملوحة لنبات السيسبان Sesbaniarostrata L == Application of Plant Tissue Culture And Glomusmossaes In Bioremediation of Lead, Cadimum And Salinity Using Sesbaniarostrata L. Plant

Author name: التفات فاضل شحاذة الطائي
Supervisor name: علي هاشم الموسوي | كاظم محمد ابراهيم
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - College Of Science For Girls
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت تجارب عدة لغرض دراسة تحمل نبات السيسبان Sesbania rostrata L. للكادميوم والرصاص وكلوريد الصوديوم على مستوى النبات الكامل ومزارعة النسيجية. استحث الكالس واديم على وسط موراشيج وسكوج 1962 والمجهز 0.3 ملغم/لتر من الكاينتين و2 ملغم/لتر من حامض 2, 4 داي مث | Several experiments were carried out to study cadmium, lead and sodium chloride tolerance at the tissue culture or whole plant levels of Sesbania rostrata. Callus was induced and maintained on Murashige and Skooge (1962) medium (MS) supplemented with 0.3 mg/l Kinetin and 2 mg/l 2, 4 - dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4 - D) using cotyledons as the source for callus induction. Different concentrations of cadmium, lead and sodium chloride directly or gradually were added to the culture medium as contaminants. Selected tolerant cell lines were subjected to regeneration. Callus showed better tolerance to gradual exposure than direct addition. The concentrations of Potassium, lead, Cadmium and Sodium recorded to 17, 24, 27, 35 ppm when 1.0, 2.0 mg/L and 0.4% of cadmium, lead and sodium chloride were added respectively. The study included the effect of the cytokinin (benzyl adenine, BA) and the auxin (Naphthalene acetic acid, NAA) on the regeneration of shoots from callus tolerant to pollutants reached 76, 87 and 85% for callus tolerant to Cadmium, Lead and sodium chloride respectively, when the combination of 0.7 mg/l BA and 0.2 mg /l NAA was supplemented to the medium. The effect of indole butyric acid (IBA) on rooting of shoots. The concentration 0.7 mg /l gave highest percentage of rooting amounted to 66, 70 and 85% in a medium supplemented with cadmium, lead and sodium chloride respectively. Acclimatization of plantlets using river sand soil recorded 85% survival. The study was also included effects on plant height and fresh weights, shoot fresh weight was superior at the concentration 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l of cd and pb recording 8.7 and 7.5 g respectively. Treatment with NaCl led to increase the root fresh weight recording 19.1 g. Maximum cd accumulation reached 12.5 ppm in shoots, 10.5 ppm for lead in roots, 39 ppm for NaCl in roots. The experimental work investigated the effect of mycorrhiza (Glomus mosseae) on cd, pb and NaCl removal by Sesbania plant when grown in either soil contaminated with cd, pb and NaCl or non - contaminated soil (control). Inoculation with mycorrhiza led to an increase in seed germination percentage (96%), plant height (28 cm) in non - contaminated soil, while achieved an increase in shoot and root fresh weight recording 10.0 and 6.8 g respectively. Inoculation with mycorrhiza also led to a significant increase in cd and pb accumulation in roots reached 9.0 and 87.4 ppm respectively. Meanwhile, Mycorrhiza caused a significant increase in Na accumulation in root system (42.5 ppm) which already affected K concentration as a result of competition with Na recording 16.5 ppm in shoots. Mycorrhiza inoculation led to a significant increase in number of root nodes in non - contaminated soil recording 86%. Finally, mycorrhiza succeded in infecting Sesbania rostrata roots reached 90% in non - contaminated soil while it was 85% in contaminated soil

تشخيص بعض النواتج الحيوية لانواع من السيانوبكتريا المعزولة من مياه وترب مدينة تكريت ودراسة فعاليتها على بعض انواع البكتريا المرضية والحيوانات المختبرية == Identification of Some Bioproducts From Some Species of Cyanobacteria Isolated From Water And Soil From Tikrit City And Study Their Biological Effects On Some Pathogenic Bacteria And Laboratory Animals

Author name: ايمن عوني سليم جاسم
Supervisor name: حميد سلمان خميس المهداوي | احسان محمود عبد الله
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Bacteria
Degree: Doctorate
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية عزل وتشخيص (19) نوع من السيانوبكتريا من عينات مياه وتربة طينية ومن الصخور من (5) خمسة مواقع في مدينة تكريت ضمن محافظة صلاح الدين، وقد تم اختيار ثلاثة انواع من هذه السيانوبكتريا وهي : Anabaena oryzae, Nostoc linckia, Anabaena laxa اعتم | The current study included Isolation and Identification of (19) species of cyanobacteria from water, clay soil and rocks samples, collected from (5) sites in Tikrit, salah Al - den province. Three species were chosen each species represent the environment which collected from it. These species were Anabaena oryzae, Nostoc linckia, Anabaena laxa. The effects of some environment factors on growth and biological products quantity has been studied in the three species above. The effects of the temperature showed that 26°C was the best for growth and biological products quantity than 16°C and 36°C. While the pH effects showed that pH 7.6 was the best for growth and biological products quantity than pH 6.6, 8.6. Three light intensities were used 1250, 2500, 5000 lux were used. The results showed that the light intensity of 2500 lux was the best for daily growth and quantity of extracted biological products. While the study of the effects of addition of macronutrient and micronutrient to Asm - 1 media which used for culturing of the three species of cyanobacteria by replacement of NaCl by NaNO3 in the medium, showed that there is an increase in daily growth and quantity of extracts of biological extracts, also the addition of FeSO4.7H2O and NaNO3 together showed further increase of daily growth and biological extracts quantity. The biological products has been identificated by HPLC - MS, IR and NMR. The results showed the presence of the neurotoxin Anatoxin - a and the hepatic toxin Microcystin in its various forms MCYST - LAba, MCYST - YM(O), [D - Asp3, Dha7]MCYST - LR and MCYST - YA in the biological products of Anabaena oryzae. The results also showed the presence of the hepatic toxin MCYST - YM(O) and [D - Asp3, Dha7]MCYST - LR in the extracts of the two spices of cyanobacteria Nostoc linckia and Anabaena laxa.The results also showed that the Muller Hinton Agar media is better than the Blood Agar media in testing the activity of these extracts in inhibition of the pathogenic bacteria, the method of holes is better than saturated discs, and the solvent DMSO (Di - Methyl Sulpho Oxide) is the better in testing of biological activities, while the filtrate of cyanobacteria did not shown any activity for inhibition of the pathogenic bacteria which include : Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus Vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed the high capability of inhibition in concentrations of 1000, 2000, 3000 µg/ml of the extracts of the cyanobacteria Anabaena oryzae, Nostoc linckia and Anabaena laxa on the above pathogenic bacteria and some times more efficient than antibiotics used for comparison, and the concentration 3000 µg/ml was the most effective.The effects of biological extracts of the three species in concentrations of (1000, 2000, 3000) µg/kg of body weight on tested albino mice, using injection and feeding methods, was studied. The results showed poisoning nervous symptom for the first few hours, while the results showed hepatic poisoning symptom on the dissecting animals. The anatomic symptoms included changes the colour of the liver to darkening and appearance of necrosis, in addition to becoming lobbed and swollen some times with bleeding.While the poisoning effects on dissecting tissues of livers of the animals showed a simple swollen and some times assured in all of the liver accompanying with increase in growth and cell division, as well as increases in lymphatic cells inside the tissue and in general in liver tissue. The lymphocyte seemed bigger than for normal cell with multi - nuclei in white blood and increase in cell size and destruction of liver tissue. Nostoc linckia was the greater urging for cell division consequently probably more induce of cancer in the liver of the animals, while the biological product of Anabaena laxa showed more poisonous for liver cell than the biological products of Anabaena oryzae, the least effective in cytotoxic and urging cancer cell in liver of the animals.

العلاقة بين انتاج الانزيم المحلل للكولاجين وتكوين الغشاء الحياتي بوساطة بكتريا Pseudomonas aeruginosae == The Relationship Between Collagenase Production And Biofilm Formation By Pseudomonas Aeuroginosa

Author name: امال عزيز كريم السعدي
Supervisor name: شذى سلمان الطحان
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Bacteria
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad
Language: English
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: A total of 359 samples divided as 228 clinical and 131 non clinical specimens were collected during 2012 from four hospitals in Baghdad city including : Al - Kadhymia Teaching hospital, Baghdad Teaching hospital, The Burn Specialist Hospital and Al - Imam Ali hospital, for isolation of P.aeruginosa to study the correlation between collagenase production and biofilm formation. Eighty two Pseudomonas isolates were screened for biofilm formation, 28 isolates were classified as strong biofilm formers, 25 as moderate and 27 as weak biofilm former. The 28 isolates were identifid by VITEk - 2 Compact system which confirmed that the isolates were P.aeruginosa. Collagenase production assay was used to screen 28 isolates that were strong biofilm formers inorder to detect the ability of these isolates to produce collagenase, the substrate of collagenase (collagen) was purified localy from bovin tendon and the results showed that just 8 isolates could grow in mineral salt media with collagen after 4 days of incubation. The factors affecting biofilm formation and collagenase production were studied to determine the optimual conditions for their production, those factors included : 1 - Nitrogen sources represented higher influence on collagenase production specialy (yeast extract) in media containing collagen than other media without collagen as a substrate. The specific activity differed between the 8 isolates, biofilm formation also became more pronounced with (yeast extract), while NH4Cl and NaNO3 depressed biofilm formation at the same conditions. The statistical analysis between the two parameters (biofilm and collagenase) according to different nitrogen sources demonstrated highly significance at p?0.01 with yeast extract and casein. 2 - pH, results showed that the best pH for production was 7 for both collagenase and biofilm.The statistical analysis for determination the relationshipe between the two parameters showed highly significance at p ?0.01 for different pH. 3 - The maximum production of the two parameters was at 35?C temperature which gave highly significance at p?0.01 with defferent temperature. 4 - Long incubation periods revealed increasing in collagenase production and biofilm formation which represented highly significance detween them when incubation periods were prolonged at p?0.01. Results of this study showed that collagenase production increases when bacteria switch from a planktonic to biofilm phenotype. This indicates that biofilms and collagenase are more virulent and have a greater ability to cause tissue destruction. The REP - PCR analysis using BOX - primer, showed a clusters genetic relatedness among the isolates. The isolates were grouped according to the REP - PCR in 9 different genotypes, named cluster 1 to 3 which included C1, C2, C3 with relatedness : 8 (80%), 8 (86%), 3 (80%) respectively. A19 and A20 both of them were not included in any cluster, they have 78% similarity.The REP - PCR analysis showed that the genotypic relatedness is consistently high between the 8 producer isolates and non producer isolates (13), showed similarity reached 86

تاثير الكلوتاثيون وبيروكسيد الهيدروجين وتداخلهما في بعض الصفات النوعية والكمية لنبات الماش Vigna radiat == Effect of Glutathione And Hydrogen Peroxide And Their Interactions On Some of The Quantity And Quality Characteristic of (Mung Bean) Plant Vigna Radiata L.

Author name: ايمان حسين هادي الحياني
Supervisor name: وفاق امجد القيسي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Plant - Physiology
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Baghdad - Ibn Al-Haytham College Of Education For Pure Sciences - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Baghdad
First pages:
Abstract: Two field experiments were conducted during the spring and autum growth season of Vigna radiata L. in the year 2014 at botanical garden of Biology Department, Collage of Education for Pure Science (Ibn AL_Haithem) University of Baghdad.The experiments aimed to study the effect of glutathione and hydrogen peroxide, and their interactions on some of quantity and quality characteristic of plant Vigna radiate L.The treatment of glutathione (0, 25, 50, 75, 100) mg.L - 1 While the H2O2 (0, 5, 10, 15) ml mol. L - 1.The two experiment were designed as Randomized Complete Block Design as factorial experiment with two factors with three replication which included 60 experiment units the area of each one (1×1`) m. Results were analyzed Statistically and compared using average L.S.D at 0.05. The results of the experiments showed that glutathione revealed significantly increased all study parameter espically in 100 mg.L - 1 concentration, stem diameter by 54.56%, 28.04%, leaves number 69.34%, 53.14% for two seasons, fresh weight 44.20% for first season, the dry weight 37.43%, 91.46%, leaf area 61.61%, 151.23%.leaf area index 86.61%, 146.35%, biomass duration 60.48%, 101.06%, absolute growth rate (AGR) 32%, 92.68%, inflorescences number 56.55%, 39.90%, flower`s number 71.97%, 22.60%, root length19.82. %, 26.20%, root dry weight 76.10%, 79.25%, total function of SOD 69.32%, 40.52%, total Function of POD 29.45%, 82.25%, total Function of GPX 30.90 %, 63.62%, chlorophyll concentration of a 73.48%91.40%, chlorophyll concentration of b 35.42%, 17.67% for two seasons respectively. The total chlorophyll content 13.69%, for second season, Caroten concentration 207%, 309%, proline concentration 84.47%, 31.75%, (MDA) concentration 6.25%, 38.35%, glutathione. concentration 41.49%, 23.62 %, H2O2 concentration 52.16%, 33.24%, pods number 17.43%, 16.93%, 100 seeds weight 22.95 % 22.48%, , 93.62%, seeds yield 52.17%, 43.70%, the carbohydrate percentage 64.07%, 19.21 %, the protein percentage 22.32% for first season while the results of effect of soaking seeds with H2O2 specially with 15m ml.L - 1 concentration increased stem diameter 45.52%, 34.00%, leaves number 18.55%, 30.75%, Lateral branch 26.06%, 48.04% for Two seasons respectially, fresh weight 35.45% for first season, dry weight 40.89%, 43.85%, leaf area 53.24%, 64.53%, leaf area index 92.30%, 62.39%, biomass duration 35.35%, 57.53%, abosult growth rate34.78 %, 48%, in, inflorescences number 34.98%, 38.10% flowers number 2.987, 20.13%, root length19.44 %, 19.36%, root dry weight 99%, 96.52% total functhion of (SOD)100%, 2853%, total function of (POD) 176.57%, 40.58%, total function of (CAT)118.29%, 71.78%total functhion of (GPX)12.80%, 61.40%, Caroten concentration 54%for second season, prolineconcentration 40.93%for first season, (MDA) content 17.31% for second season, glutathione concentration, 13.68% 24.29%, H2O2 concentration 26.53%, 30.58%, number of pods 42.77%, 20.51%, seads number /pod 22.93%, 22.93%, 100 seeds Wieght 24.07%, 24.86%, seeds yield 16.69% for first season, the solubly carbohydraty percentage 43.26%for first season, the protein percentage 11.50%, 25.18 % for two seasons respicatlly, while chlorophyll a decreas concentration ed by 15m ml.L1 12.87%for second season, total chlorophyll concentration 39.66%, 26.22 for two season respicatlly. There were high significant interaction between glutathione and H2O2 in all study parameter characters in the two experiments.

تقييم نوعية مياه نهر الفرات (بين مدينتي الكفل والشنافية) وسط العراق == Assessment of Water Quality of Euphrates River (Between The Cities of Al - Kifl And Al - Shinafiyah) Iraq

Author name: دنيا باهل جدعان صلال الغانمي
Supervisor name: حسين يوسف خلف الركابي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Aquatic Environment
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت الدراسة الحالية على جزء من بيئة نهر الفرات الممتد بين مدينتي الكفل والشنافية لمدة عام تقويمي من ايار 2013 ولغاية نيسان 2014 واختيرت اربعة مواقع مختلفة وموزعة على منطقة الدراسة شملت ثلاث محافظات هي : بابل - النجف - القادسية (الفرات الاوسط - العراق)، | The current study has applied on the Euphrates River for a full year from May 2013 until April 2014. Four sites selected along the river whithin three provinces; Babylon, Najaf, Al - Qadisiyah. Assessment of water quality done by using Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment (CCME) and Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) for the purpose of determining the validity and quality of its water for the General purpose and for Drinking and Irrigation.The physicochemical properties and biological (Phytoplankton) were studied during the study period. These properties were; temperature of the air and water, light penetration, electrical conductivity, salinity, turbidity, water current speed, total suspended and dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, acidity, total hardness and ions of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and the sodium adsorption ratio, chlorides, sulfates, boron, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, silica and some heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, chromium, manganese in both phases : dissolved and particulate. results showed that the values of the physical and chemical factors ranged as follows : (7 - 47) C, (10 - 31) C, (14 - 177.5) cm, (1020 - 5600) µs/cm, (0.65 - 3.46) 0%, (0.07 - 129) NTU, (27.03 - 115.57) cm/s, (591 - 2985) mg/L and (0.001 - 0.128) mg/L, (7.04 - 8.8), (6 - 11.8) mg/L, (0.13 - 6.6) mg/L, (8.2 - 53) mg/L, (81.4 - 198) mg/L, (30 - 200) mg/L, (6 - 46) mg/L, (490 - 929.67) mg/L, (83.37 - 290.18) mg/L, (0.79 - 174.84) mg/L, (92.5 - 713) mg/L, (1.9 - 11.18) meq/L, (6 - 133) mg/L, (97.97 - 861.73) mg/L, (329 - 1040) mg/L (0.01 - 4.23) mg/L, (0.008 - 1.33) µg/l, (2.16 - 44.74) µg/L, (0.012 - 0.59) µg/L and (104 - 514) µg/L respectively.Concerning the heavy elements, the values of dissolved cadmium ranged between (undetectable - 0.075 mg/L) and it's particulate between (0.0043 - 0.2705) mg /L and dissolved lead between (undetectable - 0.0232 mg /L) and it's particulate between (0.0045 - 0.148) mg/L and dissolved zinc between (un - detectable - 0.0168 mg/L) and it's particulate between (0.0115 - 0.316 mg/L) and dissolved copper (undetectable - 0.0273 mg/L) and copper is particulate between (0.0062 - 0.063 mg /L) and dissolved chromium between (undetectable - 0.0193 mg/L) and the chromium is particulate between (0.0043 - 0.0449) mg/L and dissolved manganese (undetectable - 0.0256) mg/L and it's particulate between (0.0085 - 0.0739) mg/L.The biological tests include Qualitative and Quantitative Study on phytoplankton and also included calculating the total number of coliform way casting dishes by using the MacConkey Agar media.The number of diagnosed species of Phytoplankton was 295 species, belonging to 74 genera. The Diatoms Bacillariophyceae won the biggest part of it as it formed 160 species and 35 genera any rate (54.24%), followed by green algae (70 species belonging to 24 genera) and green algae (52 species belonging to 11 genera) then Euglenophyceae (10 species belonging to both sexes), while golden brown algae and algae Pyrrophyceae were less algal groups registered as belonging to the two single - sex. Some types of phytoplankton existed in most of the duration of the study, including Bacillaria paxillifera, Cocconies placentula, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Diatoma elongatum, Fragilaria virescence, Melosira ambigua, Synedra acus.The total number of phytoplankton is estimated between (104.9 - 4460.09) cell × 103/liter. An increase in the number of phytoplankton in July and January was observed clearly. The concentrations of chlorophyll - a were ranged between (0.0693 - 9.78 mg /L). While the total number of results for coliform were (5 - 281 × 103) cells/liter, The water quality of the evidence Account (Canadian model) using a number of physical, chemical and Biological properties. The results showed that the waters of the Euphrates are located within categories (Poor - Good) with respect to the public evidence of the quality of water of this river while it was located within categories (Poor - Acceptable) with respect to their use for drinking, While its use for irrigation purposes, it was clear that run river water data fall into two categories (Poor - Good). The results of the analysis of the main components Principal component Analysis (PCA) indicate that the nitrates and the total number of coliform and dissolved oxygen, phosphate, zinc, lead and Biological oxygen demand and pH are the biggest impact on the water quality of the index values of the variables of general purpose.These factors are responsible for the deviation index values, followed by turbidity and total hardness and electrical conductivity and temperature of the water, copper, chromium, and cadmium heat. But with the biggest impact of the index water quality factors for drinking purposes are chloride and electrical conductivity and total hardness, magnesium, turbidity and basal college, sodium, calcium, copper, sulfates, nitrates and coliform, zinc and dissolved oxygen, pH, manganese and lead followed by boron nitrite, cadmium, chromium and vital requirement for oxygen. While the chloride and conductivity electrical, the proportion of sodium, copper, zinc and adsorption of boron have greatest influence on the value of water quality index for irrigation, followed by manganese, cadmium, chromium, lead and pH.The phytoplankton index of Biotic Integrity (P - IBI) has been calculated using ten units including (relative abundance of green algae, green algae, pyrrophyta, Euglenophyta, Xanthophyta, Centralales, pennales, species richness index, the density of phytoplankton and chlorophyll a) The results showed that phytoplankton index of Biotic Integrity values ranging between (47 - 74) in the first position and (47 - 67) in the second location, and (45 - 76) in the third site and (45 - 71) in the fourth site. In other words, phytoplankton index of Biotic Integrity with estimating index (good - poor). The results showed the effectiveness of phytoplankton index of Biotic Integrity values in estimating the environmental changes.

علاقة مستوى الزنك والنحاس ببعض المعايير المناعية في الاصابة بداء المقوسات في النساء في محافظة كركوك مع محاولة علاجية في الفئران المختبرية == Relation of Zinc And Copper Levels With Some Immunological Markers In Women With Toxoplamosis In Kirkuk Governorate With Trial To Treatment In Mice

Author name: عبير عباس علي
Supervisor name: حسين ساهر اسود العبيدي | شهاب احمد محمد
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Doctorate
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: تم دراسة 100امراة مصابة بداء المقوسات Toxoplasmosis الذي يسببه الطفيلي المقوسة الكوندية Toxoplasma gondii للفترة من اذار 2007 ولغاية نيسان 2008 راجعن العيادة الاستشارية التابعة لمستشفى كركوك العام في مدينة كركوك. اظهرت نتائج الدراسة الحالية ان 56 % من الن | A total of 100 patients suffering from Toxoplasmosis which is infected by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii have been dealt with as subject of the sample during the period from March 2007 to April 2008 at the Consultant Clinic of Kirkuk General Hospital. The results of the present study showed that 56% of the subjects were pregnant and 44%were not. The highest percentage of the infected subjects was of 26 - 30 years old as 30.37% among the pregnant women and 36.35% among the non - pregnant women of the age mentioned above. The highest percentage 37.5% of abortion of the first period of pregnancy was in pregnant women, and 45.53% in non - pregnant women. The results of the study also showed more cases of infected women among those who bred animals in their living places as 69%. It is also found that the highest percentage of the infected women 64% were of those who use the running water for drinking. Moreover, it is noticed that there is an increase in the percentage of the infected women among the uneducated women 38%. The study showed that the percentage of the infection is proportional to residence 63%, the infection increase among women living in rural areas. The percentage of T - lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients were also measured through measuring the percentage of the CD4+ and CD8+cells by using fluorescent microscope.The results showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in this type of cells.The rate of percentage of CD4+ of the patient's were 31.704±0.116 while the rate of CD4+ in the peripheral blood of the control group was 62.260±0.237.The rate of percentages of CD8+ 19.382±0.080, whereas it was 31.680±0.307 of the control group.The rates of the percentages of CD4+ to CD8+ were also measured, the results showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the rate of the percentage in the patient's group 1.642 while it was 1.968 in the control group. The statistic analysis showed significant differences between these tow groups (p<0.05). The intensity of Zinc and Copper has been measured in the serum of the infected women via use of Atomic absorption instrument, a significant decrease (p <0.05) appeared in the rate of Zinc intensity in the serum on the infected women as compared with the control group.The rate of the intensity in patient's group was 4.65% ± 2.628µmol /l while in the control group it was 15.353± 1.640 µmol /l.A significant increase (p<0.05)was also noticed in the intensity of Copper in the patient's group (28.589±4.335 µmol /l)whereas it was 12.854±1.501 µmol /l in the control group. The index of the specific antibodies IgM and IgG related to Toxoplasma gondii was measured by ELISA method, a significant increase (p<0.05) was observed in the value of IgM and IgG in the patient's group as compared with the control group. The rate of index for IgM in the patient's group was 1.354±0.05 while it was 0.163±0.05 in the control group. The rate of value of IgG in the patient's group was 1.163±0.074 whereas it was 0.358±0.033 in the control group. In the present study, Toxoplasma gondii was isolated and diagnosed from human as first attempt, and then the infection was created in laboratory mice as an essential step for growing the parasite. The second step was studying the effect of some selected drugs on the experimental treatment for disease of toxoplasmosis created in the mice. The drugs are : Pyrimethamin, Clarithromycin, Spiramycin, Ivermectin.The results of the study showed the effects of these drugs on the tissue cyst formed in the brain and lungs. The number of tissue cysts in the brain of the mouse treated with pyrimethamin was 14.8 ±1.067 after 28 days. Significant differences appeared when this result compared with the control group in which it was 27.4±1.029. The number of tissue cysts formed in lung, tissue in the mouse treated with the same drug after the same period of the time was 6.2±0.583.This showed a significant differences as compared with the control group in which it was 10.2±0.583. No significant differences appeared between both groups as for the treatment by Clarithromycin antibiotic as far as the number of the tissue cysts formed in the brain after 28 days is concerned. The number was 23.8 ±0.86 as compared with the control group 38.6±1.029.The same compared is true of the lungs, tissue. The number of the tissue cysts was 23.8±0.86 as compared with the control group 28.4±1.805. Concerning the antibiotic Spiramycin, the results showed the effectiveness of it in decreasing the tissue cysts formed in the brain.The significant differences were (p<0.05), the rate of the cysts was 9.6±0.6 as compared with the control group in which it was 22.8±1.067.The same effectiveness appeared on the lungs, tissue as the rate of tissue cysts after 28 days of treatment was 4.6±0.509 as compared with the control group in which was 17±1.14 and the significant differences were (p=0.000).The Ivermectin drug showed a great effectiveness in minimizing the number of the tissue cysts formed in the brain and the lungs. The numbers of the tissue cysts formed after 28 days were 3.2±0.374 and 1±0.316 respectively; significant differences are observed when these numbers are compared with the numbers of the control group which were 22±1.843 and 19.4±1.435. Thus, the use of Ivermectin drug is considered as a pioneer and fruitful study since this drug has not been used for the treatment of Toxoplasmosis.

تحديد تجمعات Giardia lamblia ومعقد Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar بالتشخيص الجزيئي (PCR) للمصابين في تكريت == Determination of Giardia Lamblia Assemblages And Entamoeba Histolytica/Entamoeba Dispar Complex By Molecular Diagnosis (Pcr) In Patient In Tikrit

Author name: انتصار غانم عبد الوهاب الصميدعي
Supervisor name: شهاب احمد محمد الجبوري | عقيل حسين العاصي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Doctorate
University: Tikrit University - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Salahaddin
First pages:
Abstract: اجريت هذه الدراسة للمدة من كانون الثاني 2011 ولغاية كانون الاول 2011 للمرضى الراقدين والمراجعين لمستشفى تكريت التعليمي وبعض المختبرات الخاصة في مركز المدينة وضواحيها والذين يعانون اعراض مرضية مختلفه ولفئات عمرية مختلفة ترواحت بين اقل من سنة الى 61 سنة، ح | This study was conducted for the period started from January 2011 until December 2011 on inpatients and outpatients of Tikrit educational hospital and some private laboratories at Tikrit city and surrounded suburbs. Symptoms of different diseases among various age groups varies between less than one year to 61 years. The tests used the (ELISA & PCR) and the analysis of the PCR - RFLP to discriminate the infection by assemblage of Giardia lamblia and differentiate between pathogenic amoeba Entamoeba histolytica and nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar compared with microscopical examination. The result of present study showed that (75) person who represent (37.5%) were infected by Giardia lamblia and (75) person who represent (37.5%) were infected by E.histolytica/E.dispare complex, out of (200) stool samples which have been tested by microscopical examination. Epidemiological study showed no significant difference among the sex for the two species parasites whereas a high percentage for infection recorded in group at age (1? - 10) year for Giardia lamblia and E.histolytica / E.dispar complex reach to (60%, 36%) respectively. Regarding the place of living Giardia lamblia in rural area showed infection rate of (19.5 %), while infection rate by E.histolytica/E.dispar complex reaches (22.5%) in urban area. Statistical analysis shows a high difference of significance according the source of water supply. Tap water showed high incidence for initiating infection which reaches to (93.3%) by G.lamblia and (90%) for E.histolytica/E.dispar complex. For the infection rates and their relationship to the educational level, the results show that the highest rates of infection recorded in non - educated (52%) and (73.3%) of Giardia lamblia and E.histolytica / E.dispar complex, respectively. Depending on the sample texture, the result show that oily diarrhea is more correlate with infection reaches to (33.3%) of Giardia lamblia and the watery diarrhea form 40% by E.histolytica / E.dispar complex, while simultaneous occurrence of both symptom (colic and loss of appetite) are the most symptom synchronized with infection records (44%) for Giardia lamblia and (36%) for E.histolytica / E.dispar complex. The percentage of infection by Giardia Lamblia in this study depends on the test results of the ELISA was (20%), while the percentage of infection E.histolytica/E.dispar complex was (6.7%). Testing has shown sensitivity compared to microscopic examination reaches to (22.6%) and (8%) for both parasite respectively, while the test showed a high specificity which reaches the rate (93.3%) and (100%) for both parasites respectively. Result of PCR showed a percentage of infection by E.dispar about (32%) (64 sample) from the total samples, whereas it does register any cases infection by E.histolytica. By counting the results of the PCR for the three genes (ssu rRNA + TPIA + GDH) they show a total infection by Giardia lamblia which was (10.5%) (21 samples). This study recorded percentage of infection Giardia lamblia depending on the result of the three Genes separately amounted to (4%), (5%), (3%) for (ssu rRNA, TPIA, GDH) respectively. According to the result of the analysis PCR - RFLP for GDH gene by using the enzyme NIaIV, it did not record any infection by Giardia lamblia (assemblage A), whereas (6 samples) recorded (100) by Giardia lamblia (assemblage B), by using the enzyme Rsal to determine the secondary assemblage shows that the total (6 samples) infected there are 5 samples carrying infection by two type of secondary assemblage returning to the assemblage B (assemblage BIII +BIV) and only one sample infected with (assemblage BIV). To determine the assemblage and secondary assemblage for the parasite result compared with amplification of TPIA gene with lysis by enzyme for the resulting amplification for GDH gene, resulting a ratio of (14.3%) for a sample infection by both assemblage (A+B) and secondary assemblage (BIII+BIV) together, and a ratio of (57.14%) infection by assemblage A only and (21.4%) infection by secondary assemblage (BIII+BIV) together and (7.14%) infection by BIV only.

التحري عن طفيلي المقوسة الكوندية Toxoplasma gondii في الطيور الداجنة في منطقة الفرات الاوسط والقطط في محافظة الديوانية باستخدام التقنيات المصلية والجزيئية == Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii In Domestic Avian In Middle Euphrates Region And Cats In Al - Diwania Province By Serological And Molecular Techniques

Author name: خديجة عبيس حمود الخالدي
Supervisor name: خيري عبد الله داود العكيلي | هادي مدلول الميالي
General topic: Biology
Specific topic: Microbiology - Parasites
Degree: Doctorate
University: University of Al-Qadisiyah - Faculty Of Education - Department Of Biology
Language: Arabic
University location: Qadisiyah
First pages:
Abstract: تضمنت الدراسة الحالية الكشف عن طفيلي المقوسة الكوندية Toxoplasma gondiiفي اربع انواع من الطيور ضمت الدجاج المحلي Gallus gallus domesticus والديك الروميMeleagri galbpavol والاوز الاربد Anser anser والبط المحلي Anas platyrhychos domesticus في منطقة الفرات ا | The current study was conducted to detect of Toxoplasma gondii in five species of avian including, Gallus gallus domesticus, Meleagris galbpavol, Anser anser, Anasplatyrhychos domesticus in middle Euphrates provinces of Iraq, also in cats in AL - Diwania province, during 2011 - 2013 by using serological tests (Latex, Rapid test cassette) and molecular test (conventional - PCR and Nested - PCR) as confirmative tests to detect of B1gene which was specific gene of T.gondii in blood and Tissue samples of different organs such as Liver, Heart, Brain, Eye, Lung, Pectoral muscles, Small intestine, Spleen, and Leg muscles of avian and cats which were seropositive cases of Rapid test cassette, also the study was included the detection Oocysts of T.gondii in soil samples of ten cities from Al - Diwania province by using sedimentation and floatation methods as primarily diagnosis, also using the polymerase chain reaction to detect of B1gene in these samples. A total of 320 Avian collected, include 80 samples of each species (20 samples of chicken, Turkey, geese, and Ducks) of each province of middle Euphrates (AL - Diwania, Babylon, AL - Najaf and Karbala), in addition to 10 samples of cats and 100 samples of soil from the center of AL - Diwania province, samples of avian and cats were involved to serological test such as LAT, the results showed there were 96 positive samples in percentage %30, include, 31(%38.75) of chicken, 28 (%35) of turkey, 22 (%27.5) of geese, 15 (%18.75) of ducks and 5 (%50) of cats, the higher Percentage (%23.95) of infection with T. gondii in avian was in titer 1/160 and the lower percentage (%3.73) in titer 1/640, Whereas in cats, the higher percentage in titer 1/20 and lower percentage in titers 1/40, 1/80, 1/160 which reaches %20. The results of Rapid test cassette were showed there were 60 out of 320 samples in percentage %18.75, include 24 (%30) of chicken, 19 in (%23.75) of turkey, 10(%12.5) of geese, 7(% 8.75) of duck and 3(%30) of cats. Also the results of Rapid test cassette were showed the higher percentage of types of antibodies in the serum of avian was %36.66 of IgG +IgM together and the lower percentage was %28.33 of IgM, whereas in cats, the higher percentage was %66.66 of IgG and the lower percentage was %33.34 of IgG +IgM together. To confirm the infection of avian by T.gondii, Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to detect the B1 gene (399 bp) in 320 blood samples of avian and 10 samples of cats, the results were showed there were 34 samples (%10.62) of avian gave positive result, include, 14 (%17.5) of chicken, 12 (%15) of Turkey, 8 (%10) of geese, whereas the results were showed the B1 gene was not present in the blood samples of ducks and cats. The results of Latex, Rapid test cassette and polymerase Chain Reaction were showed, the higher percentage was recorded in chicken % 17.5, %30, %35, whereas the lower percentages were %18.75, %8.75, %0 in D ucks by using the three tests, respectively. According to the results of Rapid test cassette (IgG, IgM +IgG), the results of polymerase Chain Reaction to detect the B1 gene in 16 samples of avian (4 samples of each species) out of 39 samples and 3 samples of cats, showed there were 9 samples (%56.25), include 4 (%100) of chickens, 3(%75) of turkey, 1(%25) of geese, and 2(%66.66) of cats and the higher percentage of B1gene (399bp) in livers of avian was %55.55, %22.22 in pectoral muscles then heart, spleen and small intestine in percentage %11.11 for each one of them, whereas in cats the percentage were % 66.66 in liver while in brain and kidney the percentage was %33.34 of each one of them.. The results of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction for amplification the gene B1 in 12 blood samples (4 samples of each species of birds except ducks) was positive for conventional - PCR, Showed the amplification occurs in 4 samples in percentage % 33.33 during the first round of reaction and 3 samples in percentage %75 in the second round, in 10 samples of tissues, the amplification occurred in 6 samples in percentage %60 during the first round and in 4 samples in percentage % 66.66 during the second round of reaction. Also the results were showed the percentage of T.gondii antibodies in serum of four types of avian (except pigeons) according to the provinces were %28.75 in AL - Diwania, %40 (Higher percentage) in Babylon, %12.5(Low percentage) in AL - Najaf and %38.75 in Karbala by latex test, whereas the percentages %26.25 (higher percentage), %10 (lower percentage), %12.25, %17.5 in each of Karbala, AL - Najaf, Babylon, AL - Diwania province respectively by Rapid test cassette, and by using polymerase chain reaction, the percentages were %16. 25 (Higher percentage), %5(Lower percentage), %6.25, %15 in AL - Diwania, Babylon, AL - Najaf and Karbala province, respectively. Also the results showed, the percentage of infection in AL - Diwania province the samples of rural areas were higher (%37.5, %22.5, %17.5) whereas the percentages were lower (%20, %12.5, %12.5) in urban areas by using latex, rapid test cassette, and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The results of comparison between two serological tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction, showed the percentages of infection were % 10.62 (34), %18.75 (60), %30 (96) by using Polymerase chain reaction, Rapid test cassette, latex test, respectively, also the sensitivity and specificity of latex test were %35, %72 whereas the sensitivity and specificity of Rapid test cassette were %35, %88, respectively in compared with standard Polymerase Chain Reaction. In the soil samples, the percentage of presence of Oocysts of T.gondii was %10 by using floatation method and %4 by conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction. The study of grossly and microscopy pathological changes in avian and cats which infected with T. gondii, was showed there were lesions on each of liver, heart, pectoral muscles, small intestine, brain and kidney.
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